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sh ina ▁Bob ru isk ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁V ite b sk ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Sl avia ▁Mo zy r ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Sm org on ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Fern and ▁H ib bert ▁( 3 ▁October ▁ 1 8 7 3 ▁- ▁ 1 9 2 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁H ait ian ▁novel ist ▁and ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁widely ▁read ▁H ait ian ▁authors . ▁He ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁sat ir ic ▁and ▁hum orous ▁novels . ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁Mir ago â ne , ▁H ib bert ▁was ▁educated ▁in ▁Paris , ▁France , ▁where ▁he ▁studied ▁law ▁and ▁political ▁science . ▁After ▁returning ▁to ▁H ait i ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 4 , ▁he ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁teacher , ▁politician , ▁and ▁diplom at . ▁Along ▁with ▁his ▁contempor aries ▁Fr éd éric ▁Marcel in ▁and ▁Justin ▁L h ér isson ▁he ▁worked ▁to ▁establish ▁a ▁uniqu ely ▁H ait ian ▁novel . ▁His ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁nov ella ▁Rom ulus ▁was ▁translated ▁into ▁English ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Se lected ▁works ▁▁▁ ▁Sé na ▁( 1 9 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Les ▁Th azar ▁( 1 9 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Rom ulus ▁( 1 9 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Mas ques ▁et ▁Vis ages ▁( 1 9 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Man us crit ▁de ▁mon ▁Am i ▁( 1 9 2 3 ) ▁ ▁Sim ul ac res ▁( 1 9 2 3 |
) ▁ ▁Rom ulus . ▁Trans l ated ▁into ▁English . ▁A yl mer , ▁Q C : ▁De ux ▁Vo ili ers , ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁▁ ▁P ret enders . ▁Les ▁Sim ul ac res ▁translated ▁into ▁English . ▁A yl mer , ▁Q C : ▁De ux ▁Vo ili ers , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 7 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 2 8 ▁deaths ▁Category : H ait ian ▁diplom ats ▁Category : H ait ian ▁educ ators ▁Category : H ait ian ▁male ▁novel ists ▁Category : H ait ian ▁politicians ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Mir ago â ne ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁H ait ian ▁novel ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁male ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁Call iot rop is ▁o str ides l ith os ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁sea ▁sn ail , ▁a ▁marine ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll usk ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁E uc ycl idae . ▁ ▁Description ▁The ▁size ▁of ▁the ▁shell ▁varies ▁between ▁ 3 mm ▁and ▁ 6 mm . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁C . ▁o str ides l ith os ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁waters ▁surrounding ▁F iji . ▁and ▁the ▁Sol omon ▁Islands . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Vil vens ▁C . ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁New ▁records ▁and ▁new ▁species ▁of ▁Call iot rop is ▁from ▁Ind o - P ac |
ific . ▁Nov ap ex ▁ 8 ▁( H ors ▁S érie ▁ 5 ): ▁ 1 – 7 2 ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁o str ides l ith os ▁Category : G ast rop od s ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 <0x0A> </s> ▁Bernard ▁Hey berger ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 4 ) ▁is ▁a ▁French ▁historian . ▁ He ▁special izes ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁Middle ▁Eastern ▁Christianity ▁from ▁the ▁six teenth ▁century ▁to ▁the ▁present ; ▁modern ▁Catholic ism ▁and ▁Catholic ▁missions ; ▁and ▁the ▁Arab ▁provin ces ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁Ott oman ▁Empire , ▁especially ▁Syria . ▁ He ▁is ▁a ▁Director ▁of ▁Studies ▁at ▁the ▁É cole ▁des ▁H aut es ▁Ét udes ▁en ▁Sciences ▁Social es ▁( E HE SS ) ▁in ▁Paris , ▁and ▁simultaneously ▁holds ▁a ▁chair ▁as ▁Director ▁of ▁Studies ▁in ▁the ▁Relig ious ▁Sciences ▁section ▁at ▁the ▁É cole ▁Pr atique ▁des ▁H aut es ▁Ét udes ▁( EP HE ), ▁also ▁in ▁Paris . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁family ▁ ▁Hey berger ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Saint - H ip poly te , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁H aut - R hin ▁department ▁in ▁Als ace ▁( n ort he astern ▁France ), ▁to ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁small ▁farmers ▁and ▁win em akers . ▁His ▁parents ▁were ▁Ant oine ▁Hey berger ▁and ▁Jean ne ▁Bog ner . ▁ B ern ard ▁Hey berger ▁grew ▁up ▁speaking ▁Als at ian ▁A lem ann isch , ▁a ▁German |
ic ▁language , ▁as ▁his ▁native ▁tongue . ▁He ▁is ▁married ▁to ▁Co lette ▁Thom mer et ▁and ▁has ▁two ▁sons . ▁ ▁Education ▁ ▁After ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁the ▁ly c ée ▁of ▁R ibe au v ill é ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁Bernard ▁Hey berger ▁studied ▁history ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Str as bourg . ▁He ▁received ▁the ▁CA PE S ▁( Cert ific at ▁d ' A pt itude ▁au ▁Professor at ▁de ▁l ' En se ign ement ▁du ▁Second ▁Deg ré ) ▁in ▁History ▁and ▁Ge ography ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁and ▁achieved ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁ag r ég ation ▁in ▁history ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁From ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁he ▁taught ▁in ▁various ▁secondary ▁schools . ▁ He ▁spent ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 9 - 9 0 ▁year ▁in ▁Dam asc us , ▁studying ▁Arab ic ▁with ▁a ▁grant ▁from ▁the ▁Institut ▁français ▁d ’ ét udes ▁ar ab es . ▁ From ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁research ▁associate ▁in ▁the ▁É cole ▁Franç aise ▁de ▁Rome . ▁He ▁completed ▁his ▁PhD ▁dis sert ation , ▁entitled , ▁“ Les ▁Ch r ét iens ▁du ▁Pro che - Orient ▁au ▁temps ▁de ▁la ▁Ré form e ▁c athol ique ”, ▁under ▁the ▁super vision ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁Louis ▁Ch ât ell ier ▁in ▁Nancy ▁in |
▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁ ▁Career ▁and ▁publications ▁ ▁Hey berger ▁published ▁his ▁PhD ▁dis sert ation ▁as ▁a ▁book ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ; ▁a ▁second ▁edition ▁appeared ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁Ent itled , ▁Les ▁Ch r ét iens ▁du ▁Pro che - Orient ▁au ▁temps ▁de ▁la ▁Ré form e ▁Cath ol ique ▁( Sy rie , ▁Lib an , ▁Palest ine , ▁XVII e - X V III e ▁siècle ) ▁(“ Christ ians ▁of ▁the ▁Near ▁East ▁in ▁the ▁Era ▁of ▁Catholic ▁Re form ▁[ Sy ria , ▁Leb anon , ▁Palest ine , ▁ 1 7 th - 1 8 th Cent uries ] ” ), ▁this ▁book ▁appeared ▁from ▁the ▁press ▁of ▁the ▁É cole ▁Franç aise ▁de ▁Rome . ▁ Focus ing ▁especially ▁on ▁the ▁Sy rian ▁city ▁of ▁Ale ppo , ▁and ▁drawing ▁heavily ▁upon ▁records ▁from ▁the ▁Prop ag anda ▁F ide ▁( the ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁church ’ s ▁mission ary ▁agency ), ▁the ▁book ▁considers ▁the ▁historical ▁anth rop ology ▁of ▁Middle ▁Eastern ▁Christian ▁communities ▁in ▁a ▁period ▁when ▁Jes uit ▁and ▁other ▁Catholic ▁mission aries ▁were ▁active ▁among ▁them . ▁ The ▁book ▁considers ▁how ▁Middle ▁Eastern ▁Christians ’ ▁material , ▁social , ▁and ▁religious ▁lives ▁changed , ▁and ▁also ▁how ▁they ▁interact ed ▁with ▁Ott oman ▁state ▁authorities ▁and ▁with ▁Muslim ▁communities ▁around ▁them . ▁ Les ▁Ch r ét iens ▁du ▁Pro che - Orient ▁au ▁temps ▁de ▁la |
▁Ré form e ▁Cath ol ique ▁makes ▁an ▁important ▁contribution ▁to ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁confess ional ization ▁and ▁sect arian ism ▁in ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁It ▁pays ▁particular ▁attention ▁to ▁the ▁impact ▁of ▁Catholic ▁mission aries ▁on ▁gender ▁dynamics ▁within ▁Arab ▁Christian ▁societies , ▁while ▁pointing ▁to ▁what ▁Hey berger ▁has ▁called ▁the ▁“ fem in ization ” ▁of ▁Middle ▁Eastern ▁Christianity ▁through ▁the ▁assert ion ▁of ▁female ▁dev otion . ▁ ▁Hey berger ▁published ▁a ▁second ▁book , ▁entitled , ▁Hind iy ya ▁( 1 7 2 0 - 1 7 9 8 ): ▁myst ique ▁et ▁crim in elle , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ This ▁book ▁is ▁a ▁bi ographical ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁eight eenth - century ▁Mar on ite ▁Christian ▁myst ic ▁and ▁mem oir ist , ▁Hind iy ya ▁‘ U j ay mi , ▁who ▁claimed ▁to ▁experience ▁visit ations ▁from ▁Christ . ▁ Tr ained ▁by ▁the ▁Jes uits ▁in ▁Ale ppo , ▁Syria , ▁where ▁she ▁grew ▁up , ▁Hind iy ya ▁founded ▁a ▁convent ▁in ▁Mount ▁Leb anon ▁but ▁became ▁m ired ▁in ▁controversy ▁following ▁the ▁deaths ▁of ▁two ▁n uns , ▁from ▁torture , ▁which ▁occurred ▁in ▁her ▁convent . ▁ Hey berger ’ s ▁book ▁appeared ▁in ▁English ▁translation ▁as ▁Hind iy ya , ▁Myst ic ▁and ▁Crim inal ▁( 1 7 2 0 - 1 7 9 8 ): ▁A ▁Political ▁and ▁Relig ious ▁Cris is ▁in ▁Leb anon , ▁in ▁ 2 |
0 1 3 ; ▁an ▁Arab ic ▁edition ▁also ▁appeared ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁To ▁write ▁this ▁story ▁of ▁the ▁woman ▁who ▁had ▁an ▁“ iron ▁will ” ▁for ▁her ▁times , ▁Hey berger ▁drew ▁deeply ▁upon ▁arch ives ▁in ▁the ▁Prop ag anda ▁F ide ▁in ▁Rome ▁– ▁including ▁records ▁of ▁in quis itions ▁sent ▁to ▁investigate ▁her ▁– ▁along ▁with ▁Mar on ite ▁sources ▁from ▁the ▁patri arch ate ▁in ▁B kir iki , ▁Leb anon . ▁ ▁Hey berger ▁also ▁wrote ▁two ▁books ▁responding ▁to ▁the ▁major ▁challenges ▁that ▁have ▁faced ▁Middle ▁Eastern ▁Christian ▁communities ▁in ▁the ▁post - 9 / 1 1 ▁era , ▁especially ▁in ▁light ▁of ▁social ▁up he av als ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁U . S . ▁invasion ▁of ▁Iraq ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁and , ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁Sy rian ▁Civil ▁War . ▁ These ▁books ▁are ▁Les ▁Ch r ét iens ▁au ▁Pro che - Orient : ▁De ▁la ▁compassion ▁à ▁la ▁comp ré hens ion ▁( 2 0 1 3 ); ▁and ▁Les ▁Ch r ét iens ▁d ’ Orient ▁( 2 0 1 7 ). ▁ The ▁latter ▁considers ▁the ▁long ▁and ▁ambig uous ▁impact ▁of ▁European ▁– ▁and ▁especially ▁French , ▁British , ▁and ▁Russian ▁– ▁intervention ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁relative ▁to ▁Middle ▁Eastern ▁Christian ▁communities . ▁ This ▁book ▁takes ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁Middle ▁Eastern ▁Christians ▁into ▁the ▁early ▁twenty - first ▁century ▁while ▁comment ing |
▁on ▁the ▁Islam ist ▁milit ant ▁movement ▁known ▁as ▁IS IS ▁or ▁Da ’ esh . ▁ ▁ ▁Hey berger ▁has ▁also ▁edited ▁or ▁co - ed ited ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁dozen ▁edited ▁volumes ▁on ▁Christians ▁and ▁Muslims ▁in ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁world . ▁ He ▁has ▁appeared ▁frequently ▁as ▁a ▁media ▁comment ator ▁in ▁France ▁and ▁has ▁given ▁many ▁public ▁lect ures . ▁ ▁With ▁Paul ▁F ah mé - Th ié ry ▁and ▁J ér ô me ▁L entin , ▁Bernard ▁Hey berger ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁a ▁French ▁translation ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ic ▁travel ogue ▁of ▁H anna ▁Di y ab ▁of ▁Ale ppo , ▁who ▁visited ▁Paris ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 8 - 9 . ▁ ▁In ▁Paris , ▁H anna ▁Di y ab ▁met ▁the ▁French ▁Ori ental ist , ▁Ant oine ▁Gall and , ▁who ▁was ▁collecting ▁the ▁tales ▁that ▁he ▁later ▁published ▁as ▁the ▁One ▁Th ous and ▁and ▁One ▁N ights . ▁ ▁H anna ▁Di y ab ▁told ▁Gall and ▁some ▁of ▁stories ▁in ▁that ▁collection ▁which ▁have ▁since ▁become ▁most ▁famous : ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁sole ▁source ▁of ▁" Al add in ▁and ▁the ▁L amp " ▁and ▁" Al ib aba ▁and ▁the ▁Fort y ▁Th ie ves ". ▁ ▁Hey berger ▁wrote ▁the ▁introduction ▁to ▁this ▁volume , ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁suggested ▁that ▁H anna ▁Di y ab ▁may ▁have ▁model ed ▁the ▁character ▁of ▁Al add in ▁on ▁himself , ▁or ▁vice ▁vers a |
▁– ▁an ▁idea ▁which , ▁in ▁the ▁words ▁of ▁a ▁review er , ▁" will ▁no ▁doubt ▁keep ▁a ▁generation ▁of ▁scholars ▁very ▁busy ." ▁ ▁Hey berger ▁has ▁taught ▁or ▁super vised ▁students ▁at ▁several ▁institutions ▁over ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁his ▁career . ▁ These ▁institutions ▁include ▁the ▁Univers ité ▁de ▁H aute - Al s ace ▁in ▁Mul house , ▁C N RS ▁Str as bourg , ▁Univers ité ▁François - R abel ais ▁in ▁T ours , ▁and , ▁in ▁Paris , ▁the ▁É cole ▁des ▁H aut es ▁Ét udes ▁en ▁Sciences ▁Social es ▁( E HE SS ), ▁and ▁the ▁É cole ▁Pr atique ▁des ▁H aut es ▁Ét udes ▁( EP HE ). ▁He ▁held ▁the ▁distinction ▁award ▁of ▁Senior ▁Fellow ▁of ▁the ▁Institut ▁Univers itaire ▁de ▁France ▁( 2 0 0 5 - 2 0 1 0 ), ▁and ▁served ▁as ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Institut ▁d ’ ét udes ▁de ▁l ’ I sl am ▁et ▁des ▁Soci ét és ▁du ▁Mon de ▁Mus ul man ▁( I IS MM ) ▁at ▁E HE SS ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 5 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : People ▁from ▁H aut - R hin ▁Category : F rench ▁histor ians <0x0A> </s> ▁Ge or gy ▁Aleks and rov ich ▁T ov ston og ov ▁( , ▁ ▁– ▁ 2 3 ▁May ▁ 1 9 |
8 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Russian ▁theatre ▁director . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁G ork y ▁Bol sh oi ▁Dr ama ▁Theater ▁which ▁was ▁renamed ▁after ▁him ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Ge or gy ▁T ov ston og ov ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁T bil isi ▁( now ▁Georgia ), ▁or ▁in ▁St . ▁Peters burg ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁to ▁a ▁Russian ▁noble ▁and ▁a ▁Georg ian ▁classical ▁singer ▁Tam ara ▁Pap it ash v ili . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁he ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁State ▁Institute ▁of ▁The atr ical ▁Art ▁in ▁Moscow . ▁From ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁he ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁director ▁in ▁the ▁T bil isi ▁G rib o ed ov ▁Theater , ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁Children ' s ▁Theater ▁in ▁Moscow , ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁in ▁the ▁L ening rad ▁Len insky ▁K oms om ol ▁Theater , ▁and ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁in ▁the ▁Bol sh oi ▁Academ ic ▁G ork y ▁Theater . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁professor ▁at ▁the ▁L ening rad ▁State ▁Institute ▁of ▁Theatre , ▁Music ▁and ▁Cin ema ▁since ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁he ▁became ▁a |
▁People ' s ▁Artist ▁of ▁the ▁USS R . ▁He ▁won ▁the ▁Stalin ▁Prize ▁thr ice ▁( 1 9 5 0 , ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁ 1 9 5 6 ), ▁and ▁got ▁two ▁Or ders ▁of ▁Len in ▁and ▁many ▁other ▁Soviet ▁awards . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁he ▁produced ▁the ▁book ▁The ▁Prof ession ▁of ▁the ▁Stage - Direct or , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁best ▁example ▁of ▁his ▁direct ing ▁style , ▁and ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁shares ▁his ▁honest ▁opinions ▁on ▁Lee ▁Str as berg ▁and ▁Kon stant in ▁Stan isl av sky . ▁On ▁May ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁T ov ton og ov ▁died ▁of ▁heart ▁attack ▁in ▁his ▁car ▁returning ▁home ▁after ▁general ▁rehe ars al ▁of ▁his ▁new ▁production ▁The ▁Visit ▁by ▁Friedrich ▁D ür ren m att . ▁ ▁Main ▁works ▁▁ ▁T ov ston og ov ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁who ▁returned ▁F y od or ▁D osto ev sky ▁into ▁Soviet ▁theater , ▁by ▁his ▁produ ctions ▁of ▁The ▁Ins ult ed ▁and ▁Hum ili ated ▁( 1 9 5 6 ▁in ▁L ening rad ▁Len insky ▁K oms om ol ▁Theater ) ▁and ▁The ▁I di ot ▁( 1 9 5 7 ▁in ▁G ork y ▁Theater ). ▁ ▁Among ▁other ▁famous ▁performances ▁are : ▁ ▁The ▁Three ▁Sister s ▁( 1 9 6 5 ) ▁and ▁Uncle ▁V anya ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁by ▁Anton ▁Che kh ov ▁ ▁Five |
▁even ings ▁( 1 9 5 8 ) ▁and ▁My ▁big ▁sister ▁( 1 9 6 1 ) ▁by ▁Alexander ▁Vol od in ▁ ▁Ir k usk ▁Story ▁by ▁Ale k sey ▁Ar b uz ov ▁( 1 9 6 0 ) ▁ ▁W it ▁Works ▁W oe ▁( 1 9 6 2 ) ▁by ▁Alexander ▁G rib o ed ov ▁ ▁Bar bar ians ▁( 1 9 5 9 ) ▁and ▁M esch ane ▁( 1 9 6 6 ) ▁by ▁Max im ▁G ork y ▁ ▁Once ▁again ▁about ▁Love ▁( 1 9 6 4 ) ▁by ▁Ed vard ▁Rad z insky ▁ ▁Henry ▁IV , ▁Part ▁ 1 ▁( 1 9 6 9 ) ▁by ▁William ▁Shakespeare ▁ ▁Rev is or ▁by ▁Nik ol ay ▁G og ol ▁( 1 9 7 2 ) ▁ ▁Last ▁summer ▁in ▁Ch ul im sk ▁by ▁Alexander ▁V amp il ov ▁( 1 9 7 4 ) ▁ ▁E ner get ic ▁people ▁by ▁Vas ily ▁Sh uk sh in ▁( 1 9 7 4 ) ▁ ▁History ▁of ▁a ▁Horse ▁after ▁Leo ▁Tol st oy ' s ▁K hol st omer ▁( 1 9 7 5 ) ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁responsible ▁for ▁producing ▁mass ▁spect acles . ▁ ▁During ▁his ▁prime ▁T ov ston og ov ▁was ▁considered ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁theatre ▁directors ▁of ▁Europe . ▁The ▁prominent ▁members ▁of ▁his ▁trou pe ▁include ▁Alice ▁Fre ind lich , ▁Z ina ida ▁Sh ark o , ▁Ly ud m ila |
▁Mak ar ova , ▁Tat iana ▁Dor on ina , ▁S vet l ana ▁K ry uch k ova , ▁Kir ill ▁Lav rov , ▁Inn ok enty ▁Sm ok t un ov sky , ▁P avel ▁L us pe ka ev , ▁Y ef im ▁K op ely an , ▁Serge y ▁Y ur sky , ▁Vlad isl av ▁Str z hel ch ik , ▁Y ev gen i ▁Leb ed ev , ▁and ▁O leg ▁Bas il ash v ili . ▁His ▁contribution ▁to ▁the ▁Russian ▁tradition ▁of ▁theatre ▁education ▁is ▁important , ▁especially ▁where ▁it ▁comes ▁to ▁education ▁of ▁theatre ▁directors . ▁His ▁theories ▁continue ▁to ▁have ▁large ▁influence , ▁especially ▁in ▁Russian ▁and ▁Sc and in av ian ▁theatre ▁education . ▁ ▁Mov ies ▁about ▁T ov ston og ov ▁ ▁Document aries ▁▁ ▁Dem i ur ge ▁( 2 0 0 8 ), ▁directed ▁by ▁T igr an ▁Mut af yan , ▁features ▁Tat iana ▁Dor on ina , ▁Ale k sey ▁German , ▁Z ina ida ▁Sh ark o , ▁K ama ▁G ink as , ▁Gen riet ta ▁Yan ov sk aya , ▁Edu ard ▁K och er gin , ▁G enn ady ▁Tro st ian en ck iy , ▁and ▁Nat ella ▁T ov ston og ova . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁T bil isi ▁Category : People |
▁from ▁T if l is ▁Governor ate ▁Category : R ussian ▁and ▁Soviet ▁theatre ▁directors ▁Category : R ussian ▁Academy ▁of ▁Theatre ▁Arts ▁al umn i ▁Category : People ' s ▁Art ists ▁of ▁the ▁USS R ▁Category : R ussian ▁people ▁of ▁Georg ian ▁descent ▁Category : Rec ip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Len in ▁Category : People ' s ▁Art ists ▁of ▁the ▁R S FS R ▁Category : Len in ▁Prize ▁winners ▁Category : Rec ip ients ▁of ▁the ▁USS R ▁State ▁Prize ▁Category : St alin ▁Prize ▁winners ▁Category : B ur ials ▁at ▁T ikh vin ▁C emetery <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁list ▁shows ▁air ports ▁that ▁are ▁served ▁by ▁He be i ▁Airlines ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁its ▁scheduled ▁passenger ▁services . ▁The ▁list ▁includes ▁the ▁city , ▁country , ▁the ▁codes ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Air ▁Transport ▁Association ▁( I ATA ▁airport ▁code ) ▁and ▁the ▁International ▁Civil ▁A vi ation ▁Organization ▁( IC A O ▁airport ▁code ), ▁and ▁the ▁airport ' s ▁name , ▁with ▁the ▁air line ' s ▁hub s ▁and ▁term inated ▁stations ▁marked . ▁ ▁List ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : List s ▁of ▁air line ▁dest inations <0x0A> </s> ▁V l ady k ina ▁G ora ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁rural ▁local ity ▁( a ▁village ) ▁in ▁Ch us he v its k oy e ▁R ural ▁S ett lement , ▁Ver kh ov az h sky ▁District , ▁V olog da ▁O bl ast , ▁Russia . ▁The ▁population |
▁was ▁ 1 0 0 ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁ ▁The ▁distance ▁to ▁Ver kh ov az hy e ▁is ▁ 5 2 . 8 ▁km , ▁to ▁Ch us he v its y ▁is ▁ 9 ▁km . ▁Tol st uk ha ▁is ▁the ▁nearest ▁rural ▁local ity . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁V olog da ▁O bl ast ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁Ver kh ov az h sky ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁Kat ir an - e ▁B ala ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Kat ī r ā n - e ▁B ā l ā ; ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Kat ī r ā n - e ▁‘ O ly ā ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁N ahr - e ▁M ian ▁R ural ▁District , ▁Z al ian ▁District , ▁Sh az and ▁County , ▁Mark azi ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 2 4 7 , ▁in ▁ 6 5 ▁families . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Sh az and ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Moh amm ad ▁J av ad ▁F ath i ▁() ▁is ▁an ▁Iran ian ▁academic , ▁lawyer ▁and ▁reform ist ▁politician ▁who ▁is ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Iran ▁representing ▁Te hr an , ▁Re y , ▁She mir an at ▁and ▁E sl am sh ahr ▁elect oral ▁district . ▁He ▁resigned ▁on |
▁ 2 5 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁saying ▁that ▁he ▁has ▁no ▁hope ▁for ▁change ▁in ▁the ▁current ▁system . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁F ath i ▁is ▁a ▁professor ▁of ▁University ▁of ▁Te hr an ▁in ▁law . ▁ ▁E lector al ▁history ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Islamic ▁Consult ative ▁Assembly ▁Category : I ran ian ▁lawyers ▁Category : I ran ian ▁jur ists ▁Category : I ran ian ▁reform ists ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Te hr an ▁faculty ▁Category : Vol unte er ▁Bas ij ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁Iran – I ra q ▁War ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Kh uz est an ▁Province <0x0A> </s> ▁George ▁Ke ath ley ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁George ▁D . ▁Ke ath ley ▁( 1 9 1 7 – 1 9 4 4 ), ▁staff ▁ser ge ant ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁George ▁Ke ath ley ▁( the ater ▁director ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁One ▁Dim ension ▁Group ▁( Al ▁Bu ' d ▁al ▁W ah ad ) ▁was ▁a ▁modern ▁art ▁group ▁founded ▁in ▁Iraq , ▁by ▁Sh ak ir ▁Hass an ▁Al ▁S aid ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁which ▁attempted ▁to ▁combine ▁medieval ▁S uf i ▁traditions ▁with ▁contemporary , ▁abstract ▁art . ▁Although ▁ ▁the ▁One ▁Dim ension ▁Group ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁Iraq , ▁its ▁members ▁origin ated ▁from ▁across ▁Arab ▁nations , |
▁and ▁its ▁influence ▁was ▁felt ▁across ▁the ▁Arab ▁art ▁world . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁One ▁Dim ension ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁art ▁groups ▁that ▁formed ▁in ▁ 2 0 th - century ▁Iraq . ▁During ▁the ▁first ▁world ▁war , ▁a ▁small ▁group ▁of ▁European ▁officers ▁and ▁artists ▁settled ▁in ▁Iraq , ▁expos ing ▁young ▁artists ▁to ▁Western ▁art ▁traditions ▁and ▁techniques . ▁While ▁local ▁artists ▁and ▁middle ▁classes ▁developed ▁an ▁appreciation ▁for ▁European ▁art , ▁the ▁arts ▁community ▁searched ▁for ▁ways ▁of ▁synt hes ising ▁ind igenous ▁art ▁with ▁international ▁trends . ▁In ▁effect , ▁these ▁groups ▁were ▁seeking ▁to ▁for ge ▁an ▁Arab ic ▁art ▁aesthetic ▁and ▁to ▁use ▁art ▁to ▁help ▁their ▁nations ▁re assert ▁a ▁sense ▁of ▁national ▁identity . ▁ ▁Between ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁and ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁more ▁than ▁six ▁different ▁art ▁groups ▁were ▁formed : ▁The ▁P ione ers ▁formed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ; ▁The ▁Av ant gar de ▁Group ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 ; ▁ ▁The ▁Bag hd ad ▁Modern ▁Art ▁Group ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 ; ▁The ▁Im pression ists ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 ; ▁The ▁Corn ers ▁Group ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 ; ▁The ▁Innov ation ists ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 ; ▁The ▁New ▁Vision ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁and ▁One ▁Dim ension ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 |
7 1 . ▁Some ▁of ▁these ▁groups ▁end ured ▁for ▁decades , ▁while ▁others ▁were ▁short - l ived ▁and ▁abandoned ▁within ▁a ▁few ▁years ▁of ▁their ▁formation .< ref > S ab rah , S . A . ▁and ▁Ali , ▁M . ," ▁Iraq i ▁Art work ▁Red ▁List : ▁A ▁Partial ▁List ▁of ▁the ▁Art works ▁Miss ing ▁from ▁the ▁National ▁Museum ▁of ▁Modern ▁Art , ▁Bag hd ad , ▁Iraq , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁pp ▁ 7 - 9 ; ▁L ack , ▁J ., ▁Why ▁Are ▁We ▁' Art ists ' ?: ▁ 1 0 0 ▁World ▁Art ▁Man ifest os , ▁P engu in , ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁[ E - book ▁edition ], ▁n . p . ▁See ▁section ▁M 1 2 </ ref > ▁ ▁Each ▁of ▁these ▁groups ▁developed ▁different ▁ideas ▁about ▁how ▁to ▁combine ▁heritage ▁and ▁modern ity ▁and ▁developed ▁a ▁different ▁vision ▁for ▁a ▁national ▁art ▁aesthetic . ▁Although ▁there ▁were ▁t ensions ▁in ▁the ▁different ▁vis ions ▁of ▁these ▁groups , ▁collect ively , ▁they ▁actively ▁searched ▁for ▁new ▁national ▁vision ▁which ▁would ▁enable ▁the ▁country ▁to ▁develop ▁intern ally , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁take ▁its ▁place ▁on ▁a ▁world ▁stage . ▁ ▁Of ▁these ▁art ▁groups , ▁the ▁Bag hd ad ▁Modern ▁Art ▁Group ▁and ▁the ▁One ▁Dim ension ▁Group ▁are ▁the ▁most ▁frequently ▁cited . ▁ ▁B rief ▁history ▁and ▁philosophy ▁The ▁One ▁Dim ension ▁Group ▁was ▁established ▁formally ▁in ▁ 1 9 |
7 1 ▁by ▁the ▁prominent ▁Bag hd adi ▁artist ▁and ▁intellectual , ▁Sh ak ir ▁Hass an ▁Al ▁S aid , ▁when ▁he ▁published ▁a ▁manifest o ▁for ▁the ▁group . ▁Al ▁S aid ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁a ▁founding ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Bag hd ad ▁Group ▁for ▁Modern ▁Art ▁( J ama ' at ▁Bag hd ad ▁l il - F ann ▁al - H ad ith ) ▁together ▁with ▁J aw ad ▁Sale em ▁( 1 9 1 9 - 1 9 6 1 ) ▁and ▁J ab ra ▁I bra him ▁J ab ra ▁( 1 9 1 9 - 1 9 9 4 ), ▁but ▁he ▁along ▁with ▁several ▁high ▁profile ▁artists , ▁had ▁withd rawn ▁from ▁that ▁group ▁when ▁it ▁lost ▁its ▁sense ▁of ▁direction , ▁following ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁its ▁founder , ▁J aw ad ▁Sale em ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁One ▁Dim ension ▁manifest o ▁gives ▁voice ▁to ▁the ▁group ' s ▁commitment ▁to ▁both ▁heritage ▁and ▁modern ity ▁and ▁sought ▁to ▁distance ▁itself ▁from ▁the ▁modern ▁Arab ▁artists ▁which ▁they ▁perceived ▁as ▁following ▁European ▁artistic ▁traditions . ▁One ▁Dim ension ' s ▁objectives ▁are ▁complex ▁and ▁sophisticated ; ▁it ▁is ▁philosophy , ▁technique , ▁style ▁and ▁a ▁relationship ▁between ▁time ▁and ▁space , ▁between ▁the ▁visual ▁and ▁the ▁non - vis ual . ▁The ▁" one ▁dimension " ▁is ▁an ▁ob lique ▁reference ▁to ▁S uf ism , ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁described ▁as ▁" the ▁inner ▁dimension ▁of ▁Islam ." ▁The |
▁objectives ▁of ▁the ▁One ▁Dim ension ▁Group ▁were ▁multi - dimensional ▁and ▁complex . ▁At ▁the ▁most ▁basic ▁level , ▁the ▁group ▁rejected ▁two ▁and ▁three - two ▁dimensional ▁artwork ▁in ▁favour ▁of ▁a ▁single ▁" inner ▁dimension ". ▁This ▁approach ▁was ▁influenced ▁by ▁both ▁the ▁philosophy ▁of ▁Martin ▁He ide g ger ▁and ▁the ▁traditions ▁of ▁Arab ic ▁call ig raph y ▁and ▁associated ▁S uf i ▁movements . ▁In ▁practice , ▁a ▁single ▁inner ▁dimension ▁was ▁difficult ▁to ▁realise ▁because ▁most ▁art works ▁are ▁produced ▁on ▁two - dimensional ▁surfaces . ▁The ▁One ▁Dim ension ▁Group ▁was ▁very ▁significant ▁to ▁the ▁so - called ▁School ▁of ▁Call ig raph ic ▁Art ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Hur uf iy ya ▁movement ) ▁which ▁compr ised ▁groups ▁of ▁artists ▁that ▁had ▁emerged ▁independently ▁across ▁North ▁Africa ▁and ▁the ▁Middle ▁East ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁with ▁the ▁common ▁thread ▁being ▁that ▁each ▁group ▁searched ▁for ▁ways ▁to ▁integrate ▁tradition ▁and ▁modern ity ▁in ▁a ▁way ▁that ▁would ▁contributed ▁to ▁a ▁distinct ▁national ▁style . ▁ ▁Although ▁each ▁of ▁these ▁groups ▁developed ▁locally , ▁and ▁went ▁by ▁different ▁labels ▁at ▁the ▁local ▁level , ▁collect ively , ▁these ▁groups ▁and ▁their ▁practition ers ▁would ▁become ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁Call ig raph y ▁( or ▁Hur uf iy ya ▁movement ). ▁In ▁Jordan , ▁the ▁movement ▁emerged ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Al - h ur uf |
i yy ah ▁movement , ▁while ▁in ▁Iraq , ▁the ▁movement ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁Al ▁Bu ' d ▁al ▁W ah ad ▁( or ▁the ▁One ▁Dim ension ▁Group )", ▁and ▁in ▁Iran , ▁the ▁Sa q qa - K h ane h ▁movement . ▁In ▁Sud an , ▁art works ▁took ▁on ▁a ▁slightly ▁different ▁form ▁- ▁since ▁artists ▁rejected ▁Western ▁art ▁traditions ▁and ▁included ▁both ▁Islamic ▁call ig raph y ▁and ▁West ▁African ▁mot ifs . ▁In ▁Sud an , ▁the ▁movement ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Old ▁Kh art ou m ▁School .' ' ▁▁ ▁Original ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁One ▁Dim ension ▁group ▁include : ▁Raf a ▁al - N as iri , ▁Moh ammed ▁Gh ani ▁H ik mat , ▁N uri ▁al - Raw i , ▁D ia ▁A zz awi , ▁J amil ▁Ham oud i , ▁Has hem ▁Sam arch i ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 3 9 ), ▁Hash im ▁al - Bag hd adi ▁( 1 9 1 7 - 1 9 7 3 ) ▁and ▁Sa ad ▁Sh aker ▁( 1 9 3 5 - 2 0 0 5 ). ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Arab ic ▁art ▁ ▁Iraq i ▁art ▁ ▁Islamic ▁art ▁ ▁Islamic ▁call ig raph y ▁ ▁Hur uf iy ya ▁movement ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Muslim ▁pain ters ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Iraq i ▁artists ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Iraq ▁Category : Ar ab ▁artists ▁Category : Ar ts ▁organizations ▁Category |
: Art ▁societies ▁Category : I ra q i ▁art ▁Category : S uf i ▁art <0x0A> </s> ▁Victoria ▁in ▁D over ▁( G erman ▁title : ▁M äd chen j ah re ▁einer ▁Kön igin ) ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁German ▁romantic ▁comedy ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Er ich ▁Eng el ▁and ▁star ring ▁Jenny ▁Jug o , ▁Ol ga ▁Lim burg ▁and ▁Ren ée ▁Sto b raw a . ▁It ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁play ▁by ▁Ge za ▁Sil ber er . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁rem ade ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁with ▁Rom y ▁Sch ne ider . ▁ ▁Syn opsis ▁After ▁her ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Lord ▁Melbourne ▁arr anges ▁a ▁marriage ▁for ▁her ▁with ▁the ▁German ▁Prince ▁Albert , ▁the ▁young ▁Queen ▁Victoria ▁decides ▁to ▁leave ▁London ▁and ▁spend ▁some ▁time ▁in ▁Kent . ▁While ▁there ▁she ▁meets ▁a ▁handsome ▁young ▁German ▁and ▁falls ▁in ▁love , ▁un aware ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁her ▁intended ▁husband ▁Albert . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Jenny ▁Jug o ▁as ▁Victoria ▁▁▁ ▁Ol ga ▁Lim burg ▁as ▁Du che ss ▁of ▁Kent ▁▁▁ ▁Ren ée ▁Sto b raw a ▁as ▁Baron ess ▁Le h zen ▁▁▁ ▁Otto ▁Tre ß ler ▁as ▁Lord ▁Melbourne ▁ ▁Friedrich ▁Ben fer ▁as ▁Prince ▁Albert ▁▁▁ ▁Ernst ▁G . ▁Sch iff ner ▁as ▁King ▁William ▁IV ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁▁▁ ▁Erik ▁O de ▁as ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁Orange ▁▁ ▁Ang elo ▁Ferr ari ▁as ▁Grand ▁Duke ▁Alexander ▁of ▁Russia ▁▁▁ ▁Paul ▁Hen ck els ▁as ▁King ▁Leop |
old ▁I ▁of ▁Belgium ▁▁ ▁Wer ner ▁P led ath ▁as ▁Lord ▁C unning ham ▁▁▁ ▁Ernst ▁Rot mund ▁as ▁Baron ▁Brun ow , ▁Russian ▁amb assador ▁▁ ▁Jul ius ▁Brand t ▁as ▁the ▁Arch b ishop ▁of ▁Can ter bury ▁▁▁ ▁Herbert ▁H ü b ner ▁as ▁Sir ▁John ▁Con roy ▁▁▁ ▁F ritz ▁Ny gr in ▁as ▁Tag l ione , ▁a ▁dancing ▁master ▁▁ ▁Gust av ▁Wald au ▁as ▁Professor ▁Len k mann ▁▁▁ ▁He inz ▁S alf ner ▁as ▁George ▁- ▁a ▁foot man ▁▁▁ ▁Rud olf ▁Es sek ▁as ▁Lord ▁Pal mer ston ▁▁ ▁Gab ri ele ▁Hoff mann ▁as ▁Lady ▁L ands d ow ne ▁ ▁El fried e ▁John ▁as ▁Lady ▁L ittel ton ▁ ▁L otte ▁Sp ira ▁as ▁Lady ▁Fl ora ▁H ast ings ▁ ▁Ernst ▁St imm el ▁as ▁Mr . ▁Davis ▁▁ ▁Otto ▁Sto e ck el ▁as ▁Lord ▁Russ el ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁ ▁F rit sche , ▁Maria . ▁Hom em ade ▁Men ▁in ▁Post war ▁Aust rian ▁Cin ema : ▁Nation hood , ▁Gen re ▁and ▁Mas cul inity . ▁Ber gh ahn ▁Books , ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 6 ▁films ▁Category : G erman ▁films ▁Category : G erman ▁romantic ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : G erman ▁historical ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 3 0 s ▁historical ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 3 0 s ▁romantic ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : C ultural |
▁dep ictions ▁of ▁Queen ▁Victoria ▁on ▁film ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁London ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Kent ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 3 0 s ▁Category : G erman - language ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Er ich ▁Eng el ▁Category : Fil ms ▁of ▁Nazi ▁Germany ▁Category : G erman ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : G erman ▁historical ▁romance ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Sch uy ler ▁B ail ar ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁swim mer , ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁openly ▁trans gender ▁NC AA ▁Division ▁I ▁swim mer . ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁first ▁publicly ▁documented ▁NC AA ▁D 1 ▁trans gender ▁man ▁to ▁compete ▁as ▁a ▁man ▁in ▁any ▁sport . ▁He ▁was ▁recru ited ▁by ▁Harvard ▁University ▁and ▁sw am ▁on ▁the ▁Harvard ▁Men ' s ▁Sw im ming ▁and ▁D iving ▁team ▁under ▁coach ▁Kevin ▁T yr rell ; ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Harvard ▁Class ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁B ail ar ▁was ▁originally ▁recru ited ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁women ' s ▁team ▁by ▁Harvard ▁Women ’ s ▁Sw im ming ▁and ▁D iving ▁head ▁coach ▁Steph anie ▁Mor aw ski . ▁After ▁transition ing ▁during ▁a ▁gap ▁year , ▁B ail ar ▁was ▁also ▁offered ▁a ▁spot ▁on ▁the ▁men ’ s ▁team ▁by ▁coach ▁T yr rell , ▁allowing ▁B ail ar ▁the ▁choice ▁of ▁either ▁team . ▁He ▁elected ▁to ▁swim |
▁on ▁the ▁men ’ s ▁team . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁▁ ▁B ail ar ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁to ▁parents ▁Greg or ▁B ail ar ▁and ▁Terry ▁Hong ▁and ▁is ▁of ▁Korean ▁descent . ▁B ail ar ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁Mc Lean , ▁Virginia ▁where ▁he ▁lived ▁until ▁attending ▁college . ▁B ail ar ▁attended ▁Ge or get own ▁Day ▁School ▁from ▁kind erg arten ▁through ▁ 1 2 th ▁grade . ▁He ▁has ▁one ▁brother , ▁Jin won , ▁who ▁also ▁sw ims . ▁ ▁Sw im ming ▁▁ ▁B ail ar ▁started ▁swimming ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁about ▁one ▁year ▁old . ▁When ▁he ▁was ▁four , ▁his ▁family ▁joined ▁a ▁neighborhood ▁summer ▁club ▁and ▁he ▁began ▁swimming ▁for ▁the ▁Lang ley ▁Wild th ings ▁at ▁the ▁Lang ley ▁Sw im ▁and ▁T ennis ▁Club . ▁The ▁Wild th ings ▁are ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁stor ied ▁Northern ▁Virginia ▁Sw im ming ▁League ▁for ▁which ▁B ail ar ▁would ▁eventually ▁pod ium ▁in ▁their ▁overall ▁All - Star ▁championship s . ▁B ail ar ▁sw am ▁for ▁the ▁Wild th ings ▁nearly ▁every ▁summer ▁as ▁his ▁love ▁for ▁swimming ▁grew . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁nine , ▁B ail ar ▁joined ▁Sea ▁Dev il ▁Sw im ming ▁( pre viously ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Cap itol ▁Sea ▁Dev ils ), ▁a ▁year - round ▁USA ▁Sw im ming ▁san ction ed ▁club ▁team . ▁Under ▁coach ▁Ron ▁L ark in , ▁his ▁true ▁love |
▁of ▁competitive ▁swimming ▁began . ▁B ail ar ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁Pot om ac ▁Valley ▁L SC ▁of ▁USA ▁Sw im ming ▁and ▁quickly ▁rose ▁through ▁the ▁ladder ▁of ▁swimming ▁championship s . ▁At ▁age ▁ 1 0 ▁he ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Pot om ac ▁Valley ▁Junior ▁Olympics . ▁He ▁continued ▁up ▁the ▁ladder ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁JO s ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Eastern ▁Z ones . ▁ ▁B ail ar ▁set ▁school ▁records ▁in ▁nearly ▁every ▁event ▁at ▁Ge or get own ▁Day ▁School . ▁B ail ar ’ s ▁broader ▁high ▁school ▁titles ▁include ▁ 1 st ▁place ▁in ▁both ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁in ▁ 1 0 0 yd ▁breast stroke ▁at ▁the ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁Independent ▁School ▁League ▁Championships ▁( a . k . a . ▁IS L s ), ▁the ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁Met ropolitan ▁Pre par atory ▁School ▁Sw im ming ▁and ▁D iving ▁League ▁( a . k . a . ▁W MP SS DL s ) ▁Championships ▁and ▁the ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁Met ropolitan ▁In ters ch ol astic ▁Sw im ming ▁and ▁D iving ▁Championships ▁( a . k . a . ▁Met ros ). ▁B |
ail ar ▁was ▁a ▁ 2 - time ▁All ▁American ▁( N IC SA ) ▁for ▁ 1 0 0 yd ▁breast , ▁A ▁Pot om ac ▁Valley ▁Sch olar ▁Ath lete ▁and ▁a ▁USA ▁Sw im ming ▁Sch ol astic ▁All ▁American . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁national ▁level ▁of ▁competitive ▁swimming , ▁B ail ar ▁won ▁many ▁hon ors ▁in ▁both ▁high ▁school ▁and ▁club ▁swimming ▁including ▁setting ▁a ▁USA ▁Sw im ming ▁National ▁Age ▁Group ▁record ▁in ▁the ▁ 4 0 0 yd ▁Med ley ▁Rel ay ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁USA ▁Sw im ming ▁AT & T ▁National ▁Championships ▁with ▁team mates ▁K atie ▁L ede ck y , ▁Jan et ▁Hu , ▁and ▁K yl ie ▁Jordan . ▁B ail ar ▁sw am ▁for ▁the ▁celebrated ▁Nation ’ s ▁Capital ▁Sw im ▁Club ▁( NC AP ) ▁at ▁that ▁meet ; ▁and ▁the ▁team ▁won ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁USA ▁Sw im ming ▁AT & T ▁National ▁Championship ▁title . ▁B ail ar ' s ▁ 1 0 0 ▁yard ▁breast stroke ▁swim ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁NC SA ▁Junior ▁National ▁Championships ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Open , ▁the ▁fastest ▁national ▁championship ▁meet . ▁B ail ar ▁is ▁also ▁multi - year ▁qual ifier ▁for ▁the ▁NC SA ▁Jr . ▁Nation als . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁B ail ar ▁completed ▁his ▁college ▁career ▁posting ▁the ▁" third ▁fastest " ▁time ▁for ▁ 1 0 |
0 - yard - bre ast stroke ▁for ▁the ▁Harvard ▁team ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 - 2 0 1 9 ▁season ▁and ▁won ▁his ▁third ▁I vy - Le ague ▁Championship ▁ring ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Crim son ' s ▁highest ▁ranked ▁team ▁since ▁the 1 9 6 0 / 1 9 6 1 ▁season ▁- ▁ 8 th ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁NC AA ▁Championships . ▁Although ▁B ail ar ▁began ▁his ▁college ▁swimming ▁career ▁with ▁low ▁expectations , ▁his ▁final ▁ 1 0 0 - yard ▁breast stroke ▁time ▁ranked ▁him ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁ 1 5 % ▁of ▁all ▁NC AA ▁sw ims ▁for ▁the ▁season ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁ 3 4 % ▁of ▁all ▁NC AA ▁Division ▁ 1 ▁sw ims ▁for ▁the ▁season . ▁ ▁Activ ism ▁and ▁ac claim ▁B ail ar ▁is ▁an ▁energet ic ▁advocate ▁for ▁LGBT Q ▁rights ▁and ▁inclusion . ▁He ▁has ▁assist ed ▁with ▁and ▁is ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁USA ▁Sw im ming ▁cultural ▁inclusion ▁guides ▁for ▁both ▁LGBT Q ▁and ▁Asian ▁American ▁athletes . ▁He ▁also ▁attended ▁the ▁NC AA ▁Common ▁Ground ▁initiative , ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁selected ▁athletes , ▁coaches ▁and ▁sports ▁constitu ents ▁who ▁met ▁to ▁discuss ▁inclusion ▁in ▁NC AA ▁activities . ▁B ail ar ' s ▁primary ▁activ ism ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁speaking ▁circuit , ▁appearing ▁at ▁schools , ▁corporations ▁and ▁non - prof its . ▁After ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁Harvard ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁began |
▁working ▁full ▁time ▁as ▁a ▁public ▁speaker . ▁B ail ar ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁SM Y AL ▁Community ▁Adv ocate ▁Award ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁for ▁his ▁work ▁as ▁" a ▁vocal ▁advocate ▁for ▁LGBT ▁rights ." ▁The ▁ 6 0 ▁Min utes ▁profile ▁of ▁Sch uy ler ▁entitled ▁" Switch ing ▁Te ams " ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 8 th ▁Annual ▁G LA AD ▁Media ▁Awards . ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 8 th , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁B ail ar ▁was ▁prof iled ▁by ▁the ▁International ▁Olympic ▁Committee ▁in ▁a ▁series ▁entitled ▁ID ENT IFY ▁for ▁his ▁activ ism ▁in ▁promoting ▁gender ▁inclusion ▁in ▁sports . ▁B ail ar ▁was ▁featured ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Out ▁Magazine ▁OUT ▁ 1 0 0 ▁and ▁in ▁another ▁first , ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁LGBT ▁ath lete ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁elite ▁listing ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁B ail ar ▁received ▁several ▁acc ol ades : ▁He ▁was ▁named ▁to ▁The ▁Adv ocate ' s ▁Champions ▁of ▁Pr ide ▁list ▁of ▁Top ▁LGBT Q ▁activ ists ▁in ▁each ▁state . ▁He ▁was ▁named ▁to ▁the ▁Gold ▁House ▁A 1 0 0 ▁list ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁influential ▁Asian ▁Americans . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁B ail ar ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁N B IC ▁Best - of - the ▁Best ▁Vis ibility ▁Award , ▁hosted ▁by ▁the ▁N GL CC ▁for ▁his ▁" c |
our age ous ▁and ▁life - changing " ▁example ▁as ▁an ▁out ▁and ▁vocal ▁trans ▁ath lete . ▁As ▁a ▁notable ▁graduate ▁of ▁the ▁class ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁Harvard ▁Athlet ics ▁Director ' s ▁Award ▁for ▁the ▁ath lete ▁who ▁makes ▁an ▁outstanding ▁contribution ▁to ▁athlet ics ▁through ▁education . ▁ ▁Health ▁and ▁transition ▁ ▁B ail ar ▁began ▁struggling ▁with ▁mental ▁health ▁issues ▁in ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁his ▁junior ▁year ▁in ▁high ▁school . ▁He ▁went ▁to ▁therapy ▁and ▁later ▁en rolled ▁at ▁Oliver - Py att ▁Cent ers , ▁a ▁residential ▁treatment ▁center ▁for ▁eating ▁disorders , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁first ▁able ▁to ▁discuss ▁his ▁gender ▁identity ▁al oud . ▁B ail ar ▁attended ▁gender ▁workshops ▁at ▁the ▁Y ES ! ▁Institute ▁in ▁Miami , ▁Florida , ▁which ▁he ▁says ▁helped ▁him ▁realize ▁and ▁come ▁to ▁terms ▁with ▁his ▁gender . ▁Short ly ▁after ▁his ▁dis charge ▁from ▁the ▁center ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁he ▁began ▁transition ing . ▁He ▁under w ent ▁top ▁surgery ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁and ▁began ▁horm one ▁replacement ▁therapy ▁in ▁June . ▁He ▁reported ▁on ▁his ▁progress ▁via ▁social ▁media , ▁and ▁M TV ▁selected ▁the ▁Washington ▁Post ▁coverage ▁of ▁B ail ar ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 5 ' s ▁Best ▁Mom ents ▁for ▁the ▁Trans ▁Community . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Trans gender ▁and ▁trans sex |
ual ▁sports people ▁Category : Trans gender ▁and ▁trans sex ual ▁men ▁Category : Har vard ▁Crim son ▁men ' s ▁sw imm ers ▁Category : L GBT ▁sports people ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : L GBT ▁American ▁people ▁of ▁Asian ▁descent ▁Category : L GBT ▁sw imm ers ▁Category : 1 9 9 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : Sw imm ers ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : Ge or get own ▁Day ▁School ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁All ah ud ien ▁P ale ker ▁( born ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 1 9 7 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁South ▁African ▁cricket ▁u mp ire ▁and ▁former ▁cr ick eter ▁of ▁Mah ar as ht rian ▁descent ▁with ▁roots ▁tracing ▁back ▁to ▁Rat n ag iri ▁district ▁in ▁Mah ar as ht ra . ▁He ▁is ▁now ▁an ▁u mp ire ▁and ▁has ▁stood ▁in ▁matches ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 ▁Ram ▁Sl am ▁T 2 0 ▁Challenge . ▁He ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁Cr icket ▁South ▁Africa ' s ▁u mp ire ▁panel ▁for ▁first - class ▁matches . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁he ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁the ▁I CC ▁International ▁Panel ▁of ▁U mp ires . ▁He ▁stood ▁in ▁his ▁first ▁Twenty 2 0 ▁International ▁( T 2 0 I ) ▁match , ▁between ▁South ▁Africa ▁and ▁India ▁at ▁Cent ur ion ▁Park , ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁February ▁ |
2 0 1 8 . ▁On ▁ 1 9 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁stood ▁in ▁his ▁first ▁One ▁Day ▁International ▁( OD I ) ▁match , ▁between ▁South ▁Africa ▁and ▁Pakistan ▁at ▁St . ▁George ' s ▁Park . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁twelve ▁u mp ires ▁to ▁off ici ate ▁matches ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁I CC ▁T 2 0 ▁World ▁Cup ▁Qual ifier ▁tournament ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Arab ▁Em ir ates . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁One ▁Day ▁International ▁cricket ▁u mp ires ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Twenty 2 0 ▁International ▁cricket ▁u mp ires ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : South ▁African ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : South ▁African ▁cricket ▁u mp ires ▁Category : South ▁African ▁One ▁Day ▁International ▁cricket ▁u mp ires ▁Category : South ▁African ▁Twenty 2 0 ▁International ▁cricket ▁u mp ires ▁Category : N or ther ns ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : W estern ▁Province ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Cape ▁Town ▁Category : South ▁African ▁people ▁of ▁Indian ▁descent <0x0A> </s> ▁Mal vern ▁Wells ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁and ▁civil ▁parish ▁south ▁of ▁Great ▁Mal vern ▁in ▁the ▁Mal vern ▁Hills ▁district ▁of ▁Wor cester shire , ▁England . ▁The ▁parish , ▁once ▁known ▁as ▁South ▁Mal vern , ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 |
8 9 4 ▁from ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁civil ▁par ishes ▁of ▁Han ley ▁Castle , ▁Well and , ▁and ▁the ▁former ▁parish ▁of ▁Great ▁Mal vern , ▁and ▁o w es ▁its ▁development ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 th - century ▁boom ▁years ▁of ▁Mal vern ▁as ▁a ▁sp a ▁town . ▁Mal vern ▁Wells ▁is ▁a ▁centre ▁of ▁commercial ▁bott ling ▁of ▁Mal vern ▁water . ▁The ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁par ishes ▁of ▁Mal vern ▁Wells ▁and ▁Little ▁Mal vern ▁was ▁recorded ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁as ▁ 3 , 1 9 6 . ▁ ▁Location ▁Mal vern ▁Wells ▁lies ▁on ▁the ▁eastern ▁sl opes ▁of ▁the ▁Mal vern ▁Hills ▁south ▁of ▁Great ▁Mal vern ▁( the ▁town ▁centre ▁of ▁Mal vern ) ▁and ▁north ▁of ▁Little ▁Mal vern . ▁It ▁takes ▁its ▁name ▁from ▁the ▁Mal vern ▁water ▁iss uing ▁from ▁spring s ▁on ▁the ▁hills , ▁princip ally ▁from ▁the ▁Holy ▁Well ▁and ▁the ▁Eye ▁Well . ▁The ▁northern ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁parish ▁includes ▁the ▁Wy che ▁Cut ting , ▁the ▁historic ▁salt ▁route ▁pass ▁through ▁the ▁hills , ▁which ▁form ▁the ▁border ▁between ▁the ▁count ies ▁of ▁Here ford shire ▁( on ▁the ▁western ▁side ) ▁and ▁Wor cester shire . ▁The ▁actual ▁cutting ▁through ▁the ▁gran ite ▁hill ▁face ▁is ▁at ▁a ▁height ▁of ▁ 8 5 6 ▁feet ▁above ▁sea ▁level . ▁ ▁The ▁northern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁parish ▁includes ▁the ▁" F ruit lands " ▁housing ▁estate . ▁In ▁the ▁southern ▁part ▁of ▁the |
▁parish ▁is ▁the ▁settlement ▁of ▁Upper ▁Well and . ▁To ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Mal vern ▁Wells , ▁and ▁also ▁in ▁the ▁parish , ▁is ▁the ▁Three ▁Count ies ▁Show ground . ▁ ▁Wells ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 5 5 8 ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁I ▁granted ▁the ▁land ▁to ▁John ▁Horn y old , ▁lord ▁of ▁the ▁man or , ▁under ▁the ▁prem ise ▁that ▁any ▁pil gr im ▁or ▁trav eller ▁should ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁draw ▁rest ▁and ▁refresh ment ▁from ▁the ▁Holy ▁Well , ▁a ▁c oven ant ▁which ▁still ▁stands ▁today . ▁The ▁first ▁record ▁of ▁spring ▁water ▁being ▁bott led ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁is ▁from ▁ 1 6 2 2 , ▁at ▁Holy ▁Well . ▁Holy ▁Well ▁was ▁later ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁Schwe pp es ▁Company ▁as ▁the ▁source ▁for ▁bott led ▁Mal vern ▁Water ▁sold ▁at ▁the ▁Great ▁Exhib ition ▁of ▁ 1 8 5 1 . ▁ ▁A men ities ▁All ▁S aints , ▁the ▁parish ▁church , ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁a ▁local ▁builder , ▁William ▁P orter , ▁to ▁a ▁design ▁by ▁T roy te ▁Griff ith ▁– ▁a ▁friend ▁of ▁Edward ▁El gar ▁who ▁is ▁depicted ▁in ▁the ▁" En igma ▁Vari ations ". ▁The ▁church ▁was ▁con sec rated ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁November ▁ 1 9 0 3 . ▁There ▁is ▁evidence ▁to ▁suggest ▁that ▁El gar ▁composed ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁" En igma ▁Vari ations " ▁in ▁the ▁church , ▁but ▁his ▁offer ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁manuscript ▁of ▁his ▁or ator |
io ▁" The ▁A post les ", ▁as ▁a ▁gift ▁to ▁the ▁church , ▁was ▁refused ▁by ▁the ▁Ang lic an ▁church ▁authorities ▁because ▁El gar ▁was ▁a ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁and ▁the ▁or ator io ▁was ▁heavily ▁based ▁in ▁that ▁tradition . ▁Next ▁to ▁the ▁church ▁is ▁the ▁Wy che ▁School ; ▁" Land ▁of ▁Hope ▁and ▁Gl ory ", ▁set ▁to ▁El gar ' s ▁Pom p ▁and ▁Circ um stance ▁March ▁No . ▁ 1 , ▁was ▁first ▁performed ▁there ▁in ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁El gar . ▁In ▁later ▁life ▁El gar ▁came ▁to ▁tire ▁of ▁the ▁work ▁for ▁" its ▁j ingo ism ▁and ▁the ▁fact ▁it ▁overs h adow ed ▁everything ▁else ▁he ▁wrote ." ▁ ▁The ▁Mal vern ▁Wells ▁War ▁Memorial ▁hon ours ▁local ▁people ▁killed ▁and ▁injured ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁and ▁Second ▁World ▁Wars . ▁It ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁the ▁Arts ▁and ▁Craft s ▁architect ▁and ▁designer ▁C . F . A . ▁V oy sey , ▁and ▁was ▁un ve iled ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 . ▁The ▁village ▁has ▁a ▁pet rol ▁station , ▁a ▁convenience ▁store , ▁a ▁post ▁office ▁and ▁several ▁other ▁small ▁businesses . ▁ ▁Education ▁Ab bey ▁College , ▁a ▁secondary ▁school ▁and ▁English ▁language ▁centre ▁mainly ▁for ▁international ▁students , ▁is ▁found ▁at ▁ 2 5 3 ▁Wells ▁Road . ▁Primary ▁education ▁is ▁provided ▁by ▁Mal vern ▁Wells ▁Church ▁of ▁England ▁School ▁and ▁the ▁Wy che ▁Church ▁of ▁England ▁School , ▁which ▁feed ▁the ▁two ▁Mal vern ▁secondary ▁schools |
▁of ▁The ▁Chase ▁in ▁Barn ards ▁Green , ▁and ▁D ys on ▁P err ins ▁in ▁Mal vern ▁Link . ▁Wells ▁House ▁School , ▁a ▁prepar atory ▁school ▁for ▁boys , ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁ ▁Transport ▁The ▁near er ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁Mal vern ▁railway ▁stations ▁to ▁the ▁village ▁is ▁Great ▁Mal vern ▁on ▁the ▁Wor cester ▁to ▁Here ford ▁line . ▁It ▁has ▁services ▁to ▁Birmingham ▁and ▁to ▁London ▁P adding ton ▁station . ▁The ▁village ▁is ▁served ▁by ▁a ▁daily ▁long - distance ▁coach ▁service ▁between ▁Wor cester ▁and ▁London ▁Victoria . ▁There ▁are ▁regular ▁bus ▁links ▁with ▁Great ▁Mal vern ▁and ▁Mal vern ▁Link . ▁ ▁Railway ▁history ▁Mal vern ▁Wells ▁railway ▁station , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Wor cester ▁and ▁Here ford ▁Railway ▁( which ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁Mid land ▁Railway ▁then ▁the ▁Great ▁Western ▁Railway ), ▁opened ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁May ▁ 1 8 6 0 , ▁then ▁closed ▁again ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁January ▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁before ▁re op ening ▁ 1 ▁February ▁ 1 8 6 4 . ▁It ▁was ▁closed ▁finally ▁on ▁ 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁ ▁Pre viously ▁served ▁by ▁Mal vern ▁Han ley ▁Road ▁railway ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁T ew kes bury ▁and ▁Mal vern ▁Railway ▁was ▁a ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁Mid land ▁Railway ▁which ▁ran ▁from ▁Ash ch urch ▁via ▁T ew kes bury ▁to ▁Great ▁Mal vern . ▁This ▁opened ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁May |
▁ 1 8 6 4 . ▁With ▁the ▁reg roup ing ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁it ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁London ▁Mid land ▁and ▁Scottish ▁Railway . ▁The ▁section ▁from ▁Mal vern ▁to ▁U pton - up on - S ever n ▁was ▁closed ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 5 2 . ▁The ▁remainder ▁closed ▁to ▁passengers ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁August ▁ 1 9 6 1 . ▁Fre ight ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁carried ▁to ▁U pton ▁until ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁and ▁to ▁T ew kes bury ▁until ▁December ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁ ▁Not able ▁people ▁In ▁birth ▁order : ▁Georg iana ▁Ch atter ton ▁( 1 8 0 6 – 1 8 7 6 ), ▁novel ist ▁and ▁travel ▁writer , ▁died ▁here ▁on ▁ 6 ▁February ▁ 1 8 7 6 . ▁Edward ▁El gar ▁( 1 8 5 7 – 1 9 3 4 ), ▁composer . ▁El gar ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁le ased ▁a ▁house ▁they ▁named ▁Craig ▁Le a , ▁an ▁an agram ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁initial s , ▁at ▁ 8 6 ▁Wells ▁Road , ▁Mal vern ▁Wells . ▁Hor ace ▁Mill ich amp ▁Moore - J ones ▁( 1 8 6 8 – 1 9 2 2 ), ▁New ▁Zealand ▁artist ▁and ▁Gall ip oli ▁veteran , ▁was ▁born ▁here . ▁John ▁Har ber ▁( 1 8 8 9 – 1 9 6 2 ), ▁first - class ▁cr ick eter , ▁was ▁born ▁here . ▁Rick |
▁Stein ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 7 ), ▁master ▁chef ▁and ▁television ▁broad c aster , ▁attended ▁Wells ▁House ▁School ▁in ▁Mal vern ▁Wells . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Mal vern ▁Wells ▁Par ish ▁Council ▁Historical ▁information ▁ ▁Category : H oly ▁well s ▁in ▁England ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Wor cester shire ▁Category : C ivil ▁par ishes ▁in ▁Wor cester shire <0x0A> </s> ▁Nep al ▁Bah ud al ▁Party ▁is ▁a ▁political ▁party ▁in ▁Nep al . ▁The ▁party ▁is ▁registered ▁with ▁the ▁E lection ▁Commission ▁of ▁Nep al ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Const itu ent ▁Assembly ▁election . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁parties ▁in ▁Nep al <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁III ▁Central ▁American ▁Games ▁( Span ish : ▁III ▁J ue gos ▁De port ivos ▁Cent ro american os ) ▁was ▁a ▁multi - s port ▁event ▁that ▁took ▁place ▁between ▁ 4 – 1 0 ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁▁ ▁Init ially , ▁the ▁Games ▁were ▁scheduled ▁for ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁in ▁Man ag ua , ▁Nic ar ag ua , ▁but ▁were ▁cancelled ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁un stable ▁political ▁situation . ▁ ▁The ▁Games ▁were ▁called ▁the ▁" Pe ace ▁Games " ▁( Span ish : ▁J ue gos ▁de ▁la ▁P az ). ▁▁ ▁The ▁official ▁song ▁was ▁the ▁" H ym n ▁of ▁the ▁Peace ▁Games " ▁( Span ish : ▁Him no ▁de ▁los ▁J |
ue gos ▁de ▁la ▁P az ) ▁composed ▁by ▁Alf onso ▁Ag ull ó . ▁▁ ▁Long ▁distance ▁runner ▁M ate o ▁Flo res ▁was ▁hon oured ▁to ▁light ▁the ▁torch ▁in ▁the ▁stadium ▁bearing ▁his ▁name . ▁▁ ▁A ▁complete ▁list ▁of ▁medal ▁winners ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁on ▁the ▁M ás G oles ▁web page ▁( click ▁on ▁" J UE G OS ▁C ENT RO AM ER IC AN OS " ▁in ▁the ▁low ▁right ▁corner ). ▁ ▁Particip ation ▁Athlet es ▁from ▁ 5 ▁countries ▁were ▁reported ▁to ▁participate : ▁ ▁Sports ▁The ▁competition ▁featured ▁ 2 0 ▁sports ▁( plus ▁bad m inton , ▁row ing , ▁and ▁sail ing ▁as ▁exhibition ). ▁ ▁Aqu atic ▁sports ▁() ▁ ▁Sw im ming ▁() ▁ ▁Water ▁pol o ▁() ▁ ▁Athlet ics ▁() ▁ ▁Bad m inton ▁() † ▁ ▁Base ball ▁() ▁ ▁Basket ball ▁() ▁ ▁Bow ling ▁() ▁ ▁Box ing ▁() ▁▁ ▁Che ss ▁() ▁ ▁Cycl ing ▁() ▁ ▁E quest rian ▁() ▁ ▁F encing ▁() ▁ ▁Football ▁() ▁ ▁Gym n ast ics ▁() ▁ ▁Jud o ▁() ▁ ▁Row ing ▁() † ▁▁ ▁S ailing ▁() † ▁ ▁Sh oot ing ▁() ▁ ▁Soft ball ▁() ▁ ▁Table ▁tennis ▁() ▁ ▁T ennis ▁() ▁ ▁Vol ley ball ▁() ▁ ▁Weight l ifting ▁() ▁ ▁Wrest ling ▁() ▁ ▁† : ▁Exhib ition ▁event ▁ ▁Medal ▁table ▁ ▁The ▁table ▁below ▁is ▁taken ▁from ▁El ▁Di ario ▁de ▁H oy , ▁San |
▁Salvador , ▁El ▁Salvador , ▁and ▁from ▁El ▁N ue vo ▁Di ario , ▁Man ag ua , ▁Nic ar ag ua . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Cent ral ▁American ▁Games ▁Central ▁American ▁Games ▁Category : Intern ational ▁sports ▁compet itions ▁hosted ▁by ▁Gu atem ala ▁Central ▁American ▁Games ▁Cent ▁Category : Multi - s port ▁events ▁in ▁Gu atem ala <0x0A> </s> ▁O leg ▁Mark ov ich ▁G ov or un ▁( , ▁born ▁ 1 5 ▁January ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁in ▁Br at sk ) ▁is ▁a ▁Russian ▁politician ▁and ▁since ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁the ▁Minister ▁of ▁Regional ▁Development . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 6 - 1 9 8 6 , ▁he ▁studied ▁in ▁school ▁№ 9 ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁P ush k ino , ▁Moscow ▁O bl ast . ▁. ▁Between ▁ 1 9 8 7 - 1 9 8 9 , ▁he ▁did ▁his ▁mandatory ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Ar med ▁Forces . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁he ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁Moscow ▁State ▁Forest ▁University ▁major ing ▁in ▁" chem ical ▁engineer ". ▁He ▁worked ▁as ▁Deputy ▁Head ▁of ▁Department ▁for ▁Rel ations ▁with ▁Public ▁Author ities ▁at ▁Al fa - Bank . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 4 , ▁he ▁was ▁Deputy ▁Chief ▁of ▁Terr itor ial ▁Administration ▁of ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Federation ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁he ▁was |
▁deputy ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁President ial ▁Administration ▁for ▁Dom estic ▁Policy . ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Council ▁of ▁United ▁Russia ▁party . ▁On ▁September ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁the ▁representative ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁President ▁in ▁Central ▁Federal ▁District . ▁On ▁ 1 4 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Security ▁Council ▁of ▁Russia . ▁On ▁May ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁to ▁the ▁Minister ▁of ▁Regional ▁Development ▁in ▁D mit ry ▁Med ved ev ' s ▁Cab inet . ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁imposed ▁san ctions ▁on ▁him ▁and ▁ 2 3 ▁other ▁Russian ▁nation als . ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁decor ations ▁ ▁Medal ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁" For ▁Mer it ▁to ▁the ▁Father land " ▁II ▁class ▁( 2 9 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁— ▁for ▁achievements ▁in ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁state ▁legal ▁institutions ▁in ▁the ▁Che chen ▁Republic ▁ ▁Order ▁of ▁Friend ship ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Order ▁of ▁Hon our ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁Russian ▁Federation ▁President ial ▁Cert ificate ▁of ▁Gr at itude ▁( 2 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 6 ) ▁— ▁for ▁contribution ▁to ▁the ▁preparation ▁and ▁conduct ▁of ▁the ▁election ▁to ▁the ▁Che chen ▁Republic ' s ▁Parliament ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links |
▁O leg ▁G ov or un , ▁Minister ▁of ▁Regional ▁Development ▁- ▁ ▁The ▁Voice ▁of ▁Russia ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : Un ited ▁Russia ▁politicians ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Russian ▁politicians ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : M os cow ▁State ▁Forest ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Br at sk ▁Category : Rec ip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Hon our ▁( R ussia ) ▁Category : Rec ip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Friend ship ▁Category : Rec ip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Medal ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁" For ▁Mer it ▁to ▁the ▁Father land " ▁II ▁class <0x0A> </s> ▁Z r ink o ▁is ▁a ▁Sl av ic ▁name ▁of ▁Cro at ian ▁origin ▁and ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁place ▁Z rin ▁which ▁is ▁situated ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁of ▁Ban ov ina , ▁Cro at ia . ▁▁ ▁This ▁name ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Z r ink o ▁Og rest a , ▁a ▁Cro at ian ▁film ▁director ▁Z r ink o ▁Tut ić , ▁a ▁Cro at ian ▁song writer ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Cro at ian ▁name ▁ ▁Sl av ic ▁names ▁ ▁Category : C ro at ian ▁mascul ine ▁given ▁names ▁Category : Sl av ic ▁mascul ine ▁given ▁names <0x0A> </s> ▁Barbara ▁H . ▁Stein ▁( 1 9 1 6 ▁– ▁ 9 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Pr inceton , ▁N . J .) ▁was ▁a ▁scholar |
▁and ▁bibli ographer ▁of ▁Latin ▁American ▁and ▁I ber ia ▁at ▁the ▁Pr inceton ▁University ▁Library . ▁She ▁and ▁her ▁husband ▁Stanley ▁J . ▁Stein ▁published ▁works ▁on ▁Spain ▁and ▁Spanish ▁America , ▁analy zing ▁the ▁rise ▁and ▁fall ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Empire . ▁Stein ▁was ▁hon ored ▁with ▁the ▁American ▁Historical ▁Association ’ s ▁Award ▁for ▁Sch ol arly ▁Dist inction ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁recogn izing ▁her ▁career ▁contributions ▁to ▁I ber ian ▁and ▁Spanish ▁American ▁history . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Pr inceton ▁University ▁acquired ▁a ▁valuable ▁collection ▁of ▁Brazil ian ▁manuscript s . ▁" The ▁acquisition ▁hon ors ▁Stanley ▁and ▁Barbara ▁Stein ' s ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁library ' s ▁Latin ▁American ▁collections ▁and ▁to ▁Latin ▁American ▁studies ▁at ▁Pr inceton ." ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁career ▁Born ▁Barbara ▁Had ley ▁to ▁a ▁New ▁England ▁family ▁that ▁traces ▁its ▁roots ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁sevent eenth ▁century , ▁she ▁attended ▁pre - col lege ▁schools ▁that ▁shaped ▁her ▁wide ▁perspective ▁on ▁the ▁world . ▁Two ▁schools ▁were ▁in ▁Europe , ▁the ▁International ▁School ▁in ▁Switzerland ▁and ▁the ▁O den val d ▁School ▁in ▁Germany , ▁and ▁she ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁U . S . ▁attending ▁Con cord ▁Academy ▁in ▁Massachusetts , ▁and ▁the ▁Qu aker ' s ▁George ▁School ▁in ▁Penn s ylv ia . ▁She ▁entered ▁Smith ▁College ▁and ▁studied ▁with ▁V era ▁Brown ▁Holmes , ▁a ▁scholar ▁of ▁Latin ▁America ▁and ▁I ber ian ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁awarded ▁a ▁G ug gen |
heim ▁Fellow ship ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 1 . ▁Stein ▁graduated ▁mag na ▁cum ▁la ude ▁from ▁Smith , ▁and ▁entered ▁graduate ▁school ▁at ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Berkeley , ▁where ▁she ▁earned ▁an ▁M . A . ▁thesis ▁on ▁A PR A , ▁Peru ’ s ▁oldest ▁political ▁party . ▁ ▁She ▁emb ark ed ▁on ▁doctor al ▁study ▁on ▁the ▁abol ition ▁of ▁slavery ▁in ▁Brazil , ▁with ▁a ▁U . S . ▁State ▁Department ▁Cord ell ▁H ull ▁fellow ship ▁to ▁support ▁her ▁research . ▁She ▁conducted ▁research ▁on ▁the ▁social ▁and ▁political ▁aspects ▁of ▁abol ition ism , ▁purs uing ▁arch ival ▁work ▁in ▁Fort ale za , ▁Rec ife , ▁Salvador ▁de ▁Bah ia , ▁Rio ▁de ▁Jane iro , ▁and ▁São ▁Paulo . ▁While ▁in ▁Brazil , ▁she ▁met ▁anth rop ologist ▁Mel ville ▁H ers kov its ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Frances . ▁She ▁also ▁met ▁Stanley ▁Stein , ▁a ▁graduate ▁student ▁at ▁Harvard ▁in ▁Latin ▁American ▁history , ▁whom ▁she ▁married ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 3 . ▁Stein ▁and ▁Stein ▁collected ▁Af ro - B raz il ian ▁songs , ▁called ▁, ▁which ▁have ▁recently ▁received ▁schol arly ▁attention . ▁ ▁She ▁had ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁life ▁experiences ▁that ▁shaped ▁her ▁schol arly ▁interest ▁on ▁power ▁relations ▁included ▁teaching ▁school ▁in ▁rural ▁Mich o ac an , ▁Mexico , ▁working ▁in ▁a ▁California ▁can ner y , ▁working ▁as ▁a ▁census ▁t aker ▁in ▁California ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁census , |
▁and ▁as ▁a ▁labor ▁econom ist ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Department ▁of ▁Labor ▁and ▁Nelson ▁Roc ke f eller ’ s ▁Office ▁of ▁Coord inator ▁of ▁Inter - American ▁Affairs , ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁ ▁Following ▁her ▁marriage ▁to ▁Stanley ▁Stein , ▁the ▁couple ▁moved ▁to ▁Pr inceton , ▁N . J ., ▁where ▁she ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁Latin ▁American ▁bibli ographer ▁at ▁the ▁Pr inceton ▁University ▁Library , ▁and ▁continued ▁to ▁do ▁research ▁and ▁writing ▁on ▁Latin ▁America ▁and ▁I ber ia . ▁ ▁Starting ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁she ▁and ▁her ▁husband ▁published ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁works ▁on ▁the ▁Spain ▁and ▁its ▁relationship ▁with ▁its ▁overseas ▁poss essions ▁within ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁world . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁joint ly ▁published ▁work , ▁The ▁Col onial ▁Heritage ▁of ▁Latin ▁America ▁( 1 9 7 0 ) ▁has ▁made ▁an ▁end uring ▁impact ▁on ▁the ▁field . ▁ ▁Histor ian ▁Vincent ▁Pel oso ▁says ▁of ▁this ▁work , ▁" It ▁is ▁fair ▁to ▁say ▁that ▁no ▁one ▁who ▁studied ▁Latin ▁American ▁history ▁over ▁the ▁last ▁ 3 5 ▁years ▁would ▁have ▁failed ▁to ▁engage ▁the ▁slim , ▁eleg antly ▁written ▁synt hesis ." ▁ ▁Following ▁this ▁work , ▁the ▁couple ’ s ▁research ▁resulted ▁in ▁three ▁major ▁academic ▁publications : ▁Silver , ▁trade , ▁and ▁war : ▁Spain ▁and ▁America ▁in ▁the ▁Making ▁of ▁Early ▁Modern ▁Europe . ▁John s ▁Hop kins ▁University ▁Press ▁( 2 0 0 0 ); ▁Ap og |
ee ▁of ▁Empire : ▁Spain ▁and ▁New ▁Spain ▁in ▁the ▁Age ▁of ▁Charles ▁III , ▁ 1 7 5 9 – 1 7 8 9 . ▁John s ▁Hop kins ▁University ▁Press ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁and ▁Edge ▁of ▁Cris is : ▁War ▁and ▁Trade ▁in ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Atlantic , ▁ 1 7 8 9 – 1 8 0 8 . ▁John s ▁Hop kins ▁Press ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁The ▁final ▁volume ▁revers es ▁the ▁previous ▁order ▁of ▁the ▁authors ' ▁names , ▁placing ▁hers ▁first . ▁Barbara ▁Stein ▁was ▁recognized ▁as ▁a ▁full ▁partner ▁in ▁the ▁intellectual ▁enterprise ▁of ▁decades , ▁in ▁an ▁era ▁when ▁many ▁wives ▁of ▁male ▁academ ics ▁were ▁silent ▁intellectual ▁partners . ▁The ▁Ste ins ' ▁significant ▁works ▁gar ner ed ▁them ▁both ▁the ▁American ▁Historical ▁Association ’ s ▁highest ▁award ▁for ▁senior ▁scholars . ▁ ▁Hon ors ▁▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁American ▁Historical ▁Association , ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Sch olar ▁Award . ▁ ▁Works ▁▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁Latin ▁America : ▁A ▁Guide ▁to ▁the ▁S ources ▁in ▁the ▁Pr inceton ▁University ▁Library . ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁The ▁colonial ▁heritage ▁of ▁Latin ▁America . ▁With ▁Stanley ▁J . ▁Stein . ▁Vol . ▁ 1 0 . ▁New ▁York : ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press . ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁La ▁her encia ▁colonial ▁de ▁Am érica ▁Lat ina / Col onial ▁heritage ▁of ▁Latin ▁America . ▁Sig lo ▁x xi , ▁ 1 9 7 0 . |
▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁Silver , ▁trade , ▁and ▁war : ▁Spain ▁and ▁America ▁in ▁the ▁making ▁of ▁early ▁modern ▁Europe . ▁With ▁Stanley ▁J . ▁Stein . ▁ ▁John s ▁Hop kins ▁University ▁Press . ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁Ap og ee ▁of ▁empire : ▁Spain ▁and ▁New ▁Spain ▁in ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁Charles ▁III , ▁ 1 7 5 9 – 1 7 8 9 . ▁With ▁Stanley ▁J . ▁Stein . ▁John s ▁Hop kins ▁University ▁Press . ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Edge ▁of ▁crisis : ▁War ▁and ▁trade ▁in ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Atlantic , ▁ 1 7 8 9 – 1 8 0 8 . ▁John s ▁Hop kins ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁With ▁Stanley ▁J . ▁ ▁Stein ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Peter ▁T . ▁Johnson , ▁" Bar bara ▁Had ley ▁Stein ▁( 1 9 1 6 - 2 0 0 5 ). " ▁Pers pectives ▁on ▁History , ▁American ▁Historical ▁Association , ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Sch ol arly ▁Dist inction ▁Award , ▁American ▁Historical ▁Association ▁ ▁Pr inceton ▁University ▁Library , ▁Brazil ian ▁Collection ▁acquired ▁hon oring ▁Barbara ▁H . ▁Stein ▁and ▁Stanley ▁J . ▁Stein ▁announcement ▁ 1 7 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 5 ▁deaths ▁Category : Sm ith ▁College ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁California , ▁Berkeley ▁al |
umn i ▁Category : Hist or ians ▁of ▁Latin ▁America ▁Category : Hist or ians ▁of ▁Spain ▁Category : American ▁l ibr arians ▁Category : Pr inceton ▁University ▁l ibr arians <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Fra ey lem ab org ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁b org ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁S lo chter en ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands . ▁At ▁present ▁the ▁Fra ey lem ab org ▁is ▁a ▁historic ▁house ▁museum . ▁The ▁museum ▁had ▁ ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Building ▁history ▁ ▁Fra ey lem ab org ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁of ▁the ▁b org en ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁G ron ingen . ▁These ▁strong ▁houses ▁or ▁keeps ▁were ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁A ges ▁to ▁store ▁har v ests ▁and ▁to ▁protect ▁their ▁produce ▁from ▁ro bb ers . ▁Besides ▁churches , ▁these ▁structures ▁were ▁the ▁only ▁buildings ▁that ▁used ▁durable ▁stone ▁and ▁m ason ry . ▁In ▁due ▁time ▁they ▁grew ▁to ▁become ▁cent res ▁of ▁power ▁and ▁wealth . ▁The ▁Fra ey lem ab org ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁S lo chter en ▁which ▁upon ▁its ▁discovery ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁gave ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁the ▁largest ▁gas field ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 4 7 5 ▁there ▁was ▁already ▁a ▁farm ▁with ▁the ▁name ▁Fre al ema he erd . ▁In ▁the ▁arch ives ▁of ▁ 1 5 0 4 ▁the ▁name ▁is ▁found ▁of ▁one ▁Rem mer ▁Fra ey le ma . ▁The ▁building |
▁origin ates ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century . ▁The ▁left ▁wing ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century . ▁In ▁ 1 6 8 0 ▁the ▁b org ▁was ▁sold ▁by ▁E vert ▁R engers , ▁son ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁lord ▁of ▁the ▁man or , ▁because ▁of ▁his ▁family ▁deb ts . ▁It ▁was ▁bought ▁by ▁Hen ric ▁Pic card t ▁( mar ried ▁to ▁Anna ▁Elizabeth ▁R engers , ▁E vert ' s ▁sister ), ▁who ▁borrow ed ▁the ▁necessary ▁funds ▁from ▁Stad th older ▁William ▁III . ▁Pic card t ▁extens ively ▁re built ▁the ▁b org ▁and ▁he ▁also ▁landsc aped ▁a ▁huge ▁formal ▁garden ▁in ▁the ▁style ▁of ▁Louis ▁XIV ' s ▁France . ▁After ▁Pic card t ' s ▁death ▁the ▁b org ▁fell ▁into ▁dis rep air . ▁In ▁ 1 7 8 1 ▁the ▁Fra ey lem ab org ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁Hend rik ▁de ▁Sand ra ▁V eld man . ▁He ▁re built ▁it ▁into ▁the ▁shape ▁it ▁has ▁today . ▁Among ▁his ▁innov ations ▁was ▁the ▁removal ▁of ▁two ▁tow ers ▁which ▁had ▁gr aced ▁the ▁front ▁square . ▁ ▁Garden ▁ ▁Administration ▁▁ ▁Mar jon ▁Ed zes - Post hum us ▁is ▁the ▁museum ▁director ▁and ▁Hen ny ▁van ▁H arten - Bo ers ▁is ▁the ▁cur ator ▁of ▁the ▁Fra ey lem ab org . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁period ▁ 2 0 0 6 – 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁museum ▁had ▁between ▁ 2 6 |
, 2 4 5 ▁and ▁ ▁per ▁year . ▁The ▁museum ▁had ▁ ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁It ▁is ▁one ▁the ▁most - vis ited ▁museum s ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁G ron ingen . ▁ ▁The ▁Fra ey lem ab org ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Museum hu is ▁G ron ingen ▁( G ron ingen ▁Museum ▁House ), ▁which ▁is ▁an ▁u mbre lla ▁organization ▁for ▁museum s ▁and ▁heritage ▁institutions ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁G ron ingen . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁K alk wie k , ▁K . A ., ▁A . I . J . M . ▁Sche ll art , ▁H . P . H . ▁J ans en ▁& ▁P . W . ▁Ge ude ke , ▁Atl as ▁van ▁de ▁Nederland se ▁k ast elen , ▁Al p hen ▁aan ▁den ▁R ijn ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁() ▁ ▁H els ding en , ▁H . W . ▁van , ▁G ids ▁voor ▁de ▁Nederland se ▁k ast elen ▁en ▁bu iten pl aats en , ▁Amsterdam ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁ ▁T rom p , ▁H . M . J ., ▁K ijk ▁op ▁k ast elen ▁Amsterdam ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁() ▁ ▁Batt jes , ▁Jan , ▁& ▁Lad r ak , ▁Hans , ▁De ▁to ren ▁uit ▁het ▁m idden . ▁Bou wh ist orie ▁en ▁ont wer pm ethod iek ▁van ▁de ▁Fra ey lem ab org ▁en ▁het ▁S lo chter b os , |
▁G ron ingen : ▁Mon nier ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁() ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁, ▁official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : B org s ▁in ▁G ron ingen ▁( prov ince ) ▁Category : Hist oric ▁house ▁museum s ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁Category : M useum s ▁in ▁G ron ingen ▁( prov ince ) ▁Category : R ij ks mon uments ▁in ▁G ron ingen ▁( prov ince ) ▁Category : S lo chter en <0x0A> </s> ▁W L WD ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁W L WD - LD ▁( channel ▁ 2 0 ), ▁a ▁low - power ▁television ▁station ▁licensed ▁to ▁serve ▁Spring field , ▁Ohio , ▁United ▁States , ▁which ▁serves ▁as ▁a ▁repe ater ▁of ▁the ▁Day star ▁network ▁W DT N ▁( channel ▁ 2 ), ▁a ▁television ▁station ▁licensed ▁to ▁serve ▁Day ton , ▁Ohio , ▁United ▁States ▁which ▁formerly ▁held ▁the ▁W L WD ▁call sign ▁W B KS ▁( 9 3 . 9 ▁FM ), ▁a ▁radio ▁station ▁licensed ▁to ▁serve ▁Columb us ▁Gro ve , ▁Ohio , ▁United ▁States ▁which ▁formerly ▁held ▁the ▁W L WD ▁call sign <0x0A> </s> ▁Computer - ass isted ▁telephone ▁interview ing ▁( C AT I ) ▁is ▁a ▁telephone ▁surve ying ▁technique ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁interview er ▁follows ▁a ▁script ▁provided ▁by ▁a ▁software ▁application . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁structured ▁system ▁of ▁micro data ▁collection ▁by ▁telephone ▁that ▁speeds ▁up ▁the ▁collection ▁and ▁editing ▁of ▁micro data ▁and ▁also ▁perm its ▁the ▁interview er |
▁to ▁educ ate ▁the ▁respond ents ▁on ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁tim ely ▁and ▁accurate ▁data . ▁The ▁software ▁is ▁able ▁to ▁custom ize ▁the ▁flow ▁of ▁the ▁question naire ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁answers ▁provided , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁information ▁already ▁known ▁about ▁the ▁participant . ▁It ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁B 2 B ▁services ▁and ▁corporate ▁sales . ▁ ▁C AT I ▁may ▁function ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁manner : ▁▁ ▁A ▁computer ized ▁question naire ▁is ▁administer ed ▁to ▁respond ents ▁over ▁the ▁telephone . ▁ ▁The ▁interview er ▁sits ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁a ▁computer ▁screen . ▁ ▁Upon ▁command , ▁the ▁computer ▁d ials ▁the ▁telephone ▁number ▁to ▁be ▁called . ▁ ▁When ▁contact ▁is ▁made , ▁the ▁interview er ▁reads ▁the ▁questions ▁pos ed ▁on ▁the ▁computer ▁screen ▁and ▁records ▁the ▁respond ent ' s ▁answers ▁directly ▁into ▁the ▁computer . ▁ ▁Inter im ▁and ▁update ▁reports ▁can ▁be ▁compiled ▁instant ane ously , ▁as ▁the ▁data ▁are ▁being ▁collected . ▁ ▁C AT I ▁software ▁has ▁built - in ▁logic , ▁which ▁also ▁enh ances ▁data ▁accuracy . ▁ ▁The ▁program ▁will ▁personal ize ▁questions ▁and ▁control ▁for ▁log ically ▁incorrect ▁answers , ▁such ▁as ▁percentage ▁answers ▁that ▁do ▁not ▁add ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 0 0 ▁percent . ▁ ▁The ▁software ▁has ▁built - in ▁branch ing ▁logic , ▁which ▁will ▁skip ▁questions ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁applicable ▁or ▁will ▁probe ▁for ▁more ▁detail ▁when ▁warrant ed . ▁ ▁Autom ated ▁dial ers ▁are ▁usually ▁deployed ▁to ▁lower ▁the ▁waiting ▁time |
▁for ▁the ▁interview er , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁to ▁record ▁the ▁interview ▁for ▁quality ▁purposes . ▁ ▁Autom ated ▁computer ▁telephone ▁interview ing ▁Autom ated ▁computer ▁telephone ▁interview ing ▁( ACT I ) ▁is ▁a ▁technique ▁by ▁which ▁a ▁computer ▁with ▁speaker - independ ent ▁voice ▁recognition ▁capabilities ▁asks ▁respond ents ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁questions , ▁recogn izes ▁then ▁stores ▁the ▁answers , ▁and ▁is ▁able ▁to ▁follow ▁script ed ▁logic ▁and ▁branch ▁intellig ently ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁flow ▁of ▁the ▁question naire ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁answers ▁provided , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁information ▁known ▁about ▁the ▁participant . ▁This ▁technique ▁is ▁also ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁interactive ▁voice ▁response ▁( IV R ). ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Computer - ass isted ▁personal ▁interview ing ▁ ▁Computer - ass isted ▁web ▁interview ing ▁ ▁Random ▁digit ▁di alling ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁▁ ▁Marketing ▁Research . ▁School ▁of ▁Business ▁& ▁Account ancy , ▁N ge e ▁Ann ▁Poly techn ic . ▁Jon as ▁Lee . ▁Pear son . ▁ ▁Category : Spe aker ▁recognition ▁Category : Sur vey ▁method ology <0x0A> </s> ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁Dun l op , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron et ▁ ▁( 2 ▁August ▁ 1 8 5 5 ▁– ▁ 2 9 ▁January ▁ 1 9 3 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Scottish ▁business man . ▁ ▁Life ▁ ▁Dun l op ▁was ▁the ▁el dest ▁son ▁of ▁Thomas ▁Dun l op ▁( 1 8 3 1 – 1 8 9 3 ), ▁a ▁grain ▁merchant ▁and ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁shipping ▁company , |
▁Thomas ▁Dun l op ▁& ▁S ons , ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁Rob ina ▁Jack . ▁He ▁became ▁a ▁senior ▁partner ▁in ▁his ▁father ' s ▁company ▁and ▁later ▁a ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Bank ▁of ▁Scotland , ▁Bruce ▁Pe eb les ▁Ltd ▁and ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Union ▁and ▁National ▁Insurance ▁Company . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁he ▁became ▁Lord ▁Prov ost ▁of ▁Glasgow ▁and ▁was ▁created ▁a ▁bar on et ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁due ▁to ▁this ▁position ▁and ▁appointed ▁a ▁Knight ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁( GB E ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁ ▁Dun l op ▁is ▁buried ▁with ▁his ▁family ▁in ▁the ▁Glasgow ▁N ec ropol is . ▁The ▁grave ▁lies ▁on ▁the ▁southern ▁path ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁upper ▁section . ▁ ▁Family ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 9 ▁Dun l op ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁Dor othy ▁E up hem ia ▁Mitchell ▁( 1 8 5 5 - 1 8 9 2 ), ▁daughter ▁of ▁Peter ▁Mitchell ▁of ▁Long n idd ry . ▁When ▁she ▁died ▁he ▁married ▁her ▁younger ▁sister , ▁Margaret ▁Mitchell ▁( 1 8 5 7 - 1 9 5 2 ). ▁ ▁When ▁he ▁died ▁the ▁bar on et cy ▁fell ▁to ▁his ▁el dest ▁son , ▁Thomas ▁Dun l op ▁( 1 8 8 1 - 1 9 6 3 ). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁business people ▁Category : B aron ets ▁in ▁the ▁Baron |
et age ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : K n ights ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁Category : L ord ▁Prov ost s ▁of ▁Glasgow ▁Category : Dep uty ▁Lie uten ants ▁of ▁Glasgow ▁Category : 1 8 5 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 3 8 ▁deaths ▁Category : Dep uty ▁Lie uten ants ▁of ▁Lan ark shire ▁Category : R oyal ▁Bank ▁of ▁Scotland ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁Char lemagne ▁Mass é na ▁P éral te ▁( 1 8 8 6 ▁- ▁ 1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 1 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁H ait ian ▁national ist ▁leader ▁who ▁opposed ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁occupation ▁of ▁H ait i ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁Lead ing ▁gu err illa ▁fighters ▁called ▁the ▁C ac os , ▁he ▁pos ed ▁such ▁a ▁challenge ▁to ▁the ▁US ▁forces ▁in ▁H ait i ▁that ▁the ▁occup ying ▁forces ▁had ▁to ▁upgrade ▁their ▁presence ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁P éral te ▁remains ▁a ▁highly ▁praised ▁hero ▁in ▁H ait i . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁P éral te ▁was ▁born ▁October ▁ 1 0 th ▁ 1 8 8 5 ▁( or ▁ 1 8 8 6 ) ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁H in che . ▁His ▁father ▁was ▁General ▁Rem i ▁Mass ena ▁Per al te . ▁ ▁Gu err illa ▁resistance ▁An ▁officer ▁by ▁career , ▁Char lemagne ▁P éral te ▁was ▁the ▁military ▁chief ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Lé og â ne ▁when ▁the ▁US ▁Mar ines |
▁inv aded ▁H ait i ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁ ▁Ref using ▁to ▁surrender ▁to ▁foreign ▁troops ▁without ▁fighting , ▁P éral te ▁resigned ▁from ▁his ▁position ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁his ▁native ▁town ▁of ▁H in che ▁to ▁take ▁care ▁of ▁his ▁family ' s ▁land . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁he ▁was ▁arrested ▁for ▁a ▁bot ched ▁raid ▁on ▁the ▁H in che ▁g endar mer ie ▁pay roll , ▁and ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁five ▁years ▁of ▁forced ▁labor . ▁Esc aping ▁his ▁capt ivity , ▁Char lemagne ▁P éral te ▁gathered ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁national ist ▁reb els ▁and ▁started ▁gu err illa ▁war fare ▁against ▁the ▁US ▁troops . ▁ ▁The ▁troops ▁led ▁by ▁P éral te ▁were ▁called ▁" C ac os ", ▁a ▁name ▁that ▁h ark ed ▁back ▁to ▁rural ▁troops ▁that ▁histor ically ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁political ▁tur mo il ▁of ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁H ait i . ▁The ▁gu err illa ▁warriors ▁of ▁the ▁C ac os ▁were ▁such ▁strong ▁advers aries ▁that ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁up graded ▁the ▁US ▁Marine ▁conting ent ▁in ▁H ait i ▁and ▁even ▁employed ▁air pl anes ▁for ▁counter - gu err illa ▁war fare . ▁His ▁forces ▁attacked ▁Port - au - Pr ince ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁but ▁were ▁driven ▁off . ▁ ▁Death ▁and ▁after math ▁ ▁After ▁two ▁years ▁of ▁gu err illa ▁war fare , ▁leading ▁P éral te |
▁to ▁declare ▁a ▁prov is ional ▁government ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁H ait i , ▁Char lemagne ▁P éral te ▁was ▁bet rayed ▁by ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁officers , ▁Jean - B apt iste ▁Con z é , ▁who ▁led ▁disgu ised ▁US ▁Mar ines ▁Sergeant ▁H erman ▁H . ▁Han ne ken ▁( l ater ▁mer itor iously ▁promoted ▁to ▁Second ▁Lieutenant ▁for ▁his ▁explo its ) ▁and ▁Corpor al ▁William ▁Button ▁into ▁the ▁reb els ▁camp , ▁near ▁Grand - R iv ière ▁Du ▁Nord . ▁ ▁P éral te ▁was ▁shot ▁in ▁the ▁heart ▁at ▁close ▁range . ▁Han ne ken ▁and ▁his ▁men ▁then ▁fled ▁with ▁Per al te ' s ▁body ▁str apped ▁onto ▁a ▁m ule . ▁ ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁discour age ▁rebel ▁support ▁from ▁the ▁H ait ian ▁population , ▁the ▁US ▁troops ▁took ▁a ▁picture ▁of ▁Char lemagne ▁P éral te ' s ▁body ▁tied ▁to ▁a ▁door , ▁and ▁distributed ▁it ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁However , ▁it ▁had ▁the ▁opposite ▁effect , ▁with ▁the ▁image ' s ▁re sembl ance ▁to ▁a ▁cru c if ix ion ▁making ▁it ▁an ▁icon ▁of ▁the ▁resistance ▁and ▁establishing ▁P éral te ▁as ▁a ▁mart yr . ▁ ▁Char lemagne ▁P éral te ' s ▁remains ▁were ▁une art hed ▁after ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁occupation ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 . ▁ ▁A ▁national ▁funeral , ▁attended ▁by ▁the ▁then - Pres ident ▁of ▁H ait i , ▁St én io ▁Vincent |
, ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁Cap - Ha ï t ien , ▁where ▁his ▁grave ▁can ▁still ▁be ▁seen ▁today . ▁ ▁A ▁portrait ▁of ▁Char lemagne ▁P éral te ▁can ▁now ▁be ▁seen ▁on ▁the ▁H ait ian ▁coins ▁issued ▁by ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁Jean - Ber tr and ▁Arist ide ▁after ▁his ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁return ▁under ▁the ▁protection ▁of ▁US ▁troops . ▁ ▁Con sequently , ▁for ▁their ▁d aring ▁explo it , ▁Corpor al ▁Button ▁( 1 8 9 5 – 1 9 2 1 ) ▁and ▁Sergeant ▁Han ne ken ▁( 1 8 9 3 – 1 9 8 6 ) ▁were ▁both ▁awarded ▁the ▁Medal ▁of ▁Honor ▁for ▁killing ▁the ▁" sup reme ▁band it ▁of ▁H ait i ". ▁Han ne ken ▁later ▁served ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁notably ▁at ▁Gu ad al can al ▁and ▁ended ▁his ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁brig ad ier ▁general . ▁In ▁his ▁later ▁days , ▁he ▁constantly ▁declined ▁to ▁comment ▁on ▁his ▁explo its ▁in ▁H ait i , ▁notably ▁to ▁H ait ian ▁journalists ▁asking ▁for ▁interviews ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 th ▁anniversary ▁of ▁P éral te ' s ▁birth , ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 0 s ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 1 9 ▁deaths ▁Category : H ait ian ▁national ists ▁Category : H ait ian ▁reb els ▁Category : H ait ian ▁people ▁of ▁Mul atto ▁descent ▁Category : People |
▁from ▁H in che ▁Category : De ath s ▁by ▁fire arm ▁in ▁H ait i ▁Category : Gu err illas ▁killed ▁in ▁action ▁Category : Ind ep end ence ▁activ ists ▁Category : People ▁of ▁the ▁Ban ana ▁Wars <0x0A> </s> ▁Tar an is ▁mo er ch ii ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁sea ▁sn ail , ▁a ▁marine ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll usk ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁R aph it om idae . ▁ ▁Description ▁The ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁shell ▁varies ▁between ▁ 2 ▁mm ▁and ▁ 4 ▁mm . ▁ ▁The ▁two ▁spec im ens ▁from ▁station ▁ 2 0 7 7 , ▁in ▁ 1 2 5 5 ▁f ath oms , ▁are ▁somewhat ▁st outer ▁than ▁those ▁previously ▁obtained , ▁and ▁have ▁the ▁principal ▁car ina , ▁forming ▁the ▁shoulder , ▁larger ▁and ▁more ▁prominent ▁than ▁usual , ▁but ▁it ▁bears ▁only ▁very ▁minute ▁tub er cles , ▁corresponding ▁to ▁the ▁very ▁fine ▁and ▁close ▁rib lets ▁which ▁cross ▁the ▁wide ▁and ▁abruptly ▁sl oping ▁subs ut ural ▁ ▁band ▁ob li qu ely , ▁and ▁are ▁about ▁twice ▁as ▁numerous ▁and ▁much ▁fin er ▁than ▁in ▁the ▁ordinary ▁variety . ▁On ▁the ▁body ▁wh or l ▁there ▁are ▁about ▁six ▁prominent , ▁distant , ▁revol ving ▁c ing uli ▁below ▁the ▁shoulder , ▁besides ▁some ▁faint ▁ones ▁on ▁the ▁base ▁of ▁the ▁s iph onal ▁canal . ▁The ▁space ▁between ▁the ▁upper most ▁of ▁these ▁and ▁the ▁shoulder - car ina ▁is ▁greater ▁than ▁usual . ▁The |
▁lines ▁of ▁growth ▁are ▁much ▁fin er ▁than ▁in ▁the ▁ordinary ▁form ▁and ▁do ▁not ▁take ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁rib lets ▁on ▁the ▁body ▁wh or l , ▁nor ▁do ▁they ▁render ▁the ▁c ing uli ▁nod ulous . ▁The ▁s uture ▁is ▁sharply ▁impressed , ▁and ▁the ▁raised ▁revol ving ▁line ▁usually ▁present ▁just ▁below ▁the ▁s uture ▁is ▁absent . ▁This ▁form , ▁therefore , ▁is ▁characterized ▁by ▁the ▁relative ▁predomin ance ▁of ▁the ▁sp iral ▁sculpt ure ▁over ▁the ▁trans verse , ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁distinct ▁nod ules ▁at ▁the ▁crossing ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁systems ▁of ▁lines . ▁ ▁( desc ribed ▁as ▁Tar an is ▁mo er ch ii ▁var . ▁torn ata ) ▁ ▁Distribution ▁This ▁marine ▁species ▁occurs ▁off ▁the ▁Far oes ; ▁Northern ▁Norway ▁to ▁the ▁Mediterranean ▁Sea . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Mal m , ▁A . W . ▁( 1 8 6 1 ). ▁[ E ] n ▁Ra ek ke ▁af ▁F is ke , ▁Kre bs d yr ▁og ▁Bl ø dd yr , ▁som ▁ere ▁n ye ▁for ▁den ▁sk and in avis ke ▁Fa una , ▁og ▁med de elte ▁de ▁n eden an f ør te ▁B ema erk ning er ▁om ▁disse ▁Ar ter . ▁For hand ling er ▁ved ▁de ▁Sk and in avis ke ▁Natur f ors ker es , ▁ 8 : ▁ 6 1 6 – 6 2 4 . ▁For hand ling er ▁ved ▁de ▁Sk and in avis ke ▁Natur |
f ors ker es . ▁ 8 : ▁ 6 1 6 - 6 2 4 ▁ ▁Bru gn one , ▁G . A . ▁( 1 8 6 2 ) ▁Mem oria ▁sop ra ▁alc uni ▁ple uro t omi ▁foss ili ▁dei ▁d int orn i ▁di ▁Pal ermo . ▁F . ▁La o , ▁Pal ermo , ▁ 4 1 ▁pp ., ▁ 1 ▁pl . ▁ ▁St ur any ▁R . ▁( 1 8 9 6 ). ▁Z ool og ische ▁Er geb n isse ▁VII . ▁M oll us ken ▁I ▁( Pro s ob r anch ier ▁und ▁Op is th ob r anch ier ; ▁Sc aph op oden ; ▁Lam ell ibr anch ier ) ▁ges amm elt ▁von ▁S . M . ▁Sch iff ▁" P ola " ▁ 1 8 9 0 - 1 8 9 4 . ▁Den ks ch rif ten ▁der ▁Kaiser lichen ▁Ak adem ie ▁der ▁W issenschaft en , ▁Mathemat ische - N atur w issenschaft l ischen ▁Cl asse , ▁ 6 3 : ▁ 1 - 3 6 , ▁pl . 1 - 2 ▁ ▁G of as , ▁S .; ▁Le ▁Ren ard , ▁J .; ▁Bou chet , ▁P . ▁( 2 0 0 1 ). ▁M oll us ca . ▁in : ▁Cost ello , ▁M . J . ▁et ▁al . ▁( eds ), ▁European ▁Register ▁of ▁Marine ▁Spec ies : ▁a ▁check - list ▁of ▁the ▁marine ▁species ▁in ▁Europe ▁and |
▁a ▁bibli ography ▁of ▁guides ▁to ▁their ▁identification . ▁Pat rim o ines ▁Nature ls . ▁ 5 0 : ▁ 1 8 0 - 2 1 3 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Bi ol ib . cz ▁: ▁Tar an is ▁mo er ch ii ▁ ▁Gast rop od s . com : ▁Tar an is ▁mo er ch ii ▁▁▁ ▁T iber i , ▁N . ▁( 1 8 6 8 ). ▁Nova ▁Mediterr ane a ▁test ace a . ▁Journal ▁de ▁Con ch y li ologie . ▁ 1 6 : ▁ 1 7 9 - 1 8 0 ▁ ▁Loc ard ▁A . ▁( 1 8 9 7 - 1 8 9 8 ). ▁Exp éd itions ▁scient if iques ▁du ▁Tr av aille ur ▁et ▁du ▁Tal is man ▁pendant ▁les ▁années ▁ 1 8 8 0 , ▁ 1 8 8 1 , ▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁et ▁ 1 8 8 3 . ▁M oll us ques ▁test ac és . ▁Paris , ▁Mass on . ▁vol . ▁ 1 ▁[ 1 8 9 7 , ▁p . ▁ 1 - 5 1 6 ▁pl . ▁ 1 - 2 2 ; ▁vol . ▁ 2 ▁[ 1 8 9 8 ], ▁p . ▁ 1 - 5 1 5 , ▁pl . ▁ 1 - 1 8 ] ▁▁ ▁Census ▁of ▁Marine ▁Life ▁( 2 0 1 2 ). ▁SY N DE EP : ▁Tow ards ▁a ▁first ▁global ▁synt hesis ▁of ▁b |
iod ivers ity , ▁bi oge ography ▁and ▁ecosystem ▁function ▁in ▁the ▁deep ▁sea . ▁Un published ▁data ▁( dataset ID : ▁ 2 0 ) ▁ ▁Dy ntax a . ▁( 2 0 1 3 ). ▁Swedish ▁Tax onom ic ▁Database . ▁ ▁Check ▁List ▁of ▁European ▁Marine ▁M oll us ca ▁( CLE MA M ) ▁ ▁mo er ch ii ▁Category : G ast rop od s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁Mer cer ▁Street ▁Historic ▁District ▁is ▁a ▁national ▁historic ▁district ▁ ▁located ▁at ▁Pr inceton , ▁Mer cer ▁County , ▁West ▁Virginia . ▁ ▁The ▁district ▁includes ▁ 2 8 ▁contributing ▁buildings ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁business ▁district ▁of ▁Pr inceton . ▁The ▁buildings ▁are ▁primarily ▁two ▁and ▁three - story , ▁m ason ry ▁commercial ▁buildings ▁with ▁store front s ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁floor ▁and ▁housing ▁in ▁the ▁upper ▁stories . ▁Almost ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁buildings ▁date ▁from ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁Virgin ian ▁Railway ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁and ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁ ▁Not able ▁buildings ▁include ▁the ▁Old ▁St ag ▁Cl othing ▁Store , ▁Mer cer ▁County ▁Schools ▁W are house ▁( c . ▁ 1 9 3 0 ), ▁Clean ers ▁and ▁Lau nd ry ▁Building ▁( c . ▁ 1 9 1 5 ), ▁S ively ▁Company ▁Building ▁( 1 9 1 3 ), ▁Mull ins ▁Brothers ▁Building ▁( 1 9 1 2 ), ▁and ▁D & D ▁S addle ▁and ▁T ack ▁Building ▁( |
c . ▁ 1 9 1 5 ). ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Com mercial ▁buildings ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁West ▁Virginia ▁Category : Hist oric ▁districts ▁in ▁Mer cer ▁County , ▁West ▁Virginia ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁Mer cer ▁County , ▁West ▁Virginia ▁Category : Hist oric ▁districts ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁West ▁Virginia ▁Category : Pr inceton , ▁West ▁Virginia <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Order ▁of ▁Hon our ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁state ▁order ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Federation ▁established ▁by ▁President ial ▁Dec ree ▁No . ▁ 4 4 2 ▁of ▁March ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁to ▁recogn ise ▁high ▁achievements ▁in ▁government , ▁economic , ▁scientific , ▁soci oc ultural , ▁public , ▁sport ▁and ▁char itable ▁activities . ▁ ▁Its ▁stat ute ▁was ▁am ended ▁by ▁dec ree ▁No . ▁ 1 9 ▁of ▁January ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁and ▁more ▁lately ▁by ▁dec ree ▁No . ▁ 1 0 9 9 ▁of ▁January ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁which ▁defined ▁its ▁present ▁status . ▁It ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁confused ▁with ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Bad ge ▁of ▁Hon our , ▁although ▁the ▁current ▁order ▁maint ains ▁continu ity ▁with ▁it . ▁ ▁Award ▁stat ute ▁The ▁Order ▁of ▁Hon our ▁is ▁awarded |
▁to ▁citizens ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Federation : ▁ ▁For ▁high ▁achievements ▁in ▁production ▁and ▁economic ▁indic ators ▁in ▁industry , ▁construction , ▁agriculture , ▁communications , ▁energy ▁and ▁transport , ▁coupled ▁with ▁the ▁predomin ant ▁use ▁of ▁innovative ▁technologies ▁in ▁the ▁production ▁process ▁ ▁For ▁a ▁significant ▁increase ▁in ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁soc io - econom ic ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Federation ; ▁for ▁achievements ▁in ▁modern izing ▁the ▁Russian ▁health ▁care ▁system , ▁aimed ▁at ▁significantly ▁improving ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁the ▁provision ▁of ▁medical ▁services , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁development ▁and ▁widespread ▁practical ▁applications ▁of ▁modern ▁and ▁innovative ▁methods ▁of ▁diagn osing ▁and ▁treating ▁diseases ▁ ▁For ▁achievements ▁in ▁scientific ▁research ▁resulting ▁in ▁significant ▁Russian ▁scientific ▁and ▁technological ▁advantage ▁in ▁various ▁fields ▁of ▁science , ▁increased ▁domestic ▁production ▁of ▁competitive ▁high - tech ▁products ▁ ▁For ▁services ▁to ▁improve ▁the ▁Russian ▁education ▁system ▁aimed ▁at ▁dramatically ▁improving ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁the ▁education ▁provided , ▁the ▁system ▁of ▁training ▁specialists ▁for ▁the ▁Russian ▁economy ▁and ▁increasing ▁international ▁prest ige ▁of ▁Russian ▁educational ▁institutions ▁ ▁For ▁significant ▁contribution ▁to ▁the ▁preserv ation , ▁promotion ▁and ▁development ▁of ▁Russian ▁culture , ▁art , ▁history ▁and ▁the ▁Russian ▁language , ▁associated ▁with ▁increased ▁levels ▁of ▁cultural ▁and ▁human itarian ▁development ▁of ▁civil ▁and ▁patri otic ▁education ▁of ▁the ▁younger ▁generation ▁ ▁For ▁very ▁fruit ful ▁public , ▁char itable ▁and ▁community ▁activities ▁ ▁For ▁mer it ▁in ▁the ▁promotion , ▁and ▁support ▁of ▁youth ▁sports , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁professional ▁sport , ▁considerably ▁increasing ▁the |
▁level ▁of ▁physical ▁activity ▁and ▁making ▁Russia ▁a ▁World ▁leader ▁in ▁individual ▁sports ▁ ▁The ▁Order ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁con ferred ▁on ▁foreign ▁citizens ▁who ▁have ▁performed ▁outstanding ▁service ▁to ▁improve ▁bil ateral ▁relations ▁with ▁Russia . ▁ ▁The ▁Order ▁of ▁Hon our ▁is ▁worn ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁chest ▁and ▁when ▁in ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁other ▁med als ▁and ▁orders ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Federation , ▁is ▁situated ▁immediately ▁after ▁the ▁Order ▁" For ▁Naval ▁Mer it ". ▁ ▁Award ▁description ▁ ▁The ▁Order ▁is ▁struck ▁from ▁silver ▁and ▁covered ▁with ▁en am els , ▁it ▁is ▁shaped ▁as ▁a ▁ 4 2 mm ▁in ▁diameter ▁oct agonal ▁cross ▁en am elled ▁in ▁blue ▁on ▁its ▁ob verse ▁except ▁for ▁a ▁ 2 mm ▁wide ▁band ▁along ▁its ▁entire ▁outer ▁edge ▁which ▁remains ▁bare ▁silver . ▁ ▁The ▁ob verse ▁bears ▁a ▁white ▁en am elled ▁central ▁med all ion ▁b ordered ▁by ▁a ▁silver ▁la ure l ▁w re ath , ▁the ▁med all ion ▁bears ▁the ▁silver ▁state ▁symbol ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Federation . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁otherwise ▁plain ▁reverse , ▁two ▁riv ets ▁and ▁the ▁award ▁serial ▁number ▁at ▁the ▁bottom . ▁ ▁The ▁Order ▁of ▁Hon our ▁is ▁suspended ▁by ▁a ▁ring ▁through ▁the ▁bad ge ' s ▁suspension ▁loop ▁to ▁a ▁standard ▁Russian ▁pent agonal ▁mount ▁covered ▁by ▁a ▁ 2 4 mm ▁wide ▁overl apping ▁blue ▁silk ▁mo ir é ▁rib bon ▁with ▁a ▁ 2 . 5 mm ▁wide ▁white |
▁stri pe ▁situated ▁ 5 mm ▁from ▁the ▁rib bon ' s ▁right ▁edge . ▁ ▁Not able ▁recip ients ▁( partial ▁list ) ▁The ▁individuals ▁below ▁are ▁recip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Hon our ". ▁ ▁Mik h ail ▁G orb ache v , ▁last ▁General ▁Secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Communist ▁Party ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union , ▁first ▁and ▁only ▁elected ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁USS R ▁P avel ▁Roman ov ich ▁Pop ov ich , ▁cos mon aut ▁Vi ache sl av ▁" Sl ava " ▁Alexand rov ich ▁F et is ov , ▁former ▁Minister ▁of ▁Sport ▁of ▁Russia ▁Vlad imir ▁V olf ov ich ▁Z hir in ov sky , ▁politician , ▁Vice - Ch air man ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁D uma ▁Mos he ▁K ant or , ▁peace ▁activ ist ▁T ik hon ▁Nik ol ay ev ich ▁Kh ren nik ov , ▁composer , ▁pian ist ▁and ▁political ▁activ ist ▁Muslim ▁Mah amm ad ▁o gl u ▁Mag om ay ev , ▁( mus ician ) ▁singer ▁Mik h ail ▁Y ef im ov ich ▁Fr ad kov , ▁former ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁Russia ▁Serge y ▁Vik tor ov ich ▁Lav rov , ▁diplom at , ▁Russia ' s ▁amb assador ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Nations ▁( 1 9 9 4 – 2 0 0 4 ), ▁Russia ' s ▁Foreign ▁Minister ▁( 2 0 0 4 – present ) ▁Serge i ▁Kon stant in ov ich ▁K rik al ev , ▁cos mon aut ▁Y uli ▁Mik |
h ail ov ich ▁Vor ont s ov , ▁diplom at , ▁former ▁Russian ▁Amb assador ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁D mit ry ▁Tim of ey ev ich ▁Y az ov , ▁Marshal ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Y ury ▁Mik h ay lov ich ▁L uz h kov , ▁former ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Moscow ▁Serge y ▁T ety uk hin ▁vol ley ball ▁player ▁Serge y ▁K uz hu get ov ich ▁Sh oy gu , ▁former ▁Minister ▁of ▁Emer gency ▁Situ ations , ▁Minister ▁of ▁Defense ▁( 2 0 1 2 – present ) ▁Vik tor ▁Pet rov ich ▁Sav iny kh , ▁cos mon aut ▁Sher ig - ool ▁D iz iz h ik ov ich ▁O or zh ak , ▁former ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Tu va ▁Juan ▁Antonio ▁Sam ar anch , ▁seventh ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Olympic ▁Committee ▁V ital y ▁G enn ady ev ich ▁Sav ely ev , ▁Director ▁General ▁and ▁CEO ▁of ▁A er of lot ▁An at oly ▁Y ury ev ich ▁Rav ik ov ich , ▁actor ▁Aleks and r ▁Y ur ' ev ich ▁Rum y ant se v , ▁minister , ▁scientist , ▁academic , ▁and ▁amb assador ▁And rey ▁Tok are v , ▁Par al ym pic ▁medal ist ▁Val ery ▁Le ont iev , ▁pop ▁singer ▁Vlad imir ▁Put in , ▁former ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁F SB ▁( H olding ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁Colonel ▁in ▁the ▁K GB ), ▁former ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁Russia , ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁and |
▁the ▁ 4 th ▁( current ) ▁President ▁of ▁Russia ▁Ev gen iy ▁M iron ov , ▁Art istic ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Federal ▁State ▁Inst itution ▁of ▁Culture ▁" The ▁State ▁Theatre ▁of ▁Nations " ▁An at oli y ▁Aleks and rov , ▁R ector ▁of ▁Ba uman ▁State ▁Technical ▁University ▁Christ op he ▁de ▁Marg erie ▁( post hum ously ), ▁CEO ▁and ▁Chairman ▁of ▁Total ▁S . A . ▁Alexander ▁Z ald ost an ov , ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Night ▁Wol ves ▁Ev gen y ▁Plus hen ko , ▁sk ater , ▁Olympic ▁Champion ▁Ali ya ▁Must af ina , ▁artistic ▁gym n ast , ▁two ▁time ▁Olympic ▁Champion ▁Philipp ▁Kirk or ov , ▁pop ▁singer ▁Alexander ▁O ve ch kin , ▁N HL ▁ice ▁hockey ▁player , ▁seven ▁time ▁Kh arl am ov ▁Tro phy ▁winner ▁Val ery ▁K hal il ov , ▁Russian ▁military ▁condu ctor ▁K ass ym - J om art ▁Tok ay ev , ▁President ▁of ▁Kaz akh stan ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Awards ▁and ▁decor ations ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Federation ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Bad ge ▁of ▁Hon our ▁( U SS R ) ▁Order ▁of ▁Hon our ▁( Bel ar us ) ▁Order ▁of ▁Kur met ▁( K az akh stan ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁The ▁Commission ▁on ▁State ▁Awards ▁under ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Federation ▁The ▁Russian ▁Gaz ette ▁Site ▁of ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Federation ▁ ▁Category : Or ders , ▁decor ations , ▁and ▁med als ▁of |
▁Russia ▁Category : C ivil ▁awards ▁and ▁decor ations ▁of ▁Russia ▁Category : R ussian ▁awards ▁Category : A wards ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Category : 1 9 9 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Russia <0x0A> </s> ▁Jackson ▁Township ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁fourteen ▁town ships ▁in ▁Miami ▁County , ▁Indiana , ▁United ▁States . ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 1 , 9 5 6 ▁and ▁it ▁contained ▁ 8 4 3 ▁housing ▁units . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁first ▁settlement ▁at ▁Jackson ▁Township ▁was ▁made ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 2 . ▁Jackson ▁Township ▁was ▁organized ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 6 . ▁The ▁town ship ▁is ▁named ▁for ▁Andrew ▁Jackson , ▁seventh ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census , ▁the ▁town ship ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁of ▁which ▁ ▁( or ▁ 9 9 . 7 0 %) ▁is ▁land ▁and ▁ ▁( or ▁ 0 . 3 4 %) ▁is ▁water . ▁ ▁C ities , ▁towns , ▁villages ▁ ▁Amb oy ▁ ▁Con verse ▁( partial ) ▁ ▁C em eter ies ▁The ▁town ship ▁contains ▁four ▁c em eter ies : ▁Bond , ▁Friends , ▁Park ▁La wn ▁and ▁P ipe ▁Creek . ▁ ▁Major ▁high ways ▁▁ ▁Indiana ▁State ▁Road ▁ 1 8 ▁▁ ▁Indiana ▁State ▁Road ▁ 1 9 ▁ ▁Air ports ▁and ▁landing ▁stri ps ▁ ▁Con verse ▁Airport ▁ ▁L akes |
▁ ▁Fox ▁Lake ▁ ▁Education ▁ ▁Oak ▁Hill ▁United ▁School ▁Corporation ▁ ▁Jackson ▁Township ▁residents ▁may ▁obtain ▁a ▁free ▁library ▁card ▁from ▁the ▁Con verse - Jack son ▁Township ▁Public ▁Library ▁in ▁Con verse . ▁ ▁Political ▁districts ▁ ▁Indiana ' s ▁ 5 th ▁congress ional ▁district ▁ ▁State ▁House ▁District ▁ 3 2 ▁ ▁State ▁Senate ▁District ▁ 1 8 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁United ▁States ▁Census ▁Bureau ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁T IG ER / Line ▁Sh ap ef iles ▁ ▁Indiana Map ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Indiana ▁Township ▁Association ▁ ▁United ▁Township ▁Association ▁of ▁Indiana ▁ ▁City - Data . com ▁page ▁for ▁Jackson ▁Township ▁ ▁Category : T own ships ▁in ▁Miami ▁County , ▁Indiana <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁history ▁of ▁painting ▁reaches ▁back ▁in ▁time ▁to ▁art ifacts ▁from ▁pre - hist oric ▁humans , ▁and ▁sp ans ▁all ▁cultures . ▁It ▁represents ▁a ▁continuous , ▁though ▁period ically ▁dis rupted , ▁tradition ▁from ▁Ant iqu ity . ▁Ac ross ▁cultures , ▁and ▁sp anning ▁contin ents ▁and ▁mill enn ia , ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁painting ▁is ▁an ▁ongoing ▁river ▁of ▁creativity , ▁that ▁continues ▁into ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century . ▁Until ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁it ▁rel ied ▁primarily ▁on ▁represent ational , ▁religious ▁and ▁classical ▁mot ifs , ▁after ▁which ▁time ▁more ▁purely ▁abstract ▁and ▁concept ual ▁approaches ▁gained ▁favor . ▁ ▁Develop ments ▁in ▁Eastern ▁painting ▁histor ically ▁parallel ▁those ▁in ▁Western ▁painting , ▁in ▁general , ▁a |
▁few ▁centuries ▁earlier . ▁African ▁art , ▁Jewish ▁art , ▁Islamic ▁art , ▁Indian ▁art , ▁Chinese ▁art , ▁and ▁Japanese ▁art ▁each ▁had ▁significant ▁influence ▁on ▁Western ▁art , ▁and ▁vice ▁vers a . ▁ ▁Init ially ▁serving ▁util itarian ▁purpose , ▁followed ▁by ▁imperial , ▁private , ▁civ ic , ▁and ▁religious ▁patron age , ▁Eastern ▁and ▁Western ▁painting ▁later ▁found ▁audiences ▁in ▁the ▁arist ocr acy ▁and ▁the ▁middle ▁class . ▁From ▁the ▁Modern ▁era , ▁the ▁Middle ▁A ges ▁through ▁the ▁Rena issance ▁pain ters ▁worked ▁for ▁the ▁church ▁and ▁a ▁wealthy ▁arist ocr acy . ▁Begin ning ▁with ▁the ▁Bar o que ▁era ▁artists ▁received ▁private ▁comm issions ▁from ▁a ▁more ▁educated ▁and ▁prosper ous ▁middle ▁class . ▁Finally ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁" art ▁for ▁art ' s ▁sake " ▁began ▁to ▁find ▁expression ▁in ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁the ▁Rom antic ▁pain ters ▁like ▁Francisco ▁de ▁G oya , ▁John ▁Const able , ▁and ▁J . ▁M . ▁W . ▁Turner . ▁The ▁ 1 9 th century ▁saw ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁the ▁commercial ▁art ▁gallery , ▁which ▁provided ▁patron age ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁ ▁Pre - history ▁ ▁The ▁oldest ▁known ▁paintings ▁are ▁approximately ▁ 4 0 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁old . ▁José ▁Luis ▁S anch id ri án ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Cord oba , ▁Spain , ▁believes ▁the ▁paintings ▁are ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁painted ▁by ▁Ne ander th als ▁than ▁early ▁modern ▁humans |
. ▁ ▁Images ▁at ▁the ▁Ch au vet ▁cave ▁in ▁France ▁are ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁about ▁ 3 2 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁old . ▁They ▁are ▁en gr aved ▁and ▁painted ▁using ▁red ▁och re ▁and ▁black ▁pig ment ▁and ▁show ▁horses , ▁r hin oc eros , ▁l ions , ▁buff alo , ▁mamm oth ▁or ▁humans ▁often ▁hunting . ▁There ▁are ▁examples ▁of ▁cave ▁paintings ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁world — in ▁France , ▁India , ▁Spain , ▁Southern ▁Africa , ▁China , ▁Australia ▁etc . ▁ ▁Var ious ▁con ject ures ▁have ▁been ▁made ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁meaning ▁these ▁paintings ▁had ▁to ▁the ▁people ▁that ▁made ▁them . ▁Pre hist oric ▁artists ▁may ▁have ▁painted ▁animals ▁to ▁" catch " ▁their ▁soul ▁or ▁spirit ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁hunt ▁them ▁more ▁easily ▁or ▁the ▁paintings ▁may ▁represent ▁an ▁anim istic ▁vision ▁and ▁hom age ▁to ▁surrounding ▁nature . ▁They ▁may ▁be ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁a ▁basic ▁need ▁of ▁expression ▁that ▁is ▁inn ate ▁to ▁human ▁beings , ▁or ▁they ▁could ▁have ▁been ▁for ▁the ▁transmission ▁of ▁practical ▁information . ▁ ▁In ▁P ale ol ith ic ▁times , ▁the ▁representation ▁of ▁humans ▁in ▁cave ▁paintings ▁was ▁rare . ▁Most ly , ▁animals ▁were ▁painted , ▁not ▁only ▁animals ▁that ▁were ▁used ▁as ▁food ▁but ▁also ▁animals ▁that ▁represented ▁strength ▁like ▁the ▁r hin oc eros ▁or ▁large ▁Fel idae , ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁Ch au vet ▁C ave . ▁Sign s ▁like ▁d ots ▁were ▁sometimes ▁drawn . ▁R are |
▁human ▁representations ▁include ▁hand prints ▁and ▁st enc ils , ▁and ▁figures ▁dep ict ing ▁human ▁/ ▁animal ▁hy br ids . ▁The ▁Ch au vet ▁C ave ▁in ▁the ▁Ar d è che ▁Dep art ments ▁of ▁France ▁contains ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁preserved ▁cave ▁paintings ▁of ▁the ▁P ale ol ith ic ▁era , ▁painted ▁around ▁ 3 1 , 0 0 0 ▁BC . ▁The ▁Alt am ira ▁cave ▁paintings ▁in ▁Spain ▁were ▁done ▁ 1 4 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 1 2 , 0 0 0 ▁BC ▁and ▁show , ▁among ▁others , ▁bis ons . ▁The ▁hall ▁of ▁bull s ▁in ▁L asc aux , ▁D ord og ne , ▁France , ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁known ▁cave ▁paintings ▁and ▁dates ▁to ▁about ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁BC . ▁ ▁If ▁there ▁is ▁meaning ▁to ▁the ▁paintings , ▁it ▁remains ▁unknown . ▁The ▁c aves ▁were ▁not ▁in ▁an ▁inhab ited ▁area , ▁so ▁they ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁used ▁for ▁season al ▁rit uals . ▁The ▁animals ▁are ▁accompanied ▁by ▁signs ▁which ▁suggest ▁a ▁possible ▁magic ▁use . ▁Ar row - like ▁symbols ▁in ▁L asc aux ▁are ▁sometimes ▁interpreted ▁as ▁being ▁used ▁as ▁cal end ars ▁or ▁al man acs , ▁but ▁the ▁evidence ▁remains ▁incon clusive . ▁The ▁most ▁important ▁work ▁of ▁the ▁Mes ol ith ic ▁era ▁were ▁the ▁march ing ▁warriors , ▁a ▁rock ▁painting ▁at ▁C ingle ▁de ▁la ▁M |
ola , ▁Cast ell ón , ▁Spain ▁dated ▁to ▁about ▁ 7 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 4 0 0 0 ▁BC . ▁The ▁technique ▁used ▁was ▁probably ▁sp itting ▁or ▁blowing ▁the ▁pig ments ▁onto ▁the ▁rock . ▁The ▁paintings ▁are ▁quite ▁natural istic , ▁though ▁st yl ized . ▁The ▁figures ▁are ▁not ▁three - dimensional , ▁even ▁though ▁they ▁overlap . ▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁known ▁Indian ▁paintings ▁were ▁the ▁rock ▁paintings ▁of ▁pre hist oric ▁times , ▁the ▁pet rog lyph s ▁as ▁found ▁in ▁places ▁like ▁the ▁Rock ▁Shel ters ▁of ▁Bh im bet ka , ▁and ▁some ▁of ▁them ▁are ▁older ▁than ▁ 5 5 0 0 ▁BC . ▁Such ▁works ▁continued ▁and ▁after ▁several ▁mill enn ia , ▁in ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁century , ▁carved ▁pill ars ▁of ▁A j anta , ▁Mah ar as ht ra ▁state ▁present ▁a ▁fine ▁example ▁of ▁Indian ▁paintings . ▁The ▁colors , ▁mostly ▁various ▁sh ades ▁of ▁red ▁and ▁orange , ▁were ▁derived ▁from ▁miner als . ▁ ▁Eastern ▁ ▁The ▁history ▁of ▁Eastern ▁painting ▁includes ▁a ▁vast ▁range ▁of ▁influences ▁from ▁various ▁cultures ▁and ▁relig ions . ▁Develop ments ▁in ▁Eastern ▁painting ▁histor ically ▁parallel ▁those ▁in ▁Western ▁painting , ▁in ▁general ▁a ▁few ▁centuries ▁earlier . ▁African ▁art , ▁Jewish ▁art , ▁Islamic ▁art , ▁Indian ▁art , ▁Chinese ▁art , ▁Korean ▁Art , ▁and ▁Japanese ▁art ▁each ▁had ▁significant ▁influence ▁on ▁Western ▁art , ▁and , ▁vice ▁vers a . ▁ ▁Chinese ▁painting ▁is ▁one ▁of |
▁the ▁oldest ▁continuous ▁artistic ▁traditions ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁earliest ▁paintings ▁were ▁not ▁represent ational ▁but ▁or nament al ; ▁they ▁consisted ▁of ▁patterns ▁or ▁designs ▁rather ▁than ▁pictures . ▁Early ▁pot tery ▁was ▁painted ▁with ▁spir als , ▁z ig z ags , ▁d ots , ▁or ▁animals . ▁It ▁was ▁only ▁during ▁the ▁War ring ▁States ▁period ▁( 4 0 3 – 2 2 1 ▁B . C .) ▁that ▁artists ▁began ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁world ▁around ▁them . ▁Japanese ▁painting ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁and ▁most ▁highly ▁ref ined ▁of ▁the ▁Japanese ▁arts , ▁en compass ing ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁genre ▁and ▁styles . ▁The ▁history ▁of ▁Japanese ▁painting ▁is ▁a ▁long ▁history ▁of ▁synt hesis ▁and ▁competition ▁between ▁native ▁Japanese ▁aest het ics ▁and ▁adaptation ▁of ▁imported ▁ideas . ▁Korean ▁painting , ▁as ▁an ▁independent ▁form , ▁began ▁around ▁ 1 0 8 ▁B . C ., ▁around ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁Go j ose on , ▁making ▁it ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁artwork ▁of ▁that ▁time ▁period ▁evolved ▁into ▁the ▁various ▁styles ▁that ▁characterized ▁the ▁Three ▁Kingdom s ▁of ▁Korea ▁period , ▁most ▁notably ▁the ▁paintings ▁and ▁fres co es ▁that ▁ad orn ▁the ▁tomb s ▁of ▁G og ury e o ' s ▁royal ty . ▁During ▁the ▁Three ▁Kingdom s ▁period ▁and ▁through ▁the ▁G ory e o ▁dyn asty , ▁Korean ▁painting ▁was ▁characterized ▁primarily ▁by ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁Korean - style ▁landsc apes , ▁facial ▁features , |
▁Budd hist - cent ered ▁themes , ▁and ▁an ▁emphasis ▁on ▁cel est ial ▁observation ▁that ▁was ▁facil itated ▁by ▁the ▁rapid ▁development ▁of ▁Korean ▁astr onomy . ▁ ▁East ▁Asian ▁See ▁also ▁Chinese ▁painting , ▁Japanese ▁painting , ▁Korean ▁painting . ▁ ▁China , ▁Japan ▁and ▁Korea ▁have ▁a ▁strong ▁tradition ▁in ▁painting ▁which ▁is ▁also ▁highly ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁art ▁of ▁call ig raph y ▁and ▁print making ▁( so ▁much ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁commonly ▁seen ▁as ▁painting ). ▁Far ▁east ▁traditional ▁painting ▁is ▁characterized ▁by ▁water ▁based ▁techniques , ▁less ▁real ism , ▁" ele g ant " ▁and ▁st yl ized ▁subjects , ▁graph ical ▁approach ▁to ▁dep iction , ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁white ▁space ▁( or ▁negative ▁space ) ▁and ▁a ▁preference ▁for ▁landscape ▁( inst ead ▁of ▁the ▁human ▁figure ) ▁as ▁a ▁subject . ▁Beyond ▁ink ▁and ▁color ▁on ▁silk ▁or ▁paper ▁scroll s , ▁gold ▁on ▁lac quer ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁common ▁medium ▁in ▁painted ▁East ▁Asian ▁artwork . ▁Although ▁silk ▁was ▁a ▁somewhat ▁expensive ▁medium ▁to ▁paint ▁upon ▁in ▁the ▁past , ▁the ▁invention ▁of ▁paper ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁century ▁AD ▁by ▁the ▁Han ▁court ▁e un uch ▁C ai ▁L un ▁provided ▁not ▁only ▁a ▁cheap ▁and ▁widespread ▁medium ▁for ▁writing , ▁but ▁also ▁a ▁cheap ▁and ▁widespread ▁medium ▁for ▁painting ▁( making ▁it ▁more ▁accessible ▁to ▁the ▁public ). ▁ ▁The ▁ide ologies ▁of ▁Conf uc ian ism , ▁D ao ism , ▁and ▁Budd h ism ▁played ▁important ▁roles |
▁in ▁East ▁Asian ▁art . ▁Med ieval ▁Song ▁dyn asty ▁pain ters ▁such ▁as ▁Lin ▁T ing gui ▁and ▁his ▁Lu oh an ▁Lau nd ering ▁( h ous ed ▁in ▁the ▁Smith son ian ▁Fre er ▁Gallery ▁of ▁Art ) ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century ▁are ▁excellent ▁examples ▁of ▁Budd hist ▁ideas ▁f used ▁into ▁classical ▁Chinese ▁artwork . ▁In ▁the ▁latter ▁painting ▁on ▁silk ▁( image ▁and ▁description ▁provided ▁in ▁the ▁link ), ▁bald - headed ▁Budd hist ▁Lu oh an ▁are ▁depicted ▁in ▁a ▁practical ▁setting ▁of ▁washing ▁clothes ▁by ▁a ▁river . ▁However , ▁the ▁painting ▁itself ▁is ▁vis ually ▁stunning , ▁with ▁the ▁Lu oh an ▁port rayed ▁in ▁rich ▁detail ▁and ▁bright , ▁op aque ▁colors ▁in ▁contrast ▁to ▁a ▁h azy , ▁brown , ▁and ▁bland ▁wood ed ▁environment . ▁Also , ▁the ▁tree ▁tops ▁are ▁sh rou ded ▁in ▁sw irling ▁fog , ▁providing ▁the ▁common ▁" negative ▁space " ▁mentioned ▁above ▁in ▁East ▁Asian ▁Art . ▁ ▁In ▁J apon isme , ▁late ▁ 1 9 th - century ▁Post - Im pression ists ▁like ▁Van ▁G og h ▁and ▁Henri ▁de ▁T oul ouse - L aut rec , ▁and ▁ton al ists ▁such ▁as ▁James ▁Mc Ne ill ▁Wh ist ler , ▁adm ired ▁early ▁ 1 9 th - century ▁Japanese ▁U ki yo - e ▁artists ▁like ▁H ok us ai ▁( 1 7 6 0 – 1 8 4 9 ) ▁and ▁H iro sh ige ▁( |
1 7 9 7 – 1 8 5 8 ) ▁and ▁were ▁influenced ▁by ▁them . ▁ ▁Chinese ▁▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁surviving ▁examples ▁of ▁Chinese ▁painted ▁artwork ▁date ▁to ▁the ▁War ring ▁States ▁Period ▁( 4 8 1 ▁– ▁ 2 2 1 ▁BC ), ▁with ▁paintings ▁on ▁silk ▁or ▁tomb ▁mur als ▁on ▁rock , ▁brick , ▁or ▁stone . ▁They ▁were ▁often ▁in ▁simpl istic ▁st yl ized ▁format ▁and ▁in ▁more - or - less ▁r ud iment ary ▁geometric ▁patterns . ▁They ▁often ▁depicted ▁myth ological ▁creatures , ▁domestic ▁scenes , ▁labor ▁scenes , ▁or ▁pal at ial ▁scenes ▁filled ▁with ▁officials ▁at ▁court . ▁Art work ▁during ▁this ▁period ▁and ▁the ▁subsequent ▁Q in ▁D yn asty ▁( 2 2 1 ▁– ▁ 2 0 7 ▁BC ) ▁and ▁Han ▁D yn asty ▁( 2 0 2 ▁BC ▁– ▁ 2 2 0 ▁AD ) ▁was ▁made ▁not ▁as ▁a ▁means ▁in ▁and ▁of ▁itself ▁or ▁for ▁higher ▁personal ▁expression ; ▁rather ▁artwork ▁was ▁created ▁to ▁symbol ize ▁and ▁honor ▁fun er ary ▁r ites , ▁representations ▁of ▁myth ological ▁de ities ▁or ▁spirits ▁of ▁ancestors , ▁etc . ▁P aint ings ▁on ▁silk ▁of ▁court ▁officials ▁and ▁domestic ▁scenes ▁could ▁be ▁found ▁during ▁the ▁Han ▁D yn asty , ▁along ▁with ▁scenes ▁of ▁men ▁hunting ▁on ▁horse back ▁or ▁part aking ▁in ▁military ▁par ade . ▁There ▁was ▁also ▁painting ▁on ▁three ▁dimensional ▁works ▁of ▁art ▁like ▁fig ur ines ▁and ▁stat ues , ▁such ▁as ▁the |
▁original - p ainted ▁colors ▁covering ▁the ▁soldier ▁and ▁horse ▁stat ues ▁of ▁the ▁Terr ac otta ▁Army . ▁During ▁the ▁social ▁and ▁cultural ▁climate ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁Eastern ▁Jin ▁D yn asty ▁( 3 1 6 ▁– ▁ 4 2 0 ▁AD ) ▁based ▁at ▁N anj ing ▁in ▁the ▁south , ▁painting ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁official ▁past imes ▁of ▁Conf uc ian - t aught ▁bureau cr atic ▁officials ▁and ▁arist ocr ats ▁( al ong ▁with ▁music ▁played ▁by ▁the ▁gu q in ▁z ither , ▁writing ▁f anc iful ▁call ig raph y , ▁and ▁writing ▁and ▁rec iting ▁of ▁poetry ). ▁Pain ting ▁became ▁a ▁common ▁form ▁of ▁artistic ▁self - expression , ▁and ▁during ▁this ▁period ▁pain ters ▁at ▁court ▁or ▁amongst ▁elite ▁social ▁circ uits ▁were ▁jud ged ▁and ▁ranked ▁by ▁their ▁peers . ▁ ▁The ▁establishment ▁of ▁classical ▁Chinese ▁landscape ▁painting ▁is ▁acc red ited ▁largely ▁to ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Jin ▁D yn asty ▁artist ▁Gu ▁Ka iz hi ▁( 3 4 4 ▁– ▁ 4 0 6 ▁AD ), ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁famous ▁artists ▁of ▁Chinese ▁history . ▁Like ▁the ▁el ong ated ▁scroll ▁scenes ▁of ▁Ka iz hi , ▁T ang ▁dyn asty ▁( 6 1 8 ▁– ▁ 9 0 7 ▁AD ) ▁Chinese ▁artists ▁like ▁Wu ▁Da oz i ▁painted ▁vivid ▁and ▁highly ▁detailed ▁artwork ▁on ▁long ▁horizontal ▁hand scroll s ▁( which ▁were ▁very ▁popular ▁during ▁the ▁T ang ), ▁such ▁as ▁his ▁Eight y ▁Seven ▁Cel est ial |
▁People . ▁P ainted ▁artwork ▁during ▁the ▁T ang ▁period ▁pert ained ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁an ▁ideal ized ▁landscape ▁environment , ▁with ▁sp arse ▁numbers ▁of ▁objects , ▁persons , ▁or ▁amount ▁of ▁activity , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁mon och rom atic ▁in ▁nature ▁( example : ▁the ▁mur als ▁of ▁Price ▁Y ide ' s ▁tomb ▁in ▁the ▁Q ian ling ▁M aus ole um ). ▁There ▁were ▁also ▁figures ▁such ▁as ▁early ▁T ang - era ▁painter ▁Z han ▁Z iq ian , ▁who ▁painted ▁super b ▁landscape ▁paintings ▁that ▁were ▁well ▁ahead ▁of ▁his ▁day ▁in ▁port ray al ▁of ▁real ism . ▁However , ▁landscape ▁art ▁did ▁not ▁reach ▁greater ▁level ▁of ▁mat urity ▁and ▁real ism ▁in ▁general ▁until ▁the ▁Five ▁D yn ast ies ▁and ▁Ten ▁Kingdom s ▁period ▁( 9 0 7 ▁– ▁ 9 6 0 ▁AD ). ▁During ▁this ▁time , ▁there ▁were ▁exceptional ▁landscape ▁pain ters ▁like ▁D ong ▁Y uan ▁( refer ▁to ▁this ▁article ▁for ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁his ▁artwork ), ▁and ▁those ▁who ▁painted ▁more ▁vivid ▁and ▁realistic ▁dep ictions ▁of ▁domestic ▁scenes , ▁like ▁Gu ▁Hong zh ong ▁and ▁his ▁Night ▁Rev els ▁of ▁Han ▁X iz ai . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Chinese ▁Song ▁dyn asty ▁( 9 6 0 ▁– ▁ 1 2 7 9 ▁AD ), ▁not ▁only ▁landscape ▁art ▁was ▁improved ▁upon , ▁but ▁portrait ▁painting ▁became ▁more ▁standard ized ▁and ▁sophisticated ▁than ▁before ▁( for ▁example , ▁refer ▁to ▁Emperor ▁Hu iz ong ▁of ▁Song |
), ▁and ▁reached ▁its ▁classical ▁age ▁mat urity ▁during ▁the ▁M ing ▁D yn asty ▁( 1 3 6 8 – 1 6 4 4 ▁AD ). ▁During ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 3 th ▁century ▁and ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 4 th ▁century , ▁Chinese ▁under ▁the ▁Mong ol - cont rolled ▁Y uan ▁D yn asty ▁were ▁not ▁allowed ▁to ▁enter ▁higher ▁posts ▁of ▁government ▁( res erved ▁for ▁Mong ols ▁or ▁other ▁ethnic ▁groups ▁from ▁Central ▁Asia ), ▁and ▁the ▁Imperial ▁examination ▁was ▁ce ased ▁for ▁the ▁time ▁being . ▁Many ▁Conf uc ian - educ ated ▁Chinese ▁who ▁now ▁lack ed ▁profession ▁turned ▁to ▁the ▁arts ▁of ▁painting ▁and ▁theatre ▁instead , ▁as ▁the ▁Y uan ▁period ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁vibr ant ▁and ▁abund ant ▁er as ▁for ▁Chinese ▁artwork . ▁An ▁example ▁of ▁such ▁would ▁be ▁Q ian ▁X uan ▁( 1 2 3 5 – 1 3 0 5 ▁AD ), ▁who ▁was ▁an ▁official ▁of ▁the ▁Song ▁dyn asty , ▁but ▁out ▁of ▁patri ot ism , ▁refused ▁to ▁serve ▁the ▁Y uan ▁court ▁and ▁dedicated ▁himself ▁to ▁painting . ▁Examples ▁of ▁super b ▁art ▁from ▁this ▁period ▁include ▁the ▁rich ▁and ▁detailed ▁painted ▁mur als ▁of ▁the ▁Y ong le ▁Palace , ▁or ▁" D ach un y ang ▁L on ge v ity ▁Palace ", ▁of ▁ 1 2 6 2 ▁AD , ▁a ▁UN ES CO ▁World ▁Heritage ▁site . ▁Within ▁the ▁palace , ▁paintings ▁cover ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁more |
▁than ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁square ▁meters , ▁and ▁hold ▁mostly ▁D ao ist ▁themes . ▁It ▁was ▁during ▁the ▁Song ▁dyn asty ▁that ▁pain ters ▁would ▁also ▁gather ▁in ▁social ▁clubs ▁or ▁meetings ▁to ▁discuss ▁their ▁art ▁or ▁others ' ▁artwork , ▁the ▁pra ising ▁of ▁which ▁often ▁led ▁to ▁persu as ions ▁to ▁trade ▁and ▁sell ▁precious ▁works ▁of ▁art . ▁However , ▁there ▁were ▁also ▁many ▁harsh ▁critics ▁of ▁others ▁art ▁as ▁well , ▁showing ▁the ▁difference ▁in ▁style ▁and ▁taste ▁amongst ▁different ▁pain ters . ▁In ▁ 1 0 8 8 ▁AD , ▁the ▁poly math ▁scientist ▁and ▁states man ▁S hen ▁Ku o ▁once ▁wrote ▁of ▁the ▁artwork ▁of ▁one ▁Li ▁Chen g , ▁who ▁he ▁critic ized ▁as ▁follows : ▁ ▁Although ▁high ▁level ▁of ▁st yl ization , ▁myst ical ▁appeal , ▁and ▁sur real ▁eleg ance ▁were ▁often ▁preferred ▁over ▁real ism ▁( such ▁as ▁in ▁sh an ▁sh ui ▁style ), ▁beginning ▁with ▁the ▁medieval ▁Song ▁dyn asty ▁there ▁were ▁many ▁Chinese ▁pain ters ▁then ▁and ▁afterwards ▁who ▁depicted ▁scenes ▁of ▁nature ▁that ▁were ▁vivid ly ▁real . ▁Later ▁M ing ▁D yn asty ▁artists ▁would ▁take ▁after ▁this ▁Song ▁dyn asty ▁emphasis ▁for ▁intr icate ▁detail ▁and ▁real ism ▁on ▁objects ▁in ▁nature , ▁especially ▁in ▁dep ictions ▁of ▁animals ▁( such ▁as ▁d ucks , ▁sw ans , ▁sp arrow s , ▁t ig ers , ▁etc .) ▁amongst ▁patches ▁of ▁bright ly ▁colored ▁flowers ▁and ▁thick ets ▁of ▁brush ▁and |
▁wood ▁( a ▁good ▁example ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁anonymous ▁M ing ▁D yn asty ▁painting ▁Bird s ▁and ▁Pl um ▁Bl oss oms , ▁hous ed ▁in ▁the ▁Fre er ▁Gallery ▁of ▁the ▁Smith son ian ▁Museum ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C .). ▁There ▁were ▁many ▁renown ed ▁M ing ▁D yn asty ▁artists ; ▁Q iu ▁Y ing ▁is ▁an ▁excellent ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁param ount ▁M ing ▁era ▁painter ▁( f amous ▁even ▁in ▁his ▁own ▁day ), ▁utilizing ▁in ▁his ▁artwork ▁domestic ▁scenes , ▁bust ling ▁pal at ial ▁scenes , ▁and ▁nature ▁scenes ▁of ▁river ▁val le ys ▁and ▁steep ed ▁mountains ▁sh rou ded ▁in ▁mist ▁and ▁sw irling ▁clouds . ▁During ▁the ▁M ing ▁D yn asty ▁there ▁were ▁also ▁different ▁and ▁riv aling ▁schools ▁of ▁art ▁associated ▁with ▁painting , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Wu ▁School ▁and ▁the ▁Z he ▁School . ▁ ▁Class ical ▁Chinese ▁painting ▁continued ▁on ▁into ▁the ▁early ▁modern ▁Q ing ▁D yn asty , ▁with ▁highly ▁realistic ▁portrait ▁paintings ▁like ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁M ing ▁D yn asty ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 7 th ▁century . ▁The ▁port ra its ▁of ▁K ang xi ▁Emperor , ▁Y ong z heng ▁Emperor , ▁and ▁Q ian long ▁Emperor ▁are ▁excellent ▁examples ▁of ▁realistic ▁Chinese ▁portrait ▁painting . ▁During ▁the ▁Q ian long ▁reign ▁period ▁and ▁the ▁continuing ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁European ▁Bar o que ▁styles ▁of ▁painting ▁had ▁notice able ▁influence ▁on ▁Chinese ▁portrait ▁paintings , ▁especially |
▁with ▁painted ▁visual ▁effects ▁of ▁lighting ▁and ▁sh ading . ▁Like wise , ▁East ▁Asian ▁paintings ▁and ▁other ▁works ▁of ▁art ▁( such ▁as ▁por cel ain ▁and ▁lac quer ware ) ▁were ▁highly ▁pri zed ▁in ▁Europe ▁since ▁initial ▁contact ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century . ▁ ▁Chinese ▁oil ▁paintings ▁ ▁Western ▁techniques ▁of ▁oil ▁paintings ▁began ▁entering ▁China ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁becoming ▁preval ent ▁among ▁Chinese ▁artists ▁and ▁art ▁students ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁coinc iding ▁with ▁China ' s ▁growing ▁engagement ▁with ▁the ▁West . ▁Art ists ▁such ▁as ▁Li ▁T ief u , ▁Hong ▁Y i , ▁X u ▁Be ih ong , ▁Yan ▁W en li ang , ▁Lin ▁F eng m ian , ▁F ang ▁G an min , ▁P ang ▁Y uli ang ▁went ▁abroad , ▁predomin antly ▁to ▁Paris ▁and ▁Tokyo , ▁to ▁learn ▁Western ▁art . ▁Through ▁them , ▁artistic ▁movements ▁such ▁as ▁Im pression ism , ▁Cub ism , ▁F au v ism , ▁Post - im pression ism ▁grew ▁and ▁th rived ▁in ▁China , ▁only ▁halt ed ▁by ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁and ▁the ▁birth ▁of ▁the ▁People ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China , ▁when ▁modern istic ▁artistic ▁styles ▁were ▁seen ▁as ▁being ▁incons istent ▁with ▁the ▁prev ailing ▁political ▁ide als ▁and ▁real ism ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁acceptable ▁artistic ▁form . ▁Non etheless , ▁the ▁legacy ▁of ▁the ▁close ▁engagement ▁with ▁Western ▁art ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 |
0 th ▁century ▁end ured . ▁Oil ▁paintings ▁survived ▁as ▁a ▁important ▁medium ▁in ▁Chinese ▁artistic ▁scenes ; ▁traditional ▁Chinese ▁ink ▁paintings ▁were ▁also ▁changed ▁as ▁a ▁result . ▁ ▁Japanese ▁▁ ▁Japanese ▁painting ▁( <0xE7> <0xB5> <0xB5> 画 ) ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁and ▁most ▁highly ▁ref ined ▁of ▁the ▁Japanese ▁arts , ▁en compass ing ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁gen res ▁and ▁styles . ▁As ▁with ▁Japanese ▁arts ▁in ▁general , ▁Japanese ▁painting ▁developed ▁through ▁a ▁long ▁history ▁of ▁synt hesis ▁and ▁competition ▁between ▁native ▁Japanese ▁aest het ics ▁and ▁adaptation ▁of ▁imported ▁ideas . ▁U ki yo - e , ▁or ▁" p ict ures ▁of ▁the ▁floating ▁world ," ▁is ▁a ▁genre ▁of ▁Japanese ▁wood block ▁prints ▁( or ▁" wood c uts ") ▁and ▁paintings ▁produced ▁between ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁and ▁ 2 0 th ▁centuries , ▁featuring ▁mot ifs ▁of ▁landsc apes , ▁theater , ▁and ▁cour tes an ▁districts . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁main ▁artistic ▁genre ▁of ▁Japanese ▁wood block ▁printing . ▁Japanese ▁print making , ▁especially ▁from ▁the ▁E do ▁period , ▁ex ert ed ▁enormous ▁influence ▁on ▁French ▁painting ▁over ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁ ▁Korean ▁▁ ▁Korean ▁painting , ▁as ▁an ▁independent ▁form , ▁began ▁around ▁ 1 0 8 ▁B . C ., ▁around ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁Go j ose on , ▁making ▁it ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁artwork ▁of ▁that ▁time ▁period ▁evolved ▁into ▁the ▁various ▁styles ▁that ▁characterized ▁the |
▁Three ▁Kingdom s ▁of ▁Korea ▁period , ▁most ▁notably ▁the ▁paintings ▁and ▁fres co es ▁that ▁ad orn ▁the ▁tomb s ▁of ▁G og ury e o ' s ▁royal ty . ▁During ▁the ▁Three ▁Kingdom s ▁period ▁and ▁through ▁the ▁G ory e o ▁dyn asty , ▁Korean ▁painting ▁was ▁characterized ▁primarily ▁by ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁Korean - style ▁landsc apes , ▁facial ▁features , ▁Budd hist - cent ered ▁themes , ▁and ▁an ▁emphasis ▁on ▁cel est ial ▁observation ▁that ▁was ▁facil itated ▁by ▁the ▁rapid ▁development ▁of ▁Korean ▁astr onomy . ▁It ▁wasn ' t ▁until ▁the ▁Jose on ▁dyn asty ▁that ▁Conf uc ian ▁themes ▁began ▁to ▁take ▁root ▁in ▁Korean ▁paintings , ▁used ▁in ▁harmony ▁with ▁ind igenous ▁aspects . ▁ ▁The ▁history ▁of ▁Korean ▁painting ▁has ▁been ▁characterized ▁by ▁the ▁use ▁mon och rom atic ▁works ▁of ▁black ▁brush work , ▁often ▁on ▁mul berry ▁paper ▁or ▁silk . ▁This ▁style ▁is ▁evident ▁in ▁" Min - H wa ", ▁or ▁color ful ▁folk ▁art , ▁tomb ▁paintings , ▁and ▁ritual ▁and ▁festival ▁arts , ▁both ▁of ▁which ▁incorporated ▁an ▁extensive ▁use ▁of ▁colour . ▁ ▁South ▁Asian ▁ ▁Indian ▁▁ ▁Indian ▁paintings ▁histor ically ▁revol ved ▁around ▁the ▁religious ▁de ities ▁and ▁kings . ▁Indian ▁art ▁is ▁a ▁collective ▁term ▁for ▁several ▁different ▁schools ▁of ▁art ▁that ▁existed ▁in ▁the ▁Indian ▁sub contin ent . ▁The ▁paintings ▁varied ▁from ▁large ▁fres co es ▁of ▁A j anta ▁to ▁the ▁intr icate ▁M ugh al ▁mini ature |
▁paintings ▁to ▁the ▁metal ▁emb ell ished ▁works ▁from ▁the ▁Tan j ore ▁school . ▁The ▁paintings ▁from ▁the ▁Gand har – Tax ila ▁are ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁works ▁in ▁the ▁west . ▁The ▁eastern ▁style ▁of ▁painting ▁was ▁mostly ▁developed ▁around ▁the ▁N al anda ▁school ▁of ▁art . ▁The ▁works ▁are ▁mostly ▁inspired ▁by ▁various ▁scenes ▁from ▁Indian ▁myth ology . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁Indian ▁paintings ▁were ▁the ▁rock ▁paintings ▁of ▁pre hist oric ▁times , ▁the ▁pet rog lyph s ▁as ▁found ▁in ▁places ▁like ▁the ▁Rock ▁Shel ters ▁of ▁Bh im bet ka , ▁and ▁some ▁of ▁them ▁are ▁older ▁than ▁ 5 5 0 0 ▁BC . ▁Such ▁works ▁continued ▁and ▁after ▁several ▁mill enn ia , ▁in ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁century , ▁carved ▁pill ars ▁of ▁A j anta , ▁Mah ar as ht ra ▁state ▁present ▁a ▁fine ▁example ▁of ▁Indian ▁paintings , ▁and ▁the ▁colors , ▁mostly ▁various ▁sh ades ▁of ▁red ▁and ▁orange , ▁were ▁derived ▁from ▁miner als . ▁ ▁A j anta ▁C aves ▁in ▁Mah ar as ht ra , ▁India ▁are ▁rock - cut ▁cave ▁mon uments ▁dating ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁century ▁B CE ▁and ▁containing ▁paintings ▁and ▁sculpt ure ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁master pie ces ▁of ▁both ▁Budd hist ▁religious ▁art ▁and ▁universal ▁pict orial ▁art . ▁ ▁Mad hub ani ▁painting ▁Mad hub ani ▁painting ▁is ▁a ▁style ▁of ▁Indian ▁painting , ▁pract iced ▁in ▁the ▁M ith ila ▁region |
▁of ▁B ih ar ▁state , ▁India . ▁The ▁origins ▁of ▁Mad hub ani ▁painting ▁are ▁sh rou ded ▁in ▁ant iqu ity . ▁ ▁M ugh al ▁▁ ▁M ugh al ▁painting ▁is ▁a ▁particular ▁style ▁of ▁Indian ▁painting , ▁generally ▁conf ined ▁to ▁illustr ations ▁on ▁the ▁book ▁and ▁done ▁in ▁mini atures , ▁and ▁which ▁emerged , ▁developed ▁and ▁took ▁shape ▁during ▁the ▁period ▁of ▁the ▁M ugh al ▁Empire ▁ 1 6 th ▁− 1 9 th ▁centuries . ▁ ▁Raj put ▁ ▁Raj put ▁painting ▁evolved ▁and ▁flour ished ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century , ▁in ▁the ▁royal ▁courts ▁of ▁Raj put ana , ▁India . ▁Each ▁Raj put ▁kingdom ▁evolved ▁a ▁distinct ▁style , ▁but ▁with ▁certain ▁common ▁features . ▁Raj put ▁paintings ▁dep ict ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁themes , ▁events ▁of ▁ep ics ▁like ▁the ▁Ram ay ana ▁and ▁the ▁Mah ab har ata , ▁Kr ish na ' s ▁life , ▁beautiful ▁landsc apes , ▁and ▁humans . ▁Mini atures ▁were ▁the ▁preferred ▁medium ▁of ▁Raj put ▁painting , ▁but ▁several ▁manuscript s ▁also ▁contain ▁Raj put ▁paintings , ▁and ▁paintings ▁were ▁even ▁done ▁on ▁the ▁walls ▁of ▁pal aces , ▁inner ▁ch ambers ▁of ▁the ▁for ts , ▁h avel ies , ▁particularly , ▁the ▁h avel is ▁of ▁She kh await . ▁ ▁The ▁colors ▁extracted ▁from ▁certain ▁miner als , ▁plant ▁sources , ▁con ch ▁shell s , ▁and ▁were ▁even ▁derived ▁by ▁processing ▁precious ▁stones , ▁gold ▁and ▁silver |
▁were ▁used . ▁The ▁preparation ▁of ▁desired ▁colors ▁was ▁a ▁length y ▁process , ▁sometimes ▁taking ▁weeks . ▁Br ushes ▁used ▁were ▁very ▁fine . ▁ ▁Tan j ore ▁ ▁Tan j ore ▁painting ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁form ▁of ▁classical ▁South ▁Indian ▁painting ▁native ▁to ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Tan j ore ▁in ▁T amil ▁Nad u . ▁The ▁art ▁form ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁early ▁ 9 th ▁century , ▁a ▁period ▁dominated ▁by ▁the ▁Ch ola ▁rul ers , ▁who ▁encouraged ▁art ▁and ▁literature . ▁These ▁paintings ▁are ▁known ▁for ▁their ▁eleg ance , ▁rich ▁colors , ▁and ▁attention ▁to ▁detail . ▁The ▁themes ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁these ▁paintings ▁are ▁Hindu ▁God s ▁and ▁God dess es ▁and ▁scenes ▁from ▁Hindu ▁myth ology . ▁In ▁modern ▁times , ▁these ▁paintings ▁have ▁become ▁a ▁much ▁sought ▁after ▁sou ven ir ▁during ▁fest ive ▁occasions ▁in ▁South ▁India . ▁ ▁The ▁process ▁of ▁making ▁a ▁Tan j ore ▁painting ▁involves ▁many ▁stages . ▁The ▁first ▁stage ▁involves ▁the ▁making ▁of ▁the ▁pre liminary ▁sketch ▁of ▁the ▁image ▁on ▁the ▁base . ▁The ▁base ▁consists ▁of ▁a ▁cloth ▁past ed ▁over ▁a ▁wooden ▁base . ▁Then ▁ch alk ▁powder ▁or ▁z inc ▁ox ide ▁is ▁mixed ▁with ▁water - sol ub le ▁ad hes ive ▁and ▁applied ▁on ▁the ▁base . ▁To ▁make ▁the ▁base ▁sm o other , ▁a ▁mild ▁ab ras ive ▁is ▁sometimes ▁used . ▁After ▁the ▁drawing ▁is ▁made , ▁decor ation ▁of ▁the ▁jew ell ery ▁and ▁the ▁app are |
ls ▁in ▁the ▁image ▁is ▁done ▁with ▁semi - prec ious ▁stones . ▁L aces ▁or ▁threads ▁are ▁also ▁used ▁to ▁decor ate ▁the ▁jew ell ery . ▁On ▁top ▁of ▁this , ▁the ▁gold ▁fo ils ▁are ▁past ed . ▁Finally , ▁d yes ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁add ▁colors ▁to ▁the ▁figures ▁in ▁the ▁paintings . ▁ ▁Mad ras ▁School ▁During ▁British ▁rule ▁in ▁India , ▁the ▁crown ▁found ▁that ▁Mad ras ▁had ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁talented ▁and ▁intellectual ▁artistic ▁minds ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁As ▁the ▁British ▁had ▁also ▁established ▁a ▁huge ▁settlement ▁in ▁and ▁around ▁Mad ras , ▁Ge or get own ▁was ▁chosen ▁to ▁establish ▁an ▁inst itute ▁that ▁would ▁cater ▁to ▁the ▁artistic ▁expectations ▁of ▁the ▁royal ▁family ▁in ▁London . ▁This ▁has ▁come ▁to ▁be ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Mad ras ▁School . ▁At ▁first ▁traditional ▁artists ▁were ▁employed ▁to ▁produce ▁ex quis ite ▁varieties ▁of ▁furniture , ▁metal ▁work , ▁and ▁curios ▁and ▁their ▁work ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁royal ▁pal aces ▁of ▁the ▁Queen . ▁ ▁Unlike ▁the ▁Beng al ▁School ▁where ▁' copy ing ' ▁is ▁the ▁norm ▁of ▁teaching , ▁the ▁Mad ras ▁School ▁flour ishes ▁on ▁' creat ing ' ▁new ▁styles , ▁arguments ▁and ▁trends . ▁ ▁Beng al ▁School ▁ ▁The ▁Beng al ▁school ▁of ▁art ▁was ▁an ▁influential ▁style ▁of ▁art ▁that ▁flour ished ▁in ▁India ▁during ▁the ▁British ▁Raj ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁It ▁was ▁associated ▁with ▁Indian ▁national ism , ▁but ▁was |
▁also ▁promoted ▁and ▁supported ▁by ▁many ▁British ▁arts ▁administr ators . ▁ ▁The ▁Beng al ▁School ▁a rose ▁as ▁an ▁avant ▁gar de ▁and ▁national ist ▁movement ▁react ing ▁against ▁the ▁academic ▁art ▁styles ▁previously ▁promoted ▁in ▁India , ▁both ▁by ▁Indian ▁artists ▁such ▁as ▁R aja ▁R avi ▁Var ma ▁and ▁in ▁British ▁art ▁schools . ▁Following ▁the ▁widespread ▁influence ▁of ▁Indian ▁spiritual ▁ideas ▁in ▁the ▁West , ▁the ▁British ▁art ▁teacher ▁Ernest ▁Bin field ▁H avel ▁attempted ▁to ▁reform ▁the ▁teaching ▁methods ▁at ▁the ▁Cal cut ta ▁School ▁of ▁Art ▁by ▁encouraging ▁students ▁to ▁im itate ▁M ugh al ▁mini atures . ▁This ▁caused ▁immense ▁controversy , ▁leading ▁to ▁a ▁strike ▁by ▁students ▁and ▁complaints ▁from ▁the ▁local ▁press , ▁including ▁from ▁national ists ▁who ▁considered ▁it ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁retro gress ive ▁move . ▁H avel ▁was ▁supported ▁by ▁the ▁artist ▁Ab an ind ran ath ▁Tag ore , ▁a ▁nep hew ▁of ▁the ▁poet ▁Rab ind ran ath ▁Tag ore . ▁Tag ore ▁painted ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁works ▁influenced ▁by ▁M ugh al ▁art , ▁a ▁style ▁that ▁he ▁and ▁H avel ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁express ive ▁of ▁India ' s ▁distinct ▁spiritual ▁qualities , ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁" material ism " ▁of ▁the ▁West . ▁Tag ore ' s ▁best - known ▁painting , ▁B har at ▁M ata ▁( M other ▁India ), ▁depicted ▁a ▁young ▁woman , ▁port rayed ▁with ▁four ▁arms ▁in ▁the ▁manner ▁of ▁Hindu ▁de ities , ▁holding ▁objects ▁symbol ic ▁of |
▁India ' s ▁national ▁aspir ations . ▁Tag ore ▁later ▁attempted ▁to ▁develop ▁links ▁with ▁Japanese ▁artists ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁asp iration ▁to ▁construct ▁a ▁pan - As ian ist ▁model ▁of ▁art . ▁ ▁The ▁Beng al ▁School ' s ▁influence ▁in ▁India ▁declined ▁with ▁the ▁spread ▁of ▁modern ist ▁ideas ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s . ▁In ▁the ▁post - independ ence ▁period , ▁Indian ▁artists ▁showed ▁more ▁adapt ability ▁as ▁they ▁borrow ed ▁freely ▁from ▁europe an ▁styles ▁and ▁am alg am ated ▁them ▁freely ▁with ▁the ▁Indian ▁mot ifs ▁to ▁new ▁forms ▁of ▁art . ▁While ▁artists ▁like ▁Francis ▁Newton ▁Sou za ▁and ▁Ty eb ▁Me ht a ▁were ▁more ▁western ▁in ▁their ▁approach , ▁there ▁were ▁others ▁like ▁G anes h ▁Py ne ▁and ▁Ma q bool ▁F ida ▁Hus ain ▁who ▁developed ▁thoroughly ▁ind igenous ▁styles ▁of ▁work . ▁Today ▁after ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁liberal ization ▁of ▁market ▁in ▁India , ▁the ▁artists ▁are ▁experiencing ▁more ▁exposure ▁to ▁the ▁international ▁art - scene ▁which ▁is ▁helping ▁them ▁in ▁emerging ▁with ▁newer ▁forms ▁of ▁art ▁which ▁were ▁h ither to ▁not ▁seen ▁in ▁India . ▁J it ish ▁K all at ▁had ▁shot ▁to ▁fame ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁with ▁his ▁paintings ▁which ▁were ▁both ▁modern ▁and ▁beyond ▁the ▁scope ▁of ▁generic ▁definition . ▁However , ▁while ▁artists ▁in ▁India ▁in ▁the ▁new ▁century ▁are ▁trying ▁out ▁new ▁styles , ▁themes ▁and ▁met aph ors , ▁it ▁would ▁not |
▁have ▁been ▁possible ▁to ▁get ▁such ▁quick ▁recognition ▁without ▁the ▁aid ▁of ▁the ▁business ▁houses ▁which ▁are ▁now ▁entering ▁the ▁art ▁field ▁like ▁they ▁had ▁never ▁before . ▁ ▁Modern ▁Indian ▁▁ ▁Am rit a ▁Sher - G il ▁was ▁an ▁Indian ▁painter , ▁sometimes ▁known ▁as ▁India ' s ▁Fr ida ▁K ah lo , ▁and ▁today ▁considered ▁an ▁important ▁woman ▁painter ▁of ▁ 2 0 th - century ▁India , ▁whose ▁legacy ▁stands ▁at ▁par ▁with ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁Masters ▁of ▁Beng al ▁Rena issance ; ▁she ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁' most ▁expensive ' ▁woman ▁painter ▁of ▁India . ▁ ▁Today , ▁she ▁is ▁amongst ▁N ine ▁Masters , ▁whose ▁work ▁was ▁declared ▁as ▁art ▁tre asures ▁by ▁The ▁Arch ae ological ▁Survey ▁of ▁India , ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁and ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁of ▁her ▁paintings ▁are ▁now ▁displayed ▁at ▁National ▁Gallery ▁of ▁Modern ▁Art , ▁New ▁Delhi . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁colonial ▁era , ▁Western ▁influences ▁started ▁to ▁make ▁an ▁impact ▁on ▁Indian ▁art . ▁Some ▁artists ▁developed ▁a ▁style ▁that ▁used ▁Western ▁ideas ▁of ▁composition , ▁perspective ▁and ▁real ism ▁to ▁illustr ate ▁Indian ▁themes . ▁Others , ▁like ▁Jam ini ▁Roy , ▁conscious ly ▁drew ▁inspiration ▁from ▁folk ▁art . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁Independ ence ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁several ▁schools ▁of ▁art ▁in ▁India ▁provided ▁access ▁to ▁modern ▁techniques ▁and ▁ideas . ▁G aller ies ▁were ▁established ▁to ▁show case |
▁these ▁artists . ▁Modern ▁Indian ▁art ▁typically ▁shows ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁Western ▁styles , ▁but ▁is ▁often ▁inspired ▁by ▁Indian ▁themes ▁and ▁images . ▁Major ▁artists ▁are ▁beginning ▁to ▁gain ▁international ▁recognition , ▁initially ▁among ▁the ▁Indian ▁di as por a , ▁but ▁also ▁among ▁non - Ind ian ▁audiences . ▁ ▁The ▁Progress ive ▁Art ists ' ▁Group , ▁established ▁shortly ▁after ▁India ▁became ▁independent ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁was ▁intended ▁to ▁establish ▁new ▁ways ▁of ▁express ing ▁India ▁in ▁the ▁post - colon ial ▁era . ▁The ▁found ers ▁were ▁six ▁em inent ▁artists ▁– ▁K . ▁H . ▁A ra , ▁S . ▁K . ▁Bak re , ▁H . ▁A . ▁G ade , ▁M . F . ▁Hus ain , ▁S . H . ▁R aza ▁and ▁F . ▁N . ▁Sou za , ▁though ▁the ▁group ▁was ▁diss olved ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁it ▁was ▁profound ly ▁influential ▁in ▁changing ▁the ▁id iom ▁of ▁Indian ▁art . ▁Almost ▁all ▁India ' s ▁major ▁artists ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁were ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁group . ▁Some ▁of ▁those ▁who ▁are ▁well - known ▁today ▁are ▁Bal ▁Ch ab da , ▁Man ishi ▁De y , ▁M uk ul ▁De y , ▁V . ▁S . ▁G ait onde , ▁Ram ▁Kum ar , ▁Ty eb ▁Me ht a , ▁and ▁Ak bar ▁Pad am see . ▁Other ▁famous ▁pain ters ▁like ▁Jah ar ▁Das gu pt a , |
▁Pro k ash ▁K arm ak ar , ▁John ▁Wil kins , ▁Nar ay an an ▁Ram ach and ran , ▁and ▁B ij on ▁Ch oud h uri ▁en ric hed ▁the ▁art ▁culture ▁of ▁India . ▁They ▁have ▁become ▁the ▁ icons ▁of ▁modern ▁Indian ▁art . ▁Art ▁histor ians ▁like ▁Prof . ▁R ai ▁An and ▁Kr ish na ▁have ▁also ▁referred ▁to ▁those ▁works ▁of ▁modern ▁artist es ▁that ▁reflect ▁Indian ▁eth os . ▁Ge eta ▁V ad her a ▁has ▁had ▁ac claim ▁in ▁transl ating ▁complex , ▁Indian ▁spiritual ▁themes ▁onto ▁canvas ▁like ▁S uf i ▁thought , ▁the ▁U pan ish ads ▁and ▁the ▁Bh ag w ad ▁Ge eta . ▁ ▁Indian ▁art ▁got ▁a ▁boost ▁with ▁the ▁economic ▁liberal ization ▁of ▁the ▁country ▁since ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁Art ists ▁from ▁various ▁fields ▁now ▁started ▁bringing ▁in ▁varied ▁styles ▁of ▁work . ▁In ▁post - li ber al ization ▁India , ▁many ▁artists ▁have ▁established ▁themselves ▁in ▁the ▁international ▁art ▁market ▁like ▁the ▁abstract ▁painter ▁Nat var ▁B hav s ar , ▁fig ur ative ▁artist ▁Dev aj y oti ▁Ray ▁and ▁sculpt or ▁An ish ▁Kap oor ▁whose ▁mamm oth ▁post min imal ist ▁art works ▁have ▁acquired ▁attention ▁for ▁their ▁sheer ▁size . ▁Many ▁art ▁houses ▁and ▁g aller ies ▁have ▁also ▁opened ▁in ▁USA ▁and ▁Europe ▁to ▁show case ▁Indian ▁art works . ▁ ▁Filip ino ▁▁ ▁Filip ino ▁painting ▁as ▁a ▁whole ▁can ▁be ▁seen |
▁as ▁an ▁am alg am ation ▁of ▁many ▁cultural ▁influences , ▁though ▁it ▁tends ▁to ▁be ▁more ▁Western ▁in ▁its ▁current ▁form ▁with ▁Eastern ▁roots . ▁ ▁Early ▁Filip ino ▁painting ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁red ▁slip ▁( cl ay ▁mixed ▁with ▁water ) ▁designs ▁emb ell ished ▁on ▁the ▁ritual ▁pot tery ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁ac claimed ▁Man ung g ul ▁Jar . ▁Ev idence ▁of ▁Philipp ine ▁pot tery - making ▁dated ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁ 6 0 0 0 BC ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁S anga - s anga ▁C ave , ▁Sul u ▁and ▁Lauren te ▁C ave , ▁C ag ay an . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁proven ▁that ▁by ▁ 5 0 0 0 BC , ▁the ▁making ▁of ▁pot tery ▁was ▁pract iced ▁throughout ▁the ▁country . ▁Early ▁Filip inos ▁started ▁making ▁pot tery ▁before ▁their ▁Camb od ian ▁neighbors ▁and ▁at ▁about ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁as ▁the ▁Th ais ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁what ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁widespread ▁Ice ▁Age ▁development ▁of ▁pot tery ▁technology . ▁Further ▁ev id ences ▁of ▁painting ▁are ▁manifest ed ▁in ▁the ▁tattoo ▁tradition ▁of ▁early ▁Filip inos , ▁whom ▁the ▁Portuguese ▁expl orer ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁P int ados ▁or ▁the ▁' P ainted ▁People ' ▁of ▁the ▁Vis ay as . ▁Var ious ▁designs ▁refer encing ▁fl ora ▁and ▁fa una ▁with ▁heaven ly ▁bodies ▁decor ate ▁their ▁bodies ▁in ▁various ▁colored ▁pig ment ation . ▁Perhaps , ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁elaborate ▁painting ▁done ▁by |
▁early ▁Filip inos ▁that ▁survive ▁to ▁the ▁present ▁day ▁can ▁be ▁manifest ed ▁among ▁the ▁arts ▁and ▁architecture ▁of ▁the ▁Mar ana o ▁who ▁are ▁well ▁known ▁for ▁the ▁N ā ga ▁Drag ons ▁and ▁the ▁Sar iman ok ▁carved ▁and ▁painted ▁in ▁the ▁beautiful ▁Pan ol ong ▁of ▁their ▁Tor ogan ▁or ▁King ' s ▁House . ▁ ▁Filip inos ▁began ▁creating ▁paintings ▁in ▁the ▁European ▁tradition ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 7 th - century ▁Spanish ▁period . ▁The ▁earliest ▁of ▁these ▁paintings ▁were ▁Church ▁fres co es , ▁religious ▁imag ery ▁from ▁B iblical ▁sources , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁en grav ings , ▁sculpt ures ▁and ▁l ith ograph s ▁featuring ▁Christian ▁ icons ▁and ▁European ▁nob ility . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁paintings ▁and ▁sculpt ures ▁between ▁the ▁ 1 9 th , ▁and ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁produced ▁a ▁mixture ▁of ▁religious , ▁political , ▁and ▁landscape ▁art ▁works , ▁with ▁qualities ▁of ▁sweet ness , ▁dark , ▁and ▁light . ▁Early ▁modern ist ▁pain ters ▁such ▁as ▁D ami án ▁Dom ingo ▁was ▁associated ▁with ▁religious ▁and ▁sec ular ▁paintings . ▁The ▁art ▁of ▁Juan ▁L una ▁and ▁F él ix ▁H idal go ▁showed ▁a ▁trend ▁for ▁political ▁statement . ▁Artist ▁such ▁as ▁Fernando ▁Am ors olo ▁used ▁post - mod ern ism ▁to ▁produce ▁paintings ▁that ▁illustrated ▁Philipp ine ▁culture , ▁nature , ▁and ▁harmony . ▁While ▁other ▁artists ▁such ▁as ▁Fernando ▁Z ó bel ▁used ▁real ities ▁and ▁abstract ▁on ▁his ▁work . ▁ ▁South |
- E ast ▁Asia ▁ ▁Western ▁ ▁Egypt , ▁Greece ▁and ▁Rome ▁ ▁Anc ient ▁Egypt , ▁a ▁civilization ▁with ▁very ▁strong ▁traditions ▁of ▁architecture ▁and ▁sculpt ure ▁( both ▁originally ▁painted ▁in ▁bright ▁colours ) ▁also ▁had ▁many ▁m ural ▁paintings ▁in ▁tem ples ▁and ▁buildings , ▁and ▁painted ▁illustr ations ▁on ▁pap yr us ▁manuscript s . ▁Egyptian ▁wall ▁painting ▁and ▁decor ative ▁painting ▁is ▁often ▁graphic , ▁sometimes ▁more ▁symbol ic ▁than ▁realistic . ▁Egyptian ▁painting ▁dep icts ▁figures ▁in ▁bold ▁outline ▁and ▁flat ▁sil hou ette , ▁in ▁which ▁symmetry ▁is ▁a ▁constant ▁characteristic . ▁Egyptian ▁painting ▁has ▁close ▁connection ▁with ▁its ▁written ▁language ▁– ▁called ▁Egyptian ▁hier og lyph s . ▁P ainted ▁symbols ▁are ▁found ▁amongst ▁the ▁first ▁forms ▁of ▁written ▁language . ▁The ▁Egypt ians ▁also ▁painted ▁on ▁l inen , ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁which ▁survive ▁today . ▁Anc ient ▁Egyptian ▁paintings ▁survived ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁extremely ▁dry ▁climate . ▁The ▁ancient ▁Egypt ians ▁created ▁paintings ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁after life ▁of ▁the ▁dece ased ▁a ▁pleasant ▁place . ▁The ▁themes ▁included ▁journey ▁through ▁the ▁after world ▁or ▁their ▁protective ▁de ities ▁introducing ▁the ▁dece ased ▁to ▁the ▁gods ▁of ▁the ▁under world . ▁Some ▁examples ▁of ▁such ▁paintings ▁are ▁paintings ▁of ▁the ▁gods ▁and ▁god dess es ▁Ra , ▁Hor us , ▁An ub is , ▁Nut , ▁Os ir is ▁and ▁Is is . ▁Some ▁tomb ▁paintings ▁show ▁activities ▁that ▁the ▁dece ased ▁were ▁involved ▁in ▁when ▁they ▁were ▁alive ▁and ▁wished ▁to |
▁carry ▁on ▁doing ▁for ▁etern ity . ▁In ▁the ▁New ▁Kingdom ▁and ▁later , ▁the ▁Book ▁of ▁the ▁Dead ▁was ▁buried ▁with ▁the ▁ent om bed ▁person . ▁It ▁was ▁considered ▁important ▁for ▁an ▁introduction ▁to ▁the ▁after life . ▁ ▁To ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁Egypt ▁was ▁the ▁M ino an ▁civilization ▁centered ▁on ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Cre te . ▁The ▁wall ▁paintings ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁palace ▁of ▁Kn oss os ▁are ▁similar ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁Egypt ians ▁but ▁much ▁more ▁free ▁in ▁style . ▁My c ena e an ▁Greece , ▁beginning ▁around ▁ 1 6 0 0 ▁BC , ▁produced ▁similar ▁art ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁M ino an ▁Cre te . ▁Anc ient ▁Greek ▁art ▁during ▁the ▁Greek ▁Dark ▁Age ▁became ▁far ▁less ▁complex , ▁but ▁the ▁renew al ▁of ▁Greek ▁civilization ▁throughout ▁the ▁Mediterranean ▁during ▁Arch a ic ▁Greece ▁brought ▁about ▁new ▁forms ▁of ▁Greek ▁art ▁with ▁the ▁Ori ental izing ▁style . ▁ ▁Anc ient ▁Greece ▁had ▁skilled ▁pain ters , ▁sculpt ors ▁( though ▁both ▁ende av ours ▁were ▁regarded ▁as ▁mere ▁manual ▁labour ▁at ▁the ▁time ), ▁and ▁architect s . ▁The ▁Part hen on ▁is ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁their ▁architecture ▁that ▁has ▁lasted ▁to ▁modern ▁days . ▁Greek ▁marble ▁sculpt ure ▁is ▁often ▁described ▁as ▁the ▁highest ▁form ▁of ▁Class ical ▁art . ▁Pain ting ▁on ▁pot tery ▁of ▁Anc ient ▁Greece ▁and ▁cer am ics ▁gives ▁a ▁particularly ▁inform ative ▁glimpse ▁into ▁the ▁way ▁society ▁in ▁Anc ient ▁Greece ▁function ed . ▁Black - |
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