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▁the ▁downtown ▁area ▁where ▁the ▁Park ▁Inn ▁Hotel , ▁one ▁of ▁Frank ▁Lloyd ▁Wright ' s ▁few ▁commercial ▁buildings , ▁res ides . ▁They ▁inter sect ▁US 6 5 ▁at ▁Federal ▁Street . ▁US 1 8 ▁Business ▁turns ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁to ▁follow ▁US 6 5 . ▁The ▁business ▁loop ▁rejo ins ▁its ▁parent ▁route ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁limits . ▁ ▁Mar qu ette – Mc G reg or ▁business ▁loop ▁ ▁U . S . ▁Highway 1 8 ▁Business ▁( US 1 8 ▁Business ) ▁begins ▁at ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁US 1 8 ▁west ▁of ▁McG reg or . ▁The ▁route ▁desc ends ▁into ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River ▁valley ▁along ▁the ▁northern ▁border ▁of ▁P ikes ▁Peak ▁State ▁Park ▁and ▁then ▁turns ▁into ▁McG reg or . ▁Through ▁McG reg or , ▁US 1 8 ▁Business ▁heads ▁to ▁the ▁nort heast ▁towards ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River . ▁Along ▁the ▁river , ▁the ▁highway ▁is ▁parallel ▁to ▁the ▁Dakota , ▁Minnesota ▁and ▁Eastern ▁Rail road ▁( DM & E ▁Rail road ). ▁For ▁, ▁US 1 8 ▁Business ▁travels ▁a ▁narrow ▁strip ▁of ▁land ▁between ▁the ▁river ▁and ▁the ▁bl uffs ▁where ▁it ▁passes ▁a ▁river boat ▁casino . ▁At ▁Mar qu ette , ▁US 1 8 ▁Business ▁ends ▁at ▁the ▁foot ▁of ▁the ▁Mar qu ette – J ol iet ▁Bridge , ▁which ▁carries ▁US 1 8 ▁to ▁Pra ir ie ▁du ▁Ch ien , ▁Wisconsin . ▁ ▁Mount ▁H ore b ▁business |
▁loop ▁ ▁U . S . ▁Highway 1 8 ▁Business ▁( US 1 8 ▁Business ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁segment ▁of ▁US 1 8 / 1 5 1 ▁between ▁Ex its ▁ 6 5 ▁and ▁ 6 9 ▁within ▁Mount ▁H ore b . ▁ ▁The ▁route ▁is ▁also ▁shared ▁by ▁US ▁ 1 5 1 ▁Business , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁parts ▁of ▁Wisconsin ▁Highway ▁ 7 8 ▁and ▁D ane ▁County ▁Road ▁ID . ▁ ▁Ver ona ▁business ▁loop ▁ ▁U . S . ▁Highway 1 8 ▁Business ▁( US 1 8 ▁Business ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁segment ▁of ▁US 1 8 / 1 5 1 ▁within ▁Ver ona . ▁ ▁The ▁route ▁is ▁also ▁shared ▁by ▁US ▁ 1 5 1 ▁Business ▁and ▁D ane ▁County ▁Road ▁M V . ▁US ▁ 1 8 ▁Business / 1 5 1 ▁Business / CR ▁M V ▁begins ▁at ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁fly over ▁inter changes ▁with ▁US 1 8 / 1 5 1 ▁on ▁Ex it ▁ 7 6 ▁west ▁of ▁Ver ona . ▁East bound ▁Ex it ▁ 7 6 ▁runs ▁directly ▁into ▁the ▁business ▁routes ▁on ▁West ▁Ver ona ▁Avenue , ▁while ▁west bound ▁Ex it ▁ 7 6 ▁connect s ▁to ▁the ▁business ▁routes ▁by ▁way ▁of ▁E pic ▁Lane . ▁From ▁there , ▁the ▁business ▁routes ▁run ▁east - n ort heast ▁as ▁a ▁four - lane ▁divided ▁highway ▁until ▁the ▁intersection ▁with ▁Leg ion ▁Street , ▁where ▁it ▁becomes ▁a ▁local |
▁two - lane ▁und iv ided ▁road . ▁At ▁the ▁intersection ▁with ▁North ▁and ▁South ▁Main ▁Stre ets ▁( D ane ▁County ▁Road ▁M ), ▁West ▁Ver ona ▁Avenue ▁becomes ▁East ▁Ver ona ▁Avenue , ▁making ▁a ▁brief ▁reverse ▁curve ▁to ▁the ▁left ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁its ▁previous ▁traject ory ▁at ▁School ▁Street ▁and ▁becoming ▁a ▁four - lane ▁divided ▁highway ▁east ▁of ▁there . ▁US ▁B US ▁ 1 8 / 1 5 1 / CR ▁M V ▁ends ▁east ▁of ▁Ver ona ▁at ▁Ex it ▁ 8 1 ▁on ▁US ▁ 1 8 / 1 5 1 , ▁but ▁only ▁with ▁an ▁east bound ▁on - r amp ▁and ▁west bound ▁off - r amp . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁* 1 8 ▁ 1 8 ▁S 1 8 ▁ 1 8 <0x0A> </s> ▁Of ▁the ▁W and ▁& ▁the ▁Moon ▁( st yl ized ▁as ▁: Of ▁the ▁W and ▁& ▁the ▁Moon : ) ▁is ▁the ▁ne of olk / exper imental ▁project ▁of ▁Dan ish ▁musician ▁Kim ▁Lars en ▁and ▁various ▁guest ▁contributors . ▁ ▁Over view ▁After ▁irre con cil able ▁differences ▁with ▁his ▁previous ▁musical ▁project , ▁Sat urn us , ▁Lars en ▁began ▁writing ▁music ▁of ▁a ▁different ▁ve in , ▁similar ▁in ▁style ▁to ▁his ▁ne of olk ▁influences . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁the ▁debut ▁: Of ▁the ▁W and ▁& ▁the ▁Moon : ▁album ▁was ▁released , ▁titled ▁Night time ▁Night rh ym es . |
▁▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁saw ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁a ▁second ▁: Of ▁the ▁W and ▁& ▁the ▁Moon : ▁release ▁titled ▁: Em pt iness : Em pt iness : Em pt iness : . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁a ▁split ▁album ▁with ▁Sol ▁Inv ict us ▁and ▁a ▁few ▁vin yl ▁singles , ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁b - s ides , ▁taken ▁from ▁the ▁: Em pt iness : Em pt iness : Em pt iness : ▁sessions , ▁titled ▁Luc ifer , ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁A ▁third ▁album , ▁Son nen heim , ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁Here , ▁the ▁music ▁bears ▁a ▁strong ▁re sembl ance ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁ne of olk ▁pione ers ▁Death ▁in ▁June . ▁ ▁After ▁a ▁ 6 - year ▁silence , ▁a ▁fourth ▁album , ▁The ▁L one ▁Des cent , ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁It ▁features ▁more ▁contemporary ▁influences ▁and ▁a ▁rich er ▁production . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁received ▁with ▁great ▁critical ▁ac claim ▁and ▁is ▁considered ▁a ▁ne of olk ▁master piece . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Albums ▁and ▁EP s ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁Official ▁: Of ▁The ▁W and ▁& ▁The ▁Moon : ▁Site ▁Official ▁: Of ▁The ▁W and ▁& ▁The ▁Moon : ▁M ys pace ▁Official ▁: Of ▁The ▁W and ▁& ▁The ▁Moon : ▁Facebook ▁ ▁Reviews ▁Review ▁of ▁" The ▁L one |
▁Desc end " ▁on ▁Heat hen ▁Har vest ▁Review ▁of ▁" Luc ifer " ▁on ▁S put nik ▁Music ▁ ▁Category : Dan ish ▁folk ▁music ▁groups ▁Category : Ne of olk ▁music ▁groups <0x0A> </s> ▁Staff ▁Sergeant ▁Eric ▁F idel is ▁Al va ▁( born ▁December ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 7 0 ) ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Marine ▁seriously ▁injured ▁in ▁the ▁Iraq ▁War . ▁On ▁March ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁he ▁was ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁ 1 1 ▁Mar ines ▁in ▁a ▁supply ▁unit ▁when ▁he ▁stepped ▁on ▁a ▁land ▁mine ▁and ▁lost ▁his ▁right ▁leg . ▁ ▁Al va , ▁a ▁native ▁of ▁San ▁Antonio , ▁Texas , ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁a ▁military ▁family . ▁He ▁graduated ▁from ▁high ▁school ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁weigh ing ▁just ▁ 9 0 ▁pounds . ▁He ▁joined ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 9 ▁when ▁he ▁already ▁knew ▁he ▁was ▁gay ▁and ▁the ▁U . S . ▁military ▁excluded ▁all ▁g ays ▁and ▁les b ians ▁from ▁service , ▁open ▁or ▁not . ▁He ▁served ▁for ▁ 1 3 ▁years , ▁including ▁post ings ▁in ▁Ok in awa ▁and ▁Som alia . ▁For ▁much ▁of ▁his ▁career , ▁he ▁was ▁out ▁to ▁his ▁fellow ▁Mar ines . ▁ ▁He ▁began ▁working ▁as ▁a ▁spokes man ▁for ▁the ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Campaign ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 |
0 0 7 , ▁he ▁joined ▁Democratic ▁Rep . ▁Mart y ▁M ee han ▁of ▁Massachusetts ▁and ▁a ▁b ipart isan ▁group ▁of ▁House ▁members ▁when ▁they ▁re int rodu ced ▁the ▁Military ▁Read iness ▁En h ance ment ▁Act , ▁legislation ▁that ▁would ▁repe al ▁the ▁" don ' t ▁ask , ▁don ' t ▁tell " ▁( D AD T ) ▁policy ▁regarding ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁armed ▁forces ▁on ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁g ays ▁and ▁les b ians . ▁ ▁Al va ▁then ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁Grand ▁Marshal ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Chicago ▁Gay ▁and ▁Les bian ▁Pr ide ▁par ade ▁on ▁Sunday , ▁June ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Al va ▁test ified ▁about ▁D AD T ▁before ▁a ▁sub commit tee ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁Ar med ▁Services ▁Committee . ▁He ▁said : ▁" Unit ▁co hes ion ▁is ▁essential . ▁What ▁my ▁experience ▁proves , ▁they ▁are ▁wrong ▁about ▁how ▁to ▁achieve ▁it . ▁My ▁being ▁gay ▁and ▁even ▁many ▁of ▁my ▁colleagues ▁knowing ▁about ▁it ▁didn ’ t ▁damage ▁unit ▁co hes ion . ▁They ▁put ▁their ▁lives ▁in ▁my ▁hands , ▁and ▁when ▁I ▁was ▁injured , ▁they ▁risk ed ▁their ▁lives ▁to ▁save ▁mine ." ▁He ▁described ▁intimate ▁living ▁conditions ▁while ▁station ed ▁in ▁Som alia . ▁He ▁also ▁reported ▁conversations ▁with ▁military ▁personnel ▁from ▁other ▁countries ▁in ▁which ▁they ▁uniform |
ly ▁expressed ▁surprise ▁that ▁" our ▁Nation ▁is ▁so ▁further ▁behind ▁others ▁when ▁we ▁seem ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁fore front ▁of ▁trying ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁example ." ▁ ▁In ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Trib une , ▁General ▁Peter ▁P ace ▁said , ▁" I ▁believe ▁homosexual ▁acts ▁between ▁individuals ▁are ▁imm oral ." ▁Al va ▁commented : ▁" His ▁remarks ▁were ▁ins ensitive ▁and ▁dis respect ful ▁to ▁the ▁thousands ▁of ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁who ▁are ▁serving ▁in ▁the ▁military ▁at ▁this ▁current ▁time ▁under ▁the ▁policy ." ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁command ant ▁Gen . ▁James ▁F . ▁Am os ▁said ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁hom osex uals ▁in ▁the ▁mar ines ▁would ▁pose ▁a ▁" dist raction " ▁and ▁that ▁" I ▁don ' t ▁want ▁to ▁have ▁any ▁Mar ines ▁that ▁I ' m ▁visiting ▁at ▁Bet hes da ▁[ National ▁Naval ▁Medical ▁Center ] ▁with ▁no ▁legs ▁be ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁any ▁type ▁of ▁dist raction ." ▁Al va ▁commented : ▁" He ▁pretty ▁much ▁sp it ▁on ▁me , ▁my ▁Pur ple ▁Heart , ▁and ▁my ▁ 1 3 ▁years ▁of ▁service . ▁I ▁would ▁definitely ▁ask ▁Am os ▁for ▁a ▁meeting ▁to ▁explain ▁his ▁comments , ▁and ▁I ’ d ▁bring ▁my ▁Pur ple ▁Heart ▁with ▁me ." ▁ ▁Qu otes ▁" I ▁come ▁from ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁serv ic emen . ▁My ▁dad , ▁F idel is , ▁is ▁a ▁Vietnam ▁vet . ▁My ▁grandfather , ▁also ▁named ▁F idel |
is , ▁was ▁a ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁and ▁Korean ▁War ▁veteran . ▁I ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁them . ▁My ▁middle ▁name ▁is ▁F idel is . ▁F idel is ▁means ▁faithful ." ▁" We ' re ▁losing ▁probably ▁thousands ▁of ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁that ▁are ▁skilled ▁at ▁certain ▁types ▁of ▁jobs , ▁from ▁air ▁traffic ▁cont rollers ▁to ▁lingu ists , ▁because ▁of ▁this ▁broken ▁policy ." ▁Res pon ding ▁to ▁a ▁question ▁about ▁whether ▁being ▁in ▁the ▁closet ▁affected ▁him : ▁" On ▁a ▁professional ▁level , ▁no , ▁because ▁I ▁knew ▁I ▁had ▁a ▁job ▁to ▁do . ▁On ▁a ▁personal ▁level , ▁in ▁some ▁ways , ▁yes , ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁hard ▁for ▁me ▁to ▁live ▁sometimes ▁knowing ▁that ▁I ▁was ▁alone ▁or ▁that ▁I ▁couldn ' t ▁be ▁open ▁about ▁who ▁I ▁wanted ▁to ▁date ." ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Eric ▁Al va ▁holds ▁a ▁press ▁conference ▁for ▁the ▁repe al ▁of ▁Don ' t ▁Ask ▁Don ' t ▁Tell ▁W ound ed , ▁Marine ▁and ▁gay ▁H RC : ▁Eric ▁Al va ▁Com es ▁Out ▁Against ▁' Don ' t ▁Ask ▁Don ' t ▁Tell ' ▁Gay ▁Marine ▁rocks ▁the ▁US ▁military ▁Eric ▁Al va ▁at ▁The ▁H uff ington ▁Post ▁Al va ▁interviewed ▁by ▁Miche le ▁Nor ris ▁Paul a ▁Z ahn ▁interview ▁of ▁Eric ▁Al va ▁in ▁Response ▁to ▁P ace ▁Comments ▁His panic ▁war ▁veteran ▁hon ored ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category |
: People ▁from ▁San ▁Antonio ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Mar ines ▁Category : American ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁Iraq ▁War ▁Category : L GBT ▁rights ▁activ ists ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : L GBT ▁people ▁from ▁Texas ▁Category : American ▁am put ees ▁Category : Land mine ▁victims ▁Category : American ▁LGBT ▁military ▁personnel ▁Category : G ay ▁military ▁personnel ▁Category : G ay ▁men ▁Category : Activ ists ▁from ▁Texas ▁Category : L GBT ▁His panic ▁and ▁Lat ino ▁American ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁CO WI ▁A / S ▁is ▁an ▁international ▁consulting ▁group , ▁special ising ▁in ▁engineering , ▁environmental ▁science ▁and ▁economics , ▁with ▁headquarters ▁in ▁Ly ng by , ▁Denmark . ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁involved ▁in ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁projects ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 ▁countries ▁and ▁has ▁approximately ▁ 7 , 3 0 0 ▁employees , ▁including ▁engineers , ▁bi ologists , ▁ge ologists , ▁econom ists , ▁survey ors , ▁anth rop ologists , ▁soci ologists ▁and ▁architect s . ▁ ▁History ▁CO WI ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁by ▁civil ▁engineer ▁Christ en ▁O sten feld . ▁W rib org ▁W . ▁J ø n son ▁became ▁a ▁partner ▁ 1 6 ▁years ▁later . ▁From ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁the ▁company ▁operated ▁as ▁a ▁partnership ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁Ch r . ▁O sten feld ▁& ▁W . ▁J ø n son . ▁The ▁initial |
s ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁senior ▁partners ▁l ent ▁the ▁company ▁its ▁name . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁the ▁company ▁became ▁foundation - owned ▁enterprise ▁and ▁was ▁renamed ▁CO WI cons ult , ▁Consult ing ▁Engine ers ▁and ▁Pl anners ▁AS . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁the ▁company ▁changed ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁CO WI ▁Consult ing ▁Engine ers ▁and ▁Pl anners ▁AS , ▁eventually ▁becoming ▁CO WI ▁A / S ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁the ▁firm ▁bought ▁Fl int ▁& ▁Ne ill , ▁a ▁UK ▁civil ▁and ▁structural ▁engineering ▁consult ancy ▁special ising ▁in ▁br idges . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁firm ▁acquired ▁Donald son ▁Associ ates ▁Ltd , ▁a ▁UK ▁base ▁tunn eling ▁specialist ▁company . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁acquisition , ▁Donald son ▁Associ ates ▁Ltd ▁had ▁ 1 5 0 ▁staff , ▁operating ▁from ▁ 5 ▁UK ▁offices ▁and ▁one ▁international ▁office ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁the ▁firm ▁acquired ▁Ark item a ▁Architect s , ▁a ▁dan ish ▁architecture ▁firm . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁acquisition , ▁Ark item a ▁Architect s ▁has ▁ 5 5 0 ▁staff , ▁operating ▁from ▁ 5 ▁offices ▁in ▁the ▁nord ics . ▁Ark item a ▁Architect s ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁acquisition ▁of ▁CO WI ▁to ▁date . ▁ ▁Own ership ▁CO WI ▁Hold ing ▁A / S ▁is ▁an ▁un |
listed ▁Dan ish ▁public ▁limited ▁liability ▁company ▁joint ly ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁CO W If onden ▁( the ▁CO W If ound ation ) ▁holding ▁ 8 5 % ▁of ▁shares ▁with ▁the ▁remaining ▁ 1 5 % ▁of ▁company ▁shares ▁held ▁by ▁current ▁and ▁former ▁employees ▁from ▁eight ▁different ▁countries ▁where ▁CO WI ▁operates . ▁The ▁company ▁regards ▁employee ▁share holders ▁as ▁co - owners . ▁The ▁current ▁company ▁structure ▁was ▁adapted ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ Ø res und ▁Bridge ▁ ▁Str ait ▁of ▁Mess ina ▁Bridge ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁site ▁( English ) ▁In - depth ▁company ▁history ▁( English ) ▁ ▁Category : Engine ering ▁consulting ▁firms ▁Category : Const ruction ▁and ▁civil ▁engineering ▁companies ▁of ▁Denmark ▁Category : Service ▁companies ▁based ▁in ▁C open h agen ▁Category : Com pan ies ▁based ▁in ▁Ly ng by - T a arb æ k ▁Municip ality ▁Category : Dan ish ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁Category : Const ruction ▁and ▁civil ▁engineering ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁Category : Design ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁Category : Str ait ▁of ▁Mess ina ▁Bridge <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Lamb ton ▁Kent ▁District ▁School ▁Board ▁( known ▁as ▁English - language ▁Public ▁District ▁School ▁Board ▁No . ▁ 1 0 ▁prior ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 9 ) ▁is ▁the ▁school ▁board ▁responsible ▁for ▁public ▁education ▁in ▁Lamb ton ▁County ▁and ▁Kent |
▁County . ▁Lamb ton ▁and ▁Kent ▁Count ies ▁are ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁numerous ▁small ▁towns ▁and ▁communities ▁situated ▁in ▁South western ▁Ontario , ▁a ▁ge ographic ▁area ▁surrounded ▁by ▁the ▁Great ▁L akes . ▁The ▁board ▁serves ▁over ▁ 2 1 , 0 0 0 ▁elementary ▁and ▁high ▁school ▁students . ▁Sur round ing ▁towns ▁and ▁communities ▁include ▁Whe at ley , ▁T il bury , ▁Mer lin , ▁B len heim , ▁Ch ath am , ▁R idget own , ▁Th ames ville , ▁D res den , ▁Wallace burg , ▁Both well , ▁Mo oret own , ▁Cor un na , ▁S arn ia , ▁Brig den , ▁Pet rol ia , ▁Al v inst on , ▁Point ▁Edward , ▁Wy oming , ▁Wat ford , ▁Forest , ▁Grand ▁B end , ▁and ▁Wy oming . ▁ ▁Board ▁offices ▁ ▁The ▁L K DS B ▁has ▁two ▁board ▁office ▁locations , ▁one ▁in ▁Ch ath am , ▁Ontario ▁and ▁one ▁in ▁S arn ia , ▁Ontario , ▁the ▁two ▁biggest ▁cities ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁they ▁serve . ▁ ▁Second ary ▁schools ▁ ▁The ▁high ▁schools ▁or ▁secondary ▁schools ▁managed ▁by ▁the ▁Board ▁are : ▁ ▁Element ary ▁schools ▁ ▁The ▁elementary ▁schools ▁managed ▁by ▁the ▁Board ▁are : ▁ ▁Adult ▁and ▁Contin uing ▁Education ▁ ▁The ▁Lamb ton ▁Kent ▁District ▁School ▁Board ▁offers ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁programs ▁for ▁those ▁wanting ▁to ▁continue ▁or ▁complete ▁their ▁education . ▁ ▁Community ▁Use ▁of ▁Schools ▁ ▁The ▁Community ▁Use ▁of ▁Schools ▁initiative ▁is ▁a |
▁way ▁of ▁making ▁school ▁facilities ▁accessible ▁to ▁the ▁public . ▁Such ▁facilities ▁include ▁class rooms , ▁gym nas ium s , ▁aud itor ium s , ▁and ▁more . ▁The ▁rental ▁fees ▁can ▁range ▁from ▁as ▁little ▁as ▁$ 1 . 5 0 ▁a ▁night ▁to ▁as ▁much ▁as ▁$ 1 2 5 . 0 0 ▁per ▁night , ▁plus ▁applicable ▁staff . ▁Qu ite ▁often ▁the ▁staff ▁will ▁include ▁jan itors ▁( if ▁outside ▁their ▁regularly ▁scheduled ▁hours ), ▁but ▁in ▁some ▁cases ▁may ▁included ▁specialized ▁staff ▁for ▁aud itor ium ▁rent als . ▁These ▁staff ▁are ▁often ▁spec ially ▁trained ▁students , ▁but ▁sometimes ▁are ▁outside ▁professionals ▁brought ▁in ▁by ▁the ▁host ▁school ▁to ▁accommodate ▁the ▁ren ter ' s ▁needs . ▁Sem in ars , ▁corporate ▁events , ▁dance ▁rec itals , ▁and ▁community ▁theatre ▁groups ▁are ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁ren ters ▁of ▁the ▁aud itor ium , ▁whereas ▁local ▁sports ▁tour naments ▁are ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁ren ters ▁of ▁the ▁gym nas ium s . ▁ ▁Present ations ▁that ▁have ▁occurred ▁in ▁these ▁facilities ▁include ▁a ▁presentation ▁from ▁Chris ▁Had field , ▁and ▁amateur ▁produ ctions ▁of ▁musical s ▁such ▁as ▁Les ▁Mis ér ables , ▁Disney ' s ▁Beaut y ▁and ▁the ▁Be ast , ▁Wil ly ▁Won ka , ▁Ph ant om ▁of ▁the ▁Opera , ▁and ▁more . ▁ ▁Social ▁media ▁ ▁The ▁Lamb ton ▁Kent ▁District ▁School ▁Board ▁operates ▁two ▁social ▁media ▁accounts , ▁one ▁on ▁Twitter ▁ ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁on ▁Facebook . ▁ |
▁See ▁also ▁St . ▁Cl air ▁Catholic ▁District ▁School ▁Board ▁List ▁of ▁school ▁districts ▁in ▁Ontario ▁List ▁of ▁high ▁schools ▁in ▁Ontario ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Sch ool ▁districts ▁in ▁Ontario ▁Category : E duc ation ▁in ▁Ch ath am - K ent ▁Category : E duc ation ▁in ▁Lamb ton ▁County ▁Category : E duc ation ▁in ▁S arn ia <0x0A> </s> ▁Jam éric ourt ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁O ise ▁department ▁in ▁northern ▁France . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Commun es ▁of ▁the ▁O ise ▁department ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁IN SEE ▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁O ise <0x0A> </s> ▁United ▁Brew eries ▁Hold ings ▁Limited ▁( UB HL ) ▁or ▁U B ▁Group ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁con gl omer ate ▁company ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁U B ▁City , ▁Bang al ore ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁K arn at aka , ▁India . ▁Its ▁core ▁business ▁includes ▁be ver ages , ▁av iation ▁and ▁investments ▁in ▁various ▁sectors . ▁The ▁company ▁markets ▁beer ▁under ▁the ▁King f isher ▁brand , ▁and ▁owns ▁various ▁other ▁brands ▁of ▁alcohol ic ▁be ver ages . ▁It ▁also ▁launched ▁King f isher ▁Airlines , ▁an ▁air line ▁in ▁India ▁whose ▁operation ▁has ▁been ▁halt ed ▁after ▁problems ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁its ▁lic ence ▁being ▁rev oked ▁by ▁the ▁D G CA . ▁ ▁United ▁Brew eries ▁is ▁India ' s ▁largest ▁producer ▁of ▁beer . ▁ ▁The ▁company |
▁chairman ▁is ▁V ij ay ▁M ally a , ▁who ▁left ▁India ▁on ▁ 2 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁alleg edly ▁to ▁escape ▁legal ▁action ▁by ▁Indian ▁banks ▁to ▁whom ▁he ▁o w es ▁some ▁ ▁in ▁loans . ▁United ▁Brew eries ▁now ▁has ▁greater ▁than ▁a ▁ 4 0 % ▁share ▁of ▁the ▁Indian ▁brew ing ▁market ▁with ▁ 7 9 ▁dist iller ies ▁and ▁bott ling ▁units ▁across ▁the ▁world . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁U B ▁fin anced ▁a ▁take over ▁of ▁the ▁spirits ▁business ▁of ▁the ▁rival ▁Shaw - Wall ace ▁company , ▁giving ▁it ▁a ▁majority ▁share ▁of ▁India ' s ▁spirits ▁business . ▁The ▁group ▁also ▁owns ▁the ▁Mend oc ino ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁U B ▁Group ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁a ▁Sc ots man , ▁Thomas ▁Le ish man , ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁when ▁he ▁brought ▁together ▁Castle ▁Brew ery ▁and ▁N il g ir is ▁Brew eries ▁( 1 8 5 7 ), ▁Bang al ore ▁Brew ing ▁Co . ▁( 1 8 8 5 ), ▁British ▁Brew ing ▁Cor p . ▁( 1 9 0 3 ) ▁and ▁B BB ▁Brew ery ▁Co . ▁Ltd . ▁( 1 9 1 3 ). ▁The ▁Group ▁took ▁its ▁initial ▁lessons ▁in ▁manufacturing ▁beer ▁from ▁South ▁India ▁based ▁British ▁brew eries . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 2 2 , ▁V itt al ▁M ally a ▁was ▁elected ▁as |
▁the ▁company ' s ▁first ▁Indian ▁director ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 . ▁After ▁a ▁year , ▁he ▁replaced ▁R ▁G ▁N ▁Price ▁as ▁the ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁company . ▁ ▁United ▁Brew eries ▁made ▁its ▁initial ▁impact ▁by ▁manufacturing ▁bulk ▁beer ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁troops ▁before ▁independence , ▁which ▁was ▁transport ed ▁in ▁huge ▁barrel s ▁or ▁" H ogs heads ". ▁King f isher , ▁the ▁group ' s ▁most ▁visible ▁and ▁profitable ▁brand , ▁made ▁a ▁modest ▁entry ▁in ▁the ▁sixt ies . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁ 6 0 s , ▁the ▁company ▁expanded ▁greatly ▁by ▁acqu iring ▁other ▁brew eries . ▁First ▁was ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁Mc D ow ell ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Group ▁subs idi aries , ▁a ▁move ▁which ▁helped ▁United ▁Brew eries ▁to ▁extend ▁its ▁portfolio ▁to ▁w ines ▁and ▁spirits ▁business . ▁Strateg ically , ▁the ▁Group ▁moved ▁into ▁ag ro - based ▁industries ▁and ▁medic ines ▁when ▁M ally a ▁acquired ▁Kiss an ▁Products ▁and ▁formed ▁a ▁long - term ▁relationship ▁with ▁H oe ch st ▁AG ▁of ▁Germany ▁to ▁create ▁the ▁Indian ▁pharm aceut ical ▁company ▁now ▁known ▁as ▁A vent is ▁Ph ar ma , ▁the ▁Indian ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁the ▁global ▁ph ar ma ▁major ▁San of i - A vent is . ▁ ▁U B ▁Group ▁has ▁had ▁some ▁relationship ▁with ▁United ▁Sp ir its ▁Limited , ▁which ▁is ▁now ▁majority - owned ▁( 5 4 . 8 %) ▁by ▁Di |
age o . ▁ ▁The ▁logo ▁The ▁Peg as us , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁symbol ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Brew eries , ▁first ▁found ▁its ▁place ▁as ▁the ▁Group ▁logo ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 . ▁Then , ▁the ▁Hell ad ic ▁horse ▁– ▁associated ▁with ▁beer ▁and ▁ne ct ar ▁in ▁Greek ▁myth ology ▁– ▁carried ▁a ▁beer ▁c ask ▁between ▁the ▁wings , ▁ost ens ibly ▁because ▁beer ▁formed ▁the ▁core ▁operations ▁of ▁the ▁Group . ▁Later , ▁the ▁beer ▁c ask ▁was ▁removed ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁Group ' s ▁mult if ac eted ▁operations . ▁ ▁Key ▁subs idi aries ▁ ▁United ▁Brew eries ▁Limited ▁– ▁the ▁U B ▁Group ' s ▁brew ing ▁entity , ▁which ▁has ▁und is put ed ▁market ▁leadership ▁with ▁a ▁national ▁market ▁share ▁in ▁excess ▁of ▁ 5 0 %. ▁The ▁U B ▁Group ▁today ▁controls ▁ 6 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁manufacturing ▁capacity ▁for ▁beer ▁in ▁India . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁United ▁Brew eries ▁was ▁ 4 3 % - owned ▁by ▁He ine ken . ▁U B ▁Engineering ▁– ▁the ▁group ' s ▁engineering ▁business ▁arm . ▁It ▁undert akes ▁engineering , ▁proc ure ment ▁and ▁construction ▁projects , ▁infrastructure , ▁on - site ▁fabric ation ▁of ▁structures , ▁installation , ▁testing ▁and ▁commission ing ▁of ▁electrical ▁and ▁mechanical ▁equipment , ▁pip ing ▁for ▁large ▁industrial ▁projects . ▁The ▁company ▁was ▁initially ▁established ▁as ▁Western ▁India ▁E rect ors ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 |
3 ▁and ▁came ▁under ▁the ▁U B ▁Group ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁U B ICS ▁– ▁providing ▁IT ▁consulting , ▁body shop ping ▁services ▁and ▁professional ▁IT ▁products ▁to ▁business ▁companies . ▁ ▁Business es ▁▁ ▁F ert il izer ▁ ▁Engineering ▁ ▁A vi ation ▁( see ▁King f isher ▁Airlines ) ▁ ▁Formula ▁ 1 ▁racing ▁– ▁Force ▁India ▁ ▁Al cohol ic ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁United ▁Sp ir its ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Be er ▁in ▁India ▁Category : Dr ink ▁companies ▁of ▁India ▁Category : Com pan ies ▁based ▁in ▁Bang al ore ▁Category : C ong l omer ate ▁companies ▁of ▁India ▁Category : Mult in ational ▁brew eries ▁Category : B rit ish ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 7 ▁Category : F ood ▁and ▁drink ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 7 ▁Category : 1 8 5 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁British ▁India ▁Category : 1 8 5 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁India ▁Category : Com pan ies ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁Bomb ay ▁Stock ▁Exchange <0x0A> </s> ▁Pal p ita ▁cur vis p ina ▁is ▁a ▁m oth ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cr amb idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Z hang ▁and ▁Li ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁China ▁( S ich uan , ▁Gu iz hou ). ▁ ▁The ▁wings pan ▁is ▁ 2 4 – 2 6 mm . ▁The ▁wings ▁are ▁white ▁with ▁och |
re ous ▁marks , ▁surrounded ▁by ▁a ▁brown ish ▁black ▁border . ▁ ▁E ty m ology ▁The ▁species ▁name ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁Latin ▁curv - ▁( mean ing ▁cur ved ) ▁and ▁sp ina ▁( mean ing ▁th orn ) ▁and ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁dist al ▁corn ut us ▁in ▁the ▁a ede ag us . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Category : Pal p ita ▁Category : M oth s ▁of ▁China <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁Fort ▁M ose ▁( o ften ▁called ▁Blo ody ▁M ose , ▁or ▁Blo ody ▁Mo osa ▁at ▁the ▁time ) ▁was ▁a ▁significant ▁action ▁of ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁Jen kins ' ▁E ar , ▁which ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 7 4 0 . ▁Captain ▁Antonio ▁Sal g ado ▁commanded ▁a ▁Spanish ▁column ▁of ▁ 3 0 0 ▁regular ▁troops , ▁backed ▁by ▁the ▁free ▁black ▁milit ia ▁and ▁all ied ▁Sem in ole ▁warriors ▁consisting ▁of ▁Indian ▁aux ili aries . ▁They ▁storm ed ▁Fort ▁M ose , ▁a ▁strateg ically ▁crucial ▁position ▁newly ▁held ▁by ▁ 1 7 0 ▁British ▁soldiers ▁under ▁Colonel ▁John ▁Pal mer . ▁This ▁g arr ison ▁had ▁taken ▁the ▁fort ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁James ▁O gle th or pe ' s ▁offensive ▁to ▁capture ▁St . ▁August ine . ▁T aken ▁by ▁surprise , ▁the ▁British ▁g arr ison ▁was ▁virtually ▁ann ih il ated . ▁Colonel |
▁Pal mer , ▁three ▁capt ains ▁and ▁three ▁lie uten ants ▁were ▁among ▁the ▁British ▁troops ▁killed ▁in ▁action . ▁The ▁battle ▁destroyed ▁the ▁fort . ▁The ▁Spanish ▁did ▁not ▁re build ▁it ▁until ▁ 1 7 5 2 . ▁ ▁Background ▁Loc ated ▁two ▁miles ▁north ▁of ▁St . ▁August ine , ▁Fort ▁M ose ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 7 3 8 ▁by ▁the ▁Spanish ▁as ▁a ▁refuge ▁for ▁British ▁black ▁slaves ▁esc aping ▁from ▁the ▁colon ies ▁of ▁Georgia ▁and ▁South ▁Carolina . ▁Fort y - five ▁years ▁earlier , ▁in ▁ 1 6 9 3 , ▁King ▁Charles ▁II ▁of ▁Spain ▁had ▁ordered ▁his ▁Florida ▁colon ists ▁to ▁give ▁all ▁run away ▁slaves ▁from ▁British ▁colon ies ▁freedom ▁and ▁protection ▁if ▁they ▁converted ▁to ▁Catholic ism ▁and ▁agreed ▁to ▁serve ▁Spain . ▁▁ ▁The ▁fort ▁consisted ▁of ▁a ▁church , ▁a ▁wall ▁of ▁tim ber ▁with ▁some ▁tow ers , ▁and ▁some ▁twenty ▁houses ▁inhab ited ▁by ▁a ▁hundred ▁people . ▁The ▁mar oons ▁were ▁commissioned ▁as ▁Spanish ▁milit ia ▁by ▁Governor ▁Manuel ▁de ▁Mont iano ▁and ▁put ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Captain ▁Francisco ▁Men é nd ez , ▁a ▁mul atto ▁or ▁cre ole ▁of ▁African - Span ish ▁descent , ▁who ▁had ▁escaped ▁from ▁slavery ▁in ▁South ▁Carolina . ▁ ▁Fort ▁M ose ' s ▁milit ia ▁soon ▁became ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁concern ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁colon ies . ▁The ▁fort ▁served ▁as ▁both ▁a ▁colony ▁of ▁freed men ▁and ▁as ▁Spanish ▁Florida ' s ▁front - |
line ▁of ▁defense ▁against ▁British ▁attacks ▁from ▁the ▁north . ▁The ▁Spanish ▁intended ▁to ▁dest abil ize ▁the ▁plant ation ▁economy ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁colon ies ▁by ▁creating ▁a ▁community ▁that ▁would ▁attract ▁slaves ▁seeking ▁escape ▁and ▁refuge . ▁Word ▁of ▁the ▁free ▁black ▁settlement ▁reached ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁South ▁Carolina ; ▁it ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁helped ▁inspire ▁the ▁St ono ▁Reb ell ion ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 7 3 9 . ▁During ▁the ▁slave ▁revol t , ▁several ▁dozen ▁blacks ▁headed ▁for ▁Spanish ▁Florida , ▁but ▁were ▁not ▁successful ▁in ▁reaching ▁it . ▁The ▁fort ▁was ▁later ▁important ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁St . ▁August ine . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁outbreak ▁of ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁Jen kins ’ ▁E ar ▁in ▁ 1 7 3 9 , ▁General ▁James ▁O gle th or pe , ▁governor ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁encouraged ▁by ▁some ▁successful ▁ra ids ▁the ▁British ▁colonial ▁Rangers ▁made ▁in ▁the ▁front ier , ▁decided ▁to ▁raise ▁a ▁significant ▁expedition ▁to ▁capture ▁and ▁destroy ▁St . ▁August ine , ▁capital ▁of ▁Spanish ▁Florida . ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁campaign , ▁he ▁realized ▁his ▁forces ▁had ▁to ▁capture ▁and ▁hold ▁Fort ▁M ose . ▁ ▁O gle th or pe ▁launched ▁his ▁campaign . ▁Regular ▁troops ▁from ▁South ▁Carolina ▁and ▁Georgia , ▁milit ia ▁volunteers , ▁about ▁ 6 0 0 ▁all ied ▁American ▁Indian ▁Creek ▁and ▁U ch ise ▁allies , ▁and ▁about ▁ 8 0 0 ▁black ▁slaves ▁as ▁aux ili aries ▁made ▁up ▁the ▁expedition , |
▁which ▁was ▁supported ▁at ▁sea ▁by ▁seven ▁ships ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Royal ▁Navy . ▁Mont iano , ▁who ▁had ▁ 6 0 0 ▁regular s ▁including ▁reinforce ments ▁recently ▁arrived ▁from ▁Cuba , ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁resist ▁ent ren ched . ▁On ▁several ▁occasions ▁he ▁attacked ▁the ▁British ▁lines ▁by ▁surprise . ▁ ▁Battle ▁Appro aching ▁St . ▁August ine , ▁a ▁British ▁party ▁under ▁Colonel ▁John ▁Pal mer , ▁composed ▁of ▁ 1 7 0 ▁men ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁Georg ian ▁colonial ▁milit ia , ▁the ▁Scottish ▁High land er ▁ 4 2 nd ▁Regiment ▁of ▁Foot ▁( old ), ▁and ▁aux iliary ▁native ▁allies , ▁rapidly ▁occupied ▁Fort ▁M ose , ▁strateg ically ▁s ited ▁on ▁a ▁vital ▁travel ▁route . ▁Manuel ▁de ▁Mont iano ▁had ▁ordered ▁the ▁fort ▁abandoned ▁after ▁some ▁of ▁its ▁inhabitants ▁had ▁been ▁killed ▁by ▁Indian ▁allies ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain . ▁The ▁free ▁black ▁residents ▁moved ▁to ▁St . ▁August ine . ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁O gle th or pe ▁expedition ▁laid ▁sie ge ▁to ▁St . ▁August ine , ▁Mont iano ▁considered ▁his ▁options . ▁Know ing ▁the ▁strategic ▁importance ▁of ▁Fort ▁M ose , ▁and ▁realizing ▁its ▁vulner abilities , ▁Mont iano ▁decided ▁to ▁undert ake ▁a ▁counter - off ensive ▁operation . ▁At ▁dawn ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 5 ▁Captain ▁Antonio ▁Sal g ado ▁commanded ▁Spanish ▁regular s , ▁and ▁Francisco ▁Men é nd ez ▁led ▁the ▁mar oon ▁milit ia ▁and ▁Sem in ole ▁Indian ▁aux ili aries , ▁in ▁a ▁surprise ▁attack |
▁on ▁M ose . ▁The ▁attack ▁was ▁initiated ▁two ▁hours ▁before ▁the ▁British ▁soldiers ▁a wo ke ▁so ▁that ▁they ▁could ▁not ▁prepare ▁their ▁arms ▁for ▁defense . ▁About ▁ 7 5 ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁colon ials ▁were ▁killed ▁in ▁bloody ▁hand - to - hand ▁combat ▁with ▁sw ords , ▁mus k ets , ▁and ▁clubs . ▁ ▁After math ▁The ▁Spanish ▁victory ▁at ▁Fort ▁M ose ▁dem oral ized ▁the ▁badly ▁divided ▁British ▁forces ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁significant ▁factor ▁in ▁O gle th or pe ' s ▁withdrawal ▁to ▁Sav ann ah . ▁In ▁late ▁June ▁St . ▁August ine ▁was ▁relieved ▁by ▁Spanish ▁forces ▁from ▁Hav ana , ▁and ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy ’ s ▁war ships ▁abandoned ▁the ▁land ▁forces . ▁Governor ▁Mont iano ▁comm ended ▁the ▁mar oons ▁for ▁their ▁bra very . ▁Although ▁Fort ▁M ose ▁had ▁been ▁destroyed ▁during ▁the ▁sie ge , ▁its ▁former ▁residents ▁were ▁res ett led ▁in ▁St . ▁August ine ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁decade ▁as ▁free ▁and ▁equal ▁Spanish ▁colonial ▁citizens . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁Spanish ▁re built ▁the ▁fort ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 2 , ▁free ▁blacks ▁returned ▁there . ▁After ▁the ▁British ▁victory ▁against ▁the ▁French ▁in ▁the ▁Seven ▁Years ' ▁War , ▁it ▁took ▁over ▁East ▁Florida ▁in ▁a ▁related ▁trade ▁with ▁Spain . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁residents ▁and ▁military ▁evac uated ▁to ▁Cuba , ▁and ▁Francisco ▁Men é nd ez ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁free ▁blacks ▁went ▁with ▁them , ▁to ▁escape ▁being ▁re - ens l |
aved ▁by ▁British ▁colonial ▁forces . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Fort ▁M ose ▁Historic ▁State ▁Park ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁St . ▁August ine ▁( 1 7 4 0 ) ▁Francisco ▁Men é nd ez ▁Inv asion ▁of ▁Georgia ▁( 1 7 4 2 ) ▁Battle ▁of ▁Blo ody ▁Mar sh ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Burn ett , ▁Gene ▁M . ▁( 1 9 9 7 ). ▁Florida ' s ▁Past : ▁People ▁and ▁Events ▁That ▁Sh aped ▁the ▁State . ▁P ine apple ▁Press ▁Inc . ▁ ▁De ▁Q ues ada , ▁A . ▁M . ▁( 2 0 0 6 ). ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁Florida ▁Fort s : ▁Florida ' s ▁L on ely ▁Out posts . ▁The ▁History ▁Press . ▁ ▁G ó me z , ▁Santiago : ▁La ▁Guerra ▁de ▁la ▁O re ja ▁de ▁Jen kins . ▁Comb ates ▁en ▁el ▁Car ibe . ▁Oper aciones ▁princip ales . ▁Rev ista ▁de ▁Historia ▁Naval ▁ ▁Hend erson , ▁Ann ▁L . ▁( 1 9 9 1 ). ▁Spanish ▁Path ways ▁in ▁Florida , ▁ 1 4 9 2 – 1 9 9 2 . ▁P ine apple ▁Press ▁Inc . ▁ ▁Jones , ▁Max ine ▁D .; ▁McC arth y , ▁Kevin ▁M . ▁( 1 9 9 3 ). ▁African ▁Americans ▁in ▁Florida . ▁P ine apple ▁Press ▁Inc . ▁ ▁Land ers , ▁Jane ▁( 1 9 9 9 ). ▁Black ▁Society ▁in ▁Spanish ▁Florida . ▁University ▁of ▁Illinois ▁Press . ▁▁ ▁Mar ley , |
▁David ▁( 1 9 9 8 ). ▁Wars ▁of ▁the ▁Amer icas : ▁a ▁Chron ology ▁of ▁Ar med ▁Conf lict ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁World , ▁ 1 4 9 2 ▁to ▁the ▁Present . ▁ABC - CL IO . ▁ ▁Mart í nez ▁La í nez , ▁Fernando ; ▁Can ales , ▁Carlos ▁( 2 0 0 9 ). ▁B ander as ▁Le jan as : ▁la ▁Expl or ación , ▁Con qu ista ▁y ▁Def ens a ▁por ▁España ▁del ▁Terr itor io ▁de ▁los ▁Act ual es ▁Estados ▁Unidos . ▁E DA F . ▁ ▁R i ord an , ▁Patrick . ▁" F inding ▁Freedom ▁in ▁Florida : ▁Native ▁Pe oples , ▁African ▁Americans , ▁and ▁Col on ists , ▁ 1 6 7 0 – 1 8 1 6 ", ▁Florida ▁Historical ▁Quarter ly ▁ 7 5 ( 1 ), ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁pp . 2 5 – 4 4 , ▁at ▁J ST OR . ▁ ▁Tw yman , ▁Bruce ▁Edward . ▁The ▁Black ▁Sem in ole ▁Leg acy ▁and ▁Northern ▁American ▁Politics , ▁ 1 6 9 3 – 1 8 4 5 . ▁Washington : ▁Howard ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁Wasser man , ▁Adam ▁( 2 0 0 9 ). ▁A ▁People ' s ▁History ▁of ▁Florida ▁ 1 5 1 3 – 1 8 7 6 : ▁How ▁Afr icans , ▁Sem in oles , ▁Women , ▁and ▁Lower ▁Class ▁Wh ites ▁Sh aped ▁the |
▁Sun shine ▁State . ▁Adam ▁Wasser man . ▁▁ ▁Category : B att les ▁of ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁Jen kins ' ▁E ar ▁Category : Conf lic ts ▁in ▁ 1 7 4 0 ▁Category : S ie ges ▁involving ▁Great ▁Britain ▁Category : S ie ges ▁involving ▁Spain ▁Category : Span ish ▁Florida ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁history ▁of ▁Florida ▁Category : 1 7 4 0 ▁in ▁North ▁America <0x0A> </s> ▁B rent ▁R ush law ▁( born ▁September ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 5 1 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁b obs led der . ▁He ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁male ▁b obs led ders ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁b obs led ders ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : B obs led ders ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : B obs led ders ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : B obs led ders ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : B obs led ders ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Sar an ac ▁Lake , ▁New ▁York <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁film ography ▁of ▁American ▁actress ▁K irst en ▁Dun |
st ▁sp ans ▁three ▁decades ▁and ▁includes ▁performances ▁in ▁film , ▁television ▁and ▁video ▁games . ▁Dun st ▁began ▁her ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁child ▁actor , ▁appearing ▁in ▁small ▁roles ▁in ▁Wood y ▁Allen ' s ▁New ▁York ▁Stories ▁( 1 9 8 9 ) ▁and ▁Brian ▁De ▁Pal ma ' s ▁The ▁Bon fire ▁of ▁the ▁Van ities ▁( 1 9 9 0 ). ▁At ▁age ▁ 1 2 , ▁she ▁gar ner ed ▁widespread ▁recognition ▁for ▁her ▁performance ▁as ▁Claud ia ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁film ▁adaptation ▁of ▁Inter view ▁with ▁the ▁V amp ire , ▁which ▁earned ▁her ▁numerous ▁critical ▁not ices , ▁including ▁a ▁Golden ▁Gl obe ▁nom ination ▁for ▁Best ▁Support ing ▁Act ress . ▁Also ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁she ▁port rayed ▁the ▁young ▁Amy ▁March ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁adaptation ▁of ▁Little ▁Women . ▁She ▁subsequently ▁had ▁roles ▁in ▁the ▁youth ▁fantasy ▁films ▁J uman ji ▁( 1 9 9 5 ) ▁and ▁Small ▁Sold iers ▁( 1 9 9 8 ). ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁Dun st ▁transition ed ▁to ▁leading ▁roles ▁in ▁teen ▁films , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁sat irical ▁political ▁comedy ▁Dick , ▁and ▁the ▁Sof ia ▁Cop pol a - direct ed ▁drama ▁The ▁Virgin ▁Su ic ides ▁( both ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ), ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁cheer leading ▁comedy ▁Bring ▁It ▁On ▁( 2 0 0 0 ), ▁and ▁the ▁drama ▁C razy / Be |
aut iful ▁( 2 0 0 1 ). ▁She ▁subsequently ▁port rayed ▁Mar ion ▁Dav ies ▁in ▁Peter ▁Bog dan ov ich ' s ▁period ▁drama ▁The ▁Cat ' s ▁Me ow ▁( 2 0 0 1 ). ▁Dun st ▁gained ▁a ▁res urg ence ▁of ▁mainstream ▁attention ▁for ▁her ▁role ▁as ▁Mary ▁Jane ▁Watson ▁in ▁Sam ▁R aim i ' s ▁Sp ider - Man ▁( 2 0 0 2 ), ▁a ▁role ▁which ▁she ▁re pr ised ▁for ▁the ▁following ▁two ▁sequ els . ▁She ▁had ▁a ▁minor ▁part ▁in ▁Michel ▁G ond ry ' s ▁psychological ▁drama ▁E ternal ▁Sun shine ▁of ▁the ▁Spot less ▁Mind ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁lead ▁in ▁Cameron ▁Crow e ' s ▁tragic om edy ▁film ▁Eliz abet ht own ▁( 2 0 0 5 ), ▁and ▁as ▁the ▁title ▁character ▁in ▁Cop pol a ' s ▁Marie ▁Ant oin ette ▁( 2 0 0 6 ). ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Dun st ▁port rayed ▁K atherine ▁Mark s , ▁the ▁missing ▁wife ▁of ▁accused ▁murder er ▁Robert ▁Dur st , ▁in ▁the ▁bi ographical ▁crime ▁film ▁All ▁Good ▁Things ▁( 2 0 1 0 ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Dun st ▁star red ▁in ▁Lars ▁von ▁T rier ' s ▁sc i - fi ▁drama ▁Mel anch olia ▁port ray ing ▁a ▁depressed ▁newly wed , ▁which ▁earned ▁her ▁numerous ▁acc ol ades , ▁including ▁the ▁Cann es ▁Film ▁Festival ▁Award ▁for |
▁Best ▁Act ress . ▁She ▁then ▁had ▁a ▁supporting ▁role ▁in ▁On ▁the ▁Road ▁( 2 0 1 2 ), ▁an ▁adaptation ▁of ▁the ▁Jack ▁Ker ou ac ▁novel , ▁and ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁thr iller ▁The ▁Two ▁F aces ▁of ▁January ▁( 2 0 1 4 ). ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Dun st ▁was ▁cast ▁as ▁Peg gy ▁Bl um qu ist ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁season ▁of ▁the ▁F X ▁series ▁F argo , ▁which ▁earned ▁her ▁multiple ▁acc ol ades , ▁including ▁a ▁second ▁Golden ▁Gl obe ▁nom ination , ▁this ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁category ▁of ▁Best ▁Act ress ▁in ▁a ▁Series . ▁She ▁followed ▁this ▁with ▁a ▁supporting ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁historical ▁drama ▁H idden ▁Fig ures ▁( 2 0 1 6 ), ▁and ▁reun ited ▁again ▁with ▁Cop pol a ▁for ▁her ▁rem ake ▁of ▁The ▁B egu iled ▁( 2 0 1 7 ). ▁Dun st ▁returned ▁to ▁television ▁with ▁a ▁lead ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁black ▁comedy ▁series ▁On ▁Be coming ▁a ▁God ▁in ▁Central ▁Florida , ▁which ▁she ▁also ▁executive - produ ced . ▁ ▁Film ▁ ▁Television ▁ ▁Video ▁games ▁ ▁Music ▁videos ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁awards ▁and ▁nom inations ▁received ▁by ▁K irst en ▁Dun st ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Act ress ▁film ograph ies ▁Category : American ▁film ograph ies <0x0A> </s> ▁Jean - Sim on ▁de ▁Ch amp ign y ▁( d ied ▁ 1 5 0 2 ) ▁was ▁a ▁French |
▁pre late ▁who ▁was ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Paris ▁from ▁ 1 4 9 2 ▁to ▁ 1 5 0 2 . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Jean - Sim on ▁de ▁Ch amp ign y ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Jean - Sim on , ▁Se igne ur ▁of ▁Ch amp ign y - sur - Mar ne ▁and ▁Com be aux ▁( pro bably ▁modern - day ▁Pont ault - Comb ault ), ▁who ▁had ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Par lement ▁of ▁Paris , ▁and ▁Jean ne ▁Ch amb on . ▁ ▁His ▁sister ▁Marie ▁was ▁the ▁mother ▁of ▁Ant oine ▁S angu in , ▁and ▁grandmother ▁of ▁Anne ▁de ▁P isse le u ▁d ' He illy . ▁ ▁After ▁inher iting ▁his ▁father ' s ▁se igne ury , ▁he ▁rep aired ▁the ▁family ' s ▁castle ▁in ▁ 1 4 9 0 . ▁ ▁Jean - Sim on ▁de ▁Ch amp ign y ▁entered ▁the ▁service ▁of ▁Charles ▁VIII ▁of ▁France , ▁becoming ▁a ▁council or ▁in ▁the ▁Par lement ▁of ▁Paris , ▁canon ▁of ▁Not re ▁D ame ▁de ▁Paris , ▁and ▁Arch de acon ▁of ▁So iss ons . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 4 9 2 , ▁Ch amp ign y ▁was ▁un anim ously ▁elected ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Paris . ▁ ▁Pope ▁Alexander ▁VI ▁confirmed ▁his ▁appointment ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁October ▁ 1 4 9 2 ; ▁Ch amp ign y ▁took ▁the ▁o ath ▁of ▁alleg iance ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁December ▁ 1 4 9 2 ; ▁and ▁in |
▁ 1 4 9 4 , ▁he ▁traveled ▁to ▁S ens , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁con sec rated ▁by ▁Tr istan ▁de ▁Sal azar , ▁Arch b ishop ▁of ▁S ens , ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁September ▁ 1 4 9 4 . ▁ ▁Ch amp ign y ▁made ▁his ▁so lem n ▁entry ▁into ▁Paris ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 4 9 5 . ▁ ▁As ▁b ishop , ▁he ▁held ▁a ▁syn od ▁on ▁ 7 ▁May ▁ 1 4 9 5 . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁gift ed ▁a ▁chap el ▁to ▁the ▁Coll ège ▁de ▁Mont a igu . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁helped ▁to ▁establish ▁or ▁reform ▁several ▁religious ▁orders . ▁ ▁Ch amp ign y ▁died ▁of ▁pl ague ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁December ▁ 1 5 0 2 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁This ▁page ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁this ▁page ▁on ▁French ▁Wikipedia . ▁ ▁Category : 1 5 0 2 ▁deaths ▁Category : B ish ops ▁of ▁Paris ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁deaths ▁from ▁pl ague ▁( d ise ase ) ▁Category : 1 5 th - century ▁French ▁people ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁French ▁people ▁Category : 1 5 th - century ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁b ish ops ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁b ish ops ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁unknown <0x0A> </s> ▁Lac ul ▁Neg ru ▁( mean ing ▁the ▁black ▁lake ) ▁is ▁a ▁natural ▁salt ▁lake ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁O c na ▁S |
ib i ului , ▁S ib iu ▁County , ▁Trans ylvania , ▁Rom ania . ▁It ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁many ▁l akes ▁of ▁the ▁O c na ▁S ib i ului ▁mine , ▁a ▁large ▁salt ▁mine ▁which ▁has ▁gotten ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁salt ▁reserves ▁in ▁Rom ania . ▁It ▁has ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁smallest ▁depth s ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁l akes , ▁with ▁its ▁maximum ▁depth ▁only ▁reaching ▁about ▁ 1 m . ▁ ▁Name ▁ ▁The ▁lake ' s ▁name ▁is ▁The ▁Black ▁Lake , ▁because ▁the ▁lake ▁has ▁mud ▁at ▁its ▁bottom , ▁making ▁its ▁water ▁black . ▁The ▁salt ▁mine ▁only ▁has ▁two ▁l akes ▁with ▁mud : ▁Lac ul ▁Neg ru ▁and ▁Lac ul ▁cu ▁N ă m ol ▁( mean ing ▁the ▁lake ▁with ▁mud ). ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Lac ul ▁Neg ru ▁origin ates ▁from ▁three ▁small ▁salt ▁l akes . ▁ ▁Information ▁ ▁Sur face : ▁ 5 0 4 , 8 ▁m ² ▁Max imum ▁depth : ▁~ 1 m ▁Sal inity : ▁ 2 8 0 ▁g / l ▁ ▁L akes ▁of ▁the ▁salt ▁mine ▁▁ ▁Aust er ▁▁ ▁Lake ▁Av ram ▁I anc u - O c ni ţ a ▁ ▁Bal ta ▁cu ▁N ă m ol ▁▁ ▁Br â nc ove an u ▁▁ ▁C lo ş ca ▁▁ ▁C ri ş an ▁ ▁Lac ul ▁F ăr ă ▁Fund ▁▁ ▁G ura ▁Mine i ▁▁ ▁H ore a ▁▁ ▁M â ţ el or ▁▁ ▁Neg |
ru ▁ ▁P ân zel or ▁▁ ▁R ând un ica ▁▁ ▁Ver de ▁( F resh water ▁lake ) ▁ ▁V r ă j ito are lor ▁( F resh water ▁lake ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : L akes ▁of ▁S ib iu ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁season ▁is ▁Young ▁Lion ' s ▁ 1 5 th ▁consecutive ▁season ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁flight ▁of ▁Singapore ▁football ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁S . Le ague . ▁ ▁Squad ▁ ▁S . Le ague ▁squad ▁ ▁Prime ▁League ▁squad ▁( main ly ▁N FA ▁U 1 8 ) ▁ ▁Co aching ▁staff ▁ ▁Trans fers ▁ ▁Pre - season ▁trans fers ▁ ▁In ▁ ▁Out ▁ ▁Ret ained ▁ ▁Mid - season ▁trans fers ▁ ▁Out ▁ ▁Friend l ies ▁ ▁Pre - season ▁friend l ies ▁ ▁In ▁Season ▁friend l ies ▁ ▁Team ▁statistics ▁ ▁Appe ar ances ▁and ▁goals ▁ ▁Num bers ▁in ▁parent hes es ▁denote ▁appearances ▁as ▁substitute . ▁ ▁Compet itions ▁ ▁S . Le ague ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Young ▁L ions <0x0A> </s> ▁Pom pe o ▁Bal ban i ▁( d ied ▁ 1 6 3 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁pre late ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Cast ro ▁del ▁L az io ▁( 1 6 3 2 – 1 6 3 9 ). ▁ ▁Biography ▁On ▁ 1 9 ▁January ▁ 1 6 3 2 , ▁Pom pe o ▁Bal ban i ▁was |
▁appointed ▁during ▁the ▁pap acy ▁of ▁Pope ▁Urban ▁VIII ▁as ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Cast ro ▁del ▁L az io . ▁On ▁ 2 5 ▁January ▁ 1 6 3 2 , ▁he ▁was ▁con sec rated ▁b ishop ▁by ▁Lu igi ▁Ca et ani , ▁Card inal - P ri est ▁of ▁Santa ▁P ud enz iana . ▁ ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Cast ro ▁del ▁L az io ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 6 3 9 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 th - century ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁b ish ops ▁Category : B ish ops ▁appointed ▁by ▁Pope ▁Urban ▁VIII ▁Category : 1 6 3 9 ▁deaths <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ch au ff eurs ▁de ▁la ▁Dr ô me ▁( The ▁He aters ▁of ▁Dr ô me ) ▁was ▁a ▁gang ▁of ▁four ▁French ▁crim inals ▁who ▁were ▁responsible ▁for ▁a ▁wave ▁of ▁theft , ▁torture , ▁and ▁murder ▁in ▁the ▁department ▁of ▁Dr ô me ▁in ▁sout heast ▁France ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁twentieth ▁century . ▁ ▁Three ▁were ▁executed ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 0 9 ; ▁the ▁fourth , ▁captured ▁later , ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁life ▁imprison ment ▁with ▁hard ▁labour ▁at ▁the ▁penal ▁colony ▁on ▁Dev il ' s ▁Island , ▁French ▁Gu iana , ▁( t ant amount ▁to ▁a ▁death ▁sentence , ▁a ka ▁" D ry ▁Gu ill ot ine "), ▁and ▁died ▁there . ▁ ▁Crim inal ▁career ▁The ▁four ▁men ▁were ▁Oct ave - Lou is |
▁David ▁( b . 1 8 7 3 ), ▁Pierre - Aug ust in - Lou is ▁Ber ru yer ▁( b . 1 8 7 3 ), ▁both ▁sh o em akers ; ▁Urban - C él est in ▁Li ott ard ▁( b . 1 8 6 3 ), ▁a ▁labour er , ▁and ▁Jean ▁L amar que . ▁ ▁David ▁had ▁a ▁long ▁criminal ▁career ▁and ▁was ▁claimed ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁r ingle ader . ▁He ▁had ▁met ▁L amar que ▁in ▁prison , ▁and ▁through ▁him ▁met ▁Ber ru yer . ▁Be ur ru yer ' s ▁house ▁in ▁Romans - sur - Is ère ▁was ▁where ▁L amar que ▁and ▁the ▁fourth ▁man , ▁Li ott ard , ▁lived ▁as ▁board ers . ▁ ▁The ▁gang ▁typically ▁carried ▁out ▁home ▁invas ions ▁on ▁remote , ▁rural ▁dwell ings , ▁where ▁they ▁tort ured ▁household ers ▁into ▁revealing ▁the ▁locations ▁of ▁hidden ▁val u ables ▁by ▁burning ▁their ▁feet . ▁This ▁form ▁of ▁band it ry ▁was ▁not ▁unknown ▁in ▁France ; ▁crim inals ▁who ▁did ▁this ▁were ▁widely ▁known ▁as ▁ch au ff eurs ▁( he aters ). ▁ ▁The ▁Ch au ff eurs ▁de ▁la ▁Dr ô me '' ▁were ▁responsible ▁for ▁as ▁many ▁as ▁ 1 8 ▁mur ders ▁between ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁and ▁ 1 9 0 8 . ▁They ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁avoid ▁suspicion ▁by ▁maintaining ▁their ▁legitimate ▁occup ations ▁during ▁the ▁day , ▁carrying ▁out ▁attacks ▁at ▁night . ▁ ▁Ar |
rest , ▁trial ▁and ▁execution ▁ ▁Ber ru yer ▁was ▁arrested ▁on ▁ 2 2 Oct ober ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁at ▁his ▁house ; ▁a ▁search ▁of ▁the ▁house ▁revealed ▁a ▁large ▁cache ▁of ▁stolen ▁items . ▁Li ott ard ▁and ▁David ▁were ▁arrested ▁soon ▁after ▁but ▁the ▁fourth ▁man , ▁L amar que , ▁escaped . ▁Their ▁eight - day ▁trial ▁began ▁at ▁Val ence , ▁Dr ô me ▁on ▁ 2 J uly ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁All ▁four ▁men ▁were ▁convicted ▁and ▁sent enced ▁to ▁death . ▁Arm and ▁Fall i ères , ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁France ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁was ▁personally ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁death ▁penalty , ▁but ▁the ▁strength ▁of ▁public ▁opinion ▁made ▁it ▁impossible ▁for ▁him ▁to ▁accept ▁their ▁ple as ▁for ▁cle m ency . ▁ ▁The ▁execut ions ▁by ▁gu ill ot ine ▁of ▁David , ▁Ber ru yer ▁and ▁Li ott ard ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁Val ence , ▁Dr ô me , ▁on ▁ 2 2 Se ptember ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁at ▁ 6 am , ▁within ▁the ▁space ▁of ▁a ▁few ▁minutes ▁and ▁before ▁a ▁che ering ▁crowd . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁photographs ▁were ▁taken ▁despite ▁this ▁being ▁against ▁the ▁law ; ▁post cards ▁were ▁widely ▁sold , ▁and ▁there ▁were ▁newspaper ▁advertis ements ▁for ▁public ▁show ings ▁of ▁motion ▁pictures ▁of ▁the ▁execut ions . ▁ ▁L amar que ▁was ▁captured ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 0 . ▁He ▁had ▁been |
▁sent enced ▁to ▁death ▁in ▁absent ia , ▁but ▁after ▁his ▁capture ▁his ▁sentence ▁was ▁commut ed ▁to ▁life ▁imprison ment ▁with ▁hard ▁labour ▁in ▁the ▁penal ▁colony ▁at ▁Dev il ' s ▁Island . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : People ▁executed ▁by ▁France ▁by ▁dec ap itation ▁Category : F rench ▁people ▁convicted ▁of ▁murder ▁Category : 1 9 0 9 ▁deaths ▁Category : Qu art ets <0x0A> </s> ▁Iz mir ▁S ma j l aj ▁( born ▁ 2 9 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 3 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Alban ian ▁professional ▁Olympic ▁ath lete ▁who ▁special ises ▁in ▁the ▁long ▁jump . ▁He ▁won ▁the ▁gold ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁European ▁Athlet ics ▁Ind oor ▁Championships ▁in ▁Bel grade , ▁the ▁first ▁gold ▁medal ▁for ▁his ▁country ▁at ▁a ▁major ▁athlet ics ▁competition , ▁setting ▁a ▁new ▁national ▁record ▁of ▁ 8 . 0 8 ▁metres ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁His ▁personal ▁best s ▁in ▁the ▁long ▁jump ▁are : ▁▁ 8 . 1 1 ▁metres ▁out doors ▁(- 0 . 7 m / s ▁wind , ▁ 2 0 1 9 ), ▁in ▁Sh k od ë r . ▁( ▁new ▁national ▁record ▁) ▁▁ 8 . 0 3 ▁metres ▁ind o ors ▁( 2 0 1 7 / 2 0 1 8 ) ▁First ▁place ▁in ▁long ▁jump ▁competition , ▁gold ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁B alk an ▁Athlet ics ▁Ind oor ▁Championships , ▁I stan bul , ▁Turkey |
▁▁ 8 . 0 8 ▁metres ▁ind o ors ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁First ▁place ▁in ▁long ▁jump ▁competition , ▁gold ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁European ▁Athlet ics ▁Ind oor ▁Championships , ▁Bel grade , ▁Ser bia ▁▁ 7 . 9 3 ▁metres ▁ind o ors ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁First ▁place ▁in ▁long ▁jump ▁competition , ▁gold ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁B alk an ▁Ind oor ▁Championships , ▁I stan bul , ▁Turkey ▁▁ 7 . 8 9 ▁metres ▁out doors ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁First ▁place ▁in ▁long ▁jump ▁competition , ▁gold ▁medal ▁and ▁best ▁olymp ic ▁ath lete ▁of ▁the ▁match ▁at ▁the ▁Alban ian ▁Athlet ics ▁Out door ▁Championships , ▁El bas an , ▁Alban ia ▁▁ 7 . 8 9 ▁metres ▁out doors ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁First ▁place ▁in ▁long ▁jump ▁competition , ▁gold ▁medal ▁and ▁title ▁of ▁" Best ▁ath lete ▁male ▁of ▁the ▁competition " ▁at ▁Small ▁States ▁of ▁Europe , ▁Lie chten stein ▁ ▁In ▁addition , ▁in ▁the ▁triple ▁jump , ▁he ▁has ▁a ▁personal ▁best ▁of ▁ 1 6 . 3 0 met res ▁out doors ▁(- 0 . 2 m / s ▁wind ; ▁ 2 0 1 6 ; ▁El bas an , ▁Alban ia ) ▁and ▁ 1 5 . 1 5 met res ▁ind o ors ▁( 2 0 1 4 ; ▁T ir ana , ▁Alban ia ). ▁All ▁the ▁first ▁three ▁marks ▁are ▁current ▁national ▁records . |
▁ ▁International ▁compet itions ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Al ban ian ▁male ▁long ▁jump ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁athletes ▁of ▁Alban ia ▁Category : A thlet es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : A thlet es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁European ▁Games ▁Category : World ▁Athlet ics ▁Championships ▁athletes ▁for ▁Alban ia ▁Category : Europe an ▁Games ▁competitors ▁for ▁Alban ia <0x0A> </s> ▁Sar u ▁Get ▁You : ▁Sar u S aru ▁Big ▁Mission ▁( J apan ese ▁name : ▁ サ ル ゲ ッ チ ュ サ ル サ ル 大 作 戦 S aru get ch u : ▁Sar u ▁Sar u ▁D ais ak us en ) ▁is ▁a ▁video ▁game ▁in ▁the ▁A pe ▁E scape ▁series ▁released ▁in ▁Japan ▁for ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Port able ▁system . ▁ ▁Story line ▁After ▁kidn apping ▁The ▁Professor , ▁A ki , ▁Say aka , ▁S ator u ▁and ▁H ik aru , ▁Spect er ▁goes ▁on ▁to ▁shr ink ▁the ▁laboratory ▁with ▁K aker u ▁and ▁N ats umi ▁still ▁inside . ▁On ▁the ▁bright ▁side , ▁the ▁lab ▁is ▁now ▁the ▁perfect ▁size ▁to ▁be ▁disgu ised ▁as ▁a ▁P ip o ▁Hel met ▁- ▁N ats umi ▁and ▁K aker u ▁can ▁use ▁this ▁to ▁take ▁control ▁over ▁mon keys ▁( |
or ▁P ip os aru ▁in ▁Japan ) ▁to ▁help ▁rescue ▁their ▁friends ▁and ▁defeat ▁Spect er ▁once ▁again . ▁ ▁Game play ▁Unlike ▁other ▁stand - alone ▁titles ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁such ▁as ▁P ip o ▁Sar u ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁A pe ▁E scape : ▁P umped ▁& ▁Prim ed , ▁the ▁game ▁bor rows ▁heavily ▁from ▁A pe ▁E scape ▁ 3 . ▁The ▁same ▁graphic ▁engine ▁is ▁used , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁first ▁for ▁A pe ▁E scape , ▁as ▁usually ▁all ▁game ' s ▁graphic ' s ▁are ▁re - created ▁for ▁each ▁game . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁different ▁approach ▁to ▁the ▁normal ▁A pe ▁E scape ▁game play , ▁Sar u S aru ▁Big ▁Mission ▁has ▁you ▁controlling ▁the ▁P ip o ▁Hel met ▁shaped ▁lab . ▁By ▁l atch ing ▁it ▁onto ▁a ▁mon key , ▁they ▁can ▁gain ▁control ▁of ▁it , ▁including ▁any ▁abilities ▁it ▁may ▁have . ▁If ▁the ▁mon key ▁takes ▁too ▁much ▁damage , ▁they ▁will ▁lose ▁control ▁of ▁it . ▁The ▁aim ▁is ▁to ▁utilize ▁the ▁mon keys ' ▁abilities ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁level ▁safely . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁site ▁for ▁Sar u ▁Sar u ▁D ais ak us en ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁video ▁games ▁Category : A pe ▁E scape ▁games ▁Category : J apan - ex clusive ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Play Station ▁Port able ▁games ▁Category : Play Station ▁Port able |
- only ▁games ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁developed ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : F iction ▁about ▁size ▁change ▁Category : S ony ▁Inter active ▁Entertainment ▁games <0x0A> </s> ▁Saint ▁Cec ilia ' s ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁parish ▁church ▁in ▁the ▁Di oc ese ▁of ▁Brooklyn ▁located ▁at ▁North ▁Henry ▁and ▁Herbert ▁streets , ▁Green point , ▁Brooklyn , ▁New ▁York . ▁It ▁is ▁named ▁for ▁Saint ▁Cec ilia , ▁the ▁patron ▁saint ▁of ▁music . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁contributing ▁building ▁in ▁the ▁Green point ▁Historic ▁District , ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁Church ▁ ▁The ▁former ▁church ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 1 . ▁Later ▁the ▁former ▁structure ▁was ▁placed ▁beside ▁the ▁new ▁church ▁and ▁converted ▁to ▁a ▁ly ce um / g ym nas ium . ▁The ▁current ▁church ▁was ▁constructed ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁based ▁on ▁plans ▁supplied ▁by ▁architect ▁Thomas ▁Henry ▁Po ole ▁and ▁was ▁so lem n ly ▁con sec rated ▁ 1 9 0 1 . ▁The ▁outer ▁stone ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁construction ▁is ▁lim estone , ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁originally ▁utilized ▁by ▁St . ▁Patrick ' s ▁Cat hedral ▁of ▁Manhattan . ▁It ▁is ▁most ▁notable ▁for ▁its ▁ill um inated ▁bell ▁tower ▁with ▁copper ▁roof , ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁from ▁the ▁north bound ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁nearby ▁Brooklyn - Que ens ▁Express way . ▁ ▁The ▁church ▁seats ▁over ▁ 8 0 0 ▁people . ▁ ▁The |
▁church ▁property ▁consists ▁of ▁a ▁school , ▁the ▁church , ▁a ▁chap el , ▁the ▁rect ory , ▁a ▁convent , ▁a ▁brothers ' ▁house , ▁a ▁gym nas ium ▁and ▁priest ▁housing . ▁ ▁The ▁school ▁celebrated ▁its ▁cent ennial ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Saint ▁Cec ilia ' s ▁chap el ▁was ▁formerly ▁a ▁bapt ism al ▁area , ▁but ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁V atic an ' s ▁reform ed ▁rules ▁to ▁bring ▁bapt isms ▁closer ▁to ▁the ▁church ▁community , ▁the ▁bapt ism al ▁font ▁was ▁moved ▁to ▁within ▁the ▁church . ▁ ▁Not able ▁Services ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁funeral ▁service ▁for ▁dece ased ▁Fire fig h ter ▁Daniel ▁P uj d ak ▁were ▁conducted ▁at ▁the ▁church . ▁ ▁Th ous ands ▁of ▁people , ▁mostly ▁fire men , ▁attended . ▁Not ables ▁included ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Mayor ▁Michael ▁Bloom berg , ▁Fire ▁Commission er ▁Nicholas ▁Sc op pet ta , ▁and ▁City ▁Council ▁Spe aker ▁Christ ine ▁Quinn . ▁ ▁The ▁funeral ▁service ▁was ▁covered ▁extens ively ▁by ▁the ▁press . ▁ ▁Past ors ▁ ▁Not able ▁past ors ▁were ▁Mons ign ors ▁Edward ▁J . Mc G ol rick , ▁Joseph ▁J . ▁Reagan , ▁Park s , ▁and ▁O ' To ole . ▁ ▁Rest oration ▁ ▁Saint ▁Cec ilia ' s ▁under w ent ▁a ▁restoration ▁project ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁ ▁The ▁church ▁was ▁restored |
▁to ▁its ▁former ▁paint ▁scheme . ▁ ▁The ▁project ▁was ▁directed ▁by ▁Ms gr . ▁Joseph ▁Park s . ▁ ▁The ▁artists ▁who ▁worked ▁on ▁the ▁church ▁came ▁from ▁Italy . ▁ ▁Saint ▁Cec ilia ' s ▁has ▁a ▁painting ▁of ▁Saint ▁Cec ilia . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁paintings ▁on ▁the ▁walls ▁are ▁" three - dimensional " ▁using ▁slight ▁cre v ices ▁and ▁" bum ps " ▁to ▁mark ▁out ▁the ▁painting ▁of ▁Saint ▁Cec ilia . ▁All ▁around ▁the ▁church ▁is ▁" three - dimensional " ▁Mar ble ▁transl ations ▁of ▁the ▁Cru c if ix ion ▁of ▁Jesus . ▁The ▁st ained - glass ▁windows ▁within ▁the ▁church ▁have ▁scenes ▁of ▁Saint ▁Cec ilia ▁playing ▁the ▁piano ▁to ▁the ▁Sac red ▁Heart ▁of ▁Jesus ▁Christ ▁and ▁many ▁more ▁religious ▁scenes . ▁ ▁Saint ▁Cec ilia ' s ▁School ▁ ▁Saint ▁Cec ilia ' s ▁School ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁under ▁the ▁guidance ▁of ▁Mons ign or ▁McG old rick . ▁The ▁school ▁was ▁among ▁the ▁largest ▁par och ial ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 4 0 s . ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁school ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁Sister ▁Mir iam , ▁S . J ▁who ▁left ▁her ▁mark ▁as ▁a ▁legendary ▁educ ator ▁and ▁administr ator . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 0 s , ▁the ▁school ▁fell ▁on ▁hard |
▁times ▁like ▁many ▁other ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁elementary ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁NY C ▁area . ▁With ▁only ▁ 1 0 7 ▁students ▁registered ▁for ▁the ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁session , ▁combined ▁with ▁a ▁six ▁figure ▁debt , ▁Rev . ▁James ▁K ris che ▁had ▁no ▁choice ▁but ▁to ▁close ▁the ▁school . ▁St . ▁Cec ilia ' s ▁school ▁served ▁the ▁community ▁for ▁ 1 0 1 ▁years , ▁so ▁its ▁closing ▁caused ▁conflict ▁and ▁sad ness ▁in ▁the ▁parish ▁community . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁a ▁developer ▁signed ▁a ▁ 4 9 - year ▁lease ▁to ▁convert ▁the ▁old ▁school ▁building ▁to ▁residential ▁apartments . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁site ▁ ▁Category : R oman ▁Catholic ▁churches ▁in ▁Brooklyn ▁Category : Th omas ▁Henry ▁Po ole ▁buildings ▁Category : Ch urches ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁church ▁buildings ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : G oth ic ▁Rev ival ▁church ▁buildings ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : Green point , ▁Brooklyn ▁Category : R oman ▁Catholic ▁Di oc ese ▁of ▁Brooklyn <0x0A> </s> ▁Rod ▁B rent ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁Australian ▁tennis ▁player ▁who ▁was ▁active ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁He ▁used ▁to ▁teach ▁tennis ▁at ▁Cl iff ▁Street ▁R ac quet ▁Club ▁in ▁New ▁Roc hel le . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Austral ian ▁male ▁tennis |
▁players ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Gr and ▁Sl am ▁( ten nis ) ▁champions ▁in ▁boys ' ▁dou bles ▁Category : Austral ian ▁Championships ▁( ten nis ) ▁junior ▁champions <0x0A> </s> ▁Ac acia ▁drum mond ii , ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁Dr um mond ' s ▁w attle , ▁is ▁a ▁per ennial ▁shr ub ▁end emic ▁to ▁Western ▁Australia . ▁ ▁Description ▁The ▁ere ct ▁and ▁compact ▁shr ub ▁typically ▁grows ▁to ▁a ▁height ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁to ▁a ▁similar ▁width . ▁The ▁branches ▁are ▁thin ▁and ▁redd ish ▁and ▁appear ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁ground . ▁It ▁has ▁mid - green ▁to ▁slightly ▁bl u ish ▁green ▁or nament al ▁fol i age . ▁The ▁leaves ▁face ▁upward ▁from ▁the ▁stem ▁and ▁are ▁well ▁divided ▁but ▁not ▁fe ath ery ▁with ▁a ▁length ▁of ▁around ▁. ▁It ▁blo oms ▁between ▁June ▁and ▁October ▁producing ▁inf lo resc ences ▁with ▁yellow ▁flowers . ▁A ▁single ▁flowers pi ke ▁forms ▁per ▁ax il , ▁the ▁sp ikes ▁are ▁ ▁in ▁length ▁with ▁a ▁soft ▁appearance ▁with ▁clear ▁can ary ▁yellow ▁scent less ▁flowers . ▁ ▁Tax onomy ▁The ▁species ▁was ▁first ▁formally ▁described ▁by ▁the ▁bot an ist ▁John ▁Lind ley ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 9 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁work ▁A ▁Sk etch ▁of ▁the ▁Ve get ation ▁of ▁the ▁Sw an ▁River ▁Col ony . ▁It |
▁was ▁re class ified ▁by ▁Les lie ▁Ped ley ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁as ▁R ac os per ma ▁drum mond ii ▁then ▁transferred ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁genus ▁Ac acia ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁species ▁name ▁hon ours ▁James ▁Dr um mond , ▁the ▁Government ▁Natural ist ▁of ▁the ▁Sw an ▁River ▁Col ony . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁dis j unct ▁distribution ▁extending ▁north ▁from ▁the ▁Whe at b elt ▁region ▁south ▁to ▁the ▁Great ▁Southern ▁region ▁around ▁Alb any . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁habitat ▁including ▁among ▁gran ite ▁out cro ps , ▁in ▁g ull ies ▁and ▁low ▁lying ▁areas ▁and ▁on ▁hills ides ▁and ▁grows ▁well ▁in ▁sand y ▁and ▁gr avel ly ▁so ils ▁often ▁around ▁later ite . ▁It ▁often ▁forms ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁under store y ▁in ▁the ▁forests ▁and ▁wood land ▁communities . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Ac acia ▁species ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁drum mond ii ▁Category : R os ids ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia ▁Category : T rees ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : F ab ales ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : Pl ants ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁Speed way ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁of ▁Austria ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁race ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁Speed way ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁season . ▁It ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁June ▁in ▁the ▁Ö AM TC ▁Zwe ig vere in ▁Stadium ▁in ▁Wi ener ▁Ne ust |
adt , ▁Austria . ▁ ▁Starting ▁positions ▁draw ▁▁ ▁The ▁Speed way ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁Commission ▁nominated ▁Franz ▁Le it ner ▁as ▁Wild ▁Card . ▁Josh ▁Lars en ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁Peter ▁Karl sson . ▁Draw ▁ 1 8 . ▁ ▁( 9 ) ▁Josh ▁Lars en ▁→ ▁ ▁( 1 9 ) ▁Peter ▁Karl sson ▁ ▁Heat ▁details ▁ ▁The ▁intermediate ▁classification ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Speed way ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁of ▁Austria ▁ ▁Speed way ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Speed way ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁r iders ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁F IM - live . com ▁ ▁Speed way World . tv ▁ ▁Speed way ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁of ▁Austria ▁A ▁ 1 9 9 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁saw ed - off ▁shot gun ▁( also ▁called ▁a ▁sa wn - off ▁shot gun ▁and ▁a ▁short - bar re led ▁shot gun ) ▁is ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁shot gun ▁with ▁a ▁shorter ▁gun ▁barrel — typ ically ▁under ▁ 1 8 ▁inches — and ▁often ▁a ▁short ened ▁or ▁absent ▁stock . ▁Despite ▁the ▁col lo qu ial ▁term , ▁barrel s ▁do ▁not , ▁strictly ▁speaking , ▁have ▁to ▁be ▁short ened ▁with ▁a ▁saw . ▁Bar rel s ▁can ▁be ▁manufactured ▁at ▁shorter ▁lengths ▁as ▁an ▁alternative ▁to ▁traditional , ▁longer ▁barrel s . ▁This ▁makes ▁them ▁easier ▁to ▁transport ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁smaller ▁profile ▁and ▁lighter ▁weight . ▁The ▁design ▁also ▁makes ▁the ▁weapon ▁easy ▁to ▁man eu ver ▁in ▁cr amped ▁spaces , ▁a |
▁feature ▁sought ▁by ▁military ▁close - quarters ▁combat ▁units , ▁law ▁enforcement ▁SW AT ▁team ▁users , ▁and ▁home - def ense ▁purposes . ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁shorter ▁barrel ▁length , ▁any ▁saw ed - off ▁shot gun ▁with ▁a ▁magazine ▁tube ▁will ▁have ▁its ▁capacity ▁reduced . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁Britain ▁and ▁Canada ▁mand ated ▁that ▁a ▁permit ▁be ▁required ▁to ▁own ▁these ▁fire arms . ▁They ▁are ▁subject ▁to ▁legal ▁restrictions ▁depending ▁upon ▁juris diction . ▁They ▁are ▁used ▁by ▁military ▁forces ▁and ▁police ▁agencies ▁worldwide . ▁ ▁Description ▁Comp ared ▁to ▁a ▁standard ▁shot gun , ▁the ▁sa wn - off ▁shot gun ▁has ▁a ▁shorter ▁effective ▁range , ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁lower ▁m uzz le ▁velocity ; ▁however , ▁its ▁reduced ▁length ▁makes ▁it ▁easier ▁to ▁man eu ver ▁and ▁conce al . ▁Power ful ▁and ▁compact , ▁the ▁weapon ▁is ▁especially ▁suitable ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁small ▁spaces , ▁such ▁as ▁close - quarters ▁combat ▁in ▁a ▁military ▁context . ▁Military ▁vehicle ▁cre ws ▁use ▁short - bar re led ▁combat ▁shot gun s ▁as ▁anc ill ary ▁weapons . ▁In ▁urban ▁combat ▁zones , ▁military ▁entry ▁teams ▁often ▁use ▁entry ▁shot gun s ▁when ▁bre aching ▁and ▁entering ▁door ways . ▁ ▁To ▁make ▁shot gun s ▁less ▁conce al able , ▁many ▁juris dict ions ▁have ▁a ▁minimum ▁legal ▁length ▁for ▁shot gun ▁barrel s ▁to ▁make ▁conce al able ▁shot gun s ▁un |
available ▁for ▁criminal ▁purposes . ▁Many ▁gun ▁m akers ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁have ▁not ▁offered ▁saw ed - off ▁shot gun s ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁since ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁when ▁shot gun s ▁with ▁barrel ▁lengths ▁of ▁under ▁ 1 8 ▁inches ▁were ▁restricted , ▁although ▁they ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁sold . ▁To ▁ab ide ▁by ▁N FA ▁regulations , ▁anyone ▁may ▁complete ▁a ▁Form 1 ▁" making " ▁form , ▁and ▁purchase ▁and ▁have ▁approved ▁the ▁US $ 2 0 0 ▁tax ▁stamp ▁for ▁the ▁shot gun ▁in ▁question , ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁legally ▁reduce ▁its ▁barrel ▁length ▁to ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 8 ▁inches ▁by ▁cutting ▁the ▁barrel ▁or ▁replacing ▁it ▁with ▁a ▁shorter ▁one . ▁ ▁A ▁saw ed - off ▁shot gun ▁is ▁often ▁an ▁un off icial ▁modification ▁of ▁a ▁standard ▁shot gun . ▁In ▁countries ▁where ▁hand gun s ▁are ▁more ▁cost ly ▁or ▁difficult ▁to ▁obtain , ▁crim inals ▁can ▁convert ▁legally ▁purchased ▁or ▁stolen ▁shot gun s ▁into ▁conce al able ▁weapons . ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁is ▁often ▁applied ▁to ▁illegal ▁weapons ▁that ▁are ▁created ▁by ▁cutting ▁off ▁the ▁barrel ▁of ▁a ▁standard ▁shot gun . ▁The ▁barrel ▁of ▁a ▁shot gun ▁without ▁a ▁tube ▁magazine ▁can ▁be ▁cut ▁to ▁any ▁length ; ▁pump - action ▁or ▁semi - autom atic ▁shot gun s ▁usually ▁have ▁a ▁tube ▁magazine ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁unders ide ▁of ▁the ▁barrel ▁which ▁limits ▁the ▁practical ▁minimum ▁barrel ▁length ▁to ▁about ▁the ▁length |
▁of ▁the ▁magazine ▁tube , ▁unless ▁it ▁also ▁is ▁modified , ▁technically ▁much ▁more ▁challenging ▁than ▁short ening ▁the ▁barrel . ▁Re pe ating - fire ▁shot gun s ▁with ▁box ▁magazines ▁do ▁not ▁lose ▁shell ▁capacity ▁when ▁saw ed ▁off , ▁but ▁they ▁are ▁far ▁less ▁common ▁than ▁those ▁with ▁tub ular ▁magazines . ▁Sh ot gun s ▁manufactured ▁with ▁barrel s ▁under ▁the ▁legal ▁minimum ▁length ▁frequently ▁fall ▁into ▁special ▁categories . ▁ ▁Legal ▁restrictions ▁ ▁Many ▁nations ▁have ▁placed ▁legal ▁restrictions ▁on ▁saw ed - off ▁shot gun s . ▁The ▁following ▁are ▁the ▁restrictions ▁for ▁specific ▁nations . ▁Although ▁not ▁listed ▁here , ▁they ▁are ▁also ▁subject ▁to ▁laws ▁governing ▁guns ▁in ▁general . ▁ ▁Australia ▁In ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Victoria ▁a ▁shot gun ▁may ▁not ▁have ▁its ▁barrel ▁short ened ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁change ▁the ▁category ▁under ▁which ▁that ▁shot gun ▁would ▁be ▁classified . ▁In ▁some ▁states , ▁any ▁alter ation ▁to ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁barrel ▁requires ▁permission ▁from ▁the ▁Chief ▁Commission er ▁of ▁Police . ▁ ▁Canada ▁Short - bar re led , ▁manually ▁operated ▁shot gun s ▁( non - se mi - autom at ics ) ▁are ▁non - re str icted ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁the ▁barrel ▁remains ▁un modified ▁from ▁the ▁original ▁factory ▁length . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁legal ▁minimum ▁for ▁shot gun ▁barrel s ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁they ▁are ▁not ▁hand gun s ; ▁shot gun s ▁with ▁barrel s ▁as ▁short ▁as ▁ 8 . 5 ▁inches ▁are ▁available ▁in |
▁Canada . ▁ ▁The ▁act ▁of ▁reducing ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁barrel ▁of ▁a ▁shot gun ▁to ▁less ▁than ▁ 4 5 7 mm ▁( 1 8 ▁inches ) ▁by ▁saw ing , ▁cutting , ▁or ▁" other wise ", ▁by ▁anyone ▁other ▁than ▁a ▁recognized ▁gun ▁manufacturer , ▁is ▁prohib ited . ▁ ▁Czech ▁Republic ▁Short - bar re led ▁shot gun s ▁are ▁univers ally ▁category ▁B ▁weapons ▁and ▁therefore ▁require ▁a ▁shall ▁issue ▁permit ▁and ▁Gun ▁license ▁( z bro j ní ▁pr ů k az ), ▁including ▁the ▁self ▁defense ▁category . ▁ ▁Germany ▁In ▁Germany , ▁the ▁possession ▁of ▁a ▁saw ed - off ▁shot gun ▁is ▁legal ▁with ▁a ▁fire arms ▁license ▁( W aff en bes itz kar te ), ▁just ▁like ▁any ▁other ▁fire arm . ▁Rest rict ions ▁only ▁apply ▁to ▁pump - action ▁shot gun s , ▁which ▁require ▁a ▁minimum ▁barrel ▁length ▁of ▁ 4 5 cm ▁and ▁a ▁minimum ▁overall ▁length ▁of ▁ 9 0 cm ▁to ▁be ▁legal . ▁Other ▁shot gun s ▁may ▁be ▁of ▁any ▁length . ▁If ▁the ▁barrel ▁length ▁is ▁less ▁than ▁ 3 0 cm ▁or ▁the ▁overall ▁length ▁is ▁less ▁than ▁ 6 0 cm , ▁the ▁fire arm ▁is ▁considered ▁a ▁hand gun , ▁and ▁treated ▁accordingly ▁under ▁the ▁law . ▁ ▁Ireland ▁Short ening ▁the ▁barrel ▁of ▁a ▁shot gun ▁or ▁rifle ▁results ▁in ▁a ▁presum pt ive ▁five - year ▁minimum ▁sentence ▁of ▁imprison ment ▁upon |
▁conviction ▁for ▁a ▁first ▁off ence , ▁and ▁a ▁mandatory ▁five - year ▁sentence ▁for ▁second ▁or ▁subsequent ▁off ences . ▁ ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Within ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁side - by - side , ▁over - under , ▁bolt - action ▁and ▁lever - action ▁shot gun s ▁are ▁required ▁to ▁conform ▁to ▁the ▁spec ification ▁of ▁a ▁ 2 4 - inch ▁minimum ▁barrel ▁length ▁if ▁held ▁on ▁a ▁shot gun ▁certificate . ▁If ▁held ▁on ▁a ▁fire arms ▁certificate , ▁the ▁applic ant ▁having ▁demonstrated ▁' good ▁reason ' ▁for ▁possession , ▁they ▁must ▁comply ▁with ▁the ▁standard ▁configuration ▁of ▁ 1 2 - inch ▁minimum ▁barrel ▁length , ▁ 2 4 - inch ▁minimum ▁overall ▁length , ▁in ▁common ▁with ▁other ▁Section ▁ 1 ▁fire arms . ▁ ▁Sh ot gun s ▁held ▁on ▁a ▁shot gun ▁certificate ▁must ▁either ▁have ▁no ▁magazine , ▁or ▁a ▁non - rem ov able ▁magazine ▁capable ▁of ▁holding ▁no ▁more ▁than ▁two ▁rounds . ▁Sh ot gun s ▁held ▁on ▁fire arms ▁cert ificates ▁are ▁not ▁subject ▁to ▁any ▁magazine ▁restrictions . ▁ ▁Sem i - autom atic ▁and ▁pump - action ▁shot gun s , ▁whether ▁held ▁on ▁shot gun ▁or ▁fire arms ▁cert ificates , ▁are ▁always ▁required ▁to ▁comply ▁with ▁the ▁spec ification ▁of ▁ 2 4 - inch ▁minimum ▁barrel ▁length , ▁ 4 0 - inch ▁minimum ▁overall ▁length . ▁ ▁M uzz le loading ▁fire arms ▁held ▁on ▁fire arms ▁cert ificates ▁are ▁ex empt ▁from |
▁any ▁restrictions ▁on ▁barrel ▁and ▁overall ▁length . ▁A ▁smooth b ore ▁m uzz le loader ▁held ▁on ▁a ▁shot gun ▁certificate ▁would ▁be ▁subject ▁to ▁the ▁standard ▁ 2 4 - inch ▁minimum ▁barrel ▁length ▁spec ification . ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁Under ▁the ▁National ▁Fire arms ▁Act ▁( N FA ), ▁it ▁is ▁illegal ▁for ▁a ▁private ▁citizen ▁to ▁possess ▁a ▁saw ed - off ▁modern ▁sm ok eless ▁powder ▁shot gun ▁( a ▁shot gun ▁with ▁a ▁barrel ▁length ▁shorter ▁than ▁ ▁or ▁a ▁minimum ▁overall ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁weapon , ▁total , ▁including ▁the ▁ 1 8 - inch ▁minimum ▁barrel , ▁of ▁under ▁) ▁( under ▁U . S . C . ▁Title ▁II ), ▁without ▁a ▁tax - paid ▁registration ▁from ▁the ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Al cohol , ▁Tob acco , ▁Fire arms ▁and ▁Expl os ives , ▁requiring ▁a ▁background ▁check ▁and ▁either ▁a ▁$ 2 0 0 ▁or ▁$ 5 ▁tax ▁for ▁every ▁transfer , ▁depending ▁upon ▁the ▁specific ▁manufacturing ▁circumstances ▁of ▁the ▁particular ▁saw ed - off ▁modern ▁shot gun ▁being ▁transferred . ▁Gun ▁trust s ▁have ▁become ▁an ▁increasingly ▁popular ▁means ▁of ▁register ing ▁S BS s ▁with ▁the ▁B AT FE . ▁ ▁Short - bar re led ▁m uzz le loading ▁black pow der ▁shot gun s ▁are ▁not ▁illegal ▁under ▁federal ▁law , ▁and ▁require ▁no ▁tax - st amped ▁permit , ▁although ▁they ▁may ▁be ▁illegal ▁under ▁state ▁law . ▁As ▁with ▁all ▁N FA ▁reg ulated ▁fire arms , ▁a |
▁new ▁tax ▁stamp ▁must ▁be ▁purchased ▁before ▁every ▁transfer . ▁Inter - state ▁trans fers ▁must ▁be ▁facil itated ▁through ▁a ▁Federal ▁Fire arms ▁License e ▁( FF L ) ▁while ▁intr ast ate ▁trans fers ▁may ▁be ▁between ▁two ▁persons . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁US , ▁shot gun s ▁originally ▁manufactured ▁without ▁shoulder ▁stocks ▁( and ▁thus ▁not ▁legally ▁shot gun s ), ▁with ▁a ▁total ▁length ▁under ▁ 2 6 ▁inches , ▁are ▁classified ▁as ▁an ▁" Any ▁Other ▁We apon " ▁by ▁the ▁B AT FE ▁and ▁have ▁a ▁$ 5 ▁transfer ▁tax , ▁if ▁they ▁are ▁manufactured ▁by ▁a ▁maker ▁possess ing ▁the ▁appropriate ▁Class ▁ 2 ▁Special ▁Occ up ational ▁Tax p ayer ▁Federal ▁Fire arms ▁License . ▁ ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁convert ▁an ▁existing ▁shoulder - st ocked ▁shot gun ▁to ▁a ▁short - bar re led ▁shot gun ▁or ▁an ▁existing ▁pistol - g rip - only ▁shot gun ▁to ▁an ▁" Any ▁Other ▁We apon ", ▁a ▁private ▁citizen ▁must ▁pay ▁the ▁standard ▁$ 2 0 0 ▁N FA ▁tax . ▁ ▁Other ▁ ▁Additional ▁restrictions ▁might ▁apply ▁in ▁many ▁other ▁juris dict ions . ▁State ▁and ▁local ▁laws ▁might ▁entirely ▁prohib it ▁civilian ▁possession ▁of ▁short - bar rell ed ▁shot gun s . ▁In ▁addition , ▁some ▁fire arm ▁types ▁that ▁would ▁normally ▁be ▁considered ▁to ▁fall ▁into ▁the ▁Short ▁Bar rel ▁Sh ot gun ▁( S BS ) ▁category ▁might ▁not ▁legally ▁be ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁S BS . ▁A ▁shot |
gun ▁is ▁legally ▁defined ▁as ▁a ▁shoulder - mount ed ▁fire arm ▁that ▁fires ▁shot . ▁Sh ot gun s ▁and ▁shot gun ▁rece ivers ▁that ▁have ▁never ▁had ▁a ▁butt stock ▁of ▁any ▁type ▁installed ▁are ▁not ▁shot gun s , ▁as ▁they ▁cannot ▁be ▁shoulder ▁mounted . ▁Therefore , ▁cutting ▁one ▁of ▁these ▁below ▁the ▁ 1 8 " ▁barrel ▁and / or ▁ 2 6 " ▁overall ▁length ▁cannot ▁produce ▁a ▁S BS ▁as ▁the ▁fire arm ▁was ▁never ▁a ▁shot gun . ▁The ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Al cohol , ▁Tob acco , ▁Fire arms ▁& ▁Expl os ives ▁recogn izes ▁these ▁fire arms ▁as ▁being ▁a ▁smooth ▁bore ▁hand gun ▁which ▁is ▁an ▁Any ▁Other ▁We apon ▁( A O W ). ▁Unlike ▁an ▁S BS , ▁an ▁A O W ▁only ▁carries ▁a ▁$ 5 . 0 0 ▁tax ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁moved ▁inter state ▁without ▁Federal ▁approval . ▁To ▁maintain ▁its ▁A O W ▁status , ▁it ▁must ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁butt stock ▁( making ▁it ▁a ▁S BS ) ▁or ▁a ▁rif led ▁sl ug ▁barrel ▁( making ▁it ▁a ▁Dest ruct ive ▁Device ▁( DD ) ▁if ▁the ▁bore ▁is ▁over ▁ 0 . 5 "). ▁Fire arms ▁of ▁this ▁type ▁are ▁typically ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁years ▁old . ▁These ▁weapons ▁produced ▁with ▁a ▁barrel ▁length ▁under ▁ 1 8 " ▁are ▁not ▁considered ▁saw ed - off ▁shot gun s ▁because ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁produced ▁with ▁a ▁shoulder ▁butt stock . ▁We ap |
ons ▁with ▁these ▁specific ations ▁fall ▁under ▁the ▁category ▁of ▁smooth ▁bore ▁hand gun s ▁produced ▁in ▁heavy ▁rifle ▁cal ib ers ▁and ▁ 1 2 / 2 0 ▁gauge ▁shot gun ▁cal ib ers , ▁contrary ▁to ▁illegal ▁sa wn - off ▁shot gun s ▁and ▁are ▁not ▁considered ▁destruct ive ▁devices . ▁ ▁Any ▁fire arms ▁capable ▁of ▁shooting ▁shot gun ▁style ▁car tr idges ▁produced ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 8 " ▁minimum ▁barrel ▁restrictions ▁were ▁set ▁into ▁place ▁are ▁considered ▁illegal ▁saw ed - off ▁shot gun s . ▁ ▁Police ▁and ▁military ▁use ▁ ▁Historical ▁military ▁use ▁of ▁saw ed - off ▁shot gun s ▁includes ▁use ▁as ▁a ▁primary ▁weapon ▁for ▁Confeder ate ▁caval ry ▁during ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁War . ▁ ▁These ▁m uzz le - loaded ▁weapons ▁were ▁used ▁primarily ▁for ▁close - range ▁combat ▁and ▁to ▁supplement ▁the ▁availability ▁of ▁more ▁traditional ▁short - r anged ▁weapons ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁sab er ▁or ▁carb ine . ▁ ▁The ▁availability ▁of ▁the ▁source ▁weapons ▁and ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁use ▁single ▁ball , ▁shot , ▁or ▁a ▁mix ▁of ▁both ▁as ▁the ▁situation ▁required ▁were ▁reasons ▁why ▁they ▁were ▁initially ▁desired ▁by ▁those ▁establishing ▁Confeder ate ▁caval ry ▁units . ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁replaced ▁over ▁time ▁as ▁more ▁conventional ▁arms ▁became ▁available ▁and ▁as ▁the ▁tact ical ▁use ▁of ▁caval ry ▁shifted ▁towards ▁use ▁as ▁mounted ▁inf antry . ▁ ▁In ▁modern ▁usage , ▁minimum ▁length ▁and ▁barrel ▁length ▁restrictions ▁only ▁apply ▁to ▁civilian ▁use ; ▁military |
▁and ▁police ▁departments ▁may ▁issue ▁short - bar re led ▁shot gun s , ▁and ▁major ▁manufacturers ▁offer ▁special ▁models ▁with ▁barrel s ▁in ▁the ▁range ▁of ▁ ▁as ▁ri ot ▁shot gun s ▁or ▁combat ▁shot gun s ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁areas ▁with ▁restricted ▁space . ▁These ▁are ▁generally ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" entry ▁shot gun s ", ▁because ▁they ▁are ▁often ▁used ▁for ▁forcing ▁entry ▁into ▁buildings , ▁where ▁the ▁short ▁easy ▁handling ▁is ▁more ▁important ▁than ▁the ▁increased ▁am mun ition ▁capacity ▁of ▁a ▁longer ▁shot gun . ▁Bre aching ▁rounds ▁provide ▁another ▁use ▁for ▁very ▁short ▁shot gun s . ▁These ▁rounds ▁are ▁usually ▁made ▁of ▁s inter ed ▁powder ed ▁metal , ▁but ▁a ▁normal ▁buck shot ▁or ▁bird ▁shot ▁round ▁will ▁also ▁work . ▁A ▁shot gun ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁bre aching ▁by ▁placing ▁the ▁gun ▁next ▁to ▁a ▁door ▁lock ▁( 0 ▁to ▁ 2 ▁inches ▁away , ▁ 0 ▁to ▁ 5 cm ), ▁and ▁firing ▁at ▁a ▁ 4 5 ▁degrees ▁down ward ▁angle ▁through ▁the ▁door ▁between ▁the ▁lock ▁or ▁l atch ▁and ▁the ▁door ▁frame . ▁The ▁impact ▁of ▁the ▁project ile ( s ) ▁opens ▁a ▁hole ▁through ▁the ▁door , ▁removing ▁the ▁l atch ▁or ▁lock ing ▁bolt . ▁When ▁through ▁the ▁door , ▁the ▁shot ▁or ▁s inter ed ▁metal ▁dispers es ▁quickly , ▁and ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁aimed ▁down wards , ▁the ▁risk ▁of ▁harm ing ▁occup ants ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁bre ached ▁door |
▁is ▁minim ized . ▁Bre aching ▁guns ▁used ▁by ▁police ▁and ▁the ▁military ▁may ▁have ▁barrel s ▁as ▁short ▁as ▁, ▁and ▁they ▁often ▁have ▁only ▁a ▁pistol ▁grip ▁rather ▁than ▁a ▁full ▁butt ▁stock . ▁Some ▁models ▁use ▁a ▁special ▁cup - like ▁m uzz le ▁extension ▁to ▁further ▁minimize ▁the ▁risk ▁of ▁debris ▁inj uring ▁the ▁shoot er . ▁Because ▁few ▁rounds ▁are ▁fired , ▁any ▁sport ing ▁shot gun ▁with ▁a ▁ 3 - round ▁capacity ▁could ▁be ▁short ened ▁and ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁capable ▁bre aching ▁shot gun . ▁ ▁Bar rel ▁length ▁and ▁shot ▁spread ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁common ▁mis con ception ▁that ▁short ening ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁a ▁shot gun ▁barrel ▁itself ▁significantly ▁affects ▁the ▁pattern ▁or ▁spread ▁of ▁the ▁pel lets ; ▁this ▁is ▁not ▁true ▁until ▁barrel ▁length ▁is ▁decre ased ▁to ▁under ▁ 5 0 % ▁of ▁a ▁typical ▁barrel ▁length . ▁ ▁A ▁standard - length ▁barrel ▁( e . g ., ▁ 2 8 ▁inches ) ▁is ▁this ▁long ▁to ▁move ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁gravity ▁of ▁the ▁weapon ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁body ▁and ▁give ▁it ▁an ▁er g onom ic ▁he ft , ▁and ▁in ▁order ▁for ▁the ▁barrel ▁to ▁extend ▁out ▁into ▁the ▁shoot er ' s ▁field ▁of ▁vision ▁right ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁target , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁weapon ▁safer , ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁ ▁difficult ▁to ▁in ad vert ently ▁point ▁a ▁long ▁gun ▁at ▁one ' s ▁own ▁body . ▁The ▁pattern ▁is ▁primarily ▁affected |
▁by ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁car tr idge ▁fired ▁and ▁the ▁cho ke , ▁or ▁constr iction ▁normally ▁found ▁at ▁the ▁m uzz le ▁of ▁a ▁shot gun ▁barrel . ▁ ▁The ▁primary ▁reason ▁that ▁the ▁pattern ▁is ▁altered ▁is ▁because ▁cutting ▁off ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁barrel ▁rem oves ▁the ▁cho ke , ▁which ▁generally ▁only ▁extends ▁about ▁two ▁inches ▁( 5 cm ) ▁in ward ▁from ▁the ▁m uzz le . ▁This ▁results ▁in ▁a ▁cyl inder ▁bore , ▁which ▁causes ▁the ▁wid est ▁spread ▁generally ▁found ▁in ▁shot gun ▁barrel s . ▁ ▁( See ▁cho ke ▁for ▁more ▁information ▁on ▁the ▁impact ▁of ▁ch okes . ▁See ▁shot gun ▁shell ▁for ▁information ▁on ▁spread er ▁loads .) ▁See ▁details ▁on ▁shot ▁pat ter ning . ▁However , ▁many ▁qualified ▁gun smith s ▁can ▁re - t ap ▁and ▁re install ▁the ▁cho ke ▁in ▁the ▁short ened ▁barrel . ▁ ▁Civil ian ▁usage ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁Australia , ▁Canada ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand , ▁where ▁hand gun s ▁are ▁not ▁easily ▁obtain able , ▁the ▁sa wn - off ▁shot gun ▁was ▁a ▁common ▁weapon ▁in ▁armed ▁rob ber ies ▁during ▁and ▁shortly ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁this ▁use ▁that ▁most ▁people ▁associate ▁with ▁the ▁weapon . ▁ ▁A ▁sa wn - off ▁shot gun ▁with ▁exposed , ▁manually ▁c ocked ▁h amm ers ▁and ▁dual ▁tr iggers ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁l up ara ▁(" w olf - shot |
") ▁in ▁Italy ▁and , ▁while ▁associated ▁with ▁organized ▁crime , ▁was ▁originally ▁used ▁by ▁Sic il ian ▁farmers ▁and ▁she pher ds ▁to ▁protect ▁their ▁vine y ards ▁and ▁fl ocks ▁of ▁animals . ▁In ▁rural ▁areas ▁of ▁North ▁India , ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁weapon ▁of ▁authority ▁and ▁prest ige , ▁it ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁dun ali , ▁literally ▁meaning ▁" two ▁p ipes ". ▁It ▁is ▁especially ▁common ▁in ▁B ih ar , ▁Pur v anch al , ▁U tt ar ▁Pr adesh , ▁H ary ana ▁and ▁Pun j ab . ▁ ▁The ▁bank ▁rob ber ▁C ly de ▁Bar row ▁modified ▁his ▁Brow ning ▁A - 5 ▁shot gun ▁by ▁cutting ▁the ▁barrel ▁down ▁to ▁the ▁same ▁length ▁as ▁the ▁magazine ▁tube , ▁and ▁short ening ▁the ▁stock ▁by ▁ 5 ▁to ▁ 6 ▁inches ▁( 1 2 5 ▁to ▁ 1 5 0 mm ) ▁to ▁make ▁it ▁more ▁conce al able . ▁A ▁small , ▁ ▁str ap ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁both ▁ends ▁of ▁the ▁butt ▁of ▁the ▁gun , ▁and ▁was ▁loop ed ▁around ▁his ▁shoulder , ▁conce aling ▁the ▁gun ▁between ▁his ▁arm ▁and ▁chest ▁under ▁his ▁jacket ▁in ▁the ▁manner ▁of ▁a ▁shoulder ▁hol ster . ▁The ▁gun ▁was ▁drawn ▁up ▁quickly ▁and ▁fired ▁from ▁the ▁shoulder ▁under ▁which ▁it ▁was ▁carried . ▁Bar row ▁dub bed ▁it ▁the ▁" W hip pit ", ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁" wh ip ▁it " ▁out ▁easily . ▁ ▁The |
▁light ▁weight ▁of ▁short - bar re led ▁shot gun s , ▁particularly ▁in ▁configurations ▁that ▁lack ▁substantial ▁stocks , ▁leads ▁some ▁users ▁to ▁use ▁short ▁' min is hell s ' ▁with ▁lower ▁shot ▁and ▁powder ▁loading ▁for ▁comfortable ▁casual ▁use . ▁ ▁Der ived ▁uses ▁ ▁F amiliar ity ▁with ▁descriptions ▁and ▁images ▁of ▁saw ed - off ▁shot gun s ▁via ▁crime ▁reports ▁in ▁the ▁public ▁media ▁has ▁led ▁to ▁" s aw ed - off " ▁or ▁" sa wn - off " ▁being ▁used ▁sometimes ▁col lo qu ially ▁as ▁" small ▁or ▁stripped ▁version ▁of "; ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Sa wn - Off ▁D aim ler ▁( S OD ). ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Coach ▁Gun ▁K AC ▁Master key ▁M 2 6 ▁Mod ular ▁Access ory ▁Sh ot gun ▁System ▁Mar ble ▁Game ▁Get ter ▁Ser bu ▁Super - Short y ▁Short - bar re led ▁rifle ▁Title ▁II ▁weapons ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : Sh ot gun s <0x0A> </s> ▁A de le ▁Ar ak awa ▁( born ▁August ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 5 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁retired ▁American ▁evening ▁news ▁anchor ▁for ▁NBC ▁affiliate ▁station ▁K USA - TV ▁of ▁Denver , ▁Colorado . ▁As ▁of ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁she ▁provides ▁the ▁female ▁voice ▁of ▁the ▁airport ▁train ▁system ▁at ▁Denver ▁International ▁Airport . ▁She ▁retired ▁on ▁June ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁She ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁voice ▁of ▁Denver ’ s |
▁RT D ▁Light ▁Rail ▁trains , ▁announ cing ▁stations , ▁stops ▁and ▁dest inations . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁career ▁Ar ak awa ▁was ▁raised ▁in ▁Hawaii ▁and ▁later ▁east ▁Tennessee . ▁At ▁age ▁ 1 6 , ▁she ▁began ▁taking ▁college ▁courses ▁at ▁Tennessee ▁Tech ▁University ▁and ▁working ▁as ▁a ▁radio ▁disc ▁j ockey ▁in ▁her ▁hom et own ▁of ▁La ▁Fol lette , ▁Tennessee . ▁She ▁also ▁attended ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Tennessee . ▁Following ▁her ▁entry ▁into ▁radio , ▁she ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁radio ▁news ▁anchor ▁at ▁W Y SH ▁in ▁Clinton , ▁Tennessee ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁disc ▁j ockey ▁at ▁WR J Z ▁in ▁Kn ox ville , ▁Tennessee . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁Ar ak awa ▁made ▁the ▁transition ▁to ▁television ▁news , ▁working ▁at ▁W TV K ▁in ▁weather ▁in ▁Kn ox ville ▁where ▁she ▁began ▁using ▁her ▁mother ' s ▁maid en ▁name , ▁Ar ak awa , ▁at ▁the ▁suggestion ▁of ▁news ▁director ▁Hal ▁W an zer . ▁Two ▁years ▁later , ▁she ▁moved ▁to ▁R ale igh , ▁North ▁Carolina ▁to ▁co anchor ▁week day ▁evening ▁new sc asts ▁for ▁WR AL - TV ▁with ▁Charlie ▁G addy ▁and ▁we ath erman ▁Bob ▁Deb ard el aben . ▁Her ▁career ▁next ▁took ▁the ▁family ▁to ▁Chicago ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁where ▁she ▁again ▁anch ored ▁week day ▁evening ▁new sc asts , ▁this ▁time ▁for ▁CBS ▁affiliate ▁W BB M - TV . ▁Since ▁Christmas ▁Day ▁ 1 |
9 9 3 , ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁week day ▁evening ▁new sc ast ▁anchor ▁for ▁K USA - TV ▁in ▁Denver . ▁On ▁December ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁she ▁announced ▁her ▁retirement ▁after ▁ 4 0 ▁years ▁in ▁broadcast ing . ▁Her ▁last ▁day ▁was ▁June ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Ar ak awa ▁was ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Asian ▁American ▁Journal ists ▁Association ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁in ▁Chicago ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁both ▁the ▁Japanese ▁American ▁Cit iz ens ▁League ▁and ▁the ▁Japanese ▁American ▁Service ▁Committee . ▁ ▁Two ▁of ▁her ▁grand parents ▁were ▁from ▁Ok in awa , ▁Japan . ▁ ▁Awards ▁ 1 9 9 2 : ▁National ▁Award , ▁Asian ▁American ▁Iss ues ▁( Tele vision ), ▁Asian ▁American ▁Journal ists ▁Association ▁ 1 9 9 7 : ▁Best ▁News ▁An chor , ▁Heart land ▁Chapter , ▁National ▁Television ▁Academy ▁ 1 9 9 9 : ▁Best ▁News ▁An chor , ▁Heart land ▁Chapter , ▁National ▁Television ▁Academy ▁ 2 0 0 1 : ▁Out standing ▁Daily ▁New sc ast , ▁Mark ets ▁ 1 - 5 0 ▁( with ▁team ), ▁Heart land ▁Chapter , ▁National ▁Television ▁Academy ▁ ▁Best ▁Inter view ▁/ ▁Dis cussion ▁Program ▁( with ▁team ), ▁Heart land ▁Chapter , ▁National ▁Television ▁Academy ▁ 2 0 0 4 : ▁Best ▁News ▁An chor ▁( t ie ), ▁Heart land ▁Chapter , ▁National ▁Television ▁Academy ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : |
1 9 5 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : American ▁journalists ▁of ▁Japanese ▁descent ▁Category : Tele vision ▁anch ors ▁from ▁Denver ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : WR AL ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁La F ol lette , ▁Tennessee ▁Category : American ▁women ▁television ▁journalists <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁Penn ▁Qu akers ▁football ▁players ▁in ▁the ▁NFL ▁D raft . ▁ ▁Key ▁ ▁Se lections ▁ ▁Not able ▁und raft ed ▁players ▁Note : ▁No ▁draft s ▁held ▁before ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Penn ▁* <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Hand ley ▁Page ▁HP . 1 3 7 ▁Jet stream ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁twin - t urb op rop ▁a irl iner , ▁with ▁a ▁press ur ised ▁fus el age . ▁The ▁aircraft ▁was ▁designed ▁to ▁meet ▁the ▁requirements ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁comm uter ▁and ▁regional ▁air line ▁market . ▁The ▁design ▁was ▁later ▁improved ▁and ▁built ▁by ▁British ▁A eros pace ▁as ▁the ▁BA e ▁Jet stream ▁ 3 1 ▁and ▁BA e ▁Jet stream ▁ 3 2 , ▁featuring ▁different ▁turb op rop ▁engines . ▁ ▁Development ▁Hand ley ▁Page ▁was ▁in ▁an ▁awkward ▁position ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁wish ing ▁to ▁remain ▁independent ▁of ▁the ▁" big ▁two " ▁British ▁companies ▁( H aw ker ▁Sid de ley ▁and ▁the ▁British ▁Air craft ▁Corporation ), ▁but ▁without ▁the ▁money ▁needed ▁to ▁develop ▁a ▁large ▁new ▁a irl iner ▁that ▁would ▁keep ▁it ▁in ▁the ▁market |
. ▁After ▁studying ▁the ▁problem ▁it ▁decided ▁that ▁its ▁next ▁product ▁would ▁be ▁a ▁highly ▁competitive ▁small ▁a irl iner ▁instead , ▁filling ▁a ▁n iche ▁it ▁identified ▁for ▁a ▁ 1 2 – 1 8 ▁seat ▁high - speed ▁design . ▁American ▁sales man ▁and ▁modification ▁engineer ▁Jack ▁R iley ▁claimed ▁to ▁have ▁written ▁the ▁design ▁specific ations . ▁The ▁design ▁gar ner ed ▁intense ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁first ▁introduced , ▁and ▁an ▁order ▁for ▁ 2 0 ▁had ▁been ▁placed ▁even ▁before ▁the ▁drawings ▁were ▁complete . ▁Charles ▁Joy ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁design . ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁design ▁dates ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁as ▁a ▁ 1 2 - se at ▁( six ▁rows ▁with ▁a ▁centre ▁a isle ) ▁aircraft . ▁The ▁aircraft ▁was ▁a ▁low - wing , ▁high - tail ▁mon opl ane ▁of ▁conventional ▁layout . ▁Consider able ▁attention ▁was ▁paid ▁to ▁stream lin ing ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁improve ▁performance , ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁design ' s ▁more ▁distinctive ▁features , ▁a ▁long ▁nose ▁profile . ▁The ▁fus el age ▁had ▁a ▁circular ▁cross - section ▁to ▁ease ▁press ur isation , ▁allowing ▁much - h ig her - alt itude ▁flights ▁and ▁consequ ent ▁higher ▁speed ▁and ▁comfort ▁than ▁competing ▁un press ur ised ▁designs . ▁One ▁draw back ▁of ▁the ▁design ▁was ▁that ▁fus el age ▁was ▁so ▁small ▁in ▁cross - section ▁that ▁the ▁cabin ▁floor ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁" lower ed " ▁to |
▁allow ▁stand - up ▁passenger ▁entry ▁and ▁e gress ▁through ▁the ▁rear ▁door . ▁This ▁meant ▁that ▁the ▁main ▁sp ar ▁had ▁to ▁run ▁through ▁the ▁cabin , ▁causing ▁a ▁tri pping ▁haz ard . ▁ ▁Final ▁assembly ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁a ▁new ▁factory ▁at ▁the ▁Rad lett ▁aer od rome , ▁but ▁large ▁portions ▁of ▁the ▁structure ▁were ▁sub contract ed , ▁including ▁complete ▁wings ▁being ▁built ▁by ▁Scottish ▁A vi ation ▁at ▁Prest wick , ▁Scotland ▁and ▁the ▁tail ▁section ▁by ▁North west ▁Indust ries ▁of ▁Ed mont on , ▁Alber ta , ▁Canada . ▁The ▁original ▁design ▁used ▁T urb ome ca ▁Ast az ou ▁XIV ▁engines ▁of ▁approximately ▁ 8 4 0 hp ▁( 6 2 6 k W ), ▁and ▁flew ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁August ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁as ▁the ▁Jet stream ▁ 1 . ▁Throughout ▁the ▁test ▁program ▁the ▁engines ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁weak ▁point , ▁being ▁generally ▁under powered ▁for ▁the ▁design , ▁and ▁surprisingly ▁temper ament al ▁for ▁what ▁was ▁then ▁a ▁mature ▁and ▁widely ▁used ▁turb os ha ft ▁design . ▁Test ing ▁was ▁eventually ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁T urb om é ca ▁factory ▁air field ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁France , ▁both ▁to ▁allow ▁faster ▁turn around ▁with ▁engine ▁work , ▁and ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁improve ▁the ▁schedule ▁by ▁taking ▁advantage ▁of ▁the ▁better ▁weather . ▁ ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁improve ▁sales ▁prospects ▁in ▁the ▁US , ▁the ▁fifth ▁prototype ▁was ▁fitted ▁with ▁the ▁US - built |
▁Gar rett ▁T PE - 3 3 1 ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Ast az ou . ▁Ch anging ▁to ▁the ▁US - built ▁engine ▁was ▁enough ▁to ▁allow ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Force ▁to ▁consider ▁it ▁for ▁cargo ▁use . ▁It ▁eventually ▁placed ▁an ▁order ▁for ▁ 1 1 , ▁fitted ▁with ▁a ▁cargo ▁door ▁and ▁accommodation ▁for ▁ 1 2 ▁passengers ▁or ▁six ▁stret cher ▁cases , ▁to ▁be ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁C - 1 0 A , ▁or ▁Jet stream ▁ 3 M . ▁The ▁US ▁Air ▁Force ▁cancelled ▁its ▁order ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁c iting ▁late ▁delivery . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁production ▁model ▁Jet stream ▁ 1 ▁flew ▁on ▁ 6 ▁December ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁and ▁over ▁the ▁next ▁year ▁ 3 6 ▁would ▁be ▁delivered . ▁However , ▁by ▁this ▁point ▁Hand ley ▁Page ▁had ▁given ▁up ▁on ▁the ▁original ▁engine , ▁and ▁the ▁Jet stream ▁ 2 ▁was ▁launched ▁with ▁the ▁larger ▁ 9 6 5 hp ▁( 7 2 0 k W ) ▁Ast az ou ▁XVI , ▁starting ▁deliver ies ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁The ▁late ▁delivery ▁and ▁engine ▁problems ▁had ▁driven ▁development ▁costs ▁to ▁over ▁£ 1 3 mill ion , ▁far ▁more ▁than ▁the ▁original ▁£ 3 mill ion ▁pro jections . ▁Only ▁three ▁Jet stream ▁ 2 s ▁would ▁be ▁completed ▁before ▁Hand ley ▁Page ▁went ▁bankrupt , ▁and ▁the ▁production ▁line ▁was ▁eventually ▁shut ▁down ▁in |
▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁ ▁There ▁was ▁enough ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁design ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁first ▁picked ▁up ▁by ▁a ▁collaboration ▁of ▁investors ▁and ▁Scottish ▁A vi ation ▁which ▁formed ▁a ▁company ▁called ▁" J et stream ▁Air craft " ▁to ▁produce ▁the ▁aircraft . ▁A ▁further ▁ten ▁Jet stream ▁ 1 s ▁were ▁produced ▁by ▁this ▁team . ▁Scottish ▁A vi ation ▁continued ▁production ▁of ▁the ▁Jet stream ▁ 2 ▁as ▁well , ▁although ▁referring ▁to ▁it ▁as ▁the ▁Jet stream ▁ 2 0 0 . ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁ 2 6 ▁Jet stream ▁ 2 0 1 s ▁were ▁ordered ▁by ▁the ▁Royal ▁Air ▁Force , ▁which ▁used ▁them ▁as ▁multi - engine ▁train ers ▁as ▁the ▁Jet stream ▁T . 1 . ▁Four teen ▁of ▁these ▁were ▁modified ▁as ▁observer ▁train ers ▁for ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy , ▁receiving ▁the ▁design ation ▁Jet stream ▁T 2 . ▁ ▁Vari ants ▁Jet stream ▁M k ▁ 1 ▁Jet stream ▁ 2 0 0 ▁Jet stream ▁ 3 M ▁Impro ved ▁variant ▁with ▁T PE 3 3 1 ▁engines ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Force . ▁C - 1 0 A ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Force ▁military ▁design ation ▁for ▁the ▁Jet stream ▁ 3 M , ▁production ▁started ▁but ▁order ▁cancelled ▁and ▁none ▁delivered . ▁R iley ▁Jet stream ▁A ▁few ▁early ▁Jet stream ▁ 1 ▁aircraft ▁were ▁converted ▁by ▁R iley ▁Air craft ▁of ▁Carl sb ad , ▁California , ▁to ▁this ▁version . ▁The |
▁aircraft ▁were ▁fitted ▁with ▁two ▁PT 6 A ▁turb op rop ▁engines . ▁Jet stream ▁T . 1 ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁military ▁design ation ▁of ▁M k ▁ 1 s ▁for ▁the ▁Royal ▁Air ▁Force ▁as ▁multi - engine ▁train ers . ▁Jet stream ▁T . 2 ▁Con version ▁of ▁T 1 s ▁for ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁as ▁rear - cre w ▁train ers . ▁Century ▁III ▁Con versions ▁with ▁T PE 3 3 1 ▁engines . ▁ ▁Oper ators ▁The ▁aircraft ▁was ▁used ▁mainly ▁by ▁corporate ▁operators ▁and ▁scheduled ▁passenger ▁comm uter / reg ional ▁a irlines . ▁ ▁Civil ▁operators ▁▁ ▁A ero ▁V IP ▁▁ ▁B ura q ▁Air ▁▁ ▁A DA ▁ ▁S AR PA ▁ ▁Vert ical ▁de ▁A vi ación ▁▁ ▁New air ▁▁ ▁B av aria ▁Fl ug ges ellschaft ▁▁ ▁Air ▁Illinois ▁ ▁Air ▁US ▁ ▁A pol lo ▁Air ways ▁( sub sequ ent ▁name ▁change ▁to ▁Pacific ▁Coast ▁Airlines ) ▁ ▁Big ▁Sky ▁Airlines ▁ ▁Dor ado ▁W ings ▁( oper ated ▁in ▁the ▁Caribbean ▁from ▁Puerto ▁Rico ) ▁ ▁Cal - State ▁Air ▁L ines ▁ ▁Jet A ire ▁Airlines ▁ ▁Inter state ▁Airlines ▁ ▁Sierra ▁Pacific ▁Airlines ▁ ▁South ▁Central ▁Air ▁Transport ▁( SC AT ) ▁( air craft ▁subsequently ▁acquired ▁by ▁Air ▁Illinois ) ▁ ▁Sun ▁Airlines ▁( ann ounced ▁by ▁the ▁air line ▁but ▁may ▁have ▁not ▁been ▁actually ▁delivered ▁or ▁operated ) ▁ ▁Texas ▁Star ▁Air ways ▁ ▁Western ▁Air ▁St ages ▁ ▁Z ia ▁Airlines ▁ ▁Military ▁operators |
▁▁ ▁Royal ▁Air ▁Force ▁retired ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁retired ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁▁ ▁U rugu ay an ▁Navy ▁former ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁T 2 s . ▁Ret ired ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Jet stream ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁" M oon r aker " ▁ ▁A ▁Jet stream ▁operated ▁by ▁A pol lo ▁Air ways , ▁a ▁comm uter ▁air line ▁based ▁at ▁the ▁Santa ▁Barbara ▁Airport ▁in ▁California , ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁film ▁" M oon r aker " ▁star ring ▁Roger ▁Moore ▁where ▁British ▁secret ▁agent ▁James ▁Bond ▁( 0 0 7 ) ▁is ▁thrown ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁aircraft ▁while ▁it ▁is ▁in ▁flight . ▁ ▁Acc idents ▁and ▁incidents ▁▁ 1 7 ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁Century ▁III ▁conversion ▁N 1 1 3 6 0 ▁operating ▁Air ▁US ▁flight ▁ 7 1 6 ▁coll ided ▁with ▁a ▁private ▁C ess na ▁ 2 0 6 ▁carrying ▁sk yd ivers ▁after ▁taking ▁off ▁from ▁Fort ▁Collins - L ov eland ▁Municipal ▁Airport ., ▁killing ▁all ▁ 1 3 ▁passengers ▁and ▁crew ▁on ▁board ▁on ▁the ▁flight ▁and ▁the ▁two ▁people ▁in ▁the ▁C ess na ▁ 2 0 6 . ▁ ▁Air craft ▁on ▁display ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁ ▁Jet stream ▁T . 1 ▁XX 4 9 2 ▁at ▁New ark ▁Air ▁Museum , ▁Not ting ham shire . ▁ ▁Jet stream ▁T . 1 ▁XX 4 9 4 ▁at ▁East ▁Mid lands ▁A |
er op ark , ▁Le ices ter shire . ▁ ▁Jet stream ▁T . 1 ▁XX 4 9 6 ▁at ▁Royal ▁Air ▁Force ▁Museum ▁Cos ford , ▁Sh ro pshire . ▁ ▁Jet stream ▁T . 1 ▁XX 4 9 9 ▁at ▁Brook lands ▁Museum , ▁Sur rey . ▁ ▁Denmark ▁ ▁Jet stream ▁?? ▁S ore ns ▁aut ol ager ▁H eden sted ▁ ▁Spec ifications ▁( Series ▁ 2 0 0 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 s ▁British ▁a irl in ers ▁Jet stream ▁Category : Low - wing ▁aircraft ▁Category : T win - t urb op rop ▁tr actor ▁aircraft <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁mathemat ics , ▁a ▁linear ▁combination ▁is ▁an ▁expression ▁constructed ▁from ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁terms ▁by ▁multip lying ▁each ▁term ▁by ▁a ▁constant ▁and ▁adding ▁the ▁results ▁( e . g . ▁a ▁linear ▁combination ▁of ▁x ▁and ▁y ▁would ▁be ▁any ▁expression ▁of ▁the ▁form ▁ax ▁+ ▁by , ▁where ▁a ▁and ▁b ▁are ▁constants ). ▁The ▁concept ▁of ▁linear ▁combinations ▁is ▁central ▁to ▁linear ▁algebra ▁and ▁related ▁fields ▁of ▁mathemat ics . ▁Most ▁of ▁this ▁article ▁deals ▁with ▁linear ▁combinations ▁in ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁a ▁vector ▁space ▁over ▁a ▁field , ▁with ▁some ▁general izations ▁given ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁article . ▁ ▁Definition ▁Suppose ▁that ▁K ▁is ▁a ▁field ▁( for ▁example , ▁the ▁real ▁numbers ) ▁and ▁V ▁is ▁a ▁vector ▁space ▁over ▁K . ▁As ▁usual |
, ▁we ▁call ▁elements ▁of ▁V ▁vectors ▁and ▁call ▁elements ▁of ▁K ▁scal ars . ▁If ▁v 1 , ..., v n ▁are ▁vectors ▁and ▁a 1 , ..., an ▁are ▁scal ars , ▁then ▁the ▁linear ▁combination ▁of ▁those ▁vectors ▁with ▁those ▁scal ars ▁as ▁coefficients ▁is ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁some ▁ambig uity ▁in ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁term ▁" linear ▁combination " ▁as ▁to ▁whether ▁it ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁expression ▁or ▁to ▁its ▁value . ▁In ▁most ▁cases ▁the ▁value ▁is ▁emphas ized , ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁assert ion ▁" the ▁set ▁of ▁all ▁linear ▁combinations ▁of ▁v 1 , ..., v n ▁always ▁forms ▁a ▁sub space ". ▁However , ▁one ▁could ▁also ▁say ▁" two ▁different ▁linear ▁combinations ▁can ▁have ▁the ▁same ▁value " ▁in ▁which ▁case ▁the ▁reference ▁is ▁to ▁the ▁expression . ▁The ▁subtle ▁difference ▁between ▁these ▁uses ▁is ▁the ▁essence ▁of ▁the ▁notion ▁of ▁linear ▁dependence : ▁a ▁family ▁F ▁of ▁vectors ▁is ▁line arly ▁independent ▁precisely ▁if ▁any ▁linear ▁combination ▁of ▁the ▁vectors ▁in ▁F ▁( as ▁value ) ▁is ▁uniqu ely ▁so ▁( as ▁expression ). ▁In ▁any ▁case , ▁even ▁when ▁viewed ▁as ▁expressions , ▁all ▁that ▁matters ▁about ▁a ▁linear ▁combination ▁is ▁the ▁coefficient ▁of ▁each ▁vi ; ▁trivial ▁modifications ▁such ▁as ▁per mut ing ▁the ▁terms ▁or ▁adding ▁terms ▁with ▁zero ▁coefficient ▁do ▁not ▁produce ▁distinct ▁linear ▁combinations . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁given ▁situation , ▁K ▁and ▁V ▁may ▁be ▁specified ▁explicitly , ▁or ▁they ▁may ▁be ▁obvious ▁from ▁context . |
▁In ▁that ▁case , ▁we ▁often ▁speak ▁of ▁a ▁linear ▁combination ▁of ▁the ▁vectors ▁v 1 , ..., v n , ▁with ▁the ▁coefficients ▁un spec ified ▁( except ▁that ▁they ▁must ▁belong ▁to ▁K ). ▁Or , ▁if ▁S ▁is ▁a ▁subset ▁of ▁V , ▁we ▁may ▁speak ▁of ▁a ▁linear ▁combination ▁of ▁vectors ▁in ▁S , ▁where ▁both ▁the ▁coefficients ▁and ▁the ▁vectors ▁are ▁un spec ified , ▁except ▁that ▁the ▁vectors ▁must ▁belong ▁to ▁the ▁set ▁S ▁( and ▁the ▁coefficients ▁must ▁belong ▁to ▁K ). ▁Finally , ▁we ▁may ▁speak ▁simply ▁of ▁a ▁linear ▁combination , ▁where ▁nothing ▁is ▁specified ▁( except ▁that ▁the ▁vectors ▁must ▁belong ▁to ▁V ▁and ▁the ▁coefficients ▁must ▁belong ▁to ▁K ); ▁in ▁this ▁case ▁one ▁is ▁probably ▁referring ▁to ▁the ▁expression , ▁since ▁every ▁vector ▁in ▁V ▁is ▁certainly ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁some ▁linear ▁combination . ▁ ▁Note ▁that ▁by ▁definition , ▁a ▁linear ▁combination ▁involves ▁only ▁fin it ely ▁many ▁vectors ▁( except ▁as ▁described ▁in ▁General izations ▁below ). ▁However , ▁the ▁set ▁S ▁that ▁the ▁vectors ▁are ▁taken ▁from ▁( if ▁one ▁is ▁mentioned ) ▁can ▁still ▁be ▁infinite ; ▁each ▁individual ▁linear ▁combination ▁will ▁only ▁involve ▁fin it ely ▁many ▁vectors . ▁Also , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁reason ▁that ▁n ▁cannot ▁be ▁zero ; ▁in ▁that ▁case , ▁we ▁declare ▁by ▁convention ▁that ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁linear ▁combination ▁is ▁the ▁zero ▁vector ▁in ▁V . ▁ ▁Examples ▁and ▁counter ex amples ▁ ▁Eu cl ide an ▁vectors ▁ |
▁Let ▁the ▁field ▁K ▁be ▁the ▁set ▁R ▁of ▁real ▁numbers , ▁and ▁let ▁the ▁vector ▁space ▁V ▁be ▁the ▁Eu cl ide an ▁space ▁R 3 . ▁Consider ▁the ▁vectors ▁e 1 = ▁( 1 , 0 , 0 ), ▁e 2 = ▁( 0 , 1 , 0 ) ▁and ▁e 3 = ▁( 0 , 0 , 1 ). ▁Then ▁any ▁vector ▁in ▁R 3 ▁is ▁a ▁linear ▁combination ▁of ▁e 1 , ▁e 2 ▁and e 3 . ▁ ▁To ▁see ▁that ▁this ▁is ▁so , ▁take ▁an ▁arbitrary ▁vector ▁( a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ) ▁in ▁R 3 , ▁and ▁write : ▁ ▁Fun ctions ▁ ▁Let ▁K ▁be ▁the ▁set ▁C ▁of ▁all ▁complex ▁numbers , ▁and ▁let ▁V ▁be ▁the ▁set ▁CC ( R ) ▁of ▁all ▁continuous ▁functions ▁from ▁the ▁real ▁line ▁R ▁to ▁the ▁complex ▁plane ▁C . ▁Consider ▁the ▁vectors ▁( functions ) ▁f ▁and ▁g ▁defined ▁by ▁f ( t ) : = ▁e it ▁and ▁g ( t ) : = ▁e − it . ▁( Here , ▁e ▁is ▁the ▁base ▁of ▁the ▁natural ▁log arith m , ▁about ▁ 2 . 7 1 8 2 8 ..., ▁and ▁i ▁is ▁the ▁imaginary ▁unit , ▁a ▁square ▁root ▁of ▁− 1 .) ▁Some ▁linear ▁combinations ▁of ▁f ▁and ▁g are : ▁▁▁▁ ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁the ▁constant ▁function ▁ 3 ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁linear ▁combination ▁of ▁f |
▁and ▁g . ▁To ▁see ▁this , ▁suppose ▁that ▁ 3 ▁could ▁be ▁written ▁as ▁a ▁linear ▁combination ▁of ▁e it ▁and ▁e − it . ▁This ▁means ▁that ▁there ▁would ▁exist ▁complex ▁scal ars ▁a ▁and ▁b ▁such ▁that ▁a e it ▁+ ▁be − it ▁= ▁ 3 ▁for ▁all ▁real ▁numbers ▁t . ▁Setting ▁t ▁= ▁ 0 ▁and ▁t ▁= ▁ π ▁gives ▁the ▁equations ▁a ▁+ ▁b ▁= ▁ 3 ▁and ▁a ▁+ ▁b ▁= ▁− 3 , ▁and ▁clearly ▁this ▁cannot ▁happen . ▁ ▁See ▁E uler ' s ▁identity . ▁ ▁Pol ynom ials ▁ ▁Let ▁K ▁be ▁R , ▁C , ▁or ▁any ▁field , ▁and ▁let ▁V ▁be ▁the ▁set ▁P ▁of ▁all ▁polynom ials ▁with ▁coefficients ▁taken ▁from ▁the ▁field ▁K . ▁Consider ▁the ▁vectors ▁( pol ynom ials ) ▁p 1 : = 1 , ▁p 2 : = ▁x + 1 , ▁and ▁p 3 : = ▁x 2 + x + 1 . ▁ ▁Is ▁the ▁polynomial ▁x 2 − 1 ▁a ▁linear ▁combination ▁of ▁p 1 , ▁p 2 , ▁and ▁p 3 ? ▁To ▁find ▁out , ▁consider ▁an ▁arbitrary ▁linear ▁combination ▁of ▁these ▁vectors ▁and ▁try ▁to ▁see ▁when ▁it ▁equals ▁the ▁desired ▁vector ▁x 2 − 1 . ▁P icking ▁arbitrary ▁coefficients ▁a 1 , ▁a 2 , ▁and ▁a 3 , ▁we want ▁ ▁Mult ip lying ▁the ▁polynom ials |
▁out , ▁this me ans ▁▁ ▁and ▁collecting ▁like ▁powers ▁of ▁x , ▁we get ▁▁ ▁Two ▁polynom ials ▁are ▁equal ▁if ▁and ▁only ▁if ▁their ▁corresponding ▁coefficients ▁are ▁equal , ▁so ▁we ▁can ▁conclude ▁▁ ▁This ▁system ▁of ▁linear ▁equations ▁can ▁easily ▁be ▁solved . ▁First , ▁the ▁first ▁equation ▁simply ▁says ▁that ▁a 3 ▁is ▁ 1 . ▁Know ing ▁that , ▁we ▁can ▁solve ▁the ▁second ▁equation ▁for ▁a 2 , ▁which ▁comes ▁out ▁to ▁− 1 . ▁Finally , ▁the ▁last ▁equation ▁tells ▁us ▁that ▁a 1 ▁is ▁also ▁− 1 . ▁Therefore , ▁the ▁only ▁possible ▁way ▁to ▁get ▁a ▁linear ▁combination ▁is ▁with ▁these ▁coefficients . ▁Indeed , ▁ ▁so ▁x 2 − 1 ▁is ▁a ▁linear ▁combination ▁of ▁p 1 , ▁p 2 , ▁and p 3 . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁what ▁about ▁the ▁polynomial ▁x 3 − 1 ? ▁If ▁we ▁try ▁to ▁make ▁this ▁vector ▁a ▁linear ▁combination ▁of ▁p 1 , ▁p 2 , ▁and ▁p 3 , ▁then ▁following ▁the ▁same ▁process ▁as ▁before , ▁we ▁get ▁the ▁equation ▁ ▁However , ▁when ▁we ▁set ▁corresponding ▁coefficients ▁equal ▁in ▁this ▁case , ▁the ▁equation ▁for ▁x 3 is ▁▁ ▁which ▁is ▁always ▁false . ▁Therefore , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁way ▁for ▁this ▁to ▁work , ▁and ▁x 3 − 1 ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁linear ▁combination ▁of ▁p 1 , ▁p 2 , ▁and p 3 . ▁ ▁The |
▁linear ▁span ▁▁ ▁Take ▁an ▁arbitrary ▁field ▁K , ▁an ▁arbitrary ▁vector ▁space ▁V , ▁and ▁let ▁v 1 , ..., v n ▁be ▁vectors ▁( in ▁V ). ▁It ’ s ▁interesting ▁to ▁consider ▁the ▁set ▁of ▁all ▁linear ▁combinations ▁of ▁these ▁vectors . ▁This ▁set ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁linear ▁span ▁( or ▁just ▁span ) ▁of ▁the ▁vectors , ▁say ▁S ▁= { v 1 , ..., v n }. ▁We ▁write ▁the ▁span ▁of ▁S ▁as ▁span ( S ) ▁or ▁sp ( S ): ▁ ▁Line ar ▁independence ▁▁ ▁For ▁some ▁sets ▁of ▁vectors ▁v 1 , ..., v n , ▁a ▁single ▁vector ▁can ▁be ▁written ▁in ▁two ▁different ▁ways ▁as ▁a ▁linear ▁combination ▁of ▁them : ▁ ▁Equ ival ently , ▁by ▁sub tract ing ▁these ▁() ▁a ▁non - t rivial ▁combination ▁is ▁zero : ▁ ▁If ▁that ▁is ▁possible , ▁then ▁v 1 , ..., v n ▁are ▁called ▁line arly ▁dependent ; ▁otherwise , ▁they ▁are ▁line arly ▁independent . ▁Similarly , ▁we ▁can ▁speak ▁of ▁linear ▁dependence ▁or ▁independence ▁of ▁an ▁arbitrary ▁set ▁S ▁of ▁vectors . ▁ ▁If ▁S ▁is ▁line arly ▁independent ▁and ▁the ▁span ▁of ▁S ▁equals ▁V , ▁then ▁S ▁is ▁a ▁basis ▁for ▁V . ▁ ▁Aff ine , ▁con ical , ▁and ▁convex ▁combinations ▁ ▁By ▁restrict ing ▁the ▁coefficients ▁used ▁in ▁linear ▁combinations , ▁one ▁can ▁define ▁the ▁related ▁concepts ▁of ▁aff ine ▁combination , ▁con ical ▁combination , ▁and ▁convex ▁combination , ▁and ▁the ▁associated |
▁not ions ▁of ▁sets ▁closed ▁under ▁these ▁operations . ▁ ▁Because ▁these ▁are ▁more ▁restricted ▁operations , ▁more ▁sub sets ▁will ▁be ▁closed ▁under ▁them , ▁so ▁aff ine ▁sub sets , ▁convex ▁con es , ▁and ▁convex ▁sets ▁are ▁general izations ▁of ▁vector ▁sub sp aces : ▁a ▁vector ▁sub space ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁aff ine ▁sub space , ▁a ▁convex ▁cone , ▁and ▁a ▁convex ▁set , ▁but ▁a ▁convex ▁set ▁need ▁not ▁be ▁a ▁vector ▁sub space , ▁aff ine , ▁or ▁a ▁convex ▁cone . ▁ ▁These ▁concepts ▁often ▁arise ▁when ▁one ▁can ▁take ▁certain ▁linear ▁combinations ▁of ▁objects , ▁but ▁not ▁any : ▁for ▁example , ▁probability ▁distributions ▁are ▁closed ▁under ▁convex ▁combination ▁( they ▁form ▁a ▁convex ▁set ), ▁but ▁not ▁con ical ▁or ▁aff ine ▁combinations ▁( or ▁linear ), ▁and ▁positive ▁measures ▁are ▁closed ▁under ▁con ical ▁combination ▁but ▁not ▁aff ine ▁or ▁linear ▁– ▁hence ▁one ▁defines ▁signed ▁measures ▁as ▁the ▁linear ▁closure . ▁ ▁Line ar ▁and ▁aff ine ▁combinations ▁can ▁be ▁defined ▁over ▁any ▁field ▁( or ▁ring ), ▁but ▁con ical ▁and ▁convex ▁combination ▁require ▁a ▁notion ▁of ▁" pos itive ", ▁and ▁hence ▁can ▁only ▁be ▁defined ▁over ▁an ▁ordered ▁field ▁( or ▁ordered ▁ring ), ▁generally ▁the ▁real ▁numbers . ▁ ▁If ▁one ▁allows ▁only ▁scalar ▁multi plication , ▁not ▁addition , ▁one ▁obt ains ▁a ▁( not ▁necessarily ▁convex ) ▁cone ; ▁one ▁often ▁restrict s ▁the ▁definition ▁to ▁only ▁allowing ▁multi plication ▁by ▁positive ▁scal ars . |
▁ ▁All ▁of ▁these ▁concepts ▁are ▁usually ▁defined ▁as ▁sub sets ▁of ▁an ▁amb ient ▁vector ▁space ▁( except ▁for ▁aff ine ▁spaces , ▁which ▁are ▁also ▁considered ▁as ▁" vector ▁spaces ▁forget ting ▁the ▁origin "), ▁rather ▁than ▁being ▁a xi om at ized ▁independently . ▁ ▁Oper ad ▁theory ▁▁ ▁More ▁abstract ly , ▁in ▁the ▁language ▁of ▁oper ad ▁theory , ▁one ▁can ▁consider ▁vector ▁spaces ▁to ▁be ▁al ge bras ▁over ▁the ▁oper ad ▁ ▁( the ▁infinite ▁direct ▁sum , ▁so ▁only ▁fin it ely ▁many ▁terms ▁are ▁non - zero ; ▁this ▁corresponds ▁to ▁only ▁taking ▁finite ▁sum s ), ▁which ▁param et riz es ▁linear ▁combinations : ▁the ▁vector ▁ ▁for ▁instance ▁corresponds ▁to ▁the ▁linear ▁combination ▁. ▁Similarly , ▁one ▁can ▁consider ▁aff ine ▁combinations , ▁con ical ▁combinations , ▁and ▁convex ▁combinations ▁to ▁correspond ▁to ▁the ▁sub - oper ads ▁where ▁the ▁terms ▁sum ▁to ▁ 1 , ▁the ▁terms ▁are ▁all ▁non - negative , ▁or ▁both , ▁respectively . ▁Graph ically , ▁these ▁are ▁the ▁infinite ▁aff ine ▁hyper plane , ▁the ▁infinite ▁hyper - oct ant , ▁and ▁the ▁infinite ▁simple x . ▁This ▁formal izes ▁what ▁is ▁meant ▁by ▁ ▁being ▁or ▁the ▁standard ▁simple x ▁being ▁model ▁spaces , ▁and ▁such ▁observations ▁as ▁that ▁every ▁bounded ▁convex ▁poly to pe ▁is ▁the ▁image ▁of ▁a ▁simple x . ▁Here ▁sub oper ads ▁correspond ▁to ▁more ▁restricted ▁operations ▁and ▁thus ▁more ▁general ▁theories . ▁ ▁From ▁this ▁point ▁of ▁view |
, ▁we ▁can ▁think ▁of ▁linear ▁combinations ▁as ▁the ▁most ▁general ▁sort ▁of ▁operation ▁on ▁a ▁vector ▁space ▁– ▁saying ▁that ▁a ▁vector ▁space ▁is ▁an ▁algebra ▁over ▁the ▁oper ad ▁of ▁linear ▁combinations ▁is ▁precisely ▁the ▁statement ▁that ▁all ▁possible ▁algebra ic ▁operations ▁in ▁a ▁vector ▁space ▁are ▁linear ▁combinations . ▁ ▁The ▁basic ▁operations ▁of ▁addition ▁and ▁scalar ▁multi plication , ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁an ▁add itive ▁identity ▁and ▁add itive ▁in vers es , ▁cannot ▁be ▁combined ▁in ▁any ▁more ▁complicated ▁way ▁than ▁the ▁generic ▁linear ▁combination : ▁the ▁basic ▁operations ▁are ▁a ▁generating ▁set ▁for ▁the ▁oper ad ▁of ▁all ▁linear ▁combinations . ▁ ▁Ult imately , ▁this ▁fact ▁lies ▁at ▁the ▁heart ▁of ▁the ▁useful ness ▁of ▁linear ▁combinations ▁in ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁vector ▁spaces . ▁ ▁General izations ▁If ▁V ▁is ▁a ▁top ological ▁vector ▁space , ▁then ▁there ▁may ▁be ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁make ▁sense ▁of ▁certain ▁infinite ▁linear ▁combinations , ▁using ▁the ▁top ology ▁of ▁V . ▁For ▁example , ▁we ▁might ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁speak ▁of ▁a 1 v 1 + ▁a 2 v 2 + ▁a 3 v 3 + ..., ▁going ▁on ▁forever . ▁Such ▁infinite ▁linear ▁combinations ▁do ▁not ▁always ▁make ▁sense ; ▁we ▁call ▁them ▁conver gent ▁when ▁they ▁do . ▁All owing ▁more ▁linear ▁combinations ▁in ▁this ▁case ▁can ▁also ▁lead ▁to ▁a ▁different ▁concept ▁of ▁span , ▁linear ▁independence , ▁and ▁basis . ▁The ▁articles ▁on ▁the ▁various ▁flav ours ▁of ▁top |
ological ▁vector ▁spaces ▁go ▁into ▁more ▁detail ▁about ▁these . ▁ ▁If ▁K ▁is ▁a ▁commut ative ▁ring ▁instead ▁of ▁a ▁field , ▁then ▁everything ▁that ▁has ▁been ▁said ▁above ▁about ▁linear ▁combinations ▁general izes ▁to ▁this ▁case ▁without ▁change . ▁The ▁only ▁difference ▁is ▁that ▁we ▁call ▁spaces ▁like ▁this ▁V ▁modules ▁instead ▁of ▁vector ▁spaces . ▁If ▁K ▁is ▁a ▁non comm ut ative ▁ring , ▁then ▁the ▁concept ▁still ▁general izes , ▁with ▁one ▁cave at : ▁Since ▁modules ▁over ▁non comm ut ative ▁rings ▁come ▁in ▁left ▁and ▁right ▁versions , ▁our ▁linear ▁combinations ▁may ▁also ▁come ▁in ▁either ▁of ▁these ▁versions , ▁whatever ▁is ▁appropriate ▁for ▁the ▁given ▁module . ▁This ▁is ▁simply ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁doing ▁scalar ▁multi plication ▁on ▁the ▁correct ▁side . ▁ ▁A ▁more ▁complicated ▁twist ▁comes ▁when ▁V ▁is ▁a ▁b im od ule ▁over ▁two ▁rings , ▁K L ▁and ▁K R . ▁In ▁that ▁case , ▁the ▁most ▁general ▁linear ▁combination ▁looks ▁like ▁▁ ▁where ▁a 1 , ..., an ▁belong ▁to ▁K L , ▁b 1 , ..., bn ▁belong ▁to ▁K R , ▁and ▁v 1 , ..., v n ▁belong ▁to ▁V . ▁ ▁Application ▁ ▁An ▁important ▁application ▁of ▁linear ▁combinations ▁is ▁to ▁wave ▁functions ▁in ▁quantum ▁mechanics . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Line ar ▁Com bin ations ▁and ▁Span : ▁Under standing ▁linear ▁combinations ▁and ▁sp ans ▁of ▁vectors , ▁k han ac adem y . org . ▁ ▁Category : Linear |
▁algebra <0x0A> </s> ▁Ad rian ▁Bow yer ▁▁ ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁engineer ▁and ▁mat hem atic ian , ▁formerly ▁an ▁academic ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Bath . ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁in ▁London , ▁Bow yer ▁is ▁the ▁older ▁child ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁Rose mary ▁and ▁John ▁Bow yer ; ▁the ▁latter ▁was ▁a ▁writer , ▁painter ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁found ers ▁of ▁Z is man , ▁Bow yer ▁and ▁Part ners , ▁consulting ▁engineers . ▁ ▁Bow yer ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁Wood ro ff e ▁School , ▁L yme ▁Reg is ▁and ▁Imperial ▁College ▁London . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁Mathemat ics ▁Department ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Bath . ▁Short ly ▁after ▁that ▁he ▁received ▁a ▁doctor ate ▁from ▁Imperial ▁College ▁London ▁for ▁research ▁in ▁fr iction - ind uced ▁vibr ation . ▁Wh ilst ▁working ▁in ▁the ▁Mathemat ics ▁Department ▁he ▁invented ▁( at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁as ▁David ▁Watson ) ▁the ▁algorithm ▁for ▁computing ▁Vor on oi ▁diagram s ▁that ▁bears ▁their ▁names ▁( the ▁Bow yer – W at son ▁algorithm ). ▁ ▁He ▁then ▁spent ▁twenty - two ▁years ▁as ▁a ▁lect urer ▁then ▁senior ▁lect urer ▁in ▁the ▁ ▁Mechan ical ▁Engineering ▁Department ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Bath . ▁ ▁He ▁retired ▁from ▁academic ▁life ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁though ▁he ▁is ▁still ▁a ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁company ▁Rep R ap ▁Ltd ▁He ▁invented ▁the ▁Rep R ap ▁Project ▁– ▁an ▁open - |
source ▁ 3 D ▁printer ▁that ▁can ▁produce ▁plastic ▁parts . ▁The ▁Guard ian ▁said ▁of ▁this , ▁"[ Rep R ap ] ▁has ▁been ▁called ▁the ▁invention ▁that ▁will ▁bring ▁down ▁global ▁capitalism , ▁start ▁a ▁second ▁industrial ▁revolution ▁and ▁save ▁the ▁environment ..." ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Bow yer ▁received ▁the ▁ 3 D ▁Print ing ▁Industry ▁Out standing ▁Contribut ion ▁to ▁ 3 D ▁Print ing ▁Award ▁ ▁and ▁was ▁indu cted ▁into ▁the ▁T CT ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁. ▁He ▁was ▁appointed ▁a ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁( MB E ) ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁New ▁Year ▁Hon ours ▁for ▁services ▁to ▁ 3 D ▁Print ing . ▁ ▁His ▁wife ▁is ▁a ▁retired ▁school ▁teacher ; ▁they ▁have ▁one ▁adult ▁daughter . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Ad rian ▁Bow yer ' s ▁home ▁page ▁ ▁Rep R ap L td . com ▁ ▁We alth ▁Without ▁Money , ▁Ad rian ▁Bow yer ▁at ▁Med ial ab - Pr ado ▁In ▁the ▁future ▁everyone ▁will ▁work ▁for ▁ 1 5 ▁minutes , ▁Ad rian ▁Bow yer ▁presentation ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Engine ers ▁from ▁London ▁Category : Ac adem ics ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Bath ▁Category : Art icles ▁containing ▁video ▁cl ips ▁Category : Rep R ap ▁project ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Imperial ▁College ▁London ▁Category : Date ▁of ▁birth |
▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : 3 D ▁printing ▁specialists ▁Category : Mat hem atic ians ▁from ▁London ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire <0x0A> </s> ▁Valent ino ▁P ug l ies e ▁( born ▁ 1 8 ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Swiss ▁professional ▁football er ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁mid f iel der ▁for ▁L ok omot iv ▁Pl ov div ▁in ▁the ▁Bulgar ian ▁First ▁League . ▁He ▁has ▁previously ▁played ▁for ▁Wil , ▁Sch aff hausen ▁and ▁Chi asso ▁in ▁the ▁Swiss ▁Challenge ▁League . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Sw iss ▁football ers ▁Category : Sw iss ▁Challenge ▁League ▁players ▁Category : First ▁Professional ▁Football ▁League ▁( Bul gar ia ) ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Wil ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Sch aff hausen ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Chi asso ▁players ▁Category : P FC ▁L ok omot iv ▁Pl ov div ▁players ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Bulgar ia ▁Category : Sw iss ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Bulgar ia ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Manuel ▁S án chez ▁L ó pez ▁( born ▁ 1 3 ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 8 ), ▁known ▁as ▁Man ol ín ▁or ▁simply ▁Manuel , ▁is ▁a ▁Spanish ▁football er ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁El che ▁CF . |
▁Main ly ▁a ▁defensive ▁mid f iel der , ▁he ▁can ▁also ▁play ▁as ▁a ▁central ▁def ender . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁Born ▁in ▁C ó rd oba , ▁And al us ia , ▁Manuel ▁graduated ▁from ▁C ó rd oba ▁CF ' s ▁youth ▁academ y , ▁and ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁as ▁a ▁senior ▁with ▁É ci ja ▁Bal om pi é ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁in ▁Seg unda ▁Div isión ▁B . ▁On ▁ 2 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Pol ide port ivo ▁E j ido ▁also ▁of ▁the ▁third ▁level . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Manuel ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁Ver d ib l anc os , ▁being ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁reserves ▁who ▁competed ▁in ▁T erc era ▁Div isión . ▁In ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁he ▁moved ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁third ▁level , ▁signing ▁for ▁CF ▁La ▁Un ión . ▁ ▁Manuel ▁remained ▁in ▁division ▁three ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁years , ▁representing ▁CD ▁Gu ij uel o , ▁La ▁H oya ▁Lor ca ▁CF ▁and ▁SD ▁H ues ca . ▁He ▁appeared ▁in ▁ 3 8 ▁matches ▁and ▁scored ▁two ▁goals ▁during ▁the ▁season ▁with ▁the ▁latter ▁club , ▁as ▁it ▁returned ▁to ▁Seg unda ▁Div isión ▁after ▁a ▁two - year ▁absence . ▁ ▁Manuel ▁made ▁his ▁professional ▁debut ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 2 7 , ▁playing |
▁the ▁full ▁ 9 0 ▁minutes ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 3 ▁home ▁loss ▁against ▁De port ivo ▁Al av és . ▁On ▁ 1 0 ▁January ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁year , ▁after ▁term inating ▁his ▁contract , ▁he ▁joined ▁CA ▁Os as una ▁also ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁tier . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁after ▁achieving ▁promotion ▁to ▁La ▁Liga , ▁Manuel ▁was ▁released ▁and ▁signed ▁with ▁second ▁division ▁side ▁AD ▁Al cor c ón . ▁On ▁ 2 0 ▁December , ▁after ▁appearing ▁rarely , ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁free ▁agent ▁and ▁joined ▁fellow ▁league ▁team ▁U CAM ▁Mur cia ▁CF ▁three ▁days ▁later . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 0 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Manuel ▁agreed ▁to ▁a ▁deal ▁at ▁El che ▁CF . ▁He ▁won ▁promotion ▁to ▁the ▁second ▁tier ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁debut ▁campaign , ▁contributing ▁with ▁ 3 4 ▁games ▁and ▁four ▁goals ▁to ▁the ▁feat . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁C ó rd oba , ▁Spain ▁Category : Span ish ▁football ers ▁Category : And al us ian ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁defend ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁utility ▁players ▁Category : Seg unda ▁Div isión ▁players ▁Category : Seg unda ▁Div isión ▁B ▁players ▁Category : T erc era ▁Div |
isión ▁players ▁Category : É ci ja ▁Bal om pi é ▁players ▁Category : Pol ide port ivo ▁E j ido ▁football ers ▁Category : C ó rd oba ▁CF ▁B ▁players ▁Category : CF ▁La ▁Un ión ▁players ▁Category : CD ▁Gu ij uel o ▁football ers ▁Category : L or ca ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : SD ▁H ues ca ▁football ers ▁Category : CA ▁Os as una ▁players ▁Category : AD ▁Al cor c ón ▁football ers ▁Category : U CAM ▁Mur cia ▁CF ▁players ▁Category : El che ▁CF ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Al ess andro ▁But ti ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁– ▁d . ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁in ▁Tur in ) ▁was ▁an ▁Italian ▁type ▁designer ▁who ▁lived ▁and ▁worked ▁mostly ▁in ▁Tur in ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁art ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Neb i olo ▁type ▁found ry . ▁He ▁also ▁taught ▁at ▁the ▁Sc u ola ▁V ig l iani - Par avia . ▁ ▁Micro gram ma ▁is ▁his ▁most ▁famous ▁face . ▁ ▁After ▁But ti ' s ▁death , ▁his ▁collabor ator ▁on ▁that ▁face , ▁Ald o ▁Nov are se , ▁added ▁a ▁lower ▁case ▁which ▁was ▁then ▁called ▁Euro st ile . ▁ ▁Font s ▁designed ▁by ▁Al ess andro ▁But ti ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁J as pert , ▁W . ▁P inc us , ▁W . ▁Turner ▁Ber ry ▁and ▁A . F . ▁Johnson . ▁The ▁En cycl op edia ▁of ▁Type ▁F aces . ▁B land |
ford ▁Press ▁L ts .: ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁. ▁Fried l , ▁Ott , ▁and ▁Stein , ▁Typ ography : ▁an ▁En cycl oped ic ▁Survey ▁of ▁Type ▁Design ▁and ▁Techn iques ▁Throughout ▁History . ▁Black ▁Dog ▁& ▁Lev inth al ▁Publish ers : ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁. ▁Font ▁Design er ▁- ▁Al ess andro ▁But ti ▁My Font s ▁- ▁Al ess andro ▁But ti ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 9 ▁deaths ▁Category : It al ian ▁art ▁directors ▁Category : It al ian ▁graphic ▁designers ▁Category : It al ian ▁typ ograph ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Kr z ysz kow ice ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁Pr zy ty k , ▁within ▁Rad om ▁County , ▁Mas ov ian ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁east - cent ral ▁Poland . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Kr z ysz kow ice <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁mathemat ics , ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁is ▁a ▁major ▁uns olved ▁problem ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁algebra ic ▁geometry ▁that ▁rel ates ▁the ▁algebra ic ▁top ology ▁of ▁a ▁non - sing ular ▁complex ▁algebra ic ▁variety ▁to ▁its ▁sub var ieties . ▁More ▁specifically , ▁the ▁con ject ure ▁states ▁that ▁certain ▁de ▁R ham ▁co hom ology ▁classes ▁are ▁algebra ic ; ▁that ▁is , ▁they ▁are ▁sum s ▁of ▁Po inc ar é ▁d uals ▁of |
▁the ▁hom ology ▁classes ▁of ▁sub var ieties . ▁It ▁was ▁form ulated ▁by ▁the ▁Scottish ▁mat hem atic ian ▁William ▁Vall ance ▁Douglas ▁H odge ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁a ▁work ▁in ▁between ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁to ▁en rich ▁the ▁description ▁of ▁de ▁R ham ▁co hom ology ▁to ▁include ▁extra ▁structure ▁that ▁is ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁complex ▁algebra ic ▁varieties . ▁It ▁received ▁little ▁attention ▁before ▁H odge ▁presented ▁it ▁in ▁an ▁address ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁International ▁Congress ▁of ▁Mat hem atic ians , ▁held ▁in ▁Cambridge , ▁Massachusetts . ▁The ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Clay ▁Mathemat ics ▁Institute ' s ▁Mill enn ium ▁Prize ▁Pro ble ms , ▁with ▁a ▁prize ▁of ▁$ 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁for ▁whoever ▁can ▁prove ▁or ▁dis pro ve ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure . ▁ ▁Mot iv ation ▁ ▁Let ▁X ▁be ▁a ▁compact ▁complex ▁manifold ▁of ▁complex ▁dimension ▁n . ▁Then ▁X ▁is ▁an ▁orient able ▁smooth ▁manifold ▁of ▁real ▁dimension ▁, ▁so ▁its ▁co hom ology ▁groups ▁lie ▁in ▁degrees ▁zero ▁through ▁. ▁ ▁Assume ▁X ▁is ▁a ▁K äh ler ▁manifold , ▁so ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁decomposition ▁on ▁its ▁co hom ology ▁with ▁complex ▁coefficients ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁sub group ▁of ▁co hom ology ▁classes ▁which ▁are ▁represented ▁by ▁harm onic ▁forms ▁of ▁type ▁. ▁That ▁is , ▁these ▁are ▁the ▁co |
hom ology ▁classes ▁represented ▁by ▁differential ▁forms ▁which , ▁in ▁some ▁choice ▁of ▁local ▁coordinates ▁, ▁can ▁be ▁written ▁as ▁a ▁harm onic ▁function ▁times ▁ ▁( See ▁H odge ▁theory ▁for ▁more ▁details .) ▁ ▁Taking ▁wed ge ▁products ▁of ▁these ▁harm onic ▁representatives ▁corresponds ▁to ▁the ▁cup ▁product ▁in ▁co hom ology , ▁so ▁the ▁cup ▁product ▁is ▁compatible ▁with ▁the ▁H odge ▁decomposition : ▁ ▁Since ▁X ▁is ▁a ▁compact ▁orient ed ▁manifold , ▁X ▁has ▁a ▁fundamental ▁class . ▁ ▁Let ▁Z ▁be ▁a ▁complex ▁sub man if old ▁of ▁X ▁of ▁dimension ▁k , ▁and ▁let ▁ ▁be ▁the ▁inclusion ▁map . ▁ ▁Choose ▁a ▁differential ▁form ▁ ▁of ▁type ▁. ▁ ▁We ▁can ▁integrate ▁ ▁over ▁Z : ▁ ▁To ▁evaluate ▁this ▁integral , ▁choose ▁a ▁point ▁of ▁Z ▁and ▁call ▁it ▁ 0 . ▁ ▁Around ▁ 0 , ▁we ▁can ▁choose ▁local ▁coordinates ▁ ▁on ▁X ▁such ▁that ▁Z ▁is ▁just ▁. ▁ ▁If ▁, ▁then ▁ ▁must ▁contain ▁some ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁pulls ▁back ▁to ▁zero ▁on ▁Z . ▁ ▁The ▁same ▁is ▁true ▁if ▁. ▁ ▁Con sequently , ▁this ▁integral ▁is ▁zero ▁if ▁. ▁ ▁More ▁abstract ly , ▁the ▁integral ▁can ▁be ▁written ▁as ▁the ▁cap ▁product ▁of ▁the ▁hom ology ▁class ▁of ▁Z ▁and ▁the ▁co hom ology ▁class ▁represented ▁by ▁. ▁ ▁By ▁Po inc ar é ▁dual ity , ▁the ▁hom ology ▁class ▁of ▁Z ▁is ▁dual ▁to ▁a ▁co hom ology ▁class ▁which ▁we ▁will ▁call ▁[ |
Z ], ▁and ▁the ▁cap ▁product ▁can ▁be ▁computed ▁by ▁taking ▁the ▁cup ▁product ▁of ▁[ Z ] ▁and ▁ α ▁and ▁c apping ▁with ▁the ▁fundamental ▁class ▁of ▁X . ▁ ▁Because ▁[ Z ] ▁is ▁a ▁co hom ology ▁class , ▁it ▁has ▁a ▁H odge ▁decomposition . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁computation ▁we ▁did ▁above , ▁if ▁we ▁cup ▁this ▁class ▁with ▁any ▁class ▁of ▁type ▁, ▁then ▁we ▁get ▁zero . ▁ ▁Because ▁, ▁we ▁conclude ▁that ▁[ Z ] ▁must ▁lie ▁in ▁. ▁ ▁Lo os ely ▁speaking , ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁asks : ▁ ▁Which ▁co hom ology ▁classes ▁in ▁ ▁come ▁from ▁complex ▁sub var ieties ▁Z ? ▁ ▁Statement ▁of ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁ ▁Let : ▁ ▁We ▁call ▁this ▁the ▁group ▁of ▁H odge ▁classes ▁of ▁degree ▁ 2 k ▁on ▁X . ▁ ▁The ▁modern ▁statement ▁of ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁is : ▁ ▁H odge ▁con ject ure . ▁ ▁Let ▁X ▁be ▁a ▁non - sing ular ▁complex ▁project ive ▁manifold . ▁ ▁Then ▁every ▁H odge ▁class ▁on ▁X ▁is ▁a ▁linear ▁combination ▁with ▁rational ▁coefficients ▁of ▁the ▁co hom ology ▁classes ▁of ▁complex ▁sub var ieties ▁of ▁X . ▁ ▁A ▁project ive ▁complex ▁manifold ▁is ▁a ▁complex ▁manifold ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁embedded ▁in ▁complex ▁project ive ▁space . ▁ ▁Because ▁project ive ▁space ▁carries ▁a ▁K äh ler ▁metric , ▁the ▁F ub ini – Stud y ▁metric , ▁such ▁a |
▁manifold ▁is ▁always ▁a ▁K äh ler ▁manifold . ▁ ▁By ▁Ch ow ' s ▁theorem , ▁a ▁project ive ▁complex ▁manifold ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁smooth ▁project ive ▁algebra ic ▁variety , ▁that ▁is , ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁zero ▁set ▁of ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁hom ogeneous ▁polynom ials . ▁ ▁Re form ulation ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁algebra ic ▁cycles ▁ ▁Another ▁way ▁of ▁phr asing ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁involves ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁an ▁algebra ic ▁cycle . ▁ ▁An ▁algebra ic ▁cycle ▁on ▁X ▁is ▁a ▁formal ▁combination ▁of ▁sub var ieties ▁of ▁X ; ▁that ▁is , ▁it ▁is ▁something ▁of ▁the ▁form : ▁▁▁▁ ▁The ▁coefficients ▁are ▁usually ▁taken ▁to ▁be ▁integral ▁or ▁rational . ▁ ▁We ▁define ▁the ▁co hom ology ▁class ▁of ▁an ▁algebra ic ▁cycle ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁sum ▁of ▁the ▁co hom ology ▁classes ▁of ▁its ▁components . ▁This ▁is ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁the ▁cycle ▁class ▁map ▁of ▁de ▁R ham ▁co hom ology , ▁see ▁We il ▁co hom ology . ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁co hom ology ▁class ▁of ▁the ▁above ▁cycle ▁would ▁be : ▁ ▁Such ▁a ▁co hom ology ▁class ▁is ▁called ▁algebra ic . ▁ ▁With ▁this ▁notation , ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁becomes : ▁ ▁Let ▁X ▁be ▁a ▁project ive ▁complex ▁manifold . ▁ ▁Then ▁every ▁H odge ▁class ▁on ▁X ▁is ▁algebra ic . ▁ ▁The ▁assumption ▁in ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁that ▁X ▁be ▁algebra ic ▁( project ive ▁complex |
▁manifold ) ▁cannot ▁be ▁weak ened . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁Steven ▁Z ucker ▁showed ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁possible ▁to ▁construct ▁a ▁counter example ▁to ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁as ▁complex ▁tor i ▁with ▁analyt ic ▁rational ▁co hom ology ▁of ▁type ▁, ▁which ▁is ▁not ▁project ive ▁algebra ic . ▁( see ▁append ix ▁B ▁of ▁) ▁ ▁K nown ▁cases ▁of ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁ ▁Low ▁dimension ▁and ▁cod im ension ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁result ▁on ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁is ▁due ▁to ▁. ▁ ▁In ▁fact , ▁it ▁pred ates ▁the ▁con ject ure ▁and ▁provided ▁some ▁of ▁H odge ' s ▁motivation . ▁ ▁Theorem ▁( L ef sche tz ▁theorem ▁on ▁( 1 , 1 )- classes ) ▁ ▁Any ▁element ▁of ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁co hom ology ▁class ▁of ▁a ▁divis or ▁on ▁. ▁ ▁In ▁particular , ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁is ▁true ▁for ▁. ▁ ▁A ▁very ▁quick ▁proof ▁can ▁be ▁given ▁using ▁she af ▁co hom ology ▁and ▁the ▁ex ponential ▁exact ▁sequence . ▁ ▁( The ▁co hom ology ▁class ▁of ▁a ▁divis or ▁turns ▁out ▁to ▁equal ▁to ▁its ▁first ▁Cher n ▁class .) ▁ ▁L ef sche tz ' s ▁original ▁proof ▁proceed ed ▁by ▁normal ▁functions , ▁which ▁were ▁introduced ▁by ▁Henri ▁Po inc ar é . ▁ ▁However , ▁the ▁Griff ith s ▁trans vers ality ▁theorem ▁shows ▁that ▁this ▁approach ▁cannot ▁prove ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject |
ure ▁for ▁higher ▁cod im ensional ▁sub var ieties . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁Hard ▁L ef sche tz ▁theorem , ▁one ▁can ▁prove : ▁ ▁Theorem . ▁ ▁If ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁holds ▁for ▁H odge ▁classes ▁of ▁degree ▁, ▁for ▁all ▁, ▁then ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁holds ▁for ▁H odge ▁classes ▁of ▁degree ▁. ▁ ▁Comb ining ▁the ▁above ▁two ▁the ore ms ▁implies ▁that ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁is ▁true ▁for ▁H odge ▁classes ▁of ▁degree ▁. ▁ ▁This ▁proves ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁when ▁ ▁has ▁dimension ▁at ▁most ▁three . ▁ ▁The ▁L ef sche tz ▁theorem ▁on ▁( 1 , 1 )- classes ▁also ▁implies ▁that ▁if ▁all ▁H odge ▁classes ▁are ▁generated ▁by ▁the ▁H odge ▁classes ▁of ▁divis ors , ▁then ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁is ▁true : ▁ ▁Cor ollary . ▁ ▁If ▁the ▁algebra ▁ ▁is ▁generated ▁by ▁, ▁then ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁holds ▁for ▁. ▁ ▁H yp ers ur faces ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁strong ▁and ▁weak ▁L ef sche tz ▁theorem , ▁the ▁only ▁non - t rivial ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁for ▁hyp ers ur faces ▁is ▁the ▁degree ▁m ▁part ▁( i . e ., ▁the ▁middle ▁co hom ology ) ▁of ▁a ▁ 2 m - dimensional ▁hyp ers ur face ▁. ▁If ▁the ▁degree ▁d ▁is ▁ 2 , ▁i . e ., ▁X ▁is ▁a ▁quad ric , ▁the |
▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁holds ▁for ▁all ▁m . ▁For ▁, ▁i . e ., ▁four f olds , ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁. ▁ ▁Ab el ian ▁varieties ▁ ▁For ▁most ▁ab el ian ▁varieties , ▁the ▁algebra ▁H d g *( X ) ▁is ▁generated ▁in ▁degree ▁one , ▁so ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁holds . ▁ ▁In ▁particular , ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁holds ▁for ▁sufficiently ▁general ▁ab el ian ▁varieties , ▁for ▁products ▁of ▁ elli ptic ▁curves , ▁and ▁for ▁simple ▁ab el ian ▁varieties ▁of ▁prime ▁dimension . ▁ ▁However , ▁ ▁constructed ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁an ▁ab el ian ▁variety ▁where ▁H d g 2 ( X ) ▁is ▁not ▁generated ▁by ▁products ▁of ▁divis or ▁classes . ▁▁ ▁general ized ▁this ▁example ▁by ▁showing ▁that ▁whenever ▁the ▁variety ▁has ▁complex ▁multi plication ▁by ▁an ▁imaginary ▁quadr atic ▁field , ▁then ▁H d g 2 ( X ) ▁is ▁not ▁generated ▁by ▁products ▁of ▁divis or ▁classes . ▁▁ ▁proved ▁that ▁in ▁dimension ▁less ▁than ▁ 5 , ▁either ▁H d g *( X ) ▁is ▁generated ▁in ▁degree ▁one , ▁or ▁the ▁variety ▁has ▁complex ▁multi plication ▁by ▁an ▁imaginary ▁quadr atic ▁field . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁latter ▁case , ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁is ▁only ▁known ▁in ▁special ▁cases . ▁ ▁General izations ▁ ▁The ▁integral ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁ ▁H odge ' s ▁original ▁con ject ure ▁was : |
▁ ▁Integr al ▁H odge ▁con ject ure . ▁ ▁Let ▁ ▁be ▁a ▁project ive ▁complex ▁manifold . ▁ ▁Then ▁every ▁co hom ology ▁class ▁in ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁co hom ology ▁class ▁of ▁an ▁algebra ic ▁cycle ▁with ▁integral ▁coefficients ▁on ▁▁ ▁This ▁is ▁now ▁known ▁to ▁be ▁false . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁counter example ▁was ▁constructed ▁by ▁. ▁ ▁Using ▁K - the ory , ▁they ▁constructed ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁t ors ion ▁co hom ology ▁class — that ▁is , ▁a ▁co hom ology ▁class ▁ ▁such ▁that ▁ ▁for ▁some ▁positive ▁integer ▁— which ▁is ▁not ▁the ▁class ▁of ▁an ▁algebra ic ▁cycle . ▁ ▁Such ▁a ▁class ▁is ▁necessarily ▁a ▁H odge ▁class . ▁▁ ▁re interpret ed ▁their ▁result ▁in ▁the ▁framework ▁of ▁cob ord ism ▁and ▁found ▁many ▁examples ▁of ▁such ▁classes . ▁ ▁The ▁simpl est ▁adjust ment ▁of ▁the ▁integral ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁is : ▁ ▁Integr al ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁mod ulo ▁t ors ion . ▁ ▁Let ▁ ▁be ▁a ▁project ive ▁complex ▁manifold . ▁ ▁Then ▁every ▁co hom ology ▁class ▁in ▁▁ ▁is ▁the ▁sum ▁of ▁a ▁t ors ion ▁class ▁and ▁the ▁co hom ology ▁class ▁of ▁an ▁algebra ic ▁cycle ▁with ▁integral ▁coefficients ▁on ▁▁ ▁Equ ival ently , ▁after ▁divid ing ▁ ▁by ▁t ors ion ▁classes , ▁every ▁class ▁is ▁the ▁image ▁of ▁the ▁co hom ology ▁class ▁of ▁an ▁integral ▁algebra ic ▁cycle . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁also ▁false |
. ▁▁ ▁found ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁H odge ▁class ▁ ▁which ▁is ▁not ▁algebra ic , ▁but ▁which ▁has ▁an ▁integral ▁multiple ▁which ▁is ▁algebra ic . ▁▁ ▁have ▁shown ▁that ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁obtain ▁a ▁correct ▁integral ▁H odge ▁con ject ure , ▁one ▁needs ▁to ▁replace ▁Ch ow ▁groups , ▁which ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁expressed ▁as ▁motiv ic ▁co hom ology ▁groups , ▁by ▁a ▁variant ▁known ▁as ▁ét ale ▁( or ▁L ichten ba um ) ▁motiv ic ▁co hom ology . ▁They ▁show ▁that ▁the ▁rational ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁is ▁equivalent ▁to ▁an ▁integral ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁for ▁this ▁modified ▁motiv ic ▁co hom ology . ▁ ▁The ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁for ▁K äh ler ▁varieties ▁ ▁A ▁natural ▁general ization ▁of ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁would ▁ask : ▁ ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁for ▁K äh ler ▁varieties , ▁na ive ▁version . ▁ ▁Let ▁X ▁be ▁a ▁complex ▁K äh ler ▁manifold . ▁ ▁Then ▁every ▁H odge ▁class ▁on ▁X ▁is ▁a ▁linear ▁combination ▁with ▁rational ▁coefficients ▁of ▁the ▁co hom ology ▁classes ▁of ▁complex ▁sub var ieties ▁of ▁X . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁too ▁optim istic , ▁because ▁there ▁are ▁not ▁enough ▁sub var ieties ▁to ▁make ▁this ▁work . ▁ ▁A ▁possible ▁substitute ▁is ▁to ▁ask ▁instead ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁following ▁questions : ▁ ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁for ▁K äh ler ▁varieties , ▁vector ▁bundle ▁version . ▁ ▁Let ▁X ▁be |
▁a ▁complex ▁K äh ler ▁manifold . ▁ ▁Then ▁every ▁H odge ▁class ▁on ▁X ▁is ▁a ▁linear ▁combination ▁with ▁rational ▁coefficients ▁of ▁Cher n ▁classes ▁of ▁vector ▁bund les ▁on ▁X . ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁for ▁K äh ler ▁varieties , ▁co herent ▁she af ▁version . ▁ ▁Let ▁X ▁be ▁a ▁complex ▁K äh ler ▁manifold . ▁ ▁Then ▁every ▁H odge ▁class ▁on ▁X ▁is ▁a ▁linear ▁combination ▁with ▁rational ▁coefficients ▁of ▁Cher n ▁classes ▁of ▁co herent ▁she aves ▁on ▁X . ▁▁ ▁proved ▁that ▁the ▁Cher n ▁classes ▁of ▁co herent ▁she aves ▁give ▁strictly ▁more ▁H odge ▁classes ▁than ▁the ▁Cher n ▁classes ▁of ▁vector ▁bund les ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁Cher n ▁classes ▁of ▁co herent ▁she aves ▁are ▁ins ufficient ▁to ▁generate ▁all ▁the ▁H odge ▁classes . ▁ ▁Con sequently , ▁the ▁only ▁known ▁form ulations ▁of ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁for ▁K äh ler ▁varieties ▁are ▁false . ▁ ▁The ▁general ized ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁ ▁H odge ▁made ▁an ▁additional , ▁stronger ▁con ject ure ▁than ▁the ▁integral ▁H odge ▁con ject ure . ▁ ▁Say ▁that ▁a ▁co hom ology ▁class ▁on ▁X ▁is ▁of ▁co - level ▁c ▁( con iveau ▁c ) ▁if ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁push forward ▁of ▁a ▁co hom ology ▁class ▁on ▁a ▁c - cod im ensional ▁sub var iety ▁of ▁X . ▁ ▁The ▁co hom ology ▁classes ▁of ▁co - level ▁at ▁least ▁c ▁filter ▁the ▁co hom |
ology ▁of ▁X , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁easy ▁to ▁see ▁that ▁the ▁c th ▁step ▁of ▁the ▁fil tr ation ▁N H ( X , ▁Z ) ▁satisfies ▁ ▁H odge ' s ▁original ▁statement ▁was : ▁General ized ▁H odge ▁con ject ure , ▁H odge ' s ▁version . ▁▁▁ ▁observed ▁that ▁this ▁cannot ▁be ▁true , ▁even ▁with ▁rational ▁coefficients , ▁because ▁the ▁right - hand ▁side ▁is ▁not ▁always ▁a ▁H odge ▁structure . ▁ ▁His ▁corrected ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁is : ▁General ized ▁H odge ▁con ject ure . ▁ ▁N H ( X , ▁Q ) ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁sub - H odge ▁structure ▁of ▁H ( X , ▁Z ) ▁contained ▁in ▁ ▁This ▁version ▁is ▁open . ▁ ▁Al gebra icity ▁of ▁H odge ▁loc i ▁ ▁The ▁strongest ▁evidence ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁is ▁the ▁algebra icity ▁result ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁Suppose ▁that ▁we ▁vary ▁the ▁complex ▁structure ▁of ▁X ▁over ▁a ▁simply ▁connected ▁base . ▁ ▁Then ▁the ▁top ological ▁co hom ology ▁of ▁X ▁does ▁not ▁change , ▁but ▁the ▁H odge ▁decomposition ▁does ▁change . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁known ▁that ▁if ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure ▁is ▁true , ▁then ▁the ▁loc us ▁of ▁all ▁points ▁on ▁the ▁base ▁where ▁the ▁co hom ology ▁of ▁a ▁fiber ▁is ▁a ▁H odge ▁class ▁is ▁in ▁fact ▁an ▁algebra ic ▁subset , ▁that ▁is , ▁it ▁is ▁cut ▁out ▁by ▁polynomial ▁equations |
. ▁ ▁C att ani , ▁Del igne ▁& ▁Kap lan ▁( 1 9 9 5 ) ▁proved ▁that ▁this ▁is ▁always ▁true , ▁without ▁assuming ▁the ▁H odge ▁con ject ure . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁T ate ▁con ject ure ▁H odge ▁theory ▁H odge ▁structure ▁Period ▁mapping ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁Available ▁from ▁the ▁Hir z ebru ch ▁collection ▁( pdf ). ▁. ▁. ▁. ▁. ▁ ▁Rep r inted ▁in ▁. ▁. ▁. ▁ ▁. ▁. ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Popular ▁lecture ▁on ▁H odge ▁Con ject ure ▁by ▁Dan ▁F reed ▁( Univers ity ▁of ▁Texas ) ▁( Real ▁Video ) ▁▁ ▁( Sl ides ) ▁▁▁ ▁B urt ▁Tot aro , ▁Why ▁believe ▁the ▁H odge ▁Con ject ure ? ▁ ▁Claire ▁V ois in , ▁H odge ▁loc i ▁ ▁Category : Hom ology ▁theory ▁Category : H odge ▁theory ▁Category : Con ject ures ▁Category : Mill enn ium ▁Prize ▁Pro ble ms ▁Category : Al gebra ic ▁geometry <0x0A> </s> ▁Mak sim ▁Mo ise y ev ▁( ; ▁; ▁born ▁ 8 ▁February ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁retired ▁Bel ar us ian ▁professional ▁football er . ▁His ▁latest ▁club ▁was ▁V ite b sk . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Profile ▁at ▁teams . by ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Bel ar us ian ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁goal keep ers ▁Category : FC ▁Bel |
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