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▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁North ▁York shire ▁Category : C ivil ▁par ishes ▁in ▁North ▁York shire <0x0A> </s> ▁ 5 8 th ▁Brigade ▁or ▁ 5 8 th ▁Infan try ▁Brigade ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁▁ 5 8 th ▁Brigade ▁( People ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China ) ▁▁ 5 8 th ▁Independent ▁Motor ized ▁Infan try ▁Brigade ▁( U kr aine ) ▁of ▁the ▁Ukrain ian ▁Ground ▁Forces ▁▁ 5 8 th ▁Indian ▁Brigade ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Indian ▁Army ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁▁ 5 8 th ▁Div is ional ▁T rench ▁Mort ar ▁Brigade ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁▁ 5 8 th ▁Brigade ▁( Un ited ▁Kingdom ) ▁▁ 5 8 th ▁Battle field ▁Sur ve illance ▁Brigade ▁( Un ited ▁States ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ 5 8 th ▁Division ▁( dis ambigu ation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Following ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁sen ators ▁of ▁V au cl use , ▁people ▁who ▁have ▁represented ▁the ▁department ▁of ▁V au cl use ▁in ▁the ▁Senate ▁of ▁France . ▁ ▁Third ▁Republic ▁ ▁Sen ators ▁for ▁V au cl use ▁under ▁the ▁French ▁Third ▁Republic ▁were : ▁▁ ▁Fr éd éric ▁Gran ier ▁( 1 8 7 6 – 1 8 8 2 ) ▁ ▁El z é ar ▁Pin ▁( 1 8 7 6 – 1 8 8 3 ) ▁ ▁Al ph on se ▁Gent ▁( 1 8 8 2 – 1 8 9 |
4 ) ▁ ▁Alfred ▁Joseph ▁Na quet ▁( 1 8 8 3 – 1 8 9 0 ) ▁ ▁Eug ène ▁Gu ér in ▁( 1 8 9 0 – 1 9 2 0 ) ▁ ▁Georges ▁T aul ier ▁( 1 8 9 4 – 1 8 9 9 ) ▁ ▁August e ▁B éra ud ▁( 1 9 0 0 – 1 9 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Ach ille ▁Ma ureau ▁( 1 9 0 5 – 1 9 2 0 ) ▁ ▁Louis ▁Ser re ▁( 1 9 2 0 – 1 9 3 6 ) ▁ ▁Louis ▁T iss ier ▁( 1 9 2 0 – 1 9 3 6 ) ▁ ▁U ly s se ▁Fab re ▁( 1 9 3 6 – 1 9 4 0 ) ▁ ▁Louis ▁G ros ▁( 1 9 3 6 – 1 9 4 0 ) ▁ ▁Fourth ▁Republic ▁ ▁Sen ators ▁for ▁V au cl use ▁under ▁the ▁French ▁Fourth ▁Republic ▁were : ▁▁ ▁Lu ci en ▁Gr ange on ▁( 1 9 4 6 – 1 9 4 8 ) ▁ ▁Jean ▁Geoff roy ▁( 1 9 4 8 – 1 9 5 9 ) ▁ ▁Marcel ▁P ell enc ▁( 1 9 4 8 – 1 9 5 9 ) ▁ ▁Fifth ▁Republic ▁ ▁Sen ators ▁for ▁V au cl use ▁under ▁the ▁French ▁Fifth ▁Republic : ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁ ▁Category : List s ▁of ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Senate ▁( Fr ance ) ▁by |
▁department <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Copa ▁Col san itas ▁was ▁a ▁women ' s ▁tennis ▁tournament ▁played ▁on ▁outdoor ▁clay ▁courts ▁at ▁the ▁Club ▁Camp est re ▁El ▁Ran cho ▁in ▁Bog ot á , ▁Colombia ▁that ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁T ier ▁IV ▁category ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁W TA ▁Tour . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁third ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁tournament ▁and ▁was ▁held ▁from ▁ 7 ▁February ▁through ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁Un seed ed ▁Pat ric ia ▁W art usch ▁won ▁the ▁singles ▁title ▁and ▁earned ▁$ 2 2 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Fin als ▁ ▁Singles ▁ ▁Pat ric ia ▁W art usch ▁defeated ▁ ▁T ath iana ▁Gar bin ▁ 4 – 6 , ▁ 6 – 1 , ▁ 6 – 4 ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁W art usch ' s ▁ 1 st ▁singles ▁title ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁of ▁her ▁career . ▁ ▁Dou bles ▁ ▁Laura ▁Mont al vo ▁/ ▁ ▁Pa ola ▁Su á rez ▁defeated ▁ ▁R ita ▁K uti - K is ▁/ ▁ ▁Pet ra ▁Mand ula ▁ 6 – 4 , ▁ 6 – 2 ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁▁ ▁IT F ▁tournament ▁edition ▁details ▁ ▁Tour nament ▁draws ▁ ▁Copa ▁Col san itas ▁Category : Cop a ▁Col san itas ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 ▁in ▁Colomb ian ▁sport <0x0A> </s> ▁Par tha ▁Pr |
at im ▁Mit ra , ▁Ph . D . ▁is ▁an ▁Indian - American ▁neuro sc ient ist ▁and ▁computer ▁scientist . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁Cr ick - Cl ay ▁Professor ▁of ▁Bio in format ics ▁at ▁Cold ▁Spring ▁Harbor ▁Labor atory . ▁Mit ra ▁currently ▁holds ▁the ▁H . N . ▁Mah ab ala ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Chair ▁in ▁Comput ational ▁Br ain ▁Research ▁at ▁I IT ▁Mad ras ▁and ▁he ▁is ▁a ▁Senior ▁Vis iting ▁Research er ▁at ▁R I KEN , ▁Tokyo , ▁Japan . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Par tha ▁Mit ra ▁received ▁his ▁PhD ▁in ▁theoretical ▁physics ▁from ▁Harvard ▁University ▁under ▁the ▁guidance ▁of ▁Ber tr and ▁Hal per in ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁He ▁worked ▁in ▁quant itative ▁neuro science ▁and ▁theoretical ▁engineering ▁at ▁Bell ▁Labor ator ies ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 3 - 2 0 0 3 ▁and ▁as ▁an ▁Assistant ▁Professor ▁in ▁The oret ical ▁Phys ics ▁at ▁Cal tech ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁before ▁moving ▁to ▁Cold ▁Spring ▁Harbor ▁Labor atory ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁where ▁he ▁is ▁a ▁Cr ick - Cl ay ▁professor ▁of ▁bi om at hemat ics . ▁Professor ▁Mit ra ▁also ▁holds ▁adj unct ▁positions ▁in ▁the ▁NY U ▁School ▁of ▁Medicine ▁and ▁We ill ▁Corn ell ▁Medical ▁College . ▁ ▁Research ▁Mit ra ' s ▁research ▁aims ▁to ▁study ▁the ▁complex ▁biological ▁systems ▁from ▁a ▁“ the oret ical ▁engineering ” ▁perspective . ▁He ▁comb ines ▁theoretical , ▁comput ational ▁and ▁experimental |
▁approaches ▁and ▁currently ▁understanding ▁how ▁brains ▁work . ▁Professor ▁Mit ra ▁initiated ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁brain - wide ▁mes osc ale ▁circuit ▁mapping ▁and ▁founded ▁the ▁Br ain ▁Architect ure ▁Project ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁R I KEN ▁Br ain ▁Science ▁Institute ▁and ▁Mon ash ▁University . ▁He ▁has ▁published ▁over ▁ 2 4 0 ▁research ▁articles ▁in ▁peer ▁reviewed ▁jour nals ▁such ▁as ▁Nature , ▁Science , ▁P N AS , ▁P RL ▁and ▁holds ▁eight ▁U . S . ▁pat ents . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁co - auth ored ▁a ▁book ▁titled ▁Observ ed ▁Br ain ▁D ynamics ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : F ell ows ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Physical ▁Society ▁Category : Har vard ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Ind ian ▁neuro sc ient ists ▁Category : American ▁neuro sc ient ists ▁Category : F ellow ▁Members ▁of ▁the ▁I EEE <0x0A> </s> ▁True ▁is ▁the ▁third ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁the ▁English ▁new ▁wave ▁band ▁Sp and au ▁B allet . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 4 ▁March ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁on ▁Ch rys alis ▁Records . ▁While ▁Sp and au ▁B allet ' s ▁first ▁two ▁albums ▁earned ▁them ▁European ▁popularity , ▁True ▁made ▁them ▁worldwide ▁stars ▁and ▁was ▁heavily ▁influenced ▁by ▁jazz , ▁soul ▁and ▁R & B . ▁It ▁reached ▁number ▁ 1 ▁on ▁the ▁UK ▁Albums ▁Chart , ▁the ▁Top ▁ |
2 0 ▁on ▁the ▁US ▁Bill board ▁ 2 0 0 , ▁and ▁chart ed ▁in ▁numerous ▁other ▁countries ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁title ▁track ▁spent ▁four ▁weeks ▁at ▁number ▁ 1 ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁Singles ▁Chart ▁and ▁went ▁to ▁number ▁ 4 ▁on ▁the ▁US ▁Bill board ▁Hot ▁ 1 0 0 . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁Sp and au ▁B allet ' s ▁first ▁album ▁to ▁be ▁recorded ▁outside ▁of ▁London ▁( at ▁Comp ass ▁Point ▁Studios ▁in ▁the ▁Bah amas ). ▁ ▁Other ▁singles ▁from ▁the ▁album ▁included ▁" Gold " ▁( a ▁no . ▁ 2 ▁UK ▁hit ▁and ▁a ▁Top ▁ 3 0 ▁hit ▁in ▁the ▁US ), ▁" Lif eline ", ▁" Comm un ication ", ▁and ▁" P le asure ". ▁Later ▁album ▁releases ▁by ▁the ▁band ▁never ▁equ alled ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁True . ▁ ▁A ▁rem aster ed ▁version ▁of ▁" True " ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 3 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁to ▁comm emor ate ▁its ▁ 2 0 th ▁anniversary . ▁It ▁was ▁re - re leased ▁as ▁a ▁single ▁CD ▁with ▁the ▁original ▁eight ▁tracks ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁music ▁video ▁for ▁" Gold " ▁and ▁some ▁home ▁video ▁footage ▁of ▁the ▁band . ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁ 8 - track ▁album ▁was ▁also ▁issued ▁on ▁the ▁high - res olution ▁super ▁audio ▁CD ▁format ▁as ▁a ▁Hy brid ▁S AC D ▁( in ▁stere o ▁only ). ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁album ▁was ▁given ▁away |
▁free ▁with ▁copies ▁of ▁the ▁Daily ▁Mail ▁newspaper . ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁a ▁special ▁edition ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 2 ▁CD s ▁and ▁DVD ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Sp and au ▁B allet ▁re issues ▁series , ▁featuring ▁rem aster ed ▁ 1 2 " ▁rem ix es ▁and ▁B - s ides , ▁plus ▁a ▁live ▁concert . ▁ ▁Track list ing ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Tony ▁Had ley ▁Gary ▁K emp ▁Martin ▁K emp ▁Steve ▁Norman ▁John ▁K ee ble ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁Album ▁ ▁Singles ▁ ▁Cert ifications ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁albums ▁Category : Sp and au ▁B allet ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁J ol ley ▁& ▁Sw ain ▁Category : Ch rys alis ▁Records ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁St . ▁Francis ▁X avier ▁College ▁( Col ég io ▁São ▁Francisco ▁X avier ) ▁is ▁a ▁Brazil ian ▁co - educ ational ▁school ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Sub pref ect ure ▁of ▁I p ir anga ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁São ▁Paulo . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁the ▁Jes uits ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁and ▁covers ▁kind erg arten ▁through ▁high ▁school . ▁ ▁History ▁and ▁operations ▁Gu ido ▁del ▁Tor o ▁arrived ▁in ▁Brazil ▁from ▁Italy ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁and ▁dedicated ▁himself ▁to ▁the ▁evangel ization ▁of ▁Japanese ▁immigrants . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 8 , ▁he ▁founded ▁Japanese ▁Catholic ▁College ▁of ▁St . |
▁Francis ▁X avier ▁in ▁a ▁rent ed ▁house ▁on ▁Liberty ▁Street . ▁He ▁received ▁the ▁present ▁property ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁and ▁by ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁res itu ated ▁the ▁school ▁there , ▁still ▁dedicated ▁to ▁serving ▁the ▁Japanese . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁it ▁grew ▁to ▁being ▁a ▁primary ▁and ▁gym nas ium . ▁With ▁the ▁completion ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁building ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁it ▁became ▁a ▁high ▁school ▁and ▁took ▁the ▁name ▁St . ▁Francis ▁X avier ▁College . ▁ ▁Rect ors ▁▁▁ 1 9 2 8 – 1 9 5 0 ▁– ▁Gu ido ▁del ▁Tor o ▁▁ 1 9 5 0 – 1 9 5 9 ▁– ▁Ign at ius ▁Sh ige o ▁T aken chi ▁▁ 1 9 6 1 – 1 9 6 5 ▁– ▁Ang elo ▁Bank i ▁▁▁ 1 9 6 5 – 1 9 7 1 ▁– ▁André ▁Mass ao ▁Oz aki ▁▁ 1 9 7 1 – 1 9 7 7 ▁– ▁Fernando ▁Maria ▁Al vare z ▁de ▁Mir anda ▁▁ 1 9 7 7 – 1 9 8 3 ▁– ▁José ▁Maria ▁Herr eros ▁Rob les ▁▁ 1 9 8 3 – 1 9 8 4 ▁– ▁Angel ▁L ó pez ▁Ab ad ▁▁ 1 9 8 4 – 1 9 8 7 ▁– ▁Paul ▁Ped re ira ▁de ▁Fre itas ▁▁ 1 9 8 7 – 1 9 8 8 ▁– ▁Luis ▁Pe cc i ▁▁ 1 9 8 |
8 – 1 9 9 2 ▁– ▁Roberto ▁Vill ar ▁▁ 1 9 9 2 – 1 9 9 9 ▁– ▁Nelson ▁L opes ▁da ▁Silva ▁▁ 1 9 9 9 – 2 0 0 5 ▁– ▁La ert es ▁J . ▁C arg nel ut ti ▁▁ 2 0 0 5 – 2 0 1 0 ▁– ▁Manuel ▁Mad ru ga ▁Sam anie go ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁– ▁Edu ardo ▁Henri ques ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁– ▁Edu ardo ▁Bel tr am ini ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 8 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Brazil ▁Category : Bo ys ' ▁schools ▁in ▁Brazil ▁Category : E duc ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁Category : G ym nas ium s ▁( school ) ▁Category : J es uit ▁secondary ▁schools ▁Category : M ixed - sex ▁education ▁Category : C ath olic ▁elementary ▁and ▁primary ▁schools ▁Category : C ath olic ▁schools ▁in ▁Brazil ▁Category : Private ▁schools ▁in ▁Brazil ▁Category : Sch ools ▁in ▁São ▁Paulo ▁Category : Second ary ▁schools ▁in ▁Brazil <0x0A> </s> ▁Per ic opt us ▁front alis ▁is ▁a ▁sand ▁scar ab ▁native ▁to ▁New ▁Zealand ▁which ▁inhab its ▁sand y ▁river ▁banks ▁and ▁sand bars ▁in ▁in land ▁O tag o . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁described ▁by ▁Thomas ▁B rou n ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 . ▁The ▁European ▁hed ge h og ▁is ▁a ▁pred ator ▁of ▁P . ▁front alis . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ |
▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Image ▁of ▁P . ▁front alis ▁ ▁Category : D yn ast ina e ▁Category : Be et les ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁Category : End emic ▁fa una ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁g ros be ak ▁star ling ▁( Sc iss iro str um ▁dub ium ), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁g ros be ak ▁my na , ▁fin ch - b illed ▁my na , ▁or ▁sc iss or - b illed ▁star ling , ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁star ling ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁S turn idae . ▁It ▁is ▁mon ot yp ic ▁in ▁the ▁genus ▁Sc iss iro str um . ▁It ▁is ▁end emic ▁to ▁Sul aw esi , ▁Indonesia . ▁ ▁Its ▁natural ▁habitat ▁is ▁tropical ▁low land , ▁and ▁sometimes ▁sub t rop ical ▁mont ane , ▁lightly ▁wood ed ▁forest ▁areas ▁and ▁wet lands . ▁ ▁This ▁species ▁n ests ▁in ▁colon ies , ▁which ▁frequently ▁contain ▁hundreds ▁of ▁pairs . ▁Its ▁n ests ▁are ▁bored ▁in ▁rott ing ▁or ▁dying ▁tree ▁trunk s ▁in ▁wood pe cker ▁style . ▁It ▁e ats ▁fruit , ▁insect s , ▁and ▁grain . ▁ ▁G ros be ak ▁st arl ings ▁are ▁highly ▁vocal , ▁at ▁their ▁colon ies ▁and ▁in ▁feeding ▁fl ocks . ▁ ▁The ▁g ros be ak ▁star ling ▁was ▁first ▁described ▁by ▁the ▁English ▁or n ith ologist ▁John ▁L ath am ▁in ▁ 1 8 |
0 1 ▁under ▁the ▁bin om ial ▁name ▁Lan ius ▁dub ium . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁g ros be ak ▁star ling ▁Category : End emic ▁birds ▁of ▁Sul aw esi ▁g ros be ak ▁star ling ▁Category : Tax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot <0x0A> </s> ▁De h - e ▁Mir za ▁Ali ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁De h - e ▁M ī rz ā ▁‘ Al ī ; ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁M ī rz ā ▁‘ Al ī ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁D ust ▁Moh amm ad ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁H irm and ▁County , ▁S istan ▁and ▁B alu che stan ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 1 0 4 , ▁in ▁ 2 6 ▁families . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁H irm and ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁De ▁La ▁S alle ▁G ael ic ▁football ▁and ▁hur ling ▁club ▁is ▁based ▁in ▁Water ford ▁City , ▁Ireland . ▁The ▁club ▁compet es ▁in ▁G ael ic ▁games ▁compet itions ▁organ ised ▁by ▁Water ford ▁G AA ▁board . ▁ ▁The ▁club ▁has ▁won ▁the ▁Water ford ▁Senior ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁twice ▁and ▁the ▁Water ford ▁Senior ▁Football ▁Championship ▁on ▁ 6 ▁occasions . ▁While ▁having ▁a ▁notable ▁record ▁in ▁g ael ic ▁football , ▁today ▁the ▁club ▁mainly ▁focuses ▁on ▁hur ling . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁club ▁takes ▁its ▁name ▁from |
▁St . ▁Step hens ▁De ▁La ▁S alle ▁National ▁School ▁in ▁Patrick ▁Street ▁and ▁previous ▁to ▁the ▁current ▁club ▁being ▁established , ▁field ed ▁a ▁hur ling ▁team ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁St . ▁Step hens . ▁St . ▁Step hens ▁won ▁ 2 ▁Senior ▁County ▁Hur ling ▁Championships , ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 4 . ▁In ▁recent ▁years ▁the ▁club ▁has ▁concentrated ▁on ▁developing ▁ju ven ile ▁players ▁and ▁now ▁has ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁biggest ▁under ▁age ▁set ups ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁East ▁of ▁Ireland . ▁The ▁club ▁has ▁produced ▁many ▁Senior ▁Inter ▁County ▁h url ers ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁few ▁years ▁such ▁as ▁John ▁Mull ane , ▁Johnny ▁and ▁Stephen ▁Bren ner , ▁Kevin ▁Mor an , ▁Bryan ▁P hel an ▁and ▁D erek ▁Mc Gr ath . ▁The ▁club ▁has ▁also ▁won ▁numerous ▁under ▁age ▁County ▁titles ▁in ▁Hur ling ▁and ▁Football ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁All ▁Ireland ▁Fe ile ▁( Under ▁ 1 4 ▁Championships ) ▁in ▁both ▁codes . ▁There ▁were ▁ 5 ▁De ▁La ▁S alle ▁players ▁on ▁the ▁Water ford ▁U - 2 1 ▁team ▁which ▁won ▁the ▁count ies ▁only ▁U - 2 1 ▁All - I re land ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁ ▁John ▁Bar ron ▁( 1 9 5 9 ) ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁De ▁La ▁S alle ▁player ▁to ▁win ▁a ▁Senior ▁All - I re land ▁hur ling ▁medal . ▁ ▁Stephen ▁Bren ner , ▁John ▁Mull ane , ▁Bryan ▁P hel an |
▁and ▁Kevin ▁Mor an ▁have ▁won ▁Mun ster ▁Senior ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁med als ▁with ▁Water ford ▁and ▁also ▁a ▁National ▁Hur ling ▁League ▁Title . ▁ ▁The ▁late ▁Son ny ▁Wal sh ▁also ▁won ▁a ▁National ▁League ▁medal ▁with ▁Water ford . ▁De ▁La ▁S alle ▁is ▁very ▁much ▁a ▁family ▁club ▁with ▁famous ▁families ▁like ▁the ▁Bren ners , ▁the ▁D alt ons ▁and ▁the ▁D ugg ans ▁part ▁of ▁its ▁core ▁for ▁many ▁years . ▁The ▁club ▁is ▁also ▁very ▁proud ▁of ▁its ▁association ▁with ▁the ▁De ▁La ▁S alle ▁Brothers ▁and ▁we ars ▁the ▁cre st ▁of ▁St . ▁John ▁Bapt ist ▁de ▁la ▁S alle ▁on ▁their ▁jer se ys . ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁was ▁an ▁historic ▁year ▁for ▁the ▁club , ▁moving ▁to ▁their ▁new ▁grounds ▁in ▁Gr aced ieu ▁and ▁winning ▁their ▁first ▁Senior ▁County ▁Hur ling ▁title . ▁The ▁club ▁also ▁won ▁the ▁County ▁Under ▁ 2 1 ▁hur ling ▁championship ▁and ▁the ▁Mun ster ▁Senior ▁Club ▁Hur ling ▁Championship . ▁In ▁December ▁De ▁La ▁S alle ▁were ▁hon oured ▁as ▁club ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁in ▁both ▁Water ford ▁and ▁in ▁Mun ster . ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁the ▁club ▁made ▁history ▁by ▁being ▁the ▁first ▁club ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁All - I re land ▁Senior ▁Club ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁Final ▁at ▁their ▁first ▁attempt ▁when ▁they ▁beat ▁Ru ari ▁Og ▁of ▁C us hend all ▁by ▁ 1 - 2 1 ▁to ▁ 1 - 1 |
9 ▁( after ▁extra ▁time ) ▁in ▁the ▁All ▁Ireland ▁semi ▁final ▁at ▁P arn ell ▁Park ▁in ▁Dublin . ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁they ▁won ▁their ▁second ▁Mun ster ▁Senior ▁Club ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁after ▁a ▁ 0 - 9 ▁to ▁ 0 - 8 ▁win ▁against ▁Th ur les ▁S ars fields ▁G AA . ▁ ▁Not able ▁players ▁Kevin ▁Mor an ▁Stephen ▁Daniel s ▁ ▁Eddie ▁Bar rett ▁Jake ▁D illon ▁John ▁Mull ane ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁Mun ster ▁Senior ▁Club ▁Hur ling ▁Championships : ▁ 2 ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Water ford ▁Senior ▁Hur ling ▁Championships : ▁ 3 ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Water ford ▁Senior ▁Football ▁Championships : ▁ 6 ▁▁ 1 9 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁Water ford ▁Inter mediate ▁Hur ling ▁Championships : ▁( 2 ) ▁▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Water ford ▁Inter mediate ▁Football ▁Championships : ▁ 1 ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Water ford ▁Junior ▁Hur ling ▁Championships : ▁( 1 ) ▁▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁Water ford ▁Under - 2 1 ▁Hur ling ▁Championships : ▁( 5 ) ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 |
1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁Water ford ▁Minor ▁hur ling ▁Championship ▁( 5 ) ▁▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁Water ford ▁Minor ▁Football ▁Championship ▁( 1 2 ) ▁▁ 1 9 2 9 , ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁( as ▁St . ▁Stephen ' s ), ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁( as ▁St . ▁Stephen ' s ), ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁( as ▁St . ▁Stephen ' s ), ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁( as ▁St . ▁Stephen ' s ), ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁( as ▁St . ▁Stephen ' s ), ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁All ▁Stars ▁ ▁John ▁Mull ane ▁- ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁Kevin ▁Mor an ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : G ael ic ▁Athlet ic ▁Association ▁clubs ▁in ▁County ▁Water ford ▁Category : H ur ling ▁clubs ▁in ▁County ▁Water ford ▁Category : G ael ic ▁football ▁clubs ▁in ▁County ▁Water |
ford <0x0A> </s> ▁Frederick ▁William ▁C app elen ▁( Oct ober ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 8 5 7 ▁– ▁October ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 2 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Norweg ian - born ▁architect ▁and ▁civil ▁engineer ▁who ▁held ▁the ▁office ▁of ▁Min ne apolis ▁City ▁Engine er . ▁ ▁Frederick ▁William ▁C app elen ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Dr ammen , ▁Norway . ▁He ▁attended ▁school ▁in ▁Fred rik stad ▁in ▁ Ø st fold ▁county , ▁Norway . ▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁the ▁Technical ▁School ▁in ▁Ö re bro , ▁Sweden ▁and ▁then ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Sax on ▁Poly techn ic um ▁( now ▁D res den ▁University ▁of ▁Technology ) ▁in ▁D res den , ▁Germany ▁before ▁em igr ating ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 0 . ▁ ▁C app elen ▁was ▁initially ▁employed ▁by ▁the ▁Northern ▁Pacific ▁Rail road ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁became ▁a ▁City ▁of ▁Min ne apolis ▁bridge ▁engineer . ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁City ▁Engine er ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁and ▁re - e lected ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 . ▁He ▁held ▁membership ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁Society ▁of ▁Municipal ▁Impro ve ments ▁and ▁the ▁Min ne apolis ▁Society ▁of ▁Engine ers . ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Society ▁of ▁Civil ▁Engine ers ▁on ▁April ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 8 9 5 . ▁ ▁C app elen ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁many ▁public ▁works ▁buildings ▁in |
▁Min ne apolis , ▁for ▁example ▁the ▁Pro spect ▁Park ▁Water ▁Tower , ▁the ▁Ken wood ▁Park ▁Water ▁Tower , ▁and ▁the ▁C app elen ▁Memorial ▁Bridge , ▁which ▁is ▁named ▁in ▁honor ▁of ▁him . ▁ ▁Frederick ▁William ▁C app elen ▁died ▁during ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁bridge ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁memorial ▁to ▁his ▁life ▁and ▁career , ▁the ▁bridge ▁still ▁bears ▁his ▁name . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 5 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 2 1 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Dr ammen ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : American ▁civil ▁engineers ▁Fr der ick ▁William ▁Category : Arch itect s ▁from ▁Min ne apolis ▁Category : D res den ▁University ▁of ▁Technology ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁Five ▁ships ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁have ▁been ▁named ▁H MS ▁Mar iner : ▁▁ ▁The ▁first ▁, ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 1 , ▁was ▁a ▁ 1 2 - gun ▁brig , ▁sold ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁, ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 6 , ▁was ▁a ▁ 1 6 - gun ▁brig , ▁sold ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁third ▁Mar iner , ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 4 ▁as ▁ ▁was ▁a ▁ 2 6 - gun ▁sixth - rate , ▁renamed ▁Mar iner ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 |
8 , ▁and ▁renamed ▁At al anta ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 8 . ▁She ▁found ered ▁in ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁fourth ▁, ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 4 , ▁was ▁a ▁ ▁composite ▁screw ▁s loop , ▁sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁fifth ▁, ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁was ▁an ▁. ▁She ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁Bur m ese ▁Navy ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁and ▁renamed ▁Yan ▁My o ▁A ung . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : R oyal ▁Navy ▁ship ▁names <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁G E H ▁Stat istic ▁is ▁a ▁formula ▁used ▁in ▁traffic ▁engineering , ▁traffic ▁forecast ing , ▁and ▁traffic ▁mod elling ▁to ▁compare ▁two ▁sets ▁of ▁traffic ▁volumes . ▁ ▁The ▁G E H ▁formula ▁gets ▁its ▁name ▁from ▁Geoff rey ▁E . ▁Ha vers , ▁who ▁invented ▁it ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁while ▁working ▁as ▁a ▁transport ▁pl anner ▁in ▁London , ▁England . ▁ ▁Although ▁its ▁mathematical ▁form ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁a ▁chi - s qu ared ▁test , ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁true ▁statistical ▁test . ▁ ▁Rather , ▁it ▁is ▁an ▁emp irical ▁formula ▁that ▁has ▁proven ▁useful ▁for ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁traffic ▁analysis ▁purposes . ▁ ▁The ▁formula ▁for ▁the ▁" GE H ▁Stat istic " ▁is : ▁ ▁Where ▁M ▁is ▁the ▁hour ly ▁traffic ▁volume ▁from ▁the ▁traffic ▁model ▁( or ▁new ▁count ) ▁and ▁C |
▁is ▁the ▁real - world ▁hour ly ▁traffic ▁count ▁( or ▁the ▁old ▁count ) ▁ ▁Using ▁the ▁G E H ▁Stat istic ▁avoid s ▁some ▁pit falls ▁that ▁occur ▁when ▁using ▁simple ▁percent ages ▁to ▁compare ▁two ▁sets ▁of ▁volumes . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁because ▁the ▁traffic ▁volumes ▁in ▁real - world ▁transportation ▁systems ▁vary ▁over ▁a ▁wide ▁range . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁main line ▁of ▁a ▁free way / mot or way ▁might ▁carry ▁ 5 0 0 0 ▁vehicles ▁per ▁hour , ▁while ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁on - ram ps ▁leading ▁to ▁the ▁free way ▁might ▁carry ▁only ▁ 5 0 ▁vehicles ▁per ▁hour ▁( in ▁that ▁situation ▁it ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁possible ▁to ▁select ▁a ▁single ▁percentage ▁of ▁variation ▁that ▁is ▁acceptable ▁for ▁both ▁volumes ). ▁ ▁The ▁G E H ▁stat istic ▁reduces ▁this ▁problem ; ▁because ▁the ▁G E H ▁stat istic ▁is ▁non - linear , ▁a ▁single ▁acceptance ▁threshold ▁based ▁on ▁G E H ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁over ▁a ▁fairly ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁traffic ▁volumes . ▁ ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁G E H ▁as ▁an ▁acceptance ▁crit er ion ▁for ▁travel ▁demand ▁forecast ing ▁models ▁is ▁recognised ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁High ways ▁Agency ' s ▁Design ▁Man ual ▁for ▁Road s ▁and ▁Br idges ▁ ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁mic ros im ulation ▁modeling ▁guidelines , ▁the ▁Transport ▁for ▁London ▁Tra ffic ▁Mod elling ▁Gu idelines ▁ ▁and ▁other ▁references . ▁ ▁For ▁traffic ▁mod elling ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁" bas eline " ▁scenario , ▁a |
▁G E H ▁of ▁less ▁than ▁ 5 . 0 ▁is ▁considered ▁a ▁good ▁match ▁between ▁the ▁mod elled ▁and ▁observed ▁hour ly ▁volumes ▁( fl ows ▁of ▁longer ▁or ▁shorter ▁dur ations ▁should ▁be ▁converted ▁to ▁hour ly ▁equival ents ▁to ▁use ▁these ▁th resh olds ). ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁D MR B , ▁ 8 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁volumes ▁in ▁a ▁traffic ▁model ▁should ▁have ▁a ▁G E H ▁less ▁than ▁ 5 . 0 . ▁ ▁G E H s ▁in ▁the ▁range ▁of ▁ 5 . 0 ▁to ▁ 1 0 . 0 ▁may ▁warrant ▁investigation . ▁ ▁If ▁the ▁G E H ▁is ▁greater ▁than ▁ 1 0 . 0 , ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁high ▁probability ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁problem ▁with ▁either ▁the ▁travel ▁demand ▁model ▁or ▁the ▁data ▁( this ▁could ▁be ▁something ▁as ▁simple ▁as ▁a ▁data ▁entry ▁error , ▁or ▁as ▁complicated ▁as ▁a ▁serious ▁model ▁cal ibration ▁problem ). ▁ ▁Ap plications ▁The ▁G E H ▁formula ▁is ▁useful ▁in ▁situations ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁following : ▁▁▁ ▁Compar ing ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁traffic ▁volumes ▁from ▁manual ▁traffic ▁counts ▁with ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁volumes ▁done ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁locations ▁using ▁autom ation ▁( e . g . ▁a ▁p neum atic ▁tube ▁traffic ▁counter ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁check ▁the ▁total ▁entering ▁volumes ▁at ▁an ▁intersection ▁to ▁affirm ▁the ▁work ▁done ▁by ▁techn icians ▁doing ▁a ▁manual ▁count ▁of ▁the ▁turn ▁volumes ). ▁▁ ▁Compar ing ▁the ▁traffic ▁volumes ▁obtained ▁from ▁this ▁year ' |
s ▁traffic ▁counts ▁with ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁counts ▁done ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁locations ▁in ▁a ▁previous ▁year . ▁▁ ▁Compar ing ▁the ▁traffic ▁volumes ▁obtained ▁from ▁a ▁travel ▁demand ▁forecast ing ▁model ▁( for ▁the ▁" base ▁year " ▁scenario ) ▁with ▁the ▁real - world ▁traffic ▁volumes . ▁▁ ▁Ad just ing ▁traffic ▁volume ▁data ▁collected ▁at ▁different ▁times ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁mat hem atically ▁consistent ▁data ▁set ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁input ▁for ▁travel ▁demand ▁forecast ing ▁models ▁or ▁traffic ▁simulation ▁models ▁( as ▁discussed ▁in ▁N CH RP ▁ 7 6 5 ). ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Mic ros im ulation ▁Tra ffic ▁counter ▁Tra ffic ▁flow ▁Tra ffic ▁engineering ▁( transport ation ) ▁Transport ation ▁planning ▁T rip ▁generation ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁UK ▁High ways ▁Agency ' s ▁Design ▁Man ual ▁for ▁Road s ▁& ▁Br idges ▁( DM RB ) ▁ ▁Wisconsin ▁Mic ros im ulation ▁Model ing ▁Gu idelines ▁ ▁Transport ▁for ▁London ▁Tra ffic ▁Mod elling ▁Gu idelines ▁ ▁National ▁Cooper ative ▁Highway ▁Research ▁Program ▁Report ▁ 7 6 5 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Transport ation ▁engineering ▁Category : Transport ation ▁planning <0x0A> </s> ▁E bl igen ▁is ▁a ▁Swiss ▁railway ▁station ▁near ▁the ▁settlement ▁of ▁E bl igen ▁in ▁the ▁municip ality ▁of ▁Ober ried ▁am ▁B rien zer see ▁and ▁the ▁cant on ▁of ▁Bern . ▁E bl igen ▁is ▁a ▁stop ▁on ▁the ▁Br ün ig ▁line , ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁Zent ral bahn , ▁that ▁operates ▁between |
▁Inter l aken ▁and ▁Luc erne . ▁ ▁The ▁station ▁is ▁a ▁request ▁stop ▁served ▁by ▁the ▁following ▁passenger ▁trains : ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁the ▁cant on ▁of ▁Bern ▁Category : O ber ried ▁am ▁B rien zer see <0x0A> </s> ▁D erm at oph yt osis , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁ring w orm , ▁is ▁a ▁fun gal ▁infection ▁of ▁the ▁skin . ▁Typ ically ▁it ▁results ▁in ▁a ▁red , ▁it ch y , ▁sc aly , ▁circular ▁r ash . ▁Hair ▁loss ▁may ▁occur ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁affected . ▁Sym pt oms ▁begin ▁four ▁to ▁fourteen ▁days ▁after ▁exposure . ▁Mult iple ▁areas ▁can ▁be ▁affected ▁at ▁a ▁given ▁time . ▁ ▁About ▁ 4 0 ▁types ▁of ▁fun gi ▁can ▁cause ▁ring w orm . ▁They ▁are ▁typically ▁of ▁the ▁Tr ich oph y ton , ▁Micro sp orum , ▁or ▁E pid erm oph y ton ▁type . ▁R isk ▁factors ▁include ▁using ▁public ▁show ers , ▁contact ▁sports ▁such ▁as ▁wrest ling , ▁excessive ▁swe ating , ▁contact ▁with ▁animals , ▁ob es ity , ▁and ▁poor ▁immune ▁function . ▁Ring w orm ▁can ▁spread ▁from ▁other ▁animals ▁or ▁between ▁people . ▁Di agn osis ▁is ▁often ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁appearance ▁and ▁symptoms . ▁It ▁may ▁be ▁confirmed ▁by ▁either ▁cult uring ▁or ▁looking ▁at ▁a ▁skin ▁scrap ing ▁under ▁a ▁micro scope . ▁ ▁Pre vention ▁is ▁by ▁keeping ▁the ▁skin ▁dry , ▁not ▁walking ▁bare foot ▁in |
▁public , ▁and ▁not ▁sharing ▁personal ▁items . ▁Treat ment ▁is ▁typically ▁with ▁ant if ung al ▁cream s ▁such ▁as ▁cl ot rim az ole ▁or ▁m icon az ole . ▁If ▁the ▁scal p ▁is ▁involved , ▁ant if ung als ▁by ▁mouth ▁such ▁as ▁flu con az ole ▁may ▁be ▁needed . ▁ ▁Gl ob ally , ▁up ▁to ▁ 2 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁may ▁be ▁infected ▁by ▁ring w orm ▁at ▁any ▁given ▁time . ▁In fections ▁of ▁the ▁gro in ▁are ▁more ▁common ▁in ▁males , ▁while ▁in fections ▁of ▁the ▁scal p ▁and ▁body ▁occur ▁equally ▁in ▁both ▁sex es . ▁In fections ▁of ▁the ▁scal p ▁are ▁most ▁common ▁in ▁children ▁while ▁in fections ▁of ▁the ▁gro in ▁are ▁most ▁common ▁in ▁the ▁elderly . ▁Des criptions ▁of ▁ring w orm ▁date ▁back ▁to ▁ancient ▁history . ▁ ▁Sign s ▁and ▁symptoms ▁ ▁In fections ▁on ▁the ▁body ▁may ▁give ▁rise ▁to ▁typical ▁en larg ing ▁raised ▁red ▁rings ▁of ▁ring w orm . ▁In fection ▁on ▁the ▁skin ▁of ▁the ▁feet ▁may ▁cause ▁ath lete ' s ▁foot ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁gro in , ▁j ock ▁it ch . ▁In vol vement ▁of ▁the ▁nails ▁is ▁term ed ▁on ych omy cos is , ▁and ▁they ▁may ▁thick en , ▁dis col our , ▁and ▁finally ▁cr umble ▁and ▁fall ▁off . ▁They ▁are ▁common ▁in ▁most ▁adult ▁people , ▁with ▁up ▁to ▁ 2 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁having ▁one ▁of |
▁these ▁in fections ▁at ▁any ▁given ▁moment . ▁ ▁Anim als ▁such ▁as ▁dogs ▁and ▁cats ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁affected ▁by ▁ring w orm , ▁and ▁the ▁disease ▁can ▁be ▁trans mitted ▁between ▁animals ▁and ▁humans , ▁making ▁it ▁a ▁z oon otic ▁disease . ▁ ▁Specific ▁signs ▁can ▁be : ▁red , ▁sc aly , ▁it ch y ▁or ▁raised ▁patches ▁patches ▁may ▁be ▁red der ▁on ▁outside ▁edges ▁or ▁re semble ▁a ▁ring ▁patches ▁that ▁begin ▁to ▁o o ze ▁or ▁develop ▁a ▁bl ister ▁bald ▁patches ▁may ▁develop ▁when ▁the ▁scal p ▁is ▁affected ▁nails ▁may ▁thick en , ▁dis col our ▁or ▁begin ▁to ▁crack ▁ ▁C auses ▁ ▁F ung i ▁th rive ▁in ▁moist , ▁warm ▁areas , ▁such ▁as ▁lock er ▁rooms , ▁t anning ▁beds , ▁swimming ▁pool s , ▁and ▁skin ▁f olds ; ▁accordingly , ▁those ▁that ▁cause ▁d erm at oph yt osis ▁may ▁be ▁spread ▁by ▁using ▁exercise ▁machines ▁that ▁have ▁not ▁been ▁dis in fect ed ▁after ▁use , ▁or ▁by ▁sharing ▁tow els , ▁clothing , ▁foot wear , ▁or ▁hair br ushes . ▁ ▁Di agn osis ▁ ▁Class ification ▁▁ ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁different ▁species ▁of ▁fun gi ▁are ▁involved ▁in ▁d erm at oph yt osis . ▁D erm at oph y tes ▁of ▁the ▁gener a ▁Tr ich oph y ton ▁and ▁Micro sp orum ▁are ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁caus ative ▁agents . ▁These ▁fun gi ▁attack ▁various ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁body ▁and ▁lead ▁to |
▁the ▁conditions ▁listed ▁below . ▁The ▁Latin ▁names ▁are ▁for ▁the ▁conditions ▁( d ise ase ▁patterns ), ▁not ▁the ▁agents ▁that ▁cause ▁them . ▁The ▁disease ▁patterns ▁below ▁identify ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁fun g us ▁that ▁causes ▁them ▁only ▁in ▁the ▁cases ▁listed : ▁▁ ▁D erm at oph yt osis ▁ ▁T inea ▁ped is ▁( ath lete ' s ▁foot ): ▁fun gal ▁infection ▁of ▁the ▁feet ▁▁ ▁T inea ▁un gui um : ▁fun gal ▁infection ▁of ▁the ▁fing ern ails ▁and ▁to en ails , ▁and ▁the ▁nail ▁bed ▁▁ ▁T inea ▁corpor is : ▁fun gal ▁infection ▁of ▁the ▁arms , ▁legs , ▁and ▁trunk ▁ ▁T inea ▁cr ur is ▁( j ock ▁it ch ): ▁fun gal ▁infection ▁of ▁the ▁gro in ▁area ▁ ▁T inea ▁man uum : ▁fun gal ▁infection ▁of ▁the ▁hands ▁and ▁palm ▁area ▁ ▁T inea ▁capit is : ▁fun gal ▁infection ▁of ▁the ▁scal p ▁and ▁hair ▁ ▁T inea ▁fac ie i ▁( face ▁fun g us ): ▁fun gal ▁infection ▁of ▁the ▁face ▁ ▁T inea ▁bar ba e : ▁fun gal ▁inf est ation ▁of ▁facial ▁hair ▁▁ ▁Other ▁super f icial ▁my cos es ▁( not ▁classic ▁ring w orm , ▁since ▁not ▁caused ▁by ▁d erm at oph y tes ) ▁ ▁T inea ▁vers icol or : ▁caused ▁by ▁Mal asse z ia ▁fur fur ▁ ▁T inea ▁n ig ra : ▁caused ▁by ▁H ort ae a ▁wer ne ck ii ▁ |
▁Pre vention ▁ ▁Adv ice ▁often ▁given ▁includes : ▁ ▁Avoid ▁sharing ▁clothing , ▁sports ▁equipment , ▁tow els , ▁or ▁sheets . ▁ ▁W ash ▁clothes ▁in ▁hot ▁water ▁with ▁fun g ic idal ▁soap ▁after ▁suspected ▁exposure ▁to ▁ring w orm . ▁ ▁Avoid ▁walking ▁bare foot ; ▁instead ▁wear ▁appropriate ▁protective ▁shoes ▁in ▁lock er ▁rooms ▁and ▁sand als ▁at ▁the ▁beach . ▁ ▁Avoid ▁touching ▁pets ▁with ▁bald ▁spots , ▁as ▁they ▁are ▁often ▁car riers ▁of ▁the ▁fun g us . ▁ ▁V acc ination ▁▁ ▁no ▁approved ▁human ▁vaccine ▁exist ▁against ▁D erm at oph yt osis . ▁For ▁horses , ▁dogs ▁and ▁cats ▁there ▁is ▁available ▁an ▁approved ▁in activ ated ▁vaccine ▁called ▁Ins ol ▁D erm at oph y ton ▁( B oe h ring er ▁In gel heim ) ▁which ▁provides ▁time - limited ▁protection ▁against ▁several ▁tr ich oph y ton ▁and ▁micro sp orum ▁fun gal ▁str ains . ▁With ▁cattle , ▁system ic ▁vacc ination ▁has ▁achieved ▁effective ▁control ▁of ▁ring w orm . ▁Since ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁a ▁Russian ▁live ▁vaccine ▁( L FT ▁ 1 3 0 ) ▁and ▁later ▁on ▁a ▁Czech os lov ak ian ▁live ▁vaccine ▁against ▁b ov ine ▁ring w orm ▁has ▁been ▁used . ▁In ▁Sc and in av ian ▁countries ▁vacc ination ▁program mes ▁against ▁ring w orm ▁are ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁prevent ive ▁measure ▁to ▁improve ▁the ▁hide ▁quality . ▁In ▁Russia , ▁fur - b earing ▁animals ▁( |
sil ver ▁f ox , ▁f ox es , ▁polar ▁f ox es ) ▁and ▁rab bits ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁treated ▁with ▁vacc ines . ▁ ▁Treat ment ▁ ▁Ant if ung al ▁treatments ▁include ▁top ical ▁agents ▁such ▁as ▁m icon az ole , ▁ter b ina f ine , ▁cl ot rim az ole , ▁k et ocon az ole , ▁or ▁to l na ft ate ▁applied ▁twice ▁daily ▁until ▁symptoms ▁resolve — ▁usually ▁within ▁one ▁or ▁two ▁weeks . ▁Top ical ▁treatments ▁should ▁then ▁be ▁continued ▁for ▁a ▁further ▁ 7 ▁days ▁after ▁resolution ▁of ▁visible ▁symptoms ▁to ▁prevent ▁recur rence . ▁The ▁total ▁duration ▁of ▁treatment ▁is ▁therefore ▁generally ▁two ▁weeks , ▁but ▁may ▁be ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁three . ▁ ▁In ▁more ▁severe ▁cases ▁or ▁scal p ▁ring w orm , ▁system ic ▁treatment ▁with ▁oral ▁medications ▁may ▁be ▁given . ▁ ▁To ▁prevent ▁spreading ▁the ▁infection , ▁les ions ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁touched , ▁and ▁good ▁hy g iene ▁maintained ▁with ▁washing ▁of ▁hands ▁and ▁the ▁body . ▁ ▁Mis di agn osis ▁and ▁treatment ▁of ▁ring w orm ▁with ▁a ▁top ical ▁ster oid , ▁a ▁standard ▁treatment ▁of ▁the ▁super fic ially ▁similar ▁pity ri asis ▁rose a , ▁can ▁result ▁in ▁t inea ▁inc ogn ito , ▁a ▁condition ▁where ▁ring w orm ▁fun g us ▁grows ▁without ▁typical ▁features , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁distinctive ▁raised ▁border . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁D erm at oph yt osis ▁has ▁been ▁preval ent ▁since |
▁before ▁ 1 9 0 6 , ▁at ▁which ▁time ▁ring w orm ▁was ▁treated ▁with ▁comp ounds ▁of ▁mer cury ▁or ▁sometimes ▁sul fur ▁or ▁i od ine . ▁H airy ▁areas ▁of ▁skin ▁were ▁considered ▁too ▁difficult ▁to ▁treat , ▁so ▁the ▁scal p ▁was ▁treated ▁with ▁X - r ays ▁and ▁followed ▁up ▁with ▁ant if ung al ▁medication . ▁Another ▁treatment ▁from ▁around ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁was ▁application ▁of ▁Ar ar oba ▁powder . ▁ ▁Term in ology ▁The ▁most ▁common ▁term ▁for ▁the ▁infection , ▁" ring w orm ", ▁is ▁a ▁mis nom er , ▁since ▁the ▁condition ▁is ▁caused ▁by ▁fun gi ▁of ▁several ▁different ▁species ▁and ▁not ▁by ▁paras it ic ▁worm s . ▁ ▁Other ▁animals ▁ ▁Ring w orm ▁caused ▁by ▁Tr ich oph y ton ▁ver ru cos um ▁is ▁a ▁frequent ▁clinical ▁condition ▁in ▁cattle . ▁Young ▁animals ▁are ▁more ▁frequently ▁affected . ▁The ▁les ions ▁are ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁head , ▁neck , ▁tail , ▁and ▁per ine um . ▁ ▁The ▁typical ▁les ion ▁is ▁a ▁round , ▁wh it ish ▁cr ust . ▁Mult iple ▁les ions ▁may ▁co ales ce ▁in ▁" map - like " ▁appearance . ▁ ▁Clin ical ▁d erm at oph yt osis ▁is ▁also ▁diagnosed ▁in ▁sheep , ▁dogs , ▁cats , ▁and ▁horses . ▁C aus ative ▁agents , ▁besides ▁Tr ich oph y ton ▁ver ru cos um , ▁are ▁T . ▁ment ag ro phy tes , ▁T . |
▁equ in um , ▁Micro sp orum ▁g yp se um , ▁M . ▁can is , ▁and ▁M . ▁nan um . ▁ ▁D erm at oph yt osis ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁hol otype ▁of ▁the ▁C ret ace ous ▁e ut ric on od ont ▁mamm al ▁Sp in ol est es , ▁suggesting ▁a ▁Mes oz o ic ▁origin ▁for ▁this ▁disease . ▁ ▁Di agn osis ▁ ▁Ring w orm ▁in ▁pets ▁may ▁often ▁be ▁asympt om atic , ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁carrier ▁condition ▁which ▁infect s ▁other ▁pets . ▁In ▁some ▁cases , ▁the ▁disease ▁only ▁appears ▁when ▁the ▁animal ▁develop s ▁an ▁imm un ode f iciency ▁condition . ▁Cir cular ▁bare ▁patches ▁on ▁the ▁skin ▁suggest ▁the ▁diagnosis , ▁but ▁no ▁les ion ▁is ▁truly ▁specific ▁to ▁the ▁fun g us . ▁Similar ▁patches ▁may ▁result ▁from ▁allerg ies , ▁s arc opt ic ▁man ge , ▁and ▁other ▁conditions . ▁Three ▁species ▁of ▁fun gi ▁cause ▁ 9 5 % ▁of ▁d erm at oph yt osis ▁in ▁pets : ▁these ▁are ▁Micro sp orum ▁can is , ▁Micro sp orum ▁g yp se um , ▁and ▁Tr ich oph y ton ▁ment ag ro phy tes . ▁ ▁Veter in arians ▁have ▁several ▁tests ▁to ▁identify ▁ring w orm ▁infection ▁and ▁identify ▁the ▁fun gal ▁species ▁that ▁cause ▁it : ▁ ▁Woods ▁test : ▁This ▁is ▁an ▁ul tr av iolet ▁light ▁with ▁a ▁magn ifying ▁lens . ▁Only ▁ 5 |
0 % ▁of ▁M . ▁can is ▁will ▁show ▁up ▁as ▁an ▁apple - green ▁flu ores c ence ▁on ▁hair ▁shaft s , ▁under ▁the ▁UV ▁light . ▁The ▁other ▁fun gi ▁do ▁not ▁show . ▁The ▁flu ores cent ▁material ▁is ▁not ▁the ▁fun g us ▁itself ▁( which ▁does ▁not ▁flu ores ce ), ▁but ▁rather ▁an ▁ex cret ory ▁product ▁of ▁the ▁fun g us ▁which ▁sticks ▁to ▁h airs . ▁In fect ed ▁skin ▁does ▁not ▁flu ores ce . ▁ ▁Micro sc opic ▁test : ▁The ▁veter in arian ▁takes ▁h airs ▁from ▁around ▁the ▁infected ▁area ▁and ▁places ▁them ▁in ▁a ▁st aining ▁solution ▁to ▁view ▁under ▁the ▁micro scope . ▁F ung al ▁sp ores ▁may ▁be ▁viewed ▁directly ▁on ▁hair ▁shaft s . ▁This ▁technique ▁ident ifies ▁a ▁fun gal ▁infection ▁in ▁about ▁ 4 0 % – 7 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁in fections , ▁but ▁cannot ▁identify ▁the ▁species ▁of ▁d erm at oph y te . ▁ ▁Culture ▁test : ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁effective , ▁but ▁also ▁the ▁most ▁time - consum ing , ▁way ▁to ▁determine ▁if ▁ring w orm ▁is ▁on ▁a ▁pet . ▁In ▁this ▁test , ▁the ▁veter in arian ▁collect s ▁h airs ▁from ▁the ▁pet , ▁or ▁else ▁collect s ▁fun gal ▁sp ores ▁from ▁the ▁pet ' s ▁hair ▁with ▁a ▁tooth br ush , ▁or ▁other ▁instrument , ▁and ▁in oc ulates ▁fun gal ▁media ▁for ▁culture . ▁These ▁cultures ▁can ▁be |
▁brushed ▁with ▁transparent ▁tape ▁and ▁then ▁read ▁by ▁the ▁veter in arian ▁using ▁a ▁micro scope , ▁or ▁can ▁be ▁sent ▁to ▁a ▁path ological ▁lab . ▁The ▁three ▁common ▁types ▁of ▁fun gi ▁which ▁commonly ▁cause ▁pet ▁ring w orm ▁can ▁be ▁identified ▁by ▁their ▁characteristic ▁sp ores . ▁These ▁are ▁different - appe aring ▁macro con id ia ▁in ▁the ▁two ▁common ▁species ▁of ▁Micro sp ora , ▁and ▁typical ▁micro con id ia ▁in ▁Tr ich oph y ton ▁in fections . ▁ ▁Ident ifying ▁the ▁species ▁of ▁fun gi ▁involved ▁in ▁pet ▁in fections ▁can ▁be ▁helpful ▁in ▁controlling ▁the ▁source ▁of ▁infection . ▁M . ▁can is , ▁despite ▁its ▁name , ▁occurs ▁more ▁commonly ▁in ▁domestic ▁cats , ▁and ▁ 9 8 % ▁of ▁cat ▁in fections ▁are ▁with ▁this ▁organ ism . ▁It ▁can ▁also ▁infect ▁dogs ▁and ▁humans , ▁however . ▁T . ▁ment ag ro phy tes ▁has ▁a ▁major ▁reserv oir ▁in ▁rod ents , ▁but ▁can ▁also ▁infect ▁pet ▁rab bits , ▁dogs , ▁and ▁horses . ▁M . ▁g yp se um ▁is ▁a ▁soil ▁organ ism ▁and ▁is ▁often ▁contract ed ▁from ▁gardens ▁and ▁other ▁such ▁places . ▁Besides ▁humans , ▁it ▁may ▁infect ▁rod ents , ▁dogs , ▁cats , ▁horses , ▁cattle , ▁and ▁sw ine . ▁ ▁Treat ment ▁ ▁Pet ▁animals ▁ ▁Treat ment ▁requires ▁both ▁system ic ▁oral ▁treatment ▁with ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁drugs ▁used ▁in ▁humans — ter b ina f ine , |
▁flu con az ole , ▁or ▁it r acon az ole — as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁top ical ▁" d ip " ▁therapy . ▁ ▁Because ▁of ▁the ▁usually ▁longer ▁hair ▁shaft s ▁in ▁pets ▁compared ▁to ▁those ▁of ▁humans , ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁infection ▁and ▁possibly ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁longer ▁hair ▁of ▁the ▁pet ▁must ▁be ▁cl ipped ▁to ▁decrease ▁the ▁load ▁of ▁fun gal ▁sp ores ▁cl inging ▁to ▁the ▁pet ' s ▁hair ▁shaft s . ▁However , ▁close ▁sh aving ▁is ▁usually ▁not ▁done ▁because ▁n icking ▁the ▁skin ▁facil it ates ▁further ▁skin ▁infection . ▁ ▁Tw ice - week ly ▁bath ing ▁of ▁the ▁pet ▁with ▁dil ut ed ▁l ime ▁sul fur ▁dip ▁solution ▁is ▁effective ▁in ▁er ad icating ▁fun gal ▁sp ores . ▁This ▁must ▁continue ▁for ▁ 3 ▁to ▁ 8 ▁weeks . ▁ ▁W ashing ▁of ▁household ▁hard ▁surfaces ▁with ▁ 1 : 1 0 ▁household ▁sod ium ▁hyp och lor ite ▁ble ach ▁solution ▁is ▁effective ▁in ▁killing ▁sp ores , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁too ▁irrit ating ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁directly ▁on ▁hair ▁and ▁skin . ▁ ▁Pet ▁hair ▁must ▁be ▁rig or ously ▁removed ▁from ▁all ▁household ▁surfaces , ▁and ▁then ▁the ▁vacuum ▁clean er ▁bag , ▁and ▁perhaps ▁even ▁the ▁vacuum ▁clean er ▁itself , ▁disc arded ▁when ▁this ▁has ▁been ▁done ▁repeatedly . ▁Rem oval ▁of ▁all ▁hair ▁is ▁important , ▁since ▁sp ores ▁may ▁survive ▁ 1 2 ▁months ▁or ▁even ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁two ▁years ▁on |
▁hair ▁cl inging ▁to ▁surfaces . ▁ ▁C attle ▁ ▁In ▁b ov ines , ▁an ▁inf est ation ▁is ▁difficult ▁to ▁cure , ▁as ▁system ic ▁treatment ▁is ▁une conom ical . ▁Local ▁treatment ▁with ▁i od ine ▁comp ounds ▁is ▁time - consum ing , ▁as ▁it ▁needs ▁scrap ing ▁of ▁cr ust y ▁les ions . ▁Moreover , ▁it ▁must ▁be ▁carefully ▁conducted ▁using ▁gloves , ▁l est ▁the ▁worker ▁become ▁inf ested . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁My c obi ota ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁T inea ▁photo ▁library ▁at ▁D erm net ▁ ▁Category : An imal ▁fun gal ▁diseases ▁Category : My cos is - related ▁cut aneous ▁conditions ▁Category : RT T ▁Category : Cat ▁diseases ▁Category : RT TE M <0x0A> </s> ▁" These ▁Days " ▁is ▁a ▁song ▁written ▁by ▁Jackson ▁Brow ne ▁and ▁recorded ▁by ▁numerous ▁artists . ▁Brow ne ▁wrote ▁the ▁song ▁at ▁age ▁ 1 6 ; ▁its ▁lyrics ▁deal ▁with ▁loss ▁and ▁regret . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁recorded ▁by ▁N ico ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁for ▁her ▁album ▁Chelsea ▁Girl ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁by ▁Tom ▁R ush . ▁Greg g ▁All man ▁recorded ▁a ▁new ▁arrangement ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁on ▁La id ▁Back , ▁and ▁Brow ne ▁recorded ▁the ▁All man ▁arrangement ▁on ▁For ▁Every man ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁" These ▁Days " ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁recorded ▁by ▁Paul ▁W |
ester berg , ▁St . ▁Vincent , ▁F ount ains ▁of ▁Wayne , ▁M ates ▁of ▁State , ▁David ▁All an ▁Co e , ▁Glen ▁Campbell , ▁and ▁D rake . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Rand all ▁Roberts ▁at ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Times , ▁the ▁song ▁has ▁" qu iet ly ▁become ▁a ▁classic " ▁over ▁the ▁years . ▁P itch f ork ▁Media ' s ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ranking ▁of ▁" The ▁ 2 0 0 ▁Great est ▁Songs ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s " ▁placed ▁the ▁N ico ▁version ▁of ▁" These ▁Days " ▁at ▁number ▁ 3 1 . ▁ ▁Or ig ins ▁and ▁N ico ▁version ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁mid - to - late ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁Brow ne ▁was ▁a ▁prec oc ious ▁song writer ▁who ▁was ▁pitch ing ▁his ▁material ▁to ▁various ▁artists ▁and ▁publishing ▁houses . ▁On ▁January ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁he ▁made ▁some ▁demo ▁record ings ▁for ▁Nina ▁Music ▁Publishing ▁at ▁Jay c ino ▁Studio ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁( An ▁un pl anned ▁double ▁album ▁of ▁these ▁record ings ▁was ▁made ▁by ▁Nina ▁Music , ▁with ▁ 1 0 0 ▁copies ▁issued .) ▁Incl uded ▁in ▁these ▁dem os , ▁and ▁the ▁third ▁song ▁on ▁this ▁collection , ▁was ▁" I ' ve ▁Be en ▁Out ▁Walk ing ", ▁the ▁earliest ▁manifest ation ▁of ▁" These ▁Days ". ▁Yet ▁the ▁song ▁was ▁even ▁older ▁than ▁that ; ▁Brow ne ▁later ▁said |
▁he ▁wrote ▁it ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁ 1 6 ▁years ▁old , ▁meaning ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁or ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁ ▁German ▁model ▁and ▁singer ▁N ico ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁record ▁" These ▁Days " ▁for ▁release ▁on ▁her ▁October ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁album ▁Chelsea ▁Girl . ▁The ▁elaborate ▁production ▁featured ▁a ▁fairly ▁fast ▁finger p icking ▁electric ▁guitar ▁part ▁by ▁Brow ne ▁played ▁in ▁a ▁desc ending ▁pattern ▁ending ▁in ▁a ▁major ▁ 7 th ▁ch ord ; ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁that ▁instrument ▁was ▁suggested ▁by ▁Andy ▁War hol , ▁who ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁N ico ▁and ▁Vel vet ▁Under ground ▁scene ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁was ▁looking ▁for ▁something ▁more ▁" mod ern " ▁than ▁an ▁ac oustic ▁guitar ▁in ▁the ▁song . ▁This ▁was ▁combined ▁with ▁strings ▁and ▁fl utes , ▁added ▁after ▁the ▁fact ▁by ▁producer ▁Tom ▁Wilson , ▁without ▁N ico ' s ▁knowledge . ▁Set ▁against ▁these ▁elements ▁were ▁the ▁sad , ▁world - we ary ▁tone ▁of ▁the ▁lyrics , ▁all ▁wrapped ▁around ▁N ico ' s ▁manner ed , ▁ icy , ▁German - ac cent ed , ▁lower - register ▁vocals : ▁ ▁N ico ▁dis lik ed ▁the ▁strings ▁addition ▁and ▁called ▁the ▁album ▁" un list enable " ▁as ▁a ▁result . ▁But ▁P itch f ork ▁said ▁that ▁nevertheless , ▁the ▁" ine ff able ▁sad ness " ▁and ▁" gr ande ur ▁of ▁her ▁mel anch oly " ▁came ▁through |
. ▁While ▁N ico ▁never ▁achieved ▁much ▁commercial ▁visibility , ▁her ▁work ▁caught ▁the ▁attention ▁of ▁other ▁musicians ▁and ▁song writ ers . ▁And ▁although ▁Brow ne ▁was ▁still ▁several ▁years ▁from ▁getting ▁his ▁own ▁recording ▁contract , ▁his ▁wise - be yond - his - year s ▁talent ▁was ▁quickly ▁recognized ▁by ▁other ▁perform ers ▁looking ▁for ▁material . ▁Of ▁Brow ne ' s ▁c atalogue ▁during ▁this ▁period , ▁" These ▁Days ," ▁along ▁with ▁his ▁" Shadow ▁Dream ▁Song ," ▁were ▁regarded ▁as ▁his ▁g ems . ▁" These ▁Days " ▁was ▁recorded ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁by ▁The ▁N itty ▁Gr itty ▁D irt ▁Band ▁on ▁their ▁album ▁R are ▁J unk , ▁by ▁Tom ▁R ush ▁on ▁his ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁self - t itled ▁album , ▁by ▁Jennifer ▁W arn es ▁( as ▁" J enn ifer ") ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁( this ▁version ▁was ▁produced ▁by ▁John ▁C ale , ▁who ▁also ▁played ▁on ▁N ico ' s ▁Chelsea ▁Girl ▁album ), ▁by ▁Ken ny ▁Log g ins ' ▁first ▁band , ▁G ator ▁Creek , ▁around ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁and ▁by ▁I ain ▁Matt he ws ▁on ▁his ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁album ▁Valley ▁Hi . ▁ ▁Brow ne ▁and ▁All man ▁versions ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁Jackson ▁Brow ne ▁had ▁become ▁a ▁successful ▁recording ▁artist , ▁and ▁not ▁having ▁ra ided ▁his ▁back ▁c atalogue ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁album , ▁was |
▁willing ▁to ▁do ▁so ▁for ▁this ▁second , ▁For ▁Every man . ▁Record ed ▁at ▁the ▁Sun set ▁Sound ▁Factory , ▁this ▁" These ▁Days " ▁was ▁considerably ▁different ▁in ▁several ▁ways ▁from ▁the ▁N ico ▁effort . ▁ ▁Some ▁lyrics ▁were ▁changed ▁or ▁om itted , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁couple ▁of ▁lines ▁about ▁" ram bling " ▁and ▁" g am bling ". ▁ ▁The ▁finger p icking ▁guitar ▁figure ▁was ▁replaced ▁with ▁flat p icking , ▁and ▁the ▁slower - p aced ▁instrument ation ▁was ▁typical ▁of ▁early ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁Southern ▁Cal iforn ian ▁folk ▁rock ▁— ▁drums , ▁bass , ▁piano , ▁ac oustic ▁guitar , ▁but ▁most ▁prom in ently ▁with ▁David ▁Lind ley ' s ▁slide ▁guitar , ▁a ▁feature ▁of ▁Brow ne ' s ▁early ▁albums , ▁but ▁also ▁with ▁Jim ▁K elt ner ▁on ▁drums ▁and ▁David ▁Pa ich ▁on ▁piano . ▁N ico ' s ▁cool ▁delivery ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁Brow ne ' s ▁singer - s ong writer - style ▁approach , ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁vocal ▁that ▁Philadelphia ▁City ▁Paper ▁later ▁called ▁" unique , ▁and ▁pier cing ly ▁sad ". ▁ ▁The ▁For ▁Every man ▁l iner ▁notes ▁thank ed ▁Greg g ▁All man ▁for ▁the ▁arrangement . ▁While ▁All man ▁was ▁most ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁emerging ▁Southern ▁rock ▁scene , ▁he ▁had ▁spent ▁considerable ▁time ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁before ▁The ▁All man ▁Brothers ▁Band ▁came ▁together ; ▁he ▁and ▁Brow ne ▁had ▁become ▁friends , ▁and ▁the ▁brothers |
' ▁early ▁band ▁had ▁recorded ▁Brow ne ' s ▁" Cast ▁Off ▁All ▁My ▁F ears " ▁on ▁their ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁self - t itled ▁album ▁The ▁H our ▁Glass . ▁All man ▁decided ▁to ▁record ▁his ▁own ▁version ▁of ▁" These ▁Days " ▁for ▁his ▁debut ▁solo ▁album , ▁La id ▁Back , ▁released ▁like ▁For ▁Every man ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁( and ▁following ▁by ▁a ▁year ▁or ▁two ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁band mates ▁Du ane ▁All man ▁and ▁Ber ry ▁Oak ley ▁in ▁motor cycle ▁accidents ). ▁ ▁All man ' s ▁version ▁kept ▁to ▁Brow ne ' s ▁rev ised ▁ly ric ▁until ▁the ▁end , ▁when ▁he ▁changed ▁" Don ' t ▁confront ▁me ▁with ▁my ▁failures ▁/ ▁I ▁had ▁not ▁forgotten ▁them ," ▁to ▁" Please ▁don ' t ▁confront ▁me ▁with ▁my ▁failures ▁/ ▁I ' m ▁aware ▁of ▁them ." ▁ ▁Roll ing ▁Stone ▁praised ▁the ▁treatment , ▁saying ▁All man ▁" does ▁full ▁justice ▁to ▁the ▁quietly ▁hur ting ▁lyrics , ▁double - track ing ▁the ▁vocal ▁over ▁a ▁sad ▁steel ▁guitar ," ▁and ▁calling ▁the ▁vocal ▁quality ▁" res igned " ▁and ▁" et ern ally ▁a ching ." ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁writer ▁Anthony ▁De C urt is ▁called ▁All man ' s ▁version ▁" def init ive ", ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁American ▁Song writer ▁magazine ▁said ▁that ▁All man ' s ▁recording ▁had ▁overs h adow ed |
▁Brow ne ' s ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁way ▁that ▁the ▁E agles ▁had ▁for ▁Brow ne ' s ▁co - written ▁" Take ▁It ▁Easy ". ▁ ▁Many ▁years ▁later , ▁Brow ne ▁described ▁the ▁inspiration ▁he ▁cred ited : ▁ ▁" When ▁[ All man ] ▁did ▁it ▁I ▁thought ▁that ▁he ▁really ▁unlock ed ▁a ▁power ▁in ▁that ▁song ▁that ▁I ▁sort ▁of ▁then ▁em ulated ▁in ▁my ▁version . ▁I ▁started ▁playing ▁the ▁piano . ▁I ▁wasn ' t ▁trying ▁to ▁sing ▁it ▁like ▁Greg g ; ▁I ▁couldn ' t ▁possibly . ▁I ▁took ▁the ▁c ue , ▁play in ' ▁this ▁slow ▁walk . ▁But ▁it ▁was ▁written ▁very ▁sort ▁of , ▁kind ▁of ▁— ▁[ str ums ▁opening ] ▁— ▁a ▁little ▁more ▁flat p icking ." ▁ ▁While ▁neither ▁version ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁a ▁single , ▁both ▁Brow ne ' s ▁and ▁All man ' s ▁" These ▁Days " ▁record ings ▁gained ▁air play ▁on ▁progressive ▁rock ▁radio ▁stations ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁most - he ard ▁interpret ations ▁of ▁the ▁song . ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁included ▁on ▁both ▁of ▁Brow ne ' s ▁" best ▁of " ▁albums , ▁The ▁Next ▁Voice ▁You ▁H ear : ▁The ▁Best ▁of ▁Jackson ▁Brow ne ▁and ▁The ▁Very ▁Best ▁of ▁Jackson ▁Brow ne , ▁and ▁on ▁both ▁of ▁All man ' s ▁comp il ations , ▁The ▁Mill enn ium ▁Collection : ▁The ▁Best ▁of ▁Greg g ▁All man ▁and ▁( in ▁a ▁live ▁version ) ▁No ▁Str |
anger ▁to ▁the ▁Dark : ▁The ▁Best ▁of ▁Greg g ▁All man . ▁ ▁When ▁All man ▁tou red ▁as ▁a ▁solo ▁act , ▁he ▁generally ▁kept ▁" These ▁Days " ▁in ▁his ▁concert ▁re per toire . ▁ ▁Brow ne ▁was ▁a ▁different ▁story . ▁ ▁It ▁had ▁appeared ▁in ▁his ▁conc erts ▁since ▁before ▁he ▁had ▁a ▁recording ▁contract , ▁and ▁stayed ▁in ▁through ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁usually ▁played ▁on ▁piano ▁in ▁a ▁surprising ▁seg ue ▁out ▁of ▁his ▁biggest ▁hit ▁single , ▁" Do ctor ▁My ▁E yes ". ▁ ▁But ▁by ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁he ▁had ▁graduated ▁from ▁h alls ▁and ▁outdoor ▁am ph it he at res ▁to ▁aren as , ▁and ▁" These ▁Days " ▁disappeared ▁from ▁his ▁set ▁lists , ▁perhaps ▁because ▁he ▁felt ▁it ▁no ▁longer ▁effective ▁in ▁those ▁settings . ▁Save ▁for ▁the ▁occasional ▁ac oustic ▁show ▁or ▁benefit ▁show , ▁the ▁song ▁was ▁not ▁heard ▁again ▁until ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁as ▁Brow ne ▁was ▁again ▁playing ▁smaller ▁ven ues , ▁often ▁solo , ▁and ▁where ▁it ▁began ▁to ▁re appe ar ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁" Do ctor ▁My ▁E yes " ▁seg ue ▁again . ▁ ▁Ren ew ed ▁visibility ▁" These ▁Days " ▁gained ▁renew ed ▁visibility ▁when ▁the ▁N ico ▁recording ▁was ▁included ▁in ▁a ▁scene ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁Wes ▁Anderson ▁film ▁The ▁Royal ▁Ten en ba ums , ▁which ▁gross ed ▁over ▁$ |
5 0 ▁million ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁and ▁gar ner ed ▁many ▁award ▁nom inations . ▁ ▁The ▁Philadelphia ▁City ▁Paper ▁wrote ▁that ▁" It ' s ▁no ▁surprise ▁that ▁Wes ▁Anderson ▁used ▁this ▁recording ▁in ▁The ▁Royal ▁Ten en ba ums ; ▁the ▁fear ▁of ▁missed ▁opportunity ▁that ▁its ▁characters ▁share ▁is ▁what ▁prop els ▁' These ▁Days ' ." ▁ ▁The ▁scene ▁in ▁which ▁G w yn eth ▁P alt row ▁gets ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁Green ▁Line ▁bus ▁as ▁the ▁song ▁is ▁heard ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁that ▁Anderson ▁designed ▁for ▁the ▁film . ▁Jackson ▁Brow ne ▁later ▁said ▁" I ▁forgot ▁that ▁I ' d ▁licensed ▁them ▁to ▁use ▁this ▁song . ▁And ▁this ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁those ▁things ▁that ▁comes ▁to ▁you ▁in ▁the ▁mail ▁and ▁you ▁don ' t ▁know ▁what ▁they ' re ▁talking ▁about ▁and ▁you ▁simply ▁give ▁them ▁their ▁permission . ▁You ' re ▁sitting ▁in ▁the ▁movie ▁theater ▁and ▁there ' s ▁this ▁great ▁moment ▁when ▁G w yn eth ▁P alt row ▁is ▁coming ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁bus ▁or ▁something ▁like ▁that . ▁I ' m ▁thinking ▁to ▁myself , ▁I ▁used ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁guitar ▁just ▁like ▁that . ▁And ▁then ▁the ▁voice ▁comes ▁on ▁and ▁it ' s ▁N ico ▁singing ▁' These ▁Days ', ▁which ▁I ▁played ▁on ." ▁ ▁N ico ' s ▁" These ▁Days " ▁was ▁included ▁on ▁both ▁versions ▁of ▁The ▁Royal ▁Ten en ba ums ▁sound track . ▁Later , ▁a ▁ |
2 0 0 2 ▁K mart ▁commercial ▁loop ed ▁the ▁guitar ▁part ▁from ▁the ▁N ico ▁recording . ▁There ▁was ▁a ▁new ▁wave ▁of ▁treatments ▁of ▁the ▁song , ▁with ▁some ▁em ulating ▁either ▁N ico ▁or ▁Brow ne ▁while ▁others ▁re imag ined ▁it ▁in ▁other ▁ways . ▁ ▁Given ▁this ▁new ▁attention , ▁Brow ne ▁began ▁playing ▁" These ▁Days " ▁in ▁concert ▁on ▁a ▁regular ▁basis , ▁but ▁on ▁ac oustic ▁guitar ▁and ▁in ▁a ▁new ▁style . ▁He ▁now ▁started ▁with ▁the ▁finger p icking ▁guitar ▁part ▁but ▁continued ▁in ▁a ▁technique ▁and ▁feel ▁that ▁falls ▁between ▁the ▁N ico ▁and ▁Brow ne ▁record ings . ▁He ▁said ▁" And ▁now ▁I ' ve ▁learned ▁how ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁N ico ▁version , ▁which ▁we ▁sort ▁of ▁made ▁up ▁for ▁her . ▁[ Im it ates ▁N ico ' s ▁version ] ▁Fab ulous ▁you ▁know ..." ▁It ▁was ▁included ▁on ▁Brow ne ' s ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁live ▁album ▁S olo ▁Ac oustic , ▁Vol . ▁ 1 , ▁including ▁a ▁hum orous ▁spoken ▁introduction ▁about ▁the ▁origins ▁of ▁the ▁song . ▁Another ▁arrangement ▁was ▁constructed ▁for ▁his ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁tour ▁of ▁Spain ▁with ▁Lind ley ▁and ▁per cussion ist ▁T ino ▁di ▁Ger al do ▁and ▁captured ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁live ▁album ▁Love ▁Is ▁Str ange : ▁En ▁V ivo ▁Con ▁T ino . ▁A ▁Spanish - ac cent ed ▁vocal ▁from ▁guest ▁singer ▁L uz ▁Cas al |
▁was ▁set ▁against ▁Brow ne ' s ▁ac oustic ▁guitar , ▁Lind ley ' s ▁viol in , ▁and ▁di ▁Ger al do ' s ▁c aj ón ; ▁All mus ic ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁result ▁" m akes ▁an ▁already ▁beautiful ▁song ▁ex quis ite ". ▁ ▁The ▁All man ▁Brothers ▁Band ▁included ▁the ▁song ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁their ▁conc erts , ▁featuring ▁it ▁on ▁their ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Be acon ▁Theatre ▁run ▁of ▁shows ▁with ▁Greg g ▁All man ▁and ▁Warren ▁Hay nes ▁both ▁playing ▁ac oustic ▁guitar ▁and ▁sharing ▁dual ▁vocals . ▁ ▁Brow ne ▁and ▁All man ▁sang ▁" These ▁Days " ▁together ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁at ▁Atlanta ' s ▁Fox ▁Theatre ▁at ▁the ▁All ▁My ▁Friends : ▁Cele br ating ▁The ▁Songs ▁& ▁Voice ▁Of ▁Greg g ▁All man ▁t ribute ▁concert ▁and ▁subsequent ▁CD ▁and ▁DVD ▁release . ▁ ▁The ▁pair ▁followed ▁with ▁a ▁du et ▁of ▁All man ' s ▁classic ▁" M el issa ." ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 9 th , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Brow ne ▁joined ▁Blake ▁M ills ▁on stage ▁at ▁the ▁World ▁Ca fe ▁in ▁Philadelphia ▁to ▁perform ▁" These ▁Days ." ▁The ▁two ▁were ▁joined ▁by ▁M ills ' ▁tour ▁band ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁his ▁op ener , ▁y Music . ▁M ills ▁admitted ▁to ▁having ▁played ▁the ▁song ▁at ▁his ▁high ▁school ▁gradu ation , ▁c iting ▁Brow ne ▁as ▁an ▁early ▁influence |
▁and ▁now - f requ ent ▁collabor ator . ▁ ▁Post - 1 9 7 3 ▁versions ▁ ▁I ain ▁Matt he ws ▁included ▁the ▁song ▁on ▁his ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁solo ▁album ▁Valley ▁Hi . ▁ ▁Terry ▁Mel cher ▁with ▁Dor is ▁Day ▁included ▁" These ▁Days " ▁on ▁his ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁album ▁Terry ▁Mel cher . ▁ ▁New ▁Gr ass ▁Rev ival ▁recorded ▁the ▁song ▁in ▁a ▁progressive ▁blue gr ass ▁style ▁for ▁their ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁album ▁Fly ▁Through ▁the ▁Country . ▁ ▁Cher ▁recorded ▁the ▁song ▁for ▁her ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁album ▁Stars . ▁ ▁Ind ie ▁rock er ▁Barbara ▁M anning ▁included ▁it ▁as ▁the ▁B - side ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁her ▁singles ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Man iac s ▁covered ▁the ▁song ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁Ele k tra ▁Records ▁t ribute ▁album ▁Rub á iy át . ▁ ▁The ▁Golden ▁Pal om inos ▁on ▁their ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁album ▁This ▁Is ▁How ▁It ▁Fe els . ▁ ▁Kate ▁Wolf ▁recorded ▁it ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁album ▁Looking ▁Back ▁at ▁You ▁( Live , ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁ 1 9 7 7 - 1 9 7 9 ). ▁ ▁The ▁N ect ar ine ▁No . ▁ 9 ▁recorded ▁the ▁song ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁album ▁Ni ag ara ▁Falls . ▁ ▁Lloyd ▁Cole ▁played ▁the ▁song |
▁live ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁ ▁Ell i ott ▁Smith ▁was ▁known ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁song ▁frequently ▁in ▁live ▁performances ▁( most ▁likely ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ). ▁ ▁F ount ains ▁of ▁Wayne ▁used ▁it ▁as ▁the ▁B - side ▁of ▁their ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁single ▁" T rou bled ▁Times ", ▁and ▁later ▁included ▁it ▁on ▁disc ▁ 2 ▁of ▁the ▁band ' s ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁compilation ▁album ▁Out - of - State ▁Pl ates . ▁ ▁M ates ▁of ▁State ▁recorded ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁ 7 " ▁inch ▁single ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁ ▁Paul ▁W ester berg ▁covered ▁the ▁song ▁on ▁his ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁album ▁Come ▁Feel ▁Me ▁T rem ble . ▁ ▁Philadelphia ▁singer / s ong writer ▁Den ison ▁W it mer ▁included ▁the ▁song ▁on ▁his ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁covers ▁album ▁Rec over ed . ▁ ▁Altern ative ▁folk ▁singer ▁Kath ry n ▁Williams ▁included ▁a ▁cover ▁of ▁" These ▁Days " ▁on ▁her ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁covers ▁album ▁Rel ations . ▁ ▁St . ▁Vincent ▁covered ▁the ▁song ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁EP ▁Paris ▁Is ▁Burn ing . ▁ ▁South ampton ▁band ▁Del ays ▁included ▁a ▁cover ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁on ▁their ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁EP ▁Lost ▁T unes . ▁ ▁Glen ▁Campbell ▁covered ▁the ▁song ▁on ▁his ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁album ▁Meet ▁Glen |
▁Campbell . ▁ ▁Band ▁Of ▁H ors es ▁guitar ist ▁Tyler ▁Ram sey ▁covered ▁the ▁song ▁on ▁his ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁solo ▁album ▁A ▁Long ▁Dream ▁About ▁Sw im ming ▁Ac ross ▁the ▁Sea . ▁ ▁Irish ▁singer ▁Gem ma ▁Hay es ▁recorded ▁the ▁track ▁on ▁her ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Oliver ▁EP . ▁ ▁Fight star ▁covered ▁the ▁song ▁ac oust ically ▁as ▁a ▁B - side ▁to ▁the ▁digital ▁download ▁of ▁their ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁single ▁" Never ▁Change ". ▁ ▁The ▁Tall est ▁Man ▁on ▁Earth ▁covered ▁the ▁song ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁for ▁a ▁Take - A way ▁Show ▁video . ▁ ▁Robin ▁Pe ck n old ▁and ▁Ale la ▁D iane ▁covered ▁the ▁song ▁at ▁a ▁live ▁concert ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Don ▁Hen ley ▁with ▁Bl ind ▁Pil ot ▁recorded ▁the ▁song ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Looking ▁into ▁You : ▁A ▁T ribute ▁to ▁Jackson ▁Brow ne ▁album . ▁ ▁Live ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁in ▁a ▁du et ▁between ▁Greg g ▁All man ▁and ▁Graham ▁Nash . ▁ ▁Johnny ▁Dar rell ▁recorded ▁the ▁song ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁album ▁The ▁California ▁Stop - Over , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁included ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁album ▁The ▁Complete ▁Gust o / St ard ay / King ▁Record ings . ▁▁ ▁D rake ▁and ▁B abe o ▁B agg ins ▁of ▁rap ▁collective ▁Bar f ▁Tro op |
▁covered ▁the ▁song ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Sw ing ▁Out ▁Sister ▁covered ▁the ▁song ▁in ▁a ▁live ▁limited ▁edition ▁recording , ▁Les ▁Ch ants ▁de ▁Manchester ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁( record ed ▁October ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁by ▁Robin ▁Mac mill an ▁at ▁Low ry ▁Gallery ▁in ▁S alf ord ). ▁ ▁Sound track ▁appearances ▁The ▁best - known ▁sound track ▁usage ▁of ▁" These ▁Days " ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁film ▁The ▁Royal ▁Ten en ba ums . ▁Other ▁sound track ▁appearances ▁include : ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁cover ▁version ▁by ▁ind ie ▁rock ▁band ▁M ates ▁of ▁State ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁W icker ▁Park ▁sound track . ▁ ▁A ▁cover ▁version ▁by ▁Griff in ▁House ▁was ▁played ▁on ▁the ▁Ever wood ▁television ▁series ▁and ▁its ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁sound track ▁album . ▁ ▁Brow ne ' s ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁recording ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁film ▁Inv inc ible . ▁ ▁Jen ▁St ills ' ▁version ▁was ▁featured ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁episode ▁of ▁the ▁television ▁series ▁Brothers ▁& ▁Sister s . ▁ ▁Alt - J ▁Buffalo ▁uses ▁the ▁two ▁first ▁lines ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁their ▁song . ▁ ▁Taylor ▁Gold smith ▁of ▁the ▁band ▁Daw es ▁covered ▁the ▁song ▁for ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁episode ▁of ▁the ▁TV ▁show ▁This ▁Is ▁Us |
. ▁Gold smith ▁is ▁engaged ▁to ▁series ▁co - star ▁M andy ▁Moore ▁and ▁has ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁Brow ne ▁in ▁the ▁past . ▁ ▁Brow ne ' s ▁recording ▁- ▁Bill ions , ▁season ▁ 4 , ▁episode ▁ 1 0 . ▁ ▁Brow ne ' s ▁recording ▁- ▁Netflix ▁series ▁After ▁Life , ▁season ▁ 2 , ▁episode ▁ 1 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 7 ▁songs ▁Category : N ico ▁songs ▁Category : Jack son ▁Brow ne ▁songs ▁Category : G len ▁Campbell ▁songs ▁Category : G reg g ▁All man ▁songs ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Jackson ▁Brow ne <0x0A> </s> ▁Sea ▁bass ▁is ▁a ▁common ▁name ▁for ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁different ▁species ▁of ▁marine ▁fish . ▁Many ▁fish ▁species ▁of ▁various ▁families ▁have ▁been ▁called ▁sea ▁bass . ▁ ▁In ▁Ireland ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁the ▁fish ▁sold ▁and ▁consumed ▁as ▁sea ▁bass ▁is ▁exclusively ▁the ▁European ▁bass , ▁D ic entr arch us ▁lab ra x . ▁ ▁Other ▁fish ▁sometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁sea ▁bass ▁include ▁the ▁following : ▁ ▁Family ▁S err an idae ▁Family ▁S err an idae ▁ ▁Gen us ▁Par al ab ra x ▁ ▁Bar red ▁sand ▁bass ▁( Par al ab ra x ▁ne bul ifer ), ▁lives ▁mainly ▁off ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁California . ▁ ▁Gen us ▁Cent ro pr ist is ▁Black ▁sea ▁bass ▁( Cent ro pr ist is ▁stri ata ), ▁whose ▁range ▁is ▁the |
▁eastern ▁coast ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Gen us ▁Ca esi oper ca ▁Butter fly ▁per ch ▁( C a esi oper ca ▁L ep id opter a ), ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁eastern ▁Indian ▁Ocean , ▁and ▁the ▁south west ▁Pacific ▁Ocean ▁including ▁southern ▁Australia ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁ ▁Gen us ▁Cap rod on ▁Pink ▁ma om ao ▁( Cap rod on ▁long iman us ), ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁eastern ▁Indian ▁Ocean , ▁and ▁the ▁southern ▁Pacific ▁Ocean ▁including ▁Australia ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁ ▁Gen us ▁Ep ine p hel us ▁Pot ato ▁cod ▁( E p ine p hel us ▁t uk ula ), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁pot ato ▁bass ▁or ▁pot ato ▁g rou per , ▁a ▁large ▁re ef ▁fish ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Indian ▁and ▁Pacific ▁O ce ans . ▁ ▁D us ky ▁g rou per ▁( E p ine p hel us ▁margin atus ) ▁ ▁Dog to oth ▁g rou per ▁( E p ine p hel us ▁can inus ) ▁ ▁Gen us ▁H yp op lect ro des ▁Red band ed ▁per ch ▁( H yp op lect ro des ▁hunt ii ), ▁found ▁in ▁sout he astern ▁Australia , ▁and ▁the ▁North ▁Island ▁and ▁northern ▁South ▁Island ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁ ▁Gen us ▁Tr ach yp oma ▁To ad st ool ▁gro per ▁( Tr ach yp oma ▁mac rac anth us ), ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁south west ▁Pacific ▁Ocean . ▁ ▁Gen us ▁S err an us ▁S |
err an us ▁cab r illa ▁( Com ber ) ▁( Lin na e us , ▁ 1 7 5 8 ) ▁S err an us ▁sc rib a ▁( P ainted ▁com ber ) ▁( Lin na e us , ▁ 1 7 5 8 ) ▁ ▁Other ▁ ▁Family ▁Lat idae ▁( also ▁called ▁Asian ▁sea ▁bass , ▁whose ▁range ▁is ▁the ▁Ind o - P ac ific , ▁from ▁Australia ▁to ▁India ). ▁ ▁Gen us ▁H yp opter us ▁( S pi key ▁se ab ass ) ▁ ▁H yp opter us ▁mac rop ter us ▁ ▁Gen us ▁L ates ▁( L ates ▁sea ▁bass ) ▁ ▁L ates ▁cal car ifer ▁( Blo ch , ▁ 1 7 9 0 ) ▁( B arr am und i , ▁L ates ▁sea ▁bass ) ▁ ▁L ates ▁jap onic us ▁Kat ay ama ▁& ▁Y . ▁T aki , ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁( J apan ese ▁l ates ▁sea ▁bass ) ▁ ▁Gen us ▁P s amm oper ca ▁( W a ige o ▁sea ▁bass ) ▁ ▁P s amm oper ca ▁wa ig iens is ▁ ▁Family ▁Not ot hen i idae ▁ ▁Gen us ▁D iss ost ich us ▁( Ch ile an ▁sea ▁bass , ▁a ▁marketing ▁term ▁for ▁the ▁Pat agon ian ▁tooth fish ) ▁ ▁D iss ost ich us ▁eleg in oid es ▁ ▁D iss ost ich us ▁m aw son i ▁ ▁Family ▁Mor on idae ▁ |
▁Gen us ▁D ic entr arch us ▁( Europe an ▁sea ▁bass ) ▁ ▁D ic entr arch us ▁lab ra x ▁- ▁European ▁sea ▁bass ▁or ▁sea ▁d ace ▁▁ ▁D ic entr arch us ▁punct atus ▁- ▁spotted ▁sea ▁bass ▁ ▁Family ▁Poly pr ion idae ▁ ▁Gen us ▁S tere ole pis ▁giant ▁sea ▁bass , ▁native ▁to ▁the ▁northern ▁Pacific ▁Ocean ) ▁ ▁S tere ole pis ▁gig as ▁( g iant ▁sea ▁bass ) ▁ ▁S tere ole pis ▁do eder le ini ▁▁ ▁Family ▁Late ol ab rac idae ▁ ▁Gen us ▁Late ol ab ra x ▁( J apan ese ▁sea ▁bass , ▁a ▁fish ▁commonly ▁used ▁in ▁Japanese , ▁Korean , ▁and ▁Chinese ▁cu is ines . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁commonly ▁called ▁su z uki .) ▁Late ol ab ra x ▁jap onic us ▁( G . ▁C uv ier , ▁ 1 8 2 8 ) ▁( J apan ese ▁sea ▁bass ) ▁ ▁Late ol ab ra x ▁l atus ▁Kat ay ama , ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁( black fin ▁sea ▁bass ) ▁ ▁Family ▁Sc ia en idae ▁ ▁Gen us ▁A tract osc ion ▁( White ▁sea ▁bass ) ▁ ▁White ▁se ab ass ▁( A tract osc ion ▁nob ilis , ▁family ▁Sc ia en idae ), ▁along ▁the ▁Pacific ▁coast ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁Gen us ▁P se ud ot ol ith us ▁P se ud ot ol ith us ▁sen eg al ensis ▁( c |
ass ava ▁cro aker ) ▁ ▁P se ud ot ol ith us ▁typ us ▁( long ne ck ▁cro aker ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : F ish ▁common ▁names ▁Category : Form er ▁dis ambigu ation ▁pages ▁converted ▁to ▁set ▁index ▁articles ▁ ▁ru : М ор ские ▁о ку ни <0x0A> </s> ▁H os se in ▁Tay y eb i ▁B id g oli ▁( , ▁born ▁ 2 9 ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 8 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Iran ian ▁fut sal ▁player . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁K air at ▁Al mat y ▁and ▁the ▁Iran ▁national ▁fut sal ▁team , ▁for ▁which ▁he ▁played ▁ 1 3 0 ▁matches ▁and ▁scored ▁ 1 5 0 ▁goals . ▁His ▁first ▁match ▁with ▁the ▁national ▁team ▁was ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 2 0 . ▁He ▁was ▁ranked ▁Top ▁Go al sc orer ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁( 1 5 ) ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁A FC ▁F uts al ▁Championship ▁( 1 4 ), ▁and ▁ 5 th ▁Best ▁Player ▁in ▁the ▁World ▁at ▁the ▁U MB RO ▁F uts al ▁Awards ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁His ▁current ▁club , ▁K air at ▁Al mat y , ▁came ▁ 2 nd ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁F uts al ▁Champions ▁League . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁Country ▁▁ ▁FIFA ▁F uts al ▁World ▁Cup |
▁▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁Third ▁place ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁A FC ▁F uts al ▁Championship ▁ ▁Champion ▁( 2 ): ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁ ▁Run ner - up ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁Third ▁place ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁Asian ▁Ind oor ▁and ▁Mart ial ▁Arts ▁Games ▁ ▁Champion ▁( 2 ): ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁ ▁Run ner - Up ▁( 2 ): ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁Third ▁place ▁( 2 ): ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁WA FF ▁F uts al ▁Championship ▁ ▁Champion ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁Club ▁▁ ▁A FC ▁F uts al ▁Club ▁Championship ▁ ▁Champion ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁( M es ▁S ung un ) ▁ ▁Run ner - Up ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁( G iti ▁Pas and ▁Is f ahan ) ▁ ▁Third ▁place ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁( Th á i ▁S ơ n ▁Nam ) ▁ ▁UEFA ▁F uts al ▁Champions ▁League ▁ ▁Run ner - up ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 8 – 1 9 ▁( K air at ▁Al mat y ) ▁ ▁Third ▁place ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 |
1 6 – 1 7 ▁( K air at ▁Al mat y ) ▁ ▁Iran ian ▁F uts al ▁Super ▁League ▁ ▁Champion ▁( 2 ): ▁ 2 0 0 9 - 1 0 ▁( F ool ad ▁Mah an ), ▁ 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 ▁( G iti ▁Pas and ) ▁ ▁Run ner - up ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 5 - 1 6 ▁( M es ▁S ung un ) ▁ ▁Kaz akh st ani ▁F uts al ▁Championship ▁ ▁Champion ▁( 3 ): ▁ 2 0 1 6 - 1 7 ▁( K air at ▁Al mat y ), ▁ 2 0 1 7 - 1 8 ▁( K air at ▁Al mat y ), ▁ 2 0 1 8 - 1 9 ▁( K air at ▁Al mat y ) ▁ ▁Kaz akh stan ▁Cup ▁ ▁Champion ▁( 2 ): ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁( K air at ▁Al mat y ), ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁( K air at ▁Al mat y ) ▁ ▁Kaz akh stan ▁Super ▁Cup ▁ ▁Champion ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁( K air at ▁Al mat y ) ▁ ▁E rem en ko ▁Cup ▁ ▁Champion ▁( 2 ): ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁( K air at ▁Al mat y ), ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁( K air at ▁Al mat y ) ▁ ▁Individual ▁▁ ▁Best ▁new ▁young ▁player ▁ ▁Best ▁new ▁young ▁fut sal ▁player ▁of ▁the |
▁ 2 0 0 9 - 1 0 ▁Iran ian ▁F uts al ▁Super ▁League ▁ ▁Best ▁player ▁ ▁Best ▁fut sal ▁player ▁of ▁the ▁F uts al ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Asian ▁Ind oor ▁and ▁Mart ial ▁Arts ▁Games ▁ ▁Best ▁fut sal ▁player ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 ▁Iran ian ▁F uts al ▁Super ▁League ▁ ▁Top ▁Go al sc orer ▁ ▁F uts al ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Asian ▁Ind oor ▁and ▁Mart ial ▁Arts ▁Games ▁ ▁A FC ▁F uts al ▁Championship : ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁( 1 5 ), ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁( 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁de ▁F uts al : ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁( 9 ) ▁ ▁Kaz akh stan ▁League ▁& ▁Cup : ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁( K air at ▁Al mat y ) ▁( 1 1 ) ▁ ▁E rem en ko ▁Cup : ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁ ▁Run ner - up ▁Top ▁Go al sc orer ▁ ▁A FC ▁F uts al ▁Championship : ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁▁ ▁U MB RO ▁F uts al ▁Awards ▁▁ 5 th ▁Best ▁Player ▁in ▁the ▁World : ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁ ▁A FC ▁Annual ▁Awards ▁ ▁Nom inated ▁( am ong ▁ 3 ) ▁for |
▁F uts al ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year : ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁http :// www . ff iri . ir / en / n ational - foot ball - team / F uts al - National - Team / National Team Ad ult Foot sal / results / ▁ ▁Category : I ran ian ▁men ' s ▁fut sal ▁players ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁M ash had ▁Category : People ▁from ▁M ash had ▁Category : 1 9 8 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : El mo ▁Ad ab ▁F SC ▁players ▁Category : F ool ad ▁Mah an ▁F SC ▁players ▁Category : G iti ▁Pas and ▁F SC ▁players ▁Category : T asis at ▁D ary ae i ▁F SC ▁players ▁Category : M es ▁S ung un ▁F SC ▁players ▁Category : I ran ian ▁exp atri ate ▁fut sal ▁players ▁Category : I ran ian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Russia ▁Category : I ran ian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Kaz akh stan ▁Category : I ran ian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Vietnam <0x0A> </s> ▁Sh ay ne ▁Rodr igo ▁is ▁a ▁fict ional ▁and ▁protagon ist ▁of ▁S ine ▁Nov ela ' s ▁ele vent h ▁install ment ' s ▁Sa an ▁Dar ating ▁Ang ▁Um aga ? ▁created ▁by ▁F anny ▁Gar cia ▁and ▁V iva ▁Films ▁she ▁is ▁the ▁biological |
▁daughter ▁of ▁Rub en ▁Rodr igo ▁and ▁Lor rie ▁Rodr igo . ▁The ▁original ▁character ▁was ▁played ▁by ▁Mar ic el ▁Sor iano . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁rem ake ▁series ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁title , ▁her ▁character ▁was ▁port rayed ▁by ▁actress ▁Y asm ien ▁Kur di ▁which ▁debut ed ▁her ▁as ▁an ▁afternoon ▁drama ▁princess . ▁ ▁Background ▁Sh ay ne ▁is ▁a ▁happy ▁teen ▁age ▁girl ▁grew ▁happily ▁with ▁her ▁family . ▁After ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁her ▁father , ▁Rub en , ▁she ▁learned ▁to ▁be ▁responsible ▁to ▁her ▁family ▁since ▁her ▁mother ▁was ▁getting ▁crazy . ▁She ▁had ▁a ▁relationship ▁with ▁R aul ▁Ag on c illo , ▁which ▁was ▁her ▁handsome ▁class mate ▁but ▁later ▁she ▁decided ▁to ▁stop ▁their ▁relationship ▁due ▁to ▁her ▁family ▁conflict . ▁ ▁Category : So ap ▁opera ▁characters ▁Category : F ict ional ▁Filip ino ▁people ▁Category : L iter ary ▁characters ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁ge ology , ▁a ▁r heid ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁substance ▁whose ▁temperature ▁is ▁below ▁the ▁mel ting ▁point ▁and ▁whose ▁ ▁de formation ▁by ▁vis c ous ▁flow ▁during ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁observation ▁is ▁at ▁least ▁three ▁orders ▁of ▁magnitude ▁( 1 , 0 0 0 × ) ▁greater ▁than ▁the ▁el astic ▁de formation ▁under ▁the ▁given ▁conditions . ▁ ▁A ▁material ▁is ▁a ▁r heid ▁by ▁virtue ▁of ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁observation . ▁The ▁term , ▁co ined ▁by ▁S . ▁Warren ▁Care |
y ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁has ▁the ▁same ▁ ▁Greek ▁root ▁as ▁r he ology , ▁the ▁science ▁of ▁vis co el astic ity ▁and ▁non linear ▁flow . ▁ ▁Types ▁of ▁r he ids ▁ ▁Almost ▁any ▁type ▁of ▁rock ▁can ▁behave ▁as ▁a ▁r heid ▁under ▁appropriate ▁conditions ▁of ▁temperature ▁and ▁pressure . ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁Earth ' s ▁mant le ▁under go es ▁conve ction ▁over ▁long ▁time - sc ales . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁mant le ▁supports ▁the ▁propag ation ▁of ▁she ar ▁waves , ▁it ▁may ▁be ▁ded uced ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁solid ▁and , ▁therefore , ▁beh aving ▁as ▁a ▁r heid ▁when ▁it ▁under go es ▁said ▁conve ction . ▁Gran ite ▁has ▁a ▁measured ▁vis cos ity ▁at ▁ ▁standard ▁temperature ▁and ▁pressure ▁of ▁about ▁ 4 . 5 × 1 0 1 9 ▁Pa · s ▁ ▁so ▁it ▁should ▁be ▁considered ▁a ▁r heid . ▁Hal ite , ▁the ▁mineral ▁form ▁of ▁salt , ▁is ▁a ▁ge ological ▁material ▁that ▁beh aves ▁as ▁a ▁r heid ▁over ▁relatively ▁short ▁time - period s . ▁ ▁As ▁salt ▁is ▁buried ▁by ▁other ▁types ▁of ▁sed iments , ▁it ▁will ▁often ▁flow ▁later ally ▁towards ▁regions ▁of ▁less - con fin ing ▁stress . ▁ ▁Through ▁this ▁mechanism , ▁salt ▁dom es ▁and ▁other ▁structures ▁may ▁form . ▁ ▁In ▁some ▁areas , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Gulf ▁of ▁Mexico , ▁these ▁structures ▁often ▁serve ▁as ▁ ▁tr aps ▁for |
▁pet role um ▁and ▁natural ▁gas . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Struct ural ▁ge ology <0x0A> </s> ▁California ▁is ▁a ▁neighborhood ▁in ▁urban ▁Louis ville , ▁Kentucky , ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁bounded ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁by ▁Broadway , ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁by ▁N inth ▁Street , ▁on ▁the ▁south ▁by ▁Oak ▁Street , ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁by ▁Twenty - S ix th ▁Street . ▁There ▁are ▁no ▁written ▁records ▁of ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁neighborhood , ▁but ▁the ▁area ▁was ▁settled ▁by ▁German ▁immigrants ▁around ▁ 1 8 4 9 . ▁It ▁is ▁said ▁that ▁the ▁sub div ision , ▁initially ▁called ▁Hend erson , ▁came ▁to ▁be ▁known ▁as ▁California ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁" far ▁west " ▁of ▁Louis ville . ▁ ▁African ▁Americans ▁settled ▁the ▁area ▁after ▁the ▁Civil ▁War , ▁starting ▁the ▁California ▁Col ored ▁School ▁and ▁a ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁F reed men ' s ▁Bureau . ▁ ▁The ▁early ▁population ▁was ▁mixed ▁between ▁whites ▁and ▁blacks , ▁but ▁white ▁families ▁began ▁to ▁leave ▁around ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁neighborhood ▁lost ▁ 5 0 % ▁of ▁its ▁population ▁and ▁ 4 0 % ▁of ▁its ▁single - family ▁housing ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁and ▁became ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁urban ▁decay . ▁ ▁California ▁has ▁been ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁urban ▁renew al ▁efforts , ▁including ▁those ▁by ▁the ▁Brown - Form an ▁Corporation , ▁whose ▁headquarters ▁and ▁warehouse ▁is ▁located ▁in |
▁the ▁neighborhood . ▁ ▁A ▁commercial ▁neighborhood ▁a rose ▁at ▁ 1 8 th ▁Street ▁( D ix ie ▁Highway ) ▁and ▁Oak . ▁Both ▁M add en ▁Hard ware ▁and ▁the ▁Oak ▁Theater ▁were ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁side ▁of ▁ 1 8 th . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Images ▁of ▁ ▁California ▁( Lou is ville , ▁Ky .) ▁in ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Louis ville ▁L ibraries ▁Digital ▁Collections ▁ ▁Category : G erman - American ▁culture ▁in ▁Louis ville , ▁Kentucky ▁Category : Ne ighbor hood s ▁in ▁Louis ville , ▁Kentucky <0x0A> </s> ▁Round ▁Har bour ▁was ▁a ▁small ▁settlement ▁in ▁Fort une ▁Bay ▁circa ▁ 1 8 6 4 . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁north ▁west ▁of ▁Har bour ▁Bre ton . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁communities ▁in ▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab rad or ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁coastal ▁places ▁in ▁Canada ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab rad or <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Women ' s ▁Beach ▁hand ball ▁at ▁the ▁World ▁Beach ▁Games ▁will ▁be ▁the ▁first ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁tournament , ▁held ▁at ▁D oh a , ▁Q atar ▁from ▁ 1 1 ▁to ▁ 1 6 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Qual ification ▁ ▁Draw ▁The ▁draw ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁at ▁D oh a , ▁Q atar . ▁ ▁Pre liminary ▁round ▁All ▁times ▁are ▁local ▁( UTC |
+ 3 ). ▁ ▁Group ▁A ▁ ▁Group ▁B ▁ ▁Kn ock out ▁stage ▁ ▁Championship ▁br acket ▁▁ 5 – 8 th ▁place ▁br acket ▁▁ 9 – 1 2 th ▁place ▁br acket ▁ ▁Final ▁ranking ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Official ▁website ▁Results ▁I H F ▁website ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 9 ▁World ▁Beach ▁Games ▁events ▁Category : 2 0 1 9 ▁in ▁women ' s ▁hand ball <0x0A> </s> ▁G im son ▁is ▁a ▁surn ame ▁which ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Alfred ▁C . ▁G im son ▁( 1 9 1 7 – 1 9 8 5 ), ▁English ▁ph on et ician ▁Andrew ▁G im son ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 8 ), ▁British ▁political ▁journalist ▁and ▁writer ▁Christopher ▁G im son ▁( 1 8 8 6 – 1 9 7 5 ), ▁English ▁cr ick eter ▁and ▁colonial ▁administr ator ▁Ernest ▁G im son ▁( 1 8 6 4 – 1 9 1 9 ), ▁English ▁furniture ▁designer ▁and ▁architect ▁Sir ▁Franklin ▁G im son ▁( 1 8 9 0 – 1 9 7 5 ), ▁British ▁colonial ▁administr ator ▁in ▁C ey lon , ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁and ▁Singapore ▁Robert ▁G im son ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 6 ), ▁former ▁American ▁football ▁running ▁back ▁Sally ▁G im son , ▁British ▁Labour ▁Party ▁politician ▁Sam son ▁G im son ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 4 ), ▁Singapore an ▁professional ▁gol fer ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁G im son ▁( cy |
cles ), ▁Catal an ▁bicy cle ▁and ▁motor cycle ▁brand ▁G im son ▁and ▁Company , ▁British ▁steam ▁engine ▁manufacturer <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Dev our ing ▁is ▁the ▁seventh ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁D j am ▁K aret , ▁released ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁by ▁C une iform ▁Records . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Person nel ▁ ▁Ad apt ed ▁from ▁The ▁Dev our ing ▁l iner ▁notes . ▁ ▁D j am ▁K aret ▁ ▁Gay le ▁Elle tt – ▁electric ▁guitar , ▁ 1 2 - string ▁ac oustic ▁guitar , ▁ 2 4 - string ▁steel ▁ac oustic ▁guitar , ▁k oto , ▁guitar ▁synt hes izer , ▁key boards , ▁organ , ▁m ell ot ron , ▁sam pler , ▁ther em in , ▁electron ics , ▁per cussion ▁ ▁Chuck ▁O ken , ▁Jr . – ▁drums , ▁per cussion , ▁key boards ▁ ▁Henry ▁J . ▁Os borne – ▁bass ▁guitar , ▁electric ▁guitar , ▁ac oustic ▁guitar , ▁key boards , ▁per cussion ▁ ▁Additional ▁musicians ▁ ▁Jud y ▁G arp – ▁viol in ▁( 4 ) ▁ ▁Mike ▁Hend erson – ▁electric ▁guitar ▁and ▁ 1 2 - string ▁electric ▁guitar ▁( 1 – 3 , ▁ 5 ) ▁Production ▁and ▁additional ▁personnel ▁ ▁Dave ▁Dru se – ▁cover ▁art ▁ ▁D j am ▁K aret – ▁production , ▁recording , ▁mixing ▁ ▁Release ▁history ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links |
▁▁ ▁The ▁Dev our ing ▁at ▁Disc ogs ▁( list ▁of ▁releases ) ▁ ▁The ▁Dev our ing ▁at ▁Band camp ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 7 ▁albums ▁Category : D j am ▁K aret ▁albums ▁Category : C une iform ▁Records ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Sm iling , ▁P roud ▁W ander er ▁is ▁a ▁novel ▁by ▁Jin ▁Y ong . ▁ ▁The ▁Sm iling , ▁P roud ▁W ander er ▁may ▁also ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁The ▁Sm iling , ▁P roud ▁W ander er ▁( 1 9 8 4 ▁TV ▁series ), ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁television ▁series ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁State ▁of ▁Div inity ▁( dis ambigu ation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Bog ia ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁sea ▁sn ails , ▁marine ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll us ks ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁L ep et ell idae . ▁ ▁Spec ies ▁Spec ies ▁within ▁the ▁genus ▁Bog ia ▁include : ▁▁ ▁Bog ia ▁lab ron ica ▁( B og i , ▁ 1 9 8 4 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : L ep et ell idae ▁Category : Mon ot yp ic ▁g ast rop od ▁gener a <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Jin – S ong ▁Wars ▁were ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁conflicts ▁between ▁the ▁Jur chen ▁Jin ▁dyn asty ▁( 1 1 1 5 – 1 2 3 4 ) ▁and ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁Song ▁dyn asty ▁( 9 6 0 – 1 2 7 9 ). ▁In ▁ 1 1 1 |
5 , ▁Jur chen ▁tribes ▁reb elled ▁against ▁their ▁overl ords , ▁the ▁Kh itan ▁L iao ▁dyn asty ▁( 9 0 7 – 1 1 2 5 ), ▁and ▁declared ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁the ▁Jin . ▁Al lying ▁with ▁the ▁Song ▁against ▁their ▁common ▁enemy ▁the ▁L iao ▁dyn asty , ▁the ▁Jin ▁promised ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁Song ▁the ▁Six teen ▁P ref ect ures ▁that ▁had ▁fallen ▁under ▁L iao ▁control ▁since ▁ 9 3 8 . ▁The ▁Chinese ▁agreed ▁but ▁the ▁Jur chen s ' ▁quick ▁defeat ▁of ▁the ▁L iao ▁dyn asty ▁combined ▁with ▁Song ▁dyn asty ▁military ▁failures ▁made ▁the ▁Jin ▁reluct ant ▁to ▁c ede ▁these ▁territor ies . ▁After ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁negotiations ▁that ▁em bit tered ▁both ▁sides , ▁the ▁Jur chen s ▁attacked ▁the ▁Song ▁dyn asty ▁in ▁ 1 1 2 5 , ▁dispatch ing ▁one ▁army ▁to ▁Tai y uan ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁to ▁B ian j ing ▁( mod ern ▁Ka if eng ), ▁the ▁Song ▁capital . ▁ ▁Sur pr ised ▁by ▁news ▁of ▁an ▁invasion , ▁Song ▁general ▁T ong ▁Gu an ▁ret reated ▁from ▁Tai y uan , ▁which ▁was ▁bes ie ged ▁and ▁later ▁captured . ▁As ▁the ▁second ▁Jin ▁army ▁approached ▁the ▁capital , ▁Song ▁emperor ▁Hu iz ong ▁ab d icated ▁and ▁fled ▁south . ▁Q inz ong , ▁his ▁el dest ▁son , ▁was ▁ent h ron ed . ▁The ▁Jur chen s ▁laid ▁sie ge ▁to ▁Ka if eng ▁in ▁ 1 |
1 2 6 , ▁but ▁Q inz ong ▁negoti ated ▁their ▁retreat ▁from ▁the ▁capital ▁by ▁agree ing ▁to ▁a ▁large ▁annual ▁ind em n ity . ▁Q inz ong ▁re ne ged ▁on ▁the ▁deal ▁and ▁ordered ▁Song ▁forces ▁to ▁defend ▁the ▁pre fect ures ▁instead ▁of ▁fort ifying ▁the ▁capital . ▁The ▁Jin ▁res umed ▁war ▁and ▁again ▁bes ie ged ▁Ka if eng ▁in ▁ 1 1 2 7 . ▁ ▁They ▁captured ▁Emperor ▁Q inz ong ▁of ▁Song , ▁many ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁imperial ▁family ▁and ▁high ▁officials ▁of ▁the ▁Song ▁imperial ▁court ▁in ▁an ▁event ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁J ing k ang ▁Inc ident . ▁This ▁separated ▁north ▁and ▁south ▁China ▁between ▁Jin ▁and ▁Song . ▁Rem n ants ▁of ▁the ▁Song ▁imperial ▁family ▁ret reated ▁to ▁southern ▁China ▁and , ▁after ▁brief ▁stays ▁in ▁several ▁temporary ▁cap itals , ▁eventually ▁rel oc ated ▁to ▁Lin ' an ▁( mod ern ▁H ang z hou ). ▁The ▁retreat ▁divided ▁the ▁dyn asty ▁into ▁two ▁distinct ▁periods , ▁Northern ▁Song ▁and ▁Southern ▁Song . ▁ ▁The ▁Jur chen s ▁tried ▁to ▁con quer ▁southern ▁China ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 1 3 0 s , ▁but ▁were ▁bog ged ▁down ▁by ▁a ▁pro - S ong ▁ins urg ency ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁a ▁counter off ensive ▁by ▁Song ▁gener als ▁Y ue ▁Fe i , ▁Han ▁Sh iz h ong , ▁and ▁others . ▁The ▁Song ▁gener als ▁reg ained ▁some ▁territor ies ▁but ▁ret reated ▁on ▁the ▁orders |
▁of ▁Southern ▁Song ▁emperor ▁Ga oz ong , ▁who ▁supported ▁a ▁peaceful ▁resolution ▁to ▁the ▁war . ▁The ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Sha ox ing ▁( 1 1 4 2 ) ▁set ▁the ▁boundary ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁em pires ▁along ▁the ▁Hu ai ▁River , ▁but ▁conflicts ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁dyn ast ies ▁continued ▁until ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁the ▁Jin ▁in ▁ 1 2 3 4 . ▁ ▁A ▁war ▁against ▁the ▁Song ▁begun ▁by ▁ 4 th ▁Jin ▁emperor , ▁W any an ▁Li ang , ▁was ▁un successful . ▁He ▁lost ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Ca ishi ▁( 1 1 6 1 ) ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁assass inated ▁by ▁his ▁own ▁dis aff ect ed ▁officers . ▁An ▁invasion ▁of ▁Jin ▁territory ▁motivated ▁by ▁Song ▁rev anch ism ▁( 1 2 0 6 – 1 2 0 8 ) ▁was ▁also ▁un successful . ▁A ▁decade ▁later , ▁the ▁Jin ▁launched ▁an ▁abort ive ▁military ▁campaign ▁against ▁the ▁Song ▁in ▁ 1 2 1 7 ▁to ▁replace ▁territory ▁they ▁had ▁lost ▁to ▁the ▁inv ading ▁Mong ols . ▁The ▁Song ▁all ied ▁with ▁the ▁Mong ols ▁in ▁ 1 2 3 3 , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁year ▁joint ly ▁captured ▁Ca iz hou , ▁last ▁refuge ▁of ▁the ▁Jin ▁emperor . ▁The ▁Jin ▁dyn asty ▁collapsed ▁that ▁year ▁in ▁ 1 2 3 4 . ▁After ▁the ▁dem ise ▁of ▁the ▁Jin , ▁the ▁Song ▁dyn asty ▁itself ▁became ▁a ▁target ▁of ▁the ▁Mong ols , ▁and ▁collapsed ▁in ▁ 1 2 |
7 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁wars ▁eng end ered ▁an ▁era ▁of ▁swift ▁technological , ▁cultural , ▁and ▁dem ographic ▁changes ▁in ▁China . ▁Batt les ▁between ▁the ▁Song ▁and ▁Jin ▁brought ▁about ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁various ▁gun pow der ▁weapons . ▁The ▁sie ge ▁of ▁De ' an ▁in ▁ 1 1 3 2 ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁recorded ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁fire ▁l ance , ▁an ▁early ▁ancest or ▁of ▁fire arms . ▁There ▁were ▁also ▁reports ▁of ▁battles ▁fought ▁with ▁r ud iment ary ▁gun pow der ▁bombs ▁like ▁the ▁inc end i ary ▁h u op ao ▁or ▁the ▁expl oding ▁tie hu op ao , ▁inc end i ary ▁ar rows , ▁and ▁other ▁related ▁weapons . ▁In ▁northern ▁China , ▁Jur chen s ▁were ▁the ▁ruling ▁minority ▁of ▁an ▁empire ▁predomin antly ▁inhab ited ▁by ▁former ▁subjects ▁of ▁the ▁Song . ▁Jur chen ▁migr ants ▁settled ▁in ▁the ▁conqu ered ▁territor ies ▁and ▁ass imil ated ▁with ▁the ▁local ▁culture . ▁The ▁Jin , ▁a ▁con quest ▁dyn asty , ▁ ▁institut ed ▁a ▁central ized ▁imperial ▁bureau cr acy ▁model ed ▁on ▁previous ▁Chinese ▁dyn ast ies , ▁bas ing ▁their ▁legit im acy ▁on ▁Conf uc ian ▁philosophy . ▁Song ▁refugees ▁from ▁the ▁north ▁res ett led ▁in ▁southern ▁China . ▁The ▁north ▁was ▁the ▁cultural ▁center ▁of ▁China , ▁and ▁its ▁con quest ▁by ▁the ▁Jin ▁dimin ished ▁the ▁regional ▁stat ure ▁of ▁the ▁Song ▁dyn asty . ▁The ▁Southern ▁Song , ▁however , ▁quickly |
▁returned ▁to ▁economic ▁prosper ity , ▁and ▁trade ▁with ▁the ▁Jin ▁was ▁luc r ative ▁despite ▁decades ▁of ▁war fare . ▁Lin ' an , ▁the ▁Southern ▁Song ▁capital , ▁expanded ▁into ▁a ▁major ▁city ▁for ▁commerce . ▁ ▁Fr ag ile ▁Song – J in ▁alliance ▁ ▁The ▁Jur chen s ▁were ▁a ▁T ung us ic - spe aking ▁group ▁of ▁semi - agr arian ▁tribes ▁inhab iting ▁areas ▁of ▁nort heast ▁Asia ▁that ▁are ▁now ▁part ▁of ▁Nort heast ▁China . ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁Jur chen ▁tribes ▁were ▁v ass als ▁of ▁the ▁L iao ▁dyn asty ▁( 9 0 7 – 1 1 2 5 ), ▁an ▁empire ▁ruled ▁by ▁the ▁nom ad ic ▁Kh it ans ▁that ▁included ▁most ▁of ▁modern ▁Mong olia , ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁North ▁China , ▁Nort heast ▁China , ▁northern ▁Korea , ▁and ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Far ▁East . ▁To ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁L iao ▁lay ▁the ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁Song ▁Empire ▁( 9 6 0 – 1 2 7 6 ). ▁The ▁Song ▁and ▁L iao ▁were ▁at ▁peace , ▁but ▁since ▁a ▁military ▁defeat ▁to ▁the ▁L iao ▁in ▁ 1 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁Song ▁paid ▁its ▁northern ▁neighbor ▁an ▁annual ▁ind em n ity ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁bol ts ▁of ▁silk ▁and ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁ oun ces ▁of ▁silver . ▁Before ▁the ▁Jur chen s ▁over th rew ▁the ▁Kh itan , ▁married ▁Jur chen |
▁women ▁and ▁Jur chen ▁girls ▁were ▁rap ed ▁by ▁L iao ▁Kh itan ▁env o ys ▁as ▁a ▁custom ▁which ▁caused ▁resent ment ▁by ▁the ▁Jur chen s ▁against ▁the ▁Kh itan . ▁Song ▁princess es ▁committed ▁suicide ▁to ▁avoid ▁rape ▁or ▁were ▁killed ▁for ▁res isting ▁rape ▁by ▁the ▁Jin . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 1 1 4 , ▁the ▁ch ie ft ain ▁W any an ▁Ag uda ▁( 1 0 6 8 – 1 1 2 3 ) ▁united ▁the ▁dispar ate ▁Jur chen ▁tribes ▁and ▁led ▁a ▁revol t ▁against ▁the ▁L iao . ▁In ▁ 1 1 1 5 ▁he ▁named ▁himself ▁emperor ▁of ▁the ▁Jin ▁" gold en " ▁dyn asty ▁( 1 1 1 5 – 1 2 3 4 ). ▁In formed ▁by ▁a ▁L iao ▁def ector ▁of ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁Jur chen ▁up r ising , ▁the ▁Song ▁emperor ▁Hu iz ong ▁( r . ▁ 1 1 0 0 – 1 1 2 7 ) ▁and ▁his ▁highest ▁military ▁commander ▁the ▁e un uch ▁T ong ▁Gu an ▁saw ▁the ▁L iao ▁weakness ▁as ▁an ▁opportunity ▁to ▁recover ▁the ▁Six teen ▁P ref ect ures , ▁a ▁line ▁of ▁fort ified ▁cities ▁and ▁passes ▁that ▁the ▁L iao ▁had ▁an nex ed ▁from ▁the ▁Sh atu o ▁Turk ▁Later ▁Jin ▁in ▁ 9 3 8 , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁Song ▁had ▁repeatedly ▁but ▁un success fully ▁tried ▁to ▁recon quer . ▁The ▁Song ▁thus ▁sought ▁an ▁alliance ▁with ▁the ▁Jin ▁against |
▁their ▁common ▁enemy ▁the ▁L iao . ▁ ▁Because ▁the ▁land ▁routes ▁between ▁the ▁Song ▁and ▁Jin ▁were ▁controlled ▁by ▁the ▁L iao , ▁diplom atic ▁ex changes ▁had ▁to ▁occur ▁by ▁traveling ▁across ▁the ▁Boh ai ▁Sea . ▁Neg oti ations ▁for ▁an ▁alliance ▁began ▁secret ly ▁under ▁the ▁pret ense ▁that ▁the ▁Song ▁wanted ▁to ▁acquire ▁horses ▁from ▁the ▁Kh it ans . ▁Song ▁diplom ats ▁traveled ▁to ▁the ▁Jin ▁court ▁to ▁meet ▁Ag uda ▁in ▁ 1 1 1 8 , ▁while ▁Jur chen ▁env o ys ▁arrived ▁in ▁the ▁Song ▁capital ▁Ka if eng ▁the ▁next ▁year . ▁At ▁the ▁beginning ▁the ▁two ▁sides ▁agreed ▁to ▁keep ▁whatever ▁L iao ▁territory ▁they ▁would ▁se ize ▁in ▁combat . ▁In ▁ 1 1 2 0 , ▁Ag uda ▁agreed ▁to ▁c ede ▁the ▁Six teen ▁P ref ect ures ▁to ▁the ▁Song ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁transfer ▁to ▁the ▁Jin ▁of ▁the ▁annual ▁t ribut ary ▁payments ▁that ▁the ▁Song ▁had ▁been ▁giving ▁the ▁L iao . ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 1 2 0 , ▁however , ▁the ▁Jur chen s ▁had ▁seized ▁the ▁L iao ▁Supreme ▁Capital , ▁and ▁offered ▁the ▁Song ▁only ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁Six teen ▁P ref ect ures . ▁Among ▁other ▁things , ▁the ▁Jin ▁would ▁keep ▁the ▁L iao ▁Western ▁Capital ▁of ▁Dat ong ▁at ▁the ▁western ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Six teen ▁P ref ect ures . ▁The ▁two ▁sides ▁agreed ▁that ▁the ▁Jin ▁would ▁now ▁attack ▁the ▁L iao ▁Central ▁Capital , |
▁whereas ▁the ▁Song ▁would ▁se ize ▁the ▁L iao ▁Southern ▁Capital , ▁Yan j ing ▁( mod ern ▁day ▁Beijing ). ▁ ▁The ▁joint ▁attack ▁against ▁the ▁L iao ▁had ▁been ▁planned ▁for ▁ 1 1 2 1 , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁res cheduled ▁for ▁ 1 1 2 2 . ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 3 ▁of ▁that ▁year , ▁the ▁Jin ▁captured ▁the ▁L iao ▁Central ▁Capital ▁as ▁promised . ▁The ▁Song ▁delayed ▁their ▁entry ▁into ▁the ▁war ▁because ▁it ▁di verted ▁resources ▁to ▁fighting ▁the ▁Western ▁X ia ▁in ▁the ▁north west ▁and ▁suppress ing ▁a ▁large ▁popular ▁rebell ion ▁led ▁by ▁F ang ▁La ▁in ▁the ▁south . ▁When ▁a ▁Song ▁army ▁under ▁T ong ▁Gu an ' s ▁command ▁finally ▁attacked ▁Yan j ing ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 1 2 2 , ▁the ▁smaller ▁forces ▁of ▁the ▁weak ened ▁L iao ▁rep elled ▁the ▁inv aders ▁with ▁ease . ▁Another ▁attack ▁failed ▁in ▁the ▁fall . ▁Both ▁times , ▁T ong ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁retreat ▁back ▁to ▁Ka if eng . ▁After ▁the ▁first ▁attack , ▁Ag uda ▁changed ▁the ▁terms ▁of ▁the ▁agreement ▁and ▁only ▁promised ▁Yan j ing ▁and ▁six ▁other ▁pre fect ures ▁to ▁the ▁Song . ▁In ▁early ▁ 1 1 2 3 ▁it ▁was ▁Jur chen ▁forces ▁that ▁easily ▁took ▁the ▁L iao ▁Southern ▁Capital . ▁They ▁s acked ▁it ▁and ▁en sl aved ▁its ▁population . ▁ ▁The ▁quick ▁collapse ▁of ▁the ▁L iao ▁led ▁to ▁more ▁negotiations ▁between ▁the ▁Song ▁and ▁the |
▁Jin . ▁Jur chen ▁military ▁success ▁and ▁their ▁effective ▁control ▁over ▁the ▁Six teen ▁P ref ect ures ▁gave ▁them ▁more ▁leverage . ▁Ag uda ▁grew ▁increasingly ▁frustrated ▁as ▁he ▁realized ▁that ▁despite ▁their ▁military ▁failures ▁the ▁Song ▁still ▁intended ▁to ▁se ize ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁pre fect ures . ▁In ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 1 1 2 3 ▁the ▁two ▁sides ▁finally ▁set ▁the ▁terms ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁Song – J in ▁treat y . ▁Only ▁seven ▁pre fect ures ▁( including ▁Yan j ing ) ▁would ▁be ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁Song , ▁and ▁the ▁Song ▁would ▁pay ▁an ▁annual ▁ind em n ity ▁of ▁ 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁pack s ▁of ▁silk ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁ta els ▁of ▁silver ▁to ▁the ▁Jin , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁one - time ▁payment ▁of ▁one ▁million ▁strings ▁of ▁copper ▁coins ▁to ▁compens ate ▁the ▁Jur chen s ▁for ▁the ▁tax ▁revenue ▁they ▁would ▁have ▁earned ▁had ▁they ▁not ▁returned ▁the ▁pre fect ures . ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 1 2 3 ▁T ong ▁Gu an ▁and ▁the ▁Song ▁arm ies ▁entered ▁the ▁lo oted ▁Yan j ing . ▁ ▁War ▁against ▁the ▁Northern ▁Song ▁ ▁Coll apse ▁of ▁the ▁Song – J in ▁alliance ▁B arely ▁one ▁month ▁after ▁the ▁Song ▁had ▁recovered ▁Yan j ing , ▁Z hang ▁J ue ▁( ), ▁who ▁had ▁served ▁as ▁military ▁governor ▁of ▁the ▁L iao ▁pre fect ure ▁of ▁P ing z hou ▁about ▁ |
▁east ▁of ▁Yan j ing , ▁killed ▁the ▁main ▁Jin ▁official ▁in ▁that ▁city ▁and ▁turned ▁it ▁over ▁to ▁the ▁Song . ▁The ▁Jur chen s ▁defeated ▁his ▁arm ies ▁a ▁few ▁months ▁later ▁and ▁Z hang ▁took ▁refuge ▁in ▁Yan j ing . ▁Even ▁though ▁the ▁Song ▁agreed ▁to ▁execute ▁him ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 1 2 3 , ▁this ▁incident ▁put ▁tension ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁states , ▁because ▁the ▁ 1 1 2 3 ▁treat y ▁had ▁explicitly ▁for bidden ▁both ▁sides ▁from ▁har bor ing ▁defect ors . ▁In ▁ 1 1 2 4 , ▁Song ▁officials ▁further ▁anger ed ▁the ▁Jin ▁by ▁asking ▁for ▁the ▁c ession ▁of ▁nine ▁more ▁border ▁pre fect ures . ▁The ▁new ▁Jin ▁emperor ▁Ta iz ong ▁( r . ▁ 1 1 2 3 – 1 1 3 5 ), ▁Ag uda ' s ▁brother ▁and ▁success or , ▁hesitated , ▁but ▁warrior ▁prin ces ▁W any an ▁Z ong han ▁and ▁W any an ▁Z ong w ang ▁() ▁ve he ment ly ▁refused ▁to ▁give ▁them ▁any ▁more ▁territory . ▁Ta iz ong ▁eventually ▁granted ▁two ▁pre fect ures , ▁but ▁by ▁then ▁the ▁Jin ▁leaders ▁were ▁ready ▁to ▁attack ▁their ▁southern ▁neighbor . ▁ ▁Before ▁they ▁could ▁inv ade ▁the ▁Song , ▁the ▁Jur chen s ▁reached ▁a ▁peace ▁agreement ▁with ▁their ▁western ▁neighbors ▁the ▁T ang ut ▁Western ▁X ia ▁in ▁ 1 1 2 4 . ▁The ▁following ▁year ▁near ▁the ▁Ord os ▁Des ert , ▁they ▁captured |
▁T ian zu o , ▁the ▁last ▁emperor ▁of ▁the ▁L iao , ▁putting ▁an ▁end ▁to ▁the ▁L iao ▁dyn asty ▁for ▁good . ▁Read y ▁to ▁end ▁their ▁alliance ▁with ▁the ▁Song , ▁the ▁Jur chen s ▁began ▁prepar ations ▁for ▁an ▁invasion . ▁ ▁First ▁campaign ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 1 2 5 ▁Ta iz ong ▁ordered ▁his ▁arm ies ▁to ▁attack ▁the ▁Song . ▁The ▁defe ction ▁of ▁Z hang ▁J ue ▁two ▁years ▁earlier ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁cas us ▁b elli . ▁Two ▁arm ies ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁capture ▁the ▁major ▁cities ▁of ▁the ▁Song . ▁ ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Tai y uan ▁The ▁western ▁army , ▁led ▁by ▁W any an ▁Z ong han , ▁depart ed ▁from ▁Dat ong ▁and ▁headed ▁towards ▁Tai y uan ▁through ▁the ▁mountains ▁of ▁Shan xi , ▁on ▁its ▁way ▁to ▁the ▁Song ▁western ▁capital ▁Lu oy ang . ▁The ▁Song ▁forces ▁were ▁not ▁expecting ▁an ▁invasion ▁and ▁were ▁caught ▁off ▁guard . ▁The ▁Chinese ▁general ▁T ong ▁Gu an ▁was ▁informed ▁of ▁the ▁military ▁expedition ▁by ▁an ▁env oy ▁he ▁had ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁Jin ▁to ▁obtain ▁the ▁c ession ▁of ▁two ▁pre fect ures . ▁The ▁returning ▁env oy ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁Jur chen s ▁were ▁willing ▁to ▁for go ▁an ▁invasion ▁if ▁the ▁Song ▁c ed ed ▁control ▁of ▁He be i ▁and ▁Shan xi ▁to ▁the ▁Jin . ▁T ong ▁Gu an ▁ret reated ▁from ▁Tai y uan ▁and ▁left ▁command ▁of ▁his ▁troops ▁to ▁Wang ▁B |
ing . ▁Jin ▁arm ies ▁bes ie ged ▁the ▁city ▁in ▁mid ▁January ▁ 1 1 2 6 . ▁Under ▁Wang ▁B ing ' s ▁command , ▁Tai y uan ▁held ▁on ▁long ▁enough ▁to ▁stop ▁the ▁Jur chen ▁troops ▁from ▁adv ancing ▁to ▁Lu oy ang . ▁ ▁First ▁sie ge ▁of ▁Ka if eng ▁ ▁Meanwhile , ▁the ▁eastern ▁army , ▁commanded ▁by ▁W any an ▁Z ong w ang , ▁was ▁dis pat ched ▁towards ▁Yan j ing ▁( mod ern ▁Beijing ) ▁and ▁eventually ▁the ▁Song ▁capital ▁Ka if eng . ▁It ▁did ▁not ▁face ▁much ▁armed ▁opposition . ▁Z ong w ang ▁easily ▁took ▁Yan j ing , ▁where ▁Song ▁general ▁and ▁former ▁L iao ▁governor ▁Gu o ▁Ya oshi ▁() ▁switched ▁his ▁alleg iances ▁to ▁the ▁Jin . ▁When ▁the ▁Song ▁had ▁tried ▁to ▁re claim ▁the ▁Six teen ▁P ref ect ures , ▁they ▁had ▁faced ▁fierce ▁resistance ▁from ▁the ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁population , ▁yet ▁when ▁the ▁Jur chen s ▁inv aded ▁that ▁area , ▁the ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁did ▁not ▁opp ose ▁them ▁at ▁all . ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁December ▁ 1 1 2 5 , ▁the ▁Jin ▁army ▁had ▁seized ▁control ▁of ▁two ▁pre fect ures ▁and ▁re - est ab lished ▁Jur chen ▁rule ▁over ▁the ▁Six teen ▁P ref ect ures . ▁The ▁eastern ▁army ▁was ▁ne aring ▁Ka if eng ▁by ▁early ▁ 1 1 2 6 . ▁ ▁F earing ▁the ▁approaching ▁Jin ▁army , ▁Song ▁emperor ▁Hu iz ong |
▁planned ▁to ▁retreat ▁south . ▁The ▁emperor ▁desert ing ▁the ▁capital ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁viewed ▁as ▁an ▁act ▁of ▁capit ulation , ▁so ▁court ▁officials ▁convinced ▁him ▁to ▁ab d icate . ▁There ▁were ▁few ▁ob jections . ▁Res cu ing ▁an ▁empire ▁in ▁crisis ▁from ▁destruction ▁was ▁more ▁important ▁than ▁preserv ing ▁the ▁rit uals ▁of ▁imperial ▁inherit ance . ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 1 2 6 , ▁a ▁few ▁days ▁before ▁the ▁New ▁Year , ▁Hu iz ong ▁ab d icated ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁was ▁dem oted ▁to ▁the ▁ceremon ial ▁role ▁of ▁Ret ired ▁Emperor . ▁The ▁Jur chen ▁forces ▁reached ▁the ▁Yellow ▁River ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 1 2 6 , ▁two ▁days ▁after ▁the ▁New ▁Year . ▁Hu iz ong ▁fled ▁Ka if eng ▁the ▁next ▁day , ▁esc aping ▁south ▁and ▁leaving ▁the ▁newly ▁ent h ron ed ▁emperor ▁Q inz ong ▁( r . ▁ 1 1 2 6 – 1 1 2 7 ) ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁capital . ▁ ▁Ka if eng ▁was ▁bes ie ged ▁on ▁January ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 1 2 6 . ▁The ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁Jur chen ▁army ▁promised ▁to ▁spare ▁the ▁city ▁if ▁the ▁Song ▁submitted ▁to ▁Jin ▁as ▁a ▁v ass al ; ▁for fe ited ▁the ▁prime ▁minister ▁and ▁an ▁imperial ▁prince ▁as ▁prisoners ; ▁c ed ed ▁the ▁Chinese ▁pre fect ures ▁of ▁He j ian , ▁Tai y uan , ▁and ▁Z h ong |
sh an ; ▁and ▁offered ▁an ▁ind em n ity ▁of ▁ 5 0 ▁million ▁ta els ▁of ▁silver , ▁ 5 ▁million ▁ta els ▁of ▁gold , ▁ 1 ▁million ▁pack s ▁of ▁silk , ▁ 1 ▁million ▁pack s ▁of ▁sat in , ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁horses , ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁m ules , ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁cattle , ▁and ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁cam els . ▁This ▁ind em n ity ▁was ▁worth ▁about ▁ 1 8 0 ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁annual ▁t ribute ▁the ▁Song ▁had ▁been ▁paying ▁to ▁the ▁Jin ▁since ▁ 1 1 2 3 . ▁ ▁With ▁little ▁prospect ▁of ▁help ▁from ▁af ar ▁arriving , ▁inf ight ing ▁broke ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁Song ▁court ▁between ▁the ▁officials ▁who ▁supported ▁the ▁Jin ▁offer ▁and ▁those ▁who ▁opposed ▁it . ▁Opp on ents ▁of ▁the ▁treat y ▁like ▁Li ▁G ang ▁( ; ▁ 1 0 8 3 – 1 1 4 0 ) ▁r all ied ▁around ▁the ▁proposal ▁of ▁remaining ▁in ▁defensive ▁positions ▁until ▁reinforce ments ▁arrived ▁and ▁Jur chen ▁supplies ▁ran ▁out . ▁They ▁bot ched ▁an ▁amb ush ▁against ▁the ▁Jin ▁that ▁was ▁carried ▁out ▁at ▁night , ▁and ▁were ▁replaced ▁by ▁officials ▁who ▁supported ▁peace ▁negotiations . ▁The ▁failed ▁attack ▁pushed ▁Q inz ong ▁into ▁meeting ▁the ▁Jur chen ▁demands , ▁and ▁his ▁officials ▁convinced ▁him ▁to ▁go ▁through ▁with ▁the ▁deal . ▁The ▁Song ▁recognized ▁Jin ▁control |
▁over ▁the ▁three ▁pre fect ures . ▁The ▁Jur chen ▁army ▁ended ▁the ▁sie ge ▁in ▁March ▁after ▁ 3 3 ▁days . ▁ ▁Second ▁campaign ▁Almost ▁as ▁soon ▁as ▁the ▁Jin ▁arm ies ▁had ▁left ▁Ka if eng , ▁Emperor ▁Q inz ong ▁re ne ged ▁on ▁the ▁deal ▁and ▁dis pat ched ▁two ▁arm ies ▁to ▁rep el ▁the ▁Jur chen ▁troops ▁attacking ▁Tai y uan ▁and ▁bol ster ▁the ▁def enses ▁of ▁Z h ong sh an ▁and ▁He j ian . ▁An ▁army ▁of ▁ 9 0 , 0 0 0 ▁soldiers ▁and ▁another ▁of ▁ 6 0 , 0 0 0 ▁were ▁defeated ▁by ▁Jin ▁forces ▁by ▁June . ▁A ▁second ▁expedition ▁to ▁rescue ▁Tai y uan ▁was ▁also ▁un successful . ▁ ▁Acc using ▁the ▁Song ▁of ▁viol ating ▁the ▁agreement ▁and ▁realizing ▁the ▁weakness ▁of ▁the ▁Song , ▁the ▁Jin ▁gener als ▁launched ▁a ▁second ▁pun itive ▁campaign , ▁again ▁divid ing ▁their ▁troops ▁into ▁two ▁arm ies . ▁W any an ▁Z ong han , ▁who ▁had ▁withd rawn ▁from ▁Tai y uan ▁after ▁the ▁Ka if eng ▁agreement ▁and ▁left ▁a ▁small ▁force ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁sie ge , ▁came ▁back ▁with ▁his ▁western ▁army . ▁Over whel med , ▁Tai y uan ▁fell ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 1 2 6 , ▁after ▁ 2 6 0 ▁days ▁of ▁sie ge . ▁When ▁the ▁Song ▁court ▁received ▁news ▁of ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁Tai y uan , ▁the ▁officials ▁who ▁had ▁advoc ated ▁defending |
▁the ▁empire ▁milit arily ▁fell ▁from ▁favor ▁again ▁and ▁were ▁replaced ▁by ▁counsel ors ▁who ▁fav ored ▁appe as ement . ▁In ▁mid ▁December ▁the ▁two ▁Jur chen ▁arm ies ▁conver ged ▁on ▁Ka if eng ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁time ▁that ▁year . ▁ ▁Second ▁sie ge ▁of ▁Ka if eng ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁defeat ▁of ▁several ▁Song ▁arm ies ▁in ▁the ▁north , ▁Emperor ▁Q inz ong ▁wanted ▁to ▁negoti ate ▁a ▁tr uce ▁with ▁the ▁Jin , ▁but ▁he ▁committed ▁a ▁massive ▁strategic ▁bl under ▁when ▁he ▁commanded ▁his ▁remaining ▁arm ies ▁to ▁protect ▁pre fect ural ▁cities ▁instead ▁of ▁Ka if eng . ▁Neg lect ing ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁the ▁capital , ▁he ▁left ▁Ka if eng ▁def ended ▁with ▁fewer ▁than ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁soldiers . ▁The ▁Song ▁forces ▁were ▁dispers ed ▁throughout ▁China , ▁power less ▁to ▁stop ▁the ▁second ▁Jur chen ▁sie ge ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁The ▁Jin ▁assault ▁comm enced ▁in ▁mid ▁December ▁ 1 1 2 6 . ▁Even ▁as ▁fighting ▁r aged ▁on , ▁Q inz ong ▁continued ▁to ▁sue ▁for ▁peace , ▁but ▁Jin ▁demands ▁for ▁territory ▁were ▁enormous : ▁they ▁wanted ▁all ▁provin ces ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁Yellow ▁River . ▁After ▁more ▁than ▁twenty ▁days ▁of ▁heavy ▁combat ▁against ▁the ▁bes ie ging ▁forces , ▁Song ▁def enses ▁were ▁dec imated ▁and ▁the ▁mor ale ▁of ▁Song ▁soldiers ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁decline . ▁On ▁January ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 1 2 7 , ▁the |
▁Jur chen s ▁broke ▁through ▁and ▁started ▁to ▁lo ot ▁the ▁conqu ered ▁city . ▁Emperor ▁Q inz ong ▁tried ▁to ▁appe ase ▁the ▁vict ors ▁by ▁offering ▁the ▁remaining ▁wealth ▁of ▁the ▁capital . ▁The ▁royal ▁tre asury ▁was ▁empt ied ▁and ▁the ▁belong ings ▁of ▁the ▁city ' s ▁residents ▁were ▁seized . ▁The ▁Song ▁emperor ▁offered ▁his ▁un cond itional ▁surrender ▁a ▁few ▁days ▁later . ▁ ▁Q inz ong , ▁the ▁former ▁emperor ▁Hu iz ong , ▁and ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Song ▁court ▁were ▁captured ▁by ▁the ▁Jur chen s ▁as ▁host ages . ▁They ▁were ▁taken ▁north ▁to ▁Hu ining ▁( mod ern ▁Har bin ), ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁stripped ▁of ▁their ▁royal ▁privile ges ▁and ▁reduced ▁to ▁common ers . ▁The ▁former ▁em per ors ▁were ▁hum ili ated ▁by ▁their ▁capt ors . ▁They ▁were ▁m ocked ▁with ▁dispar aging ▁titles ▁like ▁" M udd led ▁V irt ue " ▁and ▁" Double ▁M udd led ". ▁In ▁ 1 1 2 8 ▁the ▁Jin ▁made ▁them ▁perform ▁a ▁ritual ▁meant ▁for ▁war ▁crim inals . ▁The ▁harsh ▁treatment ▁of ▁the ▁Song ▁royal ty ▁soft ened ▁after ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Hu iz ong ▁in ▁ 1 1 3 5 . ▁Tit les ▁were ▁granted ▁to ▁the ▁dece ased ▁mon arch , ▁and ▁his ▁son ▁Q inz ong ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁Duke , ▁a ▁position ▁with ▁a ▁salary . ▁ ▁Re asons ▁for ▁Song ▁failure ▁ ▁Many ▁factors ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁Song ' s ▁repeated ▁military ▁bl |
und ers ▁and ▁subsequent ▁loss ▁of ▁northern ▁China ▁to ▁the ▁Jur chen s . ▁Trad itional ▁accounts ▁of ▁Song ▁history ▁held ▁the ▁ven ality ▁of ▁Hu iz ong ' s ▁imperial ▁court ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁decline ▁of ▁the ▁dyn asty . ▁These ▁narr atives ▁condem ned ▁Hu iz ong ▁and ▁his ▁officials ▁for ▁their ▁moral ▁failures . ▁Early ▁Song ▁em per ors ▁were ▁eager ▁to ▁en act ▁political ▁reform s ▁and ▁rev ive ▁the ▁ethical ▁framework ▁of ▁Conf uc ian ism , ▁but ▁the ▁enthusiasm ▁for ▁reform s ▁gradually ▁died ▁after ▁the ▁reform ist ▁Wang ▁An sh i ' s ▁exp ulsion ▁as ▁ch ancell or ▁in ▁ 1 0 7 6 . ▁Cor ruption ▁mar red ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Hu iz ong , ▁who ▁was ▁more ▁skilled ▁as ▁a ▁painter ▁than ▁as ▁a ▁rul er . ▁Hu iz ong ▁was ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁extr av ag ance , ▁and ▁funded ▁the ▁cost ly ▁construction ▁of ▁gardens ▁and ▁tem ples ▁while ▁rebell ions ▁threatened ▁the ▁state ' s ▁grip ▁on ▁power . ▁ ▁A ▁modern ▁analysis ▁by ▁Ari ▁Daniel ▁Lev ine ▁places ▁more ▁of ▁the ▁blame ▁on ▁def ici encies ▁in ▁the ▁military ▁and ▁bureau cr atic ▁leadership . ▁The ▁loss ▁of ▁northern ▁China ▁was ▁not ▁inevitable . ▁The ▁military ▁was ▁over ext ended ▁by ▁a ▁government ▁too ▁assured ▁of ▁its ▁own ▁military ▁prow ess . ▁Hu iz ong ▁di verted ▁the ▁state ' s ▁resources ▁to ▁failed ▁wars ▁against ▁the ▁Western ▁X ia . ▁The ▁Song ▁ins istence ▁on ▁a ▁greater ▁share |
▁of ▁L iao ▁territory ▁only ▁succeeded ▁in ▁prov oking ▁their ▁Jin ▁allies . ▁Song ▁diplom atic ▁overs ights ▁under est imated ▁the ▁Jin ▁and ▁allowed ▁the ▁un im ped ed ▁rise ▁of ▁Jur chen ▁military ▁power . ▁The ▁state ▁had ▁pl ent iful ▁resources , ▁with ▁the ▁exception ▁of ▁horses , ▁but ▁managed ▁its ▁assets ▁poorly ▁during ▁battles . ▁Unlike ▁the ▁expans ive ▁Han ▁and ▁T ang ▁em pires ▁that ▁preced ed ▁the ▁Song , ▁the ▁Song ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁significant ▁f ooth old ▁in ▁Central ▁Asia ▁where ▁a ▁large ▁proportion ▁of ▁its ▁horses ▁could ▁be ▁b red ▁or ▁proc ured . ▁As ▁Song ▁general ▁Li ▁G ang ▁noted , ▁without ▁a ▁consistent ▁supply ▁of ▁horses ▁the ▁dyn asty ▁was ▁at ▁a ▁significant ▁disadv antage ▁against ▁Jur chen ▁caval ry : ▁" the ▁Jin ▁were ▁vict orious ▁only ▁because ▁they ▁used ▁iron - sh ield ed ▁caval ry , ▁while ▁we ▁opposed ▁them ▁with ▁foot ▁soldiers . ▁It ▁is ▁only ▁to ▁be ▁expected ▁that ▁[ our ▁soldiers ] ▁were ▁scattered ▁and ▁dispers ed ." ▁ ▁Wars ▁with ▁the ▁Southern ▁Song ▁ ▁Southern ▁retreat ▁of ▁the ▁Song ▁court ▁ ▁The ▁ent h ron ement ▁of ▁Emperor ▁Ga oz ong ▁ ▁The ▁Jin ▁leadership ▁had ▁not ▁expected ▁or ▁desired ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁the ▁Song ▁dyn asty . ▁Their ▁intention ▁was ▁to ▁we aken ▁the ▁Song ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁demand ▁more ▁t ribute , ▁and ▁they ▁were ▁unpre pared ▁for ▁the ▁magnitude ▁of ▁their ▁victory . ▁The ▁Jur chen s ▁were ▁pre occup ied ▁with |
▁strengthen ing ▁their ▁rule ▁over ▁the ▁areas ▁once ▁controlled ▁by ▁L iao . ▁Instead ▁of ▁continuing ▁their ▁invasion ▁of ▁the ▁Song , ▁an ▁empire ▁with ▁a ▁military ▁that ▁out number ed ▁their ▁own , ▁they ▁adopted ▁the ▁strategy ▁of ▁" using ▁Chinese ▁to ▁control ▁the ▁Chinese ". ▁The ▁Jin ▁hoped ▁a ▁proxy ▁state ▁would ▁be ▁capable ▁of ▁administer ing ▁northern ▁China ▁and ▁collecting ▁the ▁annual ▁ind em n ity ▁without ▁requiring ▁Jur chen ▁inter ventions ▁to ▁qu ell ▁anti - J in ▁up ris ings . ▁In ▁ 1 1 2 7 , ▁the ▁Jur chen s ▁installed ▁a ▁former ▁Song ▁official , ▁Z hang ▁Bang ch ang ▁( 張 <0xE9> <0x82> <0xA6> 昌 ; ▁ 1 0 8 1 – 1 1 2 7 ), ▁as ▁pupp et ▁emperor ▁of ▁the ▁newly ▁established ▁" Da ▁Ch u " ▁( Great ▁Ch u ) ▁dyn asty . ▁The ▁pupp et ▁government ▁did ▁not ▁deter ▁the ▁resistance ▁in ▁northern ▁China , ▁but ▁the ▁ins urg ents ▁were ▁motivated ▁by ▁their ▁anger ▁towards ▁the ▁Jur chen s ' ▁lo oting ▁rather ▁than ▁by ▁a ▁sense ▁of ▁loyalty ▁towards ▁the ▁in e pt ▁Song ▁court . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁Song ▁command ers , ▁station ed ▁in ▁towns ▁scattered ▁across ▁northern ▁China , ▁retained ▁their ▁alleg iance ▁to ▁the ▁Song , ▁and ▁armed ▁volunteers ▁organized ▁milit ias ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁Jur chen ▁military ▁presence . ▁The ▁ins urg ency ▁ham per ed ▁the ▁ability ▁of ▁the ▁Jin ▁to ▁ex ert ▁control ▁over ▁the ▁north . ▁ ▁Meanwhile |
, ▁one ▁Song ▁prince , ▁Z ha o ▁G ou , ▁had ▁escaped ▁capture . ▁He ▁had ▁been ▁held ▁up ▁in ▁C iz hou ▁while ▁on ▁a ▁diplom atic ▁mission , ▁and ▁never ▁made ▁it ▁back ▁to ▁Ka if eng . ▁He ▁was ▁not ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁capital ▁when ▁the ▁city ▁fell ▁to ▁the ▁Jur chen s . ▁The ▁future ▁Emperor ▁Ga oz ong ▁managed ▁to ▁ev ade ▁the ▁Jur chen ▁troops ▁tail ing ▁him ▁by ▁moving ▁from ▁one ▁province ▁to ▁the ▁next , ▁traveling ▁across ▁He be i , ▁Hen an , ▁and ▁Sh and ong . ▁The ▁Jur chen s ▁tried ▁to ▁l ure ▁him ▁back ▁to ▁Ka if eng ▁where ▁they ▁could ▁finally ▁capture ▁him , ▁but ▁did ▁not ▁succeed . ▁Z ha o ▁G ou ▁finally ▁arrived ▁in ▁the ▁Song ▁Southern ▁Capital ▁at ▁Y ing t ian fu ▁( ; ▁modern ▁Sh ang q iu ) ▁in ▁early ▁June ▁ 1 1 2 7 . ▁For ▁Ga oz ong ▁( r . ▁ 1 1 2 7 – 1 1 6 2 ), ▁Y ing t ian fu ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁in ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁temporary ▁cap itals ▁called ▁x ing z ai ▁. ▁The ▁court ▁moved ▁to ▁Y ing t ian fu ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁historical ▁importance ▁to ▁Emperor ▁Ta iz u ▁of ▁Song , ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁dyn asty , ▁who ▁had ▁previously ▁served ▁in ▁that ▁city ▁as ▁a ▁military ▁governor . ▁The ▁symbol ism ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁meant ▁to ▁secure ▁the ▁political ▁legit im |
acy ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁emperor , ▁who ▁was ▁ent h ron ed ▁there ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 2 . ▁ ▁After ▁reign ing ▁for ▁barely ▁one ▁month , ▁Z hang ▁Bang ch ang ▁was ▁persu aded ▁by ▁the ▁Song ▁to ▁step ▁down ▁as ▁emperor ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Ch u ▁and ▁to ▁recognize ▁the ▁legit im acy ▁of ▁the ▁Song ▁imperial ▁line . ▁Li ▁G ang ▁press ured ▁Ga oz ong ▁to ▁execute ▁Z hang ▁for ▁betray ing ▁the ▁Song . ▁The ▁emperor ▁rel ented ▁and ▁Z hang ▁was ▁co er ced ▁into ▁suicide . ▁The ▁killing ▁of ▁Z hang ▁showed ▁that ▁the ▁Song ▁was ▁willing ▁to ▁prov oke ▁the ▁Jin , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁Jin ▁had ▁yet ▁to ▁solid ify ▁their ▁control ▁over ▁the ▁newly ▁conqu ered ▁territor ies . ▁The ▁submission ▁and ▁abol ition ▁of ▁Ch u ▁meant ▁that ▁Ka if eng ▁was ▁now ▁back ▁under ▁Song ▁control . ▁Z ong ▁Ze ▁( ; ▁ 1 0 5 9 – 1 1 2 8 ), ▁the ▁Song ▁general ▁responsible ▁for ▁fort ifying ▁Ka if eng , ▁entre ated ▁Ga oz ong ▁to ▁move ▁the ▁court ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁city , ▁but ▁Ga oz ong ▁refused ▁and ▁ret reated ▁south . ▁The ▁south ward ▁move ▁marked ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Northern ▁Song ▁and ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁Song ▁era ▁of ▁Chinese ▁history . ▁ ▁The ▁desc endant ▁of ▁Conf u cius ▁at ▁Q uf u , ▁the ▁Duke ▁Y ans heng ▁Kong ▁Du any ou ▁fled ▁south ▁with ▁the ▁Song ▁Emperor ▁to |
▁Qu z hou , ▁while ▁the ▁newly ▁established ▁Jin ▁dyn asty ▁( 1 1 1 5 – 1 2 3 4 ) ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁appointed ▁Kong ▁Du any ou ' s ▁brother ▁Kong ▁Du anc ao ▁who ▁remained ▁in ▁Q uf u ▁as ▁Duke ▁Y ans heng . ▁Z hang ▁X uan ▁ 張 選 , ▁a ▁great - grand son ▁of ▁Z hang ▁Z ai , ▁also ▁fled ▁south ▁with ▁Ga oz ong . ▁ ▁The ▁move ▁south ▁ ▁The ▁Song ▁dis band ment ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Ch u ▁and ▁execution ▁of ▁Z hang ▁Bang ch ang ▁ant agon ized ▁the ▁Jur chen s ▁and ▁viol ated ▁the ▁treat y ▁that ▁the ▁two ▁parties ▁had ▁negoti ated . ▁The ▁Jin ▁renew ed ▁their ▁attacks ▁on ▁the ▁Song ▁and ▁quickly ▁recon qu ered ▁much ▁of ▁northern ▁China . ▁In ▁late ▁ 1 1 2 7 ▁Ga oz ong ▁moved ▁his ▁court ▁further ▁south ▁from ▁Y ing t ian fu ▁to ▁Yang z hou , ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁Hu ai ▁River ▁and ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁Yang t ze ▁River , ▁by ▁sail ing ▁down ▁the ▁Grand ▁Canal . ▁The ▁court ▁spent ▁over ▁a ▁year ▁in ▁the ▁city . ▁When ▁the ▁Jur chen s ▁advanced ▁to ▁the ▁Hu ai ▁River , ▁the ▁court ▁was ▁partially ▁evac uated ▁to ▁H ang z hou ▁in ▁ 1 1 2 9 . ▁Days ▁later , ▁Ga oz ong ▁narrow ly ▁escaped ▁on ▁horse back , ▁just ▁a ▁few ▁hours ▁ahead ▁of ▁Jur chen ▁v angu ard ▁troops |
. ▁After ▁a ▁coup ▁in ▁H ang z hou ▁almost ▁d eth ron ed ▁him , ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 1 2 9 ▁he ▁moved ▁his ▁capital ▁back ▁north ▁to ▁J ian k ang ▁( mod ern ▁N anj ing ) ▁on ▁the ▁south ▁bank ▁of ▁the ▁Yang t ze . ▁One ▁month ▁later , ▁however , ▁Z ong ▁Ze ' s ▁success or ▁Du ▁Ch ong ▁() ▁vac ated ▁his ▁forces ▁from ▁Ka if eng , ▁expos ing ▁J ian k ang ▁to ▁attack . ▁The ▁emperor ▁moved ▁back ▁to ▁H ang z hou ▁in ▁September , ▁leaving ▁J ian k ang ▁in ▁Du ▁Ch ong ' s ▁hands . ▁The ▁Jin ▁eventually ▁captured ▁Ka if eng ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 1 3 0 . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 1 2 7 ▁to ▁ 1 1 2 9 , ▁the ▁Song ▁sent ▁thirteen ▁emb ass ies ▁to ▁the ▁Jin ▁to ▁discuss ▁peace ▁terms ▁and ▁to ▁negoti ate ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁Ga oz ong ' s ▁mother ▁and ▁Hu iz ong , ▁but ▁the ▁Jin ▁court ▁ignored ▁them . ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 1 2 9 , ▁the ▁Jin ▁started ▁a ▁new ▁military ▁offensive , ▁dispatch ing ▁two ▁arm ies ▁across ▁the ▁Hu ai ▁River ▁in ▁the ▁east ▁and ▁west . ▁On ▁the ▁western ▁front , ▁an ▁army ▁inv aded ▁Ji ang xi , ▁the ▁area ▁where ▁the ▁Song ▁dow ager ▁em press ▁res ided , ▁and ▁captured ▁Hong z hou ▁( , ▁present - day ▁N anch ang ). ▁They ▁were ▁ordered |
▁to ▁retreat ▁a ▁few ▁months ▁later ▁when ▁the ▁eastern ▁army ▁withd rew . ▁ ▁Meanwhile , ▁on ▁the ▁eastern ▁front , ▁W uz hu ▁commanded ▁the ▁main ▁Jin ▁army . ▁He ▁crossed ▁the ▁Yang t ze ▁south west ▁of ▁J ian k ang ▁and ▁took ▁that ▁city ▁when ▁Du ▁Ch ong ▁sur rend ered . ▁W uz hu ▁set ▁out ▁from ▁J ian k ang ▁and ▁advanced ▁rapidly ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁capture ▁Ga oz ong . ▁The ▁Jin ▁seized ▁H ang z hou ▁( Jan uary ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 1 3 0 ) ▁and ▁then ▁Sha ox ing ▁further ▁south ▁( F ebru ary ▁ 4 ), ▁but ▁general ▁Z hang ▁Jun ' s ▁( 1 0 8 6 – 1 1 5 4 ) ▁battle ▁with ▁W uz hu ▁near ▁N ing bo ▁gave ▁Ga oz ong ▁time ▁to ▁escape . ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁W uz hu ▁res umed ▁pursuit , ▁the ▁Song ▁court ▁was ▁fle eing ▁on ▁ships ▁to ▁islands ▁off ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁Z he ji ang , ▁and ▁then ▁further ▁south ▁to ▁W enz hou . ▁The ▁Jin ▁sent ▁ships ▁to ▁chase ▁after ▁Ga oz ong , ▁but ▁failed ▁to ▁catch ▁him . ▁They ▁gave ▁up ▁the ▁pursuit ▁and ▁the ▁Jur chen s ▁ret reated ▁north . ▁After ▁they ▁pl und ered ▁the ▁und ef ended ▁cities ▁of ▁H ang z hou ▁and ▁Suz hou , ▁they ▁finally ▁started ▁to ▁face ▁resistance ▁from ▁Song ▁arm ies ▁led ▁by ▁Y ue ▁Fe i ▁and ▁Han ▁Sh iz |
h ong . ▁The ▁latter ▁even ▁inf lict ed ▁a ▁major ▁defeat ▁on ▁Jur chen ▁forces ▁and ▁tried ▁to ▁prevent ▁W uz hu ▁from ▁crossing ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁bank ▁of ▁the ▁Yang t ze . ▁The ▁small ▁boats ▁of ▁the ▁Jin ▁army ▁were ▁out matched ▁by ▁Han ▁Sh iz h ong ' s ▁fleet ▁of ▁se ago ing ▁vessels . ▁W uz hu ▁eventually ▁managed ▁to ▁cross ▁the ▁river ▁when ▁he ▁had ▁his ▁troops ▁use ▁inc end i ary ▁ar rows ▁to ▁neutral ize ▁Han ' s ▁ships ▁by ▁burning ▁their ▁s ails . ▁W uz hu ' s ▁troops ▁came ▁back ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁Yang t ze ▁one ▁last ▁time ▁to ▁J ian k ang , ▁which ▁they ▁pill aged , ▁and ▁then ▁headed ▁north . ▁Yet ▁the ▁Jin ▁had ▁been ▁caught ▁off ▁guard ▁by ▁the ▁strength ▁of ▁the ▁Song ▁navy , ▁and ▁W uz hu ▁never ▁tried ▁to ▁cross ▁the ▁Yang t ze ▁River ▁again . ▁In ▁early ▁ 1 1 3 1 , ▁Jin ▁arm ies ▁between ▁the ▁Hu ai ▁and ▁the ▁Yang t ze ▁were ▁rep elled ▁by ▁band its ▁loyal ▁to ▁the ▁Song . ▁Z hang ▁R ong ▁( ), ▁the ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁band its , ▁was ▁given ▁a ▁government ▁position ▁for ▁his ▁victory ▁against ▁the ▁Jin . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁Jin ▁in curs ion ▁that ▁almost ▁captured ▁Ga oz ong , ▁the ▁sovere ign ▁ordered ▁pac ification ▁commission er ▁Z hang ▁Jun ▁( 1 0 9 7 – 1 1 6 4 ), ▁who ▁was |
▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁Sha an xi ▁and ▁S ich uan ▁in ▁the ▁far ▁west , ▁to ▁attack ▁the ▁Jin ▁there ▁to ▁relie ve ▁pressure ▁on ▁the ▁court . ▁Z hang ▁put ▁together ▁a ▁large ▁army , ▁but ▁was ▁defeated ▁by ▁W uz hu ▁near ▁X i ' an ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 1 3 0 . ▁W uz hu ▁advanced ▁further ▁west ▁into ▁G ans u , ▁and ▁drove ▁as ▁far ▁south ▁as ▁J ie z hou ▁( , ▁modern ▁W ud u ). ▁The ▁most ▁important ▁battles ▁between ▁Jin ▁and ▁Song ▁in ▁ 1 1 3 1 ▁and ▁ 1 1 3 2 ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁Sha an xi , ▁G ans u , ▁and ▁S ich uan . ▁The ▁Jin ▁lost ▁two ▁battles ▁at ▁H esh ang ▁Y uan ▁in ▁ 1 1 3 1 . ▁After ▁failing ▁to ▁enter ▁S ich uan , ▁W uz hu ▁ret reated ▁to ▁Yan j ing . ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁western ▁front ▁again ▁from ▁ 1 1 3 2 ▁to ▁ 1 1 3 4 . ▁The ▁Jin ▁attacked ▁H ube i ▁and ▁Sha an xi ▁in ▁ 1 1 3 2 . ▁W uz hu ▁captured ▁H esh ang ▁Y uan ▁in ▁ 1 1 3 3 , ▁but ▁his ▁advance ▁was ▁halt ed ▁by ▁a ▁defeat ▁at ▁X ian ren ▁Pass . ▁He ▁gave ▁up ▁on ▁taking ▁S ich uan , ▁and ▁no ▁more ▁major ▁battles ▁were ▁fought ▁between ▁the ▁Jin ▁and ▁Song ▁for ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁decade . ▁ |
▁The ▁Song ▁court ▁returned ▁to ▁H ang z hou ▁in ▁ 1 1 3 3 , ▁and ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁renamed ▁Lin ' an . ▁The ▁imperial ▁ancest ral ▁temple ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁Lin ' an ▁later ▁that ▁same ▁year , ▁a ▁sign ▁that ▁the ▁court ▁had ▁in ▁practice ▁established ▁Lin ' an ▁as ▁the ▁Song ▁capital ▁without ▁a ▁formal ▁declaration . ▁It ▁was ▁treated ▁as ▁a ▁temporary ▁capital . ▁Between ▁ 1 1 3 0 ▁and ▁ 1 1 3 7 , ▁the ▁court ▁would ▁sp or ad ically ▁move ▁to ▁J ian k ang , ▁and ▁back ▁to ▁Lin ' an . ▁There ▁were ▁proposals ▁to ▁make ▁J ian k ang ▁the ▁new ▁capital , ▁but ▁Lin ' an ▁won ▁out ▁because ▁the ▁court ▁considered ▁it ▁a ▁more ▁secure ▁city . ▁The ▁natural ▁barriers ▁that ▁surrounded ▁Lin ' an , ▁including ▁l akes ▁and ▁rice ▁p add ies , ▁made ▁it ▁more ▁difficult ▁for ▁the ▁Jur chen ▁caval ry ▁to ▁bre ach ▁its ▁fort ifications . ▁Access ▁to ▁the ▁sea ▁made ▁it ▁easier ▁to ▁retreat ▁from ▁the ▁city . ▁In ▁ 1 1 3 8 , ▁Ga oz ong ▁officially ▁declared ▁Lin ' an ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁the ▁dyn asty , ▁but ▁the ▁label ▁of ▁temporary ▁capital ▁would ▁still ▁be ▁in ▁place . ▁Lin ' an ▁would ▁remain ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁Song ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁ 1 5 0 ▁years , ▁growing ▁into ▁a ▁major ▁commercial ▁and ▁cultural ▁center . ▁ ▁Da ▁Q i ▁inv ades ▁the ▁Song ▁Q |
in ▁H ui , ▁an ▁official ▁of ▁the ▁Song ▁court , ▁recommended ▁a ▁peaceful ▁solution ▁to ▁the ▁conflict ▁in ▁ 1 1 3 0 , ▁saying ▁that , ▁" If ▁it ▁is ▁des irable ▁that ▁there ▁will ▁be ▁no ▁more ▁conflicts ▁under ▁Heaven , ▁it ▁is ▁necessary ▁for ▁the ▁southern ers ▁to ▁stay ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁and ▁the ▁northern ers ▁in ▁the ▁north ." ▁Ga oz ong , ▁who ▁considered ▁himself ▁a ▁nor ther ner , ▁initially ▁rejected ▁the ▁proposal . ▁There ▁were ▁gest ures ▁toward ▁peace ▁in ▁ 1 1 3 2 , ▁when ▁the ▁Jin ▁freed ▁an ▁imprison ed ▁Song ▁diplom at , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 1 3 3 , ▁when ▁the ▁Song ▁offered ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁Jin ▁v ass al , ▁but ▁a ▁treat y ▁never ▁material ized . ▁The ▁Jin ▁requirement ▁that ▁the ▁border ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁states ▁be ▁moved ▁south ▁from ▁the ▁Hu ai ▁River ▁to ▁the ▁Yang t ze ▁was ▁too ▁large ▁of ▁a ▁hur d le ▁for ▁the ▁two ▁sides ▁to ▁reach ▁an ▁agreement . ▁ ▁The ▁continuing ▁ins urg ency ▁of ▁anti - J in ▁forces ▁in ▁northern ▁China ▁ham per ed ▁the ▁Jur chen ▁campaigns ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁Yang t ze . ▁Rel uct ant ▁to ▁let ▁the ▁war ▁drag ▁on , ▁the ▁Jin ▁decided ▁to ▁create ▁Da ▁Q i ▁( the ▁" Great ▁Q i "), ▁their ▁second ▁attempt ▁at ▁a ▁pupp et ▁state ▁in ▁northern ▁China . ▁The ▁Jur chen s ▁believed ▁that ▁this ▁state , ▁nomin ally ▁ruled ▁by ▁someone |
▁of ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁descent , ▁would ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁attract ▁the ▁alleg iance ▁of ▁dis aff ect ed ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁ins urg ency . ▁The ▁Jur chen s ▁also ▁suffered ▁from ▁a ▁short age ▁of ▁skilled ▁man power , ▁and ▁controlling ▁the ▁entire ty ▁of ▁northern ▁China ▁was ▁not ▁administr atively ▁feas ible . ▁In ▁the ▁final ▁months ▁of ▁ 1 1 2 9 , ▁L iu ▁Yu ▁( ; ▁ 1 0 7 3 – 1 1 4 3 ) ▁won ▁the ▁favor ▁of ▁the ▁Jin ▁emperor ▁Ta iz ong . ▁L iu ▁was ▁a ▁Song ▁official ▁from ▁He be i ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁pre fect ▁of ▁Jin an ▁in ▁Sh and ong ▁before ▁his ▁defe ction ▁to ▁the ▁Jin ▁in ▁ 1 1 2 8 . ▁Da ▁Q i ▁was ▁formed ▁late ▁in ▁ 1 1 3 0 , ▁and ▁the ▁Jin ▁ent h ron ed ▁L iu ▁as ▁its ▁emperor . ▁D aming ▁in ▁He be i ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁capital ▁of ▁Q i , ▁before ▁its ▁move ▁to ▁Ka if eng , ▁former ▁capital ▁of ▁the ▁Northern ▁Song . ▁The ▁Q i ▁government ▁institut ed ▁military ▁con scription , ▁made ▁an ▁attempt ▁at ▁reform ing ▁the ▁bureau cr acy , ▁and ▁en act ed ▁laws ▁that ▁en forced ▁the ▁collection ▁of ▁high ▁taxes . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁responsible ▁for ▁supp lying ▁a ▁large ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁troops ▁that ▁fought ▁the ▁Song ▁in ▁the ▁seven ▁years ▁following ▁its ▁creation . ▁ ▁The ▁Jin ▁granted ▁Q i ▁more ▁aut |
onomy ▁than ▁the ▁first ▁pupp et ▁government ▁of ▁Ch u , ▁but ▁L iu ▁Yu ▁was ▁oblig ated ▁to ▁obey ▁the ▁orders ▁of ▁the ▁Jur chen ▁gener als . ▁With ▁Jin ▁support , ▁Da ▁Q i ▁inv aded ▁the ▁Song ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 1 3 3 . ▁Li ▁Chen g , ▁a ▁Song ▁turn co at ▁who ▁had ▁joined ▁the ▁Q i , ▁led ▁the ▁campaign . ▁X i ang y ang ▁and ▁nearby ▁pre fect ures ▁fell ▁to ▁his ▁army . ▁The ▁capture ▁of ▁X i ang y ang ▁on ▁the ▁Han ▁River ▁gave ▁the ▁Jur chen s ▁a ▁passage ▁into ▁the ▁central ▁valley ▁of ▁the ▁Yang t ze ▁River . ▁Their ▁south ward ▁push ▁was ▁halt ed ▁by ▁the ▁general ▁Y ue ▁Fe i . ▁In ▁ 1 1 3 4 , ▁Y ue ▁Fe i ▁defeated ▁Li ▁and ▁re to ok ▁X i ang y ang ▁and ▁its ▁surrounding ▁pre fect ures . ▁Later ▁that ▁year , ▁however , ▁Q i ▁and ▁Jin ▁initiated ▁a ▁new ▁offensive ▁further ▁east ▁along ▁the ▁Hu ai ▁River . ▁For ▁the ▁first ▁time , ▁Ga oz ong ▁issued ▁an ▁ed ict ▁officially ▁condem ning ▁Da ▁Q i . ▁The ▁arm ies ▁of ▁Q i ▁and ▁Jin ▁won ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁vict ories ▁in ▁the ▁Hu ai ▁valley , ▁but ▁were ▁rep elled ▁by ▁Han ▁Sh iz h ong ▁near ▁Yang z hou ▁and ▁by ▁Y ue ▁Fe i ▁at ▁L uz hou ▁( , ▁modern ▁He fe i ). ▁Their ▁sudden ▁withdrawal ▁in |
▁ 1 1 3 5 ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Jin ▁Emperor ▁Ta iz ong ▁gave ▁the ▁Song ▁time ▁to ▁reg roup . ▁The ▁war ▁recomm enced ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 1 3 6 ▁when ▁Da ▁Q i ▁attacked ▁the ▁Hu ain an ▁circ uits ▁of ▁the ▁Song . ▁Q i ▁lost ▁a ▁battle ▁at ▁Out ang ▁( ), ▁in ▁modern ▁An hui , ▁against ▁a ▁Song ▁army ▁led ▁by ▁Yang ▁Q iz h ong ▁( ; ▁ 1 1 0 2 – 1 1 6 6 ). ▁The ▁victory ▁boost ed ▁Song ▁mor ale , ▁and ▁the ▁military ▁commission er ▁Z hang ▁Jun ▁( 1 0 9 7 – 1 1 6 4 ) ▁convinced ▁Ga oz ong ▁to ▁begin ▁plans ▁for ▁a ▁counter att ack . ▁Ga oz ong ▁first ▁agreed , ▁but ▁he ▁abandoned ▁the ▁counter off ensive ▁when ▁an ▁officer ▁named ▁Li ▁Q ion g ▁() ▁killed ▁his ▁superior ▁official ▁and ▁defect ed ▁to ▁the ▁Jin ▁with ▁tens ▁of ▁thousands ▁of ▁soldiers . ▁Meanwhile , ▁Emperor ▁X iz ong ▁( r . ▁ 1 1 3 5 – 1 1 5 0 ) ▁inherited ▁the ▁Jin ▁throne ▁from ▁Ta iz ong , ▁and ▁pushed ▁for ▁peace . ▁He ▁and ▁his ▁gener als ▁were ▁disappointed ▁with ▁L iu ▁Yu ' s ▁military ▁failures ▁and ▁believed ▁that ▁L iu ▁was ▁secret ly ▁con sp iring ▁with ▁Y ue ▁Fe i . ▁In ▁late ▁ 1 1 3 7 , ▁the ▁Jin ▁reduced ▁L iu ▁Yu ' s ▁title ▁to ▁that |
▁of ▁a ▁prince ▁and ▁abol ished ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Q i . ▁The ▁Jin ▁and ▁Song ▁renew ed ▁the ▁negotiations ▁towards ▁peace . ▁ ▁Song ▁counter off ensive ▁and ▁the ▁peace ▁process ▁ ▁Ga oz ong ▁promoted ▁Q in ▁H ui ▁in ▁ 1 1 3 8 ▁and ▁put ▁him ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁deliber ations ▁with ▁the ▁Jin . ▁Y ue ▁Fe i , ▁Han ▁Sh iz h ong , ▁and ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁officials ▁at ▁court ▁critic ized ▁the ▁peace ▁over t ures . ▁A ided ▁by ▁his ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁C ensor ate , ▁Q in ▁pur ged ▁his ▁enemies ▁and ▁continued ▁negotiations . ▁In ▁ 1 1 3 8 ▁the ▁Jin ▁and ▁Song ▁agreed ▁to ▁a ▁treat y ▁that ▁designated ▁the ▁Yellow ▁River ▁as ▁border ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁states ▁and ▁recognized ▁Ga oz ong ▁as ▁a ▁" subject " ▁of ▁the ▁Jin . ▁But ▁because ▁there ▁remained ▁opposition ▁to ▁the ▁treat y ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁courts ▁of ▁the ▁Jin ▁and ▁Song , ▁the ▁treat y ▁never ▁came ▁into ▁effect . ▁A ▁Jur chen ▁army ▁led ▁by ▁W uz hu ▁inv aded ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 1 4 0 . ▁The ▁Song ▁counter off ensive ▁that ▁followed ▁achieved ▁large ▁territor ial ▁gains . ▁Song ▁general ▁L iu ▁Q i ▁() ▁won ▁a ▁battle ▁against ▁W uz hu ▁at ▁Sh unch ang ▁( mod ern ▁F uy ang ▁in ▁An hui ). ▁Y ue ▁Fe i ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁head ▁the ▁Song ▁forces ▁defending ▁the ▁Hu ain an ▁region . ▁Instead |
▁of ▁adv ancing ▁to ▁Hu ain an , ▁however , ▁W uz hu ▁ret reated ▁to ▁Ka if eng ▁and ▁Y ue ' s ▁army ▁followed ▁him ▁into ▁Jin ▁territory , ▁dis ob ey ing ▁an ▁order ▁by ▁Ga oz ong ▁that ▁for b ade ▁Y ue ▁from ▁going ▁on ▁the ▁offensive . ▁Y ue ▁captured ▁Z hen gz hou ▁and ▁sent ▁soldiers ▁across ▁the ▁Yellow ▁River ▁to ▁stir ▁up ▁a ▁pe asant ▁rebell ion ▁against ▁the ▁Jin . ▁On ▁July ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 1 4 0 , ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Y anc heng , ▁W uz hu ▁launched ▁a ▁surprise ▁attack ▁on ▁Song ▁forces ▁with ▁an ▁army ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁inf antry ▁and ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁horse men . ▁Y ue ▁Fe i ▁directed ▁his ▁caval ry ▁to ▁attack ▁the ▁Jur chen ▁soldiers ▁and ▁won ▁a ▁decis ive ▁victory . ▁He ▁continued ▁on ▁to ▁Hen an , ▁where ▁he ▁rec apt ured ▁Z hen gz hou ▁and ▁Lu oy ang . ▁Later ▁in ▁ 1 1 4 0 , ▁Y ue ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁withdraw ▁after ▁the ▁emperor ▁ordered ▁him ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁Song ▁court . ▁ ▁Emperor ▁Ga oz ong ▁supported ▁sett ling ▁a ▁peace ▁treat y ▁with ▁the ▁Jur chen s ▁and ▁sought ▁to ▁rein ▁in ▁the ▁assert iveness ▁of ▁the ▁military . ▁The ▁military ▁exped itions ▁of ▁Y ue ▁Fe i ▁and ▁other ▁gener als ▁were ▁an ▁obst acle ▁to ▁peace ▁negotiations . ▁The ▁government |
▁weak ened ▁the ▁military ▁by ▁reward ing ▁Y ue ▁Fe i , ▁Han ▁Sh iz h ong , ▁and ▁Z hang ▁Jun ▁( 1 0 8 6 – 1 1 5 4 ) ▁with ▁titles ▁that ▁relieved ▁them ▁of ▁their ▁command ▁over ▁the ▁Song ▁arm ies . ▁Han ▁Sh iz h ong , ▁a ▁critic ▁of ▁the ▁treat y , ▁retired . ▁Y ue ▁Fe i ▁also ▁announced ▁his ▁resign ation ▁as ▁an ▁act ▁of ▁protest . ▁In ▁ 1 1 4 1 ▁Q in ▁H ui ▁had ▁him ▁imprison ed ▁for ▁ins ub ord ination . ▁Ch arg ed ▁with ▁tre ason , ▁Y ue ▁Fe i ▁was ▁poison ed ▁in ▁jail ▁on ▁Q in ' s ▁orders ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 1 4 2 . ▁Jur chen ▁diplom atic ▁pressure ▁during ▁the ▁peace ▁talks ▁may ▁have ▁played ▁a ▁role , ▁but ▁Q in ▁H ui ' s ▁alleged ▁coll usion ▁with ▁the ▁Jin ▁has ▁never ▁been ▁proven . ▁ ▁After ▁his ▁execution , ▁Y ue ▁Fe i ' s ▁reputation ▁for ▁defending ▁the ▁Southern ▁Song ▁grew ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁a ▁national ▁folk ▁hero . ▁Q in ▁H ui ▁was ▁den igr ated ▁by ▁later ▁histor ians , ▁who ▁accused ▁him ▁of ▁betray ing ▁the ▁Song . ▁The ▁real ▁Y ue ▁Fe i ▁differ ed ▁from ▁the ▁later ▁myth s ▁based ▁on ▁his ▁explo its . ▁Con tr ary ▁to ▁traditional ▁leg ends , ▁Y ue ▁was ▁only ▁one ▁of ▁many ▁gener als ▁who ▁fought ▁against ▁the ▁Jin ▁in ▁northern ▁China . |
▁Trad itional ▁accounts ▁have ▁also ▁bl amed ▁Ga oz ong ▁for ▁Y ue ▁Fe i ' s ▁execution ▁and ▁subm itting ▁to ▁the ▁Jin . ▁Q in ▁H ui , ▁in ▁a ▁reply ▁to ▁Ga oz ong ' s ▁gratitude ▁for ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁peace ▁negotiations , ▁told ▁the ▁emperor ▁that ▁" the ▁decision ▁to ▁make ▁peace ▁was ▁entirely ▁Your ▁Maj esty ' s . ▁Your ▁servant ▁only ▁carried ▁it ▁out ; ▁what ▁achievement ▁was ▁there ▁in ▁this ▁for ▁me ?" ▁ ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Sha ox ing ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 1 4 2 , ▁after ▁about ▁a ▁year ▁of ▁negotiations , ▁the ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Sha ox ing ▁was ▁rat ified , ▁ending ▁the ▁conflict ▁between ▁the ▁Jin ▁and ▁the ▁Song . ▁By ▁the ▁terms ▁of ▁the ▁treat y , ▁the ▁Hu ai ▁River , ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁Yang t ze , ▁was ▁designated ▁as ▁the ▁boundary ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁states . ▁The ▁Song ▁agreed ▁to ▁pay ▁a ▁year ly ▁t ribute ▁of ▁ 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁ta els ▁of ▁silver ▁and ▁ 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁pack s ▁of ▁silk ▁to ▁the ▁Jin . ▁ ▁The ▁treat y ▁reduced ▁the ▁Southern ▁Song ▁D yn asty ▁status ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁a ▁Jin ▁v ass al . ▁The ▁document ▁designated ▁the ▁Song ▁as ▁the ▁" ins ign ific ant ▁state ", ▁while ▁the ▁Jin ▁was ▁recognized ▁as ▁the ▁" super ior ▁state ". ▁The ▁text ▁of ▁the ▁treat y |
▁has ▁not ▁survived ▁in ▁Chinese ▁records , ▁a ▁clear ▁sign ▁of ▁its ▁hum ili ating ▁reputation . ▁The ▁contents ▁of ▁the ▁agreement ▁were ▁recovered ▁from ▁a ▁Jur chen ▁bi ography . ▁Once ▁the ▁treat y ▁had ▁been ▁settled , ▁the ▁Jur chen s ▁ret reated ▁north ▁and ▁trade ▁res umed ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁em pires . ▁The ▁peace ▁ens ured ▁by ▁the ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Sha ox ing ▁lasted ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁ 7 0 ▁years , ▁but ▁was ▁interrupted ▁twice . ▁One ▁military ▁campaign ▁was ▁initiated ▁by ▁the ▁Song ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁by ▁the ▁Jin . ▁ ▁Further ▁campaigns ▁ ▁W any an ▁Li ang ' s ▁war ▁▁ ▁W any an ▁Li ang ▁led ▁a ▁coup ▁against ▁Emperor ▁X iz ong ▁and ▁became ▁fourth ▁emperor ▁of ▁the ▁Jin ▁dyn asty ▁in ▁ 1 1 5 0 . ▁W any an ▁Li ang ▁presented ▁himself ▁as ▁a ▁Chinese ▁emperor , ▁and ▁planned ▁to ▁un ite ▁China ▁by ▁conqu ering ▁the ▁Song . ▁In ▁ 1 1 5 8 , ▁W any an ▁Li ang ▁provided ▁a ▁cas us ▁b elli ▁by ▁announ cing ▁that ▁the ▁Song ▁had ▁broken ▁the ▁ 1 1 4 2 ▁peace ▁treat y ▁by ▁acqu iring ▁horses . ▁He ▁institut ed ▁an ▁un pop ular ▁draft ▁that ▁was ▁the ▁source ▁of ▁widespread ▁un rest ▁in ▁the ▁empire . ▁Anti - J in ▁revol ts ▁er upt ed ▁among ▁the ▁Kh it ans ▁and ▁in ▁Jin ▁provin ces ▁bord ering ▁the ▁Song . ▁W any an ▁Li ang ▁did |
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