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▁ ▁Early ▁career ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 ▁season ▁with ▁BC ▁Ž alg ir is - 2 , ▁Val ins k as ▁won ▁the ▁National ▁Basket ball ▁League ▁silver ▁med als ▁losing ▁to ▁BC ▁S ū du va ▁in ▁the ▁final . ▁He ▁aver aged ▁ 1 4 . 5 ▁points ▁and ▁ 3 . 2 ▁ass ists ▁in ▁ 2 9 ▁minutes ▁of ▁action ▁and ▁got ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 ▁Most ▁Impro ved ▁Player ▁Award . ▁ ▁Professional ▁career ▁ ▁After ▁a ▁break out ▁season ▁with ▁Ž alg ir is - 2 , ▁Val ins k as ▁was ▁invited ▁into ▁the ▁main ▁Ž alg ir is ▁team ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁During ▁his ▁first ▁two ▁years , ▁he ▁saw ▁little ▁playing ▁time . ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 – 1 8 ▁season , ▁he ▁aver aged ▁ 4 . 7 ▁points ▁in ▁the ▁L K L ▁and ▁ 2 . 8 ▁points ▁in ▁the ▁Euro le ague . ▁On ▁November ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁during ▁an ▁away ▁game ▁against ▁C SK A ▁Moscow , ▁Val ins k as ▁scored ▁a ▁career ▁high ▁ 1 1 ▁points , ▁making ▁ 3 ▁of ▁his ▁ 4 ▁three - po inters . ▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Val ins k as ▁was ▁loan ed ▁to ▁L iet k abel is ▁Pan ev ė ž |
ys . ▁In ▁ 5 5 ▁games ▁played ▁during ▁the ▁season ▁( both ▁in ▁the ▁L K L ▁and ▁the ▁Champions ▁League ), ▁Val ins k as ▁aver aged ▁ 1 1 . 9 ▁points , ▁ 3 . 3 ▁ass ists ▁and ▁ 2 . 6 ▁reb ounds , ▁shooting ▁ 4 6 % ▁from ▁the ▁field ▁overall . ▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁went ▁on ▁loan ▁to ▁French ▁club ▁Or lé ans ▁Lo ire t ▁Basket ▁of ▁the ▁L N B ▁Pro ▁A . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Paul ius ▁Val ins k as ▁at ▁e uro le ague . net ▁ ▁Paul ius ▁Val ins k as ▁at ▁L K L . lt ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : BC ▁L iet k abel is ▁players ▁Category : BC ▁Ž alg ir is ▁players ▁Category : BC ▁Ž alg ir is - 2 ▁players ▁Category : L ith uan ian ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁players ▁Category : Or lé ans ▁Lo ire t ▁Basket ▁players ▁Category : Point ▁guards ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Ka un as <0x0A> </s> ▁Lee ▁David ▁How ells ▁( born ▁ 1 4 ▁October ▁ 1 9 6 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁football er ▁and ▁current ▁manager ▁who ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁mid f iel der ▁for ▁Brist ol ▁Ro vers ▁and ▁Chel ten ham ▁Town ▁in ▁the ▁Football ▁League . ▁ |
▁He ▁was ▁the ▁manager ▁of ▁Conference ▁South ▁side ▁Bath ▁City ▁FC ▁between ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁As ▁assistant ▁manager , ▁he ▁helped ▁them ▁gain ▁promotion ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 – 1 0 ▁season . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : English ▁football ers ▁Category : Eng land ▁semi - pro ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers ▁Category : B rist ol ▁Ro vers ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : C hel ten ham ▁Town ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Mer th yr ▁T yd fil ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : M ang ots field ▁United ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : C le ved on ▁Town ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : English ▁Football ▁League ▁players ▁Category : National ▁League ▁( English ▁football ) ▁players ▁Category : M ang ots field ▁United ▁F . C . ▁managers ▁Category : B ath ▁City ▁F . C . ▁managers ▁Category : English ▁football ▁managers <0x0A> </s> ▁Roger ▁Wayne ▁Marshall ▁( born ▁August ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 6 0 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁politician ▁and ▁obst etric ian ▁serving ▁as ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Represent ative ▁for ▁. ▁The ▁district , ▁popular ly ▁known ▁as ▁" the ▁Big ▁First ," ▁is ▁a ▁vast ▁and ▁mostly ▁rural ▁district ▁stret ching ▁across ▁all ▁or ▁part |
▁of ▁ 6 3 ▁count ies – ne arly ▁half ▁the ▁state ' s ▁land mass – and ▁is ▁the ▁seventh - larg est ▁district ▁in ▁the ▁nation ▁that ▁does ▁not ▁cover ▁an ▁entire ▁state . ▁▁ ▁He ▁was ▁first ▁elected ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁and ▁is ▁currently ▁the ▁Dean ▁of ▁Kansas ' s ▁House ▁De leg ation . ▁On ▁September ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁announced ▁his ▁bid ▁for ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Senate ▁in ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁for ▁the ▁seat ▁being ▁vac ated ▁by ▁Pat ▁Roberts . ▁Marshall ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Republican ▁Party . ▁ ▁Pre - polit ical ▁life ▁Marshall ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁El ▁Dor ado , ▁Kansas . ▁He ▁attended ▁Butler ▁Community ▁College ▁before ▁attending ▁Kansas ▁State ▁University , ▁where ▁he ▁received ▁a ▁b achelor ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁bi oc hem istry . ▁He ▁received ▁his ▁Doctor ▁of ▁Medicine ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Kansas . ▁He ▁completed ▁a ▁resid ency ▁in ▁obst et rics ▁and ▁gy ne c ology ▁at ▁Bay front ▁Medical ▁Center ▁in ▁St . ▁Peters burg , ▁Florida . ▁ ▁Marshall ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Great ▁B end ▁Regional ▁Hospital ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁district ▁governor ▁of ▁Rot ary ▁International . ▁He ▁also ▁served ▁seven ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Reserve ▁reaching ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁captain . ▁ ▁U . S . ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁campaign ▁Marshall ▁ran ▁against ▁inc umb |
ent ▁Tim ▁Hu els kamp ▁in ▁the ▁Republican ▁Party ▁primary ▁election ▁for ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives . ▁Marshall ▁ran ▁with ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁state ' s ▁agricultural ▁groups , ▁who ▁were ▁anger ed ▁at ▁Hu els kamp ▁losing ▁his ▁seat ▁on ▁the ▁House ▁Agricult ure ▁Committee , ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁a ▁century ▁that ▁a ▁K ans an ▁had ▁not ▁been ▁on ▁that ▁panel . ▁Hu els kamp ' s ▁campaign ▁said ▁that ▁Marshall ▁had ▁attacked ▁a ▁neighbor ▁with ▁his ▁truck . ▁Marshall ▁charged ▁with ▁two ▁off enses . ▁Marshall ▁pl ed ▁guilty ▁to ▁the ▁lesser ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁charges . ▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Marshall ▁defeated ▁Hu els kamp ▁in ▁the ▁Republican ▁primary , ▁ 5 6 ▁percent ▁to ▁ 4 4 ▁percent . ▁No ▁Democrat ▁even ▁filed ▁to ▁run . ▁However , ▁any ▁Democratic ▁candidate ▁would ▁have ▁faced ▁nearly ▁impossible ▁odds . ▁The ▁district ▁had ▁a ▁Cook ▁Part isan ▁V oting ▁Index ▁of ▁R + 2 4 , ▁tied ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 th - most ▁Republican ▁district ▁in ▁the ▁nation , ▁and ▁the ▁Democrats ▁had ▁only ▁gar ner ed ▁as ▁much ▁as ▁ 3 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁vote ▁twice ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁general ▁election , ▁Marshall ▁won ▁hand ily , ▁defe ating ▁independent ▁Alan ▁La Pol ice ▁and ▁Liber t arian ▁K erry ▁B urt ▁with ▁ 6 5 . 9 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁vote |
. ▁ ▁Marshall ' s ▁candid acy ▁was ▁end ors ed ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Chamber ▁of ▁Commerce , ▁the ▁Kansas ▁Liv est ock ▁Association , ▁the ▁National ▁Association ▁of ▁Whe at ▁Grow ers , ▁and ▁the ▁Kansas ▁Farm ▁Bureau , ▁an ▁affiliate ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Farm ▁Bureau ▁Federation . ▁ ▁Ten ure ▁Marshall ▁was ▁sw orn ▁into ▁office ▁on ▁January ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁both ▁the ▁conservative ▁Republican ▁Study ▁Committee ▁ ▁and ▁the ▁moderate ▁Republican ▁Main ▁Street ▁Part nership ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Congress ional ▁Western ▁C auc us . ▁ ▁Committee ▁assignments ▁ ▁Committee ▁on ▁Agricult ure ▁Sub commit tee ▁on ▁Com mod ity ▁Ex changes , ▁Energy , ▁and ▁Credit ▁Sub commit tee ▁on ▁Nut rition ▁Sub commit tee ▁on ▁Liv est ock ▁and ▁Foreign ▁Agricult ure ▁Committee ▁on ▁Science , ▁Space , ▁and ▁Technology ▁Sub commit tee ▁on ▁O vers ight ▁( V ice ▁Chair ) ▁Sub commit tee ▁on ▁Research ▁and ▁Technology ▁Committee ▁on ▁Small ▁Business ▁Sub commit tee ▁on ▁Health ▁and ▁Technology ▁Sub commit tee ▁on ▁Contract ing ▁and ▁Work force ▁ ▁Senate ▁campaign ▁ ▁On ▁September ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 ; ▁Marshall ▁announced ▁he ▁would ▁give ▁up ▁his ▁House ▁seat ▁and ▁run ▁for ▁the ▁Senate ▁seat ▁being ▁vac ated ▁by ▁four - term ▁fellow ▁Republican ▁Pat ▁Roberts . ▁Marshall ▁was ▁attempting ▁to ▁follow ▁in ▁the ▁foot steps ▁of ▁three ▁previous ▁congress men ▁from ▁the ▁" Big ▁First " |
– B ob ▁D ole , ▁Jerry ▁Mor an ▁and ▁Roberts . ▁Due ▁to ▁its ▁vast ▁size ▁( it ▁covers ▁half ▁the ▁state ' s ▁land mass , ▁two ▁time ▁zones ▁and ▁three ▁television ▁markets ), ▁the ▁ 1 st ' s ▁congress man ▁is ▁usually ▁reck oned ▁as ▁a ▁state wide ▁political ▁figure . ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁Kansas ▁G OP ▁chairman , ▁Mike ▁K uk el man , ▁fear ing ▁a ▁K ris ▁K ob ach ▁victory ▁in ▁the ▁primary , ▁wrote ▁to ▁state ▁Senate ▁President ▁Susan ▁W agle , ▁also ▁a ▁candidate ▁for ▁Roberts ▁seat , ▁asking ▁her ▁to ▁drop ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁race . ▁W agle ▁also ▁said ▁she ▁got ▁a ▁phone ▁call ▁from ▁K uk el man : ▁" He ▁ad am antly ▁asked ▁me ▁to ▁walk ▁away ." ▁ ▁Political ▁positions ▁ ▁Environment ▁ ▁Marshall ▁has ▁critic ized ▁the ▁Environmental ▁Protection ▁Agency ▁and ▁supports ▁reducing ▁its ▁authority . ▁Marshall ▁supports ▁the ▁federal ▁Ren ew able ▁F uel ▁Standard , ▁which ▁requires ▁corn - based ▁eth an ol ▁to ▁be ▁bl ended ▁with ▁gas oline ; ▁corn ▁is ▁produced ▁in ▁Marshall ' s ▁district . ▁ ▁Health ▁care ▁Marshall ▁supports ▁repe aling ▁the ▁Aff ord able ▁Care ▁Act ▁( Ob am ac are ). ▁Like ▁many ▁other ▁Republicans ▁who ▁want ▁the ▁" health ▁care ▁system ▁to ▁rely ▁on ▁the ▁free ▁market ▁rather ▁than ▁Ob am ac are ' s ▁regulations ", ▁Marshall ▁" me asures ▁success ▁in ▁how ▁many ▁people ▁can ▁afford ▁to ▁leave |
▁the ▁Med ica id ▁program ▁and ▁enter ▁the ▁private ▁insurance ▁market ." ▁In ▁oppos ing ▁the ▁Act ' s ▁Med ica id ▁expansion , ▁Marshall ▁said ▁in ▁an ▁interview ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁" Just , ▁like , ▁homeless ▁people ... ▁I ▁think ▁just ▁mor ally , ▁spirit ually , ▁soc ially , ▁( some ▁people ) ▁just ▁don ' t ▁want ▁health ▁care . ▁The ▁Med ica id ▁population , ▁which ▁is ▁[ on ] ▁a ▁free ▁credit ▁card , ▁as ▁a ▁group , ▁do ▁probably ▁the ▁least ▁prevent ive ▁medicine ▁and ▁taking ▁care ▁of ▁themselves ▁and ▁eating ▁healthy ▁and ▁exerc ising . ▁And ▁I ' m ▁not ▁jud ging , ▁I ' m ▁just ▁saying ▁soc ially ▁that ' s ▁where ▁they ▁are . ▁So ▁there ' s ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁people ▁that ▁even ▁with ▁un limited ▁access ▁to ▁health ▁care ▁are ▁only ▁going ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁emergency ▁room ▁when ▁their ▁arm ▁is ▁chopped ▁off ▁or ▁when ▁their ▁p neum onia ▁is ▁so ▁bad ▁they ▁get ▁brought ▁[ into ] ▁the ▁ER ." ▁Those ▁who ▁support ▁Med ica id , ▁say ▁that ▁Marshall ▁did ▁not ▁understand ▁how ▁Kansas ▁Med ica id ▁operates . ▁The ▁program ▁provides ▁" med ical ▁coverage ▁for ▁low - inc ome ▁families ▁and ▁disabled ▁K ans ans ". ▁Marshall ' s ▁remark ▁attracted ▁widespread ▁attention ▁and ▁criticism . ▁ ▁Marshall ▁voted ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Health ▁Care ▁Act ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁which ▁would ▁have ▁repe aled ▁and ▁replaced ▁the |
▁Aff ord able ▁Care ▁Act . ▁ ▁Econom y ▁ ▁Marshall , ▁who ▁represents ▁a ▁rural ▁district , ▁supports ▁farm ▁subs id ies , ▁such ▁as ▁federal ▁crop ▁insurance . ▁Marshall ' s ▁support ▁for ▁subs id ies ▁gained ▁him ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁endorse ment ▁of ▁the ▁Kansas ▁Farm ▁Bureau ▁( K FB ) ▁in ▁the ▁Republican ▁primary , ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁prev ailed ▁over ▁Represent ative ▁Tim ▁Hu els kamp . ▁The ▁K FB ▁opposed ▁Hu els kamp ' s ▁own ▁opposition ▁to ▁some ▁farm ▁subs id ies . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Marshall ▁voted ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁Tax ▁C uts ▁and ▁J obs ▁Act ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Imm igration ▁ ▁Marshall ▁supported ▁President ▁Donald ▁Trump ' s ▁Executive ▁Order ▁ 1 3 7 6 9 , ▁which ▁bar red ▁the ▁nation als ▁of ▁seven ▁Muslim - major ity ▁nations ▁from ▁entering ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁However , ▁Marshall ▁supports ▁an ▁immigration ▁bill ▁with ▁a ▁path way ▁to ▁citizens hip ▁for ▁people ▁not ▁living ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁legally ; ▁such ▁legislation ▁is ▁supported ▁by ▁the ▁agriculture ▁lobby , ▁which ▁is ▁powerful ▁in ▁Marshall ' s ▁district . ▁ ▁Ab ortion ▁Marshall ▁is ▁anti - ab ortion . ▁ ▁Cann ab is ▁ ▁Marshall ▁is ▁not ▁" con vin ced " ▁that ▁medical ▁marijuana ▁is ▁safe ▁and ▁provides ▁medic inal ▁benefits . ▁In ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁he ▁stated ▁" I ' m ▁not ▁convinced ▁yet |
▁so ▁I ' m ▁going ▁to ▁be ▁very ▁caut ious ," ▁regarding ▁the ▁legal ization ▁of ▁medical ▁marijuana , ▁" I ▁think ▁there ' s ▁a ▁path ▁there , ▁but ▁I ▁just ▁haven ' t ▁seen ▁enough ▁scientific ▁data ▁to ▁say ▁it ' s ▁a ▁good ▁thing ," ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Marshall ▁lives ▁in ▁Great ▁B end , ▁Kansas , ▁where ▁he ▁pract iced ▁medicine . ▁He ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁L ain a , ▁have ▁four ▁children . ▁ ▁On ▁January ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Marshall ▁was ▁a ▁passenger ▁on ▁a ▁char tered ▁Am tr ak ▁train ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Cro zet , ▁Virginia ▁train ▁crash . ▁He ▁administer ed ▁first ▁aid ▁and ▁C PR ▁to ▁the ▁injured . ▁ ▁E lector al ▁history ▁Kansas ' s ▁ 1 st ▁congress ional ▁district , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Congress man ▁Roger ▁Marshall ▁official ▁US ▁House ▁website ▁ ▁Roger ▁Marshall ▁for ▁Congress ▁official ▁campaign ▁website ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁| - ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁politicians ▁Category : American ▁obst etric ians ▁Category : K ansas ▁Republicans ▁Category : K ansas ▁State ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁from ▁Kansas ▁Category : People ▁from ▁El ▁Dor ado , ▁Kansas ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Great ▁B end , ▁Kansas ▁Category |
: Phys ician - polit icians ▁Category : Phys icians ▁from ▁Kansas ▁Category : Rep ublic an ▁Party ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Army ▁reserv ists ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Kansas ▁School ▁of ▁Medicine ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁Mill ington ia ▁h ort ensis , ▁tree ▁j asm ine ▁or ▁Indian ▁c ork ▁tree , ▁the ▁sole ▁species ▁in ▁the ▁genus ▁Mill ington ia , ▁is ▁a ▁tree ▁native ▁to ▁South ▁Asia ▁& ▁South ▁East ▁Asia . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁name ▁Mill ington ia ▁h ort ensis , ▁Mill ington ia ▁is ▁named ▁for ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁Mill ington ▁who ▁was ▁an ▁inspiration ▁to ▁Carl ▁Lin na e us ▁the ▁Young er ▁who ▁first ▁described ▁the ▁genus . ▁The ▁specific ▁ep it het ▁' h ort ens ia ' ▁der ives ▁from ▁' h ort ensis ' ▁and ▁' h ort us ' ▁which ▁in ▁Latin ▁is ▁related ▁to ▁garden . ▁In ▁its ▁syn onym , ▁B ign onia ▁sub er osa , ▁' sub er osa ' ▁der ives ▁from ▁' sub eros ' ▁which ▁means ▁' c ork y ' ▁in ▁Latin . ▁ ▁Mill ington ia ▁Avenue ▁in ▁Luck now ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁Mill ington ia ▁h ort ensis . ▁ ▁Description ▁The ▁tree ▁grows ▁to ▁height ▁of ▁between ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁ 2 5 ▁metres ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁spread ▁of ▁ 7 ▁to ▁ 1 1 ▁metres . ▁It ▁reaches ▁mat urity ▁between ▁ 6 ▁and ▁ 8 |
▁years ▁of ▁age ▁and ▁lives ▁for ▁up ▁to ▁ 4 0 ▁years . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁vers atile ▁tree ▁which ▁can ▁grow ▁in ▁various ▁soil ▁types ▁and ▁clim ates ▁with ▁a ▁preference ▁for ▁moist ▁clim ates . ▁ ▁St em ▁The ▁tree ▁is ▁ever green ▁and ▁has ▁an ▁el ong ated ▁py ram idal ▁stem . ▁The ▁soft , ▁yellow ish - white ▁wood ▁is ▁br ittle ▁and ▁can ▁break ▁under ▁strong ▁g ust s ▁of ▁wind . ▁ ▁Le af ▁The ▁leaf ▁is ▁im par ip inn ate ▁and ▁re semb les ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁ne em . ▁Le aves ▁are ▁pr one ▁to ▁attack ▁by ▁A cher ont ia ▁sty x ▁and ▁Hy bl ae a ▁pu era . ▁ ▁Fl ower ▁The ▁white ▁flowers ▁come ▁as ▁large ▁pan icles ▁which ▁emit ▁a ▁pleasant ▁frag r ance . ▁They ▁are ▁bis ex ual ▁and ▁z yg omorphic . ▁The ▁bell - shaped ▁sep als ▁of ▁the ▁flower ▁have ▁five ▁small ▁lob es . ▁The ▁flower ▁has ▁four ▁stam ens ▁with ▁parallel ▁an thers ▁unlike ▁in ▁most ▁other ▁plants ▁of ▁this ▁family ▁where ▁the ▁an thers ▁are ▁diver gent . ▁The ▁cor oll a ▁is ▁a ▁long ▁tube ▁with ▁five ▁lob es . ▁ ▁F ruit ▁and ▁seed ▁The ▁fruit ▁is ▁a ▁smooth ▁flat ▁caps ule ▁and ▁is ▁partition ed ▁into ▁two . ▁It ▁contains ▁broad - wing ed ▁seeds . ▁The ▁fruits ▁are ▁fed ▁on ▁by ▁birds ▁which ▁aid ▁in ▁seed ▁dispers al . ▁In ▁cultiv ation , ▁the ▁vi ability |
▁of ▁seeds ▁is ▁low ▁unless ▁they ▁are ▁s own ▁immediately ▁after ▁the ▁fruit ▁rip ens , ▁so ▁the ▁plant ▁is ▁generally ▁propag ated ▁through ▁cut tings . ▁ ▁Us es ▁The ▁tree ▁is ▁considered ▁or nament al ▁and ▁the ▁pleasant ▁frag r ance ▁of ▁the ▁flowers ▁rend ers ▁it ▁ideal ▁as ▁a ▁garden ▁tree . ▁The ▁wood ▁is ▁also ▁used ▁as ▁tim ber ▁and ▁the ▁bark ▁is ▁used ▁as ▁an ▁inferior ▁substitute ▁for ▁c ork . ▁The ▁leaves ▁are ▁also ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁cheap ▁substitute ▁for ▁tobacco ▁in ▁cig arettes . ▁ ▁View s ▁of ▁different ▁aspects ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁B ign oni aceae ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : B ign oni aceae ▁Category : Mon ot yp ic ▁Lam ial es ▁gener a ▁Category : T rees ▁of ▁China ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁tropical ▁Asia <0x0A> </s> ▁Sh i ▁X in ▁( , ▁born ▁ 1 3 ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁in ▁N anj ing ) ▁is ▁a ▁retired ▁Chinese ▁compet itor ▁in ▁synchronized ▁swimming . ▁ ▁She ▁has ▁won ▁a ▁silver ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁World ▁Aqu at ics ▁Championships , ▁ 2 ▁sil vers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁F IN A ▁S ynchron ized ▁Sw im ming ▁World ▁Cup , ▁and ▁a ▁gold ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Asian ▁Games . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ 花 游 美 女 史 <0xE6> <0xAC> <0xA3> 因 伤 退 <0xE5> <0xBD> <0xB9> ▁ <0xE9> <0x92> <0xA2> 板 美 人 |
鱼 无 <0xE7> <0xBC> <0x98> <0xE4> <0xBC> <0xA6> <0xE6> <0x95> <0xA6> ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Ch inese ▁synchronized ▁sw imm ers ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : World ▁Aqu at ics ▁Championships ▁medal ists ▁in ▁synchron ised ▁swimming ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁N anj ing ▁Category : S ynchron ized ▁sw imm ers ▁from ▁Ji ang su ▁Category : Art istic ▁sw imm ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : As ian ▁Games ▁medal ists ▁in ▁artistic ▁swimming ▁Category : S ynchron ized ▁sw imm ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁World ▁Aqu at ics ▁Championships ▁Category : As ian ▁Games ▁gold ▁medal ists ▁for ▁China ▁Category : Med al ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Asian ▁Games ▁ ▁Category : N anj ing ▁Sport ▁Institute ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁Pas ch imb anga ▁Bang la ▁Ak adem i ▁is ▁the ▁official ▁regulatory ▁body ▁of ▁the ▁Beng ali ▁language ▁in ▁West ▁Beng al , ▁India . ▁Model ed ▁after ▁Bang la ▁Academy ▁of ▁Bangl adesh ▁and ▁France ’ s ▁Ac adém ie ▁française , ▁the ▁Bang la ▁Ak adem i ▁was ▁founded ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁in ▁Kol k ata ▁to ▁act ▁as ▁the ▁official ▁authority ▁of ▁the ▁language ▁and ▁is ▁entr usted ▁with ▁the ▁responsibility ▁of ▁reform ing ▁Beng ali ▁sp elling ▁and ▁gram mar , ▁comp iling ▁d iction aries , ▁enc ycl oped |
ias ▁and ▁termin ologies ▁and ▁promoting ▁Beng ali ▁language ▁and ▁culture ▁in ▁West ▁Beng al . ▁Though ▁the ▁Ak adem i ▁has ▁no ▁enforcement ▁power ▁over ▁their ▁rules ▁and ▁regulations , ▁yet ▁they ▁are ▁widely ▁accepted ▁by ▁the ▁Govern ments ▁of ▁West ▁Beng al ▁and ▁T rip ura ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁considerable ▁number ▁of ▁private ▁publishing ▁houses ▁and ▁institutions ▁like ▁the ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press ▁and ▁the ▁Ram ak r ish na ▁Mission . ▁ ▁The ▁Ak adem i ▁is ▁hous ed ▁in ▁two ▁separate ▁buildings , ▁one ▁at ▁N and an - R ab ind ra ▁Sad an ▁Complex ▁( also ▁mentioned ▁as ▁Bang la ▁Ak adem i - R ab ind ra ▁Sad an ▁or ▁N and an - B ang la ▁Ak adem i ▁Complex ▁during ▁the ▁Ak adem i ▁fest ivals ▁and ▁book ▁f airs ) ▁in ▁South ▁Kol k ata ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁at ▁Rab ind ra - Ok ak ura ▁B hab an , ▁B id h ann ag ar ▁( S alt ▁Lake ). ▁Ann ad ash ank ar ▁Roy ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁President ▁and ▁San at ▁Kum ar ▁Ch att op ad hy ay ▁the ▁first ▁secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Ak adem i . ▁ ▁The ▁Bang la ▁Ak adem i ▁has ▁been ▁successful ▁in ▁extending ▁its ▁activities ▁and ▁programs ▁to ▁different ▁districts ▁of ▁West ▁Beng al ▁and ▁even ▁to ▁other ▁states ▁in ▁India . ▁In ▁Kol k ata , ▁the ▁Bang la ▁Ak adem i ▁organ ises ▁different ▁programs ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁such ▁bodies ▁like |
▁Bang i ya ▁S ah ity a ▁Par ish ad , ▁S ah ity a ▁Ak adem i , ▁Publish ers ▁and ▁Book ▁S ellers ' ▁G uild , ▁Eastern ▁Z onal ▁Cultural ▁Centre , ▁National ▁Book ▁Trust ▁and ▁also ▁with ▁different ▁universities ▁and ▁cultural ▁organizations . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Bang i ya ▁S ah ity a ▁Par ish ad ▁ ▁See ▁Also : ▁Bang i ya ▁S ah ity a ▁Par ish ad ▁ ▁Beng al ▁Academy ▁of ▁Liter ature , ▁the ▁first ▁academic ▁association ▁to ▁reg ulate ▁and ▁promote ▁Beng ali ▁language ▁and ▁literature ▁was ▁set ▁up ▁in ▁Kol k ata ▁under ▁the ▁chair mans hip ▁of ▁Ben oy ▁Kr ish na ▁Dev ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 . ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 8 9 4 , ▁the ▁Academy ▁was ▁re organ ized ▁and ▁re ch rist ened ▁as ▁Bang i ya ▁S ah ity a ▁Par ish ad , ▁and ▁Rom esh ▁Ch under ▁D utt ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁president ▁of ▁it . ▁Sch ol ars ▁like ▁Chand ran ath ▁B ose , ▁D wij end ran ath ▁Tag ore , ▁Jag ad ish ▁Ch andra ▁B ose , ▁P raf ull a ▁Ch andra ▁Roy , ▁Sat y end ran ath ▁Tag ore , ▁Har ap ras ad ▁Sh ast ri , ▁Ram end ra ▁Sund ar ▁T riv edi ▁later ▁served ▁the ▁Par ish ad ▁as ▁pres idents . ▁Rab ind ran th ▁Tag ore ▁( V ice - Pres ident : ▁ 1 8 9 4 |
– 9 6 , ▁ 1 9 0 1 , ▁ 1 9 0 5 – 1 9 0 9 , ▁ 1 9 1 7 ; ▁Special ▁De leg ate : ▁ 1 9 1 0 ) ▁himself ▁was ▁closely ▁associated ▁to ▁the ▁institution ▁since ▁its ▁in ception . ▁ ▁Bang i ya ▁S ah ity a ▁Par ish ad ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁academic ▁institution ▁on ▁matters ▁pert aining ▁to ▁Beng ali ▁language . ▁It ▁ende av ored ▁to ▁compile ▁standard ▁Beng ali ▁dictionary , ▁gram mar ▁and ▁termin ologies , ▁both ▁philosoph ical ▁and ▁scientific , ▁to ▁collect ▁and ▁publish ▁old ▁and ▁medieval ▁Beng ali ▁manuscript s , ▁and ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁translation ▁from ▁other ▁language ▁into ▁Beng ali ▁and ▁research ▁on ▁history , ▁philosophy ▁and ▁science . ▁ ▁Reg ulations ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Cal cut ta ▁ ▁See ▁Also : ▁University ▁of ▁Cal cut ta ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁Century , ▁the ▁affairs ▁concerning ▁the ▁promotion ▁of ▁Beng ali ▁language ▁did ▁not ▁remain ▁a ▁sole ▁responsibility ▁of ▁Bang i ya ▁S ah ity a ▁Par ish ad . ▁As ▁language ▁prosper ed ▁and ▁literature ▁en ric hed , ▁a ▁need ▁of ▁lingu istic ▁reform ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁authority ▁to ▁enforce ▁the ▁reform s ▁was ▁felt ▁by ▁the ▁scholars ▁of ▁the ▁time . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁Rab ind ran ath ▁Tag ore ▁asked ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Cal cut ta ▁to ▁determine ▁the ▁rules ▁of ▁Beng ali ▁sp elling |
▁and ▁Sh y ama ▁Pr as ad ▁M uk her je e , ▁the ▁then ▁Vice - Ch ancell or ▁of ▁the ▁University , ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁committee ▁to ▁look ▁over ▁the ▁subject ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 3 5 . ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁a ▁standard ▁rule ▁for ▁Beng ali ▁sp elling ▁was ▁first ▁imposed . ▁These ▁rules ▁were ▁later ▁am ended ▁by ▁Rab ind ran ath ▁Tag ore ▁and ▁other ▁scholars ▁and ▁pract iced ▁at ▁academic ▁level ▁in ▁all ▁over ▁Beng al ▁for ▁next ▁ 7 0 ▁years . ▁ ▁Bang la ▁Academy ▁in ▁East ▁Beng al ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁partition ▁of ▁India ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁the ▁people ▁of ▁ ▁East ▁Pakistan ▁( now ▁Bangl adesh ) ▁felt ▁a ▁need ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁Beng ali ▁lingu istic ▁body ▁su iting ▁their ▁new ▁national ity . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁Bang la ▁Academy ▁in ▁D h aka ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁the ▁Bang la ▁Academy ▁en forced ▁new ▁regulations ▁for ▁Beng ali ▁sp elling . ▁ ▁Un off icial ▁regul ators ▁of ▁the ▁Beng ali ▁language ▁in ▁West ▁Beng al ▁ ▁In ▁West ▁Beng al , ▁various ▁prominent ▁institutions ▁backed ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁language , ▁but ▁that ▁resulted ▁in ▁incons ist encies ▁in ▁it . ▁For ▁example , ▁Raj sek har ▁Bas u ▁and ▁An anda ▁B aza ar ▁Pat rika ▁tried ▁to ▁simpl ify ▁Beng ali ▁sp elling |
; ▁but ▁instead ▁of ▁rational ize ▁the ▁sp elling ▁system ; ▁it ▁a rou sed ▁controversy ▁over ▁the ▁authority ▁of ▁such ▁bodies . ▁Even ▁institutions ▁like ▁Vis va - B har ati ▁University ▁failed ▁in ▁the ▁task . ▁ ▁History ▁of ▁Pas ch imb anga ▁Bang la ▁Ak adem i ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁West ▁Beng al ▁started ▁using ▁Beng ali ▁for ▁all ▁official ▁purposes . ▁Since ▁then , ▁a ▁need ▁for ▁an ▁official ▁reg ulator ▁of ▁the ▁language ▁has ▁been ▁felt . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁with ▁the ▁general ▁consent ▁of ▁Beng ali ▁intellect uals ▁of ▁the ▁time , ▁Pas ch imb anga ▁Bang la ▁Ak adem i , ▁a ▁wing ▁of ▁the ▁Information ▁and ▁Cultural ▁Affairs ▁Department ▁of ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁West ▁Beng al ▁was ▁set ▁up . ▁After ward ▁it ▁was ▁converted ▁into ▁a ▁society ▁and ▁registered ▁under ▁Soc ieties ▁Reg istration ▁Act . ▁On ▁December ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁it ▁was ▁declared ▁an ▁autonom ous ▁Government al ▁body . ▁ ▁Members ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁its ▁foundation , ▁the ▁Ak adem i ▁had ▁ 3 0 ▁members ▁in ▁its ▁Kar ma ▁Sam iti ▁( Work ing ▁Committee ) ▁and ▁ 7 8 ▁in ▁Sad har an ▁Par ish ad ▁( General ▁Council ) ▁including ▁the ▁government ▁deleg ation . ▁The ▁Chairman ▁is ▁called ▁Sab h ap ati ▁and ▁Vice - Ch air man ▁is ▁called ▁S aha - S ab h ap ati |
. ▁Members , ▁officially ▁known ▁as ▁Sad asy as , ▁remain ▁in ▁the ▁Ak adem i ▁for ▁life . ▁However , ▁any ▁member ▁can ▁resign ▁from ▁his ▁office ▁by ▁his ▁will . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁after ▁the ▁N and ig ram ▁mass acre , ▁some ▁of ▁Ak adem i ▁members ▁including ▁S ank ha ▁Gh osh ▁and ▁Ash ru ▁Kum ar ▁S ik dar ▁resigned ▁from ▁the ▁Ak adem i . ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁post ▁of ▁Secretary , ▁or ▁Sach ib , ▁who ▁is ▁the ▁chief ▁government al ▁deleg ation ▁at ▁the ▁Ak adem i . ▁The ▁office ▁of ▁the ▁Secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Ak adem i ▁is ▁held ▁by ▁San at ▁Kum ar ▁Ch att op ad hy ay ▁since ▁its ▁in ception . ▁ ▁The ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁Working ▁Committee ▁were : ▁Ann ad ash ank ar ▁Roy ▁( Ch air man ), ▁Pr ab od h ▁Ch andra ▁Sen ▁( V ice - Ch air man , ▁but ▁died ▁after ▁the ▁foundation ▁of ▁working ▁committee ), ▁N anda ▁G op al ▁S engu pt a ▁( V ice - Ch air men ), ▁Le ela ▁Maj um dar , ▁Kh ud ir am ▁Das , ▁Nep al ▁Maj um dar , ▁Sh ub hend u ▁She k har ▁M uk hop ad hy ay , ▁Ch in m oh an ▁Se han b ish , ▁P ab it ra ▁S ark ar , ▁Kan ak ▁M uk hop ad hy ay , ▁Kr ish no |
▁D har , ▁Jag ad ish ▁Bh attach ary a , ▁B hab at osh ▁D ut ta , ▁J y ot irm oy ▁Gh osh , ▁S ank ha ▁Gh osh , ▁Ar un ▁Kum ar ▁Bas u , ▁N irm al ya ▁Ach ary a , ▁Ash ru ▁Kum ar ▁Sh ik dar , ▁Ar un ▁Kum ar ▁M uk hop ad hy ay , ▁Pr ab ir ▁Roy ▁Ch ow dh uri , ▁Bh ude b ▁Ch ow dh uri , ▁Som end ran ath ▁B andy op ad hy ay , ▁B ij it ▁Kum ar ▁D ut ta , ▁P all ab ▁S engu pt a , ▁Bh ak ti ▁Pr as ad ▁Mall ick , ▁Pr ash anta ▁Kum ar ▁Das gu pt a , ▁N irm al ▁Das , ▁Sant osh ▁Ch ak rav art y ▁( L ater ▁Ash ok ▁D ut ta ) ▁– ▁Director ▁of ▁Culture , ▁San at ▁Kum ar ▁Ch att op ad hy ay - ▁Secretary ▁( G overn ment ▁De leg ate ), ▁A mit ab ha ▁M uk hop ad hy ay - ▁Officer - in - Ch arge ▁( G overn ment ▁De leg ate ). ▁ ▁The ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁General ▁Council ▁were : ▁( including ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Working ▁Committee ) ▁H ire nd ran ath ▁D ut ta , ▁Man math a ▁Roy , ▁G op al ▁H ald ar , ▁Deb ip ada ▁Bh attach ary a , ▁S ush il |
▁Kum ar ▁M uk hop ad hy ay , ▁G our in ath ▁Sh ast ri , ▁R ama ▁Ran jan ▁M uk hop ad hy ay , ▁N is ith ▁Ran jan ▁Ray , ▁Man ind ran ath ▁Gh osh , ▁Man ind ra ▁Kum ar ▁Gh osh , ▁Dr . ▁As it ▁Kum ar ▁B andy op ad hy ay , ▁Rab ind ra ▁Kum ar ▁Das Gu pt a , ▁Har ap ras ad ▁Mit ra , ▁Ar un ▁Mit ra , ▁Sat y aj it ▁Ray , ▁Sat y end ran ath ▁Roy , ▁A j it ▁Kum ar ▁Gh osh , ▁Kh set ra ▁Gu pt a , ▁Arab inda ▁Pod dar , ▁N ire nd ran ath ▁Ch ak rav art y , ▁Gol um ▁K udd us , ▁Ash in ▁Das gu pt a , ▁K hs it ind ra ▁Nar ay an ▁Bh attach ary a , ▁Sar oj ▁Moh an ▁Mit ra , ▁Su k um ari ▁Bh attach ary a , ▁Sub ir ▁Roy ▁Ch ow dh uri , ▁Man ab end ra ▁B andy op ad hy ay , ▁S our in ▁Bh attach ary a , ▁Ash ok ▁M uk hop ad hy ay , ▁Mal ini ▁Bh attach ary a , ▁Br at ind ran ath ▁M uk hop ad hy ay , ▁Man as ▁Maj um dar , ▁Moh it ▁Ch att op ad hy ay , ▁Nar ay an ▁Ch ow dh uri , ▁Sam are nd ra |
▁S engu pt a , ▁A mit ab ha ▁Das gu pt a , ▁Deb esh ▁Roy , ▁P urn end u ▁Patri , ▁Sh y am ▁Sund ar ▁De y , ▁A mit ab ha ▁Ch ow dh uri , ▁Sh ak ti ▁Ch att op ad hy ay , ▁Deb esh ▁Das , ▁Man as ▁Roy ▁Ch ow dh uri , ▁Sh ib end ran ath ▁Kan j il al , ▁Sab it end ran ath ▁Roy , ▁B ib has ▁Bh attach ary a , ▁D ip ank ar ▁Sen , ▁Pr as un ▁D ut ta , ▁D il ip ▁Bh attach ary a ▁– ▁secretary , ▁Information ▁and ▁Cultural ▁Affairs ▁Department . ▁ ▁Now ▁the ▁Ak adem i ▁works ▁under ▁various ▁sub - commit te es ▁and ▁editorial ▁boards ▁concerning ▁different ▁affairs . ▁Some ▁of ▁these ▁bodies ▁are ▁depicted ▁below : ▁ ▁Ak adem i ▁Ban an ▁U po - Sam iti ▁or ▁Ak adem i ▁Sp elling ▁Sub - Commit tee ▁was ▁created ▁to ▁reform ▁and ▁rational ize ▁Beng ali ▁orth ography . ▁This ▁Sub - Commit tee ▁includes ▁N ire nd ran ath ▁Ch ak rav art y , ▁S ank ha ▁Gh osh , ▁P ab it ra ▁S ark ar , ▁J y oti ▁Bh ush an ▁Ch aki , ▁N irm al ▁Das , ▁Ash ok ▁M uk hop ad hy ay , ▁Sub hash ▁Bh attach ary a , ▁A mit ab ha ▁Ch ow dh uri , ▁A mit ab ha |
▁M uk hop ad hy ay , ▁S our in ▁Bh attach ary a , ▁Pr as un ▁D ut ta , ▁San at ▁Kum ar ▁Ch att op ad hy ay , ▁Ar un ▁Kum ar ▁Bas u ▁and ▁Sh ub hom oy ▁Mond al . ▁On ▁the ▁recommendation ▁of ▁this ▁Sub - Commit tee , ▁the ▁Ak adem i ▁did ▁its ▁historical ▁reform s ▁on ▁Beng ali ▁sp elling . ▁ ▁Another ▁important ▁sub - commit tee ▁is ▁Par ib hash a ▁U po - Sam iti ▁or ▁Term in ology ▁Sub - Commit tee ▁which ▁is ▁entr usted ▁to ▁compile ▁standard ▁Beng ali ▁termin ology ▁for ▁both ▁academic ▁and ▁administrative ▁purposes . ▁This ▁sub - commit tee ▁includes ▁An anda ▁Gh osh ▁Haz ra , ▁Al apan ▁Band ya op ad hy ay , ▁I . A . S ., ▁Kr ish no ▁D har , ▁J y oti ▁Bh ush an ▁Ch aki , ▁N ire nd ran ath ▁Ch ak rav art y , ▁P ab it ra ▁S ark ar , ▁San at ▁Kum ar ▁Ch att op ad hy ay , ▁Sw apan ▁Ch ow dh uri ▁and ▁B hab at osh ▁T ap ad ar . ▁ ▁Editor ial ▁boards ▁are ▁generally ▁founded ▁to ▁edit ▁works ▁of ▁great ▁authors . ▁One ▁of ▁such ▁bodies ▁that ▁compiled ▁the ▁Complete ▁Works ▁of ▁Kaz i ▁Naz r ul ▁Islam , ▁includes ▁Ann ad ash ank ar ▁Roy ▁( ad visor ), ▁Budd h ade b ▁Bh attach ary |
a , ▁ex - Ch ief ▁Minister ▁of ▁West ▁Beng al ▁( ad visor ), ▁Kal pat aru ▁S engu pt a , ▁Ar un ▁Kum ar ▁Bas u , ▁P ab it ra ▁S ark ar , ▁Gol um ▁K udd us , ▁Kr ish no ▁D har , ▁Man as ▁Maj um dar , ▁Sum ita ▁Ch ak rav art y , ▁Band han ▁S engu pt a , ▁Man as ▁K hand a , ▁Bis wan ath ▁Roy , ▁Pr ab hat ▁Kum ar ▁Das , ▁Sh y am al ▁Mo it ra ▁And ▁San at ▁Kum ar ▁Ch att op ad hy ay . ▁ ▁Fun ctions ▁ ▁The ▁Ak adem i ▁is ▁the ▁official ▁authority ▁on ▁Beng ali ▁language ▁in ▁West ▁Beng al ; ▁although ▁its ▁recommendations ▁carry ▁no ▁legal ▁power ▁— ▁but ▁still ▁the ▁educational ▁boards ▁and ▁the ▁universities ▁of ▁West ▁Beng al ▁and ▁T rip ura ▁have ▁deep ▁regard ▁for ▁its ▁rul ings . ▁ ▁The ▁Ak adem i ▁accompl ishes ▁all ▁its ▁activities ▁in ▁close ▁l ia ison ▁with ▁other ▁academic ▁and ▁educational ▁institutions ▁including ▁universities ▁engaged ▁in ▁various ▁aspects ▁of ▁Beng ali ▁language , ▁literature ▁and ▁culture . ▁Apart ▁from ▁its ▁own ▁programs , ▁it ▁also ▁arr anges ▁programs ▁in ▁cooperation ▁with ▁different ▁such ▁societies . ▁Such ▁activities ▁are ▁not ▁conf ined ▁to ▁Kol k ata ▁only , ▁but ▁also ▁in ▁districts ▁and ▁sub - div isions , ▁even ▁in ▁the ▁other ▁states . ▁ ▁The ▁function ▁of ▁the ▁Ak adem i ▁was ▁initially |
▁settled ▁by ▁a ▁sem inar ▁held ▁at ▁S is ir ▁Man cha , ▁Kol k ata ▁from ▁ 2 4 ▁February ▁to ▁ 1 ▁March . ▁These ▁sem in ars ▁determined ▁the ▁r ationale ▁of ▁the ▁Ak adem i ▁and ▁proposed ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁design ▁and ▁blue ▁print ▁to ▁achieve ▁its ▁goals . ▁ ▁The ▁tasks ▁entr usted ▁on ▁Bang la ▁Ak adem i ▁are : ▁ ▁The ▁rational ization ▁and ▁reform ▁of ▁Beng ali ▁script ▁and ▁orth ography . ▁Comp ilation ▁of ▁standard ▁d iction aries , ▁enc ycl oped ias ▁and ▁gr amm ars . ▁Comp ilation ▁of ▁termin ologies . ▁Br id ging ▁the ▁gap ▁between ▁Beng ali ▁and ▁other ▁languages ▁through ▁transl ations ▁and ▁other ▁activities . ▁Public ation ▁of ▁children ▁books . ▁Per forming ▁research - oriented ▁works ▁on ▁Beng ali ▁language , ▁literature ▁and ▁culture ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁arr anging ▁scholar ships ▁for ▁researchers . ▁Distribution ▁of ▁civil ▁literary ▁pri zes . ▁Public ation ▁of ▁publish ▁books ▁on ▁different ▁subjects ▁Public ation ▁of ▁the ▁Ak adem i ▁Magazine . ▁Pres ervation ▁of ▁an ▁outstanding ▁library . ▁Pres ervation ▁of ▁a ▁world - class ▁archive ▁and ▁museum . ▁To ▁conduct ▁sem in ars ▁and ▁con ferences ▁and ▁cultural ▁fest ivals ▁and ▁f airs . ▁ ▁Work ▁of ▁Pas ch imb anga ▁Bang la ▁Ak adem i ▁Sch ol ars ▁at ▁the ▁Bang la ▁Ak adem i ▁work ▁to ▁promote ▁the ▁Beng ali ▁language ▁in ▁various ▁ways . ▁They ▁are ▁doing ▁research ▁on ▁sp elling , ▁gram mar ▁and |
▁the ▁origin ▁and ▁development ▁of ▁Beng ali . ▁They ▁are ▁publishing ▁works ▁by ▁prominent ▁writers ▁in ▁the ▁language . ▁They ▁have ▁built ▁a ▁large ▁library ▁to ▁preserve ▁original ▁manuscript s . ▁The ▁government ▁of ▁Japan ▁has ▁don ated ▁Rs . ▁ 5 0 0 0 0 0 ▁for ▁research ▁in ▁the ▁Academy . ▁The ▁government ▁of ▁West ▁Beng al ▁has ▁also ▁given ▁a ▁l ump ▁some ▁amount ▁of ▁money . ▁The ▁Ak adem i ▁is ▁spending ▁the ▁money ▁on ▁the ▁Ind o - J apan ▁Cultural ▁Center ▁in ▁B id h ann ag ar . ▁The ▁Ak adem i ▁has ▁also ▁developed ▁a ▁Beng ali ▁font ▁designed ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁changes ▁made ▁by ▁them ▁in ▁the ▁Beng ali ▁script . ▁The ▁font ▁is ▁available ▁from ▁this ▁link . ▁ ▁Fest ivals ▁Con du cted ▁by ▁Bang la ▁Ak adem i ▁Var ious ▁fest ivals ▁are ▁being ▁conducted ▁now adays ▁by ▁Bang la ▁Ak adem i , ▁e . g ., ▁Kab ita ▁U ts ab ▁( Po etry ▁Festival ), ▁Little ▁Magazine ▁M ela ▁( L ittle ▁Magazine ▁Fair ), ▁Kath as ah ity a ▁U ts ab ▁( F iction ▁Festival ), ▁Ch hora ▁U ts ab ▁( R h yme ▁Festival ) ▁etc . ▁ ▁Awards ▁awarded ▁by ▁Bang la ▁Ak adem i ▁ ▁Se lected ▁bibli ography ▁ ▁D iction aries ▁and ▁termin ologies ▁ ▁Ak adem i ▁B idy arth i ▁Ab id han ▁( B ang la ▁Ak adem i ▁Beng ali ▁Dictionary ▁for ▁Students ) ▁Ak adem |
i ▁Ban an ▁Ab id han ▁( B ang la ▁Ak adem i ▁Sp elling ▁Dictionary ) ▁Par ib hash a ▁S ank al an ▁– ▁Pr ash ash an ▁( Collection ▁of ▁Administr ative ▁Term in ologies ) ▁S ah ity er ▁Sh ab d arth o - K osh ▁( Dictionary ▁of ▁Liter ary ▁Terms ) ▁B hash a - T att wer ▁Par ib hash a ▁( Term in ology ▁of ▁L ingu istics ) ▁By ut p atti - S id hy arth a - B ang la ▁Kos m h ▁( Dictionary ▁of ▁Beng ali ▁Word ▁Origin ) ▁Bang la ▁B hash ay ▁Ar than iti ▁Ch arch a ▁Gr anth apan ji ▁( C atalogue ▁of ▁Economic ▁Studies ▁in ▁Beng ali ) ▁Bang la ▁B hash ay ▁It i ha as ▁Ch arch a ▁Gr anth apan ji ▁( C atalogue ▁of ▁Historical ▁Studies ▁in ▁Beng ali ) ▁D hat ub id ya ▁Par ib hash a ▁( Term in ology ▁of ▁Met all ur gy ) ▁Sa ont ali - B ang la ▁Sam ash ab da ▁Ab id han ▁( A ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁Sant ali - B eng ali ▁Ident ical ▁W ords ) ▁ ▁Complete ▁and ▁selected ▁works ▁of ▁legendary ▁authors ▁ ▁S anch ay ita , ▁Vol . ▁II , ▁( Ed . ▁By ▁Ar un ▁Kum ar ▁Bas u ) ▁– ▁an ▁alternative ▁anth ology ▁of ▁Tag ore ▁Po ems ▁other ▁than ▁S anch ay ita ▁Man ik ▁B andy op ad |
hy ay ▁R ach ana ▁Sam agra , ▁( E k - E k ad ash ▁K hand a ) ▁– ▁Complete ▁Works ▁of ▁Man ik ▁Band op ad hy ay , ▁Vol s . ▁I - X I ▁Man ik ▁B andy op ad hy ay ▁K ish or ▁R ach ana ▁S amb har , ▁( Ed . ▁By . ▁Par th oj it ▁G ang op ad hy ay ) ▁– ▁Col lected ▁Ju ven ile ▁Liter ature ▁of ▁Man ik ▁Band op ad hy ay ▁Kaz i ▁Naz r ul ▁Islam ▁R ach ana ▁Sam agra ▁( E k - S apt am ▁K hand a ) ▁– ▁Complete ▁Works ▁of ▁Kaz i ▁Naz r ul ▁Islam , ▁Vol s . ▁I - V II ▁Bud hh ade b ▁B ose ▁Pr ab and ha ▁Sam agra ▁( E k - du i ▁K hand a ) ▁– ▁Complete ▁Ess ays ▁of ▁Bud hh ade va ▁Bas u , ▁Vol s . ▁I - IV ▁N ire nd ran ath ▁Ch ak rav art y ▁G ady a ▁Sam agra ▁( E k - T rit i ya ) ▁– ▁Complete ▁Pro se ▁Works ▁of ▁N ire nd ran ath ▁Ch ak rav art y , ▁Vol s . ▁I - III ▁Re za ul ▁Kar im ▁Pr ab and ha ▁ ▁Sam agra ▁– ▁Complete ▁Ess ays ▁of ▁Re za ul ▁Kar im ▁J y oti ▁Bh attach ary a ▁Pr ab and ha ▁ ▁Sam agra ▁– |
▁Complete ▁Ess ays ▁of ▁J y oti ▁Bh attach ary a ▁D wij end ra - G iti ▁Sam agra ▁– ▁Complete ▁Songs ▁of ▁D wij end ra ▁L al ▁Roy ▁S omen ▁Ch anda ▁N ir bach ito ▁Gal pa ▁S ang ra ha ▁– ▁Se lected ▁Stories ▁of ▁S omen ▁Ch anda ▁S amp ark a ▁( Sam pr iti ▁B ish ay ak ▁Gal pa ) ▁– ▁S amp ark a : ▁Stories ▁on ▁Commun al ▁Harm ony ▁( Ed . ▁By ▁Ash ok ▁Kum ar ▁Mit ra ▁and ▁B ish nu ▁Bas u ) ▁ ▁Col lected ▁essays ▁ ▁B hash a - B hab na : ▁Un ish - B ish ▁Sh at ak ▁– ▁Thought s ▁on ▁Language , ▁A ▁Collection ▁of ▁ 3 7 ▁Ess ays ▁on ▁Beng ali ▁dated ▁from ▁ 1 8 5 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 0 . ▁Pr as anga ▁Bang la ▁By ak aran , ▁Pro th om ▁K hand a - ▁On ▁Beng ali ▁Gram mar , ▁Vol . ▁I , ▁( 2 0 ▁essays ▁on ▁Beng ali ▁gram mar ▁from ▁old ▁period icals ) ▁Pr as anga ▁Bang la ▁By ak aran , ▁D w iti yo ▁K hand a - ▁On ▁Beng ali ▁Gram mar , ▁Vol . ▁II , ▁( Cont emporary ▁Ess ays ▁on ▁Beng ali ▁Gram mar ) ▁Sar as w at ▁ ▁– ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁Beng ali ▁Liter ary ▁Academ ies ▁( Ed . ▁By ▁Ar un ▁Kum ar ▁Bas u |
) ▁Bang al ir ▁Ga an ▁ ▁– ▁ ▁Songs ▁of ▁Beng al , ▁A ▁Golden ▁Tre asury ▁of ▁Beng ali ▁Music ▁( Ed . ▁By . ▁D urg adas ▁L ah iri ) ▁Ak adem i ▁Pr at ish tha ▁Bar sh iki ▁B hash an ▁S ank al an ▁– ▁Ak adem i ▁Collection ▁of ▁Foundation ▁Day ▁L ect ures ▁Ak adem i ▁B hash an ▁S ank al an ▁– ▁Ak adem i ▁Collection ▁of ▁L ect ures ▁Pur atan ▁G ady ag ran tha ▁S ang ra ha ▁– ▁Collection ▁of ▁Old ▁Text s ▁( Ed . ▁By ▁Dr . ▁As it ▁Kum ar ▁Band ya op ad hy ay ) ▁S ang bad - Sam ay ik pat re ▁Un ish ▁Sh at aker ▁Bang ali ▁Sam aj ▁( E k - D ui ▁K hand a ) ▁– ▁Nin ete enth ▁Century ▁Beng ali ▁Society ▁in ▁Period icals , ▁Vol s . ▁I - II ▁( Col . ▁& ▁Ed . ▁By ▁Sw apan ▁B ose ) ▁Man as wi ▁Ann ad ash ank ar ▁– ▁Ann ad ash ank ar ▁Roy , ▁A ▁Great ▁Think er ▁( Ed . ▁By ▁D him an ▁Das gu pt a ) ▁Bang la ▁Pr imer ▁S ang ra ha ▁– ▁A ▁Collection ▁of ▁Beng ali ▁Prim ers ▁( Ed . ▁By ▁Ash ish ▁Kh ast og ir ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Bang la ▁Academy ▁– ▁Bangl ades hi ▁counter part ▁Pas ch im ▁Bang a ▁Nat ya ▁Ak adem |
i ▁Ann ad ash ank ar ▁Roy ▁Bang i ya ▁S ah ity a ▁Par ish ad ▁University ▁of ▁Cal cut ta ▁Rab ind ran ath ▁Tag ore ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁https :// web . archive . org / web / 2 0 0 8 0 7 0 8 2 1 0 2 3 6 / http :// pas ch imb ang ab ang la ak adem i . org / images / index . html . ht m ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁India ▁Category : L ear ned ▁societies ▁of ▁India ▁Category : C ultural ▁organisations ▁based ▁in ▁India ▁Category : Organ is ations ▁based ▁in ▁West ▁Beng al ▁Category : B eng ali ▁language ▁Category : B eng ali ▁literary ▁institutions ▁Category : Ac adem ic ▁language ▁institutions <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Green b anks ▁H ollow ▁Cover ed ▁Bridge ▁is ▁a ▁historic ▁covered ▁bridge , ▁carrying ▁Green b anks ▁H ollow ▁Road ▁across ▁Jo es ▁Brook ▁in ▁southern ▁Dan ville , ▁Verm ont . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁surviving ▁ 1 9 th - century ▁covered ▁bridge ▁in ▁the ▁town . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁ ▁Description ▁and ▁history ▁The ▁Green b anks ▁H ollow ▁Cover ed ▁Bridge ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁a ▁rural ▁area ▁of ▁southern ▁Dan ville , ▁sp anning ▁Jo es ▁Brook , ▁an ▁east - flow ing ▁t ribut ary ▁of |
▁the ▁Connecticut ▁River . ▁ ▁Green b anks ▁H ollow ▁Road ▁is ▁a ▁minor ▁through ▁road ▁between ▁Dan ville ▁and ▁Pe ach am . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁single - span ▁queen ▁post ▁tr uss ▁structure , ▁with ▁fl ank ing ▁tr uss es ▁of ▁une qual ▁length . ▁ ▁The ▁western ▁tr uss ▁is ▁ ▁long , ▁while ▁the ▁eastern ▁one ▁is ▁ ▁longer , ▁the ▁ske w ▁visible ▁at ▁the ▁southern ▁portal . ▁ ▁The ▁bridge ▁is ▁ ▁wide , ▁with ▁a ▁road way ▁width ▁of ▁, ▁carrying ▁one ▁lane ▁of ▁traffic . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁covered ▁by ▁a ▁metal ▁g abled ▁roof ▁with ▁broad ▁e aves . ▁ ▁The ▁side ▁walls ▁are ▁covered ▁to ▁about ▁half ▁their ▁height ▁with ▁vertical ▁board ▁s iding , ▁which ▁is ▁extended ▁around ▁the ▁full ▁height ▁of ▁the ▁port als . ▁ ▁The ▁bridge ▁rest s ▁on ▁ab ut ments ▁of ▁stone ▁and ▁concrete ; ▁the ▁northern ▁one ▁has ▁been ▁re built ▁after ▁its ▁original ▁stone ▁ab ut ment ▁collapsed . ▁ ▁The ▁bridge ' s ▁construction ▁date ▁and ▁builder ▁are ▁not ▁known . ▁ ▁Verm ont ▁historian ▁Herbert ▁Cong don ▁claims ▁that ▁the ▁bridge ▁was ▁originally ▁un covered , ▁and ▁that ▁its ▁roof ▁is ▁a ▁later ▁addition . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁sty list ically ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁br idges ▁located ▁in ▁nearby ▁Ly nd on , ▁which ▁also ▁feature ▁queen ▁post ▁tr uss es , ▁half - height ▁s iding , ▁and ▁broad ▁roof s . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁surviving ▁ 1 |
9 th - century ▁covered ▁bridge ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Dan ville . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁covered ▁br idges ▁in ▁Verm ont ▁ ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁list ings ▁in ▁Cal ed onia ▁County , ▁Verm ont ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁br idges ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁Verm ont ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : C over ed ▁br idges ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁Verm ont ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁Cal ed onia ▁County , ▁Verm ont ▁Category : C over ed ▁br idges ▁in ▁Verm ont ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Dan ville , ▁Verm ont ▁Category : Que en ▁post ▁tr uss ▁br idges ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : C over ed ▁br idges ▁in ▁Cal ed onia ▁County , ▁Verm ont ▁Category : R oad ▁br idges ▁in ▁Verm ont ▁Category : R oad ▁br idges ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁Verm ont ▁Category : W ood en ▁br idges ▁in ▁Verm ont <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Count ess ▁of ▁the ▁Pal at inate ▁() ▁was ▁the ▁cons ort ▁of ▁the ▁Count ▁of ▁the ▁Pal at inate , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Empire ' s ▁greatest ▁prin ces . ▁ ▁Non - H ered itary , ▁ 1 0 8 5 – 1 1 5 6 ▁ ▁House ▁of ▁Ho hen st auf en , ▁ 1 1 5 6 – 1 1 9 5 ▁ |
▁House ▁of ▁W elf , ▁ 1 1 9 5 – 1 2 1 4 ▁ ▁House ▁of ▁W itt els bach , ▁ 1 2 1 4 – 1 3 5 6 ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁The ▁Pal at inate ▁The ▁Pal at inate <0x0A> </s> ▁Paul - R en é ▁Albert ini ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 4 ) ▁is ▁a ▁global ▁music ▁industry ▁executive . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁He ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁Institut ▁Super ieur ▁de ▁Gest ion ▁( IS G ) ▁and ▁started ▁his ▁career ▁in ▁music ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁with ▁the ▁magazine ▁The ▁Act uel ▁magazine ▁as ▁a ▁concert ▁promot er ▁and ▁independent ▁record ▁producer ▁in ▁Paris . ▁From ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁Poly gram ▁France ’ s ▁International ▁Label ▁Manager ▁and ▁then ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁became ▁Marketing ▁Director ▁for ▁Bar cl ay ▁Records . ▁Three ▁years ▁later , ▁Albert ini ▁was ▁made ▁Man aging ▁Director ▁of ▁Mer cury ▁France , ▁a ▁division ▁of ▁Poly gram . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁he ▁was ▁made ▁Chief ▁Executive ▁Officer ▁of ▁Poly gram ▁Dis ques , ▁the ▁leading ▁company ▁in ▁France ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁market ▁share . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁Paul - R en é ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁senior ▁executive ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁Harvard ▁Business ▁School ▁IS MP . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁Albert ini ▁became ▁President ▁and ▁CEO ▁of ▁Sony ▁Music ▁France . |
▁Under ▁his ▁ten ure ▁the ▁company ’ s ▁market ▁share ▁went ▁from ▁ 2 2 % ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁to ▁ 3 1 % ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁at ▁which ▁time ▁he ▁became ▁Executive ▁Vice ▁President ▁of ▁Sony ▁Music ▁Entertainment ▁Europe . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Albert ini ▁joined ▁Warner ▁Music ▁Group ▁as ▁President ▁of ▁Warner ▁Music ▁Europe ▁and ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁was ▁appointed ▁President ▁of ▁ ▁Warner ▁Music ▁International ▁where , ▁from ▁the ▁London ▁headquarters , ▁he ▁overs aw ▁the ▁company ’ s ▁ 3 7 ▁affiliates ▁and ▁numerous ▁license es ▁throughout ▁the ▁world . ▁From ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁he ▁continued ▁in ▁this ▁role ▁with ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁Chairman ▁and ▁CEO ▁of ▁Warner ▁Music ▁International , ▁over see ing ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁biggest ▁re struct uring ▁in ▁the ▁company ' s ▁history . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁Director ▁of ▁Warner ▁Music ▁Group ▁which ▁was ▁listed ▁at ▁the ▁NY SE ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁After ▁he ▁left ▁Warner ▁Music , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Paul - R ene ▁set ▁up ▁an ▁international ▁consulting ▁practice ▁providing ▁services ▁to ▁the ▁music ▁industry ▁and ▁private ▁equity ▁companies ▁in ▁the ▁UK , ▁Germany ▁and ▁Japan . ▁He ▁also ▁overs aw ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁several ▁digital ▁platforms ▁in ▁Japan ▁and ▁the ▁UK ▁via ▁Square ▁Media ▁International , ▁S ush i ▁Vent ure ▁Part ners ▁which ▁launched ▁Start up Boot camp ▁Israel ▁and ▁Mar athon ▁Art ists |
. ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : F rench ▁record ▁producers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Har vard ▁Business ▁School ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁V os ▁TV , ▁formerly ▁E ST V , ▁was ▁a ▁Nic ar ag uan ▁cable ▁TV ▁channel ▁broadcast ing ▁from ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Man ag ua ▁and ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁national ▁cable ▁TV ▁operator ▁Est esa . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁E ST V ▁( Can al ▁ 1 1 ) b eg an ▁broadcast ing ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁Despite ▁being ▁a ▁new com er ▁in ▁the ▁Nic ar ag uan ▁TV ▁market , ▁it ▁quickly ▁gained ▁has ▁a ▁broad ▁audience ▁thanks ▁to ▁its ▁national istic ▁approach ▁and ▁mass ▁production ▁of ▁local ▁TV ▁shows . ▁The ▁channel ' s ▁mot to ▁is ▁El ▁canal ▁del ▁org ull o ▁nic ar ag ü ense ▁( The ▁channel ▁of ▁the ▁Nic ar ag uan ▁pride ). ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁popular ▁local ▁TV ▁shows ▁were : ▁De ▁sol ▁a ▁sol ▁( mor ning ▁show ), ▁La ▁rev ista ▁del ▁med iod ia ▁( var iety ▁show ), ▁D ó nde ▁y ▁cu ánd o ▁( in vest ig ative ▁journal ism ), ▁S ender os ▁y ▁dest inos ▁( t our ism , ▁featuring ▁in ▁every ▁show ▁a ▁tourist ▁spot ▁in ▁the ▁country ), ▁E ST V ▁Mus ical ▁( d aily ▁music ▁video ▁show ), ▁En ▁conc ierto ▁( mus ic ▁conc erts ), ▁Lo ▁Nu |
estro ▁( show ▁featuring ▁only ▁national ▁artists , ▁interviews ▁and ▁music ▁videos ), ▁É x itos ▁emp res ar ial es ▁( success ▁stories ▁of ▁Nic ar ag uan ▁companies ), ▁De port es ▁ 1 1 ▁( s ports ), ▁Se xt o ▁S ent ido ▁( pop ular ▁youth ▁TV ▁serie ) ▁and ▁live ▁broadcast s ▁of ▁national ▁cultural ▁events , ▁such ▁as ▁local ▁fest iv ities . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁E ST V ▁made ▁history ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁channel ▁in ▁Central ▁America ▁to ▁produce ▁and ▁broadcast ▁a ▁reality ▁show ; ▁En ▁O tra ▁O nd a . ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 2 7 , ▁the ▁channel ▁was ▁re br anded ▁to ▁V os ▁TV ▁and ▁moved ▁to ▁channel ▁ 1 4 ▁on ▁the ▁Est esa ▁cable ▁TV ▁system . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Tele vision ▁stations ▁in ▁Nic ar ag ua ▁Category : Span ish - language ▁television ▁stations ▁Category : Tele vision ▁channels ▁and ▁stations ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links <0x0A> </s> ▁Anton ▁G alk in ▁( born ▁ 2 0 ▁February ▁ 1 9 7 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Russian ▁spr inter . ▁He ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁ 4 0 0 ▁metres ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁Records ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : A thlet es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at |
▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : R ussian ▁male ▁spr inters ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁athletes ▁of ▁Russia ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : R ussian ▁sports people ▁in ▁dop ing ▁cases <0x0A> </s> ▁Hay don ▁Sp ence ley ▁( born ▁ 3 ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 4 ) ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁Christian ▁musician ▁and ▁worship ▁leader , ▁who ▁plays ▁a ▁Christian ▁pop ▁and ▁E DM ▁style ▁of ▁worship ▁music . ▁He ▁has ▁released ▁three ▁studio ▁albums , ▁Cir cles ▁( 2 0 0 8 ), ▁Heart ▁Str ings ▁( 2 0 1 0 ), ▁and ▁Mir rors ▁( 2 0 1 4 ). ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁personal ▁life ▁Hay don ▁Sp ence ley ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 3 ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁while ▁now ▁he ▁res ides ▁in ▁North ampton , ▁England . ▁He ▁has ▁cere br al ▁p als y , ▁where ▁this ▁involves ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁wheel chair ▁for ▁his ▁mobility . ▁He ▁is ▁an ▁ord ained ▁minister ▁in ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁England . ▁ ▁Music ▁career ▁His ▁music ▁recording ▁career ▁comm enced ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁with ▁the ▁Christian ▁alternative ▁rock ▁band , ▁Fre es l ave , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁their ▁lead ▁singer . ▁He ▁released , ▁Cir cles , ▁a ▁studio ▁album , ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁The ▁subsequent ▁studio ▁album , ▁Heart ▁Str ings , ▁was ▁released ▁on |
▁ 4 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Sp ence ley ▁released , ▁Mir rors , ▁on ▁ 4 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁Studio ▁albums ▁ ▁Cir cles ▁( 1 0 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Heart ▁Str ings ▁( 4 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Mir rors ▁( 4 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : English ▁Christians ▁Category : English ▁musicians ▁Category : English ▁song writ ers <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁F IS ▁Nord ic ▁Junior ▁and ▁U 2 3 ▁World ▁S ki ▁Championships ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁Val ▁di ▁F iem me , ▁Italy ▁from ▁ 2 8 ▁January ▁to ▁ 3 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁ 3 7 th ▁Junior ▁World ▁Championships ▁and ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁Under - 2 3 ▁World ▁Championships ▁in ▁nord ic ▁ski ing . ▁ ▁Medal ▁summary ▁ ▁Junior ▁events ▁ ▁Cross - country ▁ski ing ▁ ▁Nord ic ▁Comb ined ▁ ▁S ki ▁jumping ▁ ▁Under - 2 3 ▁events ▁ ▁Cross - country ▁ski ing ▁ ▁Medal ▁Table ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁in ▁cross - country ▁ski ing ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁in ▁ski ▁jumping ▁Junior ▁World ▁S ki ▁Championships ▁Category : 2 0 1 |
4 ▁in ▁youth ▁sport ▁Category : Intern ational ▁sports ▁compet itions ▁hosted ▁by ▁Italy <0x0A> </s> ▁No ▁Place ▁to ▁H ide ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁film ▁directed , ▁produced ▁and ▁written ▁by ▁Josef ▁Sh aft el . ▁ ▁It ▁star red ▁Mar sha ▁Hunt ▁and ▁David ▁Brian , ▁and ▁was ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁first ▁film ▁made ▁" co oper atively ▁between ▁Hollywood ▁and ▁Philipp ine ▁interests ." ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines <0x0A> </s> ▁Kh ong or - Bi ye ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁rural ▁local ity ▁( a ▁sel o ), ▁the ▁only ▁inhab ited ▁local ity , ▁and ▁the ▁administrative ▁center ▁of ▁Sal b ans ky ▁R ural ▁Ok rug ▁of ▁Nam sky ▁District ▁in ▁the ▁Sak ha ▁Republic , ▁Russia , ▁located ▁ ▁from ▁Nam ts y , ▁the ▁administrative ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁district . ▁Its ▁population ▁as ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Census ▁was ▁ 3 4 5 , ▁of ▁whom ▁ 1 8 0 ▁were ▁male ▁and ▁ 1 6 5 ▁female , ▁up ▁from ▁ 3 3 8 ▁as ▁recorded ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Census . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁S ources ▁Official ▁website ▁of ▁the ▁Sak ha ▁Republic . ▁Reg istry ▁of ▁the ▁Administr ative - T err itor ial ▁Div isions ▁of ▁the ▁Sak ha ▁Republic . ▁Nam sky |
▁District . ▁▁ ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁the ▁Sak ha ▁Republic <0x0A> </s> ▁An ▁optical ▁line ▁term ination ▁( OL T ), ▁also ▁called ▁an ▁optical ▁line ▁terminal , ▁is ▁a ▁device ▁which ▁serves ▁as ▁the ▁service ▁provider ▁endpoint ▁of ▁a ▁passive ▁optical ▁network . ▁It ▁provides ▁two ▁main ▁functions : ▁ ▁to ▁perform ▁conversion ▁between ▁the ▁electrical ▁signals ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁service ▁provider ' s ▁equipment ▁and ▁the ▁fiber ▁opt ic ▁signals ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁passive ▁optical ▁network . ▁▁▁ ▁to ▁coordinate ▁the ▁multip lex ing ▁between ▁the ▁conversion ▁devices ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁end ▁of ▁that ▁network ▁( called ▁either ▁optical ▁network ▁termin als ▁or ▁optical ▁network ▁units ). ▁ ▁The ▁diagram ▁below ▁dep icts ▁an ▁O LT ▁within ▁a ▁fiber - opt ic ▁network . ▁ ▁Features ▁O LT s ▁include ▁the ▁following ▁features : ▁ ▁A ▁down stream ▁frame ▁processing ▁means ▁for ▁receiving ▁and ▁ch urn ing ▁an ▁as ynchron ous ▁transfer ▁mode ▁cell ▁to ▁generate ▁a ▁down stream ▁frame , ▁and ▁conver ting ▁a ▁parallel ▁data ▁of ▁the ▁down stream ▁frame ▁into ▁a ▁serial ▁data ▁there of . ▁ ▁A ▁w avelength ▁division ▁multip lex ing ▁means ▁for ▁performing ▁an ▁electro / opt ical ▁conversion ▁of ▁the ▁serial ▁data ▁of ▁the ▁down stream ▁frame ▁and ▁performing ▁a ▁w avelength ▁division ▁multip lex ing ▁there of . ▁ ▁An ▁up stream ▁frame ▁processing ▁means ▁for ▁extract ing ▁data ▁from ▁the ▁w avelength ▁division ▁multip lex ing ▁means , ▁searching ▁an ▁overhead ▁field , ▁del ine ating ▁a |
▁slot ▁boundary , ▁and ▁processing ▁a ▁physical ▁layer ▁operations ▁administration ▁and ▁maintenance ▁( P LO AM ) ▁cell ▁and ▁a ▁divided ▁slot ▁separately . ▁ ▁A ▁control ▁signal ▁generation ▁means ▁for ▁performing ▁a ▁media ▁access ▁control ▁( MAC ) ▁protocol ▁and ▁generating ▁variables ▁and ▁timing ▁signals ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁down stream ▁frame ▁processing ▁means ▁and ▁the ▁up stream ▁frame ▁processing ▁means . ▁ ▁A ▁control ▁means ▁for ▁controlling ▁the ▁down stream ▁frame ▁processing ▁means ▁and ▁the ▁up stream ▁frame ▁processing ▁means ▁by ▁using ▁the ▁variables ▁and ▁the ▁timing ▁signals ▁from ▁the ▁control ▁signal ▁generation ▁means . ▁ ▁Category : F iber - opt ic ▁communications ▁Category : Tele commun ications ▁equipment <0x0A> </s> ▁Ś ā ṇ ḍ ily a ▁V id ya ▁is ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁teach ings ▁of ▁vid y ā ▁or ▁philosophy ▁by ▁the ▁ancient ▁Hindu ▁sage ▁Ś ā ṇ ḍ ily a . ▁It ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Ag n ir ah asy ama ▁of ▁the ▁Sh at ap ath a ▁U pan ish ad , ▁and ▁its ▁pre cept s ▁are ▁also ▁set ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁Chand og ya ▁U pan ish ad . ▁The ▁work ▁treats ▁of ▁the ▁universal ▁Abs olute ▁( B rah man ) ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁faith ▁( B h ak ti ). ▁ ▁Author ▁Sand ily a ▁or ▁Ś ā ṇ ḍ ily a ▁( S ansk rit : श ा ण ् ड ि ल ् य ), ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Dev ala ▁and ▁the ▁grand son ▁of ▁K ash y |
apa , ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁Sh at ap ath a ▁Bra h man a ▁( X . vi . iii . 1 ) ▁of ▁the ▁Sh uk la ▁Y aj ur ved a , ▁ ▁with ▁the ▁Chand og ya ▁U pan ish ad ▁( III . x iv . 1 ) ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁K auth uma ▁sh ā kh ā ▁of ▁the ▁Sam aved a , ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁B ri had ar any aka ▁U pan ish ad ▁( X . vi . 3 ) ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁concl uding ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Sh at ap ath a ▁Bra h man a . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁" U d ara - ▁Ś ā ṇ ḍ ily a ", ▁and ▁the ▁disc iple ▁of ▁At id han v ā n ▁Ś a un aka ▁who ▁taught ▁him ▁about ▁the ▁great ness ▁and ▁the ▁limit lessness ▁of ▁Bra h man . ▁He ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁prominent ▁met aph ys ical ▁philosoph ers . ▁He ▁concl udes ▁that ▁the ▁essence ▁of ▁the ▁soul ▁is ▁consciousness ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁determ inate ▁( the ▁body , ▁the ▁individual , ▁the ▁seek er ) ▁finds ▁its ▁ultimate ▁resting ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁ind et erm inate ▁( P ur ush a , ▁Bra h man ) ▁as ▁the ▁ind et erm inate . ▁ ▁The ▁Ś ā ṇ ḍ ily a ▁V id ya ▁The ▁Ś ā ṇ ḍ ily a ▁V id ya ▁is ▁described ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁four ▁pass ages |
▁in ▁the ▁Chand og ya ▁U pan ish ad ▁( III . x iv . 1 - 4 ) ▁wherein ▁Ś ā ṇ ḍ ily a ▁provides ▁the ▁cosm ological ▁proof ▁of ▁the ▁Abs olute ▁or ▁Bra h man , ▁the ▁sup reme ▁life - pr incip le , ▁from ▁whom ▁and ▁within ▁which ▁emerge , ▁function , ▁ev olve ▁and ▁diss olve ▁all ▁beings ▁and ▁things . ▁Ś ā ṇ ḍ ily a ▁states :- ▁▁▁ स र ् व ं ▁ ख ल ् व ि द ं ▁ ब ् र ह ् म ▁ त ज ् ज ल ा न ि त ि ▁ श ा न ् त ▁ उ प ा स ी त ▁ । ▁ अ थ ▁ ख ल ु ▁ क ् र त ु म य <0xE0> <0xA4> <0x83> ▁ प ु र ु ष ो ▁ य थ ा क ् र त ु र स ् म ि <0xE0> <0xA4> <0x81> ल ् ल ो क े ▁ प ु र ु ष ो ▁ भ व त ि ▁ त थ े त <0xE0> <0xA4> <0x83> ▁ प ् र े त ् य ▁ भ व त ि ▁ स ▁ क ् र त ु ं ▁ क ु र ् व ी त ▁ <0xE0> <0xA5> <0xA5> ▁ <0xE0> <0xA5> <0xA7> ▁ <0xE0> <0xA5> <0xA5> ▁▁▁ 1 . ▁ ▁" ▁All ▁this ▁is ▁Bra h man . ▁From ▁It ▁the ▁universe ▁comes ▁forth , ▁in |
▁It ▁the ▁universe ▁mer ges ▁and ▁in ▁It ▁the ▁universe ▁breat hes . ▁Therefore ▁a ▁man ▁should ▁med itate ▁on ▁Bra h man ▁with ▁a ▁calm ▁mind . ▁ ▁Now , ▁ver ily , ▁a ▁man ▁consists ▁of ▁will . ▁As ▁he ▁will s ▁in ▁this ▁world , ▁so ▁does ▁he ▁become ▁when ▁he ▁has ▁depart ed ▁hence . ▁Let ▁him ▁with ▁this ▁knowledge ▁in ▁mind ▁form ▁his ▁will . ▁" ▁▁▁ म न ो म य <0xE0> <0xA4> <0x83> ▁ प ् र ा ण श र ी र ो ▁ भ ा र ू प <0xE0> <0xA4> <0x83> ▁ स त ् य स <0xE0> <0xA4> <0x99> ् क ल ् प ▁ आ क ा श ा त ् म ा ▁ स र ् व क र ् म ा ▁ स र ् व क ा म <0xE0> <0xA4> <0x83> ▁ स र ् व ग न ् ध <0xE0> <0xA4> <0x83> ▁ स र ् व र स <0xE0> <0xA4> <0x83> ▁ स र ् व म ि द म भ ् य त ् त ो <0xE0> <0xA4> <0xBD> व ा क ् य न ा द र <0xE0> <0xA4> <0x83> ▁ <0xE0> <0xA5> <0xA5> ▁ <0xE0> <0xA5> <0xA8> ▁ <0xE0> <0xA5> <0xA5> ▁▁ ए ष ▁ म ▁ आ त ् म ा न ् त र ् ह <0xE0> <0xA5> <0x83> द य े <0xE0> <0xA4> <0xBD> ण ी य ा न ् व ् र ी ह े र ् व ा ▁ |
य व ा द ् व ा ▁ स र ् ष प ा द ् व ा ▁ श ् य ा म ा क ा द ् व ा ▁ श ् य ा म ा क त ण ् ड ु ल ा द ् व ै ष ▁ म ▁ आ त ् म ा न ् त र ् ह <0xE0> <0xA5> <0x83> द य े ▁ ज ् य ा य ा न ् प <0xE0> <0xA5> <0x83> थ ि व ् य ा ▁ ज ् य ा य ा न न ् त र ि क ् ष ा ज ् ज ् य ा य ा न ् द ि व ो ▁ ज ् य ा य ा न े भ ् य ो ▁ ल ो क े भ ् य <0xE0> <0xA4> <0x83> ▁ <0xE0> <0xA5> <0xA5> ▁ <0xE0> <0xA5> <0xA9> ▁ <0xE0> <0xA5> <0xA5> ▁▁▁ 2 - 3 . ▁ ▁" ▁He ▁who ▁consists ▁of ▁the ▁mind , ▁whose ▁body ▁is ▁subtle , ▁whose ▁form ▁ ▁is ▁light , ▁whose ▁thoughts ▁are ▁true , ▁whose ▁nature ▁is ▁like ▁the ▁ak asa , ▁ ▁whose ▁creation ▁in ▁this ▁universe , ▁who ▁cher ishes ▁all ▁right eous ▁ ▁desires , ▁who ▁contains ▁all ▁pleasant ▁od ours , ▁who ▁is ▁end owed ▁with ▁ ▁all ▁tastes , ▁who ▁embr aces ▁all ▁this , ▁who ▁never ▁speaks ▁and ▁who ▁is ▁ ▁without ▁long ing — ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁my ▁Self ▁within ▁the ▁heart , |
▁smaller ▁than ▁a ▁grain ▁of ▁rice , ▁ ▁smaller ▁than ▁a ▁grain ▁of ▁bar ley , ▁smaller ▁than ▁a ▁must ard ▁seed , ▁ ▁smaller ▁than ▁a ▁grain ▁of ▁mil let ; ▁He ▁is ▁my ▁Self ▁within ▁the ▁heart , ▁ ▁greater ▁than ▁the ▁earth , ▁greater ▁than ▁the ▁mid — region , ▁greater ▁ ▁than ▁heaven , ▁greater ▁than ▁all ▁these ▁worlds . ▁" ▁▁▁ स र ् व क र ् म ा ▁ स र ् व क ा म <0xE0> <0xA4> <0x83> ▁ स र ् व ग न ् ध <0xE0> <0xA4> <0x83> ▁ स र ् व र स <0xE0> <0xA4> <0x83> ▁ स र ् व म ि द म भ ् य ा त ् त ो <0xE0> <0xA4> <0xBD> व ा क ् य न ा द र ▁ ए ष ▁ म ▁ आ त ् म ा न ् त र ् ह <0xE0> <0xA5> <0x83> द य ▁ ए त द ् ब ् र ह ् म ै त म ि त <0xE0> <0xA4> <0x83> ▁ प ् र े त ् य ा भ ि स ं भ व ि त ा स ् म ी त ि ▁ य स ् य ▁ स ् य ा द द ् ध ा ▁ न ▁ व ि च ि क ि त ् स ा स ् त ी त ि ▁ ह ▁ स ् म ा ह ▁ श ा ण ् ड ि ल ् |
य <0xE0> <0xA4> <0x83> ▁ श ा ण ् ड ि ल ् य <0xE0> <0xA4> <0x83> ▁ <0xE0> <0xA5> <0xA5> ▁ <0xE0> <0xA5> <0xAA> ▁ <0xE0> <0xA5> <0xA5> ▁▁▁ 4 . ▁▁ ▁" ▁He ▁whose ▁creation ▁is ▁this ▁universe , ▁who ▁cher ishes ▁all ▁desires , ▁ ▁who ▁contains ▁all ▁od ours , ▁who ▁is ▁end owed ▁with ▁all ▁tastes , ▁who ▁ ▁embr aces ▁all ▁this , ▁who ▁never ▁speaks ▁and ▁who ▁is ▁without ▁ ▁long ing — He ▁is ▁my ▁Self ▁within ▁the ▁heart , ▁He ▁is ▁that ▁Bra h man . ▁ ▁When ▁I ▁shall ▁have ▁depart ed ▁hence ▁I ▁shall ▁certainly ▁reach ▁Him : ▁ ▁one ▁who ▁has ▁this ▁faith ▁and ▁has ▁no ▁doubt ▁will ▁certainly ▁att ain ▁to ▁that ▁God head . ▁Thus ▁said ▁Sand ily a , ▁y ea , ▁thus ▁he ▁said . ▁" ▁ ▁In ▁these ▁four ▁pass ages ▁Ś ā ṇ ḍ ily a ▁gives ▁us ▁the ▁cosm ological ▁proof ▁of ▁the ▁Abs olute , ▁the ▁Universal ▁ Ā tm ā n ▁or ▁T aj jal ā n ▁( S ansk rit : त ज ् ज ल ा न ). ▁It ▁is ▁that ▁from ▁which ▁things ▁are ▁born , ▁in ▁which ▁they ▁live ▁and ▁repair . ▁According ▁to ▁one ' s ▁own ▁kar ma ▁in ▁this ▁life ▁is ▁shaped ▁the ▁life ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁world . ▁The ▁ Ā tm ā n ▁is ▁a ▁positive ▁entity , ▁both ▁great ▁and ▁small , ▁infinite ▁and ▁inf init es imal , ▁surely ▁reach able |
▁after ▁death . ▁That ▁Universal ▁ Ā tm ā n ▁res ides ▁in ▁the ▁heart ▁of ▁all ▁as ▁the ▁individual ▁self . ▁My ▁soul ▁is ▁Bra h man . ▁He ▁describes ▁in ▁a ▁positive ▁way ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁creation ▁from ▁the ▁ Ā tm ā n , ▁T aj jal ā n ▁is ▁the ▁universe ▁identified ▁with ▁the ▁chang eless ▁Bra h man , ▁who ▁is ▁not ▁bound ▁by ▁space ▁and ▁time , ▁having ▁three ▁attributes ▁– ▁creator , ▁pres er ver ▁and ▁destroy er ▁of ▁the ▁universe , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁individual ▁self ▁is ▁Bra h man ▁in ▁its ▁essential ▁nature . ▁All ▁this ▁is ▁Bra h man . ▁ ▁The ▁Ś ā ṇ ḍ ily a ▁V id ya ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Ag n ir ah asy ama ▁of ▁the ▁Sh at ap ath a ▁U pan ish ad , ▁briefly ▁described ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁two ▁pass ages ▁( SB ▁X . vi . iii . 1 - 2 ): - ▁▁ 1 . ▁" Let ▁him ▁med itate ▁upon ▁the ▁' true ▁Bra h man .' ▁Now , ▁man ▁here , ▁indeed , ▁is ▁possessed ▁of ▁understanding , ▁and ▁according ▁to ▁how ▁great ▁his ▁understanding ▁is ▁when ▁he ▁depart s ▁this ▁world , ▁so ▁does ▁he , ▁on ▁passing ▁away , ▁enter ▁y onder ▁world ." ▁▁ 2 . ▁" Let ▁him ▁med itate ▁on ▁the ▁Self , ▁which ▁is ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁intelligence , ▁and ▁end owed ▁with ▁a ▁body ▁of ▁spirit , ▁with ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁light |
, ▁and ▁with ▁an ▁eth ere al ▁nature , ▁which ▁changes ▁its ▁shape ▁at ▁will , ▁is ▁swift ▁as ▁thought , ▁of ▁true ▁resolve , ▁and ▁true ▁purpose , ▁which ▁consists ▁of ▁all ▁sweet ▁od ours ▁and ▁tastes , ▁which ▁holds ▁sway ▁over ▁all ▁the ▁regions ▁and ▁per v ades ▁this ▁whole ▁universe , ▁which ▁is ▁speech less ▁and ▁ind ifferent ; ▁even ▁as ▁a ▁grain ▁of ▁rice , ▁or ▁a ▁grain ▁of ▁bar ley , ▁or ▁a ▁grain ▁of ▁mil let , ▁or ▁the ▁smallest ▁gran ule ▁of ▁mil let , ▁so ▁is ▁this ▁golden ▁Pur ush a ▁in ▁the ▁heart ; ▁even ▁as ▁a ▁sm ok eless ▁light , ▁it ▁is ▁greater ▁than ▁the ▁sky , ▁greater ▁than ▁the ▁et her , ▁greater ▁than ▁the ▁earth , ▁greater ▁than ▁all ▁existing ▁things ; -- that ▁self ▁of ▁the ▁spirit ▁( bre ath ) ▁is ▁my ▁self : ▁on ▁passing ▁away ▁from ▁hence ▁I ▁shall ▁obtain ▁that ▁self . ▁Ver ily , ▁wh oso ever ▁has ▁this ▁trust , ▁for ▁him ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁uncertainty . ▁Thus ▁sp ake ▁Sand ily a , ▁and ▁so ▁it ▁is ." ▁ ▁Here , ▁it ▁is ▁most ▁comprehens ively ▁explained ▁that ▁the ▁ Ā tm ā n ▁within ▁the ▁body ▁and ▁the ▁mind ▁etc ., ▁is ▁the ▁same ▁as ▁the ▁all - per v ading ▁Pur ush a ▁who ▁is ▁the ▁source , ▁support , ▁power ▁and ▁light ▁of ▁entire ▁creation . ▁The ▁first ▁form ulation ▁of ▁Hindu ▁idea ▁of ▁God ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Sh |
at ap ath a ▁Bra h man a ▁is ▁repeated ▁in ▁Sand ily a ▁V id ya . ▁The ▁sage ▁addresses ▁I sh var a ▁( God ) ▁as ▁At man ▁or ▁Pur ush a ▁or ▁Bra h man ▁as ▁the ▁' creat or ' ▁and ▁' over lord ' ▁of ▁all ▁things ▁that ▁have ▁been ▁and ▁are ▁to ▁be . ▁The ▁Sand ily a ▁Do ctrine ▁of ▁Bh ak ti ▁( fa ith ), ▁called ▁Sand ily a ▁V id ya ▁by ▁V ed ant as ara , ▁l ays ▁stress ▁on ▁dev ot ional ▁med itations ▁directed ▁towards ▁S ag una ▁Bra h man ▁i . e . ▁Bra h man ▁viewed ▁as ▁possessed ▁of ▁qualities . ▁ ▁Y aj nav alk ya ▁extends ▁the ▁doctrine ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁imm ort al ▁soul ▁in ▁each ▁being ▁by ▁explaining ▁that ▁the ▁soul , ▁which ▁is ▁Bra h man ▁consisting ▁of ▁consciousness , ▁mind , ▁etc ., ▁based ▁on ▁desire ▁passes ▁from ▁one ▁body ▁to ▁another ; ▁the ▁one ▁who ▁is ▁without ▁desire ▁is ▁not ▁re born ▁and ▁becomes ▁Bra h man . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁Category : V ed anta ▁Category : B rah man as ▁Category : Up an ish ads ▁Category : S ansk rit ▁words ▁and ▁phrases ▁Category : H ind u ▁philosoph ical ▁concepts <0x0A> </s> ▁ İ n ci ▁S ö z l ü k ▁is ▁a ▁Turkish ▁online ▁social ▁community ▁website . ▁The ▁website ▁is ▁often ▁compared ▁to ▁ 4 chan ▁and ▁regarded ▁as ▁the |
▁Turkish ▁version ▁of ▁it . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁official ▁web page ▁of ▁the ▁community ▁there ▁are ▁stars ▁for ▁famous ▁pr anks ▁they ▁organized . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁announce ▁an ▁anom aly ▁in ▁Twitter ' s ▁code ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Un sc rup ulous ▁users ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁explo it ▁this ▁bug ▁to ▁add ▁un conf irmed ▁users ▁to ▁members ' ▁" follow ing " ▁list . ▁The ▁community ▁also ▁ab used ▁the ▁translation ▁function ▁of ▁face book ▁by ▁mass - v oting ▁for ▁dirty ▁and ▁suggest ive ▁transl ations . ▁The ▁community ▁is ▁also ▁widely ▁bl amed ▁for ▁the ▁ho ax ▁regarding ▁At illa ▁Ta ş , ▁a ▁Turkish ▁pop ▁singer ▁who ▁they ▁started ▁lab elling ▁as ▁Greek ▁after ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁his ▁G ang nam ▁Style ▁par ody ▁" Y am ▁Yam ▁Style ", ▁which ▁was ▁widely ▁critic ised ▁in ▁Turkey . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Tur k ish ▁social ▁networking ▁websites <0x0A> </s> ▁Ant ón io ▁Fern and es ▁( born ▁ 1 8 ▁June ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁died ▁ 2 ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 2 ), ▁known ▁as ▁Ya ú ca , ▁was ▁a ▁former ▁Portuguese ▁football er ▁who ▁played ▁as ▁forward . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Ya ú ca ▁gained ▁ 1 0 ▁caps ▁and ▁scored ▁ 4 ▁goals ▁for ▁Portugal . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁ 1 1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁in ▁Paris ▁against ▁France , ▁in ▁a |
▁ 3 – 5 ▁defeat . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁St ats ▁Eu - Foot ball ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : Port ug uese ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : Pr ime ira ▁Liga ▁players ▁Category : C . F . ▁Os ▁Bel en enses ▁players ▁Category : S . L . ▁Ben fica ▁football ers ▁Category : Port ug al ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : 1 9 9 2 ▁deaths <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁LP GA ▁Championship ▁was ▁the ▁ 5 7 th ▁LP GA ▁Championship , ▁held ▁June ▁ 2 3 – 2 6 ▁at ▁Loc ust ▁Hill ▁Country ▁Club ▁in ▁Pitt s ford , ▁New ▁York , ▁a ▁sub urb ▁sout heast ▁of ▁Roche ster . ▁K nown ▁for ▁spons orship ▁reasons ▁as ▁the ▁W eg mans ▁LP GA ▁Championship , ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁of ▁four ▁major ▁championship s ▁on ▁the ▁LP GA ▁Tour ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁season . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁of ▁four ▁consecutive ▁years ▁the ▁LP GA ▁Championship ▁was ▁played ▁at ▁Loc ust ▁Hill . ▁ ▁The ▁champion ▁was ▁Y ani ▁Ts eng , ▁age ▁ 2 2 , ▁with ▁a ▁ 2 6 9 ▁( − 1 9 ) ▁to ▁win ▁by ▁ten ▁stro kes ▁over ▁Morgan ▁Press el . ▁It ▁was ▁Ts eng ' s ▁second ▁LP GA ▁Championship ▁victory ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁and ▁fourth ▁major ▁championship . ▁ ▁It ▁was |
▁her ▁third ▁victory ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁and ▁e ighth ▁career ▁win ▁on ▁the ▁LP GA ▁Tour . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁consecutive ▁year ▁with ▁a ▁double - dig it ▁victory ▁margin . ▁Def ending ▁champion ▁Crist ie ▁K err ▁tied ▁for ▁third , ▁eleven ▁stro kes ▁back ; ▁she ▁won ▁by ▁twelve ▁stro kes ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Course ▁layout ▁ ▁Field ▁The ▁field ▁was ▁composed ▁of ▁ 1 5 0 ▁players , ▁which ▁included ▁one ▁amateur , ▁with ▁the ▁cut ▁to ▁the ▁top ▁ 7 0 ▁players ▁and ▁ties ▁after ▁the ▁second ▁round . ▁ ▁Past ▁champions ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁ ▁All ▁eight ▁former ▁champions ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁made ▁the ▁cut . ▁ ▁Tour nament ▁summary ▁ ▁First ▁round ▁Thursday , ▁June ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁Source : ▁ ▁Second ▁round ▁Friday , ▁June ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁The ▁cut ▁was ▁at ▁ 1 4 6 ▁(+ 2 ) ▁or ▁better ▁and ▁ 7 8 ▁players ▁advanced ▁to ▁play ▁on ▁the ▁weekend . ▁The ▁only ▁amateur , ▁ 1 8 - year - old ▁Daniel le ▁K ang , ▁made ▁the ▁cut . ▁K ang ▁was ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Women ' s ▁Am ateur ▁champion ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁would ▁repeat ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Source : ▁ ▁Third ▁round ▁Saturday , ▁June ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁Source |
: ▁ ▁Final ▁round ▁Sunday , ▁June ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁Source : ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁LP GA ▁Tour ▁leader board ▁ ▁Category : W omen ' s ▁P GA ▁Championship ▁Category : G olf ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁LP GA ▁Championship ▁LP GA ▁Championship ▁LP GA ▁Championship ▁LP GA ▁Championship <0x0A> </s> ▁Car rick fer g us ▁ ▁was ▁a ▁constitu ency ▁represented ▁in ▁the ▁Irish ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁from ▁ 1 3 2 6 ▁to ▁ 1 8 0 0 . ▁ ▁B ound aries ▁and ▁B ound ary ▁Changes ▁This ▁constitu ency ▁was ▁the ▁b orough ▁of ▁Car rick fer g us ▁in ▁County ▁An trim . ▁It ▁returned ▁two ▁members ▁to ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Ireland ▁to ▁ 1 8 0 0 . ▁ ▁History ▁In ▁the ▁Patri ot ▁Parliament ▁of ▁ 1 6 8 9 ▁summon ed ▁by ▁King ▁James ▁II , ▁Car rick fer g us ▁was ▁not ▁represented . ▁Following ▁the ▁Act ▁of ▁Union ▁ 1 8 0 0 ▁the ▁b orough ▁retained ▁one ▁parliament ary ▁seat ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁House ▁of ▁Commons . ▁ ▁Members ▁of ▁Parliament , ▁ 1 3 2 6 – 1 8 0 1 ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Category : C arr ick fer g us ▁Category : Const itu encies ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Ireland ▁( pre - 1 8 0 1 ) ▁Category : Hist oric ▁constitu encies ▁in ▁County ▁An trim |
▁Category : 1 3 2 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Ireland ▁Category : 1 8 0 0 ▁dis est ablish ments ▁in ▁Ireland ▁Category : Const itu encies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 3 2 6 ▁Category : Const itu encies ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 0 <0x0A> </s> ▁Wel i ▁O ya , ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁sin h ales e ▁settlement ▁area ▁in ▁Mull a ith iv u ▁District ▁in ▁Northern ▁province ▁in ▁Sri ▁L anka . ▁Wel i ▁O ya ▁has ▁been ▁affected ▁by ▁the ▁Sri ▁L ank an ▁civil ▁war ▁and ▁government ▁colon ization ▁programs . ▁ ▁Wel i ▁O ya ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁Man al ▁A ru ▁tradition ally ▁before ▁the ▁launch ▁of ▁government ▁colon ization ▁programs . ▁A ▁body ▁of ▁running ▁water ▁moving ▁to ▁a ▁lower ▁level ▁in ▁a ▁channel ▁on ▁land ▁is ▁called ▁Man al ▁A ru ▁in ▁T amil . ▁It ▁is ▁hem med ▁between ▁An ur ad h ap ura , ▁Mull ait iv u , ▁Tr in com ale e ▁and ▁V av un ia ▁District s . ▁It ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁" border ▁village " ▁( s ) ▁since ▁the ▁territory ▁north ▁of ▁Wel i ▁O ya ▁was ▁previously ▁under ▁the ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁Liber ation ▁Tig ers ▁of ▁T amil ▁E el am . ▁ ▁Today ▁ 1 8 ▁villages ▁in ▁Wel i ▁O ya . ▁ 3 , 3 3 6 ▁families ▁and ▁ 1 1 , 1 8 9 ▁people ▁living ▁in ▁this ▁settlement ▁division . ▁Major ity |
▁of ▁them ▁are ▁Sin h ales e . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Man al ▁A ru ▁ ▁This ▁area ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁Man al ▁A ru . ▁Man al ▁in ▁T amil ▁means ▁sand , ▁A ru ▁in ▁T amil ▁means ▁river . ▁A ▁body ▁of ▁running ▁water ▁moving ▁to ▁a ▁lower ▁level ▁in ▁a ▁channel ▁on ▁land ▁is ▁called ▁Man al ▁A ru ▁in ▁T amil . ▁ ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 3 , 2 8 8 ▁T amil ▁families ▁living ▁in ▁ 4 2 ▁villages ▁for ▁generations ▁including ▁K ok k ul ai ▁Gr ama ▁Sev ak ar ▁Division ▁( 1 5 1 6 ▁T amil ▁families ), ▁K ok ku ▁– Th od uv ai ▁Gr ama ▁Sev ak ar ▁Division ▁( 3 3 0 6 ▁T amil ▁families ), ▁V av un ia ▁North ▁Gr ama ▁Sev ak ar ▁Division ▁( 1 3 4 2 ▁T amil ▁families ), ▁Other ▁Div isions ▁of ▁Mull ait iv u ▁District ▁including ▁N ai yar u ▁and ▁Kum ul am un ai ▁( ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁T amil ▁families ). ▁These ▁Trad itional ▁T amil ▁farming ▁villages ▁inter sp ers ed ▁with ▁small ▁and ▁large ▁farms ▁owned ▁by ▁Tam ils ▁or ▁held ▁on ▁long ▁lease ▁by ▁T amil - owned ▁business ▁enter prises . ▁ ▁The ▁lease ▁for ▁ 9 9 ▁years ▁was ▁granted ▁by ▁the ▁government ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁extent ▁of ▁individual ▁hold ings ▁varied ▁from ▁ten ▁to ▁fifty ▁acres . ▁ ▁Business |
▁concerns ▁held ▁large ▁farms ▁and ▁ 1 6 ▁of ▁them ▁were ▁a ▁thousand ▁acres ▁and ▁more . ▁ ▁Among ▁the ▁large ▁farms ▁were : ▁Naval ar ▁farm , ▁C ey lon ▁The at res ▁farm , ▁Kent ▁farm , ▁Railway ▁Group ▁Farm , ▁Post master ▁Group ▁Farm ▁and ▁D ollar ▁Farm . ▁ ▁Col on ization ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁T amil ▁families ▁were ▁living ▁in ▁ 4 2 ▁villages ▁for ▁generations ▁were ▁asked ▁to ▁vac ate ▁their ▁homes ▁and ▁farm lands ▁within ▁ 4 8 ▁hours ▁or ▁face ▁ev iction ▁by ▁force ▁in ▁case ▁of ▁default . ▁The ▁Military ▁went ▁around ▁these ▁villages ▁in ▁arm ored ▁truck ed ▁and ▁made ▁loud ▁announcement ▁over ▁public ▁address ▁systems ▁mounted ▁on ▁the ▁trucks . ▁The ▁Military ▁also ▁announced ▁the ▁government ▁has ▁cancelled ▁the ▁ 9 9 ▁years ▁lease ▁in ▁respect ▁of ▁the ▁lands ▁given ▁to ▁ 1 4 ▁T amil ▁entrepre neurs . ▁ ▁T amil ▁opposition ▁to ▁settlement ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁by ▁Sin h ales e ▁led ▁to ▁violence ▁through ▁the ▁Liber ation ▁Tig ers ▁of ▁T amil ▁E el am ▁which ▁attacked ▁the ▁Kent ▁and ▁D ollar ▁Farm ▁settlement ▁at ▁Wel i ▁O ya , ▁killing ▁ 6 2 . ▁ ▁After ▁settlement s ▁inhab ited ▁by ▁ethnic ▁Sin h ales e ▁near ▁Mad uru ▁O ya ▁Bas in ▁in ▁V ad am un ai , ▁Eastern ▁Province ▁began ▁to ▁enc ro ach ▁on ▁state ▁land ▁creating ▁a ▁controversy ▁the ▁Sin h ales e ▁were ▁e ject ed ▁from ▁the ▁east |
▁and ▁res ett led ▁along ▁a ▁line ▁from ▁Pad avi ya ▁to ▁Ned unk ern i ▁in ▁the ▁north , ▁in ▁the ▁Mull ait iv u ▁district ▁with ▁j ung les ▁being ▁cleared ▁and ▁new ▁roads ▁being ▁opened ▁from ▁Pad avi ya ▁to ▁D ollar ▁Farm , ▁K umb ak arn an ▁Mal ai , ▁Ari y ak und am , ▁K ok k uch ch ank ul am , ▁K ok k utt od uw ai ▁and ▁V ed du k kan ▁mal ai . ▁The ▁project ▁was ▁done ▁with ▁the ▁resources ▁and ▁vehicles ▁of ▁the ▁Army , ▁Agr arian ▁Services , ▁Ill men ite ▁Corporation , ▁Tob acco ▁Corporation ▁and ▁Pet role um ▁Corporation . ▁Despite ▁its ▁scale ▁the ▁project ▁began ▁suddenly ▁without ▁the ▁knowledge ▁of ▁either ▁the ▁residents ▁or ▁Government ▁Ag ents ▁of ▁V av uni ya ▁or ▁Mull ait iv u ▁including ▁AG As ▁Land ▁Off ic ers . ▁Further ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁conv icts ▁in ▁the ▁project ▁affected ▁nearby ▁villages ▁which ▁were ▁inhab ited ▁by ▁Tam ils ▁and ▁several ▁crimes ▁ranging ▁from ▁rob bery ▁to ▁rape ▁committed ▁by ▁conv ict ▁workers ▁were ▁reported . ▁ ▁Man al ▁A ru ▁becomes ▁Wel i ▁O ya ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁- ▁Extra ▁ordinary ▁Gaz ette ▁notification ▁The ▁traditional ▁T amil ▁region ▁known ▁as ▁Man al ▁A ru ▁named ▁as ▁Wel i ▁O ya ▁( Man al ▁in ▁T amil ▁translated ▁into ▁Sin h ales e ▁becomes ▁Wel i ; ▁A ru ▁in ▁T amil ▁translated ▁into ▁Sin h |
ales e ▁O ya ) ▁in ▁Sin h ala ▁by ▁an ▁extra ▁ordinary ▁gaz ette ▁notification ▁dated ▁ 1 6 ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁Wel i ▁O ya ▁was ▁pro claimed ▁the ▁ 2 6 th ▁District ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka . ▁Man al ▁A ru ▁was ▁lies ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁Sin h ala ▁colon ization ▁scheme ▁of ▁Pad avia ▁and ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁this ▁administrative ▁division ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁Path avi ya ▁and ▁was ▁brought ▁under ▁the ▁An ur ad h ap ura ▁administrative ▁district . ▁ ▁S ett lement s ▁in ▁the ▁Man al ▁A ru ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁as ▁a ▁dry ▁zone ▁farmer ▁colony ▁under ▁the ▁land ▁Commission , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁later ▁acquired ▁by ▁the ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Mah aw eli ▁Economic ▁Agency ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁and ▁declared ▁as ▁the ▁Mah aw eli ▁‘ L ’ ▁zone . ▁The ▁land ▁was ▁officially ▁renamed ▁Wel i ▁O ya ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁ ▁Col on isation ▁after ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁After ▁the ▁defeat ▁of ▁Liber ation ▁Tig ers ▁of ▁T amil ▁E el am , ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Mah aw eli ▁Authority ▁started ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁colon isation ▁again ▁in ▁Man al ▁A ru ▁area ▁in ▁Wel i ▁o ya ▁project ▁of ▁the ▁Mah aw eli ▁L - zone , ▁which ▁covered ▁the ▁districts ▁of ▁Mull ait iv u , ▁Tr in com ale e , |
▁V av uni ya ▁and ▁An ur ad h ap ura . ▁Sin h ales e ▁were ▁settled ▁in ▁tradition ally ▁T amil ▁land , ▁given ▁land , ▁money ▁to ▁build ▁homes ▁and ▁security ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁Special ▁Task ▁Force . ▁Although ▁the ▁scheme ▁covered ▁four ▁districts , ▁administration ▁was ▁handled ▁from ▁the ▁Sin h ales e ▁dominated ▁An ur ad h ap ura ▁district . ▁The ▁scheme ▁a rou sed ▁much ▁anger ▁amongst ▁the ▁Tam ils . ▁ ▁Today ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁is ▁Sin h ales e . ▁ ▁Military ▁and ▁Strateg ic ▁importance ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Sri ▁L ank an ▁Civil ▁War ▁battles ▁List ▁of ▁attacks ▁attributed ▁to ▁the ▁L T TE ▁List ▁of ▁attacks ▁attributed ▁to ▁the ▁Sri ▁L ank an ▁military ▁Not able ▁assass inations ▁of ▁the ▁Sri ▁L ank an ▁Civil ▁War ▁List ▁of ▁civil ▁wars ▁T amil ▁E el am ▁Self - det erm ination ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁S ensitive ▁colon ization ▁in ▁Man al ▁A ru ▁( W el io ya ) ▁area ▁in ▁Mull a ith iv u ▁district ▁ ▁Pir ap ah aran , ▁Chapter ▁ 2 3 ▁by ▁T . ▁Sab ar at nam , ▁( Volume ▁ 2 ) ▁Man al ▁A ru ▁becomes ▁Wel i ▁O ya ▁ ▁At ▁Man al ▁A ru ▁( ▁Wel i ▁O ya ▁) ▁Sin h ales e ▁State ▁Eth n ically ▁Cle ans ed ▁Tam ils ▁By ▁V . Th ang avel u ▁ ▁Re ferences |
▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Northern ▁Province , ▁Sri ▁L anka <0x0A> </s> ▁Wend y ▁Ell is ▁Som es ▁( born ▁ 6 ▁December ▁ 1 9 5 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁principal ▁ball er ina ▁with ▁the ▁Royal ▁B allet ▁in ▁London , ▁and ▁is ▁now ▁a ▁worldwide ▁producer ▁of ▁the ▁Sir ▁Frederick ▁As ht on ▁bal lets ▁C inder ella ▁and ▁Sym ph onic ▁Vari ations . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁born ▁Wend y ▁Rose ▁Ell is ▁in ▁Black burn , ▁and ▁received ▁her ▁early ▁training ▁at ▁the ▁Carl otta ▁School ▁of ▁Dance , ▁later ▁winning ▁a ▁British ▁B allet ▁Organization ▁scholarship . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁she ▁was ▁selected ▁to ▁study ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁B allet ▁School , ▁and ▁moved ▁to ▁London ▁with ▁her ▁parents ▁to ▁continue ▁training . ▁She ▁started ▁there ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁and ▁joined ▁the ▁Royal ▁B allet ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Early ▁career ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁B allet ▁ ▁Init ially ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁corps ▁de ▁bal let , ▁Ell is ▁quickly ▁progress ed ▁to ▁solo ▁roles ▁such ▁as ▁Princess ▁Flor ine ▁in ▁Sleep ing ▁Beaut y , ▁the ▁Young ▁Girl ▁in ▁As ht on ' s ▁The ▁Two ▁P ige ons ▁and ▁L ise ▁in ▁another ▁As ht on ▁bal let , ▁La ▁fil le ▁mal ▁gard ée . ▁It ▁was ▁during ▁this ▁time ▁that ▁she ▁met ▁and ▁fell ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁her ▁future ▁husband ▁Michael ▁Som es . ▁ ▁Ell is |
▁later ▁d anced ▁in ▁many ▁Royal ▁B allet ▁produ ctions , ▁with ▁notable ▁main / leading ▁parts ▁in ▁bal lets ▁by ▁As ht on ▁( C inder ella , ▁La ▁fil le ▁mal ▁gard ée , ▁Sym ph onic ▁Vari ations , ▁The ▁Dream , ▁En igma ▁Vari ations , ▁A ▁Month ▁in ▁the ▁Country , ▁Jazz ▁Cal endar , ▁Les ▁Pat ine urs , ▁A ▁Wed ding ▁Bou quet , ▁Fa ç ade ), ▁alongside ▁roles ▁in ▁his ▁Les ▁R ende z v ous , ▁Sc è nes ▁de ▁bal let , ▁Birth day ▁Off ering , ▁La ▁V alse ▁and ▁Mon ot ones ▁I ). ▁She ▁d anced ▁main ▁roles ▁in ▁the ▁bal lets ▁of ▁Sir ▁Kenn eth ▁Mac Mill an ▁( R ome o ▁and ▁Jul iet , ▁May er ling , ▁Gl oria ), ▁with ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Princess ▁Steph anie ▁in ▁May er ling ▁, ▁and ▁her ▁role ▁in ▁Gl oria ▁, ▁created ▁for ▁her ▁by ▁Mac Mill an . ▁Among ▁the ▁other ▁Mac Mill an ▁works , ▁she ▁performed ▁in ▁The ▁R ite ▁of ▁Spring , ▁The ▁Inv itation , ▁Song ▁of ▁the ▁Earth , ▁El ite ▁S ync op ations ▁and ▁My ▁Brother , ▁My ▁Sister s . ▁She ▁also ▁d anced ▁in ▁works ▁by ▁George ▁Bal anch ine , ▁Bron isl ava ▁N ij ins ka , ▁Hans ▁van ▁Man en , ▁Jer ome ▁Rob b ins ▁and ▁John ▁Ne ume ier , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁class ics , ▁including ▁the ▁main ▁role ▁of ▁Aur |
ora ▁in ▁Sleep ing ▁Beaut y . ▁She ▁retired ▁from ▁dancing ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁ ▁Career ▁as ▁a ▁bal let ▁producer ▁ ▁After ▁ret iring , ▁Ell is ▁began ▁to ▁work ▁more ▁closely ▁with ▁Som es ▁on ▁bal let ▁production . ▁Som es ▁and ▁As ht on ▁had ▁been ▁friends ▁and ▁collabor ators ▁since ▁before ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁and ▁Som es ▁had ▁st aged ▁many ▁of ▁As ht on ' s ▁bal lets ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁B allet ▁and ▁elsewhere ▁after ▁his ▁retirement ▁from ▁classical ▁dancing ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁( he ▁continued ▁in ▁character ▁roles ▁for ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁years ▁afterwards ). ▁As ht on ▁be que at hed ▁his ▁C inder ella ▁and ▁Sym ph onic ▁Vari ations ▁to ▁Som es ▁on ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁Ell is ▁and ▁Som es ▁together ▁produced ▁C inder ella ▁with ▁the ▁Royal ▁Swedish ▁B allet ▁in ▁Stockholm , ▁and ▁Sym ph onic ▁Vari ations ▁with ▁American ▁B allet ▁Theatre ▁in ▁New ▁York . ▁Som es ▁subsequently ▁will ed ▁his ▁As ht on ▁bal lets ▁to ▁Ell is , ▁and ▁they ▁passed ▁to ▁her ▁on ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁Ell is ▁subsequently ▁produced ▁As ht on ' s ▁C inder ella ▁with ▁the ▁National ▁B allet ▁of ▁Japan ▁at ▁the ▁New ▁National ▁Theatre ▁in ▁Tokyo , ▁the ▁Royal ▁B allet ▁itself ▁( creat ing ▁a ▁new ▁production ▁with ▁designers ▁To er |
▁van ▁Sch ay k ▁and ▁Christ ine ▁Haw orth ▁), ▁the ▁J off rey ▁B allet ▁in ▁Chicago ▁and ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁, ▁the ▁Polish ▁National ▁B allet ▁in ▁Wars aw , ▁B allet ▁West ▁in ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁City , ▁Boston ▁B allet ▁in ▁Boston ▁and ▁American ▁B allet ▁Theatre ▁ ▁in ▁New ▁York . ▁She ▁has ▁also ▁produced ▁Sym ph onic ▁Vari ations ▁with ▁the ▁Dutch ▁National ▁B allet ▁in ▁Amsterdam , ▁the ▁Royal ▁B allet ▁, ▁the ▁San ▁Francisco ▁B allet ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁the ▁Birmingham ▁Royal ▁B allet ▁ ▁at ▁Sad ler ' s ▁Wells ▁Theatre ▁in ▁London , ▁Sar as ota ▁B allet ▁in ▁Sar as ota , ▁Florida , ▁Australian ▁B allet ▁in ▁Sydney , ▁Australia , ▁B alle tt ▁am ▁Rhe in ▁in ▁D üss eld orf , ▁Germany ▁and ▁the ▁Washington ▁B allet ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C .. ▁ ▁Media ▁ ▁Ell is ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁South ▁Bank ▁Show ▁television ▁documentary ▁about ▁May er ling . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁invitation ▁of ▁Marg ot ▁F onte yn , ▁Ell is ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁BBC ▁Television ▁series ▁" The ▁Magic ▁of ▁Dance " ▁hosted ▁by ▁F onte yn , ▁performing ▁L ise ▁in ▁an ▁ex cer pt ▁from ▁As ht on ' s ▁La ▁fil le ▁mal ▁gard ée . ▁ ▁Ell is ▁also ▁appeared ▁as ▁an ▁inter v ie we e ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Tony ▁Pal mer ▁film ▁about ▁F |
onte yn , ▁entitled ▁" M arg ot ". ▁ ▁Qu otes ▁▁ ▁" The ▁music ▁is ▁what ▁inspired ▁me ▁to ▁dance , ▁and ▁it ▁always ▁comes ▁first " ▁ ▁" The ▁steps ▁are ▁only ▁a ▁means ▁to ▁an ▁end . ▁It ' s ▁the ▁quality ▁that ' s ▁important " ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Related ▁Link s ▁▁ ▁Frederick ▁As ht on ▁bi ography ▁ ▁A ▁t ribute ▁to ▁Sir ▁Frederick ▁As ht on ▁by ▁the ▁Royal ▁Opera ▁House ▁ ▁Wend y ▁Ell is ▁Som es ▁website ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pr incipal ▁d ancers ▁of ▁The ▁Royal ▁B allet ▁Category : English ▁ball er inas <0x0A> </s> ▁T ina ▁K ra use ▁( born ▁July ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 9 7 0 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁film ▁actress , ▁producer , ▁director , ▁and ▁model . ▁ ▁Career ▁Re ferred ▁to ▁as ▁a ▁' B ▁Movie ▁Queen ', ▁and ▁an ▁' Ind ie ▁Hor ror ▁Queen ', ▁the ▁bulk ▁of ▁her ▁film ▁work ▁has ▁been ▁with ▁sh o est ring - bud get ▁independent ▁producers ▁of ▁horror ▁films ▁and ▁er otic ▁spo ofs . ▁In ▁an ▁interview ▁at ▁Hor ror ▁Society , ▁she ▁states ▁that ▁she ▁was ▁" dis covered " ▁at ▁Ch iller ▁Theatre ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁acting ▁" ever ▁since ". ▁Her ▁first ▁feature ▁was ▁Sor or ity ▁Sl aughter ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁she ▁was ▁in ▁her ▁ |
3 0 s , ▁she ▁had ▁become ▁a ▁" h uge ▁fan ▁favorite ". ▁ ▁K ra use ▁has ▁appeared ▁in ▁over ▁ 7 8 ▁independent , ▁direct - to - video ▁features , ▁including ▁Pen ny ▁D read ful , ▁The ▁Dr unk en ▁Dead ▁Guy , ▁The ▁Th irst ing , ▁Z omb ie ged don , ▁and ▁Play ▁Dead . ▁She ▁also ▁worked ▁several ▁times ▁with ▁Red Let ter Media , ▁including ▁on ▁The ▁Rec over ed , ▁Fe eding ▁F ren zy , ▁and ▁The ▁Grab ow sk is . ▁She ▁has ▁also ▁done ▁some ▁fet ish ▁modeling , ▁sometimes ▁under ▁the ▁stage ▁name ▁M ia ▁Cop ia . ▁She ▁is ▁in ▁Hor rot ica ▁which ▁began ▁its ▁principal ▁film ing ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁York – New ▁Jersey ▁area ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁she ▁port rayed ▁Sally ▁in ▁Richard ▁Chand ler ' s ▁Christmas ▁comedy ▁film ▁Sc ro oge ▁in ▁the ▁H ood , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁par ody ▁of ▁Charles ▁Dick ens ' ▁ ▁Partial ▁film ography ▁ ▁Sor or ity ▁Sl aughter ▁( 1 9 9 4 ) ▁ ▁R ana , ▁Queen ▁of ▁the ▁Amazon ▁( 1 9 9 4 ) ▁ ▁R ana ▁and ▁the ▁V enge ance ▁of ▁Il sa ▁von ▁Todd ▁( 1 9 9 4 ) ▁ ▁Fem ale ▁Merc en aries ▁on ▁Z omb ie ▁Island ▁( 1 9 9 5 ) ▁ ▁Sor or ity ▁Sl aughter ▁ 2 ▁( |
1 9 9 6 ) ▁ ▁D anger ▁in ▁Blue ▁( 1 9 9 6 ) ▁ ▁Cur se ▁of ▁the ▁Sw amp ▁Creat ure ▁ 2 ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁ ▁Blood lett ing ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁ ▁The ▁H yp not ic ▁Mur ders ▁( 1 9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁Psy cho ▁Sister s ▁( 1 9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁Dead ▁Students ▁Society ▁( 1 9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁The ▁V amp ire ' s ▁Sed uction ▁( 1 9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁Ev il ▁Stre ets ▁( 1 9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁Sc ary ▁Sex y ▁Dis aster ▁Movie ▁( 1 9 9 9 ) ▁ ▁E aten ▁Al ive : ▁A ▁T aste ful ▁Rev enge ▁( 1 9 9 9 ) ▁ ▁Crim son ▁N ights ▁( 1 9 9 9 ) ▁ ▁Cann ib al ▁Doctor ▁( 1 9 9 9 ) ▁ ▁Mist y ' s ▁Secret ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁ ▁D inner ▁for ▁Two ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁ ▁D anger ▁in ▁Blue ▁ 2 ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁ ▁Crim son ▁N ights : ▁V amp ire ' s ▁Sed uction ▁ 2 ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁ ▁International ▁Ne ck t ie ▁Str ang ler ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁( as ▁M ia ▁Cop ia ) ▁ ▁Str aw berry ▁Est ates ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Sh oot ▁the |
▁Girls ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁( as ▁M ia ▁Cop ia ) ▁ ▁Blood ▁For ▁the ▁Muse ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Hay ride ▁Sl aughter ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁W itch ouse ▁ 3 : ▁Dem on ▁Fire ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Vegas ▁Show girl ▁Str ang ler ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁Rev enge ▁of ▁the ▁Ne ck t ie ▁Str ang ler ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁An ▁E rot ic ▁V amp ire ▁in ▁Paris ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁( as ▁M ia ▁Cop ia ) ▁ ▁Mach ines ▁of ▁Love ▁and ▁H ate ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁V amp ire ▁V ix ens ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁( as ▁M ia ▁Cop ia ) ▁ ▁Z omb ie ged don ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁Silver ▁M ummy ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁And ▁Then ▁They ▁Were ▁Dead ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁B ik ini ▁Girls ▁on ▁D inos aur ▁Plan et ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁( as ▁M ia ▁Cop ia ) ▁ ▁Pen ny ▁D read ful ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Th irst ing ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Cross ▁the ▁Line ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Blood ▁O ath ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁C atch ing ▁the ▁F ever ▁( 2 0 0 8 |
) ▁ ▁Sur v ive ! ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁Cross ▁the ▁Line ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Fe eding ▁F ren zy ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁She ▁Wolf ▁R ising ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Sc ro oge ▁in ▁the ▁H ood ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁When ▁Death ▁Call s ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁The ▁O . C . ▁Club ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁The ▁F app ening ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Rec ogn ition ▁In ▁their ▁review ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁Th irst ing ▁( aka ▁Lil ith ), ▁Sci - Fi ▁Universe ▁wrote , ▁" Most ▁actress es ▁are ▁unknown . ▁Only ▁T ina ▁K ra use ▁has ▁earned ▁a ▁solid ▁reputation , ▁particularly ▁through ▁her ▁performances ▁in ▁films ▁produced ▁by ▁ro g ues ▁fantastic ▁Sed uction ▁Cin ema ". ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁T ina ▁K ra use ▁interview ▁on ▁( re ) Search ▁my ▁Tr ash ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁film ▁actress es ▁Category : Act ress es ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Queens , ▁New ▁York <0x0A> </s> ▁W J Y O ▁( 9 1 . 5 ▁FM ) ▁is ▁a ▁radio ▁station ▁broadcast ing ▁a ▁Christian ▁radio ▁format . ▁Licensed ▁to ▁Fort ▁My ers , ▁Florida , ▁United ▁States , ▁the ▁station ▁is ▁owned ▁by ▁Air |
w aves ▁For ▁Jesus , ▁Inc . ▁ ▁Not able ▁synd icated ▁programs ▁regularly ▁broadcast ▁include : ▁Enjoy ing ▁Every day ▁Life ▁ ▁In ▁Touch ▁with ▁Dr . ▁Charles ▁Stanley ▁Love ▁W orth ▁F inding ▁The ▁Word ▁For ▁Today ▁Un sh ack led ! ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁programs ▁for ▁Christian ▁music , ▁and ▁some ▁original ▁programming . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁J Y O ▁Category : Radio ▁stations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁Category : Mass ▁media ▁in ▁Fort ▁My ers , ▁Florida ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Florida <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁( off ic ially ▁ab bre vi ated ▁as ▁PS 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁home ▁video ▁game ▁console ▁developed ▁by ▁Sony ▁Computer ▁Entertainment . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁success or ▁to ▁Play Station ▁ 2 , ▁and ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Play Station ▁brand ▁of ▁cons oles . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁released ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁in ▁Japan , ▁November ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁in ▁North ▁America , ▁and ▁March ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁in ▁Europe ▁and ▁Australia . ▁The ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁competed ▁primarily ▁against ▁Microsoft ' s ▁Xbox ▁ 3 6 0 ▁and ▁Nintendo ' s ▁W ii ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁seventh ▁generation ▁of ▁video ▁game ▁cons oles . ▁ ▁The ▁console ▁was ▁first ▁officially ▁announced ▁at ▁E 3 ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁and ▁was ▁released ▁at ▁the |
▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁console ▁to ▁use ▁Bl u - ray ▁Disc ▁as ▁its ▁primary ▁storage ▁medium . ▁The ▁console ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Play Station ▁to ▁integrate ▁social ▁gaming ▁services , ▁including ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Network , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁be ▁cont roll able ▁from ▁a ▁hand held ▁console , ▁through ▁its ▁remote ▁connect ivity ▁with ▁Play Station ▁Port able ▁and ▁Play Station ▁V ita . ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁S lim ▁model ▁of ▁the ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁was ▁released . ▁It ▁no ▁longer ▁provided ▁the ▁hardware ▁ability ▁to ▁run ▁PS 2 ▁games . ▁It ▁was ▁lighter ▁and ▁th inner ▁than ▁the ▁original ▁version , ▁and ▁featured ▁a ▁re des igned ▁logo ▁and ▁marketing ▁design , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁minor ▁start - up ▁change ▁in ▁software . ▁A ▁Super ▁S lim ▁variation ▁was ▁then ▁released ▁in ▁late ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁further ▁ref ining ▁and ▁re design ing ▁the ▁console . ▁ ▁During ▁its ▁early ▁years , ▁the ▁system ▁was ▁neg atively ▁received , ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁high ▁price ▁($ 5 9 9 ▁for ▁a ▁ 6 0 ▁gig aby te ▁model , ▁$ 4 9 9 ▁for ▁a ▁ 2 0 ▁GB ▁model ), ▁a ▁complex ▁processor ▁architecture , ▁and ▁lack ▁of ▁quality ▁games ▁but ▁was ▁praised ▁for ▁its ▁Bl u - ray ▁capabilities ▁and ▁" unt apped ▁potential ". ▁The ▁reception ▁would ▁get ▁more ▁positive ▁over ▁time . ▁The ▁system ▁had |
▁a ▁slow ▁start ▁in ▁the ▁market ▁but ▁managed ▁to ▁recover , ▁particularly ▁after ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁the ▁S lim ▁model . ▁Its ▁success or , ▁the ▁Play Station ▁ 4 , ▁was ▁released ▁later ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁On ▁September ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Sony ▁confirmed ▁that ▁sales ▁of ▁the ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁were ▁to ▁be ▁dis contin ued ▁in ▁New ▁Zealand , ▁but ▁the ▁system ▁remained ▁in ▁production ▁in ▁other ▁markets . ▁Ship ments ▁of ▁new ▁units ▁to ▁Europe ▁and ▁Australia ▁ended ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁followed ▁by ▁North ▁America ▁which ▁ended ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁He ading ▁into ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Japan ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁territory ▁where ▁new ▁units ▁were ▁still ▁being ▁produced ▁until ▁May ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁when ▁Sony ▁confirmed ▁the ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁was ▁dis contin ued ▁in ▁Japan . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁began ▁development ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁when ▁Ken ▁K ut ar agi , ▁then ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁Sony ▁Computer ▁Entertainment , ▁announced ▁that ▁Sony , ▁T os hib a , ▁and ▁IBM ▁would ▁collabor ate ▁on ▁developing ▁the ▁Cell ▁micro processor . ▁At ▁the ▁time , ▁Sh u he i ▁Y osh ida ▁led ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁program mers ▁within ▁this ▁hardware ▁team ▁to ▁explore ▁next - gener ation ▁game ▁creation . ▁By ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 5 , |
▁focus ▁within ▁Sony ▁shifted ▁towards ▁developing ▁PS 3 ▁launch ▁titles . ▁Sony ▁officially ▁un ve iled ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁at ▁E 3 ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁along ▁with ▁a ▁bo omer ang - shaped ▁prototype ▁design ▁of ▁the ▁Six axis ▁controller . ▁A ▁functional ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁system ▁was ▁not ▁present ▁there , ▁ ▁nor ▁at ▁the ▁Tokyo ▁Game ▁Show ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁although ▁demonstr ations ▁( such ▁as ▁Metal ▁G ear ▁Sol id ▁ 4 : ▁G uns ▁of ▁the ▁Patri ots ) ▁were ▁held ▁at ▁both ▁events ▁on ▁software ▁development ▁k its ▁and ▁comparable ▁personal ▁computer ▁hardware . ▁Video ▁footage ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁predicted ▁Play Station 3 ▁specific ations ▁was ▁also ▁shown ▁( not ably ▁a ▁Final ▁Fant asy ▁VII ▁tech ▁demo ). ▁ ▁The ▁initial ▁prototype ▁shown ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁featured ▁two ▁HD MI ▁ports , ▁three ▁E ther net ▁ports ▁and ▁six ▁USB ▁ports ; ▁however , ▁when ▁the ▁system ▁was ▁shown ▁again ▁a ▁year ▁later ▁at ▁E 3 ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁these ▁were ▁reduced ▁to ▁one ▁HD MI ▁port , ▁one ▁E ther net ▁port ▁and ▁four ▁USB ▁ports , ▁presumably ▁to ▁cut ▁costs . ▁Two ▁hardware ▁configurations ▁were ▁also ▁announced ▁for ▁the ▁console : ▁a ▁ 2 0 GB ▁model ▁and ▁a ▁ 6 0 GB ▁model , ▁pr iced ▁at ▁US $ 4 |
9 9 ▁( € 4 9 9 ) ▁and ▁US $ 5 9 9 ▁( € 5 9 9 ), ▁respectively . ▁The ▁ 6 0 GB ▁model ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁only ▁configuration ▁to ▁feature ▁an ▁HD MI ▁port , ▁Wi - Fi ▁internet , ▁flash ▁card ▁readers ▁and ▁a ▁ch rome ▁trim ▁with ▁the ▁logo ▁in ▁silver . ▁Both ▁models ▁were ▁announced ▁for ▁a ▁simultane ous ▁worldwide ▁release : ▁November ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁for ▁Japan ▁and ▁November ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁for ▁North ▁America ▁and ▁Europe . ▁ ▁On ▁September ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Sony ▁announced ▁that ▁P AL ▁region ▁Play Station 3 ▁launch ▁would ▁be ▁delayed ▁until ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁because ▁of ▁a ▁short age ▁of ▁materials ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁Bl u - ray ▁drive . ▁At ▁the ▁Tokyo ▁Game ▁Show ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Sony ▁announced ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁include ▁an ▁HD MI ▁port ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 GB ▁system , ▁but ▁a ▁ch rome ▁trim , ▁flash ▁card ▁readers , ▁silver ▁logo ▁and ▁Wi - Fi ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁included . ▁Also , ▁the ▁launch ▁price ▁of ▁the ▁Japanese ▁ 2 0 GB ▁model ▁was ▁reduced ▁by ▁over ▁ 2 0 %, ▁and ▁the ▁ 6 0 GB ▁model ▁was ▁announced ▁for ▁an ▁open ▁pricing ▁scheme ▁in ▁Japan . ▁During ▁the ▁event |
, ▁Sony ▁showed ▁ 2 7 ▁play able ▁PS 3 ▁games ▁running ▁on ▁final ▁hardware . ▁ ▁La unch ▁ ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁was ▁first ▁released ▁in ▁Japan ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁at ▁ 0 7 : 0 0 . ▁According ▁to ▁Media ▁Create , ▁ 8 1 , 6 3 9 ▁PS 3 ▁systems ▁were ▁sold ▁within ▁ 2 4 ▁hours ▁of ▁its ▁introduction ▁in ▁Japan . ▁Soon ▁after ▁its ▁release ▁in ▁Japan , ▁PS 3 ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁Re ports ▁of ▁violence ▁surrounded ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁PS 3 . ▁A ▁customer ▁was ▁shot , ▁camp ers ▁were ▁ro bb ed ▁at ▁gun point , ▁customers ▁were ▁shot ▁in ▁a ▁drive - by ▁shooting ▁with ▁BB ▁guns , ▁and ▁ 6 0 ▁camp ers ▁fought ▁over ▁ 1 0 ▁systems . ▁ ▁The ▁console ▁was ▁originally ▁planned ▁for ▁a ▁global ▁release ▁through ▁November , ▁but ▁at ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁September ▁the ▁release ▁in ▁Europe ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁world ▁was ▁delayed ▁until ▁March . ▁With ▁it ▁being ▁a ▁somewhat ▁last - minute ▁delay , ▁some ▁companies ▁had ▁taken ▁depos its ▁for ▁pre - orders , ▁at ▁which ▁Sony ▁informed ▁customers ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁eligible ▁for ▁full ▁refund s ▁or ▁could ▁continue ▁the ▁pre - order . ▁On ▁January ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Sony ▁announced ▁that ▁Play Station 3 ▁would ▁go ▁on |
▁sale ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁in ▁Europe , ▁Australia , ▁the ▁Middle ▁East , ▁Africa ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁The ▁system ▁sold ▁about ▁ 6 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁units ▁in ▁its ▁first ▁two ▁days . ▁On ▁March ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁ 6 0 GB ▁Play Station 3 ▁launched ▁in ▁Singapore ▁with ▁a ▁price ▁of ▁S $ 7 9 9 . ▁The ▁console ▁was ▁launched ▁in ▁South ▁Korea ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁as ▁a ▁single ▁version ▁equipped ▁with ▁an ▁ 8 0 GB ▁hard ▁drive ▁and ▁I PT V . ▁ ▁S lim ▁model ▁Following ▁spec ulation ▁that ▁Sony ▁was ▁working ▁on ▁a ▁' sl im ' ▁model , ▁Sony ▁officially ▁announced ▁the ▁PS 3 ▁CE CH - 2 0 0 0 ▁model ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁at ▁the ▁Sony ▁Games com ▁press ▁conference . ▁New ▁features ▁included ▁a ▁sl immer ▁form ▁factor , ▁decre ased ▁power ▁consumption , ▁and ▁a ▁quiet er ▁cooling ▁system . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁major ▁territor ies ▁by ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁a ▁new ▁logo ▁was ▁introduced ▁for ▁the ▁console ▁to ▁replace ▁the ▁previous ▁" Sp ider - Man " ▁word marks ▁( named ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁font ▁as ▁the ▁log os ▁of ▁Sony ' s ▁then - current |
▁Sp ider - Man ▁films ), ▁with ▁a ▁new ▁" PS 3 " ▁word mark ▁ev oking ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁the ▁Play Station ▁ 2 ▁word mark ▁replacing ▁the ▁capital ized ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁letter ing . ▁ ▁Super ▁S lim ▁model ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁at ▁the ▁Tokyo ▁Game ▁Show , ▁Sony ▁announced ▁that ▁a ▁new , ▁sl immer ▁PS 3 ▁re design ▁( CE CH - 4 0 0 0 ) ▁was ▁due ▁for ▁release ▁in ▁late ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁available ▁with ▁either ▁a ▁ 2 5 0 GB ▁or ▁ 5 0 0 GB ▁hard ▁drive . ▁Three ▁versions ▁of ▁the ▁Super ▁S lim ▁model ▁were ▁revealed : ▁one ▁with ▁a ▁ 5 0 0 GB ▁hard ▁drive , ▁a ▁second ▁with ▁a ▁ 2 5 0 GB ▁hard ▁drive ▁which ▁is ▁not ▁available ▁in ▁P AL ▁regions , ▁and ▁a ▁third ▁with ▁a ▁ 1 2 GB ▁flash ▁storage ▁that ▁was ▁available ▁in ▁P AL ▁regions , ▁and ▁in ▁Canada . ▁The ▁storage ▁of ▁ 1 2 GB ▁model ▁is ▁up grad able ▁with ▁an ▁official ▁stand alone ▁ 2 5 0 GB ▁hard ▁drive . ▁A ▁vertical ▁stand ▁was ▁also ▁released ▁for ▁the ▁model . ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁the ▁ 5 0 0 GB ▁model ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ; ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 2 GB ▁model |
▁was ▁released ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁the ▁PS 3 ▁Super ▁S lim ▁was ▁first ▁released ▁as ▁a ▁bund led ▁console . ▁The ▁ 2 5 0 GB ▁model ▁was ▁bund led ▁with ▁the ▁Game ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁edition ▁of ▁Un chart ed ▁ 3 : ▁D rake ' s ▁De ception ▁and ▁released ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ; ▁and ▁the ▁ 5 0 0 GB ▁model ▁was ▁bund led ▁with ▁Ass ass in ' s ▁C reed ▁III ▁and ▁released ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁In ▁Japan , ▁the ▁black ▁colored ▁Super ▁S lim ▁model ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁October ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ; ▁and ▁the ▁white ▁colored ▁Super ▁S lim ▁model ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁The ▁Super ▁S lim ▁model ▁is ▁ 2 0 ▁percent ▁smaller ▁and ▁ 2 5 ▁percent ▁lighter ▁than ▁the ▁S lim ▁model ▁and ▁features ▁a ▁manual ▁sliding ▁disc ▁cover ▁instead ▁of ▁a ▁motor ized ▁slot - loading ▁disc ▁cover ▁of ▁the ▁S lim ▁model . ▁The ▁white ▁colored ▁Super ▁S lim ▁model ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Inst ant ▁Game ▁Collection ▁B undle . ▁The ▁G arn et ▁Red ▁and ▁Az ur ite ▁Blue ▁colored ▁models ▁were ▁launched |
▁in ▁Japan ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁The ▁G arn et ▁Red ▁version ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁God ▁of ▁War : ▁Asc ension ▁bundle ▁with ▁ 5 0 0 ▁GB ▁storage ▁and ▁contained ▁God ▁of ▁War : ▁Asc ension ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁God ▁of ▁War ▁S aga . ▁The ▁Az ur ite ▁Blue ▁model ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁October ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁as ▁a ▁Game Stop ▁exclusive ▁with ▁ 2 5 0 GB ▁storage . ▁ ▁Games ▁ ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁launched ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁with ▁ 1 4 ▁titles , ▁with ▁another ▁three ▁being ▁released ▁before ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁After ▁the ▁first ▁week ▁of ▁sales ▁it ▁was ▁confirmed ▁that ▁Res istance : ▁Fall ▁of ▁Man ▁from ▁Ins om ni ac ▁Games ▁was ▁the ▁top - selling ▁launch ▁game ▁in ▁North ▁America . ▁The ▁game ▁was ▁heavily ▁praised ▁by ▁numerous ▁video ▁game ▁websites , ▁including ▁Game Sp ot ▁and ▁I GN , ▁both ▁of ▁whom ▁awarded ▁it ▁their ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁Game ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁award ▁for ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁Some ▁titles ▁missed ▁the ▁launch ▁window ▁and ▁were ▁delayed ▁until ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁such ▁as ▁The ▁Eld er ▁Sc roll s ▁IV : ▁O bl iv ion , ▁F . E . A . R . ▁and ▁Son ic ▁the |
▁H edge h og . ▁During ▁the ▁Japanese ▁launch , ▁Ridge ▁R acer ▁ 7 ▁was ▁the ▁top - selling ▁game , ▁while ▁Mobile ▁Su it ▁G und am : ▁Cross fire ▁also ▁f ared ▁well ▁in ▁sales , ▁both ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁offer ings ▁from ▁Nam co ▁Band ai ▁Games . ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁launched ▁in ▁Europe ▁with ▁ 2 4 ▁titles , ▁including ▁ones ▁that ▁were ▁not ▁offered ▁in ▁North ▁American ▁and ▁Japanese ▁la unches , ▁such ▁as ▁Formula ▁One ▁Championship ▁Edition , ▁Motor St orm ▁and ▁V irt ua ▁F ighter ▁ 5 . ▁Res istance : ▁Fall ▁of ▁Man ▁and ▁Motor St orm ▁were ▁the ▁most ▁successful ▁titles ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁and ▁both ▁games ▁subsequently ▁received ▁sequ els ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁Res istance ▁ 2 ▁and ▁Motor St orm : ▁Pacific ▁R ift . ▁ ▁At ▁E 3 ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Sony ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁show ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁their ▁upcoming ▁video ▁games ▁for ▁Play Station ▁ 3 , ▁including ▁Heaven ly ▁S word , ▁L air , ▁Rat chet ▁& ▁Cl ank ▁Future : ▁Tools ▁of ▁Dest ruction , ▁War h awk ▁and ▁Un chart ed : ▁D rake ' s ▁Fort une ; ▁all ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁released ▁in ▁the ▁third ▁and ▁fourth ▁quarters ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁It ▁also ▁showed ▁off ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁titles ▁that ▁were ▁set ▁for ▁release ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 9 ; ▁most |
▁notably ▁Kill zone ▁ 2 , ▁Inf amous , ▁Gran ▁Tur ismo ▁ 5 ▁Pro log ue , ▁Little Big Plan et ▁and ▁SO COM : ▁U . S . ▁Navy ▁SE AL s ▁Con front ation . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁third - party ▁exclus ives ▁were ▁also ▁shown , ▁including ▁the ▁highly ▁anticipated ▁Metal ▁G ear ▁Sol id ▁ 4 : ▁G uns ▁of ▁the ▁Patri ots , ▁alongside ▁other ▁high - profile ▁third - party ▁titles ▁such ▁as ▁Grand ▁The ft ▁Auto ▁IV , ▁Call ▁of ▁D uty ▁ 4 : ▁Modern ▁War fare , ▁Ass ass in ' s ▁C reed , ▁Dev il ▁May ▁Cry ▁ 4 ▁and ▁Res ident ▁Ev il ▁ 5 . ▁Two ▁other ▁important ▁titles ▁for ▁Play Station ▁ 3 , ▁Final ▁Fant asy ▁XIII ▁and ▁Final ▁Fant asy ▁Vers us ▁XIII , ▁were ▁shown ▁at ▁T GS ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁appe ase ▁the ▁Japanese ▁market . ▁ ▁Sony ▁have ▁since ▁launched ▁their ▁budget ▁range ▁of ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁titles , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Great est ▁H its ▁range ▁in ▁North ▁America , ▁the ▁Pl atinum ▁range ▁in ▁Europe ▁and ▁Australia ▁and ▁The ▁Best ▁range ▁in ▁Japan . ▁Among ▁the ▁titles ▁available ▁in ▁the ▁budget ▁range ▁include ▁Res istance : ▁Fall ▁of ▁Man , ▁Motor St orm , ▁Un chart ed : ▁Dr akes ▁Fort une , ▁Rain bow ▁Six : ▁Vegas , ▁Call ▁Of ▁D uty ▁ 3 , ▁Ass ass in ' s ▁C reed ▁and ▁Nin |
ja ▁G aid en ▁S igma . ▁As ▁of ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Metal ▁G ear ▁Sol id ▁ 4 : ▁G uns ▁of ▁the ▁Patri ots , ▁Rat chet ▁& ▁Cl ank ▁Future : ▁Tools ▁of ▁Dest ruction , ▁Dev il ▁May ▁Cry ▁ 4 , ▁Army ▁of ▁Two , ▁Battle field : ▁Bad ▁Company ▁and ▁Mid night ▁Club : ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁have ▁also ▁joined ▁the ▁list . ▁ ▁, ▁there ▁have ▁been ▁ 5 9 5 ▁million ▁games ▁sold ▁for ▁Play Station ▁ 3 . ▁The ▁best ▁selling ▁PS 3 ▁games ▁are ▁Grand ▁The ft ▁Auto ▁V , ▁Gran ▁Tur ismo ▁ 5 , ▁The ▁Last ▁of ▁Us , ▁Un chart ed ▁ 3 : ▁D rake ' s ▁De ception ▁and ▁Un chart ed ▁ 2 : ▁Among ▁Th ie ves . ▁ ▁The ▁last ▁game ▁released ▁on ▁the ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁was ▁FIFA ▁ 1 9 , ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁S tere os cop ic ▁ 3 D ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁C TO ▁of ▁Bl itz ▁Games ▁announced ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁bring ▁stere os cop ic ▁ 3 D ▁gaming ▁and ▁movie ▁viewing ▁to ▁Xbox ▁ 3 6 0 ▁and ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁with ▁its ▁own ▁technology . ▁This ▁was ▁first ▁demonstrated ▁publicly ▁on ▁PS 3 ▁using ▁Sony ' s ▁own ▁technology ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁at ▁the ▁Cons umer ▁Elect ron ics ▁Show . |
▁Journal ists ▁were ▁shown ▁W ipe out ▁HD ▁and ▁Gran ▁Tur ismo ▁ 5 ▁Pro log ue ▁in ▁ 3 D ▁as ▁a ▁demonstr ation ▁of ▁how ▁the ▁technology ▁might ▁work ▁if ▁it ▁is ▁implemented ▁in ▁the ▁future . ▁F irm ware ▁update ▁ 3 . 3 0 ▁officially ▁allowed ▁PS 3 ▁titles ▁to ▁be ▁played ▁in ▁ 3 D , ▁requiring ▁a ▁compatible ▁display ▁for ▁use . ▁System ▁software ▁update ▁ 3 . 5 0 ▁prepared ▁it ▁for ▁ 3 D ▁films . ▁While ▁the ▁game ▁itself ▁must ▁be ▁program med ▁to ▁take ▁advantage ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 D ▁technology , ▁titles ▁may ▁be ▁pat ched ▁to ▁add ▁in ▁the ▁functionality ▁retro act ively . ▁Tit les ▁with ▁such ▁patches ▁include ▁W ipe out ▁HD , ▁Pain , ▁and ▁Super ▁St ard ust ▁HD . ▁ ▁Hard ware ▁ ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁is ▁convex ▁on ▁its ▁left ▁side , ▁with ▁the ▁Play Station ▁logo ▁upright , ▁when ▁vertical ▁( the ▁top ▁side ▁is ▁convex ▁when ▁horizontal ) ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁gl oss y ▁black ▁finish . ▁Play Station ▁designer ▁Te iy u ▁G oto ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁Sp ider - Man - font - in sp ired ▁logo ▁" was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁elements ▁S CE I ▁president ▁Ken ▁K ut ar agi ▁decided ▁on ▁and ▁the ▁logo ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁motiv ating ▁force ▁behind ▁the ▁shape ▁of ▁PS 3 ". ▁ ▁On ▁March ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁S CE ▁and ▁Stanford ▁University |
▁released ▁the ▁F olding @ home ▁software ▁for ▁Play Station ▁ 3 . ▁This ▁program ▁allows ▁PS 3 ▁owners ▁to ▁l end ▁the ▁computing ▁power ▁of ▁their ▁cons oles ▁to ▁help ▁study ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁protein ▁fold ing ▁for ▁disease ▁research . ▁ ▁Use ▁in ▁super comput ing ▁ ▁PS 3 ' s ▁hardware ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁used ▁to ▁build ▁super comput ers ▁for ▁high - per formance ▁computing . ▁Fix st ars ▁Solutions ▁sell s ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁Yellow ▁Dog ▁Linux ▁for ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁( origin ally ▁sold ▁by ▁Ter ra ▁Soft ▁Solutions ). ▁Rap id M ind ▁produced ▁a ▁stream ▁programming ▁package ▁for ▁PS 3 , ▁but ▁were ▁acquired ▁by ▁Intel ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Also , ▁on ▁January ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Dr . ▁Frank ▁Mu eller , ▁Associ ate ▁Professor ▁of ▁Computer ▁Science ▁at ▁NC SU , ▁cl ust ered ▁ 8 ▁PS 3 s . ▁Mu eller ▁commented ▁that ▁the ▁ 2 5 6 MB ▁of ▁system ▁RAM ▁is ▁a ▁limitation ▁for ▁this ▁particular ▁application ▁and ▁is ▁considering ▁attempting ▁to ▁retro fit ▁more ▁RAM . ▁Software ▁includes : ▁Fed ora ▁Core ▁ 5 ▁Linux ▁p pc 6 4 , ▁MP IC H 2 , ▁Open MP ▁v ▁ 2 . 5 , ▁GNU ▁Comp iler ▁Collection ▁and ▁Cell SD K ▁ 1 . 1 . ▁As ▁a ▁more ▁cost - effective ▁alternative ▁to ▁conventional ▁super comput ers , ▁the ▁U . S . ▁military ▁has ▁purchased ▁clusters |
▁of ▁PS 3 ▁units ▁for ▁research ▁purposes . ▁Ret ail ▁PS 3 ▁S lim ▁units ▁cannot ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁super comput ing , ▁because ▁PS 3 ▁S lim ▁lack s ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁boot ▁into ▁a ▁third - party ▁OS . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁hack ers ▁used ▁a ▁cluster ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁computers ▁to ▁crack ▁SSL ▁authentication . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁the ▁Air ▁Force ▁Research ▁Labor atory ▁( AF RL ) ▁created ▁a ▁powerful ▁super comput er ▁by ▁connecting ▁together ▁ 1 , 7 6 0 ▁Sony ▁PS 3 s ▁which ▁include ▁ 1 6 8 ▁separate ▁graph ical ▁processing ▁units ▁and ▁ 8 4 ▁coord inating ▁servers ▁in ▁a ▁parallel ▁array ▁capable ▁of ▁performing ▁ 5 0 0 ▁tr illion ▁floating - point ▁operations ▁per ▁second ▁( 5 0 0 TF LO PS ). ▁As ▁built ▁the ▁Cond or ▁Cl uster ▁was ▁the ▁ 3 3 rd ▁largest ▁super comput er ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁and ▁would ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁analyze ▁high ▁definition ▁satellite ▁imag ery . ▁ ▁Technical ▁specific ations ▁ ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁features ▁a ▁slot - loading ▁ 2 x ▁speed ▁Bl u - ray ▁Disc ▁drive ▁for ▁games , ▁Bl u - ray ▁movies , ▁DVD s , ▁and ▁CD s . ▁It ▁was ▁originally ▁available ▁with ▁hard ▁drives ▁of ▁ 2 0 ▁and ▁ 6 0 GB ▁( 2 0 GB ▁model ▁was ▁not |
▁available ▁in ▁P AL ▁regions ) ▁but ▁various ▁sizes ▁up ▁to ▁ 5 0 0 GB ▁have ▁been ▁made ▁available ▁since ▁then ▁( see : ▁model ▁comparison ). ▁All ▁PS 3 ▁models ▁have ▁user - up grade able ▁ 2 . 5 " ▁S ATA ▁hard ▁drives . ▁ ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁uses ▁the ▁Cell ▁micro processor , ▁designed ▁by ▁Sony , ▁T os hib a ▁and ▁IBM , ▁as ▁its ▁CPU , ▁which ▁is ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁one ▁ 3 . 2 G Hz ▁Power PC - based ▁" Power ▁Process ing ▁Element " ▁( P PE ) ▁and ▁eight ▁Syn erg istic ▁Process ing ▁Element s ▁( SPE s ). ▁ ▁To ▁increase ▁yields ▁and ▁reduce ▁costs , ▁the ▁chip ▁has ▁ 8 ▁SPE s . ▁After ▁manufact ure , ▁every ▁chip ▁is ▁tested ▁and ▁a ▁defect ive ▁SPE ▁dis connected ▁using ▁laser ▁trim ming , ▁leaving ▁ 7 ▁SPE s . ▁This ▁means ▁that ▁otherwise ▁disc arded ▁process ors ▁can ▁be ▁used , ▁reducing ▁costs ▁and ▁waste . ▁ ▁Only ▁six ▁of ▁the ▁seven ▁SPE s ▁are ▁accessible ▁to ▁developers ▁as ▁the ▁seventh ▁SPE ▁is ▁reserved ▁by ▁the ▁console ' s ▁operating ▁system . ▁Graph ics ▁processing ▁is ▁handled ▁by ▁the ▁N vid ia ▁R S X ▁' Re ality ▁Sy nt hes izer ', ▁which ▁can ▁produce ▁res olutions ▁from ▁ 4 8 0 i / 5 7 6 i ▁SD ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 0 8 0 p ▁HD . ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁has |
▁ 2 5 6 MB ▁of ▁X DR ▁DR AM ▁main ▁memory ▁and ▁ 2 5 6 MB ▁of ▁GD DR 3 ▁video ▁memory ▁for ▁the ▁R S X . ▁ ▁The ▁system ▁has ▁Bl uetooth ▁ 2 . 0 ▁( with ▁support ▁for ▁up ▁to ▁seven ▁Bl uetooth ▁devices ), ▁G ig ab it ▁E ther net , ▁USB ▁ 2 . 0 ▁and ▁HD MI ▁ 1 . 4 ▁built ▁in . ▁Wi - Fi ▁networking ▁is ▁also ▁built - in ▁on ▁all ▁but ▁the ▁ 2 0 GB ▁models , ▁while ▁a ▁flash ▁card ▁reader ▁( compatible ▁with ▁Memory ▁St ick , ▁SD / MM C ▁and ▁Comp act Fl ash / M icro drive ▁media ) ▁is ▁built - in ▁on ▁ 6 0 GB ▁and ▁CE CH Ex x ▁ 8 0 GB ▁models . ▁ ▁Mod els ▁ ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁has ▁been ▁produced ▁in ▁various ▁models : ▁the ▁original , ▁the ▁S lim , ▁and ▁the ▁Super ▁S lim . ▁Success ive ▁models ▁have ▁added ▁or ▁removed ▁various ▁features , ▁reduced ▁the ▁console ' s ▁initial ▁purchase ▁price ▁and ▁weight , ▁and ▁increased ▁storage ▁capacity ▁( with ▁exceptions ). ▁ ▁Cont rollers ▁and ▁accessories ▁ ▁N umer ous ▁accessories ▁for ▁the ▁console ▁have ▁been ▁developed . ▁These ▁accessories ▁include ▁the ▁wireless ▁Six axis ▁and ▁D ual Sh ock ▁ 3 ▁cont rollers , ▁the ▁Log ite ch ▁D riving ▁Force ▁GT , ▁the ▁Log ite ch ▁Cord less ▁Prec ision |
▁Controller , ▁the ▁B D ▁Remote , ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Eye ▁camera , ▁and ▁the ▁Play TV ▁D VB - T ▁tun er / dig ital ▁video ▁rec order ▁access ory . ▁ ▁At ▁Sony ' s ▁E 3 ▁press ▁conference ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁then ▁standard ▁wireless ▁Six axis ▁controller ▁was ▁announced . ▁The ▁controller ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁basic ▁design ▁as ▁the ▁Play Station 2 ' s ▁D ual Sh ock ▁ 2 ▁controller ▁but ▁was ▁wireless , ▁lack ed ▁vibr ation ▁capabilities , ▁had ▁a ▁built - in ▁acceler ometer ▁( that ▁could ▁detect ▁motion ▁in ▁three ▁direction al ▁and ▁three ▁rot ational ▁ax es ; ▁six ▁in ▁total , ▁hence ▁the ▁name ▁Six axis ) ▁and ▁had ▁a ▁few ▁cos metic ▁twe aks . ▁ ▁At ▁its ▁press ▁conference ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Tokyo ▁Game ▁Show , ▁Sony ▁announced ▁D ual Sh ock ▁ 3 ▁( tr adem ark ed ▁D UAL S HO CK ▁ 3 ), ▁a ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁controller ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁function ▁and ▁design ▁as ▁Six axis , ▁but ▁with ▁vibr ation ▁capability ▁included . ▁H ands - on ▁accounts ▁describe ▁the ▁controller ▁as ▁being ▁notice ably ▁heav ier ▁than ▁the ▁standard ▁Six axis ▁controller ▁and ▁capable ▁of ▁vibr ation ▁forces ▁comparable ▁to ▁D ual Sh ock ▁ 2 . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁Japan ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ; ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁on ▁April ▁ 5 |
, ▁ 2 0 0 8 ; ▁in ▁Australia ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ; ▁in ▁New ▁Zealand ▁on ▁May ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ; ▁in ▁main land ▁Europe ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁and ▁Ireland ▁on ▁July ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁During ▁E 3 ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Sony ▁un ve iled ▁plans ▁to ▁release ▁a ▁motion ▁controller ▁later ▁to ▁be ▁named ▁Play Station ▁Move ▁at ▁G DC ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁in ▁Europe ; ▁September ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁and ▁October ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁in ▁Japan . ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Sony ▁announced ▁an ▁official ▁surround ▁sound ▁system ▁for ▁PS 3 ▁through ▁the ▁official ▁Play Station ▁YouTube ▁channel . ▁ ▁The ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁can ▁also ▁use ▁D ual Sh ock ▁ 4 ▁controller ▁initially ▁via ▁USB ▁cable , ▁but ▁F irm ware ▁update ▁ 4 . 6 0 ▁enabled ▁wireless ▁connection . ▁ ▁Statistics ▁regarding ▁reli ability ▁▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Ar s ▁Techn ica , ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁cons oles ▁that ▁have ▁experienced ▁failure ▁is ▁well ▁within ▁the ▁normal ▁failure ▁rates ▁in ▁the ▁consumer |
▁electron ics ▁industry ; ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁study ▁by ▁Square Tr ade , ▁a ▁warranty ▁provider , ▁found ▁a ▁two - year ▁failure ▁rate ▁of ▁ 1 0 % ▁for ▁Play Station ▁ 3 s . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁BBC ' s ▁Watch dog ▁television ▁program ▁a ired ▁a ▁report ▁investig ating ▁the ▁issue , ▁calling ▁it ▁the ▁" y ellow ▁light ▁of ▁death " ▁( Y LO D ). ▁Among ▁the ▁cons oles ▁that ▁experienced ▁the ▁failure , ▁they ▁found ▁that ▁it ▁usually ▁occurred ▁ 1 8 – 2 4 ▁months ▁after ▁purchase , ▁while ▁the ▁standard ▁Sony ▁warranty ▁covers ▁one ▁year ▁after ▁purchase . ▁After ▁this ▁time ▁period , ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁owners ▁can ▁pay ▁Sony ▁a ▁fixed ▁fee ▁for ▁a ▁ref urb ished ▁console . ▁ ▁Sony ▁claimed ▁that , ▁according ▁to ▁its ▁statistics ▁of ▁returned ▁cons oles , ▁approximately ▁ 0 . 5 % ▁of ▁cons oles ▁were ▁reported ▁as ▁showing ▁the ▁Y LO D . ▁In ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁telev ised ▁report , ▁Sony ▁issued ▁a ▁document ▁critic izing ▁the ▁program ' s ▁accuracy ▁and ▁conclusions ; ▁specifically ▁that ▁the ▁fault s ▁were ▁evidence ▁of ▁a ▁manufacturing ▁defect . ▁The ▁document ▁also ▁complained ▁that ▁the ▁report ▁had ▁been ▁in appropri ate ▁in ▁tone ▁and ▁might ▁damage ▁Sony ' s ▁brand ▁name . ▁ ▁Software ▁ ▁System ▁software ▁Sony ▁has ▁included ▁the ▁ability ▁for ▁the ▁operating ▁system , ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁System ▁Software , ▁to ▁be ▁updated . ▁The |
▁updates ▁can ▁be ▁acquired ▁in ▁several ▁ways : ▁ ▁If ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁has ▁an ▁active ▁Internet ▁connection , ▁updates ▁may ▁be ▁download ed ▁directly ▁from ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Network ▁to ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁and ▁subsequently ▁installed . ▁Systems ▁with ▁active ▁Internet ▁will ▁automatically ▁check ▁online ▁for ▁software ▁updates ▁each ▁time ▁the ▁console ▁is ▁started . ▁ ▁Using ▁an ▁external ▁PC , ▁a ▁user ▁may ▁download ▁the ▁update ▁from ▁the ▁official ▁Play Station ▁website , ▁transfer ▁it ▁to ▁portable ▁storage ▁media ▁and ▁install ▁it ▁on ▁the ▁system . ▁ ▁Some ▁game ▁disc s ▁come ▁with ▁system ▁software ▁updates ▁on ▁the ▁disc . ▁This ▁may ▁be ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁game ▁requiring ▁the ▁update ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁run . ▁If ▁so , ▁the ▁software ▁may ▁be ▁installed ▁from ▁the ▁disc . ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁also ▁included ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁install ▁other ▁operating ▁systems , ▁such ▁as ▁Linux . ▁This ▁was ▁not ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁newer ▁slim ▁models ▁and ▁was ▁removed ▁from ▁all ▁older ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁cons oles ▁with ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁firm ware ▁update ▁ 3 . 2 1 ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁The ▁functionality ▁is ▁now ▁only ▁available ▁to ▁users ▁of ▁original ▁cons oles ▁who ▁choose ▁not ▁to ▁update ▁their ▁system ▁software ▁beyond ▁version ▁ 3 . 1 5 ▁or ▁who ▁have ▁installed ▁third - party , ▁modified ▁and ▁un off icial ▁versions ▁of ▁the ▁firm ware ▁instead . ▁ ▁Graph ical ▁user ▁interface ▁ ▁The ▁standard ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁version |
▁of ▁the ▁X ross Media Bar ▁( pr on ounced ▁Cross ▁Media ▁Bar , ▁or ▁ab bre vi ated ▁X MB ) ▁includes ▁nine ▁categories ▁of ▁options . ▁These ▁are : ▁Users , ▁Settings , ▁Photo , ▁Music , ▁Video , ▁TV / Video ▁Services , ▁Game , ▁Network , ▁Play Station ▁Network ▁and ▁Friends ▁( sim ilar ▁to ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Port able ▁media ▁bar ). ▁The TV / Video ▁Services ▁category ▁is ▁for ▁services ▁like ▁Netflix ▁and / or ▁if ▁Play TV ▁or ▁tor ne ▁is ▁installed ; ▁the ▁first ▁category ▁in ▁this ▁section ▁is ▁" My ▁Ch annels ", ▁which ▁lets ▁users ▁download ▁various ▁streaming ▁services , ▁including ▁Sony ' s ▁own ▁streaming ▁services ▁Cr ack le ▁and ▁Play Station ▁V ue . ▁By ▁default , ▁the ▁What ' s ▁New ▁section ▁of ▁Play Station ▁Network ▁is ▁displayed ▁when ▁the ▁system ▁starts ▁up . ▁PS 3 ▁includes ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁store ▁various ▁master ▁and ▁secondary ▁user ▁profiles , ▁manage ▁and ▁explore ▁photos ▁with ▁or ▁without ▁a ▁musical ▁slide ▁show , ▁play ▁music ▁and ▁copy ▁audio ▁CD ▁tracks ▁to ▁an ▁attached ▁data ▁storage ▁device , ▁play ▁movies ▁and ▁video ▁files ▁from ▁the ▁hard ▁disk ▁drive , ▁an ▁optical ▁disc ▁( Bl u - ray ▁Disc ▁or ▁DVD - Video ) ▁or ▁an ▁optional ▁USB ▁mass ▁storage ▁or ▁Flash ▁card , ▁compatibility ▁for ▁a ▁USB ▁keyboard ▁and ▁mouse ▁and ▁a ▁web ▁browser ▁supporting ▁compatible - file ▁download ▁function . ▁Additionally , ▁UP n P ▁media ▁will ▁appear ▁in ▁the ▁respective ▁audio / |
video / photo ▁categories ▁if ▁a ▁compatible ▁media ▁server ▁or ▁DL NA ▁server ▁is ▁detected ▁on ▁the ▁local ▁network . ▁The ▁Friends ▁menu ▁allows ▁mail ▁with ▁emot icon ▁and ▁attached ▁picture ▁features ▁and ▁video ▁chat ▁which ▁requires ▁an ▁optional ▁Play Station ▁Eye ▁or ▁Eye T oy ▁web cam . ▁The ▁Network ▁menu ▁allows ▁online ▁shopping ▁through ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Store ▁and ▁connect ivity ▁to ▁Play Station ▁Port able ▁via ▁Remote ▁Play . ▁ ▁Digital ▁rights ▁management ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁console ▁protect s ▁certain ▁types ▁of ▁data ▁and ▁uses ▁digital ▁rights ▁management ▁to ▁limit ▁the ▁data ' s ▁use . ▁P urch ased ▁games ▁and ▁content ▁from ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Network ▁store ▁are ▁governed ▁by ▁Play Station ' s ▁Network ▁Digital ▁Rights ▁Management ▁( N DR M ). ▁The ▁N DR M ▁allows ▁users ▁to ▁access ▁the ▁data ▁from ▁up ▁to ▁ 2 ▁different ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ' s ▁that ▁have ▁been ▁activated ▁using ▁a ▁user ' s ▁Play Station ▁Network ▁ID . ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁also ▁limits ▁the ▁transfer ▁of ▁copy ▁protected ▁videos ▁download ed ▁from ▁its ▁store ▁to ▁other ▁machines ▁and ▁states ▁that ▁copy ▁protected ▁video ▁" may ▁not ▁restore ▁correctly " ▁following ▁certain ▁actions ▁after ▁making ▁a ▁backup ▁such ▁as ▁download ing ▁a ▁new ▁copy ▁protected ▁movie . ▁ ▁Photo ▁management ▁Photo ▁Gallery ▁ ▁Photo ▁Gallery ▁is ▁an ▁optional ▁application ▁to ▁view , ▁create ▁and ▁group ▁photos ▁from ▁PS 3 , ▁which ▁is ▁installed ▁separately ▁from ▁the ▁system ▁software ▁at ▁ 1 0 5 MB . ▁It |
▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁system ▁software ▁version ▁ 2 . 6 0 ▁and ▁provides ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁tools ▁for ▁sort ing ▁through ▁and ▁display ing ▁the ▁system ' s ▁pictures . ▁The ▁key ▁feature ▁of ▁this ▁application ▁is ▁that ▁it ▁can ▁organize ▁photos ▁into ▁groups ▁according ▁to ▁various ▁criteria . ▁Not able ▁categor izations ▁are ▁colors , ▁ages , ▁or ▁facial ▁expressions ▁of ▁the ▁people ▁in ▁the ▁photos . ▁Sl ides h ows ▁can ▁be ▁viewed ▁with ▁the ▁application , ▁along ▁with ▁music ▁and ▁play lists . ▁The ▁software ▁was ▁updated ▁with ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁system ▁software ▁version ▁ 3 . 4 0 ▁allowing ▁users ▁to ▁upload ▁and ▁brow se ▁photos ▁on ▁Facebook ▁and ▁P icas a . ▁ ▁Play Mem ories ▁Studio ▁Play Mem ories ▁is ▁an ▁optional ▁stere os cop ic ▁ 3 D ▁( and ▁also ▁standard ) ▁photo ▁viewing ▁application , ▁which ▁is ▁installed ▁from ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Store ▁at ▁ 9 5 6 MB . ▁The ▁application ▁is ▁dedicated ▁specifically ▁to ▁ 3 D ▁photos ▁and ▁features ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁zoom ▁into ▁ 3 D ▁environments ▁and ▁change ▁the ▁angle ▁and ▁perspective ▁of ▁pan or amas . ▁It ▁requires ▁system ▁software ▁ 3 . 4 0 ▁or ▁higher ; ▁ 3 D ▁photos ; ▁a ▁ 3 D ▁HD TV , ▁and ▁an ▁HD MI ▁cable ▁for ▁the ▁ 3 D ▁images ▁to ▁be ▁viewed ▁properly . ▁ ▁Video ▁services ▁Video ▁editor ▁and ▁upload er ▁A ▁new ▁application ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁system ▁software ▁version ▁ 3 |
. 4 0 ▁which ▁allows ▁users ▁to ▁edit ▁videos ▁on ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁and ▁upload ▁them ▁to ▁the ▁Internet . ▁The ▁software ▁features ▁basic ▁video ▁editing ▁tools ▁including ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁cut ▁videos ▁and ▁add ▁music ▁and ▁capt ions . ▁V ide os ▁can ▁then ▁be ▁rendered ▁and ▁upload ed ▁to ▁video ▁sharing ▁websites ▁such ▁as ▁Facebook ▁and ▁YouTube . ▁ ▁Video ▁on ▁demand ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁video ▁service ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁Sony ▁Entertainment ▁Network , ▁the ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁console ▁has ▁access ▁to ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁third ▁party ▁video ▁services , ▁dependent ▁on ▁region : ▁ ▁Since ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁V id Zone ▁has ▁offered ▁a ▁free ▁music ▁video ▁streaming ▁service ▁in ▁Europe , ▁Australia ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Sony ▁Computer ▁Entertainment ▁and ▁Netflix ▁announced ▁that ▁the ▁Netflix ▁streaming ▁service ▁would ▁also ▁be ▁available ▁on ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁A ▁paid ▁Netflix ▁subscription ▁was ▁required ▁for ▁the ▁service . ▁The ▁service ▁became ▁available ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Init ially ▁users ▁had ▁to ▁use ▁a ▁free ▁Bl u - ray ▁disc ▁to ▁access ▁the ▁service ; ▁however , ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁the ▁requirement ▁to ▁use ▁a ▁disc ▁to ▁gain ▁access ▁was ▁removed . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁support ▁for ▁ML B . tv ▁was ▁added , ▁allowing ▁ML B . tv ▁sub scrib ers ▁to ▁watch ▁regular ▁season ▁games ▁live |
▁in ▁HD ▁and ▁access ▁new ▁interactive ▁features ▁designed ▁exclusively ▁for ▁PS N . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁video ▁and ▁social ▁networking ▁site ▁M UB I ▁was ▁enabled ▁for ▁European , ▁New ▁Zealand , ▁and ▁Australian ▁users ; ▁the ▁service ▁integr ates ▁elements ▁of ▁social ▁networking ▁with ▁rental ▁or ▁subscription ▁video ▁streaming , ▁allowing ▁users ▁to ▁watch ▁and ▁discuss ▁films ▁with ▁other ▁users . ▁Also ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁the ▁video ▁rental ▁service ▁V UD U , ▁N HL ▁Game Center ▁Live , ▁and ▁subscription ▁service ▁H ulu ▁Plus ▁launched ▁on ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Sony , ▁in ▁partnership ▁with ▁Dire c TV , ▁added ▁NFL ▁Sunday ▁T icket . ▁Then ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Best ▁Buy ▁launched ▁an ▁app ▁for ▁its ▁Cin ema Now ▁service . ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Amazon . com ▁launched ▁an ▁Amazon ▁Video ▁app , ▁accessible ▁to ▁Amazon ▁Prime ▁sub scrib ers ▁( in ▁the ▁US ). ▁ ▁Upon ▁review ing ▁the ▁Play Station ▁and ▁Netflix ▁collaboration , ▁P ocket - L int ▁said ▁" We ' ve ▁used ▁the ▁Netflix ▁app ▁on ▁Xbox ▁too ▁and , ▁as ▁good ▁as ▁it ▁is , ▁we ▁think ▁the ▁PS 3 ▁version ▁might ▁have ▁the ▁edge ▁here ." ▁and ▁stated ▁that ▁having ▁Netflix ▁and ▁Love Fil m ▁on ▁Play Station ▁is ▁" mind - bl ow ingly ▁good ." |
▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Y upp TV ▁O TT ▁player ▁launched ▁its ▁brand ed ▁application ▁on ▁the ▁PS 3 ▁computer ▁entertainment ▁system ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Other OS ▁support ▁ ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁initially ▁shipped ▁with ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁install ▁an ▁alternative ▁operating ▁system ▁alongside ▁the ▁main ▁system ▁software ; ▁Linux ▁and ▁other ▁Un ix - based ▁operating ▁systems ▁were ▁available . ▁The ▁hardware ▁allowed ▁access ▁to ▁six ▁of ▁the ▁seven ▁Syn erg istic ▁Process ing ▁Element s ▁of ▁the ▁Cell ▁micro processor , ▁but ▁not ▁the ▁R S X ▁' Re ality ▁Sy nt hes izer ' ▁graphics ▁chip . ▁ ▁The ▁' Other OS ' ▁functionality ▁was ▁not ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁updated ▁PS ▁S lim ▁models , ▁and ▁the ▁feature ▁was ▁subsequently ▁removed ▁from ▁previous ▁versions ▁of ▁the ▁PS 3 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁machine ' s ▁firm ware ▁update ▁version ▁ 3 . 2 1 ▁which ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ; ▁Sony ▁cited ▁security ▁concerns ▁as ▁the ▁r ationale . ▁The ▁firm ware ▁update ▁ 3 . 2 1 ▁was ▁mandatory ▁for ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Network . ▁The ▁removal ▁caused ▁some ▁controversy ; ▁as ▁the ▁update ▁removed ▁officially ▁advert ised ▁features ▁from ▁already ▁sold ▁products , ▁and ▁gave ▁rise ▁to ▁several ▁class ▁action ▁law su its ▁aimed ▁at ▁making ▁Sony ▁return ▁the ▁feature ▁or ▁provide ▁compensation . ▁ ▁On ▁December ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁U . S |
. ▁District ▁Judge ▁Richard ▁Se eb org ▁dismissed ▁the ▁last ▁remaining ▁count ▁of ▁the ▁class ▁action ▁lawsuit ▁( other ▁claims ▁in ▁the ▁suit ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁dismissed ), ▁stating : ▁" As ▁a ▁legal ▁matter , ▁... ▁pl aint iffs ▁have ▁failed ▁to ▁al lege ▁facts ▁or ▁artic ulate ▁a ▁theory ▁on ▁which ▁Sony ▁may ▁be ▁held ▁li able ." ▁ ▁, ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Court ▁of ▁Appe als ▁for ▁the ▁N inth ▁Circ uit ▁partially ▁revers ed ▁the ▁dismiss al ▁and ▁have ▁sent ▁the ▁case ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁district ▁court . ▁ ▁Le ap ▁year ▁bug ▁On ▁March ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁( UTC ), ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁" f at " ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁models ▁worldwide ▁were ▁experiencing ▁errors ▁related ▁to ▁their ▁internal ▁system ▁clock . ▁The ▁error ▁had ▁many ▁symptoms . ▁Init ially , ▁the ▁main ▁problem ▁seemed ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁in ability ▁to ▁connect ▁to ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Network . ▁However , ▁the ▁root ▁cause ▁of ▁the ▁problem ▁was ▁un related ▁to ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Network , ▁since ▁even ▁users ▁who ▁had ▁never ▁been ▁online ▁also ▁had ▁problems ▁playing ▁installed ▁off line ▁games ▁( which ▁quer ied ▁the ▁system ▁timer ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁startup ) ▁and ▁using ▁system ▁themes . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁many ▁users ▁noted ▁that ▁the ▁console ' s ▁clock ▁had ▁gone ▁back ▁to ▁December ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁The ▁event ▁was ▁nick named ▁the ▁Ap oc aly PS 3 , ▁a |
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