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▁play ▁on ▁the ▁word ▁ap ocal yp se ▁and ▁PS 3 , ▁the ▁ab bre vi ation ▁for ▁the ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁console . ▁ ▁The ▁error ▁code ▁displayed ▁was ▁typically ▁ 8 0 0 1 0 5 0 F ▁and ▁affected ▁users ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁sign ▁in , ▁play ▁games , ▁use ▁dynamic ▁themes ▁and ▁view / sync ▁tro ph ies . ▁The ▁problem ▁only ▁res ided ▁within ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁through ▁to ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁generation ▁original ▁PS 3 ▁units ▁while ▁the ▁newer ▁" S lim " ▁models ▁were ▁una ffect ed ▁because ▁of ▁different ▁internal ▁hardware ▁for ▁the ▁clock . ▁ ▁Sony ▁confirmed ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁an ▁error ▁and ▁stated ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁narrow ing ▁down ▁the ▁issue ▁and ▁were ▁continuing ▁to ▁work ▁to ▁restore ▁service . ▁By ▁March ▁ 2 ▁( UTC ), ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁owners ▁of ▁original ▁PS 3 ▁models ▁could ▁connect ▁to ▁PS N ▁successfully ▁and ▁the ▁clock ▁no ▁longer ▁showed ▁December ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁Sony ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁affected ▁models ▁incorrect ly ▁identified ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁as ▁a ▁leap ▁year , ▁because ▁of ▁a ▁bug ▁in ▁the ▁B CD ▁method ▁of ▁st oring ▁the ▁date . ▁However , ▁for ▁some ▁users , ▁the ▁hardware ' s ▁operating ▁system ▁clock ▁( main ly ▁updated ▁from ▁the ▁internet ▁and ▁not ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁internal ▁clock ) ▁needed ▁to ▁be ▁updated ▁manually ▁or ▁by ▁re - sync ing ▁it ▁via ▁the ▁internet . |
▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Sony ▁released ▁PS 3 ▁system ▁software ▁update ▁ 3 . 4 0 , ▁which ▁improved ▁the ▁functionality ▁of ▁the ▁internal ▁clock ▁to ▁properly ▁account ▁for ▁leap ▁years . ▁ ▁Features ▁ ▁Play Station ▁Port able ▁connect ivity ▁ ▁Play Station ▁Port able ▁can ▁connect ▁with ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁in ▁many ▁ways , ▁including ▁in - game ▁connect ivity . ▁For ▁example , ▁Formula ▁One ▁Championship ▁Edition , ▁a ▁racing ▁game , ▁was ▁shown ▁at ▁E 3 ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁using ▁a ▁P SP ▁as ▁a ▁real - time ▁rear - view ▁mirror . ▁In ▁addition , ▁users ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁download ▁original ▁Play Station ▁format ▁games ▁from ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Store , ▁transfer ▁and ▁play ▁them ▁on ▁P SP ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁PS 3 ▁itself . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁possible ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁Remote ▁Play ▁feature ▁to ▁play ▁these ▁and ▁some ▁Play Station ▁Network ▁games , ▁remot ely ▁on ▁P SP ▁over ▁a ▁network ▁or ▁internet ▁connection . ▁ ▁Sony ▁has ▁also ▁demonstrated ▁P SP ▁playing ▁back ▁video ▁content ▁from ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁hard ▁disk ▁across ▁an ▁ad ▁h oc ▁wireless ▁network . ▁This ▁feature ▁is ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁Remote ▁Play ▁located ▁under ▁the ▁browser ▁icon ▁on ▁both ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁and ▁Play Station ▁Port able . ▁Remote ▁play ▁has ▁since ▁expanded ▁to ▁allow ▁remote ▁access ▁to ▁PS 3 ▁via ▁P SP ▁from ▁any ▁wireless ▁access ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Play Station ▁Network |
▁ ▁Play Station ▁Network ▁is ▁the ▁un ified ▁online ▁multi player ▁gaming ▁and ▁digital ▁media ▁delivery ▁service ▁provided ▁by ▁Sony ▁Computer ▁Entertainment ▁for ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁and ▁Play Station ▁Port able , ▁announced ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Play Station ▁Business ▁B rief ing ▁meeting ▁in ▁Tokyo . ▁The ▁service ▁is ▁always ▁connected , ▁free , ▁and ▁includes ▁multi player ▁support . ▁The ▁network ▁enables ▁online ▁gaming , ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Store , ▁Play Station ▁Home ▁and ▁other ▁services . ▁Play Station ▁Network ▁uses ▁real ▁currency ▁and ▁Play Station ▁Network ▁C ards ▁as ▁seen ▁with ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Store ▁and ▁Play Station ▁Home . ▁ ▁Play Station ▁Plus ▁ ▁Play Station ▁Plus ▁( comm only ▁ab bre vi ated ▁PS + ▁and ▁occasionally ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁PS N ▁Plus ) ▁is ▁a ▁premium ▁Play Station ▁Network ▁subscription ▁service ▁that ▁was ▁officially ▁un ve iled ▁at ▁E 3 ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁by ▁Jack ▁Tre tt on , ▁President ▁and ▁CEO ▁of ▁S CE A . ▁Rum ors ▁of ▁such ▁service ▁had ▁been ▁in ▁spec ulation ▁since ▁Kaz ▁Hir ai ' s ▁announcement ▁at ▁T GS ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁of ▁a ▁possible ▁paid ▁service ▁for ▁PS N ▁but ▁with ▁the ▁current ▁PS N ▁service ▁still ▁available . ▁La unched ▁alongside ▁PS 3 ▁firm ware ▁ 3 . 4 0 ▁and ▁P SP ▁firm ware ▁ 6 . 3 0 ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁the ▁paid - for ▁subscription ▁service ▁provides |
▁users ▁with ▁enhanced ▁services ▁on ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Network , ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁current ▁PS N ▁service ▁which ▁is ▁still ▁available ▁with ▁all ▁of ▁its ▁features . ▁These ▁enhance ments ▁include ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁have ▁dem os ▁and ▁game ▁updates ▁download ▁automatically ▁to ▁Play Station ▁ 3 . ▁Sub scrib ers ▁also ▁get ▁early ▁or ▁exclusive ▁access ▁to ▁some ▁bet as , ▁game ▁dem os , ▁premium ▁download able ▁content ▁and ▁other ▁Play Station ▁Store ▁items . ▁North ▁American ▁users ▁also ▁get ▁a ▁free ▁subscription ▁to ▁Q ore . ▁Users ▁may ▁choose ▁to ▁purchase ▁either ▁a ▁one - year ▁or ▁a ▁three - month ▁subscription ▁to ▁Play Station ▁Plus . ▁ ▁Play Station ▁Store ▁ ▁The ▁Play Station ▁Store ▁is ▁an ▁online ▁virtual ▁market ▁available ▁to ▁users ▁of ▁Sony ' s ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁( PS 3 ) ▁and ▁Play Station ▁Port able ▁( P SP ) ▁game ▁cons oles ▁via ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Network . ▁The ▁Store ▁offers ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁download able ▁content ▁both ▁for ▁purchase ▁and ▁available ▁free ▁of ▁charge . ▁Available ▁content ▁includes ▁full ▁games , ▁add - on ▁content , ▁play able ▁dem os , ▁themes ▁and ▁game ▁and ▁movie ▁trail ers . ▁The ▁service ▁is ▁accessible ▁through ▁an ▁icon ▁on ▁the ▁X MB ▁on ▁PS 3 ▁and ▁P SP . ▁The ▁PS 3 ▁store ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁accessed ▁on ▁P SP ▁via ▁a ▁Remote ▁Play ▁connection ▁to ▁PS 3 . ▁The ▁P SP ▁store ▁is ▁also ▁available ▁via ▁the ▁PC ▁application , ▁Media ▁Go . |
▁, ▁there ▁have ▁been ▁over ▁ 6 0 0 ▁million ▁download s ▁from ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Store ▁worldwide . ▁ ▁The ▁Play Station ▁Store ▁is ▁updated ▁with ▁new ▁content ▁each ▁Tuesday ▁in ▁North ▁America , ▁and ▁each ▁Wednesday ▁in ▁P AL ▁regions . ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁this ▁was ▁changed ▁from ▁Th urs days ▁to ▁allow ▁P SP ▁games ▁to ▁be ▁released ▁digit ally , ▁closer ▁to ▁the ▁time ▁they ▁are ▁released ▁on ▁U MD . ▁ ▁What ' s ▁New ▁ ▁What ' s ▁New ▁was ▁announced ▁at ▁Games com ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁with ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁system ▁software ▁ 3 . 0 . ▁The ▁feature ▁was ▁to ▁replace ▁the ▁existing ▁[ Information ▁Board ], ▁which ▁displayed ▁news ▁from ▁the ▁Play Station ▁website ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁user ' s ▁region . ▁The ▁concept ▁was ▁developed ▁further ▁into ▁a ▁major ▁Play Station ▁Network ▁feature , ▁which ▁inter acts ▁with ▁the ▁[ Status ▁Ind icator ] ▁to ▁display ▁a ▁tick er ▁of ▁all ▁content , ▁excl uding ▁recently ▁played ▁content ▁( current ly ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁and ▁Japan ▁only ). ▁ ▁The ▁system ▁displays ▁the ▁What ' s ▁New ▁screen ▁by ▁default ▁instead ▁of ▁the ▁[ G ames ] ▁menu ▁( or ▁[ Video ] ▁menu , ▁if ▁a ▁movie ▁was ▁inserted ) ▁when ▁starting ▁up . ▁What ' s ▁New ▁has ▁four ▁sections : ▁" Our ▁Pick ", ▁" Rec ently ▁Play ed |
", ▁latest ▁information ▁and ▁new ▁content ▁available ▁in ▁Play Station ▁Store . ▁There ▁are ▁four ▁kinds ▁of ▁content ▁the ▁What ' s ▁New ▁screen ▁displays ▁and ▁links ▁to , ▁on ▁the ▁sections . ▁" Rec ently ▁Play ed " ▁displays ▁the ▁user ' s ▁recently ▁played ▁games ▁and ▁online ▁services ▁only , ▁whereas , ▁the ▁other ▁sections ▁can ▁contain ▁website ▁links , ▁links ▁to ▁play ▁videos ▁and ▁access ▁to ▁selected ▁sections ▁of ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Store . ▁ ▁The ▁Play Station ▁Store ▁ icons ▁in ▁the ▁[ Game ] ▁and ▁[ Video ] ▁section ▁act ▁similarly ▁to ▁the ▁What ' s ▁New ▁screen , ▁except ▁that ▁they ▁only ▁display ▁and ▁link ▁to ▁games ▁and ▁videos ▁in ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Store , ▁respectively . ▁ ▁Play Station ▁Home ▁ ▁Play Station ▁Home ▁was ▁a ▁virtual ▁ 3 D ▁social ▁networking ▁service ▁for ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Network . ▁Home ▁allowed ▁users ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁custom ▁av atar , ▁which ▁could ▁be ▁groom ed ▁real istically . ▁Users ▁could ▁edit ▁and ▁decor ate ▁their ▁personal ▁apartments , ▁av at ars , ▁or ▁club ▁houses ▁with ▁free , ▁premium , ▁or ▁won ▁content . ▁Users ▁could ▁shop ▁for ▁new ▁items ▁or ▁win ▁pri zes ▁from ▁PS 3 ▁games , ▁or ▁Home ▁activities . ▁Users ▁could ▁interact ▁and ▁connect ▁with ▁friends ▁and ▁custom ize ▁content ▁in ▁a ▁virtual ▁world . ▁Home ▁also ▁acted ▁as ▁a ▁meeting ▁place ▁for ▁users ▁that ▁wanted ▁to ▁play ▁multi player ▁video ▁games ▁with ▁others . ▁ ▁A ▁closed ▁beta ▁began ▁in ▁Europe ▁from |
▁May ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁and ▁expanded ▁to ▁other ▁territor ies ▁soon ▁after . ▁Home ▁was ▁delayed ▁and ▁expanded ▁several ▁times ▁before ▁initially ▁releasing . ▁The ▁Open ▁B eta ▁test ▁was ▁started ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁It ▁remained ▁as ▁a ▁perpet ual ▁beta ▁until ▁its ▁closure ▁on ▁March ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁Home ▁was ▁available ▁directly ▁from ▁the ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁X ross Media Bar . ▁Members hip ▁was ▁free , ▁but ▁required ▁a ▁PS N ▁account . ▁ ▁Home ▁featured ▁places ▁to ▁meet ▁and ▁interact , ▁dedicated ▁game ▁spaces , ▁developer ▁spaces , ▁company ▁spaces , ▁and ▁events . ▁The ▁service ▁under w ent ▁a ▁weekly ▁maintenance ▁and ▁frequent ▁updates . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁its ▁closure ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Home ▁had ▁been ▁download ed ▁by ▁over ▁ 4 1 ▁million ▁users . ▁ ▁Life ▁with ▁Play Station ▁ ▁Life ▁with ▁Play Station , ▁released ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁to ▁succeed ▁F olding @ home , ▁was ▁retired ▁November ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁Life ▁with ▁Play Station ▁used ▁virtual ▁globe ▁data ▁to ▁display ▁news ▁and ▁information ▁by ▁city . ▁Along ▁with ▁F olding @ home ▁functionality , ▁the ▁application ▁provided ▁access ▁to ▁three ▁other ▁information ▁" channels ", ▁the ▁first ▁being ▁the ▁Live ▁Channel ▁offering ▁news ▁head lines ▁and ▁weather ▁which ▁were ▁provided ▁by ▁Google ▁News , ▁The ▁We |
ather ▁Channel , ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Wisconsin – Mad ison ▁Space ▁Science ▁and ▁Engineering ▁Center , ▁among ▁other ▁sources . ▁The ▁second ▁channel ▁was ▁the ▁World ▁Heritage ▁channel ▁which ▁offered ▁historical ▁information ▁about ▁historical ▁sites . ▁The ▁third ▁channel ▁was ▁the ▁United ▁Village ▁channel . ▁United ▁Village ▁was ▁designed ▁to ▁share ▁information ▁about ▁communities ▁and ▁cultures ▁worldwide . ▁An ▁update ▁allowed ▁video ▁and ▁photo ▁viewing ▁in ▁the ▁application . ▁The ▁fourth ▁channel ▁was ▁the ▁U . S . ▁exclusive ▁Play Station ▁Network ▁Game ▁Trail ers ▁Channel ▁for ▁direct ▁streaming ▁of ▁game ▁trail ers . ▁ ▁Out age ▁ ▁On ▁April ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Sony ▁shut ▁down ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Network ▁and ▁Q ri ocity ▁for ▁a ▁prolong ed ▁interval , ▁revealing ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 3 ▁that ▁this ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁" an ▁external ▁intr usion ▁on ▁our ▁system ". ▁Sony ▁later ▁revealed ▁that ▁the ▁personal ▁information ▁of ▁ 7 7 ▁million ▁users ▁might ▁have ▁been ▁taken , ▁including : ▁names ; ▁addresses ; ▁countries ; ▁email ▁addresses ; ▁birth dates ; ▁PS N / Q ri ocity ▁log ins , ▁password s ▁and ▁handles / PS N ▁online ▁ID s . ▁It ▁also ▁stated ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁possible ▁that ▁users ' ▁profile ▁data , ▁including ▁purchase ▁history ▁and ▁bill ing ▁address , ▁and ▁Play Station ▁Network / Q ri ocity ▁password ▁security ▁answers ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁obtained . ▁There ▁was ▁no ▁evidence ▁that ▁any ▁credit ▁card ▁data ▁had ▁been ▁taken , ▁but ▁the ▁possibility ▁could |
▁not ▁be ▁ruled ▁out , ▁and ▁Sony ▁advised ▁customers ▁that ▁their ▁credit ▁card ▁data ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁obtained . ▁Additionally , ▁the ▁credit ▁card ▁numbers ▁were ▁enc rypted ▁and ▁Sony ▁never ▁collected ▁the ▁three ▁digit ▁C VC ▁or ▁C SC ▁number ▁from ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁the ▁credit ▁cards ▁which ▁is ▁required ▁for ▁authentic ating ▁some ▁transactions . ▁In ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁incident , ▁Sony ▁announced ▁a ▁" W elcome ▁Back " ▁program , ▁ 3 0 ▁days ▁free ▁membership ▁of ▁Play Station ▁Plus ▁for ▁all ▁PS N ▁members , ▁two ▁free ▁download able ▁PS 3 ▁games , ▁and ▁a ▁free ▁one - year ▁en rollment ▁in ▁an ▁identity ▁theft ▁protection ▁program . ▁ ▁Sales ▁and ▁production ▁costs ▁ ▁Although ▁its ▁Play Station ▁predecess ors ▁had ▁been ▁very ▁dominant ▁against ▁the ▁competition ▁and ▁were ▁hug ely ▁profitable ▁for ▁Sony , ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁had ▁an ▁in aus pic ious ▁start , ▁and ▁Sony ▁chairman ▁and ▁CEO ▁Sir ▁Howard ▁String er ▁initially ▁could ▁not ▁convince ▁investors ▁of ▁a ▁turn around ▁in ▁its ▁fort unes . ▁The ▁PS 3 ▁lack ed ▁the ▁unique ▁game play ▁of ▁the ▁more ▁affordable ▁W ii ▁which ▁became ▁that ▁generation ' s ▁most ▁successful ▁console ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁units ▁sold . ▁Furthermore , ▁PS 3 ▁had ▁to ▁compete ▁directly ▁with ▁Xbox ▁ 3 6 0 ▁which ▁had ▁a ▁market ▁head ▁start , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁the ▁platform ▁no ▁longer ▁had ▁exclusive ▁titles ▁that ▁the ▁PS 2 ▁enjoyed ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Grand ▁The ft ▁Auto ▁and ▁Final ▁Fant asy ▁series |
▁( reg arding ▁cross - platform ▁games , ▁Xbox ▁ 3 6 0 ▁versions ▁were ▁generally ▁considered ▁superior ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁although ▁by ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁the ▁PS 3 ▁versions ▁had ▁reached ▁par ity ▁or ▁sur pass ed ), ▁and ▁it ▁took ▁longer ▁than ▁expected ▁for ▁PS 3 ▁to ▁enjoy ▁strong ▁sales ▁and ▁close ▁the ▁gap ▁with ▁Xbox ▁ 3 6 0 . ▁Sony ▁also ▁continued ▁to ▁lose ▁money ▁on ▁each ▁PS 3 ▁sold ▁through ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁although ▁the ▁re des igned ▁" sl im " ▁PS 3 ▁has ▁cut ▁these ▁losses ▁since ▁then . ▁ ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ' s ▁initial ▁production ▁cost ▁is ▁estimated ▁by ▁i Sup pl i ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁US $ 8 0 5 . 8 5 ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 GB ▁model ▁and ▁US $ 8 4 0 . 3 5 ▁for ▁the ▁ 6 0 GB ▁model . ▁However , ▁they ▁were ▁pr iced ▁at ▁US $ 4 9 9 ▁and ▁US $ 5 9 9 ▁respectively , ▁meaning ▁that ▁units ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁sold ▁at ▁an ▁estimated ▁loss ▁of ▁$ 3 0 6 ▁or ▁$ 2 4 1 ▁depending ▁on ▁model , ▁if ▁the ▁cost ▁estimates ▁were ▁correct , ▁and ▁thus ▁may ▁have ▁contributed ▁to ▁Sony ' s ▁games ▁division ▁posting ▁an ▁operating ▁loss ▁of ▁ ¥ 2 3 2 . 3 ▁billion ▁( US $ 1 . 9 7 ▁billion ) ▁in ▁the ▁fiscal ▁year ▁ending ▁March ▁ 2 0 |
0 7 . ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁soon ▁after ▁these ▁results ▁were ▁published , ▁Ken ▁K ut ar agi , ▁President ▁of ▁Sony ▁Computer ▁Entertainment , ▁announced ▁plans ▁to ▁retire . ▁Var ious ▁news ▁agencies , ▁including ▁The ▁Times ▁and ▁The ▁Wall ▁Street ▁Journal ▁reported ▁that ▁this ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁poor ▁sales , ▁while ▁S CE I ▁maint ains ▁that ▁K ut ar agi ▁had ▁been ▁planning ▁his ▁retirement ▁for ▁six ▁months ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁announcement . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Kaz ▁Hir ai , ▁CEO ▁of ▁Sony ▁Computer ▁Entertainment , ▁suggested ▁that ▁the ▁console ▁may ▁start ▁making ▁a ▁profit ▁by ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁stating ▁that , ▁" the ▁next ▁fiscal ▁year ▁starts ▁in ▁April ▁and ▁if ▁we ▁can ▁try ▁to ▁achieve ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁fiscal ▁year ▁that ▁would ▁be ▁a ▁great ▁thing " ▁and ▁that ▁"[ profit ability ] ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁defin ite ▁commitment , ▁but ▁that ▁is ▁what ▁I ▁would ▁like ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁shoot ▁for ". ▁However , ▁market ▁analyst s ▁Nik ko ▁Cit ig roup ▁have ▁predicted ▁that ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁could ▁be ▁profitable ▁by ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁In ▁a ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁interview , ▁Hir ai ▁stated ▁that ▁his ▁objective ▁is ▁for ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁to ▁sell ▁ 1 5 0 ▁million ▁units ▁by ▁its ▁nin th ▁year , ▁sur pass ing ▁Play Station ▁ 2 ' s ▁sales ▁of ▁ 1 4 0 |
▁million ▁in ▁its ▁nine ▁years ▁on ▁the ▁market . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Sony ▁announced ▁that ▁their ▁gaming ▁division ▁was ▁profitable ▁in ▁Q 3 ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Since ▁the ▁system ' s ▁launch , ▁production ▁costs ▁have ▁been ▁reduced ▁significantly ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁ph asing ▁out ▁the ▁Em otion ▁Engine ▁chip ▁and ▁falling ▁hardware ▁costs . ▁The ▁cost ▁of ▁manufacturing ▁Cell ▁micro process ors ▁has ▁fallen ▁dramatically ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁moving ▁to ▁the ▁ 6 5 nm ▁production ▁process , ▁and ▁Bl u - ray ▁Disc ▁di odes ▁have ▁become ▁cheaper ▁to ▁manufact ure . ▁As ▁of ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁each ▁unit ▁cost ▁around ▁$ 4 0 0 ▁to ▁manufact ure ; ▁by ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Sony ▁had ▁reduced ▁costs ▁by ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 7 0 %, ▁meaning ▁it ▁only ▁costs ▁Sony ▁around ▁$ 2 4 0 ▁per ▁unit . ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁reception ▁Early ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁reviews ▁after ▁launch ▁were ▁critical ▁of ▁its ▁high ▁price ▁and ▁lack ▁of ▁quality ▁games . ▁Game ▁developers ▁regarded ▁the ▁architecture ▁as ▁difficult ▁to ▁program ▁for . ▁PS 3 ▁was , ▁however , ▁comm ended ▁for ▁its ▁hardware ▁including ▁its ▁Bl u - ray ▁home ▁theater ▁capabilities ▁and ▁graphics ▁potential . ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁and ▁commercial ▁reception ▁to ▁PS 3 ▁improved ▁over ▁time , ▁after ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁price ▁re vis ions , ▁Bl u - ray ' s ▁victory ▁over ▁HD ▁DVD , ▁and ▁the |
▁release ▁of ▁several ▁well ▁received ▁titles . ▁Ar s ▁Techn icas ▁original ▁launch ▁review ▁gave ▁PS 3 ▁only ▁a ▁ 6 / 1 0 , ▁but ▁second ▁review ▁of ▁the ▁console ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁rated ▁it ▁a ▁ 9 / 1 0 . ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁I GN ▁named ▁Play Station 3 ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁best ▁gaming ▁console ▁of ▁all ▁time , ▁behind ▁both ▁of ▁its ▁competitors : ▁W ii ▁( 1 0 th ) ▁and ▁Xbox ▁ 3 6 0 ▁( 6 th ). ▁However , ▁PS 3 ▁has ▁won ▁I GN ' s ▁" Console ▁Show down "— based ▁on ▁which ▁console ▁offers ▁the ▁best ▁selection ▁of ▁games ▁released ▁during ▁each ▁year — in ▁three ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁years ▁since ▁it ▁began ▁( 2 0 0 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁with ▁Xbox ▁winning ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ). ▁I GN ▁jud ged ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁to ▁have ▁the ▁best ▁game ▁line - up ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁based ▁on ▁their ▁review ▁scores ▁in ▁comparison ▁to ▁those ▁of ▁W ii ▁and ▁Xbox ▁ 3 6 0 . ▁In ▁a ▁comparison ▁piece ▁by ▁PC ▁Mag az ines ▁Will ▁Green wald ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁PS 3 ▁was ▁selected ▁as ▁an ▁overall ▁better ▁console ▁compared ▁to ▁Xbox ▁ 3 6 0 . ▁P ocket - lint ▁said ▁of ▁the ▁console ▁" The |
▁PS 3 ▁has ▁always ▁been ▁a ▁brilliant ▁games ▁console ," ▁and ▁that ▁" For ▁now , ▁this ▁is ▁just ▁about ▁the ▁best ▁media ▁device ▁for ▁the ▁money ." ▁ ▁Original ▁model ▁PS 3 ▁was ▁given ▁the ▁number - eight ▁spot ▁on ▁PC ▁World ▁magazine ' s ▁list ▁of ▁" The ▁Top ▁ 2 1 ▁Tech ▁Scre w ups ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 6 ", ▁where ▁it ▁was ▁critic ized ▁for ▁being ▁" L ate , ▁Exp ensive ▁and ▁In compatible ". ▁Games Rad ar ▁ranked ▁PS 3 ▁as ▁the ▁top ▁item ▁in ▁a ▁feature ▁on ▁game - related ▁PR ▁dis asters , ▁asking ▁how ▁Sony ▁managed ▁to ▁" take ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁anticipated ▁game ▁systems ▁of ▁all ▁time ▁and — ▁within ▁the ▁space ▁of ▁a ▁year — ▁turn ▁it ▁into ▁a ▁hate ▁object ▁rev iled ▁by ▁the ▁entire ▁internet ", ▁but ▁added ▁that ▁despite ▁its ▁problems ▁the ▁system ▁has ▁" unt apped ▁potential ". ▁Business ▁Week ▁sum med ▁up ▁the ▁general ▁opinion ▁by ▁stating ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁" more ▁impressed ▁with ▁what ▁the ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁could ▁do ▁than ▁with ▁what ▁it ▁currently ▁does ". ▁ ▁Develop ers ▁also ▁found ▁the ▁machine ▁difficult ▁to ▁program ▁for . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁G abe ▁New ell ▁of ▁Val ve ▁said ▁" The ▁PS 3 ▁is ▁a ▁total ▁disaster ▁on ▁so ▁many ▁levels , ▁I ▁think ▁it ' s ▁really ▁clear ▁that ▁Sony ▁lost ▁track ▁of ▁what ▁customers ▁and ▁what ▁developers ▁wanted ". ▁He ▁continued ▁" I |
' d ▁say , ▁even ▁at ▁this ▁late ▁date , ▁they ▁should ▁just ▁cancel ▁it ▁and ▁do ▁a ▁do ▁over . ▁Just ▁say , ▁' This ▁was ▁a ▁horrible ▁disaster ▁and ▁we ' re ▁sorry ▁and ▁we ' re ▁going ▁to ▁stop ▁selling ▁this ▁and ▁stop ▁trying ▁to ▁convince ▁people ▁to ▁develop ▁for ▁it ' ". ▁Doug ▁L omb ardi ▁V P ▁of ▁Marketing ▁for ▁Val ve ▁has ▁since ▁stated ▁that ▁Val ve ▁is ▁interested ▁in ▁developing ▁for ▁the ▁console ▁and ▁is ▁looking ▁to ▁hire ▁talented ▁PS 3 ▁program mers ▁for ▁future ▁projects . ▁He ▁later ▁rest ated ▁Val ve ' s ▁position , ▁" Until ▁we ▁have ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁get ▁a ▁PS 3 ▁team ▁together , ▁until ▁we ▁find ▁the ▁people ▁who ▁want ▁to ▁come ▁to ▁Val ve ▁or ▁who ▁are ▁at ▁Val ve ▁who ▁want ▁to ▁work ▁on ▁that , ▁I ▁don ' t ▁really ▁see ▁us ▁moving ▁to ▁that ▁platform ". ▁At ▁Sony ' s ▁E 3 ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁press ▁conference , ▁New ell ▁made ▁a ▁live ▁appearance ▁to ▁rec ant ▁his ▁previous ▁statements , ▁c iting ▁Sony ' s ▁move ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁system ▁more ▁developer ▁friendly , ▁and ▁to ▁announce ▁that ▁Val ve ▁would ▁be ▁developing ▁Portal ▁ 2 ▁for ▁the ▁system . ▁He ▁also ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁inclusion ▁of ▁Steam works ▁( Val ve ' s ▁system ▁to ▁automatically ▁update ▁their ▁software ▁independently ) ▁would ▁help ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁PS 3 ▁version ▁of ▁Portal ▁ 2 ▁the ▁best ▁console ▁version ▁on ▁the ▁market |
. ▁ ▁Activ ision ▁Bl izz ard ▁CEO ▁Bobby ▁Kot ick ▁has ▁critic ized ▁PS 3 ' s ▁high ▁development ▁costs ▁and ▁inferior ▁attach ▁rate ▁and ▁return ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁Xbox ▁ 3 6 0 ▁and ▁W ii . ▁He ▁believes ▁these ▁factors ▁are ▁pushing ▁developers ▁away ▁from ▁working ▁on ▁the ▁console . ▁In ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁The ▁Times ▁Kot ick ▁stated ▁" I ' m ▁getting ▁concerned ▁about ▁Sony ; ▁the ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁is ▁losing ▁a ▁bit ▁of ▁momentum ▁and ▁they ▁don ' t ▁make ▁it ▁easy ▁for ▁me ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁platform ." ▁He ▁continued , ▁" It ' s ▁expensive ▁to ▁develop ▁for ▁the ▁console , ▁and ▁the ▁W ii ▁and ▁the ▁Xbox ▁are ▁just ▁selling ▁better . ▁Games ▁generate ▁a ▁better ▁return ▁on ▁invested ▁capital ▁( RO IC ) ▁on ▁the ▁Xbox ▁than ▁on ▁the ▁Play Station ." ▁Kot ick ▁also ▁claimed ▁that ▁Activ ision ▁Bl izz ard ▁may ▁stop ▁supporting ▁the ▁system ▁if ▁the ▁situation ▁is ▁not ▁addressed . ▁"[ S ony ▁has ] ▁to ▁cut ▁the ▁[ PS 3 ' s ▁retail ] ▁price , ▁because ▁if ▁they ▁don ' t , ▁the ▁attach ▁rates ▁are ▁likely ▁to ▁slow . ▁If ▁we ▁are ▁being ▁realistic , ▁we ▁might ▁have ▁to ▁stop ▁supporting ▁Sony ." ▁Kot ick ▁received ▁heavy ▁criticism ▁for ▁the ▁statement , ▁notably ▁from ▁developer ▁Bio W are ▁who ▁questioned ▁the ▁wisdom ▁of ▁the ▁threatened ▁move , ▁and ▁referred ▁to ▁the ▁statement ▁as ▁" s illy ." ▁ ▁Despite ▁the ▁initial ▁negative ▁press , |
▁several ▁websites ▁have ▁given ▁the ▁system ▁very ▁good ▁reviews ▁mostly ▁regarding ▁its ▁hardware . ▁C NET ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁praised ▁the ▁system ▁saying , ▁" the ▁PS 3 ▁is ▁a ▁vers atile ▁and ▁impressive ▁piece ▁of ▁home - ent ertain ment ▁equipment ▁that ▁lives ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁h ype ▁[...] ▁the ▁PS 3 ▁is ▁well ▁worth ▁its ▁he fty ▁price ▁tag ." ▁C NET ▁awarded ▁it ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁ 8 . 8 ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁and ▁voted ▁it ▁as ▁its ▁number ▁one ▁" must - have " ▁g adget , ▁pra ising ▁its ▁robust ▁graph ical ▁capabilities ▁and ▁sty lish ▁exterior ▁design ▁while ▁critic izing ▁its ▁limited ▁selection ▁of ▁available ▁games . ▁In ▁addition , ▁both ▁Home ▁Theater ▁Magazine ▁and ▁Ult imate ▁AV ▁have ▁given ▁the ▁system ' s ▁Bl u - ray ▁play back ▁very ▁favor able ▁reviews , ▁stating ▁that ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁play back ▁exceed s ▁that ▁of ▁many ▁current ▁stand alone ▁Bl u - ray ▁Disc ▁players . ▁ ▁In ▁an ▁interview , ▁Kaz uo ▁Hir ai , ▁chairman ▁of ▁Sony ▁Computer ▁Entertainment ▁argued ▁for ▁the ▁choice ▁of ▁a ▁complex ▁architecture . ▁He x us ▁G aming ▁reviewed ▁the ▁P AL ▁version ▁and ▁sum med ▁the ▁review ▁up ▁by ▁saying , ▁" as ▁the ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁mat ures ▁and ▁developers ▁start ▁really ▁pushing ▁it , ▁we ' ll ▁see ▁the ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁emerge ▁as ▁the ▁console ▁of ▁choice ▁for ▁gaming ." ▁At ▁G DC ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Sh iny ▁Entertainment |
▁founder ▁Dave ▁Perry ▁stated , ▁" I ▁think ▁that ▁Sony ▁has ▁made ▁the ▁best ▁machine . ▁It ' s ▁the ▁best ▁piece ▁of ▁hardware , ▁without ▁question ". ▁ ▁S lim ▁model ▁and ▁re brand ing ▁The ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁S lim ▁received ▁extremely ▁positive ▁reviews ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁boost ▁in ▁sales ; ▁less ▁than ▁ 2 4 ▁hours ▁after ▁its ▁announcement , ▁PS 3 ▁S lim ▁took ▁the ▁number - one ▁best s eller ▁spot ▁on ▁Amazon . com ▁in ▁the ▁video ▁games ▁section ▁for ▁fifteen ▁consecutive ▁days . ▁It ▁reg ained ▁the ▁number - one ▁position ▁again ▁one ▁day ▁later . ▁PS 3 ▁S lim ▁also ▁received ▁praise ▁from ▁PC ▁World ▁giving ▁it ▁a ▁ 9 0 ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 ▁pra ising ▁its ▁new ▁rep ack aging ▁and ▁the ▁new ▁value ▁it ▁brings ▁at ▁a ▁lower ▁price ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁pra ising ▁its ▁quiet ness ▁and ▁the ▁reduction ▁in ▁its ▁power ▁consumption . ▁This ▁is ▁in ▁stark ▁contrast ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁PS 3 ' s ▁launch ▁in ▁which ▁it ▁was ▁given ▁position ▁number - eight ▁on ▁their ▁" The ▁Top ▁ 2 1 ▁Tech ▁Scre w ups ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 6 " ▁list . ▁ ▁C NET ▁awarded ▁PS 3 ▁S lim ▁four ▁out ▁of ▁five ▁stars ▁pra ising ▁its ▁Bl u - ray ▁capabilities , ▁ 1 2 0 GB ▁hard ▁drive , ▁free ▁online ▁gaming ▁service ▁and ▁more ▁affordable ▁pricing ▁point , ▁but ▁complained ▁about ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁backward ▁compatibility ▁for |
▁Play Station ▁ 2 ▁games . ▁Tech Rad ar ▁gave ▁PS 3 ▁S lim ▁four ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁stars ▁out ▁of ▁five ▁pra ising ▁its ▁new ▁smaller ▁size ▁and ▁sum med ▁up ▁its ▁review ▁stating ▁" Over ▁all , ▁the ▁PS 3 ▁S lim ▁is ▁a ▁phenomen al ▁piece ▁of ▁kit . ▁It ' s ▁amazing ▁that ▁something ▁so ▁small ▁can ▁do ▁so ▁much ". ▁However , ▁they ▁critic ized ▁the ▁exterior ▁design ▁and ▁the ▁build ▁quality ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁model . ▁ ▁Euro g amer ▁called ▁it ▁" a ▁product ▁where ▁the ▁cost - cut ting ▁has ▁– ▁by ▁and ▁large ▁– ▁been ▁taste fully ▁done " ▁and ▁said ▁" It ' s ▁nothing ▁short ▁of ▁a ▁massive ▁win ▁for ▁Sony ." ▁ ▁Super ▁S lim ▁model ▁The ▁Super ▁S lim ▁model ▁of ▁PS 3 ▁has ▁received ▁positive ▁reviews . ▁G aming ▁website ▁Sp ong ▁praised ▁the ▁new ▁Super ▁S lim ' s ▁quiet ness , ▁stating ▁" The ▁most ▁notice able ▁noise ▁comes ▁when ▁the ▁drive ▁seeks ▁a ▁new ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁disc , ▁such ▁as ▁when ▁starting ▁to ▁load ▁a ▁game , ▁and ▁this ▁occurs ▁inf requ ently ." ▁They ▁added ▁that ▁the ▁fans ▁are ▁quiet er ▁than ▁that ▁of ▁S lim , ▁and ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁praise ▁the ▁new ▁smaller , ▁lighter ▁size . ▁Crit icism ▁was ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁new ▁disc ▁loader , ▁stating : ▁" The ▁cover ▁can ▁be ▁moved ▁by ▁hand ▁if ▁you ▁wish , ▁there ' s ▁also ▁an ▁e ject ▁button ▁to |
▁do ▁the ▁work ▁for ▁you , ▁but ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁software ▁e ject ▁from ▁the ▁triangle ▁button ▁men us ▁in ▁the ▁X ross ▁Media ▁Bar ▁( X MB ) ▁interface . ▁In ▁addition , ▁you ▁have ▁to ▁close ▁the ▁cover ▁by ▁hand , ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁a ▁bit ▁f idd ly ▁if ▁it ' s ▁upright , ▁and ▁the ▁PS 3 ▁won ' t ▁start ▁reading ▁a ▁disc ▁unless ▁you ▁do ▁[ close ▁the ▁cover ] ." ▁They ▁also ▁said ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁real ▁drop ▁in ▁retail ▁price . ▁ ▁Tech ▁media ▁website ▁C NET ▁gave ▁new ▁Super ▁S lim ▁ 4 ▁out ▁of ▁ 5 ▁stars ▁(" Ex cell ent "), ▁saying ▁" The ▁Super ▁S lim ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁shr inks ▁a ▁powerful ▁gaming ▁machine ▁into ▁an ▁even ▁tin ier ▁package ▁while ▁maintaining ▁the ▁same ▁features ▁as ▁its ▁predecess ors : ▁a ▁great ▁gaming ▁library ▁and ▁a ▁strong ▁array ▁of ▁streaming ▁services ▁[... ]", ▁whilst ▁also ▁critic ising ▁the ▁" che ap " ▁design ▁and ▁disc - loader , ▁stating : ▁" S ometimes ▁[ the ▁cover ] ▁doesn ' t ▁catch ▁and ▁you ▁feel ▁like ▁you ' re ▁using ▁one ▁of ▁those ▁old ▁credit ▁card ▁im pr inter ▁machines . ▁In ▁short , ▁it ▁feels ▁cheap . ▁You ▁don ' t ▁realize ▁how ▁convenient ▁aut ol oad ing ▁disc ▁tr ays ▁are ▁until ▁they ' re ▁gone . ▁Whether ▁it ▁was ▁to ▁cut ▁costs ▁or ▁save ▁space , ▁this ▁move ▁is ▁ultimately ▁a ▁step ▁back ." ▁The ▁criticism ▁also |
▁was ▁due ▁to ▁price , ▁stating ▁the ▁cheap est ▁Super ▁S lim ▁model ▁was ▁still ▁more ▁expensive ▁than ▁the ▁cheap est ▁S lim ▁model , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁smaller ▁size ▁and ▁bigger ▁hard ▁drive ▁shouldn ' t ▁be ▁considered ▁an ▁upgrade ▁when ▁the ▁hard ▁drive ▁on ▁a ▁S lim ▁model ▁is ▁easily ▁removed ▁and ▁replaced . ▁They ▁did ▁praise ▁that ▁the ▁hard ▁drive ▁of ▁the ▁Super ▁S lim ▁model ▁is ▁" the ▁easiest ▁yet . ▁Simply ▁sliding ▁off ▁the ▁side ▁panel ▁reveals ▁the ▁drive ▁bay , ▁which ▁can ▁quickly ▁be ▁un sc rew ed ." ▁They ▁also ▁stated ▁that ▁whilst ▁the ▁Super ▁S lim ▁model ▁is ▁not ▁in ▁any ▁way ▁an ▁upgrade , ▁it ▁could ▁be ▁an ▁indicator ▁as ▁to ▁what ' s ▁to ▁come . ▁" It ▁may ▁not ▁be ▁revolutionary , ▁but ▁the ▁Super ▁S lim ▁PS 3 ▁is ▁the ▁same ▁impressive ▁machine ▁in ▁a ▁much ▁smaller ▁package . ▁There ▁doesn ' t ▁seem ▁to ▁be ▁any ▁reason ▁for ▁existing ▁PS 3 ▁owners ▁to ▁upgrade , ▁but ▁for ▁the ▁prospect ive ▁PS 3 ▁buyer , ▁the ▁Super ▁S lim ▁is ▁probably ▁the ▁way ▁to ▁go ▁if ▁you ▁can ▁deal ▁with ▁not ▁having ▁a ▁slot - loading ▁disc ▁drive ." ▁ ▁P ocket - L int ▁gave ▁Super ▁S lim ▁a ▁very ▁positive ▁review ▁saying ▁" It ' s ▁much ▁more ▁affordable , ▁brilliant ▁gaming , ▁second - to - none ▁video ▁and ▁media ▁player ." ▁They ▁think ▁it ▁is ▁" A ▁bl inding ▁good ▁console ▁and ▁one ▁that ▁will ▁serve ▁you |
▁for ▁years ▁to ▁come ▁with ▁second - hand ▁games ▁and ▁even ▁new ▁releases . ▁Without ▁doubt , ▁if ▁you ▁don ' t ▁have ▁a ▁PS 3 , ▁this ▁is ▁the ▁time ▁to ▁buy ." ▁They ▁gave ▁Super ▁S lim ▁ 4 ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁stars ▁out ▁of ▁ 5 . ▁ ▁Technology ▁magazine ▁T 3 ▁gave ▁the ▁Super ▁S lim ▁model ▁a ▁positive ▁review , ▁stating ▁the ▁console ▁is ▁almost ▁" nost alg ic " ▁in ▁the ▁design ▁similar ities ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁" f at " ▁model , ▁" While ▁we ▁don ' t ▁know ▁whether ▁it ▁will ▁play ▁PS 3 ▁games ▁or ▁Bl u - ray ▁disc s ▁any ▁differently ▁yet , ▁the ▁look ▁and ▁feel ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁PS 3 ▁S lim ▁is ▁an ▁obvious ▁hom age ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁PS 3 , ▁min us ▁the ▁considerable ▁excess ▁weight . ▁Im medi ately ▁we ▁would ▁be ▁concerned ▁about ▁the ▁dur ability ▁of ▁the ▁top ▁loading ▁tray ▁that ▁feels ▁like ▁it ▁could ▁be ▁y anked ▁straight ▁out ▁off ▁the ▁console , ▁but ▁ultimately ▁it ▁all ▁feels ▁like ▁Sony ' s ▁nost alg ic ▁way ▁of ▁signing ▁off ▁the ▁current ▁generation ▁console ▁in ▁anticip ation ▁for ▁the ▁PS 4 ." ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁websites ▁ ▁Asia ▁ ▁Australia ▁ ▁Canada ▁ ▁New ▁Zealand ▁ ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁A ux iliary ▁sites ▁by ▁Sony ▁ ▁Hard ware ▁press ▁images ▁ ▁User ' s ▁guide ▁ ▁Direct ories ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 |
0 0 s ▁toys ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁toys ▁Category : 2 0 0 6 ▁in ▁video ▁games ▁Category : 2 0 1 5 ▁dis est ablish ments ▁in ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Category : 2 0 1 7 ▁dis est ablish ments ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : Back ward - compatible ▁video ▁game ▁cons oles ▁Category : Bl u - ray ▁Disc ▁Category : Cell ▁BE ▁architecture ▁Category : Dis contin ued ▁products ▁Category : Comput er - related ▁introdu ctions ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Category : Home ▁video ▁game ▁cons oles ▁Category : Play Station ▁( brand ) ▁▁ ▁Category : Product s ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Category : Product s ▁and ▁services ▁dis contin ued ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Category : Region less ▁game ▁cons oles ▁Category : S event h - gener ation ▁video ▁game ▁cons oles ▁Category : S ony ▁cons oles <0x0A> </s> ▁C is ▁ ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁Ś wię ta j no , ▁within ▁Sz czy t no ▁County , ▁W arm ian - M as ur ian ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁northern ▁Poland . ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁south ▁of ▁Ś wię ta j no , ▁ ▁east ▁of ▁Sz czy t no , ▁and ▁ ▁south - east ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁capital ▁O ls z ty n . ▁ ▁Before ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁the ▁area ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁Germany ▁( E ast ▁Pr ussia |
). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁C is <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Tar ▁He els ▁football ▁team ▁represented ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁North ▁Carolina ▁at ▁Chap el ▁Hill ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁NC AA ▁Division ▁I - A ▁football ▁season . ▁The ▁Tar ▁He els ▁were ▁led ▁by ▁fifth - year ▁head ▁coach ▁Dick ▁Cr um ▁and ▁played ▁their ▁home ▁games ▁at ▁Ken an ▁Memorial ▁Stadium ▁in ▁Chap el ▁Hill , ▁North ▁Carolina . ▁They ▁competed ▁as ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁Coast ▁Conference , ▁finishing ▁in ▁third . ▁ ▁Schedule ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Category : N orth ▁Carolina ▁Tar ▁He els ▁football ▁seasons ▁Category : Sun ▁Bowl ▁champion ▁seasons <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies ' ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁season ▁was ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁for ▁the ▁Rock ies . ▁They ▁tried ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁National ▁League ▁West . ▁Cl int ▁H urd le ▁was ▁the ▁manager . ▁They ▁played ▁home ▁games ▁at ▁Co ors ▁Field . ▁They ▁finished ▁with ▁a ▁record ▁of ▁ 7 4 - 8 8 , ▁ 4 th ▁in ▁the ▁NL ▁West . ▁ ▁Off season ▁November ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 2 : ▁Mike ▁Ham pton ▁was ▁traded ▁by ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies ▁with ▁Juan ▁Pierre ▁and ▁cash ▁to ▁the ▁Florida ▁Mar l ins ▁for ▁Charles ▁Johnson , ▁Prest on ▁Wilson , ▁P ablo ▁Oz una , ▁and ▁Vic ▁D are ns bourg . ▁January ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 |
0 3 : ▁Chris ▁St yn es ▁was ▁signed ▁as ▁a ▁Free ▁Agent ▁by ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies . ▁January ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁Steve ▁Reed ▁was ▁signed ▁as ▁a ▁Free ▁Agent ▁by ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies . ▁January ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁José ▁Hern ández ▁and ▁Mark ▁S ween ey ▁were ▁signed ▁as ▁free ▁agents ▁by ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies . ▁February ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁Dar ren ▁Oliver ▁was ▁signed ▁as ▁a ▁Free ▁Agent ▁by ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies . ▁March ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁Jack ▁C ust ▁was ▁traded ▁by ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies ▁to ▁the ▁Baltimore ▁Ori oles ▁for ▁Chris ▁Richard . ▁ ▁Regular ▁season ▁ ▁Season ▁stand ings ▁ ▁National ▁League ▁West ▁ ▁Record ▁vs . ▁opponents ▁ ▁Not able ▁transactions ▁April ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁Greg ▁V augh n ▁was ▁signed ▁as ▁a ▁Free ▁Agent ▁by ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies . ▁June ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁Ian ▁Stewart ▁was ▁draft ed ▁by ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁amateur ▁draft . ▁Player ▁signed ▁June ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁June ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁José ▁Hern ández ▁was ▁traded ▁by ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies ▁to ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Cub s ▁for ▁Mark ▁Bell |
horn . ▁June ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁G abe ▁Kap ler ▁was ▁purchased ▁by ▁the ▁Boston ▁Red ▁S ox ▁from ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies . ▁July ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁Ben ▁Pet rick ▁was ▁traded ▁by ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies ▁to ▁the ▁Detroit ▁Tig ers ▁for ▁Adam ▁Ber nero . ▁August ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁Greg g ▁Za un ▁was ▁signed ▁as ▁a ▁Free ▁Agent ▁by ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies . ▁ ▁Major ▁League ▁debut s ▁Bat ters : ▁Ren é ▁Re yes ▁( J ul ▁ 2 2 ) ▁Gar rett ▁At kins ▁( Aug ▁ 3 ) ▁Cl int ▁B arm es ▁( Sep ▁ 5 ) ▁P itch ers : ▁J avier ▁L ó pez ▁( Apr ▁ 1 ) ▁Jason ▁Young ▁( May ▁ 1 2 ) ▁Matt ▁Miller ▁( J un ▁ 2 7 ) ▁Ch in - hui ▁T sa o ▁( J ul ▁ 2 5 ) ▁ ▁R oster ▁ ▁Game ▁log ▁ ▁{ | ▁class =" t oc col ours ▁coll aps ible " ▁width = 9 0 % ▁style =" clear : both ; ▁margin : 1 . 5 em ▁auto ; ▁text - align : center ;" ▁| - ▁! ▁col span = 2 ▁style =" background : # 6 E 8 B 3 D " ▁| ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Game ▁Log ▁| - ▁val ign =" top " ▁| Apr il |
▁( 1 5 - 1 2 ) ▁| - ▁| May ▁( 1 2 - 1 7 ) ▁| - ▁| J une ▁( 1 5 - 1 3 ) ▁| - ▁| J uly ▁( 1 4 - 1 3 ) ▁| - ▁| Aug ust ▁( 9 - 1 9 ) ▁| - ▁| Se ptember ▁( 9 - 1 4 ) ▁| } ▁ ▁Player ▁stats ▁ ▁B atting ▁ ▁Star ters ▁by ▁position ▁ ▁Note : ▁Pos ▁= ▁Position ; ▁G ▁= ▁Games ▁played ; ▁AB ▁= ▁At ▁b ats ; ▁H ▁= ▁H its ; ▁Av g . ▁= ▁B atting ▁average ; ▁HR ▁= ▁Home ▁runs ; ▁R BI ▁= ▁Run s ▁batt ed ▁in ▁ ▁Other ▁bat ters ▁ ▁Note : ▁G ▁= ▁Games ▁played ; ▁AB ▁= ▁At ▁b ats ; ▁H ▁= ▁H its ; ▁Av g . ▁= ▁B atting ▁average ; ▁HR ▁= ▁Home ▁runs ; ▁R BI ▁= ▁Run s ▁batt ed ▁in ▁ ▁P itch ing ▁ ▁Starting ▁pitch ers ▁ ▁Note : ▁G ▁= ▁Games ▁pit ched ; ▁IP ▁= ▁Inn ings ▁pit ched ; ▁W ▁= ▁W ins ; ▁L ▁= ▁Loss es ; ▁E RA ▁= ▁E arn ed ▁run ▁average ; ▁SO ▁= ▁St rike outs ▁ ▁Other ▁pitch ers ▁ ▁Note : ▁G ▁= ▁Games ▁pit ched ; ▁IP ▁= ▁Inn ings ▁pit ched ; ▁W ▁= ▁W ins ; ▁L ▁= ▁Loss es ; ▁E RA ▁= ▁E arn ed ▁run ▁average ; ▁SO |
▁= ▁St rike outs ▁ ▁Rel ief ▁pitch ers ▁ ▁Note : ▁G ▁= ▁Games ▁pit ched ; ▁W ▁= ▁W ins ; ▁L ▁= ▁Loss es ; ▁SV ▁= ▁S aves ; ▁E RA ▁= ▁E arn ed ▁run ▁average ; ▁SO ▁= ▁St rike outs ▁ ▁Farm ▁system ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Rock ies ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies ▁team ▁page ▁at ▁www . base ball - al man ac . com ▁ ▁Category : Color ado ▁Rock ies ▁seasons ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies ▁season ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies <0x0A> </s> ▁Julian ▁Mc D ou g all ▁ ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁educational ist ▁and ▁media ▁the or ist . ▁He ▁special ises ▁in ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁contemporary ▁media ▁( part icular ly ▁media ▁ 2 . 0 ), ▁creative ▁arts ▁education ▁and ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁video ▁games ▁in ▁education . ▁ ▁Career ▁▁ ▁Julian ▁Mc D ou g all ▁is ▁Professor ▁in ▁Media ▁& ▁Education ▁in ▁the ▁Centre ▁for ▁Excell ence ▁in ▁Media ▁Practice ▁at ▁Bour nem outh ▁University , ▁where ▁he ▁runs ▁the ▁Doctor ate ▁in ▁Creative ▁and ▁Media ▁Education ▁and ▁super vis es ▁PH D ▁research ▁in ▁media ▁education , ▁liter acy ▁and ▁ped ag ogy . ▁▁ ▁Mc D ou g all ▁took ▁his ▁PhD ▁at ▁Birmingham ▁University ▁whilst ▁teaching ▁at ▁H ales ow en ▁College . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁he ▁took ▁up ▁a ▁Senior ▁L ect urer ▁post ▁in ▁Education ▁at |
▁New man ▁University ▁College , ▁before ▁becoming ▁Head ▁of ▁Creative ▁Arts ▁and ▁then ▁Read er ▁in ▁Education ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁W olver ham pton . He ▁is ▁Pr incipal ▁Fellow ▁of ▁the ▁Hig her ▁Education ▁Academy , ▁ed its ▁Media ▁Practice ▁and ▁Education ▁and ▁conven es ▁the ▁annual ▁International ▁Media ▁Education ▁Sum mit . ▁He ▁is ▁external ▁exam iner ▁for ▁BA ▁and ▁Ed ▁D ▁program mes ▁and ▁a ▁senior ▁exam iner ▁for ▁Media ▁Studies ▁A ▁Level ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁grant ▁review er ▁for ▁several ▁international ▁panels ▁including ▁the ▁European ▁Union . ▁In ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁media ▁education , ▁he ▁is ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁books , ▁articles , ▁chapters ▁and ▁research ▁reports ▁and ▁has ▁provided ▁numerous ▁research ▁projects ▁for ▁external ▁fund ers , ▁char ities ▁and ▁non - profit ▁organisations ▁including ▁the ▁European ▁Union , ▁Arts ▁and ▁Human ities ▁Research ▁Council , ▁Samsung , ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Liter acy ▁Association , ▁US ▁Emb assy ▁and ▁UK ▁DC MS . ▁He ▁has ▁given ▁ke yn ote ▁spe e ches ▁and ▁joined ▁invited ▁expert ▁panels ▁on ▁media ▁education ▁and ▁media ▁liter acy ▁in ▁ 1 7 ▁countries . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 6 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : People ▁associated ▁with ▁New man ▁University , ▁Birmingham ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Birmingham ▁ ▁https :// staff pro files . bour nem outh . ac . uk / display / j m |
cd ou g all <0x0A> </s> ▁He ▁Ran ▁All ▁the ▁Way ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁American ▁film ▁no ir ▁crime ▁drama ▁directed ▁by ▁John ▁Ber ry , ▁star ring ▁John ▁Gar field ▁and ▁Shel ley ▁Win ters . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁Gar field ' s ▁last , ▁as ▁accus ations ▁of ▁his ▁involvement ▁with ▁the ▁Communist ▁Party ▁and ▁a ▁ref usal ▁to ▁name ▁names ▁while ▁test ifying ▁before ▁the ▁H U AC ▁led ▁to ▁his ▁black list ing ▁in ▁Hollywood . ▁He ▁died ▁less ▁than ▁a ▁year ▁later , ▁at ▁age ▁thirty - n ine , ▁from ▁coron ary ▁th rom b osis ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁blood ▁cl ot ▁blocking ▁an ▁ar tery ▁in ▁his ▁heart . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁film ' s ▁initial ▁run , ▁director ▁John ▁Ber ry ▁and ▁writers ▁Dal ton ▁Tr um bo ▁and ▁Hugo ▁Butler ▁were ▁unc red ited ▁due ▁to ▁Hollywood ▁black list ing ▁during ▁the ▁Red ▁Sc are . ▁ ▁Plot ▁Pet ty ▁th ief ▁Nick ▁Rob ey ▁( John ▁Gar field ) ▁bot ches ▁a ▁rob bery , ▁leaving ▁his ▁partner ▁Al ▁( Norm an ▁Lloyd ) ▁severely ▁wounded ▁as ▁Nick ▁esc apes ▁with ▁over ▁$ 1 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁Meeting ▁b ak ery ▁worker ▁Peg ▁Dob bs ▁( S hel ley ▁Win ters ) ▁in ▁friendly ▁conversation , ▁when ▁Peg ▁takes ▁Nick ▁to ▁her ▁family ' s ▁apartment , ▁he ▁decides ▁to ▁take ▁the ▁family ▁host age ▁until ▁he ▁can ▁escape . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁man h |
unt ▁for ▁Nick ▁begins ▁outside , ▁the ▁rob ber ▁becomes ▁increasingly ▁par an oid . ▁Peg ' s ▁initial ▁attraction ▁to ▁Nick ▁is ▁overwhelmed ▁by ▁his ▁ab usive ▁behavior . ▁Her ▁mother ▁and ▁father ▁ple ad ▁with ▁Nick ▁to ▁leave , ▁to ▁no ▁av ail . ▁He ▁perm its ▁Mr . ▁Dob bs ▁to ▁leave ▁for ▁work , ▁warning ▁him ▁of ▁the ▁consequences ▁should ▁the ▁police ▁be ▁contacted . ▁ ▁Still ▁confident ▁that ▁Peg ▁will ▁run ▁away ▁with ▁him , ▁Nick ▁gives ▁her ▁$ 1 , 5 0 0 ▁to ▁buy ▁a ▁new ▁car . ▁He ▁ref uses ▁to ▁believe ▁her ▁when ▁Peg ▁returns ▁and ▁ins ists ▁the ▁car ▁will ▁be ▁delivered ▁to ▁the ▁front ▁door ▁because ▁she ▁doesn ' t ▁drive . ▁Nick ▁viol ently ▁dr ags ▁her ▁down ▁the ▁stairs ▁toward ▁the ▁exit , ▁terr ifying ▁her . ▁Wait ing ▁outside ▁is ▁her ▁father , ▁shooting ▁at ▁Nick ▁with ▁a ▁gun . ▁When ▁his ▁own ▁gun ▁drops ▁beyond ▁his ▁reach ▁and ▁Nick ▁orders ▁Peg ▁to ▁hand ▁it ▁to ▁him , ▁she ▁shoot s ▁him ▁instead . ▁A ▁mort ally ▁wounded ▁Nick ▁craw ls ▁outside ▁to ▁the ▁cur b , ▁just ▁as ▁his ▁new ▁car ▁arrives . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁John ▁Gar field ▁as ▁Nick ▁Rob ey ▁ ▁Shel ley ▁Win ters ▁as ▁Peg ▁Dob bs ▁ ▁Wallace ▁Ford ▁as ▁Mr . ▁Dob bs ▁ ▁Sel ena ▁Roy le ▁as ▁Mrs . ▁Dob bs ▁ ▁Glad ys ▁George ▁as ▁Mrs . ▁Rob ey ▁ ▁Norman ▁Lloyd ▁as ▁Al ▁Mol in ▁ ▁Bobby |
▁Hy att ▁as ▁Tommy ▁Dob bs ▁ ▁Keith ▁H ether ington ▁as ▁Captain ▁of ▁Detect ives ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁response ▁When ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁released , ▁film ▁critic ▁Bos ley ▁Crow ther ▁praised ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁actor ▁John ▁Gar field , ▁writing : ▁" John ▁Gar field ' s ▁stark ▁performance ▁of ▁the ▁f ug itive ▁who ▁desperately ▁cont riv es ▁to ▁save ▁himself ▁briefly ▁from ▁capture ▁is ▁full ▁of ▁start ling ▁gl int s ▁from ▁start ▁to ▁end . ▁He ▁makes ▁a ▁most ▁odd ▁and ▁trou bled ▁creature , ▁unused ▁to ▁the ▁normal ▁flow ▁of ▁life , ▁unable ▁to ▁per ceive ▁the ▁moral ▁standards ▁of ▁decent ▁people ▁or ▁the ▁tent ative ▁advance ▁of ▁a ▁good ▁girl ' s ▁love . ▁And ▁in ▁Mr . ▁Gar field ' s ▁performance , ▁vis - a - vis ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁cast , ▁is ▁convey ed ▁a ▁small ▁measure ▁of ▁the ▁iron y ▁and ▁the ▁pity ▁that ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁book ." ▁ ▁More ▁recently , ▁film ▁critic ▁Dennis ▁Sch wart z ▁also ▁wrote ▁posit ively ▁of ▁Gar field ' s ▁performance , ▁writing : ▁" He ▁Ran ▁All ▁the ▁Way ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁film ▁made ▁by ▁the ▁brilliant ▁John ▁Gar field ▁... ▁Gar field ▁gives ▁a ▁terr ific ▁ch illing ▁performance ▁as ▁someone ▁who ▁is ▁less ▁like ▁a ▁cold - blo oded ▁killer ▁than ▁someone ▁who ▁has ▁been ▁rejected ▁all ▁his ▁life ▁by ▁family ▁and ▁the ▁outside ▁world , ▁and ▁like ▁a ▁wounded ▁animal ▁goes ▁on ▁the ▁run ▁as ▁a |
▁desperate ▁man ▁in ▁search ▁of ▁someone ▁to ▁trust ▁in ▁this ▁cold ▁world ." ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁films ▁featuring ▁home ▁invas ions ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁He ▁Ran ▁All ▁the ▁Way ▁inform ational ▁site ▁and ▁DVD ▁review ▁at ▁DVD ▁Be aver ▁( includes ▁images ) ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 1 ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 s ▁crime ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : American ▁crime ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : Fil m ▁no ir ▁Category : Fil ms ▁scored ▁by ▁Franz ▁W ax man ▁Category : Fil ms ▁based ▁on ▁American ▁novels ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁John ▁Ber ry ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Category : Fil ms ▁with ▁screen pl ays ▁by ▁Dal ton ▁Tr um bo ▁Category : Un ited ▁Art ists ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁General ▁the ▁Hon our able ▁Sir ▁John ▁Francis ▁G ath orne - Hard y , ▁ ▁( 1 4 ▁January ▁ 1 8 7 4 ▁– ▁ 2 1 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁General ▁officer ▁who ▁served ▁in ▁Italy ▁and ▁the ▁Western ▁Front . ▁ ▁Background ▁and ▁early ▁life ▁G ath orne - Hard y ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 4 , ▁a ▁younger ▁son ▁of ▁John ▁Stewart ▁G ath orne - Hard y , ▁ 2 nd ▁Earl ▁of ▁Cr an bro ok ▁and ▁C ic ely ▁Marg uer ite ▁Wil hel mina ▁R id g way . |
▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁E ton ▁and ▁the ▁Royal ▁Military ▁College , ▁Sand h urst . ▁ ▁Military ▁career ▁G ath orne - Hard y ▁joined ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁as ▁a ▁commissioned ▁second ▁lieutenant ▁in ▁the ▁Gren ad ier ▁Gu ards ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁October ▁ 1 8 9 4 , ▁and ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁lieutenant ▁on ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 1 8 9 8 . ▁ ▁In ▁early ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁he ▁was ▁second ed ▁for ▁special ▁service ▁in ▁South ▁Africa , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁involved ▁with ▁Army ▁transport ▁duties ▁during ▁the ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War . ▁He ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁captain ▁on ▁ 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁During ▁later ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁war ▁he ▁served ▁with ▁the ▁Lov at ▁Sc outs , ▁and ▁only ▁left ▁South ▁Africa ▁after ▁the ▁war ▁had ▁ended , ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 2 . ▁For ▁his ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁war ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁bre vet ▁rank ▁of ▁major ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁August ▁ 1 9 0 2 . ▁Following ▁his ▁return ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁Super int endent ▁of ▁Gym nas ia ▁in ▁the ▁Home ▁District . ▁▁ ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁General ▁Staff ▁Officer ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War . ▁After ▁commands ▁as ▁a ▁General ▁in ▁Egypt ▁and ▁India , ▁he ▁was ▁Commander ▁in ▁Chief ▁at ▁Northern ▁Command ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁and ▁at ▁Ald ers hot ▁Command ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁to ▁ 1 |
9 3 7 . ▁ ▁Family ▁G ath orne - Hard y ▁married ▁Lady ▁Is ob el ▁Con stance ▁Mary ▁Stanley , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Frederick ▁Stanley , ▁ 1 6 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Der by ▁and ▁Lady ▁Con stance ▁Vill iers , ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁December ▁ 1 8 9 8 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁▁ ▁| - ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 7 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 4 9 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁educated ▁at ▁E ton ▁College ▁Category : Grad u ates ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Military ▁College , ▁Sand h urst ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Army ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Army ▁gener als ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Category : K n ights ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Bath ▁Category : K n ights ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Victorian ▁Order ▁Category : Com pan ions ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁St ▁Michael ▁and ▁St ▁George ▁Category : Com pan ions ▁of ▁the ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Service ▁Order ▁Category : G ren ad ier ▁Gu ards ▁officers ▁Category : You ng er ▁sons ▁of ▁e arl s <0x0A> </s> ▁T sq alt ub o ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁district ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁of ▁I mer eti . ▁Its ▁main ▁town ▁is ▁T sq alt ub o . ▁ ▁Pop ulation : ▁ 7 3 , 8 8 9 ▁( 2 0 0 2 ▁census ) ▁ ▁Area : ▁ 6 3 2 ▁km ² ▁ ▁See |
▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁municipal ities ▁in ▁Georgia ▁( country ) ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁District s ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁Stat oids . com ▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁of ▁I mer eti <0x0A> </s> ▁T - cell ▁surface ▁g ly cop rote in ▁CD 3 ▁delta ▁chain ▁is ▁a ▁protein ▁that ▁in ▁humans ▁is ▁encoded ▁by ▁the ▁CD 3 D ▁gene . ▁ ▁Inter actions ▁CD 3 D ▁has ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁interact ▁with ▁CD 8 A . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁CD 3 ▁( imm un ology ) ▁ ▁Cl uster ▁of ▁different iation ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁PD Be - K B ▁provides ▁an ▁overview ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁structure ▁information ▁available ▁in ▁the ▁P DB ▁for ▁Human ▁T - cell ▁surface ▁g ly cop rote in ▁CD 3 ▁delta ▁chain ▁( CD 3 D ) ▁ ▁Category : Cl usters ▁of ▁different iation <0x0A> </s> ▁Sad r abad ▁() ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Sad r abad , ▁F asa , ▁F ars ▁Province ▁ ▁Sad r abad , ▁Kaz er un , ▁F ars ▁Province ▁ ▁Sad r abad , ▁Shir az , ▁F ars ▁Province ▁ ▁Sad r abad , ▁An ar , ▁K erman ▁Province ▁ ▁Sad r abad , ▁K osh k ui ye h , ▁Raf san jan ▁County , ▁K erman ▁Province ▁ ▁Sad r abad , ▁Nu q , ▁Raf san jan ▁County , ▁K erman ▁Province ▁ ▁Sad r abad , ▁Mark |
azi ▁ ▁Sad r abad , ▁Q az vin ▁ ▁Sad r abad , ▁N ish ap ur , ▁R az avi ▁K hor as an ▁Province ▁ ▁Sad r abad , ▁Sar ak hs , ▁R az avi ▁K hor as an ▁Province ▁ ▁Sad r abad , ▁S istan ▁and ▁B alu che stan ▁ ▁Sad r abad , ▁Sad u q , ▁Y az d ▁Province ▁ ▁Sad r abad , ▁K he z r abad , ▁Sad u q ▁County , ▁Y az d ▁Province <0x0A> </s> ▁' Lou ie ' ▁is ▁a ▁hybrid ▁cultiv ar ▁of ▁the ▁genus ▁Ne ore gel ia ▁in ▁the ▁B rom eli ad ▁family . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁B SI ▁B CR ▁Entry ▁for ▁' Lou ie ' ▁ ▁Category : B rom eli aceae ▁cultiv ar <0x0A> </s> ▁Em ile ▁L anners ▁( Apr il ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁– ▁ 1 9 6 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Luxem bourg ian ▁gym n ast ▁who ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Luxem bourg ian ▁team ▁which ▁finished ▁fourth ▁in ▁the ▁team , ▁European ▁system ▁competition ▁and ▁fifth ▁in ▁the ▁team , ▁free ▁system ▁event . ▁In ▁the ▁individual ▁all - around ▁he ▁finished ▁ 2 4 th . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 3 ▁deaths ▁Category : L |
ux em bourg ian ▁male ▁artistic ▁gym n asts ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁gym n asts ▁of ▁Luxem bourg ▁Category : G ym n asts ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁More lia ▁sp il ota ▁im br ic ata ▁is ▁a ▁large ▁snake ▁found ▁in ▁southern ▁regions ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia ▁and ▁western ▁South ▁Australia . ▁A ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁python ▁family , ▁it ▁is ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁South west ▁carpet ▁python . ▁ ▁Tax onomy ▁A ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Python idae , ▁M . ▁s . ▁im br ic ata ▁is ▁closely ▁related ▁to ▁other ▁Australian ▁diamond ▁or ▁carpet ▁py th ons ▁( gen us ▁More lia ), ▁and ▁is ▁placed ▁as ▁a ▁sub spec ies ▁of ▁More lia ▁sp il ota . ▁The ▁abund ant ▁and ▁well ▁known ▁genus ▁More lia ▁contains ▁five ▁species ▁across ▁Australia , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁only ▁this ▁sub spec ies ▁that ▁occurs ▁in ▁the ▁south west . ▁ ▁Description ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁length ▁up ▁to ▁, ▁ ▁from ▁sn out ▁to ▁vent ▁( SV L ). ▁This ▁species ▁has ▁a ▁well ▁defined ▁neck ▁and ▁small ▁scales ▁across ▁the ▁head . ▁M ales ▁may ▁be ▁up ▁to ▁ ▁in ▁weight , ▁females ▁may ▁be ▁four ▁times ▁heav ier ▁when ▁fully ▁grown . ▁L arg er ▁individuals ▁have ▁been ▁given ▁as ▁ ▁in ▁total ▁length . ▁ ▁Several ▁other ▁similar ▁py th ons ▁occur ▁in ▁its ▁range . ▁The ▁wom a , ▁A sp id ites ▁r ams ay i |
, ▁lack s ▁the ▁obvious ▁neck ▁of ▁M . ▁sp il ota ▁im br ic ata , ▁and ▁the ▁western ▁St im son ' s ▁python , ▁Ant ares ia ▁stim son i ▁stim son i , ▁has ▁a ▁higher ▁number ▁of ▁vent ral ▁scales . ▁ ▁Hab itat ▁The ▁habitat ▁is ▁coastal ▁areas , ▁wood land , ▁he ath land , ▁and ▁sem iar id ▁areas . ▁It ▁is ▁often ▁found ▁in ▁wood lands ▁of ▁Eu cal y pt ▁and ▁B anks ia , ▁or ▁amongst ▁grass es ▁or ▁low ▁growing ▁shr ub s . ▁ ▁Be havior ▁It ▁is ▁discre et ▁and ▁slow ▁moving , ▁spending ▁most ▁of ▁its ▁time ▁hidden , ▁though ▁occasionally ▁it ▁is ▁seen ▁attempting ▁to ▁cross ▁roads . ▁Typ ically ▁this ▁python ▁is ▁sed ent ary , ▁but ▁females ▁in ▁a ▁survey ▁at ▁Garden ▁Island ▁were ▁noted ▁to ▁be ▁active ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁M . ▁sp il ota ▁im br ic ata ▁takes ▁up ▁residence ▁in ▁deep ▁cre v ices ▁or ▁holes ▁in ▁lim estone , ▁on ▁gran ite , ▁in ▁dense ▁he ath , ▁and ▁animal ▁bur rows . ▁ ▁Diet ▁This ▁sub spec ies ▁e ats ▁ge ck os , ▁house ▁m ice , ▁birds , ▁and ▁mars up ials , ▁including ▁the ▁Tam mar ▁wall aby . ▁The ▁young ▁of ▁bro oding ▁red - e ared ▁fire t ails , ▁St agon ople ura ▁o cul ata , ▁were ▁taken ▁from ▁a ▁nest ▁being ▁observed . ▁ ▁Home ▁range ▁Individ uals ▁may |
▁have ▁a ▁large ▁range , ▁occup ying ▁hollow ▁logs ▁in ▁cool er ▁months ▁and ▁wand ering ▁across ▁areas ▁up ▁to ▁. ▁M ales ▁tend ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁larger ▁range . ▁They ▁appear ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁same ▁sites , ▁even ▁after ▁long ▁abs ences , ▁which ▁may ▁contribute ▁to ▁a ▁threat ▁of ▁ext inction . ▁ ▁Conserv ation ▁More lia ▁sp il ota ▁im br ic ata ▁is ▁widespread ▁and ▁thought ▁to ▁have ▁large ▁populations , ▁but ▁is ▁exposed ▁to ▁the ▁threatening ▁processes ▁of ▁its ▁distribution ▁range . ▁Not ed ▁in ▁the ▁assessment ▁of ▁its ▁conservation ▁status ▁are ▁land ▁clearing ▁and ▁altered ▁fire ▁reg imes , ▁as ▁it ▁typically ▁occup ies ▁a ▁large ▁und ist urbed ▁habitat . ▁The ▁impact ▁of ▁introduced ▁pred ators , ▁known ▁to ▁be ▁f ox es ▁and ▁cats , ▁have ▁not ▁been ▁assess ed . ▁Pop ulation ▁dens ities ▁have ▁declined ▁in ▁the ▁Es per ance ▁region . ▁ ▁The ▁various ▁threat ▁assess ments ▁have ▁described ▁it ▁as ▁near ▁threatened ▁( Red ▁list ▁ 2 0 0 0 ) ▁and ▁' specially ▁protected ▁fa una ' ▁under ▁its ▁region ' s ▁Wild life ▁Conserv ation ▁Act . ▁The ▁hollow ▁logs ▁fav ored ▁by ▁the ▁species ▁are ▁not ▁produced ▁by ▁altered ▁fire ▁reg imes ▁or ▁cleared ▁in ▁plant ations . ▁ ▁Ge ographic ▁range ▁It ▁occup ies ▁all ▁the ▁regions ▁of ▁South west ▁Australia , ▁a ▁typical ▁med iterr anean ▁climate , ▁and ▁into ▁the ▁central ▁ar id ▁and ▁sem iar id ▁regions . ▁The ▁northern ▁extent ▁is ▁to |
▁Ger ald ton ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁found ▁as ▁far ▁east ▁as ▁the ▁E y re ▁Pen insula . ▁The ▁python ▁also ▁occurs ▁on ▁islands ▁at ▁the ▁H out man ▁Ab rol hos , ▁Garden ▁Island , ▁and ▁the ▁Arch ip el ago ▁of ▁the ▁Re cher che . ▁There ▁are ▁records ▁of ▁the ▁sub spec ies ▁beyond ▁the ▁eastern ▁main land ▁range ▁from ▁St ▁Francis ▁Island ▁in ▁South ▁Australia ' s ▁N uy ts ▁Arch ip el ago . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Re pt iles ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia ▁Category : More lia ▁( sn ake ) ▁Category : Sn akes ▁of ▁Australia <0x0A> </s> ▁K aj sa ▁" E k is " ▁Ek man ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 0 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Swedish ▁journalist , ▁writer , ▁and ▁activ ist . ▁She ▁is ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁several ▁works ▁about ▁the ▁financial ▁crisis , ▁women ' s ▁rights , ▁and ▁crit iques ▁of ▁capitalism . ▁She ▁writes ▁for ▁the ▁culture ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁Swedish ▁daily ▁D ag ens ▁Ny he ter , ▁and ▁is ▁an ▁op - ed ▁column ist ▁at ▁the ▁left - wing ▁daily ▁E TC . ▁She ▁also ▁writes ▁for ▁the ▁Guard ian , ▁Truth Dig , ▁and ▁Fem in ist ▁Current . ▁ ▁Books ▁ ▁Her ▁book ▁Being ▁and ▁Being ▁B ought , ▁comp ares ▁the ▁sex ▁industry ▁and ▁the ▁sur rog acy ▁industry , ▁and ▁how ▁they ▁both ▁commod ify ▁women ' s ▁bodies . ▁It ▁critic izes ▁the ▁notion |
▁of ▁" sex ▁work " ▁as ▁being ▁an ▁un hol y ▁alliance ▁between ▁the ▁ne ol iber al ▁right ▁and ▁the ▁post mod ern ▁left , ▁used ▁to ▁legit im ize ▁the ▁sex ▁industry . ▁She ▁also ▁arg ues ▁that ▁" tr ade ▁un ions ▁for ▁sex ▁workers " ▁in ▁many ▁cases ▁are ▁funded ▁by ▁p im ps , ▁states , ▁and ▁academ ics , ▁and ▁have ▁very ▁little ▁to ▁do ▁with ▁labor ▁struggle . ▁The ▁book ▁has ▁been ▁translated ▁into ▁French , ▁English , ▁Spanish , ▁and ▁German . ▁▁ ▁Her ▁book ▁St olen ▁Spring ▁ ▁describes ▁the ▁e uro c ris is ▁as ▁seen ▁from ▁At hens , ▁and ▁the ▁way ▁in ▁which ▁it ▁affected ▁the ▁Greek ▁economy . ▁Ek man ▁critic izes ▁the ▁view ▁that ▁the ▁e uro c ris is ▁was ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁Greek ▁workers , ▁and ▁instead ▁traces ▁it ▁back ▁to ▁changes ▁in ▁capitalism . ▁She ▁was ▁given ▁the ▁prize ▁" Sw edish - G reek ▁of ▁the ▁Year " ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁for ▁her ▁solid arity ▁with ▁Greece . ▁▁ ▁Ek man ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁key ▁note ▁speakers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Festival ▁of ▁D anger ous ▁Ide as . ▁ ▁In ▁her ▁Ted ▁Talk , ▁" Every body ▁talks ▁about ▁Capital ism , ▁but ▁what ▁is ▁it ? ", ▁she ▁speaks ▁about ▁free ▁market ▁as ▁a ▁useful ▁tool , ▁but ▁capitalism ▁as ▁a ▁force ▁unable ▁of ▁moral ▁responsibility , ▁and ▁plan ▁for ▁the ▁climate , ▁the ▁country , ▁and |
▁the ▁world . ▁She ▁suggests ▁regulation ▁of ▁the ▁finance ▁sector ▁to ▁avoid ▁cr ises , ▁and ▁suggests ▁" dem ocr acy ▁in ▁all ▁sectors ▁of ▁society , ▁also ▁in ▁the ▁working ▁place ". ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁participants ▁on ▁the ▁Freedom ▁Fl ot illa ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁to ▁G aza . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Ek man ▁was ▁scheduled ▁to ▁speak ▁at ▁a ▁conference ▁about ▁porn ography ▁and ▁prost itution ▁in ▁Got hen burg . ▁Her ▁talk ▁was ▁cancelled ▁and ▁she ▁was ▁asked ▁to ▁stay ▁away ▁after ▁she ▁had ▁expressed ▁doubts ▁about ▁thinking ▁of ▁gender ▁solely ▁as ▁a ▁social ▁construct ▁and ▁suggested ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁und eni ably ▁a ▁biological ▁aspect ▁to ▁it ▁in ▁an ▁article ▁for ▁A ft on bl ad et ▁shortly ▁before ▁the ▁conference ▁began . ▁In ▁a ▁statement ▁on ▁their ▁website ▁the ▁organiz ers ▁of ▁the ▁conference , ▁R oks , ▁declared ▁this ▁incons istent ▁with ▁their ▁values ▁and ▁therefore ▁cancelled ▁the ▁talk . ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁hon ours ▁▁▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁– ▁The ▁Rob esp ierre ▁Prize ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁– ▁Sara ▁L id man - pr is et ▁▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁– ▁The ▁Len in ▁Award ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Sw edish ▁journalists ▁Category : Sw edish ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : L iber t arian ▁social ists ▁Category : Sw edish ▁femin ists ▁Category |
: S ocial ist ▁femin ists <0x0A> </s> ▁O le ks and r ▁Vol kov ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 1 0 ▁February ▁ 1 9 6 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁Soviet ▁football er ▁and ▁Ukrain ian ▁football ▁manager . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Mar i up ol ▁Category : S ov iet ▁football ers ▁Category : U kr ain ian ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers ▁Category : FC ▁Mar i up ol ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁S men a ▁K oms om ol sk - na - Am ure ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Tor ped o ▁Z apor iz h ia ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Z ir ka ▁K ropy v ny ts ky i ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Ele ktr omet al ur h - N Z F ▁Nik opol ▁players ▁Category : U kr ain ian ▁Premier ▁League ▁managers ▁Category : FC ▁Mar i up ol ▁managers ▁Category : FC ▁Ill ich iv ets - 2 ▁Mar i up ol ▁managers ▁Category : U kr ain ian ▁Premier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : U kr ain ian ▁football ▁managers <0x0A> </s> ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁K aw ag uch i ▁Japan , ▁November ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 5 0 . ▁He ▁died ▁January ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁in ▁Tokyo ▁Japan , ▁of ▁cancer . ▁ ▁A ▁high ▁profile ▁Tokyo ▁based |
▁concept ual ▁artist , ▁musician ▁and ▁scene ▁maker , ▁H iro sh i ▁Og uch i ▁has ▁for ▁decades ▁been ▁influential ▁in ▁the ▁changing ▁attitudes ▁of ▁Japan ' s ▁youth . ▁As ▁a ▁drum mer ▁he ▁has ▁been ▁in ▁the ▁bands ▁The ▁Temp ters , ▁Py g ▁and ▁V od ka ▁Collins , ▁recording ▁many ▁albums . ▁He ▁also ▁owned ▁and ▁ran ▁his ▁own ▁fashion ▁company ▁Practice ▁of ▁Sil ence . ▁Og uch i ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁an ▁actor ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁films , ▁including ▁Sh ō gun , ▁Str ange ▁Circ us ▁( 2 0 0 6 ), ▁Fre es ia ▁: I cy ▁T ears ▁( 2 0 0 6 ), The ▁S inking ▁Of ▁Japan ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁and ▁Sil k ▁( 2 0 0 7 ). ▁He ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁the ▁popular ▁actress ▁Kim ie ▁Sh ing yo ji . ▁They ▁have ▁one ▁son , ▁G ento ▁Og uch i , ▁who ▁is ▁a ▁musician ▁and ▁an ▁artist . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁The ▁Temp ters ▁English ▁language ▁website ▁ ▁V od ka ▁Collins ▁website ▁▁▁ ▁Category : J apan ese ▁male ▁actors ▁Category : J apan ese ▁musicians ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁deaths ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁cancer ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁S ait ama ▁P ref ect ure <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁Bapt ist ▁Alber tr and i ▁( in ▁Poland ▁known ▁as ▁Jan ▁Ch |
rz c ic iel , ▁ 7 ▁December ▁ 1 7 3 1 ▁– ▁ 1 0 ▁August ▁ 1 8 0 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Polish ▁Jes uit , ▁b ishop ▁and ▁historian ▁of ▁Italian ▁extr action , ▁born ▁in ▁Wars aw . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁He ▁entered ▁the ▁nov iti ate ▁of ▁the ▁Society ▁of ▁Jesus , ▁ 1 4 ▁August ▁ 1 7 4 8 , ▁and ▁left ▁the ▁Society ▁shortly ▁before ▁the ▁supp ression , ▁probably ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 9 , ▁for ▁his ▁name ▁is ▁not ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁catalog ▁of ▁ 1 7 7 0 . ▁After ▁teaching ▁literature ▁for ▁twelve ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁various ▁Jes uit ▁colleges ▁in ▁Poland , ▁he ▁was ▁entr usted ▁with ▁the ▁care ▁of ▁the ▁great ▁library ▁founded ▁by ▁the ▁Z al us ki ▁brothers ▁Andr zej ▁and ▁J óz ef , ▁pre l ates ▁and ▁litter ateurs , ▁who ▁had ▁rev ived ▁literature ▁in ▁Poland . ▁ ▁This ▁library ▁which ▁he ▁be que at hed ▁to ▁Poland ▁was ▁seized ▁by ▁Russia ▁and ▁later ▁formed ▁the ▁nucle us ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Imperial ▁library . ▁Sub sequently ▁Alber tr and i ▁accepted ▁the ▁charge ▁of ▁pre ceptor ▁to ▁the ▁nep hew ▁of ▁the ▁Pr imate , ▁Arch b ishop ▁Lub ie ński . ▁With ▁his ▁pup il , ▁who ▁afterwards ▁became ▁Minister ▁of ▁Justice ▁in ▁Poland , ▁he ▁traveled ▁through ▁the ▁various ▁countries ▁of ▁Europe , ▁chief ly ▁Italy , ▁to ▁gather ▁material ▁for ▁a ▁great ▁history ▁of ▁Poland . ▁ ▁With |
▁his ▁own ▁hand ▁he ▁copied ▁manuscript s ▁referring ▁to ▁Poland ▁wherever ▁he ▁found ▁them ▁and ▁in ▁three ▁years ▁am ass ed ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁one ▁hundred ▁and ▁ten ▁fol io ▁volumes . ▁Where ▁he ▁was ▁not ▁allowed ▁to ▁copy ▁he ▁read ▁and , ▁on ▁returning ▁home ▁in ▁the ▁evening , ▁wrote ▁out ▁what ▁his ▁pro dig ious ▁memory ▁retained . ▁Carlos ▁Som m erv og el ▁says ▁that ▁the ▁net ▁result ▁was ▁two ▁hundred ▁fol io ▁volumes . ▁Due ▁to ▁his ▁contributions ▁he ▁is ▁sometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁" Pol ish ▁Poly hist or ". ▁ ▁His ▁style ▁is ▁rapid , ▁order ly , ▁and ▁method ical . ▁He ▁knew ▁Greek , ▁Latin , ▁He brew , ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁languages . ▁His ▁published ▁works ▁are : ▁Two ▁volumes ▁of ▁a ▁translation ▁of ▁Philippe ▁Mac quer ' s ▁Ann ales ▁Rom aines ; ▁and ▁ab rid ged ▁" Ann als ▁of ▁Poland "; ▁a ▁great ▁number ▁of ▁articles ▁in ▁the ▁" Mon ite ur ", ▁a ▁journal ▁of ▁Wars aw . ▁He ▁also ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁Father ▁Nar usz ew icz , ▁S . J ., ▁in ▁a ▁period ical ▁called ▁" Ag ree able ▁and ▁Use ful ▁Rec re ations ", ▁and ▁produced ▁a ▁work ▁on ▁num ism at ics , ▁besides ▁many ▁disc ourses ▁for ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Wars aw , ▁which ▁he ▁founded . ▁ ▁After ▁leaving ▁the ▁Society , ▁he ▁became ▁Royal ▁L ibr arian ▁and ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Zen opol is , ▁and ▁was ▁decorated ▁with |
▁the ▁order ▁of ▁St . ▁Stan isl aus . ▁In ▁his ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁library , ▁he ▁not ▁only ▁published ▁a ▁catalog ▁in ▁ten ▁volumes ▁oct avo , ▁but ▁left ▁critical ▁remarks ▁in ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁books . ▁He ▁also ▁had ▁ready ▁for ▁publication ▁manuscript s ▁on ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁last ▁centuries ▁of ▁Poland , ▁explained ▁by ▁med als ; ▁Polish ▁ann als ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁W ład ys ław ▁IV ; ▁and ▁a ▁" History ▁of ▁Stephen ▁Bath ory ". ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Theod os ius ▁Wis lock i ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 7 3 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 0 8 ▁deaths ▁Category : Pol ish ▁Jes uits ▁Category : Pol ish ▁l ibr arians ▁Category : Pol ish ▁people ▁of ▁Italian ▁descent <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Man ifest o ▁of ▁Fut ur ism ▁( It al ian : ▁Man ifest o ▁del ▁Fut ur ismo ) ▁is ▁a ▁manifest o ▁written ▁by ▁the ▁Italian ▁poet ▁Filip po ▁Tom mas o ▁Mar in etti ▁and ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁Mar in etti ▁express es ▁an ▁artistic ▁philosophy ▁called ▁Fut ur ism ▁that ▁was ▁a ▁re jection ▁of ▁the ▁past ▁and ▁a ▁celebration ▁of ▁speed , ▁machinery , ▁violence , ▁youth ▁and ▁industry . ▁It ▁also ▁advoc ated ▁the ▁modern ization ▁and ▁cultural ▁re ju ven ation ▁of ▁Italy . ▁ ▁Public ation ▁ ▁Mar in etti ▁wrote ▁the ▁manifest o ▁in ▁the ▁autumn ▁of ▁ 1 9 |
0 8 ▁and ▁it ▁first ▁appeared ▁as ▁a ▁pre face ▁to ▁a ▁volume ▁of ▁his ▁poems , ▁published ▁in ▁Milan ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁It ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁Italian ▁newspaper ▁G azz etta ▁dell ' Em ilia ▁in ▁B olog na ▁on ▁ 5 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 9 , ▁then ▁in ▁French ▁as ▁Man ifest e ▁du ▁fut ur isme ▁( Manifest o ▁of ▁Fut ur ism ) ▁in ▁the ▁newspaper ▁Le ▁Fig aro ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁ ▁Cont ents ▁ ▁The ▁limits ▁of ▁Italian ▁literature ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁so - called ▁Ott oc ento ▁( 1 9 th ▁century ), ▁its ▁lack ▁of ▁strong ▁contents , ▁its ▁quiet ▁and ▁passive ▁la isse z - f aire , ▁are ▁fought ▁by ▁fut ur ists ▁( see ▁article ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 ▁and ▁ 3 ) ▁and ▁their ▁reaction ▁includes ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁excess es ▁intended ▁to ▁prove ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁a ▁dynamic ▁surviving ▁Italian ▁intellectual ▁class . ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁period ▁in ▁which ▁industry ▁is ▁of ▁growing ▁importance ▁in ▁all ▁Europe ▁fut ur ists ▁need ▁to ▁confirm ▁that ▁Italy ▁is ▁present , ▁has ▁an ▁industry , ▁has ▁the ▁power ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁new ▁experience ▁and ▁will ▁find ▁the ▁superior ▁essence ▁of ▁progress ▁in ▁its ▁major ▁symbols ▁like ▁the ▁car ▁and ▁its ▁speed ▁( see ▁article ▁ 4 ). ▁National ism ▁is ▁never ▁openly ▁declared , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁evident . ▁ ▁Fut ur |
ists ▁insist ▁that ▁literature ▁will ▁not ▁be ▁over t aken ▁by ▁progress , ▁rather ▁it ▁will ▁absorb ▁progress ▁in ▁its ▁evolution ▁and ▁will ▁demonstrate ▁that ▁such ▁progress ▁must ▁manifest ▁in ▁this ▁manner ▁because ▁man ▁will ▁use ▁this ▁progress ▁to ▁sinc er ely ▁let ▁his ▁instinct ive ▁nature ▁explode . ▁Man ▁is ▁react ing ▁against ▁the ▁potentially ▁overwhelming ▁strength ▁of ▁progress ▁and ▁sh outs ▁out ▁his ▁central ity . ▁Man ▁will ▁use ▁speed , ▁not ▁the ▁opposite ▁( see ▁articles ▁ 5 ▁and ▁ 6 ). ▁ ▁Po etry ▁will ▁help ▁man ▁to ▁consent ▁his ▁soul ▁be ▁part ▁of ▁all ▁that ▁( see ▁articles ▁ 6 ▁and ▁ 7 ), ▁indicating ▁a ▁new ▁concept ▁of ▁beauty ▁that ▁will ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁human ▁instinct ▁of ▁aggress ion . ▁ ▁The ▁sense ▁of ▁history ▁cannot ▁be ▁neg lected ▁as ▁this ▁is ▁a ▁special ▁moment , ▁many ▁things ▁are ▁going ▁to ▁change ▁into ▁new ▁forms ▁and ▁new ▁contents , ▁but ▁man ▁will ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁pass ▁through ▁these ▁variations ▁( see ▁article ▁ 8 ), ▁bringing ▁with ▁himself ▁what ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁civilization . ▁ ▁In ▁article ▁ 9 , ▁war ▁is ▁defined ▁as ▁a ▁necessity ▁for ▁the ▁health ▁of ▁human ▁spirit , ▁a ▁pur ification ▁that ▁allows ▁and ▁benefits ▁ideal ism . ▁Their ▁explicit ▁gl or ification ▁of ▁war ▁and ▁its ▁" hy g ien ic " ▁properties ▁influenced ▁the ▁ide ology ▁of ▁fasc ism . ▁Mar in etti ▁was ▁very ▁active ▁in ▁fasc ist ▁politics ▁until ▁he ▁withd rew ▁in ▁protest ▁of ▁the |
▁" R oman ▁Grande ur " ▁which ▁had ▁come ▁to ▁dom inate ▁fasc ist ▁aest het ics . ▁ ▁Article ▁ 1 0 ▁states : ▁" We ▁want ▁to ▁demol ish ▁museum s ▁and ▁libraries , ▁fight ▁mor ality , ▁femin ism ▁and ▁all ▁opportun ist ▁and ▁util itarian ▁cow ard ice ". ▁ ▁Mean ing ▁ ▁This ▁manifest o ▁was ▁published ▁well ▁before ▁the ▁occur rence ▁of ▁any ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th - century ▁events ▁which ▁are ▁commonly ▁suggested ▁as ▁a ▁potential ▁meaning ▁of ▁this ▁text . ▁Many ▁of ▁them ▁could ▁not ▁even ▁be ▁imagined ▁yet . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁Russian ▁Rev olutions ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁successfully ▁maintained ▁revolution ▁of ▁the ▁sort ▁described ▁by ▁article ▁ 1 1 . ▁The ▁series ▁of ▁smaller ▁scale ▁pe asant ▁up ris ings ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Russian ▁Revolution ▁previous ▁to ▁the ▁occur ren ces ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁years ▁immediately ▁before ▁the ▁manifest o ' s ▁publication ▁and ▁inst ig ated ▁the ▁State ▁D uma ' s ▁creation ▁of ▁a ▁Russian ▁constitution ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁effect ▁of ▁the ▁manifest o ▁is ▁even ▁more ▁evident ▁in ▁the ▁Italian ▁version . ▁Not ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁words ▁used ▁is ▁casual ; ▁if ▁not ▁the ▁precise ▁form , ▁at ▁least ▁the ▁roots ▁of ▁these ▁words ▁recall ▁those ▁more ▁frequently ▁used ▁during ▁the ▁Middle ▁A ges , ▁particularly ▁during ▁the ▁R in asc imento . ▁ ▁The |
▁founding ▁manifest o ▁did ▁not ▁contain ▁a ▁positive ▁artistic ▁programme , ▁which ▁the ▁Fut ur ists ▁attempted ▁to ▁create ▁in ▁their ▁subsequent ▁Technical ▁Man ifest o ▁of ▁Fut ur ist ▁Pain ting ▁( 1 9 1 4 ). ▁This ▁committed ▁them ▁to ▁a ▁" univers al ▁dynam ism ", ▁which ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁directly ▁represented ▁in ▁painting . ▁Object s ▁in ▁reality ▁were ▁not ▁separate ▁from ▁one ▁another ▁or ▁from ▁their ▁surroundings : ▁" The ▁sixteen ▁people ▁around ▁you ▁in ▁a ▁rolling ▁motor ▁bus ▁are ▁in ▁turn ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁one , ▁ten ▁four ▁three ; ▁they ▁are ▁motion less ▁and ▁they ▁change ▁places . ▁... ▁The ▁motor ▁bus ▁r ushes ▁into ▁the ▁houses ▁which ▁it ▁passes , ▁and ▁in ▁their ▁turn ▁the ▁houses ▁throw ▁themselves ▁upon ▁the ▁motor ▁bus ▁and ▁are ▁bl ended ▁with ▁it ". ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Art ▁manifest o ▁ ▁Du ▁" C ub isme ", ▁the ▁Cub ist ▁manifest o ▁ ▁F asc ist ▁Man ifest o ▁ ▁Fut ur ist ▁Pain ting : ▁Technical ▁Man ifest o ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁" The ▁Found ing ▁and ▁Man ifest o ▁of ▁Fut ur ism " ▁ ▁" The ▁Fut ur ist ▁Man ifest o " ▁ ▁Fut ur ist ▁manifest os , ▁ 1 9 0 9 – 1 9 3 3 ▁ ▁F él ix ▁Del ▁Mar le , ▁Le ▁Man ifest e ▁fut ur iste ▁à ▁Mont mart re , ▁Como edia , ▁ 1 8 ▁July ▁ 1 |
9 1 3 ▁( F rench ) ▁ ▁Giovanni ▁List a , ▁Fut ur isme . ▁Man ifest es , ▁pro clam ations , ▁documents , ▁L ' Â ge ▁d ' Hom me , ▁ 3 0 ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁ ▁Category : F ut ur ism ▁Category : It al ian ▁culture ▁Category : Art ▁manifest os ▁Category : 1 9 0 9 ▁documents ▁Category : Work s ▁by ▁Filip po ▁Tom mas o ▁Mar in etti ▁Category : Work s ▁originally ▁published ▁in ▁Le ▁Fig aro ▁Category : 1 9 0 9 ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : It al ian ▁literary ▁movements <0x0A> </s> ▁Abs olute ▁ 1 0 0 ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁Ser bian ▁film ▁written ▁and ▁directed ▁by ▁S rd an ▁Gol ub ović . ▁It ▁stars ▁V uk ▁K ost ić , ▁Sr đ an ▁Tod or ović ▁and ▁Bog dan ▁D ik li ć . ▁ ▁Plot ▁summary ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁character ▁Sa š a ▁G ord ić ▁( V uk ▁K ost ić ) ▁is ▁a ▁talented ▁shoot er ▁who ▁went ▁foot steps ▁of ▁older ▁brother ▁I gor ▁G ord ić ▁( S r đ an ▁Tod or ović ), ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁Junior ▁European ▁shooting ▁gold ▁med all ist . ▁However , ▁I gor ▁has ▁volunt arily ▁gone ▁to ▁war ▁in ▁former ▁Y ug oslav ia , ▁from ▁which ▁he ▁returned ▁as ▁a ▁drug ▁add ict . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁rep ay ▁debt ▁of |
▁local ▁deal ers , ▁I gor ▁is ▁forced ▁to ▁sale ▁their ▁property ▁sales , ▁which ▁their ▁parents ▁left ▁them . ▁So ▁Sa š a ▁decides ▁to ▁get ▁revenge ▁on ▁everyone ▁who ▁destroyed ▁life ▁of ▁his ▁brother . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Release ▁dates ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁nom inations ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 1 ▁films ▁Category : Ser bian ▁films ▁Category : Ser bian ▁action ▁films ▁Category : Ser bian - language ▁films ▁Category : Ser bian ▁thr iller ▁films ▁Category : Ser bian ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Ser bia ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Bel grade ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁the ▁Ser bian ▁M af ia <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Finn ish ▁Steam ▁Loc omot ive ▁Class ▁C 5 ▁were ▁ordered ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 0 ▁by ▁the ▁Finn ish ▁State ▁Rail ways ▁ ▁from ▁the ▁German ▁Han om ag ▁factory ▁for ▁the ▁T amp ere - V a asa ▁railway ▁line . ▁The ▁loc omot ives ▁were ▁completed ▁between ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁– ▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁and ▁received ▁the ▁Class ▁design ation ▁C 5 . ▁The ▁C 5 ▁loc omot ives ▁had ▁inside ▁cyl ind ers , ▁as ▁in ▁other ▁C - series ▁loc omot ives . ▁ ▁Origin ally ▁it ▁was ▁planned ▁that ▁the ▁loc omot ives ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁both ▁fre ight ▁and ▁passenger ▁duties . ▁But ▁passenger ▁loc omot ives ▁were ▁considered ▁unnecessary , ▁because ▁at ▁that ▁time ▁the ▁maximum ▁speed |
▁of ▁trains ▁on ▁the ▁T amp ere ▁and ▁Va asa ▁railway ▁line ▁was ▁only ▁ 2 6 . 7 ▁kilom eters ▁per ▁hour . ▁C 5 ▁loc omot ives ▁soon ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁ins ufficient ly ▁powerful ▁for ▁the ▁grad ients ▁of ▁the ▁T amp ere ▁and ▁Va asa ▁railway ▁line . ▁C 5 ▁loc omot ives ▁were ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁fl atter ▁Se in ä j oki - O ulu ▁line , ▁where ▁they ▁performed ▁satisf actor ily . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 0 s ▁the ▁C 5 ▁loc omot ives ▁were ▁transferred ▁to ▁sh unting ▁duties ▁in ▁the ▁mar shall ing ▁yards ▁of ▁various ▁towns ▁and ▁cities ▁around ▁Finland . ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁ag ile ▁and ▁therefore ▁suitable ▁for ▁sh unting ▁duties . ▁ ▁Because ▁of ▁the ▁ag ility ▁of ▁the ▁C 5 ▁loc omot ive ▁it ▁was ▁nick named ▁" B lik st i " ▁or ▁a ▁“ gl impse ”. ▁Today ▁the ▁Finn ish ▁Railway ▁Museum ▁has ▁a ▁class ▁C 5 ▁on ▁display . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Finn ish ▁Railway ▁Museum ▁Steam ▁Loc omot ives ▁in ▁Finland ▁Incl uding ▁the ▁Finn ish ▁Railway ▁Museum ▁ ▁Category : VR ▁loc omot ives ▁C 5 ▁Category : R ail way ▁loc omot ives ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁Category : H an om ag ▁loc omot ives ▁Category : 0 - 6 - 0 ▁loc omot ives ▁Category : 5 ▁ft ▁gauge ▁loc omot ives <0x0A> </s> ▁T IS ▁( |
Th ailand - Ind ones ia - Sing apore ) ▁is ▁a ▁submar ine ▁tele commun ications ▁cable ▁system ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁China ▁Sea ▁link ing ▁Thailand , ▁Singapore , ▁and ▁Indonesia ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁landing ▁points ▁in : ▁Song kh la , ▁Song kh la ▁Province , ▁Thailand ▁Ch ang i , ▁Singapore ▁Bat am , ▁R ia u ▁Islands , ▁Indonesia ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁an ▁initial ▁transmission ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 3 0 ▁G bit / s , ▁upgrade able ▁to ▁ 3 2 0 ▁G bit / s , ▁and ▁a ▁total ▁cable ▁length ▁of ▁approximately ▁ 1 , 1 0 0 km . ▁ ▁It ▁started ▁operation ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Sub mar ine ▁communications ▁c ables ▁in ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Ocean ▁Category : Ind ones ia – Th ailand ▁relations ▁Category : Sing apore – Th ailand ▁relations ▁Category : Ind ones ia – Sing apore ▁relations <0x0A> </s> ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁is ▁a ▁municip ality ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁Em ment al ▁in ▁the ▁cant on ▁of ▁Bern ▁in ▁Switzerland . ▁ ▁History ▁▁▁▁ ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁is ▁first ▁mentioned ▁in ▁ 1 6 6 7 ▁as ▁True bers ch achen . ▁ ▁The ▁municip ality ▁grew ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁cluster ▁of ▁six ▁farms ▁along ▁the ▁banks ▁of ▁the ▁Il f is ▁river ▁during ▁the ▁Middle ▁A ges . ▁ ▁The ▁par ishes ▁of ▁Lang n au ▁im ▁Em ment al ▁and ▁Tr ub ▁both |
▁claimed ▁the ▁farm ▁houses . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 6 6 6 ▁they ▁were ▁divided , ▁with ▁three ▁going ▁to ▁each ▁parish . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁settlement ▁grew ▁and ▁the ▁situation ▁in ▁surrounding ▁municipal ities ▁changed , ▁the ▁farms ▁were ▁too ▁far ▁from ▁either ▁municip ality . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 2 7 ▁the ▁farms ▁began ▁to ▁exercise ▁limited ▁self - govern ment , ▁passing ▁laws ▁regarding ▁the ▁poor ▁and ▁citizens hip . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 3 7 ▁a ▁school ▁opened ▁in ▁the ▁community , ▁which ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁Sch achen ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁ ▁This ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁establishing ▁a ▁village ▁police ▁force ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 3 ▁and ▁collecting ▁taxes ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 5 - 7 7 . ▁ ▁An ▁ein wohner geme inde ▁or ▁citizen ' s ▁community ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 2 , ▁though ▁it ▁was ▁called ▁In ner er ▁Lau pers w il v iert el ▁until ▁ 1 8 6 7 . ▁ ▁It ▁became ▁an ▁independent ▁parish ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 4 ▁and ▁the ▁parish ▁church ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 - 9 2 . ▁ ▁The ▁political ▁municip ality ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁from ▁parts ▁of ▁Tr ub ▁and ▁Lang n au . ▁ ▁Trad itionally ▁the ▁residents ▁of ▁the ▁area ▁raised ▁crops ▁on ▁the ▁valley ▁floor . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁they ▁began ▁we aving ▁canvas ▁and ▁processing ▁milk ▁into ▁cheese . |
▁ ▁The ▁first ▁cheese ▁factory ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 7 ▁and ▁by ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁there ▁were ▁five ▁in ▁the ▁municip ality . ▁ ▁Today ▁that ▁number ▁has ▁shr unk ▁to ▁only ▁two . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 5 , ▁the ▁Bern - Luc erne ▁rail road ▁connected ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁to ▁the ▁growing ▁Swiss ▁rail ▁network ▁and ▁brought ▁industry ▁into ▁the ▁municip ality . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁the ▁K amb ly ▁B isc uit ▁factory ▁opened ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁largest ▁employer . ▁ ▁Other ▁industries ▁settled ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Today ▁tour ism ▁is ▁a ▁small , ▁but ▁significant ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁economy ▁and ▁since ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁painting ▁exhib itions ▁draw ▁many ▁tourists ▁to ▁the ▁municip ality . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁Swiss ▁Re formed ▁parish , ▁various ▁Bapt ist ▁congreg ations ▁exist ▁in ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁New ▁A post olic ▁congreg ation ▁with ▁a ▁church ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 7 . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁ ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁has ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ ▁or ▁ 5 1 . 0 % ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁agricultural ▁purposes , ▁while ▁ ▁or ▁ 4 2 . 7 % ▁is ▁forest ed . ▁▁ ▁The ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁municip ality ▁is ▁ ▁or ▁ 4 . 9 % ▁is ▁settled ▁( build ings ▁or ▁roads ), |
▁ ▁or ▁ 1 . 0 % ▁is ▁either ▁rivers ▁or ▁l akes ▁and ▁ ▁or ▁ 0 . 3 % ▁is ▁un product ive ▁land . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁housing ▁and ▁buildings ▁made ▁up ▁ 2 . 6 % ▁and ▁transportation ▁infrastructure ▁made ▁up ▁ 1 . 8 %. ▁ ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 4 0 . 2 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁land ▁area ▁is ▁heavily ▁forest ed ▁and ▁ 2 . 5 % ▁is ▁covered ▁with ▁or ch ards ▁or ▁small ▁clusters ▁of ▁trees . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁agricultural ▁land , ▁ 5 . 6 % ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁growing ▁crops ▁and ▁▁ 2 9 . 3 % ▁is ▁past ur age ▁and ▁ 1 5 . 4 % ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁al p ine ▁past ures . ▁ ▁All ▁the ▁water ▁in ▁the ▁municip ality ▁is ▁flowing ▁water . ▁ ▁The ▁municip ality ▁includes ▁the ▁con flu ence ▁of ▁the ▁Tr ub ▁into ▁the ▁Il f is ▁rivers , ▁the ▁land ▁around ▁the ▁Il f is ▁and ▁the ▁peak ▁of ▁the ▁Bl ap bach , ▁at ▁about ▁. ▁ ▁It ▁consists ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁and ▁scattered ▁farm ▁houses ▁along ▁the ▁river ▁and ▁up ▁the ▁Bl ap bach . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 1 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Am ts bez irk ▁Sign au , ▁the ▁municip ality ' s ▁former ▁district , ▁was ▁diss olved . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁following ▁day , ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 |
, ▁it ▁joined ▁the ▁newly ▁created ▁Ver walt ung sk re is ▁Em ment al . ▁ ▁Co at ▁of ▁arms ▁The ▁bl az on ▁of ▁the ▁municipal ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ▁is ▁Per ▁f ess ▁Or ▁two ▁Mul lets ▁Azure ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁a ▁T au ▁Cross ▁cou ped ▁of ▁the ▁first . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁ ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁() ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁, ▁ 9 . 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁are ▁resident ▁foreign ▁nation als . ▁ ▁Between ▁the ▁last ▁ 2 ▁years ▁( 2 0 1 0 - 2 0 1 2 ) ▁the ▁population ▁changed ▁at ▁a ▁rate ▁of ▁ 1 . 1 %. ▁ ▁M igration ▁account ed ▁for ▁ 0 . 6 %, ▁while ▁birth s ▁and ▁deaths ▁account ed ▁for ▁- 0 . 5 %. ▁ ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁() ▁speaks ▁German ▁( 1 , 4 3 7 ▁or ▁ 9 2 . 0 %) ▁as ▁their ▁first ▁language , ▁Alban ian ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁most ▁common ▁( 2 8 ▁or ▁ 1 . 8 %) ▁and ▁Turkish ▁is ▁the ▁third ▁( 8 ▁or ▁ 0 . 5 % ). ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁ 3 ▁people ▁who ▁speak ▁French , ▁ 3 ▁people ▁who ▁speak ▁Italian . ▁ ▁, ▁the ▁population ▁was ▁ 4 9 . 4 % ▁male ▁and ▁ 5 0 . 6 % ▁female . ▁ ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁ 6 3 6 ▁Swiss ▁men ▁( 4 5 . 3 % ▁of |
▁the ▁population ) ▁and ▁ 5 8 ▁( 4 . 1 %) ▁non - Sw iss ▁men . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 6 5 1 ▁Swiss ▁women ▁( 4 6 . 4 %) ▁and ▁ 5 9 ▁( 4 . 2 %) ▁non - Sw iss ▁women . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁population ▁in ▁the ▁municip ality , ▁ 5 8 8 ▁or ▁about ▁ 3 7 . 6 % ▁were ▁born ▁in ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁and ▁lived ▁there ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 6 1 8 ▁or ▁ 3 9 . 6 % ▁who ▁were ▁born ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁cant on , ▁while ▁ 1 6 1 ▁or ▁ 1 0 . 3 % ▁were ▁born ▁somewhere ▁else ▁in ▁Switzerland , ▁and ▁ 1 4 4 ▁or ▁ 9 . 2 % ▁were ▁born ▁outside ▁of ▁Switzerland . ▁ ▁, ▁children ▁and ▁teen agers ▁( 0 – 1 9 ▁years ▁old ) ▁make ▁up ▁ 2 0 . 9 % ▁of ▁the ▁population , ▁while ▁adults ▁( 2 0 – 6 4 ▁years ▁old ) ▁make ▁up ▁ 5 6 . 6 % ▁and ▁sen iors ▁( over ▁ 6 4 ▁years ▁old ) ▁make ▁up ▁ 2 2 . 6 %. ▁ ▁, ▁there ▁were ▁ 6 8 2 ▁people ▁who ▁were ▁single ▁and ▁never ▁married ▁in ▁the ▁municip ality . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 7 5 2 ▁married ▁individuals , ▁ 9 9 ▁wid ows ▁or ▁wid ow ers ▁and ▁ 2 9 ▁individuals |
▁who ▁are ▁divor ced . ▁ ▁, ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 8 4 ▁households ▁that ▁consist ▁of ▁only ▁one ▁person ▁and ▁ 4 9 ▁households ▁with ▁five ▁or ▁more ▁people . ▁ ▁, ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 5 8 0 ▁apartments ▁( 8 9 . 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ) ▁were ▁permanently ▁occupied , ▁while ▁ 3 7 ▁apartments ▁( 5 . 7 %) ▁were ▁season ally ▁occupied ▁and ▁ 3 2 ▁apartments ▁( 4 . 9 %) ▁were ▁empty . ▁ ▁, ▁the ▁construction ▁rate ▁of ▁new ▁housing ▁units ▁was ▁ 9 . 2 ▁new ▁units ▁per ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁residents . ▁ ▁The ▁vac ancy ▁rate ▁for ▁the ▁municip ality , ▁, ▁was ▁ 1 . 3 %. ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁single ▁family ▁homes ▁made ▁up ▁ 2 9 . 9 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁housing ▁in ▁the ▁municip ality . ▁ ▁The ▁historical ▁population ▁is ▁given ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁chart : ▁ ▁Econom y ▁ ▁, ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁had ▁an ▁unemployment ▁rate ▁of ▁ 1 . 2 9 %. ▁ ▁, ▁there ▁were ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 9 8 7 ▁people ▁employed ▁in ▁the ▁municip ality . ▁ ▁Of ▁these , ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 7 0 ▁people ▁employed ▁in ▁the ▁primary ▁economic ▁sector ▁and ▁about ▁ 5 5 ▁businesses ▁involved ▁in ▁this ▁sector . ▁▁ 5 4 0 ▁people ▁were ▁employed ▁in ▁the ▁secondary ▁sector ▁and ▁there ▁were ▁ 2 0 ▁businesses ▁in ▁this ▁sector . ▁▁ 2 7 |
7 ▁people ▁were ▁employed ▁in ▁the ▁t ert i ary ▁sector , ▁with ▁ 4 8 ▁businesses ▁in ▁this ▁sector . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 8 2 1 ▁residents ▁of ▁the ▁municip ality ▁who ▁were ▁employed ▁in ▁some ▁capacity , ▁of ▁which ▁females ▁made ▁up ▁ 4 1 . 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁work force . ▁▁ ▁there ▁were ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 7 7 8 ▁full - time ▁equivalent ▁jobs . ▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁jobs ▁in ▁the ▁primary ▁sector ▁was ▁ 1 0 4 , ▁all ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁in ▁agriculture . ▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁jobs ▁in ▁the ▁secondary ▁sector ▁was ▁ 4 6 9 ▁of ▁which ▁ 4 0 7 ▁or ▁( 8 6 . 8 %) ▁were ▁in ▁manufacturing ▁and ▁ 6 2 ▁( 1 3 . 2 %) ▁were ▁in ▁construction . ▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁jobs ▁in ▁the ▁t ert i ary ▁sector ▁was ▁ 2 0 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁t ert i ary ▁sector ; ▁ 3 2 ▁or ▁ 1 5 . 6 % ▁were ▁in ▁wholes ale ▁or ▁retail ▁sales ▁or ▁the ▁repair ▁of ▁motor ▁vehicles , ▁ 1 0 ▁or ▁ 4 . 9 % ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁movement ▁and ▁storage ▁of ▁goods , ▁ 3 8 ▁or ▁ 1 8 . 5 % ▁were ▁in ▁a ▁hotel ▁or ▁restaurant , ▁ 1 4 ▁or ▁ 6 . 8 % ▁were ▁technical ▁professionals ▁or ▁scientists , ▁ 1 0 ▁or ▁ 4 . 9 % ▁were ▁in ▁education ▁and ▁ |
7 5 ▁or ▁ 3 6 . 6 % ▁were ▁in ▁health ▁care . ▁ ▁, ▁there ▁were ▁ 5 2 7 ▁workers ▁who ▁commut ed ▁into ▁the ▁municip ality ▁and ▁ 3 8 7 ▁workers ▁who ▁commut ed ▁away . ▁ ▁The ▁municip ality ▁is ▁a ▁net ▁im porter ▁of ▁workers , ▁with ▁about ▁ 1 . 4 ▁workers ▁entering ▁the ▁municip ality ▁for ▁every ▁one ▁leaving . ▁ ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 4 3 4 ▁workers ▁( 4 5 . 2 % ▁of ▁the ▁ 9 6 1 ▁total ▁workers ▁in ▁the ▁municip ality ) ▁both ▁lived ▁and ▁worked ▁in ▁Tr ub sch achen . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁working ▁population , ▁ 1 1 . 4 % ▁used ▁public ▁transportation ▁to ▁get ▁to ▁work , ▁and ▁ 4 0 . 2 % ▁used ▁a ▁private ▁car . ▁ ▁The ▁local ▁and ▁cant onal ▁tax ▁rate ▁in ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁lowest ▁in ▁the ▁cant on . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁the ▁average ▁local ▁and ▁cant onal ▁tax ▁rate ▁on ▁a ▁married ▁resident , ▁with ▁two ▁children , ▁of ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁making ▁ 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁CH F ▁was ▁ 1 2 . 5 %, ▁while ▁an ▁un mar ried ▁resident ' s ▁rate ▁was ▁ 1 8 . 7 %. ▁ ▁For ▁comparison , ▁the ▁average ▁rate ▁for ▁the ▁entire ▁cant on ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁was ▁ 1 4 . 2 % ▁and ▁ |
2 2 . 0 %, ▁while ▁the ▁nation wide ▁average ▁was ▁ 1 2 . 3 % ▁and ▁ 2 1 . 1 % ▁respectively . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁there ▁were ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 5 7 7 ▁tax ▁pay ers ▁in ▁the ▁municip ality . ▁ ▁Of ▁that ▁total , ▁ 1 2 4 ▁made ▁over ▁ 7 5 , 0 0 0 ▁CH F ▁per ▁year . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 6 ▁people ▁who ▁made ▁between ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁and ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁per ▁year . ▁ ▁The ▁greatest ▁number ▁of ▁workers , ▁ 1 7 7 , ▁made ▁between ▁ 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁and ▁ 7 5 , 0 0 0 ▁CH F ▁per ▁year . ▁ ▁The ▁average ▁income ▁of ▁the ▁over ▁ 7 5 , 0 0 0 ▁CH F ▁group ▁in ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁was ▁ 1 0 8 , 2 6 5 ▁CH F , ▁while ▁the ▁average ▁across ▁all ▁of ▁Switzerland ▁was ▁ 1 3 1 , 2 4 4 ▁CH F . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 . 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁received ▁direct ▁financial ▁assistance ▁from ▁the ▁government . ▁ ▁Politics ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁federal ▁election ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁party ▁was ▁the ▁Swiss ▁People ' s ▁Party ▁( SV P ) ▁which ▁received ▁ 3 5 . 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote . ▁ ▁The |
▁next ▁three ▁most ▁popular ▁parties ▁were ▁the ▁Conservative ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁( BD P ) ▁( 3 0 . 8 % ), ▁the ▁Social ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁( SP ) ▁( 1 0 . 2 %) ▁and ▁the ▁Green ▁Party ▁( 8 . 6 % ). ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁federal ▁election , ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 5 5 9 ▁votes ▁were ▁cast , ▁and ▁the ▁vot er ▁turn out ▁was ▁ 5 2 . 0 %. ▁ ▁Relig ion ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁, ▁ 1 , 1 6 3 ▁or ▁ 7 4 . 5 % ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Swiss ▁Re formed ▁Church , ▁while ▁ 8 0 ▁or ▁ 5 . 1 % ▁were ▁Roman ▁Catholic . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁population , ▁there ▁were ▁ 7 ▁members ▁of ▁an ▁Orth odox ▁church ▁( or ▁about ▁ 0 . 4 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ), ▁and ▁there ▁were ▁ 8 3 ▁individuals ▁( or ▁about ▁ 5 . 3 1 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ) ▁who ▁belonged ▁to ▁another ▁Christian ▁church . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 4 7 ▁( or ▁about ▁ 3 . 0 1 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ) ▁who ▁were ▁Muslim . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 3 ▁individuals ▁who ▁were ▁Budd hist , ▁ 6 3 ▁individuals ▁who ▁were ▁Hindu ▁and ▁ 4 ▁individuals ▁who ▁belonged ▁to ▁another ▁church . ▁▁ 4 8 ▁( or ▁about ▁ 3 . 0 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ) ▁belonged ▁to ▁no ▁church , ▁are ▁ag nost ic ▁or ▁at he |
ist , ▁and ▁ 6 4 ▁individuals ▁( or ▁about ▁ 4 . 1 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ) ▁did ▁not ▁answer ▁the ▁question . ▁ ▁Education ▁In ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁about ▁ 4 8 . 6 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁have ▁completed ▁non - mand atory ▁upper ▁secondary ▁education , ▁and ▁ 1 1 . 5 % ▁have ▁completed ▁additional ▁higher ▁education ▁( e ither ▁university ▁or ▁a ▁F ach ho ch sch ule ). ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁ 1 0 4 ▁who ▁had ▁completed ▁some ▁form ▁of ▁t ert i ary ▁school ing ▁listed ▁in ▁the ▁census , ▁ 7 4 . 0 % ▁were ▁Swiss ▁men , ▁ 1 8 . 3 % ▁were ▁Swiss ▁women , ▁ 4 . 8 % ▁were ▁non - Sw iss ▁men . ▁ ▁The ▁C anton ▁of ▁Bern ▁school ▁system ▁provides ▁one ▁year ▁of ▁non - ob lig atory ▁Kinder g arten , ▁followed ▁by ▁six ▁years ▁of ▁Primary ▁school . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁followed ▁by ▁three ▁years ▁of ▁oblig atory ▁lower ▁Second ary ▁school ▁where ▁the ▁students ▁are ▁separated ▁according ▁to ▁ability ▁and ▁apt itude . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁lower ▁Second ary ▁students ▁may ▁attend ▁additional ▁school ing ▁or ▁they ▁may ▁enter ▁an ▁app rent ices hip . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 ▁school ▁year , ▁there ▁were ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 5 6 ▁students ▁attending ▁classes ▁in ▁Tr ub sch achen . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 4 ▁students |
▁in ▁the ▁German ▁language ▁kind erg arten ▁classes ▁in ▁the ▁municip ality . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁kind erg arten ▁students , ▁ 1 2 . 5 % ▁were ▁permanent ▁or ▁temporary ▁residents ▁of ▁Switzerland ▁( not ▁citizens ) ▁and ▁ 2 0 . 8 % ▁have ▁a ▁different ▁mother ▁language ▁than ▁the ▁classroom ▁language . ▁ ▁The ▁municip ality ' s ▁primary ▁school ▁had ▁ 9 5 ▁students ▁in ▁German ▁language ▁classes . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁primary ▁students , ▁ 2 2 . 1 % ▁were ▁permanent ▁or ▁temporary ▁residents ▁of ▁Switzerland ▁( not ▁citizens ) ▁and ▁ 3 4 . 7 % ▁have ▁a ▁different ▁mother ▁language ▁than ▁the ▁classroom ▁language . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁the ▁lower ▁secondary ▁school ▁had ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 3 7 ▁students . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 1 6 . 2 % ▁who ▁were ▁permanent ▁or ▁temporary ▁residents ▁of ▁Switzerland ▁( not ▁citizens ) ▁and ▁ 2 1 . 6 % ▁have ▁a ▁different ▁mother ▁language ▁than ▁the ▁classroom ▁language . ▁ ▁, ▁there ▁were ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 9 5 ▁students ▁attending ▁any ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁municip ality . ▁ ▁Of ▁those , ▁ 7 1 ▁both ▁lived ▁and ▁attended ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁municip ality , ▁while ▁ 2 4 ▁students ▁came ▁from ▁another ▁municip ality . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁ 1 5 4 ▁residents ▁attended ▁schools ▁outside ▁the ▁municip ality . ▁ ▁Sister ▁C ities ▁ ▁The ▁municip ality ▁of ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁is ▁a ▁sister ▁city ▁with |
▁Mid way , ▁in ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Utah , ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Not able ▁people ▁▁ ▁Georges ▁Hub er ▁( 1 9 1 0 ▁in ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁– ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁a ▁Swiss ▁journalist ▁who ▁wrote ▁many ▁publications ▁relating ▁to ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Sister ▁City ▁- ▁City ▁of ▁Mid way , ▁Utah ▁▁ ▁Sister ▁City ▁- ▁Municip ality ▁of ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁of ▁the ▁cant on ▁of ▁Bern <0x0A> </s> ▁A scan io ▁U g ol ini ▁( d ied ▁ 1 6 6 0 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁pre late ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁Bishop ▁of ▁M uro ▁Luc ano ▁( 1 6 5 2 – 1 6 6 0 ). ▁ ▁Biography ▁On ▁ 9 ▁Feb ▁ 1 6 5 2 , ▁A scan io ▁U g ol ini ▁was ▁appointed ▁during ▁the ▁pap acy ▁of ▁Pope ▁Inn oc ent ▁X ▁as ▁Bishop ▁of ▁M uro ▁Luc ano . ▁On ▁ 3 ▁Mar ▁ 1 6 5 2 , ▁he ▁was ▁con sec rated ▁b ishop ▁by ▁Fab io ▁Ch igi , ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State , ▁with ▁Gi rol amo ▁Bon comp ag ni , ▁Arch b ishop ▁of ▁B olog na , ▁and ▁Ran ucc io ▁Scott i ▁Douglas , ▁Bishop ▁Emer it us ▁of ▁Bor go ▁San ▁Don n ino , ▁serving ▁as ▁co - con sec r ators . ▁ ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁Bishop |
▁of ▁M uro ▁Luc ano ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 6 6 0 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁and ▁additional ▁sources ▁ ▁( for ▁Chron ology ▁of ▁B ish ops ) ▁▁ ▁( for ▁Chron ology ▁of ▁B ish ops ) ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 th - century ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁b ish ops ▁Category : B ish ops ▁appointed ▁by ▁Pope ▁Inn oc ent ▁X ▁Category : 1 6 6 0 ▁deaths <0x0A> </s> ▁Cru ze ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁the ▁first ▁season ▁of ▁the ▁Cru ze ▁Cup ▁will ▁start ▁on ▁the ▁gr ids ▁of ▁Ass en . ▁ 1 4 ▁D ri vers ▁will ▁compete ▁for ▁the ▁Cru ze ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Championship . ▁The ▁Cru ze ▁Cup ▁is ▁a ▁star ters / G ent le men ' s ▁cup ▁in ▁which ▁it ▁is ▁possible ▁to ▁enter ▁with ▁just ▁a ▁racing ▁license ▁and ▁a ▁Che v ro let ▁Cru ze . ▁ ▁www . c ru zec up . nl ▁Tour ing ▁car ▁racing ▁ ▁Category : One - make ▁series <0x0A> </s> ▁St ▁Mary ▁Mag dal ene ' s ▁Church ▁is ▁in ▁R ib b leton ▁Avenue , ▁R ib b leton , ▁Prest on , ▁Lanc ash ire , ▁England . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁an ▁active ▁Ang lic an ▁parish ▁church ▁in ▁the ▁de an ery ▁of ▁Prest on , ▁the ▁arch de acon ry ▁of ▁Lanc aster , ▁and ▁the ▁di |
oc ese ▁of ▁Black burn . ▁ ▁Its ▁benef ice ▁is ▁united ▁with ▁that ▁of ▁The ▁Church ▁of ▁the ▁Asc ension , ▁R ib b leton . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁church ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 – 9 1 ▁to ▁a ▁design ▁by ▁R . K n ill ▁Fre eman . ▁ ▁Add itions ▁were ▁made ▁to ▁it ▁in ▁about ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁by ▁the ▁Lanc aster ▁architect s ▁Austin ▁and ▁P ale y , ▁and ▁again ▁by ▁the ▁same ▁architect ural ▁practice ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 – 4 1 , ▁with ▁a ▁new ▁ch ancel , ▁chap el , ▁a is les ▁and ▁vest ries . ▁ ▁Architect ure ▁St ▁Mary ' s ▁is ▁constructed ▁in ▁red ▁sand stone ▁with ▁dress ings ▁in ▁yellow ▁sand stone . ▁ ▁It ▁contains ▁features ▁in ▁Dec or ated ▁style . ▁ ▁Its ▁plan ▁includes ▁short ▁a is les , ▁and ▁tr anse pts ▁of ▁two ▁une qual ▁b ays . ▁ ▁Along ▁the ▁a is les ▁are ▁par ap ets ▁hiding ▁the ▁roof . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁large ▁rose ▁windows ▁in ▁each ▁tr anse pt . ▁ ▁The ▁authors ▁of ▁the ▁Build ings ▁of ▁England ▁series ▁describe ▁it ▁as ▁" an ▁odd ▁building " ▁that ▁" was ▁never ▁finished ". ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁ec cles i ast ical ▁works ▁by ▁Austin ▁and ▁P ale y ▁( 1 8 9 5 – 1 9 1 4 ) ▁List ▁of ▁ec cles i ast ical |
▁works ▁by ▁Austin ▁and ▁P ale y ▁( 1 9 1 6 – 4 4 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Ch urch ▁of ▁England ▁church ▁buildings ▁in ▁Lanc ash ire ▁Category : G oth ic ▁Rev ival ▁church ▁buildings ▁in ▁England ▁Category : G oth ic ▁Rev ival ▁architecture ▁in ▁Lanc ash ire ▁Category : Ch urches ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁Category : Di oc ese ▁of ▁Black burn ▁Category : A ust in ▁and ▁P ale y ▁buildings ▁Category : Ch urches ▁in ▁Prest on ▁St ▁Mary ▁Mag dal ene ' s ▁Church <0x0A> </s> ▁James ▁R ies berg ▁( born ▁April ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 4 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁Colorado ▁Insurance ▁Commission er . ▁He ▁was ▁appointed ▁to ▁the ▁position ▁by ▁Colorado ▁Governor ▁John ▁H icken lo oper ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁and ▁joined ▁the ▁Division ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁He ▁resigned ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁R ies berg ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁former ▁Colorado ▁legisl ator . ▁E lected ▁to ▁the ▁Colorado ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁as ▁a ▁Democrat ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁R ies berg ▁represented ▁House ▁District ▁ 5 0 , ▁which ▁en compass ed ▁eastern ▁Gree ley ▁and ▁Evans , ▁Colorado . ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁election ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁R ies berg ▁announced ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁seek ▁a |
▁third ▁term ▁in ▁the ▁legisl ature ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁legisl ative ▁elections . ▁ ▁R ies berg ▁was ▁un anim ously ▁nominated ▁for ▁a ▁second ▁term ▁by ▁W eld ▁County ▁Democrats ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 8 ; ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁legisl ative ▁session ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁session ▁of ▁the ▁Colorado ▁General ▁Assembly , ▁R ies berg ▁sat ▁on ▁the ▁House ▁App ropri ations ▁Committee ▁and ▁the ▁House ▁Health ▁and ▁Human ▁Services ▁Committee , ▁and ▁was ▁vice - chair man ▁of ▁the ▁J oint ▁Capital ▁Development ▁Committee . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁session ▁of ▁the ▁Colorado ▁General ▁Assembly , ▁R ies berg ▁sat ▁on ▁the ▁House ▁App ropri ations ▁Committee ▁and ▁the ▁House ▁Health ▁and ▁Environment ▁Committee . ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁election ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁R ies berg ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁his ▁fourth ▁term ▁as ▁State ▁House ▁Represent ative ▁to ▁District ▁ 5 0 . ▁▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁primary ▁election ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁R ies berg ▁ran ▁for ▁the ▁Democratic ▁party ▁nom ination ▁to ▁the ▁State ▁House ▁District ▁ 5 0 ▁race . ▁He ▁lost ▁this ▁race ▁to ▁challeng er ▁Roc hel le ▁Gal indo , ▁ 5 7 ▁percent ▁to ▁ 4 3 ▁percent . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Denver ▁Category : Members |
▁of ▁the ▁Colorado ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁Category : Color ado ▁Democrats ▁Category : State ▁insurance ▁commission ers ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁politicians <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁Ant ▁Project ' s ▁first ▁studio ▁album , ▁released ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Ali ▁Project ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Ch h au pad i ▁( ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁men stru al ▁tab oo ▁which ▁prohib its ▁Hindu ▁women ▁and ▁girls ▁from ▁participating ▁in ▁normal ▁family ▁activities ▁while ▁men stru ating , ▁as ▁they ▁are ▁considered ▁" imp ure ". ▁Ch h au pad i ▁is ▁pract iced ▁primarily ▁in ▁the ▁western ▁part ▁of ▁Nep al . ▁▁ ▁During ▁ch h au pad i , ▁women ▁are ▁banned ▁from ▁the ▁house ▁and ▁are ▁required ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁a ▁cattle ▁shed , ▁or ▁a ▁makes h ift ▁dw elling ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁men stru ation ▁h ut , ▁for ▁the ▁duration ▁of ▁their ▁period . ▁Child b irth ▁in ▁Nep al ▁also ▁results ▁in ▁a ▁similar ▁form ▁of ▁conf inement . ▁During ▁men stru ation , ▁women ▁and ▁girls ▁are ▁restricted ▁from ▁participating ▁in ▁everyday ▁life ▁events , ▁and ▁from ▁interact ing ▁with ▁their ▁communities . ▁ ▁Origin ▁The ▁practice ▁of ▁ch h au pad i ▁origin ates ▁from ▁the ▁super st ition ▁that ▁men stru ation ▁causes ▁women ▁to ▁be ▁temporarily ▁imp ure . ▁This ▁super st ition ▁a rose ▁from ▁a |
▁myth ▁that ▁Ind ra ▁created ▁men stru ation ▁as ▁a ▁means ▁to ▁distribute ▁a ▁curse . ▁In ▁this ▁belief ▁system , ▁it ▁is ▁thought ▁that ▁if ▁a ▁men stru ating ▁woman ▁touches ▁a ▁tree , ▁it ▁will ▁never ▁again ▁bear ▁fruit ; ▁if ▁she ▁consum es ▁milk , ▁the ▁cow ▁will ▁not ▁give ▁any ▁more ▁milk ; ▁if ▁she ▁reads ▁a ▁book , ▁Sar as w ati , ▁the ▁god dess ▁of ▁education , ▁will ▁become ▁angry ; ▁if ▁she ▁touches ▁a ▁man , ▁he ▁will ▁be ▁ill . ▁ ▁The ▁practice ▁pers ists ▁in ▁rural ▁areas ▁primarily ▁in ▁Western ▁Nep al . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁called ▁‘ ch h ue ’ ▁or ▁‘ b ah ir h un u ’ ▁in ▁Dad eld h ura , ▁B ait adi ▁and ▁D arch ula , ▁‘ ch h au pad i ’ ▁in ▁Ach ham , ▁and ▁‘ ch au k ull a ’ ▁or ▁‘ ch au k udi ’ ▁in ▁B aj hang ▁district . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁The ▁tradition ▁begins ▁with ▁an ▁adoles cent ▁girl ' s ▁first ▁men stru al ▁cycle , ▁during ▁which ▁she ▁remains ▁in ▁the ▁shed ▁for ▁up ▁to ▁fourteen ▁days ; ▁afterwards , ▁she ▁must ▁spend ▁the ▁duration ▁of ▁each ▁monthly ▁period ▁in ▁the ▁shed , ▁until ▁she ▁reaches ▁men op ause . ▁Additionally , ▁women ▁who ▁have ▁just ▁given ▁birth ▁must ▁stay ▁in ▁the ▁shed ▁with ▁their ▁children ▁for ▁up ▁to ▁two ▁weeks . ▁▁ ▁Men stru ating ▁women ▁and ▁girls ▁are ▁required ▁to |
▁remain ▁isolated ▁from ▁their ▁family , ▁and ▁are ▁for bidden ▁from ▁entering ▁homes , ▁kitchen s , ▁schools , ▁and ▁tem ples . ▁During ▁this ▁time , ▁they ▁remain ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁often ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁men stru ation ▁h ut , ▁which ▁is ▁usually ▁made ▁from ▁wood ▁or ▁stone . ▁In ▁some ▁locations , ▁women ▁may ▁stay ▁isolated ▁from ▁their ▁family ▁in ▁a ▁separate ▁room ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁house , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁shed ▁used ▁for ▁st oring ▁tools . ▁F urn ish ings ▁are ▁sp arse , ▁so ▁the ▁women ▁often ▁sleep ▁on ▁the ▁floor ▁with ▁only ▁a ▁small ▁rug ▁for ▁warmth . ▁They ▁may ▁not ▁touch ▁family ▁members , ▁especially ▁male ▁family ▁members , ▁and ▁food ▁and ▁water ▁is ▁passed ▁to ▁them ▁in ▁such ▁a ▁way ▁as ▁to ▁prevent ▁touching . ▁Men stru ating ▁women ▁are ▁also ▁restricted ▁from ▁participating ▁in ▁family , ▁religious ▁or ▁social ▁functions , ▁such ▁as ▁attending ▁the ▁temple ▁or ▁going ▁to ▁wed dings , ▁and ▁girls ▁are ▁prevented ▁from ▁going ▁to ▁school . ▁ ▁Women ▁who ▁are ▁men stru ating ▁are ▁bar red ▁from ▁consum ing ▁milk , ▁y og urt , ▁butter , ▁meat , ▁and ▁other ▁nut rit ious ▁foods , ▁for ▁fear ▁that ▁their ▁imp urity ▁will ▁cause ▁c ows ▁to ▁become ▁ill . ▁The ▁typical ▁diet ▁during ▁men stru ation ▁includes ▁dry ▁foods , ▁salt , ▁and ▁rice . ▁Men stru ating ▁women ▁are ▁also ▁bar red ▁from ▁using ▁community ▁water ▁sources ▁or ▁performing ▁daily ▁functions ▁like ▁bath ing ▁or ▁washing |
▁clothing . ▁ ▁Despite ▁the ▁social ▁isolation ▁of ▁ch h au pad i , ▁women ▁must ▁still ▁work , ▁often ▁in ▁the ▁fields , ▁during ▁men stru ation . ▁ ▁Health ▁and ▁safety ▁risks ▁ ▁Women ▁are ▁exposed ▁to ▁multiple ▁health ▁and ▁safety ▁risks ▁while ▁pract ising ▁ch h au pad i . ▁H uts ▁are ▁often ▁poorly ▁constructed ▁and ▁lack ▁heat ▁or ▁vent ilation , ▁leaving ▁women ▁exposed ▁to ▁the ▁elements ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁extreme ▁temperatures ▁during ▁different ▁times ▁of ▁year . ▁Women ▁are ▁at ▁risk ▁of ▁developing ▁illness es ▁such ▁as ▁p neum onia ▁or ▁di arr he a ▁while ▁practicing ▁ch h au pad i , ▁and ▁are ▁also ▁vulnerable ▁to ▁attack ▁by ▁sn akes ▁and ▁other ▁animals . ▁R isk ▁of ▁as phy xi ation ▁is ▁high ▁if ▁a ▁woman ▁starts ▁a ▁fire ▁in ▁the ▁h ut ▁to ▁keep ▁warm ▁during ▁the ▁winter . ▁Women ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁rap ed ▁while ▁pract ising ▁ch h au pad i . ▁In ▁addition , ▁a ▁study ▁by ▁Ran ab hat ▁et . ▁al ▁of ▁women ▁aged ▁ 1 2 - 4 9 ▁in ▁the ▁B ardi ya ▁and ▁K ail ali ▁provin ces ▁of ▁Nep al ▁showed ▁that ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁ch h au pad i ▁is ▁significantly ▁cor related ▁with ▁re product ive ▁health ▁problems ▁such ▁as ▁dys ur ia ▁and ▁gen ital ▁it ching . ▁ ▁While ▁exact ▁numbers ▁are ▁not ▁available , ▁women ▁and ▁girls ▁die ▁every ▁year ▁while ▁performing ▁ch h au pad i . ▁Part icular |
ly ▁in ▁the ▁far ▁and ▁mid - western ▁regions ▁of ▁Nep al , ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁deaths ▁have ▁been ▁directly ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁these ▁h uts . ▁C auses ▁range ▁from ▁being ▁attacked ▁by ▁animals , ▁to ▁being ▁b itten ▁by ▁sc orp ions ▁or ▁sn akes , ▁to ▁illness es ▁from ▁exposure . ▁These ▁are ▁some ▁examples ▁of ▁the ▁deaths ▁that ▁have ▁occurred ▁due ▁to ▁ch h au pad i : ▁▁ ▁An ▁ 1 1 - year - old ▁girl ▁died ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁stem ming ▁from ▁di arr he a ▁and ▁de hy dr ation ▁from ▁being ▁kept ▁in ▁a ▁men stru ation ▁h ut . ▁Both ▁her ▁family ▁and ▁neighb ours ▁refused ▁to ▁bring ▁her ▁to ▁the ▁hospital ▁because ▁they ▁believed ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁become ▁imp ure ▁should ▁they ▁touch ▁her . ▁Two ▁young ▁women ▁in ▁late ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁who ▁died ▁from ▁smoke ▁in hal ation ▁and ▁carbon ▁mon ox ide ▁poison ing ▁from ▁fires . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁L als ara ▁B ika , ▁a ▁ 1 4 - year - old , ▁died ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁a ▁serious ▁cold - related ▁illness ▁from ▁living ▁in ▁a ▁men stru ation ▁h ut . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 - year - old ▁T ul asi ▁Shah i ▁died ▁from ▁being ▁b itten ▁by ▁a ▁snake ▁" tw ice , ▁on ▁her ▁head ▁and ▁leg ," |
▁while ▁living ▁in ▁a ▁cow ▁shed ▁being ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁men stru ation ▁h ut . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Amb a ▁Boh ora , ▁a ▁ 3 5 - year - old ▁Nep ali ▁mother ▁and ▁her ▁sons , ▁aged ▁ 9 ▁and ▁ 1 2 , ▁died ▁of ▁smoke ▁in hal ation ▁while ▁living ▁in ▁their ▁men stru al ▁h ut . ▁In ▁early ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁ 2 1 - year ▁old ▁Par w ati ▁Bog ati ▁died ▁from ▁suff ocation ▁and ▁smoke ▁in hal ation ▁after ▁lighting ▁a ▁fire ▁to ▁stay ▁warm . ▁ ▁Public ▁action ▁against ▁ch h au pad i ▁ ▁Community ▁and ▁organiz ational ▁actions ▁exist ▁to ▁combat ▁the ▁practice . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁local ▁authorities ▁demanded ▁the ▁destruction ▁of ▁ch h au pad i ▁h uts ▁in ▁B aj ura , ▁the ▁municip ality ▁in ▁which ▁a ▁woman ▁and ▁her ▁two ▁young ▁sons ▁died ▁in ▁a ▁h ut . ▁This ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁removal ▁of ▁ 6 0 ▁she ds , ▁and ▁the ▁deployment ▁of ▁law ▁enforcement ▁to ▁patrol ▁for ▁further ▁removal . ▁ ▁Leg is lation ▁▁ ▁Ch h au pad i ▁was ▁out law ed ▁by ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁of ▁Nep al ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁but ▁the ▁tradition ▁has ▁been ▁slow ▁to ▁change . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Nep al ▁passed ▁a ▁law ▁pun ishing ▁people ▁who ▁force ▁women ▁into ▁ex ile |
▁during ▁men stru ating ▁with ▁up ▁to ▁three ▁months ▁in ▁jail ▁or ▁a ▁fine ▁of ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁Nep ales e ▁ru pe es . ▁However , ▁in ▁the ▁five ▁months ▁since ▁the ▁new ▁law ▁went ▁into ▁effect ▁( in ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 8 ), ▁no ▁cases ▁have ▁been ▁filed ▁against ▁those ▁en for cing ▁the ▁practice . ▁In ▁late ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁district ▁governments ▁in ▁the ▁far ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁country ▁began ▁den ying ▁state ▁support ▁services ▁to ▁citizens ▁still ▁en for cing ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁ch h au pad i , ▁in ▁an ▁effort ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁practice . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Culture ▁and ▁men stru ation ▁ ▁Car bon ▁mon ox ide ▁poison ing ▁Men stru al ▁H yg iene ▁Day ▁ ▁R it ual ▁pur ity ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁( B BC ) ▁Women ▁h ail ▁men stru ation ▁ruling ▁ ▁( B BC ) ▁Nep al ' s ▁' conf ined ▁women ' ▁want ▁change ▁ ▁( National ▁Ge ographic ) ▁The ▁R isk y ▁L ives ▁of ▁Women ▁S ent ▁Into ▁Ex ile — For ▁Men stru ating ▁ ▁Category : N ep ales e ▁culture ▁Category : Super st itions ▁of ▁Nep al ▁Category : W omen ▁in ▁Nep al ▁Category : Men stru al ▁cycle ▁Category : F em in ine ▁hy g iene ▁Category : Tab oo ▁Category : F em in ism ▁and ▁health <0x0A> </s> ▁Jacob ▁Davis ▁Bab |
cock ▁Still man ▁( 1 8 1 9 – 1 8 8 8 ) ▁was ▁personal ▁physician ▁to ▁L eland ▁Stanford , ▁the ▁first ▁governor ▁of ▁California . ▁He ▁is ▁cred ited ▁with ▁counsel ing ▁Mrs . ▁Stanford ▁sufficiently ▁so ▁that ▁after ▁eighteen ▁years ▁of ▁marriage , ▁she ▁bore ▁a ▁son , ▁L eland ▁Jr ., ▁in ▁whose ▁memory ▁Stanford ▁University ▁was ▁established ▁by ▁his ▁father .' ▁The ▁nature ▁of ▁this ▁mir ac ulous ▁counsel ing ▁is ▁not ▁specified ." ▁ ▁He ▁and ▁Stanford ▁published ▁The ▁Horse ▁in ▁M otion , ▁the ▁photographs ▁in ▁which ▁( by ▁E ad we ard ▁M uy bridge ) ▁answered ▁affirm atively ▁the ▁question ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁a ▁long standing ▁w ager ▁among ▁Stanford ▁and ▁others : ▁whether ▁all ▁four ▁ho oves ▁of ▁a ▁gall oping ▁horse ▁are ▁ever ▁off ▁the ▁ground ▁simultaneously . ▁ ▁Short ▁bi ography ▁ ▁Born ▁ 1 8 1 9 ▁in ▁Sche ne ct ady , ▁New ▁York ▁Jacob ▁Davis ▁Bab cock ▁Still man , ▁better ▁known ▁as ▁J DB , ▁migr ated ▁to ▁California ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 9 ▁and ▁made ▁a ▁name ▁not ▁only ▁as ▁a ▁phys ian ▁but ▁also ▁as ▁an ▁advent ur ist , ▁writer ▁and ▁a ▁pione er ▁in ▁the ▁medical ▁field . ▁ ▁Following ▁his ▁gradu ation ▁in ▁bot any ▁and ▁bi ology ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 3 ▁from ▁the ▁Union ▁University ▁in ▁Sche ne ct ady , ▁the ▁third ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁J DB ▁worked |
▁as ▁a ▁director ▁in ▁a ▁board ing ▁and ▁later ▁as ▁a ▁sur geon ▁at ▁the ▁Bel lev ue ▁Hospital ▁Center . ▁He ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁Caroline ▁Max son ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁During ▁his ▁ten ure ▁at ▁the ▁hospital , ▁he ▁ ▁set ▁off ▁at ▁age ▁thirty ▁on ▁a ▁ 1 9 4 - day ▁ship ▁journey ▁on ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Ocean ▁for ▁San ▁Francisco ▁via ▁Cape ▁Horn . ▁He ▁narr ates ▁the ▁adventure ▁and ▁hard ships ▁he ▁faced ▁during ▁the ▁long ▁journey ▁ ▁he ▁made ▁along ▁with ▁a ▁bunch ▁of ▁ 9 7 ▁gold ▁hun ters -- the ▁mis ery ▁made ▁worse ▁by ▁a ▁r uth less ▁captain ▁of ▁the ▁ship -- in ▁his ▁maid en ▁book , ▁“ ▁Se eking ▁the ▁Golden ▁F lee ce .” ▁His ▁w ander l ust ▁did ▁not ▁stop ▁there . ▁Soon ▁after ▁he ▁landed ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁he ▁made ▁another ▁trip ▁on ▁a ▁boat ▁across ▁the ▁Sac r amento ▁River ▁to ▁the ▁gold ▁mines ▁with ▁his ▁friend ▁Mark ▁Hop kins , ▁Jr . ▁but ▁was ▁back ▁shortly ▁after ▁he ▁fell ▁sick . ▁His ▁book ▁An ▁ 1 8 5 0 ▁V oy age , ▁San ▁Francisco ▁to ▁Baltimore , ▁By ▁Sea ▁and ▁Land , ▁rec ount s ▁his ▁another ▁epic ▁voyage . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁his ▁first ▁wife , ▁J DB ▁rem ar ried ▁Mary ▁G av itt ▁Wells ▁of ▁W ester ly , ▁Rh ode ▁Island , ▁and ▁continued ▁his ▁medical ▁practice ▁in ▁New ▁York . ▁After ▁ret iring ▁from ▁his ▁profession |
, ▁J DB ▁moved ▁to ▁Red lands , ▁California , ▁where ▁he ▁bought ▁ 2 0 0 ▁a cre ▁land ▁and ▁started ▁a ▁vine yard . ▁J DB ▁died ▁in ▁Red lands ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 6 9 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Phys icians ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : 1 8 1 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 8 8 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Sche ne ct ady , ▁New ▁York <0x0A> </s> ▁East ▁Wall abi ▁Island ▁is ▁an ▁island ▁in ▁the ▁Wall abi ▁Group ▁of ▁the ▁H out man ▁Ab rol hos , ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Indian ▁Ocean ▁off ▁the ▁west ▁coast ▁of ▁main land ▁Australia . ▁ ▁History ▁East ▁Wall abi ▁Island ▁played ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁the ▁ ▁ship w reck ▁and ▁mass acre . ▁Following ▁the ▁ship w reck , ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁soldiers ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁W ieb be ▁Hay es ▁were ▁put ▁ash ore ▁on ▁West ▁Wall abi ▁Island ▁to ▁search ▁for ▁water . ▁The ▁mut ine ers ▁who ▁took ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁ship ▁left ▁them ▁there ▁in ▁the ▁hope ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁star ve ▁or ▁die ▁of ▁th irst . ▁However , ▁the ▁soldiers ▁discovered ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁w ade ▁to ▁East ▁Wall abi ▁Island , ▁where ▁they ▁eventually ▁discovered ▁a ▁fresh ▁water ▁spring . ▁Furthermore , ▁West ▁and ▁East ▁Wall abi ▁Island ▁are ▁the ▁only ▁islands ▁in ▁the ▁group ▁upon ▁which ▁the ▁tam mar ▁wall abi ▁lives . ▁Thus ▁the |
▁soldiers ▁had ▁access ▁to ▁sources ▁of ▁both ▁food ▁and ▁water ▁that ▁were ▁un available ▁to ▁the ▁mut ine ers . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁the ▁Bat avia ▁mut iny ▁and ▁mass acre , ▁East ▁Wall abi ▁Island ▁is ▁often ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" High ▁island ". ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁name ▁given ▁it ▁in ▁contemporary ▁sources , ▁and ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁histor ians ▁for ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁it ▁remained ▁a ▁lost ▁to pon ym . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁ ▁Nom in ally ▁located ▁at ▁, ▁East ▁Wall abi ▁Island ▁is ▁the ▁second - larg est ▁island ▁in ▁H out man ▁Ab rol hos ▁arch ip el ago , ▁after ▁West ▁Wall abi ▁Island . ▁It ▁is ▁roughly ▁circular ▁in ▁shape , ▁except ▁for ▁Fish ▁Point ▁in ▁the ▁north - east . ▁It ▁is ▁approximately ▁ ▁long ▁( al ong ▁the ▁south - e astern ▁edge ) ▁and ▁about ▁ ▁wide , ▁giving ▁it ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁about ▁. ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁named ▁hills ▁on ▁the ▁island . ▁Flag ▁Hill ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁north - east ▁of ▁the ▁island , ▁at ▁the ▁foot ▁of ▁Fish ▁Point ; ▁at ▁, ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁highest ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁H out man ▁Ab rol hos . ▁In ▁the ▁south - east ▁is ▁another ▁hill , ▁named ▁E agle ▁Hill . ▁Other ▁named ▁local ities ▁include ▁Fish ▁Point ▁and , ▁on ▁the ▁point ' s ▁western ▁side , ▁T urt le ▁Bay . ▁Im medi ately ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁Flag ▁Hill ▁is ▁an ▁a irst |
rip . ▁ ▁The ▁island ▁is ▁surrounded ▁by ▁sub mer ged ▁cor al ▁re ef . ▁This ▁is ▁narrow ▁along ▁the ▁west , ▁north ▁and ▁east ▁sh ores , ▁giving ▁way ▁to ▁open ▁ocean ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁and ▁north . ▁Beyond ▁the ▁re ef ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁island ▁lies ▁P ige on ▁Island ▁An ch orage , ▁the ▁main ▁passage ▁and ▁anch orage ▁for ▁P ige on ▁Island , ▁a ▁small ▁island ▁ ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁that ▁is ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁season al ▁camp ▁for ▁the ▁Western ▁Rock ▁L ob ster ▁fisher y . ▁To ▁the ▁south , ▁the ▁re ef ▁is ▁extensive , ▁and ▁much ▁of ▁it ▁is ▁high ▁enough ▁that ▁a ▁person ▁may ▁w ade ▁from ▁island ▁to ▁island ; ▁islands ▁connected ▁to ▁East ▁Wall abi ▁Island ▁in ▁this ▁way ▁include ▁B arge ▁Rock , ▁Turn stone ▁Island , ▁Se ag ull ▁Island , ▁O yst erc atch er ▁Island ▁and ▁West ▁Wall abi ▁Island . ▁ ▁Ge ology ▁and ▁phys i ography ▁The ▁basement ▁of ▁East ▁Wall abi ▁Island ▁is ▁the ▁Wall abi ▁Lim estone , ▁a ▁dense ▁cal cret ised , ▁cor al ▁lim estone ▁platform ▁that ▁under l ies ▁the ▁entire ▁Wall abi ▁Group . ▁This ▁platform , ▁which ▁ar ises ▁abruptly ▁from ▁a ▁flat ▁shelf , ▁is ▁about ▁ ▁thick , ▁and ▁is ▁of ▁Qu atern ary ▁origin . ▁Re ef ▁that ▁formed ▁during ▁the ▁E em ian ▁inter gl ac ial ▁( about ▁ 1 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago |
), ▁when ▁sea ▁levels ▁were ▁higher ▁than ▁at ▁present , ▁are ▁now ▁emer gent ▁in ▁places , ▁and ▁const itute ▁the ▁basement ▁of ▁the ▁group ' s ▁central ▁platform ▁islands , ▁which ▁include ▁East ▁Wall abi ▁Island . ▁ ▁The ▁basement ▁is ▁c apped ▁by ▁a e ol ian ite . ▁This ▁ranges ▁from ▁ ▁thick , ▁and ▁forms ▁an ▁almost ▁continuous ▁p ave ment ▁on ▁the ▁western ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁island . ▁The ▁a e ol ian ite ▁is ▁in ▁turn ▁overl ain ▁by ▁sand ▁d unes . ▁These ▁are ▁dis contin uous ▁in ▁western ▁and ▁northern ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁island , ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁south - west ▁and ▁east ▁they ▁are ▁extensive ▁and ▁consolid ated . ▁ ▁Fl ora ▁ ▁As ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁islands ▁in ▁the ▁H out man ▁Ab rol hos ▁large ▁enough ▁to ▁support ▁d une ▁systems , ▁East ▁Wall abi ▁Island ▁supports ▁a ▁relatively ▁high ▁diversity ▁of ▁plant ▁life . ▁Both ▁the ▁d unes ▁and ▁the ▁p ave ment ▁lim estone ▁support ▁species - rich ▁veget ation ▁complex es ▁dominated ▁by ▁c hen op od ▁shr ub s , ▁and ▁these ▁communities ▁have ▁been ▁identified ▁as ▁having ▁species ▁conservation ▁importance , ▁because ▁they ▁are ▁so ▁diverse , ▁yet ▁so ▁easily ▁dist urbed ▁and ▁so ▁slow ▁to ▁recover . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁survey ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁ 1 2 4 ▁plant ▁species ▁occur ▁on ▁East ▁Wall abi ▁Island , ▁the ▁most ▁of ▁any ▁island ▁in ▁the ▁arch ip el ago : |
▁ ▁Bird s ▁The ▁island ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁H out man ▁Ab rol hos ▁Import ant ▁Bird ▁Area , ▁identified ▁as ▁such ▁by ▁Bird Life ▁International ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁importance ▁for ▁supporting ▁large ▁numbers ▁of ▁breed ing ▁se ab ird s . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Wall abi ▁Group ▁Category : Import ant ▁Bird ▁Are as ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia ▁Category : Is lands ▁of ▁the ▁H out man ▁Ab rol hos <0x0A> </s> ▁Mé gu et ▁is ▁a ▁department ▁or ▁commune ▁of ▁G anz our g ou ▁Province ▁in ▁central - e astern ▁Bur k ina ▁F as o . ▁Its ▁capital ▁lies ▁at ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Mé gu et . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁census ▁the ▁department ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁population ▁of ▁ 3 4 , 6 6 8 . ▁ ▁Town s ▁and ▁villages ▁▁ ▁Mé gu et ▁( 7 ▁ 2 7 3 ▁inhabitants ) ▁( cap ital ) ▁ ▁Bag hin <0x09> ( 1 ▁ 1 1 2 ▁inhabitants ) ▁ ▁B oll é <0x09> ( 1 ▁ 1 0 0 ▁inhabitants ) ▁ ▁B oul w ando <0x09> ( 1 ▁ 7 1 0 ▁inhabitants ) ▁ ▁D az an ré <0x09> ( 7 8 3 ▁inhabitants ) ▁ ▁Kab ou da <0x09> ( 1 ▁ 4 9 8 ▁inhabitants ) ▁ ▁K ak im <0x09> ( 3 3 3 ▁inhabitants ) ▁ ▁Kan ré <0x09> ( 1 ▁ 7 4 3 ▁inhabitants ) ▁ ▁K ou gd ough in <0x09> |
( 1 ▁ 3 1 8 ▁inhabitants ) ▁ ▁K oul we ogo <0x09> ( 2 ▁ 1 1 3 ▁inhabitants ) ▁ ▁L al m ogo <0x09> ( 5 2 4 ▁inhabitants ) ▁ ▁Nah ou b é <0x09> ( 1 ▁ 0 9 5 ▁inhabitants ) ▁ ▁O u av ous s é <0x09> ( 1 ▁ 1 4 3 ▁inhabitants ) ▁ ▁P imal ga <0x09> ( 9 4 0 ▁inhabitants ) ▁ ▁Pin ré <0x09> ( 2 ▁ 0 2 3 ▁inhabitants ) ▁ ▁Tam as go <0x09> ( 1 ▁ 7 4 4 ▁inhabitants ) ▁ ▁Tan gh in <0x09> ( 2 ▁ 9 0 2 ▁inhabitants ) ▁ ▁Tib in <0x09> ( 1 ▁ 7 5 3 ▁inhabitants ) ▁ ▁V agma <0x09> ( 1 ▁ 2 1 3 ▁inhabitants ) ▁ ▁Y ama <0x09> ( 2 1 2 ▁inhabitants ) ▁ ▁Z em al ga <0x09> ( 2 ▁ 0 9 3 ▁inhabitants ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Dep art ments ▁of ▁Bur k ina ▁F as o ▁Category : G anz our g ou ▁Province <0x0A> </s> ▁V ran ov ▁nad ▁Dy j í ▁is ▁a ▁ch âteau ▁in ▁the ▁hom onym ic ▁town ▁of ▁V ran ov ▁nad ▁Dy j í ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁Mor avia ▁( South ▁Mor av ian ▁Region ), ▁Czech ▁Republic . ▁It ▁lies ▁on ▁the ▁Dy je ▁( Th aya ) ▁river , ▁ ▁north ▁from ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁border ▁close ▁to ▁Har de gg . ▁ |
▁History ▁V ran ov ' s ▁location ▁was ▁first ▁mentioned ▁by ▁Cos mas ▁of ▁Pr ague ▁in ▁ 1 1 0 0 ▁as ▁a ▁border ▁sent ry ▁castle ▁( ). ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁the ▁D uk es ▁of ▁Bo hem ia ▁to ▁defend ▁the ▁southern ▁border ▁of ▁Mor avia ▁against ▁ra ids ▁from ▁the ▁neighbour ing ▁Aust rian ▁March . ▁Until ▁ 1 3 2 3 ▁the ▁castle ▁was ▁in ▁royal ▁hands ▁but ▁in ▁that ▁year ▁king ▁John ▁of ▁Bo hem ia ▁pa wn ed ▁V ran ov ▁to ▁a ▁powerful ▁Bo hem ian ▁noble man , ▁the ▁v icer oy ▁J ind ř ich ▁of ▁Lip á . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 4 2 1 , ▁during ▁the ▁disturb ances ▁of ▁the ▁H uss ite ▁Wars ▁the ▁Bo hem ian ▁noble ▁family ▁of ▁L ichten burg ▁took ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁castle ▁and ▁the ▁cont igu ous ▁market ▁town . ▁In ▁ 1 4 9 9 ▁it ▁definitely ▁passed ▁on ▁to ▁L ichten bur gs ▁as ▁her edit ary ▁possession ▁by ▁the ▁king ▁Vlad isl aus ▁II ▁of ▁Bo hem ia ▁and ▁Hung ary . ▁The ▁L ichten burg ▁family ▁held ▁V ran ov ▁for ▁almost ▁a ▁century , ▁until ▁ 1 5 1 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century , ▁V ran ov ▁frequently ▁changed ▁the ▁hold ers ▁( chron ologically : ▁l ords ▁of ▁Bos kov ice , ▁P ern š te j ns , ▁l ords ▁of ▁L om nice , ▁K ra ig ers |
▁of ▁K raj k ▁and ▁Diet rich ste ins ). ▁Probably ▁the ▁most ▁significant ▁owners ▁were ▁l ords ▁from ▁the ▁B av arian ▁family ▁of ▁Al th ann , ▁cous ins ▁of ▁the ▁Prin ces ▁of ▁Bel mon te . ▁Wolf ▁Diet rich ▁of ▁Al th ann ▁purchased ▁the ▁castle ▁in ▁ 1 6 1 4 . ▁Nevertheless , ▁seven ▁years ▁later ▁the ▁man or ▁was ▁conf isc ated ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁participation ▁in ▁the ▁rebell ion ▁of ▁the ▁Bo hem ian ▁Est ates . ▁The ▁conf isc ated ▁castle ▁was ▁consequ ently ▁sold ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Al bre cht ▁of ▁V ald š te j n ' s ▁gener als , ▁Johann ▁Ernst ▁of ▁Sch er fen berg . ▁ ▁Michael ▁Johann ▁II ▁Al th ann ▁recovered ▁the ▁V ran ov ▁estate ▁for ▁the ▁family ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 0 . ▁He ▁commissioned ▁the ▁famous ▁Aust rian ▁architect ▁Johann ▁Bern hard ▁F ischer ▁von ▁Er l ach ▁to ▁design ▁a ▁grand ▁hall , ▁known ▁as ▁‘ the ▁Hall ▁of ▁the ▁Anc est ors ’ ▁in ▁the ▁Bar o que ▁style ▁as ▁a ▁memorial ▁to ▁his ▁Al th ann ▁ancestors . ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁between ▁ 1 6 8 7 ▁and ▁ 1 6 9 5 . ▁It ’ s ▁an ▁o val ▁construction ▁sur mount ed ▁by ▁an ▁im posing ▁cup ola ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁dominant ▁feature ▁of ▁V ran ov . ▁An ▁Aust rian ▁sculpt or , ▁Tob ias ▁Kr acker , ▁created ▁large ▁stat ues ▁of ▁the ▁ancestors |
▁in ▁nic hes ▁around ▁the ▁walls ▁and ▁another ▁Aust rian ▁artist , ▁Johann ▁Michael ▁R ott may r , ▁painted ▁an ▁alleg or ical ▁gl or ification ▁of ▁the ▁Al th ann ▁family ▁in ▁the ▁cup ola . ▁To ▁complement ▁the ▁Hall ▁of ▁the ▁Anc est ors ▁with ▁a ▁spiritual ▁element , ▁F ischer ▁von ▁Er l ach ▁designed ▁a ▁Bar o que ▁chap el , ▁ ▁the ▁Chap el ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Tr inity , ▁which ▁incorporated ▁an ▁Al th ann ▁family ▁vault . ▁The ▁rich ly ▁decorated ▁chap el ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁two ▁years ▁( 1 6 9 9 ▁and ▁ 1 6 7 0 ). ▁After ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Michael ▁Johann ▁II ▁Al th ann ▁more ▁grand ▁buildings ▁were ▁constructed , ▁completing ▁the ▁transformation ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁castle ▁complex ▁into ▁an ▁up - to - date ▁Bar o que ▁ch ate au . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Z ám ek ▁V ran ov ▁nad ▁Dy ji ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁Category : Bar o que ▁architecture ▁in ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic ▁Category : Z no j mo ▁District ▁Category : Cast les ▁in ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic ▁Category : Cast les ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁Mor av ian ▁Region ▁Category : M useum s ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁Mor av ian ▁Region ▁Category : Hist oric ▁house ▁museum s ▁in ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic ▁Category : National ▁Cultural ▁Mon uments ▁of ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic <0x0A> </s> ▁Bryan ▁Cl aren ce ▁Murray ▁( De cember ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 9 |
4 2 ▁– ▁August ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Canadian ▁professional ▁ice ▁hockey ▁executive ▁and ▁coach . ▁ ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁general ▁manager ▁of ▁the ▁Ott awa ▁Sen ators ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Hockey ▁League ▁( N HL ) ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁He ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁general ▁manager ▁of ▁the ▁N HL ' s ▁Might y ▁D ucks ▁of ▁Ana heim , ▁Florida ▁Pan thers , ▁and ▁Detroit ▁Red ▁W ings . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁head ▁coach ▁for ▁the ▁Washington ▁Cap itals , ▁Detroit ▁Red ▁W ings , ▁Florida ▁Pan thers , ▁Might y ▁D ucks ▁of ▁Ana heim , ▁and ▁Ott awa ▁Sen ators , ▁for ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 7 ▁full ▁or ▁partial ▁seasons . ▁ ▁He ▁compiled ▁over ▁ 6 0 0 ▁N HL ▁vict ories ▁in ▁regular ▁season ▁games . ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁ 1 3 ▁full ▁N HL ▁seasons ▁as ▁head ▁coach , ▁he ▁took ▁his ▁teams ▁to ▁the ▁play offs ▁ 1 2 ▁times . ▁ ▁In ▁other ▁le agues , ▁he ▁was ▁head ▁coach ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Hockey ▁League ' s ▁H ers he y ▁B ears ▁and ▁the ▁Western ▁Hockey ▁League ' s ▁R egin a ▁P ats . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Murray ▁played ▁hockey ▁in ▁his ▁hom et own ▁of ▁Shaw ville ▁growing ▁up , ▁joining ▁the ▁Shaw ville ▁Pont iac s ▁intermediate ▁club ▁at ▁age ▁ 1 4 . ▁ ▁He ▁ ▁later |
▁joined ▁the ▁Rock land ▁Nation als ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁Junior ▁Hockey ▁League . ▁ ▁He ▁attended ▁Mac don ald ▁College , ▁a ▁subur ban ▁campus ▁of ▁McG ill ▁University , ▁which ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Ste . ▁Anne ▁de ▁Bel lev ue , ▁Quebec . ▁ ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁Shaw ville ▁and ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁gym ▁teacher . ▁ ▁He ▁then ▁went ▁into ▁business ▁buying ▁a ▁local ▁mot el . ▁ ▁Early ▁coaching ▁career ▁Murray ▁began ▁his ▁coaching ▁career ▁as ▁coach ▁with ▁the ▁Rock land ▁Nation als ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁when ▁the ▁team ▁went ▁all ▁the ▁way ▁and ▁won ▁the ▁Cent ennial ▁Cup ▁of ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Junior ▁Hockey ▁League ▁( C J HL ). ▁ ▁He ▁earned ▁a ▁good ▁reputation ▁as ▁a ▁coach ▁and ▁was ▁offered ▁a ▁position ▁with ▁the ▁P em bro ke ▁L umber ▁Kings , ▁and ▁then ▁with ▁the ▁R egin a ▁P ats ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Hockey ▁League ▁( W HL ). ▁ ▁He ▁left ▁his ▁business ▁interests ▁in ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁family ▁members , ▁and ▁moved ▁west . ▁ ▁He ▁took ▁R egin a ▁to ▁the ▁Memorial ▁Cup ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁ ▁Murray ▁then ▁became ▁the ▁head ▁coach ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Hockey ▁League ' s ▁H ers he y ▁B ears ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 – 8 1 , ▁and ▁served ▁in ▁that ▁role ▁until ▁he ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁head ▁coach ▁of ▁the ▁Washington ▁Cap itals , ▁H ers he y ▁B ears ' ▁parent ▁N HL ▁team , ▁part |
way ▁through ▁the ▁next ▁season ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 – 8 2 . ▁ ▁N HL ▁coach ▁and ▁general ▁manager ▁In ▁seven ▁full ▁seasons ▁with ▁the ▁Cap itals , ▁Murray ▁brought ▁the ▁team ▁to ▁the ▁play offs ▁each ▁year , ▁and ▁these ▁play off ▁appearances ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁in ▁franchise ▁history . ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁second ▁year , ▁the ▁Cap itals ▁won ▁their ▁first ▁play off ▁series . ▁However , ▁his ▁teams ▁did ▁not ▁advance ▁beyond ▁the ▁second ▁round . ▁ ▁He ▁won ▁the ▁Jack ▁Adams ▁Award ▁as ▁coach ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁ ▁Murray ▁was ▁fired ▁part way ▁through ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 9 – 9 0 ▁season , ▁with ▁the ▁team ▁struggling , ▁and ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁his ▁brother ▁Terry ▁Murray . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁Murray ▁became ▁coach ▁and ▁general ▁manager ▁of ▁the ▁Detroit ▁Red ▁W ings . ▁ ▁The ▁team ▁had ▁good ▁results ▁in ▁his ▁three ▁seasons , ▁making ▁the ▁play offs ▁each ▁year , ▁but ▁not ▁getting ▁beyond ▁the ▁second ▁round . ▁ ▁Murray ▁remained ▁as ▁general ▁manager ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 – 9 4 ▁season , ▁after ▁the ▁team ▁named ▁Scot ty ▁Bow man ▁as ▁head ▁coach . ▁ ▁Murray ▁depart ed ▁the ▁Red ▁W ings ▁following ▁the ▁season . ▁ ▁Murray ▁was ▁next ▁appointed ▁general ▁manager ▁of ▁the ▁expansion ▁Florida ▁Pan thers ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁the ▁young ▁Pan thers |
▁made ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁Stanley ▁Cup ▁Fin als , ▁and ▁Murray ▁was ▁selected ▁as ▁N HL ▁Executive ▁of ▁the ▁Year . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁co ached ▁the ▁Pan thers ▁for ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 7 – 9 8 ▁season . ▁ ▁He ▁next ▁joined ▁the ▁Might y ▁D ucks ▁of ▁Ana heim ▁as ▁head ▁coach ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 – 0 2 ▁season . ▁ ▁From ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Murray ▁was ▁general ▁manager ▁of ▁the ▁Might y ▁D ucks , ▁and ▁again ▁saw ▁his ▁team ▁quickly ▁make ▁a ▁mark ▁in ▁the ▁play offs , ▁reaching ▁the ▁Stanley ▁Cup ▁Fin als . ▁ ▁After ▁a ▁disappoint ing ▁ 2 0 0 3 – 0 4 ▁season ▁with ▁the ▁Might y ▁D ucks , ▁he ▁surprised ▁many ▁by ▁deciding ▁to ▁resign ▁from ▁the ▁general ▁manager ▁post , ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁head ▁coach ▁of ▁the ▁Ott awa ▁Sen ators . ▁ ▁On ▁February ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁he ▁became ▁the ▁fifth ▁N HL ▁coach ▁to ▁achieve ▁ 6 0 0 ▁vict ories , ▁in ▁a ▁shoot out ▁win ▁against ▁the ▁Ed mont on ▁Oil ers . ▁ ▁Despite ▁this ▁impressive ▁number ▁of ▁vict ories ▁( at ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁most ▁among ▁active ▁N HL ▁coaches ), ▁Murray ▁never ▁won ▁a ▁Stanley ▁Cup . ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁most ▁recent ▁trip ▁to ▁the ▁Fin als ▁as ▁head ▁coach ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁Sen ators |
▁team ▁that ▁he ▁co ached ▁lost ▁in ▁five ▁games ▁to ▁his ▁former ▁club , ▁the ▁Ana heim ▁D ucks . ▁ ▁That ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁season ▁in ▁Murray ' s ▁ 1 7 ▁years ▁as ▁an ▁N HL ▁head ▁coach ▁that ▁his ▁team ▁advanced ▁beyond ▁the ▁second ▁play off ▁round . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁firing ▁of ▁John ▁M uck ler ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Murray ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁general ▁manager ▁of ▁the ▁Sen ators , ▁while ▁assistant ▁coach ▁John ▁P add ock ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁club ' s ▁head ▁coaching ▁duties . ▁ ▁However , ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁following ▁a ▁ 1 5 – 2 ▁start , ▁which ▁had ▁briefly ▁put ▁the ▁Sen ators ▁in ▁first ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Conference , ▁Murray ▁fired ▁P add ock ▁after ▁the ▁team ▁struggled ▁through ▁a ▁dis astr ous ▁January ▁and ▁February . ▁ ▁Murray ▁stepped ▁in ▁as ▁inter im ▁head ▁coach ▁for ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 0 8 ▁season , ▁finishing ▁with ▁a ▁ 7 – 9 – 2 ▁record , ▁with ▁the ▁team ▁ultimately ▁finishing ▁in ▁seventh ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Conference . ▁ ▁The ▁Sen ators ▁were ▁swept ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁play offs ▁by ▁the ▁Pittsburgh ▁P engu ins . ▁ ▁Craig ▁Hart sburg ▁was ▁hired ▁as ▁the ▁new ▁coach ▁of ▁the ▁team ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁Sen ators ▁struggled |
▁for ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 – 0 9 ▁season , ▁Murray ▁fired ▁Hart sburg ▁after ▁a ▁ 7 – 4 ▁loss ▁against ▁the ▁Cap itals . ▁ ▁In ▁ 4 8 ▁games ▁as ▁head ▁coach ▁of ▁the ▁Sen ators , ▁Hart sburg ▁posted ▁a ▁ 1 7 – 2 4 – 7 ▁record . ▁ ▁C ory ▁Cl ou ston , ▁head ▁coach ▁of ▁the ▁A HL ' s ▁B ingham ton ▁Sen ators , ▁the ▁team ' s ▁top ▁farm ▁club , ▁was ▁hired ▁as ▁inter im ▁head ▁coach , ▁and ▁Cl ou ston ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁head ▁coach ▁on ▁a ▁two - year ▁contract ▁following ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁that ▁season . ▁ ▁Murray ▁signed ▁a ▁three - year ▁contract ▁extension ▁as ▁general ▁manager ▁on ▁April ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁He ▁fired ▁Cl ou ston ▁and ▁two ▁assistant ▁coaches ▁on ▁April ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁following ▁the ▁Sen ators ' ▁last ▁game ▁of ▁the ▁season . ▁The ▁team ▁had ▁been ▁bes et ▁by ▁injuries ▁to ▁key ▁players ▁such ▁as ▁captain ▁Daniel ▁Alfred sson ▁and ▁star ▁forward ▁Jason ▁Spe zza , ▁leading ▁to ▁a ▁mid - season ▁collapse . ▁ ▁Murray ▁made ▁a ▁fl ur ry ▁of ▁tr ades ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁after ▁the ▁Sen ators ▁had ▁fallen ▁out ▁of ▁cont ention , ▁and ▁promoted ▁many ▁younger ▁players ▁from ▁the ▁team ' s ▁B ingham ton ▁farm ▁club . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 |
5 , ▁he ▁was ▁indu cted ▁into ▁the ▁Ott awa ▁Sports ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Murray , ▁one ▁of ▁ten ▁children ▁born ▁to ▁Cl aren ce ▁and ▁Rh oda ▁Murray , ▁was ▁born ▁and ▁raised ▁in ▁the ▁small ▁Ott awa ▁Valley ▁town ▁of ▁Shaw ville , ▁Quebec , ▁near ▁Ott awa . ▁ ▁He ▁had ▁two ▁daughters ▁with ▁his ▁wife ▁Ger i , ▁He ide ▁and ▁Br itt any . ▁▁ ▁His ▁younger ▁brother , ▁Terry ▁Murray , ▁was ▁head ▁coach ▁for ▁the ▁Washington ▁Cap itals , ▁Philadelphia ▁Fly ers , ▁Florida ▁Pan thers , ▁and ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Kings . ▁ ▁His ▁nep hew , ▁Tim ▁Murray , ▁previously ▁served ▁under ▁him ▁as ▁assistant ▁general ▁manager ▁of ▁the ▁Sen ators , ▁and ▁later ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁general ▁manager ▁of ▁the ▁Buffalo ▁Sab res . ▁ ▁Health ▁and ▁death ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁Sen ators ▁website ▁announced ▁Murray ▁was ▁diagnosed ▁with ▁cancer ▁and ▁was ▁under going ▁treatment . ▁ ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Murray ▁announced ▁he ▁had ▁stage ▁ 4 ▁colon ▁cancer , ▁which ▁had ▁spread ▁to ▁his ▁liver ▁and ▁lungs . ▁He ▁said ▁" there ▁is ▁no ▁cure ▁for ▁me ▁at ▁this ▁point " ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁may ▁have ▁had ▁cancer ▁for ▁up ▁to ▁ten ▁years ▁before ▁its ▁detection . ▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Murray ▁died ▁of ▁colon ▁cancer ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 7 4 , ▁three |
▁years ▁after ▁he ▁was ▁diagnosed . ▁ ▁The ▁Sen ators ▁wore ▁a ▁dec al ▁on ▁the ▁side ▁of ▁their ▁hel m ets ▁in ▁his ▁memory ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 – 1 8 ▁season , ▁a ▁red ▁circle , ▁inside ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁his ▁initial s , ▁years ▁of ▁birth ▁and ▁death , ▁and ▁a ▁brief ▁description ▁of ▁him ▁as ▁a ▁" family ▁man , ▁friend , ▁coach , ▁and ▁ment or ." ▁Sen ators ' ▁go alt ender ▁Craig ▁Anderson ▁un ve iled ▁a ▁new ▁mask ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 - 1 9 ▁season ▁which ▁featured ▁Murray ' s ▁li ken ess ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁side ▁with ▁the ▁c aption ▁" 1 9 4 2 - 2 0 1 7 ". ▁Des igned ▁by ▁Sylv ie ▁Mars ol ais , ▁the ▁mask ▁design ▁was ▁Anderson ' s ▁way ▁of ▁thank ing ▁the ▁man ▁who ▁brought ▁him ▁to ▁Ott awa ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁" My ▁career ▁took ▁a ▁turn ▁for ▁the ▁better ▁once ▁I ▁met ▁Bryan ," ▁said ▁Anderson . ▁ ▁Co aching ▁record ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Ott awa ▁Sun ▁profile ▁Ott awa ▁at ▁Home ▁profile ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 7 ▁deaths ▁Category : A na heim ▁D ucks ▁coaches ▁Category : A na heim ▁D ucks ▁execut ives ▁Category : Ang l oph one ▁Quebec ▁people ▁Category : B alt imore ▁Skip j acks ▁coaches ▁Category : Can |
ad ian ▁ice ▁hockey ▁coaches ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁cancer ▁in ▁Ontario ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁col ore ct al ▁cancer ▁Category : Det roit ▁Red ▁W ings ▁coaches ▁Category : Det roit ▁Red ▁W ings ▁general ▁managers ▁Category : Fl or ida ▁Pan thers ▁coaches ▁Category : Fl or ida ▁Pan thers ▁general ▁managers ▁Category : H ers he y ▁B ears ▁coaches ▁Category : I ce ▁hockey ▁people ▁from ▁Quebec ▁Category : Jack ▁Adams ▁Award ▁winners ▁Category : National ▁Hockey ▁League ▁general ▁managers ▁Category : O tt awa ▁Sen ators ▁coaches ▁Category : O tt awa ▁Sen ators ▁execut ives ▁Category : O tt awa ▁Sen ators ▁general ▁managers ▁Category : O tt awa ▁Sen ators ▁personnel ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Out a ou ais ▁Category : R egin a ▁P ats ▁coaches ▁Category : W ashington ▁Cap itals ▁coaches <0x0A> </s> ▁Rud by ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁and ▁civil ▁parish , ▁ 4 ▁miles ▁from ▁the ▁market ▁town ▁of ▁St okes ley ▁in ▁the ▁Hamb leton ▁District ▁of ▁North ▁York shire , ▁England . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁It ▁is ▁ad jo ined ▁to ▁another ▁village ▁called ▁H utton ▁Rud by ▁and ▁it ▁lies ▁on ▁the ▁River ▁L even . ▁ ▁Govern ance ▁An ▁elect oral ▁ward ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁name ▁exists . ▁This ▁ward ▁stret ches ▁east ▁to ▁App leton ▁Wis ke ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁population ▁taken ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Census ▁of ▁ 3 , 5 2 1 . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ |
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