clydeiii/cybersecurity · Datasets at Hugging Face

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NATO conducted a thorough assessment of its IT structure and how it
would defend itself against a cyber attack. This assessment led to an
October 2007 report on cyber defence that was issued to the Allied
Defence Ministers. The report recommended measures to improve
protection against cyber attacks (North Atlantic Treaty Organization,
undated a). What followed was a cyber defence policy in early 2008 and the
creation of a NATO Centre of Excellence for cyber defence in May 2008
(North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 2008a). In April 2008, during the
Bucharest Summit, cyber defence was part of the summit declaration. The
declaration emphasizes the need to protect key information systems, the
sharing of best practices, and for Allied nations to provide assistance to
counter a cyber attack (North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 2008b).
Even though not all NATO nations are part of the Cyber Defence Centre
the centre works to enhance the cyber defence capabilities of all NATO
members. The centre itself is not even funded by NATO but by the
nations that participate in the running of the centre of excellence. The
centre has been charged with doctrine and concept development,
awareness and training, research, development, analysis, and lessons
learned. The experts at the centre also serve as cyber defence consultants
for NATO members North Atlantic Treaty Organization, undated b).
The compelling reality for NATO is that cyber warfare has affected
member nations and continuous to be a realistic threat for the organization
and for its members. NATO members are continuing to develop ways to
counter future threats by sharing best practice information, information on
technical cyber defences, and by agreeing to assist member nations in
countering a cyber attack.
Volume 11, 2009
Baltic Security & Defence Review
6. Multilateral initiatives
Only a few international treaties on cyber security exist making
international cooperation to prevent cyber attacks extremely difficult. Even
finding and then holding accountable a person that commits a cyber crime
is almost impossible without some international cooperation (Organization
for Security and Co-Operation in Europe, 2008). In the aftermath of the
cyber attacks on Estonia the European Union commissioned a study to
examine the issues concerning cyber security facing members of the
European Union. This section will examine the European Union study and
other multinational initiatives that have an impact on the cyber security of
former Soviet satellites and Russia. (Cornish, 2009)
6.1. Convention on Cybercrime
The Council of Europe has established a treaty on cyber crime that entered
into force 5 in 2004. Twenty-two Council of Europe member nations, along
with the United States, have ratified the treaty agreeing to international
cooperation concerning cybercrime issues. The Russian Federation has not
agreed to the treaty making it difficult for states to resolve issues with
Russia concerning cyber crimes in an international forum (Council of
Europe, undated a). This treaty is still significant because it is the first
international treaty on crimes committed on the internet (Council of
Europe, undated b).
The main goal of the convention, as stated in the preamble, is to protect
nations against cybercrime, by adopting laws and regulations, and fostering
co-operation internationally. The states that become a party to the
Convention on Cybercrime agree to adopt laws that create criminal
penalties for committing crimes on the internet. The convention outlines
several areas that states have agreed to make criminal statutes on issues
such as illegal access of computer systems, system and data interference,
and other computer related fraud. Nations that are party to the convention
also agree to cooperate with investigations, to provide mutual assistance
concerning cyber crimes, and to pursue the collection of evidence. The
extradition of alleged cybercriminals is also agreed to by parties to the
treaty. Disagreements between states that have ratified the treaty include
direct negotiations, settlement in front of the European Committee on
Crime Problems (CDPC), a tribunal for arbitration or adjudication in front
Baltic Security & Defence Review
Volume 11, 2009
of the International Court of Justice. The Convention on Cybercrime gave
a framework for cooperation among member states for the prosecution of
cyber criminals by removing safe havens for the cyber criminals. (Council
of Europe, 2001)
However, Russia does agree to the convention and it protects citizens who
engage in cyber misconduct by preventing their extradition out of Russia.
Failing to sign the convention agreement also prevents Russia from having
any legal standing to prosecute trans-national cyber criminals who attack
Russia
s IT infrastructure.
6.2. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) has a
tradition of promoting the security and stability of Europe. This tradition
of promoting security and stability since 2004 has included cyber security.
The OSCE
s initial focus on cyber security concerned the use of the
internet for recruiting, fundraising, and communication by terrorist
organizations. In 2006 the OSCE
s efforts began to focus on protecting
vital information infrastructures against cyber attacks. Debate in the OSCE
has not led to great change but has been a forum for further cooperation
in cyber security in Europe. In June 2008, the Estonian Defence Minister,
Jaak Aaviksoo, in an address to members of the OSCE, said there is
immense amount of work to be done [concerning cyber security].
Minister Aaviksoo used the forum of the OSCE to use his nation
experience in defending against cyber crime to increase international
cooperation in Europe. This statement by the Estonian Defence Minister
sums up OSCE
s efforts concerning cyber defence, they are still in the
talking phase and have at least recognized the importance of cyber defence
(Cornish, 2009:20-21). The OSCE will continue to be a forum to publicize
grievances for European nations that have had their IT infrastructures
attacked by Russian hackers. European nations will judge Russia on its
cooperation with the OSCE in finding and prosecuting individuals who
engage in cyber attacks.

NATO conducted a thorough assessment of its IT structure and how it

would defend itself against a cyber attack. This assessment led to an

October 2007 report on cyber defence that was issued to the Allied

Defence Ministers. The report recommended measures to improve

protection against cyber attacks (North Atlantic Treaty Organization,

undated a). What followed was a cyber defence policy in early 2008 and the

creation of a NATO Centre of Excellence for cyber defence in May 2008

(North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 2008a). In April 2008, during the

Bucharest Summit, cyber defence was part of the summit declaration. The

declaration emphasizes the need to protect key information systems, the

sharing of best practices, and for Allied nations to provide assistance to

counter a cyber attack (North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 2008b).

Even though not all NATO nations are part of the Cyber Defence Centre

the centre works to enhance the cyber defence capabilities of all NATO

members. The centre itself is not even funded by NATO but by the

nations that participate in the running of the centre of excellence. The

centre has been charged with doctrine and concept development,

awareness and training, research, development, analysis, and lessons

learned. The experts at the centre also serve as cyber defence consultants

for NATO members North Atlantic Treaty Organization, undated b).

The compelling reality for NATO is that cyber warfare has affected

member nations and continuous to be a realistic threat for the organization

and for its members. NATO members are continuing to develop ways to

counter future threats by sharing best practice information, information on

technical cyber defences, and by agreeing to assist member nations in

countering a cyber attack.

Volume 11, 2009

Baltic Security & Defence Review

6. Multilateral initiatives

Only a few international treaties on cyber security exist making

international cooperation to prevent cyber attacks extremely difficult. Even

finding and then holding accountable a person that commits a cyber crime

is almost impossible without some international cooperation (Organization

for Security and Co-Operation in Europe, 2008). In the aftermath of the

cyber attacks on Estonia the European Union commissioned a study to

examine the issues concerning cyber security facing members of the

European Union. This section will examine the European Union study and

other multinational initiatives that have an impact on the cyber security of

former Soviet satellites and Russia. (Cornish, 2009)

6.1. Convention on Cybercrime

The Council of Europe has established a treaty on cyber crime that entered

into force 5 in 2004. Twenty-two Council of Europe member nations, along

with the United States, have ratified the treaty agreeing to international

cooperation concerning cybercrime issues. The Russian Federation has not

agreed to the treaty making it difficult for states to resolve issues with

Russia concerning cyber crimes in an international forum (Council of

Europe, undated a). This treaty is still significant because it is the first

international treaty on crimes committed on the internet (Council of

Europe, undated b).

The main goal of the convention, as stated in the preamble, is to protect

nations against cybercrime, by adopting laws and regulations, and fostering

co-operation internationally. The states that become a party to the

Convention on Cybercrime agree to adopt laws that create criminal

penalties for committing crimes on the internet. The convention outlines

several areas that states have agreed to make criminal statutes on issues

such as illegal access of computer systems, system and data interference,

and other computer related fraud. Nations that are party to the convention

also agree to cooperate with investigations, to provide mutual assistance

concerning cyber crimes, and to pursue the collection of evidence. The

extradition of alleged cybercriminals is also agreed to by parties to the

treaty. Disagreements between states that have ratified the treaty include

direct negotiations, settlement in front of the European Committee on

Crime Problems (CDPC), a tribunal for arbitration or adjudication in front

Baltic Security & Defence Review

Volume 11, 2009

of the International Court of Justice. The Convention on Cybercrime gave

a framework for cooperation among member states for the prosecution of

cyber criminals by removing safe havens for the cyber criminals. (Council

of Europe, 2001)

However, Russia does agree to the convention and it protects citizens who

engage in cyber misconduct by preventing their extradition out of Russia.

Failing to sign the convention agreement also prevents Russia from having

any legal standing to prosecute trans-national cyber criminals who attack

Russia

s IT infrastructure.

6.2. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) has a

tradition of promoting the security and stability of Europe. This tradition

of promoting security and stability since 2004 has included cyber security.

The OSCE

s initial focus on cyber security concerned the use of the

internet for recruiting, fundraising, and communication by terrorist

organizations. In 2006 the OSCE

s efforts began to focus on protecting

vital information infrastructures against cyber attacks. Debate in the OSCE

has not led to great change but has been a forum for further cooperation

in cyber security in Europe. In June 2008, the Estonian Defence Minister,

Jaak Aaviksoo, in an address to members of the OSCE, said there is

immense amount of work to be done [concerning cyber security].

Minister Aaviksoo used the forum of the OSCE to use his nation

experience in defending against cyber crime to increase international

cooperation in Europe. This statement by the Estonian Defence Minister

sums up OSCE

s efforts concerning cyber defence, they are still in the

talking phase and have at least recognized the importance of cyber defence

(Cornish, 2009:20-21). The OSCE will continue to be a forum to publicize

grievances for European nations that have had their IT infrastructures

attacked by Russian hackers. European nations will judge Russia on its

cooperation with the OSCE in finding and prosecuting individuals who

engage in cyber attacks.