clydeiii/cybersecurity · Datasets at Hugging Face

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6.3. The European Union
Estonia continues to lobby for improved international cooperation in
cyber security as it calls on the European Union (EU) to pass legislation
concerning crimes committed on the internet. While addressing the
Volume 11, 2009
Baltic Security & Defence Review
European Parliament, Toomas Hendrik, the Estonian President, called
upon the EU to pass legislation that make cyber attacks against public and
private web sites a criminal act (Jones, 2008). The EU has several initiatives
involving different agencies but lacks an overall cyber security strategy. The
European Commission has the Information Society and Media Directorate
General, the European Network and Information Security Agency
(ENISA), and the Contact Network of Spam Authorities that deal with
different aspects of cyber security. The Information Society and Media
Directorate has a program to improve the content of the internet by
protecting people from child pornography, racism, and other harmful
online content. The ENISA is an agency that was created in 2004 to raise
awareness of cyber security issues and to promote best practices by
member nations with the EU. The Contact Network of SPAM authorities
is an initiative to counter SPAM and share information on best practices
between EU member nations. (Cornish, 2009:24-27)
The European Parliament has established several standing committees
concerned with cyber security issues. The Committee on Industry,
Research, and Technology (ITRE) is concerned with establishing
information technology networks within the EU. The Committee on Civil
Liberties, Justice, and Home Affairs (LIBE) is responsible of the
protection of personal information on the internet for members of the
EU. The Committee on Foreign Affairs is responsible for the Security and
Security policies of the EU which includes internet security policies.
(Cornish, 2009:26)
The European Police Office (EUROPOL) is an agency of the Police and
Judicial Co-operation (PJC) that has more of a direct role in EU cyber
security in the context of combating terrorism, organized crime, and
financial crime (Cornish, 2009:25). Although cyber security is addressed by
the EU there is no organization within the EU to ensure that there are no
contradictions in cyber security policy among all of the various EU
agencies, commissions, and co-operations. The European Parliament
commissioned a study on cyber security published February 2009 that
examined security challenges concerning the internet for the EU. The
study recommended that clear roles should be defined for cyber security
responses with the many EU organizations, including the establishment of
the post of cyber security coordinator and the establishment of a common
operating vision for cyber security in order to achieve operational
consistency across the EU (Cornish, 2009:31). The EU and Russia work
Baltic Security & Defence Review
Volume 11, 2009
together on different challenges including drug and human trafficking,
organized crime, and counter-terrorism. Russia is also the EU
s third
largest trading partner (European Commission, 2009). The EU
s cyber
security organizations can offer a framework for increased cooperation to
defeat cyber attacks that originate from or are directed at Russia.
6.4. The United Nations
The main purpose of the United Nations (UN) is to maintain international
peace and security among the different nations of the world (United
Nations, 1945). The focus for cyber security for the UN, through the UN
Security Council, has been on countering terrorism. Debates among the
UN General Assembly started in 2002 highlighted the growing dependence
on IT use. Out of discussions came a warning that law enforcement
activities would not be sufficient but that more efforts in cyber security
need to be made on prevention. (Cornish, 2009:17)
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the main
organization that is responsible for cyber security within the UN
framework. The ITU
s goal is to enhance cyber security in order for
individuals, businesses and nations to have confidence in the use of
cyberspace. The ITU uses its Global Cyber Security Agenda, which began
in 2007, to promote its goals of increased cyber security. The ITU has not
been an agency for the enforcement of legislation and international
agreements concerning cyber security but has focused on assisting in
building nation
s capabilities for cyber security (Cornish, 2009:17-18).
Former Soviet satellites can cooperate with the ITU to improve their cyber
defences against cyber criminals from Russia or any other nation. The UN
will continue to be a forum for Russia to voice grievances or defend
themselves against world opinion in matters involving international peace
and security including cyber security.
6.5. Relevance of multilateral initiatives
Although the Russian government cooperates with Europe and other
nations on a variety of economic and security issues, individuals,
organizations, and governments are able to exploit the weaknesses of the
international system in order to use the internet for criminal activities
without fear of any major reprisals. Significant effort has been made
towards cyber security since the cyber attack on Estonia in 2007, but much
Volume 11, 2009
Baltic Security & Defence Review
more needs to be done among national and international organizations to
ensure genuine cyber security. The framework for increasing cyber security
exists, but it will take the cooperation of many nations, including Russia, to
make a difference in cyber security.
7. Implications for the United States
The cyber attack on Estonia should be considered a significant wake-up
call for the United States. Even though the attacks had no direct impact on
the U.S., Estonia is a NATO ally and the attack clearly showed aggressive
intent seeking advantage. When the attacks occurred the U.S. sent experts
to assist and help Estonia with its cyber defences. Jaak Aaviksoo, the
Estonian Defence Minister, was told by U.S. officials that Estonia coped
better than the U.S. is likely could in responding to a cyber attack. The
Estonian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) was able to

6.3. The European Union

Estonia continues to lobby for improved international cooperation in

cyber security as it calls on the European Union (EU) to pass legislation

concerning crimes committed on the internet. While addressing the

Volume 11, 2009

Baltic Security & Defence Review

European Parliament, Toomas Hendrik, the Estonian President, called

upon the EU to pass legislation that make cyber attacks against public and

private web sites a criminal act (Jones, 2008). The EU has several initiatives

involving different agencies but lacks an overall cyber security strategy. The

European Commission has the Information Society and Media Directorate

General, the European Network and Information Security Agency

(ENISA), and the Contact Network of Spam Authorities that deal with

different aspects of cyber security. The Information Society and Media

Directorate has a program to improve the content of the internet by

protecting people from child pornography, racism, and other harmful

online content. The ENISA is an agency that was created in 2004 to raise

awareness of cyber security issues and to promote best practices by

member nations with the EU. The Contact Network of SPAM authorities

is an initiative to counter SPAM and share information on best practices

between EU member nations. (Cornish, 2009:24-27)

The European Parliament has established several standing committees

concerned with cyber security issues. The Committee on Industry,

Research, and Technology (ITRE) is concerned with establishing

information technology networks within the EU. The Committee on Civil

Liberties, Justice, and Home Affairs (LIBE) is responsible of the

protection of personal information on the internet for members of the

EU. The Committee on Foreign Affairs is responsible for the Security and

Security policies of the EU which includes internet security policies.

(Cornish, 2009:26)

The European Police Office (EUROPOL) is an agency of the Police and

Judicial Co-operation (PJC) that has more of a direct role in EU cyber

security in the context of combating terrorism, organized crime, and

financial crime (Cornish, 2009:25). Although cyber security is addressed by

the EU there is no organization within the EU to ensure that there are no

contradictions in cyber security policy among all of the various EU

agencies, commissions, and co-operations. The European Parliament

commissioned a study on cyber security published February 2009 that

examined security challenges concerning the internet for the EU. The

study recommended that clear roles should be defined for cyber security

responses with the many EU organizations, including the establishment of

the post of cyber security coordinator and the establishment of a common

operating vision for cyber security in order to achieve operational

consistency across the EU (Cornish, 2009:31). The EU and Russia work

Baltic Security & Defence Review

Volume 11, 2009

together on different challenges including drug and human trafficking,

organized crime, and counter-terrorism. Russia is also the EU

s third

largest trading partner (European Commission, 2009). The EU

s cyber

security organizations can offer a framework for increased cooperation to

defeat cyber attacks that originate from or are directed at Russia.

6.4. The United Nations

The main purpose of the United Nations (UN) is to maintain international

peace and security among the different nations of the world (United

Nations, 1945). The focus for cyber security for the UN, through the UN

Security Council, has been on countering terrorism. Debates among the

UN General Assembly started in 2002 highlighted the growing dependence

on IT use. Out of discussions came a warning that law enforcement

activities would not be sufficient but that more efforts in cyber security

need to be made on prevention. (Cornish, 2009:17)

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the main

organization that is responsible for cyber security within the UN

framework. The ITU

s goal is to enhance cyber security in order for

individuals, businesses and nations to have confidence in the use of

cyberspace. The ITU uses its Global Cyber Security Agenda, which began

in 2007, to promote its goals of increased cyber security. The ITU has not

been an agency for the enforcement of legislation and international

agreements concerning cyber security but has focused on assisting in

building nation

s capabilities for cyber security (Cornish, 2009:17-18).

Former Soviet satellites can cooperate with the ITU to improve their cyber

defences against cyber criminals from Russia or any other nation. The UN

will continue to be a forum for Russia to voice grievances or defend

themselves against world opinion in matters involving international peace

and security including cyber security.

6.5. Relevance of multilateral initiatives

Although the Russian government cooperates with Europe and other

nations on a variety of economic and security issues, individuals,

organizations, and governments are able to exploit the weaknesses of the

international system in order to use the internet for criminal activities

without fear of any major reprisals. Significant effort has been made

towards cyber security since the cyber attack on Estonia in 2007, but much

Volume 11, 2009

Baltic Security & Defence Review

more needs to be done among national and international organizations to

ensure genuine cyber security. The framework for increasing cyber security

exists, but it will take the cooperation of many nations, including Russia, to

make a difference in cyber security.

7. Implications for the United States

The cyber attack on Estonia should be considered a significant wake-up

call for the United States. Even though the attacks had no direct impact on

the U.S., Estonia is a NATO ally and the attack clearly showed aggressive

intent seeking advantage. When the attacks occurred the U.S. sent experts

to assist and help Estonia with its cyber defences. Jaak Aaviksoo, the

Estonian Defence Minister, was told by U.S. officials that Estonia coped

better than the U.S. is likely could in responding to a cyber attack. The

Estonian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) was able to