clydeiii/cybersecurity · Datasets at Hugging Face

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s commitment
to relatively low-cost asymmetric warfare (International Assessment and Strategy Center
2005).
Second Artillery Corps
The Second Artillery Corps (SAC) controls the PLA
s nuclear and conventional missile
forces. Weapons from the SAC are subsequently filtered to other branches of the PLA.
Items such as the land attack cruise missile (LACM) may be used by the PLAAF on H-6
bombers, or by the PLAN on Type 093 nuclear submarines. China's total nuclear arsenal is
estimated to be between 120 and 250. China maintains a
no first use
policy; however, the
ambiguous nature of declaratory policies leave open the option for first strike if China
leaders believe their national security or the CPC are under threat.
China began developing nuclear weapons in the late 1950s with the help of Soviet assistance.
After the Sino-Soviet split in the late 1950s, China continued its development on its own and
made significant progress. The People
s Republic detonated its first atomic bomb in 1964,
making it the fifth state to do so, following the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom,
and France. With the addition of India and Pakistan, and possibly Israel and North Korea,
China remains only one of nine states with a nuclear capability. China launched its first
nuclear missile in 1966, and detonated its first hydrogen bomb in 1967. Short-range ballistic
missile (SRBM) capability was obtained with the development of the Dongfeng-1, mediumrange ballistic missile (MRBM) capability with the Dongfeng-2, intermediate-range ballistic
missile (IRBM) capability with the Dongfeng-3, and limited intercontinental ballistic missile
(ICBM) capability with the Dongfeng-5 (Missile and Space Programme 2008; Second
Artillery Corps 2000).
It is estimated that China has 24-36 liquid fuelled ICBMs capable of striking the US and
approximately 100-150 IRBMs capable of striking Russia and Eastern Europe. China also
possesses approximately 1,000 SRBMs with ranges between 300 and 600 km. Beijing is
continually upgrading the range, accuracy, and payload capability of its SRBMs at a rate of
100 new missiles per year. Its most current missile, the Dongfeng-31A is a solid fuel ICBM
with a range of 11,200km. It is road mobile, and has multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs). As noted above, China possesses submarine-launched ballistic
missiles (SLBMs) on its SSBN submarines. The PLAAF also has bombers capable of
delivering nuclear bombs. However, they would be unlikely to break through the modern air
defence systems of advanced military powers. The SAC has sought to improve its retaliatory
strike capability by hardening missile silos, developing mobile launchers, and increasing
range, accuracy, and response time of its missile system (Annual Report to Congress 2008;
see also Wortzel 2007).
Culture Mandala, Vol. 8, No. 1, October 2008, pp.28-80
Copyright
2008 Jason Fritz
China
s non-nuclear missile arsenal continues to develop anti-access/area denial capabilities.
These include the land attack cruise missile (LACM) DH-10, the Russian SUNBURN antiship cruise missile (ASCM), the Russian SIZZLER supersonic ASCM, and indigenous
versions of anti-ship missiles based on their own MRBMs. The acquisition of Russian arms
demonstrates China
s continued commitment to technology transfer and reverse engineering.
Thus,
The DH-10 will be similar in size and capability to the U.S. TOMOHAWK, in part
because the PLA has been collecting parts of this U.S. cruise missile from Iraq and
Afghanistan. The PLA has obtained at least six Russian Kh-55 cruise missiles from the
Ukraine, and reportedly, has benefited from Israeli cruise missile technology associated with
the DELILAH anti-radar missile
(Moore 2000). Asymmetric warfare, another tendency of
the PLA, is shown by its research into manoeuvring re-entry vehicles (MaRV), decoys, chaff,
jamming, thermal shielding, and ASAT weapons that will strengthen deterrence and strike
capabilities. Many of these technologies can also be used to defeat, deter, or stymie US
attempts at a National Missile Defence shield. By examining the weapons and deployment of
the SAC, China
s perceived primary threats can be identified. The majority of the SAC
SRBMs are opposite Taiwan. DF-11 Mod 1s are capable of carrying thermobaric and cluster
munitions as well as high-explosives. In addition, they may carry radiofrequency/electromagnetic pulse (EMP) warheads which, if used in sufficient numbers, could
disable electronic communications and electric power networks (Annual Report to Congress
2008).
People
s Armed Police
The People
s Armed Police (PAP) is no longer the official fifth service branch of the PLA;
however it remains an integral part of Chinese defence. The line between military operations
against foreign elements and operations of internal security are often blurred. This can be
seen all the way down to the PAP uniforms which differ only slightly from PLAGF, often
leading foreigners to mistake them as soldiers. In contrast, public security officers wear dark
gray or blue uniforms more common among Western police forces. Much of the PAP force
was absorbed directly from the PLA. They use a similar rank structure, and they obey the
s general regulations. PAP guards are also recruited at the same time and through the
same procedures as PLA soldiers. The PAP has a dual command structure including the
Central Military Commission (CMC) and the State Council through the Ministry of Public
Security. By law the PAP is not part of the PLA; however, their interconnection is
unavoidable, and the PAP will play an important role as domestic or non-military issues
become intertwined with traditional military issues (People's Armed Police Force
Organisation 2007; Tkacik 2007).
The PAP is a paramilitary force primarily responsible for law enforcement. China
s National
Defence White Paper, published in 2006, lists the total strength of the PAP at 660,000. The
IISS Military Balance of 2008 lists an estimated 1.5 million (IISS 2008). The PAP has its
origins in the PLA, which was originally tasked with both defending China from foreign
threats and providing internal security. While the two share much in common, China
eventually decided the differences were greater than the similarities. The PAP's primary
mission is internal security. They are responsible for guarding government buildings at all
levels, including party and state organisations, foreign embassies, consulates, and airports.
The PAP provides personal protection to senior government officials, and performs security
functions for major corporations and public events
including its much-publicized role in the
2008 Beijing Olympics (see Paramilitary Olympics 2008). Additionally, the PAP maintains
multiple counter-terrorism units, sea and land border security forces, fire fighting units, and
Culture Mandala, Vol. 8, No. 1, October 2008, pp.28-80
Copyright
2008 Jason Fritz
has a role in the protection of forests, gold mines, hydroelectric facilities, and highway
infrastructure. The secondary mission of the PAP is external defence, and in times of war

s commitment

to relatively low-cost asymmetric warfare (International Assessment and Strategy Center

2005).

Second Artillery Corps

The Second Artillery Corps (SAC) controls the PLA

s nuclear and conventional missile

forces. Weapons from the SAC are subsequently filtered to other branches of the PLA.

Items such as the land attack cruise missile (LACM) may be used by the PLAAF on H-6

bombers, or by the PLAN on Type 093 nuclear submarines. China's total nuclear arsenal is

estimated to be between 120 and 250. China maintains a

no first use

policy; however, the

ambiguous nature of declaratory policies leave open the option for first strike if China

leaders believe their national security or the CPC are under threat.

China began developing nuclear weapons in the late 1950s with the help of Soviet assistance.

After the Sino-Soviet split in the late 1950s, China continued its development on its own and

made significant progress. The People

s Republic detonated its first atomic bomb in 1964,

making it the fifth state to do so, following the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom,

and France. With the addition of India and Pakistan, and possibly Israel and North Korea,

China remains only one of nine states with a nuclear capability. China launched its first

nuclear missile in 1966, and detonated its first hydrogen bomb in 1967. Short-range ballistic

missile (SRBM) capability was obtained with the development of the Dongfeng-1, mediumrange ballistic missile (MRBM) capability with the Dongfeng-2, intermediate-range ballistic

missile (IRBM) capability with the Dongfeng-3, and limited intercontinental ballistic missile

(ICBM) capability with the Dongfeng-5 (Missile and Space Programme 2008; Second

Artillery Corps 2000).

It is estimated that China has 24-36 liquid fuelled ICBMs capable of striking the US and

approximately 100-150 IRBMs capable of striking Russia and Eastern Europe. China also

possesses approximately 1,000 SRBMs with ranges between 300 and 600 km. Beijing is

continually upgrading the range, accuracy, and payload capability of its SRBMs at a rate of

100 new missiles per year. Its most current missile, the Dongfeng-31A is a solid fuel ICBM

with a range of 11,200km. It is road mobile, and has multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs). As noted above, China possesses submarine-launched ballistic

missiles (SLBMs) on its SSBN submarines. The PLAAF also has bombers capable of

delivering nuclear bombs. However, they would be unlikely to break through the modern air

defence systems of advanced military powers. The SAC has sought to improve its retaliatory

strike capability by hardening missile silos, developing mobile launchers, and increasing

range, accuracy, and response time of its missile system (Annual Report to Congress 2008;

see also Wortzel 2007).

Culture Mandala, Vol. 8, No. 1, October 2008, pp.28-80

Copyright

2008 Jason Fritz

China

s non-nuclear missile arsenal continues to develop anti-access/area denial capabilities.

These include the land attack cruise missile (LACM) DH-10, the Russian SUNBURN antiship cruise missile (ASCM), the Russian SIZZLER supersonic ASCM, and indigenous

versions of anti-ship missiles based on their own MRBMs. The acquisition of Russian arms

demonstrates China

s continued commitment to technology transfer and reverse engineering.

Thus,

The DH-10 will be similar in size and capability to the U.S. TOMOHAWK, in part

because the PLA has been collecting parts of this U.S. cruise missile from Iraq and

Afghanistan. The PLA has obtained at least six Russian Kh-55 cruise missiles from the

Ukraine, and reportedly, has benefited from Israeli cruise missile technology associated with

the DELILAH anti-radar missile

(Moore 2000). Asymmetric warfare, another tendency of

the PLA, is shown by its research into manoeuvring re-entry vehicles (MaRV), decoys, chaff,

jamming, thermal shielding, and ASAT weapons that will strengthen deterrence and strike

capabilities. Many of these technologies can also be used to defeat, deter, or stymie US

attempts at a National Missile Defence shield. By examining the weapons and deployment of

the SAC, China

s perceived primary threats can be identified. The majority of the SAC

SRBMs are opposite Taiwan. DF-11 Mod 1s are capable of carrying thermobaric and cluster

munitions as well as high-explosives. In addition, they may carry radiofrequency/electromagnetic pulse (EMP) warheads which, if used in sufficient numbers, could

disable electronic communications and electric power networks (Annual Report to Congress

2008).

People

s Armed Police

The People

s Armed Police (PAP) is no longer the official fifth service branch of the PLA;

however it remains an integral part of Chinese defence. The line between military operations

against foreign elements and operations of internal security are often blurred. This can be

seen all the way down to the PAP uniforms which differ only slightly from PLAGF, often

leading foreigners to mistake them as soldiers. In contrast, public security officers wear dark

gray or blue uniforms more common among Western police forces. Much of the PAP force

was absorbed directly from the PLA. They use a similar rank structure, and they obey the

s general regulations. PAP guards are also recruited at the same time and through the

same procedures as PLA soldiers. The PAP has a dual command structure including the

Central Military Commission (CMC) and the State Council through the Ministry of Public

Security. By law the PAP is not part of the PLA; however, their interconnection is

unavoidable, and the PAP will play an important role as domestic or non-military issues

become intertwined with traditional military issues (People's Armed Police Force

Organisation 2007; Tkacik 2007).

The PAP is a paramilitary force primarily responsible for law enforcement. China

s National

Defence White Paper, published in 2006, lists the total strength of the PAP at 660,000. The

IISS Military Balance of 2008 lists an estimated 1.5 million (IISS 2008). The PAP has its

origins in the PLA, which was originally tasked with both defending China from foreign

threats and providing internal security. While the two share much in common, China

eventually decided the differences were greater than the similarities. The PAP's primary

mission is internal security. They are responsible for guarding government buildings at all

levels, including party and state organisations, foreign embassies, consulates, and airports.

The PAP provides personal protection to senior government officials, and performs security

functions for major corporations and public events

including its much-publicized role in the

2008 Beijing Olympics (see Paramilitary Olympics 2008). Additionally, the PAP maintains

multiple counter-terrorism units, sea and land border security forces, fire fighting units, and

Culture Mandala, Vol. 8, No. 1, October 2008, pp.28-80

Copyright

2008 Jason Fritz

has a role in the protection of forests, gold mines, hydroelectric facilities, and highway

infrastructure. The secondary mission of the PAP is external defence, and in times of war