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<s>[INST] What causes Membranous glomerulonephritis? [/INST] Membranous nephropathy is caused by thickening of part of the glomerular basement membrane. Glomerular basement membrane is a part of the kidneys that helps filter waste and extra fluid from the blood. The exact reason for this thickening is not known.
It is one of the most common causes of nephritic syndrome. The condition may be a primary kidney disease of uncertain origin, or it may be associated with other conditions. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Membranous glomerulonephritis ? [/INST] The following increase your risk for this condition:
Exposure to toxins, including gold and mercury. Use of certain medicines, including penicillamine, trimethadione, and skin-lightening creams. Infections, including hepatitis B, malaria, syphilis, and endocarditis. Blood cancers, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma and leukemia. Melanoma, a type of skin cancer. Systemic lupus erythematosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Grave`s disease, and other autoimmune disorders.
The disorder occurs in approximately 2 out of 10,000 people. It may occur at any age but is more common after age 40. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Membranous glomerulonephritis ? [/INST] Call for an appointment with your health care provider if symptoms indicate membranous nephropathy may be present. Call for an appointment with your health care provider if symptoms worsen or persist, if you experience a decreased urine output or other new symptom develops. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Membranous glomerulonephritis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The outlook varies. There may be symptom-free periods and acute flare ups. In some cases, the condition may go away with or without therapy.
The majority of patients will have some degree of irreversible kidney damage within 2-20 years. About 20% of those will progress to end-stage renal disease. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Renal papillary necrosis? [/INST] Necrosis (tissue death) of the renal papillae may make the kidney unable to concentrate the urine. Symptoms may include:
Back pain or flank pain Bloody urine Cloudy urine Dark, rust-colored, or brown urine Tissue in the urine
Additional symptoms that may be associated with this disease:
Chills Incontinence Increased urinary frequency or urgency Painful urination Passing large amounts of urine Urinating frequently at night Urinary hesitancy </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Renal papillary necrosis? [/INST] Renal papillary necrosis is most commonly associated with analgesic nephropathy. However, a number of conditions can cause this condition, including:
Diabetic nephropathy Kidney infection Kidney transplant rejection Urinary tract obstruction Sickle cell anemia Sickle cell anemia is a common cause of renal papillary necrosis in children. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Renal papillary necrosis ? [/INST] Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you have bloody urine. Also call if other symptoms of renal papillary necrosis develop, especially after taking over-the-counter pain medications. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Renal papillary necrosis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] How well a person does depends on the underlying condition. If the underlying disorder can be controlled, the condition may go away on its own. In some cases, persons with this condition develop kidney failure. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Renal vein thrombosis? [/INST] Blood clot to the lung Bloody urine Decreased urine output Flank pain or low back pain </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Renal vein thrombosis? [/INST] Renal vein thrombosis is an uncommon disorder that may be caused by:
Abdominal aortic aneurysm Clotting disorders Dehydration (mostly in infants) Estrogen use Nephrotic syndrome Pregnancy Scar formation with pressure on the renal vein Trauma (to the back or abdomen) Tumor
In adults, the most common cause is nephrotic syndrome. In infants, the most common cause is dehydration. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Renal vein thrombosis ? [/INST] Its a relatively less common disease but any of the above mentioned condition can predispose risk for renal vein thrombosis. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Renal vein thrombosis ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of renal vein thrombosis.
If you have experienced renal vein thrombosis, call your health care provider if you develop decreased urine output, difficulty breathing, or other new symptoms. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Renal vein thrombosis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Renal vein thrombosis usually gets better over time without permanently injuring the kidneys. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Dehydration? [/INST] Dry or sticky mouth Lethargy or coma (with severe dehydration) Low or no urine output; urine looks dark yellow No tears Sunken eyes Sunken fontanelles (the soft spot on the top of the head) in an infant </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Dehydration? [/INST] Dehydration can be caused by losing too much fluid, not drinking enough water or fluids, or both.
Your body may lose too much fluids from:
Excessive sweating (for example, from exercise) Excessive urine output, such as with uncontrolled diabetes or diuretic use Fever Vomiting or diarrhea
You might not drink enough fluids because of:
Loss of appetite due to illness Nausea Sore throat or mouth sores
Dehydration in sick children is often a combination of refusing to eat or drink anything and losing fluid from vomiting, diarrhea, or fever. Infants and children are more likely to become dehydrated than adults because they weigh less and their bodies turn over water and electrolytes more quickly. The elderly and people with illnesses are also at higher risk. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Dehydration ? [/INST] Call 911 if you or your child have the following symptoms:
Confusion Dizziness Lethargy Light-headedness
Call your health care provider right away if you or your child has any of the following symptoms:
Blood in the stool or vomit Diarrhea or vomiting (in infants less than 2 months old) Dry mouth or dry eyes Dry skin that sags back into position slowly when pinched up into a fold Fast-beating heart Listlessness and inactiveness Little or no urine output for 8 hours No tears Sunken eyes Sunken soft spot on the top of your infant's head
Call your health care provider if you are not sure whether you are giving your child enough fluids.
Also call your health care provider if:
You or your child cannot keep down fluids during an illness Vomiting has been going on for longer than 24 hours in an adult or longer than 12 hours in a child Diarrhea has lasted longer than 5 days in an adult or child Your infant or child is much less active than usual or is irritable You or your child is urinating much more than normal, especially if there is a family history of diabetes or you are taking diuretics </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Dehydration (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] When dehydration is found and treated quickly, the outcome is usually good. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Porphyria? [/INST] Porphyrias involve three major symptoms:
Abdominal pain or cramping (only in some forms of the disease) Light sensitivity causing rashes, blistering, and scarring of the skin (photodermatitis) Problems with the nervous system and muscles seizures, mental disturbances, nerve damage)
Attacks can occur suddenly, usually with severe abdominal pain followed by vomiting and constipation. Being out in the sun can cause pain, sensations of heat, blistering, and skin redness and swelling. Blisters heal slowly, often with scarring or skin color changes. They may be disfiguring. Urine may turn red or brown after an attack.
Other symptoms may include:
Muscle pain Muscle weakness or paralysis Numbness or tingling Pain in the arms or legs Pain in the back Personality changes
Attacks can sometimes be life threatening, producing:
Low blood pressure Severe electrolyte imbalances Shock </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Porphyria ? [/INST] Normally, the body makes heme in a multi-step process. Porphyrins are made during several steps of this process. Patients with porphyria have a deficiency of certain enzymes needed for this process. This causes abnormal amounts of porphyrins or related chemicals to build up in the body.
There are many different forms of porphyria. The most common type is porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT).
Drugs, infection, alcohol, and hormones such as estrogen may trigger attacks of certain types of porphyria. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to Contact a Medical Professional ? [/INST] Seek medical attention as soon as you have signs of an acute attack. Talk to your doctor about your risk for this condition if you have a long history of undiagnosed abdominal pain, muscle and nerve problems, and sensitivity to sunlight. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Porphyria (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Porphyrias are life-long diseases with symptoms that come and go. Some forms of the disease cause more symptoms than others. Proper treatment and avoidance of triggers can help prolong the time between attacks. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Snoring? [/INST] Snoring is common in adults and is not necessarily a sign of an underlying disorder.
Snoring sometimes can be a sign of a sleep disorder called sleep apnea. This means you have periods when you completely or partly stop breathing for more than 10 seconds while you sleep. The episode is followed by a sudden snort or gasp when breathing resumes. Then, snoring starts all over again. If you have sleep apnea, this cycle generally happens multiple times a night.
Sleep apnea is not as common as snoring.
Snoring is an important social problem. Persons who share a bed with a someone who snores can develop sleep difficulties. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Snoring? [/INST] In most people, the reason for snoring is not known. Some potential causes (other than sleep apnea) include:
Being overweight, which leads to excessive neck tissue that puts pressure on the airways Last month of pregnancy Nasal congestion from colds or allergies, especially if it lasts a long time Swelling of the muscular part of the roof of the mouth (soft palate) or uvula, the piece of tissue that hangs down in the back of the mouth Swollen adenoids and tonsils that block the airways Use of sleeping pills, antihistamines, or alcohol at bedtime Prominence of the area at the base of the tongue Large tongue size compared to the mouth Abnormalities in the bones of the face </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Snoring ? [/INST] Talk to your doctor if you have: Excessive daytime drowsiness Morning headaches Recent weight gain Awakening in the morning not feeling rested Change in your level of attention, concentration, or memory Episodes of no breathing (apnea): your partner may need to tell you if this is happening
Children with chronic snoring should also be evaluated for apnea.
Sleep apnea in children has been linked to:
Growth problems ADHD Poor school performance Learning difficulties Bedwetting High blood pressure
Most children who snore do NOT have apnea, but a sleep study is the only reliable way to tell for sure </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Ewing's sarcoma? [/INST] Usual symptoms of Ewing's sarcoma include:
Pain at the site of the tumor
Swelling at the site of the tumor
Pathological fracture
Fever
Other health problems may also cause these symptoms. Only a doctor can tell for sure. A person with any of these symptoms should tell the doctor so that the problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Ewing's sarcoma? [/INST] Ewing's sarcoma can occur any time during childhood and young adulthood, but usually develops during puberty, when bones are growing rapidly. It is 10 times as common in Caucasian children as in African-American, African, and Asian children.
The tumor may arise anywhere in the body, usually in the long bones of the arms and legs, the pelvis, or the chest. It may also develop in the skull or the flat bones of the trunk.
The tumor often spreads (metastasis) to the lungs and other bones. Metastasis at the time of diagnosis is present in approximately one-third of children with Ewing's sarcoma. Rarely, Ewing's sarcoma can occur in adults. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Ewing%27s sarcoma ? [/INST] It is not clear for the cause of Ewing's sarcoma. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Ewing%27s sarcoma ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if your child has any of the symptoms of Ewing's sarcoma. An early diagnosis can increase the possibility of a favorable outcome. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Ewing%27s sarcoma (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The prognosis of Ewing's sarcoma depends on:
The location of the tumor
Whether or not the cancer has spread </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes (condition)? [/INST] Simple causes of knee pain often clear up on their own with self care. Being overweight can put you at greater risk for knee problems.
Knee pain can be caused by:
Anterior knee pain Arthritis -- including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and gout Baker's cyst -- a fluid-filled swelling behind the knee that may occur with swelling (inflammation) from other causes, like arthritis Bursitis -- inflammation from repeated pressure on the knee, such as kneeling for long periods of time, overuse, or injury Connective tissue disorders such as lupus Dislocation of the kneecap Iliotibial band syndrome -- a hip disorder from injury to the thick band that runs from your hip to the outside of your knee Infection in the joint Knee injuries -- an anterior cruciate ligament injury or medial collateral ligament injury may cause bleeding into your knee, which makes the pain worse Osgood-Schlatter disease Tendinitis -- a pain in the front of your knee that gets worse when going up and down stairs or inclines Torn cartilage (a meniscus tear) -- pain felt on the inside or outside of the knee joint Torn ligament (ACL tear) -- leads to pain and instability of the knee Strain or sprain -- minor injuries to the ligaments caused by sudden or unnatural twisting Less common conditions that can lead to knee pain include bone tumors. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have swelling ? [/INST] Call your doctor if:
You cannot bear weight on your knee You have severe pain, even when not bearing weight Your knee buckles, clicks, or locks Your knee is deformed or misshapen You have a fever, redness or warmth around the knee, or significant swelling You have pain, swelling, numbness, tingling, or bluish discoloration in the calf below the sore knee You still have pain after 3 days of home treatment </s> |
<s>[INST] Who sees a nephrologist? [/INST] Patients are referred to nephrology specialists for various reasons, such as:
Acute renal failure, a sudden loss of renal function Chronic kidney disease, declining renal function, usually with an inexorable rise in creatinine. Hematuria, blood loss in the urine Proteinuria, the loss of protein especially albumin in the urine Kidney stones, usually only recurrent stone formers. Chronic or recurrent urinary tract infections Hypertension that has failed to respond to multiple forms of anti-hypertensive medication or could have a secondary cause Electrolyte disorders or acid/base imbalance
Urologists are surgical specialists of the urinary tract - see Urology. They are involved in renal diseases that might be amenable to surgery:
Diseases of the Bladder and prostate such as malignancy, stones, or obstruction of the urinary tract. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Acute tubular necrosis? [/INST] Acute tubular necrosis is caused by lack of blood supply (ischemia) and oxygenation to the kidneys. It is also caused by various medications such as aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, NSAIDs, and also caused by exposure to radiocontrast media (the dye used for x-ray and other radiographic studies) The internal structures of the kidney, particularly the tissues of the kidney tubule, become damaged or destroyed. Acute tubular necrosis is one of the most common structural changes that can lead to acute kidney injury. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Acute tubular necrosis ? [/INST] Acute tubular necrosis is one of the most common causes of kidney failure in hospitalized patients.
Recent major surgery Septic shock or other forms of shock Severe low blood pressure (hypotension) Injury or trauma that damages the muscles Blood transfusion reaction Kidney damage caused by diabetes (diabetic nephropathy) may make a person more susceptible to the condition. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Acute tubular necrosis? [/INST] Decreased urine output or no urine output General swelling, fluid retention Drowsy, lethargic, hard to arouse Nausea and vomiting Excessive thirst Decreased consciousness Coma Delirium or confusion </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Acute tubular necrosis ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if your urine output decreases or stops, or if you develop other symptoms of acute tubular necrosis. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Acute tubular necrosis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The duration of symptoms varies. The decreased urine output phase may last from a few days to 6 weeks or more. This is occasionally followed by a period of high urine output, where the healed and newly functioning kidneys try to clear the body of fluid and wastes. One or two days after urine output rises, symptoms reduce and laboratory values begin to return to normal. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Analgesic nephropathy? [/INST] There may be no symptoms. Symptoms of chronic kidney disease are often present over time and may include:
Weakness Fatigue Increased urinary frequency or urgency Blood in the urine Flank pain or back pain Decreased urine output Decreased alertness Drowsiness Confusion, delirium Lethargy Decreased sensation, numbness (especially in the legs) Nausea, vomiting Easy bruising or bleeding Swelling, generalized </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Analgesic nephropathy? [/INST] Analgesic nephropathy involves damage within the internal structures of the kidney. It is caused by long-term use of analgesics, especially over-the-counter (OTC) medications that contain phenacetin or acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen.
About 6 or more pills per day for 3 years increases the risk some for this problem. This frequently occurs as a result of self-medicating, often for some type of chronic pain.
Analgesic nephropathy occurs in about 4 out of 100,000 people, mostly women over 30. The rate has decreased significantly since phenacetin is no longer widely available in OTC preparations. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Analgesic nephropathy ? [/INST] Use of OTC analgesics containing more than one active ingredient Chronic headaches, painful menstrual periods, backache, or musculoskeletal pain Emotional or behavioral changes History of dependent behaviors including smoking, alcoholism, and excessive use of tranquilizers </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Analgesic nephropathy (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The damage to the kidney may be acute and temporary, or chronic and long term. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Analgesic nephropathy ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if you have signs of this condition, especially if there has been a history of use of painkillers.
Call your health care provider if blood or solid material is present in the urine, or if your urine output decreases. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Bladder cancer? [/INST] Common symptoms of bladder cancer include:
Blood in the urine (making the urine slightly rusty to deep red) Pain during urination Frequent urination, or feeling the need to urinate without results </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Bladder cancer? [/INST] Common causes of bladder cancer include:
Chemotherapy
The chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide may increase the risk of bladder cancer.
Radiation treatment
Women who had radiation therapy to treat cervical cancer have an increased risk of developing bladder cancer.
Bladder infection
A long-term (chronic) bladder infection or irritation may lead to a certain type of bladder cancer. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Bladder cancer ? [/INST] Common risk factors of bladder cancer include:
Age
The chance of getting bladder cancer goes up as people get older. People under 40 rarely get this disease.
Cigarette smoking
Smoking greatly increases the risk of developing bladder cancer. Up to half of all bladder cancers in men and several in women may be caused by cigarette smoke.
Chemical exposure
About one in four cases of bladder cancer is caused by coming into contact with to cancer-causing chemicals at work. These chemicals are called carcinogens. Dye workers, rubber workers, aluminum workers, leather workers, truck drivers, and pesticide applicators are at the highest risk.
Chemotherapy
The chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) may increase the risk of bladder cancer.
Radiation treatment
Women who had radiation therapy to treat cervical cancer have an increased risk of developing bladder cancer.
Bladder infection
A long-term (chronic) bladder infection or irritation may lead to a certain type of bladder cancer.
Race
Whites get bladder cancer twice as often as African Americans and Hispanics. The lowest rates are among Asians.
Being a man
Men are two to three times more likely than women to get bladder cancer.
Family history
People with family members who have bladder cancer are more likely to get the disease. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Bladder cancer ? [/INST] See your doctor immediately if you experience any of the above symptoms associated with bladder cancer </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Bladder cancer (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The prognosis of bladder cancer depends on location and stage of the disease. When diagnosed early there is a better chance of recovery than when it is diagnosed during advanced stages. </s> |
<s>[INST] How is the dialysis done? [/INST] Hemodialysis works by removing blood from the body and having it flow across a special filter, along with solutions. The filter helps remove toxins. The blood is then returned to the body.
Hemodialysis requires special ways to access the blood in the blood vessels. Access may be needed on a short-term (temporary) or long-term (permanent) basis.
Temporary access involves placing dialysis catheters (hollow tubes) into larger veins, usually in your neck, chest, or leg near the groin. They are most often used in emergency situations for short periods of time. However, catheters called tunneled catheters can be used for weeks or even months.
Permanent access is created by surgically joining an artery to a vein, usually in the arm. This vein becomes thickened over time. To perform the dialysis, blood is removed and returned through the vein. There are two methods to create this access:
An artery and a vein are directly connected to each other. Then, over a period of months, these blood vessels form a connection called a fistula (an arteriovenous fistula, or AVF). A man-made bridge (arteriovenous graft, or AVG) can also be used to connect the artery and vein. An AVG can be used for dialysis within several weeks. An AVF has a lower chance for infections than an AVG and usually lasts longer before it needs to be replaced.
During a hemodialysis session, one or two needles must be inserted into the fistula or graft.
It is important to stick to the diet and medicines the dialysis staff and your kidney specialist (nephrologist) prescribed. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who needs dialysis? [/INST] The kidneys function as filters for the blood, removing waste products. They also help:
Manage how much water is in the body Maintain the balance of sodium, potassium, phosphorous, and other minerals and vitamins in the body Ensure that the blood pH remains between 7.35 and 7.45 Dialysis replaces some of the functions when the kidneys are no longer working. A buildup of waste products and other imbalances would lead to death if dialysis did not perform these functions. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Dialysis ? [/INST] Dialysis is started after a gradual loss of kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease. Your doctor and nurse will begin discussing dialysis with you before you need it.
Dialysis also may be used when the kidneys suddenly stop working (also called acute renal failure). On occasion, dialysis can be used to quickly remove drugs or poisons from the body. </s> |
<s>[INST] Where to find centers that perform dialysis? [/INST] Directions to Hospitals Treating Dialysis
Most often, hemodialysis takes place in a special dialysis center. Patients usually have three treatments per week, during which they must sit in a chair for 3-4 hours. Many people feel tired for several hours after the dialysis.
Most dialysis centers have a very busy schedule. Patients who are late may not be able to make up the time. Because the body continues to make waste products and take on extra fluid between dialysis sessions, you must closely follow a kidney dialysis diet.
Some people can do hemodialysis at home, avoiding having to travel back and forth to a dialysis center. Home dialysis is usually done using one of two schedules:
Shorter (2 - 3 hours) treatments done at least 5 - 7 days per week Longer nightly treatments done 3 - 6 nights per week while you are sleeping Home hemodialysis treatments help keep blood pressure lower. Many patients no longer need blood pressure medicines. The longer nightly treatments do a better job of removing waste products. They are done more slowly and are therefore easier on the heart and access site (AVF or AGF).
A dialysis nurse can train patients to do home dialysis. Patients do not have to buy a machine. Supplies can be delivered. Both the patient and any caregivers must learn to:
Handle the equipment Place the needle into the access site Monitor the machine and blood pressure during treatment Keep records Clean the machine Order supplies </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Dialysis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] You should know how to take care of your Graft or Fistula?
Avoid all pressure on the access site. If the graft or fistula clots, you may need a new one. Do not allow anyone to take a blood pressure reading on the same arm with the access. Do not wear tight clothing around the access site or on the arm. Avoid placing pressure on the arm with the access while you sleep. Avoid placing pressure on the arm when you are lifting heavy items. Do not allow any blood to be drawn from the arm. Do not use creams or lotions over the access site. Learn how to feel the access site for the "thrill." This indicates that the AV site is still functioning. If the thrill disappears, call your health care provider immediately.
Do not miss or skip any dialysis sessions.
Observe the access site after dialysis, watching for swelling, infection, or bleeding. Call your health care provider immediately if you have a fever or other sign of infection. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Dysuria? [/INST] Pain may be felt right where the urine passes out of the body. Or, it may be felt inside the body, behind the public bone, or in the bladder or prostate.
Pain on urination is a fairly common problem. Peole who have pain with urination also may have the urge to urinate more often. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Dysuria? [/INST] Painful urination is most often caused by:
Infection or inflammation somewhere in the urinary tract Urethritis (in men) caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia
Painful urination and women and girls may be due to:
Changes in the vaginal tissue during menopause (atrophic vaginitis) Herpes infection in the genital area Irritation of the vaginal tissue caused by bubble bath, perfumes, or lotions Vulvovaginitis, such as yeast or other infections of the vulva and vagina
Other causes of painful urination include:
Interstitial cystitis Prostate infection (prostatitis) Radiation cystitis - damage to the bladder lining from radiation therapy to the pelvis area </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Dysuria ? [/INST] Those with more than one sexual partner. Those who engage in sex with an infected partner. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Dysuria ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if:
There is drainage or a discharge from your penis or vagina You are pregnant and are having any painful urination You have painful urination that lasts for more than 1 day You notice blood in your urine You have a fever </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Dysuria (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Prognosis depends on the cause of the dysuria. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Erectile dysfunction? [/INST] The patient with Erectile dysfunction can have the following symptoms:
Failure to have an erection. Failure to maintain an erection. Reduced sexual desire. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Erectile dysfunction? [/INST] An erection requires the interaction of your brain, nerves, hormones, and blood vessels. Anything that interferes with the normal process can lead to a problem.
Common causes of erection problems include:
Diseases and conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, heart or thyroid conditions, poor blood flow, depression, or neurologic disorders (such as multiple *sclerosis or Parkinson's disease) Medications such as blood pressure medications (especially beta-blockers), heart medications (such as digoxin), some peptic ulcer medications, sleeping pills, and *antidepressants Nerve damage from prostate surgery Nicotine, alcohol, or cocaine use Poor communication with your partner Repeated feelings of doubt and failure or negative communication that reinforce the erection problems Spinal cord injury Stress, fear, anxiety, or anger Unrealistic sexual expectations, which make sex a task rather than a pleasure </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Erectile dysfunction ? [/INST] Erection problems tend to become more common as you age, but they can affect men at any age and at any time in their lives. Physical causes are more common in older men, while psychological causes are more common in younger men.
Low levels of testosterone rarely lead to erection problems, but may reduce a man's sex drive. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Erectile dysfunction ? [/INST] Call your doctor if:
The problem does not go away with self-care measures -- effective treatments are available The problem begins after an injury or prostate surgery You have other symptoms like low back pain, abdominal pain, or change in urination
If erection problems seem to be caused by a medication you are taking for an unrelated condition, consult your doctor. You may benefit from reducing the dose of the drug or changing to another drug that has the same result but not the same side effects. DO NOT change or stop taking any medications without first talking to your doctor.
Talk to your health care provider if your erection problems are related to fear of recurring heart problems. Sexual intercourse is usually safe in these circumstances.
Call your doctor immediately or go to an emergency room if medication for erection problems give you an unwanted erection that lasts more than 4 hours. Permanent impotence or other lasting damage to your penis may result from this condition. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Erectile dysfunction (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] ED is significantly associated with increased all-cause mortality. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis? [/INST] Foamy urine (from excess protein in the urine) Poor appetite Swelling, called generalized edema, from fluids held in the body Weight gain </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis? [/INST] The cause of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is usually unknown.
The condition affects both children and adults. Men and boys are affected slightly more often than women and girls, and it also occurs more often in African Americans. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis causes about 20 - 25% of all cases of nephrotic syndrome.
Known causes include:
Heroin use HIV Inherited genetic problems Obesity Reflux nephropathy (a condition in which urine flows backward from the bladder to the kidney) Sickle cell disease </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis ? [/INST] You should call your doctor if you develop symptoms of this condition, especially if there is fever, pain with urination, or decreased urine output. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] More than half of those with focal or segmental glomerulosclerosis develop chronic kidney failure within 10 years. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Glomerulosclerosis? [/INST] Foamy urine (from excess protein in the urine) Poor appetite Swelling, called generalized edema, from fluids held in the body Weight gain </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Glomerulosclerosis? [/INST] The cause of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is usually unknown.
Known causes include:
Heroin use HIV Inherited genetic problems Obesity Reflux nephropathy (a condition in which urine flows backward from the bladder to the kidney) Sickle cell disease </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Glomerulosclerosis ? [/INST] The condition affects both children and adults. Men and boys are affected slightly more often than women and girls, and it also occurs more often in African Americans. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis causes about 20 - 25% of all cases of nephrotic syndrome. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Glomerulosclerosis ? [/INST] You should call your doctor if you develop symptoms of this condition, especially if there is fever, pain with urination, or decreased urine output. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Glomerulosclerosis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] More than half of those with focal or segmental glomerulosclerosis develop chronic kidney failure within 10 years. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Goodpasture syndrome? [/INST] Symptoms may occur very slowly over months or even years, but they often develop quickly over days to weeks.
Loss of appetite, fatigue, weakness are often seen at first.
Lung symptoms may include:
Dry cough, may cough up blood (bloody sputum) Difficulty breathing after activity
Kidney and other symptoms include:
Swelling (edema) in any area of the body Burning sensation when urinating Bloody urine High blood pressure Nausea and vomiting Pale skin </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Goodpasture syndrome? [/INST] Goodpasture syndrome is an autoimmune disorder, a condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. Persons with this syndrome develop substances that attack a protein called collagen in the tiny air sacs in the lungs and the filtering units (glomureli) of the kidney.
These substances are called anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies. Glomerular basement membrane is a part of the kidneys that helps filter waste and extra fluid from the blood. Anti-glomerular basement membrane are antibodies against this membrane. They can lead to kidney damage.
Sometimes the disorder is triggered by a viral respiratory infection or by breathing in hydrocarbon solvents. In such cases, the immune system may attack organs or tissues because it mistakes them for these viruses or foreign chemicals.
The immune system's faulty response causes bleeding in the air sacs and inflammation in the kidney's filtering units. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Goodpasture syndrome ? [/INST] Men are eight times more likely to be affected than women. The disease most commonly occurs in early adulthood. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Goodpasture syndrome ? [/INST] Call for an appointment with your health care provider if the amount of urine you produce drops, or if you have any other symptoms of Goodpasture syndrome.
Never sniff glue or siphon gasoline with your mouth, which expose the lungs to hydrocarbon solvents and can cause the disease </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Goodpasture syndrome (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] An early diagnosis is very important. The patient's outlook is much worse if the kidneys are already severely damaged when treatment begins. Lung damage can range from mild to severe.
Many patients will require dialysis or a kidney transplant. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Goodpasture's syndrome? [/INST] Symptoms may occur very slowly over months or even years, but they often develop quickly over days to weeks.
Loss of appetite, fatigue, weakness are often seen at first.
Lung symptoms may include:
Dry cough, may cough up blood (bloody sputum) Difficulty breathing after activity
Kidney and other symptoms include:
Swelling (edema) in any area of the body Burning sensation when urinating Bloody urine High blood pressure Nausea and vomiting Pale skin </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Goodpasture's syndrome? [/INST] Goodpasture syndrome is an autoimmune disorder, a condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. Persons with this syndrome develop substances that attack a protein called collagen in the tiny air sacs in the lungs and the filtering units (glomureli) of the kidney.
These substances are called anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies. Glomerular basement membrane is a part of the kidneys that helps filter waste and extra fluid from the blood. Anti-glomerular basement membrane are antibodies against this membrane. They can lead to kidney damage.
Sometimes the disorder is triggered by a viral respiratory infection or by breathing in hydrocarbon solvents. In such cases, the immune system may attack organs or tissues because it mistakes them for these viruses or foreign chemicals.
The immune system's faulty response causes bleeding in the air sacs and inflammation in the kidney's filtering units. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Goodpastures syndrome ? [/INST] Men are eight times more likely to be affected than women. The disease most commonly occurs in early adulthood. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Goodpastures syndrome ? [/INST] Call for an appointment with your health care provider if the amount of urine you produce drops, or if you have any other symptoms of Goodpasture syndrome.
Never sniff glue or siphon gasoline with your mouth, which expose the lungs to hydrocarbon solvents and can cause the disease </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Goodpastures syndrome (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] An early diagnosis is very important. The patient's outlook is much worse if the kidneys are already severely damaged when treatment begins. Lung damage can range from mild to severe.
Many patients will require dialysis or a kidney transplant. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Granulomatosis with polyangiitis ? [/INST] Frequent sinusitis is the most common symptom. Other early symptoms include a fever that continues without an obvious cause, night sweats, fatigue, and a general ill feeling (malaise). Chronic ear infections are common. Other upper respiratory symptoms include nose bleeds, pain, and sores around the opening of the nose. Loss of appetite and weight loss are common. Skin changes are also common, but there is no one typical lesion associated with the disease. There may be symptoms of kidney disease. The urine may be bloody. Eye problems develop in many people with Wegener's granulomatosis. The eye problems range from mild conjunctivitis to severe swelling of the eye. Other symptoms include:
Chest pain Cough, with or without blood Joint pain Shortness of breath Weakness Wheezing </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the causes of Granulomatosis with polyangiitis ? [/INST] The cause is unknown. It is thought to be an autoimmune disorder. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Granulomatosis with polyangiitis ? [/INST] Wegener's granulomatosis is most common in middle-aged adults. It is rare in children, but has been seen in infants as young as 3 months old. Whites are more likely to get it as compared to blacks. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Granulomatosis with polyangiitis ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if you develop chest pain, coughing up blood, blood in the urine, or other symptoms of this disorder. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Without treatment, people with this disease can die within a few months.
With treatment, the outlook for most patients is good. Studies have shown that most people who receive corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide get much better.
However, the disease may return in about half of all patients. In these cases, the disease usually comes back within 2 years of stopping treatment. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Hematuria? [/INST] Passing blood clots or urine appear red in color. Passing stones in urine. Occurring in the early morning void or whole day. Recent infection or a recent sore throat. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Hematuria? [/INST] Several conditions can cause hematuria, most of them not serious. For example, exercise may cause hematuria that goes away in 24 hours. Many people have hematuria without any other related problems. Often no specific cause can be found. But because hematuria may be the result of a tumor or other serious problem, a doctor should be consulted. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Hematuria ? [/INST] People of all age group including children can have hematuria. Certain factors increase the chances of getting hematuria
Recent infection: Postinfectious glomerulonephritis Exercise: Long distance runners are prone to exercise induced urinary bleeding. Age: An enlarged prostate in males older than 50 can cause hematuria. Sex: 50% of all women suffer from urinary tract infection at least once in their life time, which can also cause urinary bleeding. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Hematuria ? [/INST] Blood in the urine should never be ignored. Tell your doctor about this symptom and get an appropriate evaluation, especially if you have unexplained weight loss, discomfort with urination, frequent urination, or urgent urination.
Call your doctor right away if:
You have fever, nausea, vomiting, shaking chills, or pain in your abdomen, side, or back You are unable to urinate You are passing blood clots in your urine
Also call your doctor if:
You have pain with sexual intercourse or heavy menstrual bleeding -- the problem may be related to your reproductive organs You have urine dribbling, nighttime urination, or difficulty starting your urinary flow -- the problem may be related to your prostate </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Hematuria (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The prognosis depends on the severity of the disease. Finding the cause is the main factor which determines the prognosis. </s> |
<s>[INST] Is on-line intermittent hemodiafiltration (IHDF) better than regular hemodialysis? [/INST] There is current controversy about whether intermittent on-line hemodiafiltration (IHDF) gives better results than hemodialysis in an outpatient setting. In Europe, several observational studies have compared outcomes in patients getting dialysis with those getting IHDF. These have suggested a lower mortality rate and other favorable outcomes in patients getting IHDF vs. those getting ordinary hemodialysis. However, the issue is not settled at this time, because the required randomized controlled clinical trials have not been done. Another problem has been that in several of the trials done, IHDF was compared to dialysis using low-flux (small pore) membranes, and the benefit found may have been due more to the use of a high-flux membrane than to the addition of convective transport (filtration) to dialysis. A recent Cochrane database review of available trials could not find a definite benefit of either IHF or IHDF vs. hemodialysis in terms of outcomes. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Metabolic alkalosis? [/INST] Patients suffering from Metabolic alkalosis usually appear restless, irritable. Patients with metabolic alkalosis is usually remarkable for tachycardia / dysrhythmia, Hypoxemia, Compensatory hypoventilation, Muscle cramps, Tremor, tingling and numbness in extremities, Weakness on clinical examination. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Metabolic alkalosis? [/INST] Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis are Vomiting, Diarrhea, Diuretics, Cystic Fibrosis, Primary Hyperaldosteronism, Secondary hyperaldosteronism, laxative use, CKD, electrolyte and nutritional imbalances, Milk-alkali syndrome, Blood transfusion, Genetic diseases for instances Bartter, Liddle, Gitelman syndrome etc. Among them, life threatening causes are loss of gastric acid, excessive use of loop and thiazide diuretics. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Metabolic alkalosis ? [/INST] Common risk factors in the development of Metabolic Alkalosis include Vomiting, Milk-alkali syndrome, Severe hypokalemia, Primary hyperaldosterinism, Cushing syndrome, Diuretics use and genetic disease for instances- Bartter and gitelman Disease. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Metabolic alkalosis ? [/INST] When a individual is feeling restless, irritable. Patients with metabolic alkalosis is usually remarkable for tachycardia/dysrhythmia, hypoxemia, Hypoxemia, Compensatory hypoventilation, Muscle cramps, Tremor, tingling and numbness in extremities, Weakness on clinical examination. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Metabolic alkalosis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Early stabilization of patient is associated with the most favorable prognosis. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Neurogenic bladder? [/INST] The specific symptoms depend on the underlying neurological disorder, and may include:
Symptoms of overactive bladder:
Having to urinate too often in small amounts Problems emptying all the urine from the bladder Loss of bladder control
Symptoms of underactive bladder:
Bladder becomes too full and you may leak urine Problems starting to urinate or emptying all the urine from the bladder Unable to tell when the bladder is full Urinary retention </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Neurogenic bladder? [/INST] Several muscles and nerves must work together for your bladder to hold urine until you're ready to empty it. Nerve messages go back and forth between the brain and the muscles that control bladder emptying. If these nerves are damaged by illness or injury, the muscles may not be able to tighten or relax at the right time.
Disorders of the central nervous system commonly cause neurogenic bladder. This can include:
Alzheimer's disease Meningomyelocele Brain or spinal cord tumors Multiple sclerosis Parkinson disease Spinal cord injury Stroke recovery
Damage or disorders of the peripheral nerves can also cause neurogenic bladder. This can include:
Alcoholic neuropathy Diabetic neuropathy Nerve damage due to pelvic surgery Nerve damage from a herniated disc Vitamin B12 deficiency </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Neurogenic bladder ? [/INST] The patient suffering from diseases mentioned above are at highest risk. </s> |
Subsets and Splits