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<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Thymoma? [/INST] Early thymoma does not have any symptoms. As the tumor grows larger, people may notice one or more of the following symptoms:
Chest pain Cough that does not go away Trouble breathing Hemoptysis Hoarseness
Other health problems may also cause these symptoms. Only a doctor can tell for sure. A person with any of these symptoms should tell the doctor so that the problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Thymoma ? [/INST] Not much is known about why thymoma develop in some people but not in others. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Thymoma ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if symptoms of thymoma develop. If you experience either of the following symptoms, seeking urgent medical care as soon as possible:
Severe shortness of breath A large amount of hemoptysis </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Thymoma (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The prognosis of thymoma depends on the following:
The location of the tumor The stage of the tumor Whether the tumor can be removed completely by surgery The patient's general health Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Cryoglobulinemia? [/INST] Symptoms vary depending on the type of cryoglobulinemia and the organs that are affected. In general, symptoms may include:
Difficulty breathing Fatigue Glomerulonephritis Joint pain Muscle pain Purpura Raynaud's phenomenon Skin death Skin ulceration </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Cryoglobulinemia? [/INST] Cryoglobulins are antibodies. It is not yet known why they become solid at low temperatures. When they do thicken or become somewhat gel-like, they can block blood vessels throughout the body. This may lead to complications ranging from skin rashes to kidney failure.
Cryoglobulinemia is part of a group of diseases that cause vasculitis -- damage and inflammation of the blood vessels throughout the body. The disorder is grouped into three main types, depending on the type of antibody that is produced:
Cryoglobulinemia type I Cryoglobulinemia typeII Cryoglobulinemia type III
Types II and III are also referred to as mixed cryoglobulinemia. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Cryoglobulinemia ? [/INST] Type I cryoglobulinemia is most often related to cancer of the blood or immune systems.
Types II and III are most often found in people who have a chronic (long-lasting) inflammatory condition, such as an autoimmune disease or hepatitis C. Most patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia have a chronic hepatitis C infection.
Other conditions that may be related to cryoglobulinemia include:
Leukemia Multiple myeloma Mycoplasma pneumonia Primary macroglobulinemia Rheumatoid arthritis Systemic lupus erythematosus </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Cryoglobulinemia ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if:
You develop symptoms of cryoglobulinemia You have hepatitis C and develop symptoms of cryoglobulinemia You have cryoglobulinemia and develop new or worsening symptoms </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Cryoglobulinemia (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Cryoglobulinemia is not usually deadly. However, if the kidneys are affected, the outlook is poor. </s> |
<s>[INST] How is the Coombs test done? [/INST] Blood is typically drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. The site is cleaned with germ-killing medicine (antiseptic). The health care provider wraps an elastic band around the upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with blood.
Next, the health care provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. The blood collects into an airtight vial or tube attached to the needle. The elastic band is removed from your arm. Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding.
In infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to puncture the skin and make it bleed. The blood collects into a small glass tube called a pipette, or onto a slide or test strip. A bandage may be placed over the area if there is any bleeding. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who needs Coombs test? [/INST] There are two forms of the Coombs' test: direct and indirect.
The direct Coombs' test is used to detect antibodies that are already bound to the surface of red blood cells. Many diseases and drugs (quinidine, methyldopa, and procainamide) can lead to production of these antibodies. These antibodies sometimes destroy red blood cells and cause anemia. This test is sometimes performed to diagnose the cause of anemia or jaundice.
The indirect Coombs' test looks for unbound circulating antibodies against a series of standardized red blood cells. The indirect Coombs' test is only rarely used to diagnose a medical condition. More often, it is used to determine whether a person might have a reaction to a blood transfusion. </s> |
<s>[INST] Where to find centers that perform Coombs test? [/INST] Directions to Hospitals Performing Coombs test </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Coombs test (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Normal Results No clumping of cells (agglutination), indicating that there are no antibodies to red blood cells, is normal.
Normal value ranges may vary slightly among laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.
What Abnormal Results Mean An abnormal (positive) direct Coombs' test means you have antibodies that act against your red blood cells. This may be due to:
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia without another cause. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia or other lymphoproliferative disorder. Drug-induced hemolytic anemia (many drugs have been associated with this complication). Erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn). Infectious mononucleosis. Mycoplasmal infection. Syphilis. Systemic lupus erythematosus or another rheumatologic condition. Transfusion reaction, such as one due to improperly matched units of blood.
The test is also abnormal in some people without any clear cause, especially among the elderly. Up to 3% of people who are in the hospital without a known blood disorder will have an abnormal direct Coombs' test.
An abnormal (positive) indirect Coombs' test means you have antibodies that will act against red blood cells your body views as foreign. This may suggest:
Autoimmune or drug-induced hemolytic anemia. Erythroblastosis fetalis hemolytic disease. Incompatible blood match (when used in blood banks). </s> |
<s>[INST] How is the ELISA done? [/INST] Blood is typically drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. The site is cleaned with germ-killing medicine (antiseptic). The health care provider wraps an elastic band around the upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with blood.
Next, the health care provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. The blood collects into an airtight vial or tube attached to the needle. The elastic band is removed from your arm.
Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding.
In infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to puncture the skin and make it bleed. The blood collects into a small glass tube called a pipette, or onto a slide or test strip. A bandage may be placed over the area if there is any bleeding.
The sample is sent to a laboratory where the targeted antibody (or antigen) is linked to an enzyme. If the target substance is in the sample, the test solution turns a different color. When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may be some throbbing. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who needs ELISA? [/INST] This test is often used to see if you have been exposed to viruses or other substances that cause infection. It is often used to screen for current or past infections. </s> |
<s>[INST] Where to find centers that perform ELISA? [/INST] Directions to Hospitals Performing ELISA </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have ELISA (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Normal Results Normal values depend on the type of substance being identified. Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results
Abnormal Results Abnormal values depend on the type of substance being identified. In some people, a positive result may be normal. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Lupus nephritis? [/INST] Some patients may show no signs and symptoms of lupus nephritis. Usual symptoms include:
Blood in the urine Foamy appearance to urine Hypertension Swelling of any area of the body, especially around the eyes. Weight gain
Diseases with similar symptoms are
Chronic glomerulonephritis Polyarteritis nodosa Wegener granulomatosis </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Lupus nephritis? [/INST] Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, or lupus) is an autoimmune disease. This means there is a problem with the body's immune system.
Normally, the immune system helps protect the body from harmful substances. But in patients with an autoimmune disease, the immune system cannot tell the difference between harmful substances and healthy ones. As a result, the immune system attacks otherwise healthy cells and tissue.
SLE may damage different parts of the kidney, leading to interstitial nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and membranous GN. It may rapidly worsen to kidney failure.
Lupus nephritis affects approximately 3 out of every 10,000 people. In children with SLE, about half will have some form or degree of kidney involvement.
More than half of patients have not had other symptoms of SLE when they are diagnosed with lupus nephritis.
SLE is most common in women ages 20 - 40. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Lupus nephritis ? [/INST] The underlying cause of this autoimmune disease is not clear. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Lupus nephritis ? [/INST] Call your doctor if your symptoms of lupus nephritis develop. If you experience the following symptoms, seeking urgent medical care as soon as possible:
Urine output decreases even anuria. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Lupus nephritis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The outcome varies, depending on:
The class of lupus nephritis: Focal lupus nephritis, minimal mesangial lupus nephritis and mesangial proliferative lupus nephritis have better prognosis than other classes. And, advanced sclerosis lupus nephritis carries a poor prognosis. Nephrotic syndrome carries worse prognosis. Creatinine level: Patients with elevated creatinine (>3 mg/dL) at presentation have worse outcomes. Patients with persistently elevated anti-dsDNA and low C3 and C4 levels have poorer outcomes. Renal biopsy findings showing diffuse lupus nephritis or high chronicity index suggest worse prognosis. Age onset of lupus nephritis: Young age onset carries worse prognosis. Male gender have poorer outcomes than female. Black race have worse outcomes than other races. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Serum sickness? [/INST] Fever. General ill feeling. Hives. Itching. Joint pain. Rash. Swollen lymph nodes.
Note: Symptoms usually do not develop until 7 - 21 days after the first dose of antiserum or exposure to the medication. However, some people may develop symptoms in 1 - 3 days if they have previously been exposed to the substance. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Serum sickness? [/INST] Plasma is the clear fluid portion of blood. It does not contain blood cells, but it does contain many proteins, including antibodies, which are formed as part of the immune response to protect against infection.
Antiserum is produced from the plasma of a person or animal that has immunity against a particular infection or poisonous substance. Antiserum may be used to protect a person who has been exposed to a potentially dangerous microorganism against which the person has not been immunized. For example, you may receive a certain type of antiserum injection if you have been exposed to tetanus or rabies. This is called passive immunization. It gives you immediate, but temporary, protection while your body develops an active immune response against the toxin or microorganism.
During serum sickness, the immune system falsely identifies a protein in antiserum as a potentially harmful substance (antigen). The result is a faulty immune system response that attacks the antiserum. Immune system elements and the antiserum combine to form immune complexes, which cause inflammation and other symptoms.
Certain medications (such as penicillin, cefaclor, and sulfa) can cause a similar reaction. Unlike other drug allergies, which occur very soon after receiving the medication again, serum sickness develops 7 - 21 days after the first exposure to a medication.
Injected proteins such as antithymocyte globulin (used to treat organ transplant rejection) and rituximab (used to treat immune disorders and cancers) cause serum sickness reactions.
Blood products may also cause serum sickness. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Serum sickness ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if medication or antiserum has been given within the last 4 weeks and symptoms of serum sickness appear. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Serum sickness (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The symptoms usually go away within a few days. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Pyelonephritis? [/INST] Symptoms of pyelonephritis can vary depending on a person’s age and may include the following: Fever Vomiting Back, side, and groin pain Chills Nausea Frequent, painful urination Children younger than 2 years old may only have a high fever without symptoms related to the urinary tract. Older people may not have any symptoms related to the urinary tract either; instead, they may exhibit confusion, disordered speech, or hallucinations. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Pyelonephritis ? [/INST] Pyelonephritis is caused by a bacterium or virus infecting the kidneys. Though many bacteria and viruses can cause pyelonephritis, the bacterium Escherichia coli is often the cause. Bacteria and viruses can move to the kidneys from the bladder or can be carried through the bloodstream from other parts of the body. A UTI in the bladder that does not move to the kidneys is called cystitis. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Pyelonephritis ? [/INST] People most at risk for pyelonephritis are those who have a bladder infection and those with a structural, or anatomic, problem in the urinary tract. Urine normally flows only in one direction—from the kidneys to the bladder. However, the flow of urine may be blocked in people with a structural defect of the urinary tract, a kidney stone, or an enlarged prostate—the walnut-shaped gland in men that surrounds the urethra at the neck of the bladder and supplies fluid that goes into semen. Urine can also back up, or reflux, into one or both kidneys. This problem, which is called vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), happens when the valve mechanism that normally prevents backward flow of urine is not working properly. VUR is most commonly diagnosed during childhood. Pregnant women and people with diabetes or a weakened immune system are also at increased risk of pyelonephritis. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Pyelonephritis ? [/INST] Contact your health care provider if you have symptoms of a UTI. Call right away if the following symptoms develop:
Back or side pain Chills Fever Vomiting
These may be signs of a possible kidney infection.
Also call if you have already been diagnosed with a UTI and the symptoms come back shortly after treatment with antibiotics. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Pyelonephritis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] A urinary tract infection is uncomfortable, but treatment is usually successful. If you have a kidney infection, it may take 1 week or longer for your symptoms to go away. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of urethritis? [/INST] The symptoms vary among the different types of urethritis and may include-
Discharge from the penis or vagina Burning while urinating Itching and redness in the genital area Anal itching </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Sexually transmitted disease? [/INST] Both bacteria and viruses may cause urethritis. The same bacteria that cause this condition are E. coli, chlamydia, gonorrhea. These bacteria also cause urinary tract infections and some sexually transmitted diseases. Viral causes are herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus.
Other causes include:
Injury Sensitivity to the chemicals used in spermicides or contraceptive jellies, or foams Sometimes the cause is unknown. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Urethritis ? [/INST] Risks for urethritis include:
Being a female Being male, ages 20 to 35 Having many sexual partners High-risk sexual behavior (such as anal sex without a condom) History of sexually transmitted diseases </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Urethritis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] With the correct diagnosis and treatment, urethritis most often clears up without further problems.
However, urethritis can lead to long-term damage to the urethra and scar tissue called urethral stricture. It can also cause damage to other urinary organs in both men and women. In women, the infection could lead to fertility problems if it spreads to the pelvis. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Acute renal failure? [/INST] Bloody stools Breath odor Bruising easily Changes in mental status or mood Decreased appetite Decreased sensation, especially in the hands or feet Fatigue Flank pain (between the ribs and hips) Hand tremor High blood pressure Metallic taste in mouth Nausea or vomiting, may last for days Nosebleeds Persistent hiccups Prolonged bleeding Seizures Slow, sluggish movements Swelling - generalized (fluid retention) Swelling of the ankle, foot, and leg Urination changes:
Decrease in amount of urine Excessive urination at night Urination stops completely </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Acute renal failure? [/INST] There are many possible causes of kidney damage. They include:
Acute tubular necrosis Autoimmune kidney disease Acute nephritic syndrome Interstitial nephritis
Decreased blood flow due to very low blood pressure, which can result from:
Burns Dehydration Hemorrhage Injury Septic shock Serious illness Surgery
Disorders that cause clotting within the kidney's blood vessels:
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome Idiopathic thrombocytopenic thrombotic purpura (ITTP) Malignant hypertension Transfusion reaction Scleroderma
Infections that directly injure the kidney, such as:
Acute pyelonephritis Septicemia
Pregnancy complications, including:
Placenta abruptio Placenta previa Urinary tract obstruction </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Acute renal failure ? [/INST] Factors that may increase your risk of Kidney failure include:
Diabetes High blood pressure. Heart disease Smoking Obesity High cholesterol African-American, American Indian or Asian-American race A family history of kidney disease Age 65 or older </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Acute renal failure ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if your urine output slows or stops or you have other symptoms of acute kidney failure. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Acute renal failure (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Acute kidney failure is potentially life-threatening and may require intensive treatment. However, the kidneys usually start working again within several weeks to months after the underlying cause has been treated.
In some cases, chronic renal failure or end-stage renal disease may develop. Death is most common when kidney failure is caused by surgery, trauma, or severe infection in someone with heart disease, lung disease, or recent stroke. Old age, infection, loss of blood from the intestinal tract, and progression of kidney failure also increase the risk of death. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Brain stem death? [/INST] No pupillary response to light No blanking on corneal touch No eye movement on caloric testing No grimacing on paiful stimuli No cough reflex or gag reflex No vestibulo-ocular reponse </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Brain stem death? [/INST] Severe brain swelling after a serious fall or traffic accident or trauma Massive cerebral hemorrhage Severe or long time of anoxia </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Coma? [/INST] Coma is not a disease but a condition, which can be caused by many disorders.
Onset time: When a patient suffers a hemorrhage stroke or severe head trauma, coma may start suddenly. While for a person with alcohol abuse or some kind of drugs, the progress of unconsciousness may be slowly. Antecedent symptoms before coma, depending on the underlying disease: If the coma is caused by alcohol abuse or some kind of drugs, patients may experienced mildly confusion, drowsy or personality change in the beginning. If the underlying cause is a brain infection, patients may show signs including headache, fever, or dizziness before the actual coma develops. In some cases, coma may happen so quickly that patients or their families don't have time to notice. Signs of coma
Loss of consciousness Some spontaneously movements, including shaking, tremors, and jerking movements. Eyes' abnormal movement If the breathing muscles are affected, the patient may show irregular breathing. No response to external stimuli
Diseases with similar symptoms are:
Syncope Epilepsy Dizziness Hysteria </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Coma ? [/INST] A hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke A severe head injury Seizures Brain tumor Brain infections Hypoxia for a long time Metabolic abnormalities, such as diabetic hyperosmolar coma, hypoglycemia Toxins, including poisons, alcohol and other drugs (barbiturates, sedatives, amphetamines, cocaine) Liver failure or kidney failure </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Coma ? [/INST] When you find someone in coma, call 911 as soon as possible. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Coma (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Some patients with coma can recover, while others may keep in a vegetative state. The prognosis depends on:
The underlying causes The severity The site of neurological damage </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Foodborne illness? [/INST] Symptoms range from mild to serious. They include:
Abdominal cramps Dehydration Diarrhea Fever Nausea and vomiting Upset stomach </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Foodborne illness? [/INST] Harmful bacteria are the most common cause of foodborne illness. Foods may have some bacteria on them when you buy them. Raw meat may become contaminated during slaughter. Fruits and vegetables may become contaminated when they are growing or when they are processed, but it can also happen in your kitchen if you leave food out for more than 2 hours at room temperature. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of gangrene? [/INST] Symptoms differ according to the type of gangrene present. Table 1 summarizes the symptoms observed in each type of gangrene. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes gangrene? [/INST] Wound constriction that is followed by hemorrhage. Body part compression. Necrosis due to bandages. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Gangrene ? [/INST] If numbness is felt on the fingers or toes, a visit to the doctor should be done right away. Non- healing wounds or any skin changes on the foot in a patient with diabetes should be evaluated as soon as possible. After surgery, if the patient experiences worsening pain or skin color changes on the affected area, or if the patient starts to feel sick, an urgent visit to the doctor is needed. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Gangrene (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The prognosis will depend on the severity of the gangrene. In some cases, survival is still noted even if a certain body part has fallen off. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Hyperchloremia? [/INST] Often, hyperchloremia does not produce symptoms. Symptoms may include:
Excessive fluid loss (Diarrhea, Vomiting) Dyspnea (shortness of breath) Intense thirst Weakness Tachypnea (rapid breathing) Hypertension (high blood pressure) Pitting Edema (abnormal amount of fluid under the skin, causing swelling) Lowered cognitive ability Kussmaul's breathing (very deep and labored breathing at a normal or reduced rate) Coma
If the sufferer is a diabetic, hyperchloremia can cause high levels of blood sugar. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Hyperchloremia? [/INST] Hyperchloremia is caused by:
Low Anion Gap (when the difference in positive and negative ions in the serum is low) Metabolic and Endocrine Diabetic coma Diabetes insipidus Hyperparathyroidism Metabolic Acidosis Type I and II Renal Tubular Acidosis Hypernatremia Gastorintestinal Dehydration Ileal conduits Kidney diseases Loss of pancreatic secretion Prolonged Diarrhea Ureteral colonic anastomosis Vomiting Brain stem injury causing neurogenic hyperventilation Medications Androgens Corticosteroids Diuretics Estrogens </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Hyperchloremia ? [/INST] People who are at risk are patients who have diabetes or kidney diseases. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Hyperchloremia ? [/INST] Consult a doctor immediately if you have any of these:
Drowsiness or confusion Extreme nausea that interferes with eating and not relieved by medicines Having diarrhea 4 to 6 times in a day that is not relieved by diet modification or anti-diarrhea drugs Irritability and muscle twitching Poor appetite and increased urination Severe constipation for 2 to 3 days, and not relieved by laxatives Vomiting more than 4 to 5 times in a day </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Hyperchloremia (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] When going to the doctor you will be asked some of these question and be administered a blood test to check for abnormalities, the questions might be:
How long have you had the symptoms? Do you have a history with diabetes, kidney disease or heart diseases? What medicines are you currently taking (including over-the-counter, vitamins or herbal remedies)? </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Hyponatremia? [/INST] Common symptoms include:
Abnormal mental status Confusion Decreased consciousness Hallucinations Possible coma Convulsions Fatigue Headache Irritability Loss of appetite Muscle spasms or cramps Muscle weakness Nausea Restlessness Vomiting </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Hyponatremia? [/INST] Sodium is found mostly in the body fluids outside the cells. It is very important for maintaining blood pressure. Sodium is also needed for nerves and muscles to work properly.
When the amount of sodium in fluids outside cells drops, water moves into the cells to balance the levels. This causes the cells to swell with too much water. Although most cells can handle this swelling, brain cells cannot, because the skull bones confine them. Brain swelling causes most of the symptoms of hyponatremia.
In hyponatremia, the imbalance of water to salt is caused by one of three conditions:
Euvolemic hyponatremia -- total body water increases, but the body's sodium content stays the same Hypervolemic hyponatremia -- both sodium and water content in the body increase, but the water gain is greater Hypovolemic hyponatremia -- water and sodium are both lost from the body, but the sodium loss is greater
Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder in the United States.
Causes of hyponatremia include:
Burns Congestive heart failure Diarrhea Diuretic medications, which increase urine output Kidney diseases Liver cirrhosis Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) Sweating Vomiting Anti-epileptic drugs -Carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine are the most common AEDs which induce hyponatremia Recently, other AEDs, such as eslicarbazepine ,valproic acid have been found to cause hyponatremia. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Hyponatremia ? [/INST] Although hyponatremia can develop in a variety of disease conditions or due to iatrogenic causes, certain patient cohorts like those with acute or chronic renal failure (inability to excrete water), congestive heart failure, cirrhosis (ADH release due to low effective circulatory volume) are very prone to develop hyponatremia. More recently, hyponatremia has seen to be occuring in nearly a third of coronavirus disease patients. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Hyponatremia ? [/INST] Hyponatremia can be a life-threatening emergency. Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of this condition. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Hyponatremia (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The outcome depends on the condition that is causing the problem. In general, acute hyponatremia, which occurs in less than 48 hours, is more dangerous than hyponatremia that develops slowly over time. When sodium levels fall slowly over a period of days or weeks (chronic hyponatremia), the brain cells have time to adjust and swelling is minimal. In COVID 19 patients, hyponatremia was associated with increased risk of encephalopathy and mechanical ventilation. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Hypothermia? [/INST] As people develop hypothermia, their abilities to think and move are often lost slowly. In fact, they may even be unaware that they need emergency treatment. Someone with hypothermia also is likely to have frostbite.
The symptoms include:
Drowsiness Weakness and loss of coordination Pale and cold skin Confusion Uncontrollable shivering (although at extremely low body temperatures, shivering may stop) Slowed breathing or heart rate Lethargy, cardiac arrest, shock, and coma can set in without prompt treatment. Hypothermia can be fatal. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Hypothermia? [/INST] Hypothermia occurs when more heat is lost than the body can generate. It is usually caused by extended exposure to the cold.
Common causes include:
Being outside without enough protective clothing in winter Falling overboard from a boat into cold water Wearing wet clothing in windy or cold weather Heavy exertion, not drinking enough fluids, or not eating enough in cold weather </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Hypothermia ? [/INST] Call 911 anytime you suspect someone has hypothermia. Give first aid while awaiting emergency assistance. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Lactic acidosis? [/INST] Nausea Weakness </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Lactic acidosis? [/INST] The most common cause of lactic acidosis is intense exercise. However, it can also be caused by certain diseases, such as:
AIDS Cancer Kidney failure Respiratory failure Sepsis
A common medicine used to treat diabetes called metformin can also cause lactic acidosis. If you take this medicine, have your electrolyte levels checked 1 - 2 weeks after starting it. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Metabolic acidosis? [/INST] Most symptoms are caused by the underlying disease or condition that is causing the metabolic acidosis. Metabolic acidosis itself usually causes rapid breathing. Confusion or lethargy may also occur. Severe metabolic acidosis can lead to shock or death. In some situations, metabolic acidosis can be a mild, chronic (ongoing) condition. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Metabolic acidosis? [/INST] Metabolic acidosis occurs when the body produces too much acid, or when the kidneys are not removing enough acid from the body. There are several types of metablic acidosis:
Diabetic acidosis (also called diabetic ketoacidosis and DKA) develops when substances known as ketone bodies, which are acidic, build up during uncontrolled diabetes Hyperchloremic acidosis results from excessive loss of sodium bicarbonate from the body, as can happen with severe diarrhea Lactic acidosis is a buildup of lactic acid. It can be caused by: Alcohol Cancer Exercising for a very long time Liver failure Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) Medications such as salicylates Prolonged lack of oxygen from shock, heart failure, or severe anemia Seizures
Other causes of metabolic acidosis include:
Kidney disease (distal tubular acidosis and proximal renal tubular acidosis) Poisoning by aspirin, ethylene glycol (found in antifreeze), or methanol Severe dehydration </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Metabolic acidosis ? [/INST] Patient suffering from any of the conditions mentioned above are at risk of metabolic acidosis. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Metabolic acidosis ? [/INST] Seek medical treatment if you develop symptoms of any disease that can cause metabolic acidosis. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Metabolic acidosis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] What can be expected will depend on the underlying disease causing the metabolic acidosis. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Near drowning? [/INST] Symptoms can vary, but may include:
Abdominal distention Bluish skin of the face, especially around the lips Chest pain Cold skin and pale appearance Confusion Cough with pink, frothy sputum Irritability Lethargy No breathing Restlessness Shallow or gasping respirations Unconsciousness Vomiting </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Near drowning ? [/INST] Attempted suicide Blows to the head or seizures while in the water Drinking alcohol while boating or swimming Falling through thin ice Inability to swim or panicking while swimming Leaving small children unattended around bathtubs and pools </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Near drowning ? [/INST] If you cannot rescue the drowning person without endangering yourself, call for emergency medical assistance immediately. If you are trained and able to rescue the person, do so and then call for medical help.
All near-drowning patients should be checked by a doctor. Even though the person may revive quickly at the scene, lung complications are common. Fluid and body chemical (electrolyte) imbalances may develop, and other traumatic injuries may be present. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Renal tubular acidosis? [/INST] Most symptoms are caused by the underlying disease or condition that is causing the renal tubular acidosis or inherited disorder of kidneys. Renal tubular acidosis itself usually causes rapid breathing. Confusion or lethargy may also occur. Severe acidosis can lead to shock or death. In some situations, acidosis can be a mild, chronic (ongoing) condition. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Renal tubular acidosis? [/INST] Renal tubular acidosis occurs when the body produces too much acid, or when the kidneys are not removing enough acid from the body.
Diabetic acidosis (also called diabetic ketoacidosis and DKA) develops when substances known as ketone bodies, which are acidic, build up during uncontrolled diabetes Hyperchloremic acidosis results from excessive loss of sodium bicarbonate from the body, as can happen with severe diarrhea Lactic acidosis is a buildup of lactic acid. It can be caused by: Alcohol Cancer Exercising for a very long time Liver failure Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) Medications such as salicylates Prolonged lack of oxygen from shock, heart failure, or severe anemia Seizures
Other causes of acidosis include:
Poisoning by aspirin, ethylene glycol (found in antifreeze), or methanol Severe dehydration </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Renal tubular acidosis ? [/INST] Patient suffering from any of the conditions mentioned above are at risk of renal tubular acidosis. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Renal tubular acidosis ? [/INST] Seek medical treatment if you develop symptoms of any disease that can cause renal tubular acidosis. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Renal tubular acidosis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] What can be expected will depend on the underlying disease causing the renal tubular acidosis. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Respiratory acidosis? [/INST] Symptoms may include:
Confusion Easy fatigue Lethargy Shortness of breath Sleepiness </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Respiratory acidosis? [/INST] Causes of respiratory acidosis include:
Airway diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease, which reduce sending air into and out of the lungs lung tissue diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis Diseases of the chest such as scoliosis, which make the lungs less efficient at filling and emptying Diseases involving the nerves and muscles that cause the lungs to fill or empty Medications that suppress breathing including pain drugs, such as narcotics and sedatives such as benzodiazepines), especially concomitant use with alcohol Severe obesity, which limits lungs expansion
Chronic respiratory acidosis occurs over a long duration. This is a mild stable situation because the kidneys have had enough time to compensate and restore the body's acid-base balance by rising body chemicals, such as bicarbonate.
Acute respiratory acidosis is a severe situation in which carbon dioxide levels increase very quickly and before the kidneys can restore the body to a proper acid-base balance. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Respiratory acidosis ? [/INST] Patients who are suffering from any condition listed above have the highest risk of developing respiratory acidosis. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Respiratory acidosis ? [/INST] Severe respiratory acidosis is a medical emergency. Seek immediate medical help if you have symptoms of this condition.
Call your healthcare provider if you have symptoms of lung disease. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Respiratory acidosis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] How well you do depends on the disease causing the respiratory acidosis. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Respiratory failure? [/INST] Diseases and conditions that affect your breathing can cause respiratory failure. Examples include
Lung diseases such as COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, and cystic fibrosis Conditions that affect the nerves and muscles that control breathing, such as spinal cord injuries, muscular dystrophy and stroke Damage to the tissues and ribs around the lungs. An injury to the chest can cause this damage. Drug or alcohol overdose Injuries from inhaling smoke or harmful fumes </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Rhabdomyolysis? [/INST] Abnormal urine color (dark, red, or cola colored) General weakness Muscle stiffness or aching (myalgia) Muscle tenderness Weakness of the affected muscles
Additional symptoms that may be associated with this disease include the following:
Fatigue Joint pain Seizures Weight gain (unintentional) </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Rhabdomyolysis? [/INST] When muscle is damaged, a protein pigment called myoglobin is released into the bloodstream and filtered out of the body by the kidneys. Myoglobin breaks down into potentially harmful compounds. It may block the structures of the kidney, causing damage such as rhabdomyolysis or kidney failure.
Dead muscle tissue may cause a large amount of fluid to move from the blood into the muscle, reducing the fluid volume of the body and leading to shock and reduced blood flow to the kidneys.
The disorder may be caused by any condition that results in damage to skeletal muscle, especially trauma. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Rhabdomyolysis ? [/INST] Alcoholism (with subsequent muscle tremors) Certain inherited or genetic syndromes Crush Injuries Heat intolerance Heatstroke Ischemia or necrosis of the muscles (as may occur with arterial occlusion, deep venous thrombosis, or other conditions) Low phosphate levels Seizures Severe exertion such as marathon running or calisthenics Shaking chills Trauma Use or overdose of drugs, especially cocaine, amphetamines, statins, heroin, or PCP </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Rhabdomyolysis ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if symptoms indicate rhabdomyolysis may be present. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Rhabdomyolysis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The outcome varies depending on the extent of kidney damage. Acute kidney failure occurs in many patients. Treatment soon after rhabdomyolysis begins will reduce the risk of chronic kidney damage.
People with milder cases may return to normal activity within a few weeks to a month or more. However, some continue to have problems with fatigue and muscle pain. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Snakebites? [/INST] Symptoms depend on the type of snake, but may include:
Bleeding from wound Blurred vision Burning of the skin Convulsions Diarrhea Dizziness Excessive sweating Fainting Fang marks in the skin Fever Increased thirst Loss of muscle coordination Nausea and vomiting Numbness and tingling Rapid pulse Tissue death Severe pain Skin discoloration Swelling at the site of the bite Weakness
Rattlesnake bites are painful when they occur. Symptoms usually begin right away and may include:
Bleeding Breathing difficulty Blurred vision Eyelid drooping Low blood pressure Nausea and vomiting Numbness Pain at site of bite Paralysis Rapid pulse Skin color changes Swelling Tingling Tissue damage Thirst Tiredness Weakness Weak pulse
Cottonmouth and copperhead bites are painful right when they occur. Symptoms, which usually begin right away, may include:
Bleeding Breathing difficulty Low blood pressure Nausea and vomiting Numbness and tingling Pain at site of bite Shock Skin color changes Swelling Thirst Tiredness Tissue damage Weakness Weak pulse
Coral snake bites may be painless at first. Major symptoms may not develop for hours. Do NOT make the mistake of thinking you will be fine if the bite area looks good and you are not in a lot of pain. Untreated coral snake bites can be deadly. Symptoms may include:
Blurred vision Breathing difficulty Convulsions Drowsiness Eyelid drooping Headache Low blood pressure Mouth watering (excessive salivation) Nausea and vomiting Numbness Pain and swelling at site of bite Paralysis Shock Slurred speech Swallowing difficulty Swelling of tongue and throat Weakness Skin color changes Skin tissue damage Stomach or abdominal pain Weak pulse </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Snakebites? [/INST] Poisonous snake bites include bites by any of the following:
Cobra Copperhead Coral snake Cottonmouth (water moccasin) Rattlesnake Various snakes found at zoos
All snakes will bite when threatened or surprised, but most will usually avoid people if possible and only bite as a last resort.
Snakes found in and near water are often mistaken as being poisonous. Most species of snake are harmless and many bites are not life-threatening, but unless you are absolutely sure that you know the species, treat it seriously. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Snakebites (Patient information)? [/INST] Call 911 or your local emergency number if someone has been bitten by a snake. If possible, call ahead to the emergency room so that antivenom can be ready when the person arrives.
You may also call the National Poison Control Center (1-800-222-1222). The center can be called from anywhere in the United States. This national hotline number will let you talk to experts in poisoning. They will give you further instructions.
This is a free and confidential service. All local poison control centers in the United States use this national number. You should call if you have any questions about poisoning or poison prevention. It does NOT need to be an emergency. You can call for any reason, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Chronic renal failure? [/INST] Symptoms may include:
General ill feeling and fatigue Generalized itching (pruritus) and dry skin Headaches Weight loss without trying Loss of appetite Nausea
Other symptoms may develop, including:
Abnormally dark or light skin and changes in nails Bone pain
Brain and nervous system symptoms
Drowsiness and confusion Problems concentrating or thinking Numbness in the hands, feet, or other areas Muscle twitching or cramps Breath odor Easy bruising, nosebleeds, or blood in the stool Excessive thirst Frequent hiccups Low level of sexual interest and impotence Menstrual periods stop (amenorrhea) Sleep problems, such as insomnia, restless leg syndrome, or obstructive sleep apnea Swelling of the feet and hands (edema) Vomiting, especially in the morning </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Chronic renal failure? [/INST] End-stage kidney disease (ESRD) occurs when the kidneys are no longer able to function at a level needed for day-to-day life. It usually occurs when chronic kidney disease has worsened to the point at which kidney function is less than 10% of normal.
ESRD almost always follows chronic kidney disease. A person may have gradual worsening of kidney function for 10 - 20 years or more before progressing to ESRD.
Patients who have reached this stage need dialysis or a kidney transplant.
The most common causes of ESRD in the U.S. are diabetes and high blood pressure. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Chronic renal failure ? [/INST] Certain conditions increases your risk of chronic renal failure, which are as follows
Diabetes High blood pressure (hypertension) Heart disease Smoking Obesity High cholesterol African-American, American Indian or Asian-American race Family history of kidney disease Age 65 or older </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Chronic renal failure ? [/INST] You must make an appointment with the doctor, if you have any symptoms and sign listed above. If you have any chronic medical condition, your doctor might do a regular check of your Blood pressure and kidney functions. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Chronic renal failure (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Without dialysis or a kidney transplant, death will occur from the buildup of fluids and waste products in the body. Both of these treatments can have serious risks and consequences. The outcome is different for each person. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Membranous glomerulonephritis? [/INST] Symptoms often begin slowly over time, and may include:
Edema (swelling) in any area of the body Foamy appearance of urine Weight gain Poor appetite Urination, excessive at night Hypertension (patient information)| High blood pressure Fatigue </s> |
Subsets and Splits