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<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Neurogenic bladder ? [/INST] Call you health care provider if you:
Are unable to empty your bladder at all Have signs of a bladder infection (fever, burning when you urinate, frequent urination) Urinate small amounts, frequently </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Obstructive uropathy? [/INST] Symptoms associated with obstructive uropathy vary depending on whether the obstruction is acute or chronic, whether it is unilateral or bilateral, whether it is complete or partial, and what caused it. Common symptoms of obstructive uropathy include the following:
Flank pain Bilateral or unilateral Colicky or severe Urinary tract infection Fever Difficulty or pain while urinating Nausea or vomiting Renal failure Weight gain or swelling (edema) Decreased urine output Blood in the urine </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Obstructive uropathy? [/INST] Obstructive uropathy occurs when urine cannot drain through a ureter (a tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder). Urine backs up into the kidney and causes it to become swollen (hydronephrosis).
Obstructive uropathy is grouped according to whether it affects one or both kidneys and whether it occurs suddenly or is long-term:
Chronic unilateral obstructive uropathy - Long-term uropathy that affects one kidney Chronic bilateral obstructive uropathy - Long-term uropathy that affects both kidneys Acute unilateral obstructive uropathy - Sudden uropathy that affects one kidney Acute bilateral obstructive uropathy - Sudden uropathy that affects both kidneys
Common causes of obstructive uropathy include the following:
Urinary tract stones Ureteral stones Bladder stones Urinary tract tumors Retroperitoneal fibrosis Benign prostatic hyperplasia (enlarged prostate) Tumors of nearby organs Bladder or ureteral cancer Colon cancer Cervical cancer Uterine cancer Any cancer that spreads Idiopathic hydronephrosis of pregnancy </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Obstructive uropathy ? [/INST] Presence of any of the above mentioned condition increases the risk for the patient. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Obstructive uropathy ? [/INST] Contact your health care provider if you have symptoms of obstructive uropathy or believe that you may be suffering from this condition. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Obstructive uropathy (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] If an acute obstruction is rapidly diagnosed and repaired, kidney damage is minimal or reversible -- regardless of being unilateral or bilateral.
If chronic unilateral obstruction is not relieved promptly, there could be permanent damage to the kidney. Chronic unilateral obstruction usually does not cause kidney insufficiency or failure because most patients have normal function from the other kidney.
Chronic bilateral obstruction may lead to kidney insufficiency or failure because both kidneys may become damaged and fail to function even after the obstruction is repaired. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Polydipsia? [/INST] Patient have a tendency to drink excess amount of water. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Polydipsia? [/INST] A recent salty or spicy meal Bleeding enough to cause a significant decrease in blood volume Diabetes Diabetes insipidus Drugs such as anticholinergics, demeclocycline, diuretics, phenothiazines Excessive loss of water and salt (possibly due to not drinking enough water, profuse sweating, diarrhea, or vomiting) Loss of body fluids from the bloodstream into the tissues due to: Conditions such as severe infections (sepsis) or burns Heart, liver, or kidney failure Psychogenic polydipsia, the result of a mental disorder </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Polydipsia ? [/INST] A patient having any of the above mentioned condition can develop Polydipsia. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Polydipsia ? [/INST] Excessive thirst is persistent and unexplained Thirst is accompanied by other unexplained symptoms, such as blurry vision and fatigue You are passing more than 5 quarts of urine per day </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Polydipsia (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Prognosis depends on the underlying cause. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Reflux nephropathy? [/INST] Some people have no symptoms of reflux nephropathy. The problem may be found when kidney tests are done for other reasons.
If symptoms do occur, they might be similar to those of:
Chronic kidney failure Nephrotic syndrome Urinary tract infection </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Reflux nephropathy? [/INST] Urine flows from each kidney through tubes called ureters and into the bladder. When the bladder is full, it squeezes and sends the urine out through the urethra. None of the urine should flow back into the ureter when the bladder is squeezing. Each ureter has a one-way valve where it enters the bladder that prevents urine from flowing back up the ureter.
But in some people, urine flows back up to the kidney. This is called vesicoureteral reflux.
Over time, the kidneys may be damaged or scarred by this reflux. This is called reflux nephropathy
Reflux can occur in people whose ureters do not attach properly to the bladder or whose valves do not work well. Children may be born with this problem or may have other birth defects of the urinary system that cause reflux nephropathy.
Reflux nephropathy can occur with other conditions that lead to a blockage of urine flow, including:
Bladder outlet obstruction, such as an enlarged prostate in men Bladder stones Neurogenic bladder, which can occur in people with multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, or other nervous system (neurological) conditions
Reflux nephropathy also can occur from swelling of the ureters after a kidney transplant or from injury to the ureter. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Reflux nephropathy ? [/INST] Risk factors for reflux nephropathy include:
Abnormalities of the urinary tract Personal or family history of vesicoureteral reflux Repeat urinary tract infections </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Reflux nephropathy ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if you:
Have symptoms of reflux nephropathy Have other new symptoms Are producing less urine than normal </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Reflux nephropathy (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The outcome varies, depending on the severity of the reflux. Some people with reflux nephropathy will not lose kidney function over time, even though their kidneys are damaged. However, kidney damage may be permanent. If only one kidney is involved, the other kidney should keep working normally.
Reflux nephropathy may cause kidney failure in both children and adults. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Renovascular hypertension? [/INST] People with renovascular hypertension may have a history of high blood pressure that is severe and hard to control with medication.
Symptoms of renovascular hypertension include:
High blood pressure at a young age High blood pressure that suddenly gets worse or is difficult to control Kidneys that are not working well, which often occurs suddenly Narrowing of other arteries in the body, such as to the legs, the brain, the eyes and elsewhere Sudden buildup of fluid in the air sacs of the lungs (pulmonary edema)
If you have a severe headache, nausea or vomiting, bad headache, confusion, changes in your vision, or nosebleeds you may have a severe and dangerous form of high blood pressure called malignant hypertension. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Renovascular hypertension? [/INST] When the arteries that carry blood to your kidneys become narrow, less blood flows to the kidneys. The kidneys mistakenly respond as if your blood pressure is low and make hormones that tell the body to hold on to more salt and water. This causes your blood pressure to rise.
Renal artery stenosis is a narrowing or blockage of the artery that supplies blood to the kidneys.
The most common cause of renal artery stenosis is a blockage in the the arteries due to high cholesterol. This problem occurs when a sticky, fatty substance called plaque builds up on the inner lining of the arteries. The plaque may slowly narrow or even block the renal (kidney) artery.
Risk factors for atherosclerosis include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, heavy alcohol use, cocaine abuse, and increasing age.
Fibromuscular dysplasia is another cause of renal artery stenosis. It is often seen in women under age 50 and tends to run in families. It is caused by abnormal growth of cells in the walls of the arteries leading to the kidneys. This also leads to narrowing or blockage of these arteries. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Renal artery stenosis ? [/INST] Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you think you have high blood pressure.
Call your health care provider if you have renovascular hypertension and symptoms get worse or do not improve with treatment. Also call if new symptoms develop. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Urinary incontinence? [/INST] Frequent urination, in the daytime and at night Involuntary loss of urine Sudden and urgent need to urinate (urinary urgency) </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Urinary incontinence? [/INST] Urge incontinence may result from:
Bladder cancer Bladder inflammation Bladder outlet obstruction Bladder stones Infection Neurological diseases (such as multiple sclerosis) Neurological injuries (such as spinal cord injury or stroke)
In men, urge incontinence also may be due to:
Bladder changes caused by benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) Bladder outlet obstruction from an enlarged prostate
In most cases of urge incontinence, no specific cause can be identified.
Although urge incontinence may occur in anyone at any age, it is more common in women and the elderly. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Urinary incontinence ? [/INST] Presence of any of the above disease mentioned above increasing your frequency. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Urinary incontinence ? [/INST] Call your health care provider for an appointment if:
Your symptoms are causing you problems You have pelvic discomfort or burning with urination Your symptoms occur daily </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Urinary incontinence (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] How well you do depends on your symptoms, an accurate diagnosis, and proper treatment. Many patients must try different therapies (some at the same time) to reduce symptoms.
Instant improvement is unusual. Perseverance and patience are usually required to see improvement. A small number of patients need surgery to control their symptoms. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Urinary urgency? [/INST] Urgent urination is a sudden, compelling urge to urinate, along with discomfort in your bladder. A frequent need to urinate at night is called nocturia. Most people can sleep for 6 to 8 hours without having to urinate. Middle aged and older men often wake to urinate once in the early morning hours. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Urinary urgency? [/INST] Together, frequent and urgent urination are classic signs of a urinary tract infection.
Diabetes, pregnancy, and prostate problems are other common causes of these symptoms.
Other causes include:
Anxiety Enlarged prostate Interstitial cystitis Medicines such as diuretics Overactive bladder syndrome Prostatitis (infection of the prostate gland) Stroke and other brain or nervous system diseases Tumor or mass in the pelvis Urinary incontinence Vaginitis
Less common causes:
Bladder cancer Bladder dysfunction Radiation therapy to the pelvis, used to treat certain cancers Drinking too much before bedtime, especially caffeine or alcohol, can cause frequent urination at nighttime. Frequent urination may also simply just be a habit.
Home Care Follow the therapy recommended by your doctor to treat the underlying cause of your urinary frequency or urgency. It may help to keep a diary of times and amounts of urine voided to bring with you to the doctor.
In some cases, you may experience some urinary incontinence for a period of time. You may need to take steps to protect your clothing and bedding. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Urinary urgency ? [/INST] Presence of any of the above disease mentioned above increasing your frequency </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Urinary urgency ? [/INST] Call your health care provider for an appointment if:
Your symptoms are causing you problems You have pelvic discomfort or burning with urination Your symptoms occur daily </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Urinary urgency (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] How well you do depends on your symptoms, an accurate diagnosis, and proper treatment. Many patients must try different therapies (some at the same time) to reduce symptoms.
Instant improvement is unusual. Perseverance and patience are usually required to see improvement. A small number of patients need surgery to control their symptoms. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Varicocele? [/INST] Enlarged, twisted veins in the scrotum Infertility Painless testicle lump, scrotal swelling, or bulge within the scrotum
There may not be symptoms. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Varicocele? [/INST] A varicocele forms when valves inside the veins along the spermatic cord prevent blood from flowing properly. This causes the blood to back up, leading to swelling and widening of the veins. (This is essentially the same process that leads to varicose veins, which are common in the legs.) </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Varicocele ? [/INST] Varicoceles usually develop slowly. They are more common in men ages 15 - 25 and are most often seen on the left side of the scrotum. Varicoceles are often the cause of infertility in men.
The sudden appearance of a varicocele in an older man may be caused by a kidney tumor, which can block blood flow to a vein. This is more common on the left side than the right. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Varicocele ? [/INST] Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you discover a testicle lump or need to treat a diagnosed varicocele. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Varicocele (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] A varicocele is usually harmless and often requires no treatment. If surgery is required because of infertility or testicular wasting away (atrophy), the sperm count will likely improve but the ultimate pregnancy rate is unchanged. In most cases, testicular wasting (atrophy) does not improve unless surgery is done early in adolescence. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Wilms' tumor? [/INST] Abdominal pain Constipation Fever General discomfort or uneasiness (malaise) High blood pressure Increased growth on only one side of the body Loss of appetite Nausea Swelling in the abdomen (abdominal hernia or mass) Vomiting Abnormal urine color may also be associated with this disease. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Wilms' tumor? [/INST] Wilms tumor is the most common form of childhood kidney cancer. The exact cause of this tumor in most children is unknown.
A missing iris of the eye (aniridia) is a birth defect that is sometimes associated with Wilms tumor. Other birth defects linked to this type of kidney cancer include certain urinary tract problems and enlargement of one side of the body, a condition called hemihypertrophy. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Wilms%27 tumor ? [/INST] It is more common among some siblings and twins, which suggests a possible genetic cause.
The disease occurs in about 1 out of 200,000 to 250,000 children. It usually strikes when a child is about 3 years old. It rarely develops after age 8. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Wilms%27 tumor ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if you discover a lump in your child's abdomen, blood in the urine, or other symptoms of Wilms tumor.
Call your health care provider if your child is being treated for this condition and symptoms get worse or new symptoms develop, particularly cough, chest pain, weight loss, or persistent fevers. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Wilms%27 tumor (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Children whose tumor has not spread have a 90% cure rate with appropriate treatment. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the causes of Amnesia ? [/INST] There are many areas of the brain that help you create and retrieve memories. Damage or malfunction of any of these areas can lead to memory loss.
Memory loss due to problems with specific brain areas may be different. It may involve only memory of recent or new events, passed or remote events, or both. the amnesia may be only for specific events or for all events. The problem may involve learning new information or forming new memories.
Mental or thinking abilities may still be present or may have been lost. Filling in the details with imagined events (confabulation), and disorientation to time and place may occur.
Memory loss may be for words and thoughts only, or for motor memory (the body can no longer perform specific actions). Memory loss may also be partial, meaning failing to remember only a selected group of items.
Memory loss may be short-term (called transient).
Causes of memory loss include:
Alcohol or ilicit drug intoxication An event in which not enough oxygen was going to the brain (heart stopped, stopped breathing, complications from receiving anesthesia) Brain growths (caused by tumors or infection) Brain infections such as Lyme disease, syphilis, or HIV / AIDS Brain surgery, such as surgery to treat seizure disorders Cancer treatments, such as brain radiation, bone marrow transplant, or after chemotherapy Certain medications Certain types of seizures Dementia Depression, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia when symptoms have not been well controlled Dissociative disorder (not being able to remember a major, traumatic event; the memory loss may be short-term or long-term) Drugs such as barbiturates or benzodiazepines Electroconvulsive therapy (especially if it is long-term) Encephalitis of any type (infection, autoimmune disease, chemical/drug induced) Epilepsy that is not well controlled with medications Head trauma or injury Heart bypass surgery Illness that results in the loss of, or damage to nerve cells (neurodegenerative illness), such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, or multiple sclerosis Long-term alcohol abuse Migraine headache Mild head injury or concussion Nutritional problems (vitamin deficiencies such as low vitamin B12) Permanent damage or injuries to the brain Transient global amnesia Transient ischemic attack (TIA) </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Amnesia ? [/INST] The cause determines whether amnesia comes on slowly or suddenly, and whether it is temporary or permanent. Normal aging may lead to trouble learning new material or requiring a longer time to remember learned material. However, it does not lead to dramatic memory loss unless diseases are involved. Memory loss can be seen with impaired concentration, such as with depression. It can be hard to tell the difference. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Amnesia ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if you have any unexplained memory loss. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Amnesia? [/INST] There are many areas of the brain that help you create and retrieve memories. Damage or malfunction of any of these areas can lead to memory loss.
Memory loss due to problems with specific brain areas may be different. It may involve only memory of recent or new events, passed or remote events, or both. the amnesia may be only for specific events or for all events. The problem may involve learning new information or forming new memories.
Mental or thinking abilities may still be present or may have been lost. Filling in the details with imagined events (confabulation), and disorientation to time and place may occur.
Memory loss may be for words and thoughts only, or for motor memory (the body can no longer perform specific actions). Memory loss may also be partial, meaning failing to remember only a selected group of items.
Memory loss may be short-term (called transient).
Causes of memory loss include:
Alcohol or ilicit drug intoxication An event in which not enough oxygen was going to the brain (heart stopped, stopped breathing, complications from receiving anesthesia) Brain growths (caused by tumors or infection) Brain infections such as Lyme disease, syphilis, or HIV / AIDS Brain surgery, such as surgery to treat seizure disorders Cancer treatments, such as brain radiation, bone marrow transplant, or after chemotherapy Certain medications Certain types of seizures Dementia Depression, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia when symptoms have not been well controlled Dissociative disorder (not being able to remember a major, traumatic event; the memory loss may be short-term or long-term) Drugs such as barbiturates or benzodiazepines Electroconvulsive therapy (especially if it is long-term) Encephalitis of any type (infection, autoimmune disease, chemical/drug induced) Epilepsy that is not well controlled with medications Head trauma or injury Heart bypass surgery Illness that results in the loss of, or damage to nerve cells (neurodegenerative illness), such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, or multiple sclerosis Long-term alcohol abuse Migraine headache Mild head injury or concussion Nutritional problems (vitamin deficiencies such as low vitamin B12) Permanent damage or injuries to the brain Transient global amnesia Transient ischemic attack (TIA) </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Amnesia? [/INST] The cause determines whether amnesia comes on slowly or suddenly, and whether it is temporary or permanent.
Normal aging may lead to trouble learning new material or requiring a longer time to remember learned material. However, it does not lead to dramatic memory loss unless diseases are involved.
Memory loss can be seen with impaired concentration, such as with depression. It can be hard to tell the difference. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Amnesia? [/INST] Call your health care provider if you have any unexplained memory loss. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Cerebral hypoxia? [/INST] Symptoms of mild cerebral hypoxia include:
Change in attention (inattentiveness) Poor judgment Uncoordinated movement
Symptoms of severe cerebral hypoxia include:
Complete unawareness and unresponsiveness (coma) No breathing No response of the pupils of the eye to light </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Cerebral hypoxia? [/INST] In cerebral hypoxia, sometimes only the oxygen supply is interrupted. This can be caused by:
Breathing in smoke (smoke inhalation), such as during a fire Carbon monoxide poisoning Choking Diseases that prevent movement (paralysis) of the breathing muscles, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) High altitudes Pressure on (compression) the windpipe (trachea) Strangulation
In other cases, both oxygen and nutrient supply are stopped, caused by:
Cardiac arrest (when the heart stops pumping) Cardiac arrhythmia Complications of general anesthesia Drowning Drug overdose Injuries to a newborn that occurred before, during, or soon after birth (cerebral palsy) Stroke Very low blood pressure
Brain cells are extremely sensitive to a lack of oxygen. Some brain cells start dying less than 5 minutes after their oxygen supply disappears. As a result, brain hypoxia can rapidly cause severe brain damage or death. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Cerebral hypoxia ? [/INST] Cerebral hypoxia is a medical emergency. Call 911 immediately if someone is losing consciousness or has other symptoms of cerebral hypoxia. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Cerebral hypoxia (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The outlook depends on the extent of the brain injury. This is determined by how long the brain lacked oxygen, and whether nutrition to the brain was also affected.
If the brain lacked oxygen for only a very brief period of time, a coma may be reversible and the person may have a full or partial return of function. Some patients recover many functions, but have abnormal movements such as twitching or jerking, called myoclonus. Seizures may sometimes occur, and may be continuous (status epilepticus).
Most people who make a full recovery were only briefly unconscious. The longer a person is unconscious, the higher the risk for death or brain death, and the lower the chances of recovery. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of a cluster headache? [/INST] A cluster headache begins as a severe, sudden headache. The headache most commonly strikes 2 to 3 hours after you fall asleep. However, the headache may occur while you are awake. The headache tends to occur at the same time of day.
The pain occurs on one side of the head. It may be described as:
Burning Sharp Steady
The pain may occur in, behind, and around one eye. It may:
Involve one side of the face from neck to temples Quickly get worse, peaking within 5 to 10 minutes
The strongest pain may last 30 minutes to 2 hours.
The eye and nose on the same side as the head pain may also be affected. Symptoms can include:
Swelling under or around the eye (may affect both eyes) Excessive tearing Red eye Rhinorrhea (runny nose) or one-sided stuffy nose (same side as the head pain) Red, flushed face
Cluster headaches may occur daily for months, alternating with periods without headaches (episodic), or they can recur for a year or more without stopping (chronic). </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes a cluster headache? [/INST] Cluster headaches are a fairly common form of chronic, repeated headaches. They are four times more common in men than women. The headaches can occur at any age but are most common in adolescence and middle age. They tend to run in families, passed down through genes.
Scientists do not know exactly what causes cluster headaches, but they appear to be related to the body's sudden release of histamine or serotonin. A problem in a small area at the base of the brain called the hypothalamus may be involved.
The following may trigger cluster attacks:
Alcohol and cigarette smoking High altitudes (trekking, air travel) Bright light (including sunlight) Exertion Heat (hot weather, hot baths) Foods high in nitrites (such as bacon and preserved meats) Certain medications Cocaine </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Cluster headache ? [/INST] Call for an appointment with your health care provider if:
Cluster headaches do not respond to treatment Headaches disturb your sleep You get headaches whenever you are active Headaches occur with other symptoms
Danger symptoms require immediate medical care. Some of these symptoms include:
Changes in alertness Changes in movement or sensation Drowsiness Nausea or vomiting Seizures Vision changes </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Cluster headache (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] If prone to cluster headache, stop smoking. Alcohol use and any foods that are associated with cluster headache may need to be avoided. Medications may prevent cluster headaches in some cases. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Concussion? [/INST] Symptoms of a concussion can range from mild to severe. They can include:
Altered level of consciousness (drowsy, hard to arouse, or similar changes)
Confusion, feeling spacey, or not thinking straight
Headache
Loss of consciousness
Memory loss (amnesia) of events before the injury or immediately after
Nausea and vomiting
Seeing flashing lights
Feeling like you have "lost time"
The following are emergency symptoms of a concussion. Seek immediate medical care if there are:
Changes in alertness and consciousness
Convulsions (seizures)
Muscle weakness on one or both sides
Persistent confusion
Persistent unconsciousness (coma)
Repeated vomiting
Unequal pupils
Unusual eye movements
Walking problems
Head injuries that result in concussion often are associated with injury to the neck and spine. Take particular care when moving patients who have had a head injury.
While recovering from a concussion, you may:
Be withdrawn, easily upset, or confused
Have a hard time with tasks that require remembering or concentrating
Have mild headaches
Be less tolerant of noise </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Concussion? [/INST] A concussion may result when the head hits an object or a moving object strikes the head.
A concussion can result from a fall, sports activities, and car accidents. Significant movement of the brain (called jarring) in any direction can cause you to lose alertness (become unconscious). How long you remain unconscious may be a sign of the severity of the concussion.
However, concussions don't always involve a loss of consciousness. Most people who have a concussion never black out. You can have a concussion and not realize it. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Concussion ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if a head injury causes changes in alertness or produces any other worrisome symptoms.
If symptoms do not go away or are not improving after 2 or 3 weeks, talk to your doctor.
Call the doctor if the following symptoms occur:
Changes in behavior or unusual behavior
Changes in speech (slurred, difficult to understand, does not make sense)
Confusion
Difficulty waking up or becoming more sleepy
Double vision or blurred vision
Fever
Fluid or blood leaking from the nose or ears
Headache that is getting worse, lasts a long time, or does not get better with over-the-counter pain relievers
Problems walking or talking
Seizures
Vomiting more than three times </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Concussion (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Healing or recovering from a concussion takes time. It may take days, weeks, or even months. You may be irritable, have trouble concentrating, be unable to remember things, have headaches, dizziness, and blurry vision. These problems will probably go away slowly. You may want to get help from family or friends before making important decisions. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Deafness? [/INST] Symptoms of hearing loss may include:
Certain sounds seem too loud Difficulty following conversations when two or more people are talking Difficulty hearing in noisy areas Hard to tell high-pitched sounds (such as "s" or "th") from one another Less trouble hearing men's voices than women's voices Problems hearing when there is background noise Voices that sound mumbled or slurred
Other symptoms include:
Feeling of being off-balance or dizzy (more common with Meniere's disease and acoustic neuroma) Pressure in the ear (in fluid behind the eardrum) Ringing or buzzing sound in the ears (tinnitus) </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Deafness? [/INST] Conductive hearing loss (CHL) occurs because of a mechanical problem in the outer or middle ear.
The three tiny bones of the ear (ossicles) may not conduct sound properly. Or, the eardrum may not vibrate in response to sound.
Causes of conductive hearing loss can often be treated. They include:
Buildup of wax in the ear canal Damage to the very small bones (ossicles) that are right behind the eardrum Fluid that stays in the ear after an ear infection Foreign object that is stuck in the ear canal Hole in the eardrum Scar on the eardrum from repeat infections
Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) occurs when the tiny hair cells (nerve endings) that detect sound in the ear are injured, diseased, do not work correctly, or have died. This type of hearing loss often cannot be reversed.
Sensorineural hearing loss is commonly caused by:
Acoustic neuroma Age-related hearing loss Childhood infections, such as meningitis, mumps, scarlet fever, and measles Meniere's disease Regular exposure to loud noises (such as from work or recreation) Use of certain medicines
Hearing loss may be present at birth (congenital) and can be due to:
Birth defects that cause changes in the ear structures Genetic conditions (more than 400 are known) Infections the mother passes to her baby in the womb (such as toxoplasmosis, rubella, or herpes)
The ear can also be injured by:
Pressure differences between the inside and outside of the eardrum, often from scuba diving Skull fractures (can damage the structures or nerves of the ear) Trauma from explosions, fireworks, gunfire, rock concerts, and earphones </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Deafness ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if:
Hearing problems interfere with your lifestyle Hearing problems do not go away or become worse The hearing is worse in one ear than the other You have sudden, severe hearing loss or ringing in the ears (tinnitus) You have other symptoms, such as ear pain, along with hearing problems You have new headaches, weakness, or numbness anywhere on your body </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Disequilibrium? [/INST] Patients with disequilibrium may experience one or more following symptoms. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Disequilibrium ? [/INST] See your doctor immediately if you experience disequilibrium with any of the following: </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Dizziness? [/INST] Light-headedness happens when there is not enough blood getting to the brain. This can happen if there is a sudden drop in your blood pressure or you are dehydrated from vomiting, diarrhea, fever, or other causes. Many people, especially as they get older, experience light-headedness if they get up too quickly from a lying or seated position. Light-headedness often accompanies the flu, hypoglycemia, common cold, or allergies.
More serious conditions that can lead to light-headedness include heart problems (such as abnormal heart rhythm or heart attack), stroke, and severe drop in blood pressure (shock). If any of these serious disorders is present, you will usually have additional symptoms like chest pain, a feeling of a racing heart, loss of speech, change in vision, or other symptoms.
The most common causes of vertigo are benign positional vertigo and labyrinthitis. Benign positional vertigo is vertigo that happens when you change the position of your head. Labyrinthitis usually follows a cold or flu and is caused by a viral infection of the inner ear. Meniere's disease is another common inner ear problem. It causes vertigo, loss of balance, and ringing in the ears.
Much less commonly, vertigo or feeling unsteady is a sign of stroke, multiple sclerosis, seizures, a brain tumor, or a bleed in your brain. In such conditions, other symptoms usually accompany the vertigo or imbalance. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Dizziness ? [/INST] People with heart problems, stroke, multiple sclerosis, seizures, brain tumors, benign positional vertigo and labyrinthitis are likely to experience dizziness. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Dizziness ? [/INST] Call 911 or go to an emergency room if someone with dizziness also has:
A head injury Fever over 101°F, headache, or very stiff neck Convulsions or ongoing vomiting Chest pain, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, weakness, inability to move an arm or leg, or change in vision or speech Fainting and losing consciousness for more than a few minutes
Call your doctor if:
You have never had dizziness before. Symptoms you have had in the past are different (for example, last longer than usual, are worse than before, or are interfering with your daily activities). Medication is the suspected cause. Talk to your health care provider before making any changes to your medication. You have any hearing loss. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Dizziness (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Most causes of dizziness are not serious and either quickly get better on their own or are easily treated. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Dysarthria? [/INST] Depending on its cause, dysarthria may develop slowly or occur suddenly.
People with dysarthria have trouble making certain sounds or words.
Their speech is poorly pronounced (such as slurring), and the rhythm or speed of their speech changes. Other symptoms include:
Sounding as though they are mumbling
Speaking softly or in a whisper
Speaking in a nasal or stuffy, hoarse, strained, or breathy voice
A person with dysarthria may also drool and have problems chewing or swallowing. It may be difficult to move the lips, tongue, or jaw. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Dysarthria? [/INST] In a person with dysarthria, a nerve, brain, or muscle disorder makes it difficult to use or control the muscles of the mouth, tongue, larynx, or vocal cords, which make speech.
The muscles may be weak or completely paralyzed, or it may be difficult for the muscles to work together.
Dysarthria may be the result of brain damage due to:
Brain tumor
Dementia
Stroke
Traumatic brain injury
Dysarthria may result from damage to the nerves that supply the muscles that help you talk, or to the muscles themselves from:
Face or neck trauma
Surgery for head and neck cancer, such as partial or total removal of the tongue or voice box
Dysarthria may be caused by diseases that affect nerves and muscles (neuromuscular diseases):
Cerebral palsy
Multiple sclerosis
Muscular dystrophy
Myasthenia gravis
Parkinson's disease
Other causes may include:
Alcohol intoxication
Poorly fitting dentures
Side effects of medications that act on the central nervous system, such as narcotics, phenytoin, or carbamazepine </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Dysarthria ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if you have:
Chest pain, chills, fever, shortness of breath, or other symptoms of pneumonia
Coughing or choking
Difficulty speaking to or communicating with other people
Feelings of sadness or depression </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Dysarthria (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Depending on the cause of dysarthria, symptoms may improve, stay the same, or get worse slowly or quickly.
Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease) eventually lose the ability to speak.
Few people with Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis lose the ability to speak.
Dysarthria caused by medication or poorly fitting dentures can be reversed.
Dysarthria caused by a stroke or brain injury will not get worse, and may improve.
Dysarthria after surgery to the tongue or voice box should not get worse, and may improve with therapy. The severity of dysarthria depends on what type and how much tissue was removed. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Dyslexia? [/INST] A person with DRD may have trouble rhyming and separating sounds that make up spoken words. These abilities appear to be critical in the process of learning to read. A child's initial reading skills are based on word recognition, which involves being able to separate out the sounds in words and match them with letters and groups of letters.
Because people with DRD have difficulty connecting the sounds of language to the letters of words, they may have difficulty understanding sentences.
True dyslexia is much broader than simply confusing or transposing letters, for example mistaking ”b” and “d.".
In general, symptoms of DRD may include:
Difficulty determining the meaning (idea content) of a simple sentence
Difficulty learning to recognize written words
Difficulty rhyming
DRD may occur in combination with writing or math learning problems. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Dyslexia? [/INST] Developmental reading disorder (DRD), or dyslexia, occurs when there is a problem in areas of the brain that help interpret language. It is not caused by vision problems. The disorder is a specific information processing problem that does not interfere with one's ability to think or to understand complex ideas. Most people with DRD have normal intelligence, and many have above-average intelligence.
DRD may appear in combination with developmental writing disorder and developmental arithmetic disorder. All of these involve using symbols to convey information. These conditions may appear alone or in any combination.
DRD often runs in families. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Dyslexia ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if your child appears to be having trouble learning to read. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Dyslexia (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Specialized help (called remedial instruction) can lead to marked improvement in reading and understanding.
Reading difficulties may persist for life. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Epilepsy? [/INST] Symptoms vary depending on the seizure types, from simple staring spells to loss of consciousness and violent convulsions. In most cases, the patient with epilepsy tends to have the same type of seizure each time.
Temporary confusion Staring spell Uncontrollable jerking movements of the arms and legs Complete loss of consciousness </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Epilepsy ? [/INST] Head injuries Stroke and other vascular diseases Brain tumors Brain infections, such as meningitis, encephalitis Brain poisoning, such as alcohol High fevers in childhood Dystocia when children were born A family history of epilepsy Male </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Epilepsy ? [/INST] If you experience either of the following symptoms, seeking urgent medical care as soon as possible:
First seizure A longer seizure than before Frequently seizures Status epilepticus
Before the patient who's having a seizure is sent to the emergency department, the following measurements may be important and helpful.
Keep calm Don't hold the patient, place something soft under the patient's head. Take off any rigid articles from the patient, such as the glasses or backpack, and loosen any tight clothing near the neck. Stay with the patient, observe the event and be able to describe what happened before, during, and after the seizure to the coming ambulancemen. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Epilepsy (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Most patients with epilepsy survive outwardly normal lives. But some of them, especially children, may develop behavioral and emotional problems. They may be teased by classmates or avoided in school and other social setting. Patients with epilepsy have to face two life-threatening conditions: status epilepticus and sudden unexplained death. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of an Eyelid twitch? [/INST] In addition to having repetitive, uncontrollable twitching or spasms of your eyelid (usually the upper lid), you may be very sensitive to light or have blurry vision. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes an Eyelid twitch? [/INST] The most common things that make the muscle in your eyelid twitch are fatigue, stress, and caffeine. Once spasms begin, they may continue off and on for a few days. Then, they disappear. Most people experience this type of eyelid twitch on occasion and find it very annoying. In most cases, you won't even notice when the twitch has stopped.
More severe contractions, where the eyelid completely closes, are possible. These can be caused by irritation of the surface of the eye (cornea) or the membranes lining the eyelids (conjunctiva).
Sometimes, the reason your eyelid is twitching cannot be identified. This form of eyelid twitching lasts much longer, is often very uncomfortable, and can also cause your eyelids to close completely. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Eyelid twitch ? [/INST] Call your primary care doctor or eye doctor (ophthalmologist, optometrist) if:
Eyelid twitching does not go away within 1 week Twitching completely closes your eyelid Twitching involves other parts of your face You have redness, swelling, or a discharge from your eye Your upper eyelid is drooping </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Eyelid twitch (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The outlook depends on the specific type or cause of eyelid twitch. In some cases, the twitches usually stop within a week. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Gliomatosis cerebri? [/INST] Symptoms can be non specific and mostly represent manifestations of increased intracranial pressure. Some signs and symptoms include:
Headache
Hydrocephalus
Vomiting
Unsteadiness
Cognitive problems
Increased pressure inside skull
Behavioral problems
Seizure
Nausea
Personality changes
Vision problems </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Gliomatosis cerebri ? [/INST] At present, the risk factors for the development of gliomatosis cerebri are not known. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Gliomatosis cerebri ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if symptoms of gliomatosis cerebri develop. If you experience either of the following symptoms, seeking urgent medical care as soon as possible:
Severe headache
Seizure
Severe vomiting
Motor dysfunction </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Gliomatosis cerebri (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The prognosis of gliomatosis cerebriis poor and it depends on the following:
Whether or not the tumor can be removed by surgery
The stage of the cancer: the size of the tumor, whether the cancer has spread outside the brain
The patient’s general health
Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Headache? [/INST] There are two kinds of headache: primary headaches and second headaches. Primary headaches refer to headaches not associating with any stuctural problem in the head or neck, including migraine, tension, and cluster headaches, and a variety of other less common types of headache. Secondary headaches are those that are due to an underlying stuctural problem in the head or neck, such as brain tumor, stroke, or brain infection. Except for headache, secondary headaches include other symptoms caused by the diseases.
Symptoms in primary headaches include:
Some headaches onset without aura. Certain food, emotion changes or environmental chages may be the auras for other headaches. A pain that begins in the back of the head and upper neck, as a tightness or pressure. The pain is usually mild and bilateral Not accompanied with nausea or vomiting Usually occur sporadically No function damage
Symptoms in secondary headaches depend on the underlying cause. Except for headache, there may be other symptoms such as the following.
Headache may be continuing. Fever Hemiplegia Nausea and vomiting Diplopia Anepia </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Headache ? [/INST] Brain tumors Brain infection Intracranial hypertension Anxiety Arthritis in neck or spine Degenerative bone or disk disease in the neck or spine Depression Temporomandibular joint disorders Drugs, such as nitrates Alcohol Environmental changes, such as changes in barometric pressure and altitude, inclement weather, or high winds. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Headache? [/INST] Headache is a kind of symptom, the most important thing is to make the underlying causes clear.
Meidcal history, the characteristics of the patient's headache. Physical examination and neurological evaluation. Eye examination: It is very useful to identify underlying problem in the brain. Blood tests: Blood tests include complete blood count, liver, and kidney function tests. The results of the various lab tests may provide clues to detect some secondary headaches that can cause coma. Head imaging studies such as CT and MRI: These images can be used to detect the structural problems in the brain. Electroencephalography (EEG): This test can demonstrate the electrical activity in the brain and be helpful for the diagnosis. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Headache ? [/INST] Headache is just a symptom. It is necessary to indentify the underlying causes. So, go to see your doctor when you show this symptom. If you feel the following symptoms, go to the emergency department as soon as possible.
Sudden sever headache sudden headache associated with a stiff neck Headache accompanying with nausea or vomiting Headache accompanying with fever, convulsions, or confusion or loss of consciousness Headache accompanying with pain in the eye or ear Headaches following trauma to the head Persistent headache in a person who was previously headache free Recurring headache in children </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Headache (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The prognosis of headache depends on:
Underlying causes </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Horner's syndrome? [/INST] Decreased sweating on the affected side of the face Drooping eyelid (ptosis) Sinking of the eyeball into the face Small (constricted) pupil (the black part in the center of the eye)
There may also be symptoms of the disorder that is causing the problem. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Horner's syndrome? [/INST] Horner's syndrome can be caused by any interruption in a set of nerve fibers that start in the part of the brain called the hypothalamus and run to the face.
Sympathetic nerve fiber injuries can result from:
Injury to one of the main arteries to the brain (carotid artery) Injury to nerves in the neck called the brachial plexus Migraine or cluster headaches Stroke, tumor, or other damage to a part of the brain called the brainstem Tumor in the top of the lung
Rarely, Horner's syndrome may be present at birth (congenital). The condition may occur with a lack of color (pigmentation) of the iris (colored part of the eye). </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Horner%27s syndrome ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of Horner's syndrome. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Horner%27s syndrome (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The outcome depends on whether treatment of the cause is successful. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Hypersomnia? [/INST] Symptoms often develop slowly during adolescence or young adulthood. They include:
Daytime naps that do not relieve drowsiness Difficulty waking from a long sleep may feel confused or disoriented Increased need for sleep during the day even while at work, or during a meal or conversation Increased sleep time up to 14 - 18 hours per day
Other symptoms may include anxiety, feeling irritated, low energy, restlessness, slow thinking or speech, loss of appetite, and memory difficulty.
Cataplexy: suddenly falling asleep or losing muscle control which is part of narcolepsy, is NOT a symptom of idiopathic hypersomnia. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Hypersomnia? [/INST] The usual approach is to consider other potential causes of excessive daytime sleepiness.
Other sleep disorders that may cause daytime sleepiness include:
Isolated sleep paralysis Narcolepsy Obstructive sleep apnea Restless leg syndrome
Other causes of excessive sleepiness include:
Atypical depression Certain medications Drug and alcohol use Low thyroid function (hypothyroidism) Previous head injury </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Multiple sclerosis ? [/INST] Multiple sclerosis signs and symptoms may differ greatly from person to person and over the course of the disease depending on the location of affected nerve fibers. The symptoms may include:
Muscle symptoms:
Loss of balance Muscle spasms Numbness or abnormal sensation in any area Problems moving arms or legs Problems walking Problems with coordination and making small movements Tremor in one or more arms or legs Weakness in one or more arms or legs
Bowel and bladder symptoms:
Constipation and stool leakage Difficulty beginning to urinate Frequent need to urinate Strong urge to urinate Urine leakage (incontinence)
Eye symptoms:
Double vision Eye discomfort Uncontrollable eye movements Vision loss (usually affects one eye at a time)
Numbness, tingling, or pain:
Facial pain Painful muscle spasms Tingling or burning feeling in the arms and legs
Other brain and nerve symptoms:
Decreased attention span, poor judgment, and memory loss Difficulty reasoning and solving problems Depression or feelings of sadness Dizziness and balance problems Hearing loss
Sexual symptoms:
Problems with erections Problems with vaginal lubrication
Speech and swallowing symptoms:
Slurred or difficult-to-understand speech Trouble chewing and swallowing
Fatigue is a common and bothersome symptom as MS progresses. It is often worse in the late afternoon. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the causes of Multiple sclerosis ? [/INST] MS is caused by damage to the myelin sheath. This sheath is the protective covering that surrounds nerve cells. When this nerve covering is damaged, nerve signals slow or stop. The nerve damage is caused by inflammation. Inflammation occurs when the body's own immune cells attack the nervous system. This can occur in any area of the brain, optic nerve, and spinal cord.
It is unknown what exactly causes MS. The most common thought is that a virus or gene defect, or both, are to blame. Environmental factors may also play a role.
You are slightly more likely to develop this condition if you have a family history of MS or you live in a part of the world where MS is more common. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Multiple sclerosis ? [/INST] Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects women more than men. The disorder is most commonly diagnosed between ages 20 and 40 but can be seen at any age.
Environmental factors, such as smoking and decreased light exposure have been shown to increase the risk of MS, while other factors, such as diet and hormone intake, have had inconclusive results.
Lastly, many different microbes have been proposed as potential triggers of MS, but none have been substantiated. </s> |
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