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<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Multiple sclerosis ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if:
You develop any symptoms of MS Symptoms get worse, even with treatment The condition deteriorates to the point where home care is no longer possible </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Multiple sclerosis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The outcome varies and is hard to predict. Although the disorder is chronic and incurable, life expectancy can be normal or almost normal. Most people with MS continue to walk and function at work with minimal disability for 20 or more years.
The following typically have the best outlook:
Females People who were young (less than 30 years) when the disease started People with infrequent attacks People with a relapsing-remitting pattern People who have limited disease on imaging studies
The amount of disability and discomfort depends on:
How often you have attacks How severe they are The part of the central nervous system that is affected by each attack
Most people return to normal or near-normal function between attacks. Slowly, there is a greater loss of function with less improvement between attacks. Over time, many require a wheelchair to get around and have a more difficult time transferring out of the wheelchair.
Those with a support system are often able to remain in their home. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Photophobia ? [/INST] Blurred vision Changes in hearing Dizziness Headache Itching Nausea Neck stiffness Numbness or tingling elsewhere in the body Pain in the eye Redness Sore or wound in eye Swelling </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the causes of Photophobia ? [/INST] Acute iritis or uveitis (inflammation inside eye) Burns to the eye Corneal abrasion Corneal ulcer Drugs such as amphetamines, atropine, cocaine, cyclopentolate, idoxuridine, phenylephrine, scopolamine, trifluridine, tropicamide, and vidarabine Excessive wearing of contact lenses, or wearing badly fitted contact lenses Eye disease, injury, or infection (such as chalazion, episcleritis, glaucoma) Eye testing when the eyes have been dilated Meningitis Migraine headache </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Photophobia ? [/INST] If eye pain is severe, see your health care provider to determine the cause of light sensitivity. Proper treatment may cure the problem. Seek urgent medical attention if your pain is moderate to severe, even in low-light conditions.
Call your doctor if light sensitivity is severe or painful -- for example, if you need to wear sunglasses indoors.
Also call if the sensitivity occurs with headaches, red eye or blurred vision or does not go away in a day or two. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy? [/INST] Headaches Loss of coordination, clumsiness Loss of language ability (aphasia) Memory loss Vision problems Weakness of the legs and arms that gets worse </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy? [/INST] The JC virus (JCV) causes PML. By age 10, most people have been infected with this virus, but it hardly ever causes symptoms. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy ? [/INST] Anyone with a weakened immune system, however, are at greater risk of developing PML. Causes of a weakened immune system include:
AIDS (less common now because of better AIDS treatments) Certain medications used to treat multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and related conditions Leukemia and lymphoma </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy ? [/INST] When you experience above mentioned symptoms, consult your doctor immediately. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] PML is a life-threatening condition. Talk to your doctor about care decisions. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Restless legs syndrome? [/INST] RLS leads to sensations in the lower legs that make you uncomfortable unless you move your legs. These sensations:
Usually occur at night when you lie down, or sometimes during the day when you sit for long periods of time May be described as aching, bubbling, crawling, creeping, pulling, searing, or tingling May last for 1 hour or longer Sometimes also occur in the upper leg, feet, or arms
You will feel an irresistible urge to walk or move your legs, which almost always relieves the discomfort.
Most patients have rhythmic leg movements during sleep hours, called periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD).
All of these symptoms often disturb sleep. Symptoms can make it difficult to sit during air or car travel, or through classes or meetings.
Note: Symptoms may be worse during stress or emotional upset. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Restless legs syndrome? [/INST] Restless legs syndrome (RLS) occurs most often in middle-aged and older adults. Stress makes it worse. The cause is not known in most patients.
RLS may occur more often in patients with:
Peripheral neuropathy Chronic kidney disease Parkinson's disease Pregnancy Iron deficiency Use of certain medications
A form of RLS may be passed down in families. This may be a factor when symptoms start at a younger age. The abnormal gene has not yet been identified.
Restless legs syndrome can result in a decreased quality of sleep (insomnia). This lack of sleep can lead to daytime sleepiness, anxiety or depression, and confusion or slowed thought processes. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Restless legs syndrome ? [/INST] Call for an appointment with your health care provider if:
You have symptoms of restless legs syndrome Your sleep is disrupted </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Restless legs syndrome (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Restless legs syndrome is not dangerous or life-threatening, and it is not a sign of a serious disorder. However, it can be uncomfortable and disrupt your sleep. </s> |
<s>[INST] How should this medicine be used? [/INST] Rivastigmine comes as a capsule and solution (liquid) to take by mouth. It is usually taken twice a day with meals in the morning and evening. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take rivastigmine exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor.
Your doctor will start you on a low dose of rivastigmine and slowly increase your dose, not more than once every 2 weeks.
Rivastigmine may improve the ability to think and remember or slow the loss of these abilities, but does not cure Alzheimer's disease or dementia in people with Parkinson's disease. Continue to take rivastigmine even if you feel well. Do not stop taking rivastigmine without talking to your doctor.
If you are taking rivastigmine oral solution, ask your pharmacist or doctor for a copy of the manufacturer's instructions for use. Carefully read these instructions. Always use the oral dosing syringe that comes with rivastigmine solution to measure your dose. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist if you have questions about how to measure your dose of rivastigmine solution.
Rivastigmine oral solution may be swallowed directly from the syringe or mixed with a liquid before use. Mix it with a small glass of water, cold fruit juice, or soda. Be sure to stir the mixture completely. Do not mix this medication with any liquid other than the ones listed. If the medication is mixed with water, juice, or soda, it must be taken within 4 hours.
To take a dose of rivastigmine solution, follow these steps:
Remove the oral dosing syringe that came with this medication from its protective case. Push down and twist off the child-resistant cap to open the bottle of rivastigmine solution. Put the tip of the oral syringe into the white stopper opening on top of the bottle. While holding the syringe straight up, pull up on the plunger to the mark on the syringe that equals your dose. Check the liquid in the syringe for air bubbles. If there are large air bubbles, gently move the syringe plunger up and down a few times. Do not worry about a few tiny air bubbles. Make sure the plunger is on the mark on the syringe that equals your dose. Remove the oral syringe from the bottle by pulling up on it. Swallow your dose from the syringe directly, or mix it with the liquid you have chosen. Drink or swallow all of the solution. Wipe off the outside of the oral syringe with a clean tissue, and put the syringe back into its case. Close the child-resistant cap on the bottle of medication. </s> |
<s>[INST] What special precautions should I follow? [/INST] Before taking rivastigmine:
tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to rivastigmine, neostigmine (Prostigmin), physostigmine (Antilirium, Isopto Eserine), pyridostigmine (Mestinon, Regonol), any other medications, or any of the ingredients in rivastigmine solution. Ask your pharmacist for a list of the ingredients.. tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications, vitamins, nutritional supplements, and herbal products you are taking or plan to take. Be sure to mention any of the following: antihistamines; aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn); bethanechol (Duvoid, Urabeth, Urecholine); ipratropium (Atrovent); and medications for Alzheimer's disease, glaucoma, irritable bowel disease, motion sickness, myasthenia gravis, Parkinson's disease, ulcers, or urinary problems. Your doctor may need to change the doses of your medications or monitor you carefully for side effects. tell your doctor if you have or have ever had asthma, an enlarged prostate or other condition that blocks the flow of urine, ulcers, abnormal heart beats, or other heartor lung disease. tell your doctor if you are pregnant, plan to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding. If you become pregnant while taking rivastigmine, call your doctor. if you are having surgery, including dental surgery, tell the doctor or dentist that you are taking rivastigmine. </s> |
<s>[INST] What special dietary instructions should I follow? [/INST] Unless your doctor tells you otherwise, continue your normal diet. </s> |
<s>[INST] What should I do if I forget a dose? [/INST] Take the missed dose as soon as you remember it. However, if it is almost time for the next dose, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one.
If you miss taking rivastigmine for more than a few days, talk to your doctor before starting to take it again. You will probably have to restart taking it at a lower dose. </s> |
<s>[INST] What storage conditions are needed for this medicine? [/INST] Keep this medication in the container it came in, tightly closed, and out of reach of children.Store it at room temperature and away from excess heat and moisture (not in the bathroom). Store rivastigmine solution in an upright position. Do not place rivastigmine solution in the freezer or allow rivastigmine solution to freeze.Throw away any medication that is outdated or no longer needed. Talk to your pharmacist about the proper disposal of your medication. </s> |
<s>[INST] What other information should I know? [/INST] Keep all appointments with your doctor.
Do not let anyone else take your medication.Ask your pharmacist any questions you have about refilling your prescription. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Sciatica ? [/INST] Sciatica pain can vary widely. It may feel like a mild tingling, dull ache, or a burning sensation. In some cases, the pain is severe enough to make a person unable to move.
The pain most often occurs on one side. Some people have sharp pain in one part of the leg or hip and numbness in other parts. The sensations may also be felt on the back of the calf or on the sole of the foot. The affected leg may feel weak.
The pain often starts slowly. Sciatica pain may get worse:
After standing or sitting At night When sneezing, coughing, or laughing When bending backwards or walking more than a few yards, especially if caused by spinal stenosis </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the causes of Sciatica ? [/INST] Sciatica occurs when there is pressure or damage to the sciatic nerve. This nerve starts in the spine and runs down the back of each leg. This nerve controls the muscles of the back of the knee and lower leg and provides sensation to the back of the thigh, part of the lower leg, and the sole of the foot.
Common causes of sciatica include:
Piriformis syndrome (a pain disorder involving the narrow piriformis muscle in the buttocks) Slipped disk Degenerative disk disease Spinal stenosis Pelvic injury or fracture Tumors </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Sciatica ? [/INST] Risk factors for Sciatica include:
Diabetes Inactivity and sedentary lifestyles Increasing Age Manual Labor that requires strenuous use of your back and/or heavy lifting </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Sciatica ? [/INST] Call your doctor right away if you have:
Unexplained fever with back pain Back pain after a severe blow or fall Redness or swelling on the back or spine Pain traveling down your legs below the knee Weakness or numbness in your buttocks, thigh, leg, or pelvis Burning with urination or blood in your urine Pain that is worse when you lie down, or awakens you at night Severe pain and you cannot get comfortable Loss of control of urine or stool (incontinence)
Also call if:
You have been losing weight unintentionally You use steroids or intravenous drugs You have had back pain before but this episode is different and feels worse This episode of back pain has lasted longer than 4 weeks
If any of these symptoms are present, your doctor will carefully check for any sign of infection (such as meningitis, abscess, or urinary tract infection), ruptured disk, spinal stenosis, hernia, cancer, kidney stone, twisted testicle, or other serious problem. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Sciatica (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] If the cause of the sciatic nerve dysfunction can be identified and successfully treated, full recovery is possible. The extent of disability varies from no disability to partial or complete loss of movement or sensation. Nerve pain may be severe and persist for a prolonged period of time. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Shaken baby syndrome? [/INST] The symptoms can vary from mild to severe. They may include:
Convulsions (seizures) Decreased alertness Extreme irritability or other changes in behavior Lethargy, sleepiness, not smiling Loss of consciousness Loss of vision No breathing Pale or bluish skin Poor feeding, lack of appetite Vomiting
There may not be any physical signs of injury, such as bruising, bleeding, or swelling. In some cases, the condition can be difficult to diagnose and may not be identified during an office visit. However, rib fractures are common and can be seen on x-ray.
An eye doctor may find bleeding behind the baby's eye or retinal detachment. There are, however, other causes of bleeding behind the eye and they should be ruled out before diagnosing shaken baby syndrome. Other factors must be considered. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Shaken baby syndrome? [/INST] In most cases, an angry parent or caregiver shakes the baby to punish or quiet the child. Such shaking usually takes place when the infant is crying inconsolably and the frustrated caregiver loses control. Many times the caregiver did not intend to harm the baby. Still, it is a form of child abuse.
Injuries are most likely to happen when the baby is shaken and then the baby's head hits something. Even hitting a soft object, such as a mattress or pillow, may be enough to injure newborns and small infants. Children's brains are softer, their neck muscles and ligaments are weak, and their heads are large and heavy in proportion to their bodies. The result is a type of whiplash, similar to what occurs in some auto accidents.
Shaken baby syndrome does not result from gentle bouncing, playful swinging or tossing the child in the air, or jogging with the child. It also is very unlikely to occur from accidents such as falling off chairs or down stairs, or accidentally being dropped from a caregiver's arms. Short falls may cause other types of head injuries, although these are often minor. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Shaken baby syndrome ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if a child has any of the above signs or symptoms, regardless of how severe they are. Also call if you think a child has shaken baby syndrome.
If you think a child is in immediate danger because of abuse or neglect, you should call 911.
If you suspect that a child is being abused, report it immediately. Most states have a child abuse hotline. You may also use Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline (1-800-4-A-Child). </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Somnolence? [/INST] Excessive daytime sleepiness (without a known cause) suggests that you have a significant sleep disorder. It is different from fatigue.
Depression, anxiety, stress, and boredom can all contribute to excessive sleepiness, but these conditions more typically cause fatigue and apathy. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Somnolence? [/INST] Having to work long hours or different shifts (nights, weekends) Medications (tranquilizers, sleeping pills, antihistamines) Medical conditions (such as hypothyroidism, hypercalcemia, and hyponatremia / hypernatremia) Not sleeping for long enough Sleep disorders (such as sleep apnea syndrome and narcolepsy) </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Somnolence ? [/INST] Contact your health care provider if you think the cause of your drowsiness is from any of the above conditions. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Spinal cord injury? [/INST] Symptoms vary somewhat depending on the location of the injury. Spinal cord injury causes weakness and sensory loss at and below the point of the injury. The severity of symptoms depends on whether the entire cord is severely injured (complete) or only partially injured (incomplete).
The spinal cord doesn't go below the 1st lumbar vertebra, so injuries at and below this level do not cause spinal cord injury. However, they may cause cauda equina syndrome -- injury to the nerve roots in this area.
When spinal cord injuries occur in the neck area, symptoms can affect the arms, legs, and middle of the body. The symptoms may occur on one or both sides of the body. Symptoms can include:
Breathing difficulties (from paralysis of the breathing muscles, if the injury is high up in the neck) Loss of normal bowel and bladder control (may include constipation, incontinence, bladder spasms) Numbness Sensory changes Spasticity (increased muscle tone) Pain Weakness, paralysis
When spinal injuries occur at chest level, symptoms can affect the legs:
Loss of normal bowel and bladder control (may include constipation, incontinence, bladder spasms) Numbness Sensory changes Spasticity (increased muscle tone) Pain Weakness, paralysis
Injuries to the cervical or high thoracic spinal cord may also result in blood pressure problems, abnormal sweating, and trouble maintaining normal body temperature.
When spinal injuries occur at the lower back level, varying degrees of symptoms can affect one or both legs, as well as the muscles that control your bowels and bladder:
Loss of normal bowel and bladder control (you may have constipation, leakage, and bladder spasms) Numbness Pain Sensory changes Spasticity (increased muscle tone) Weakness and paralysis </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Spinal cord injury? [/INST] Spinal cord trauma can be caused by any number of injuries to the spine. They can result from motor vehicle accidents, falls, sports injuries (particularly diving into shallow water), industrial accidents, gunshot wounds, assault, and other causes.
A minor injury can cause spinal cord trauma if the spine is weakened (such as from rheumatoid arthritis or osteoporosis) or if the spinal canal protecting the spinal cord has become too narrow (spinal stenosis) due to the normal aging process.
Direct injury, such as cuts, can occur to the spinal cord, particularly if the bones or the disks have been damaged. Fragments of bone (for example, from broken vertebrae, which are the spine bones) or fragments of metal (such as from a traffic accident or gunshot) can cut or damage the spinal cord.
Direct damage can also occur if the spinal cord is pulled, pressed sideways, or compressed. This may occur if the head, neck, or back are twisted abnormally during an accident or injury.
Bleeding, fluid accumulation, and swelling can occur inside the spinal cord or outside the spinal cord (but within the spinal canal). The accumulation of blood or fluid can compress the spinal cord and damage it.
Most spinal cord trauma happens to young, healthy individuals. Men ages 15 - 35 are most commonly affected. The death rate tends to be higher in young children with spinal injuries. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Spinal cord injury ? [/INST] Risk factors include participating in risky physical activities, not wearing protective gear during work or play, or diving into shallow water.
Older people with weakened spines (from osteoporosis) may be more likely to have a spinal cord injury. Patients who have other medical problems that make them prone to falling from weakness or clumsiness (from stroke, for example) may also be more susceptible. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Spinal cord injury ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if injury to the back or neck occurs. Call 911 if there is any loss of movement or sensation. This is a medical emergency!
Management of spinal cord injury begins at the site of an accident with paramedics trained in immobilizing the injured spine to prevent further damage to the nervous system.
Someone suspected of having a spinal cord injury should NOT be moved without immobilization unless there is an immediate threat. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Spinal cord injury (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Paralysis and loss of sensation of part of the body are common. This includes total paralysis or numbness and varying degrees of movement or sensation loss. Death is possible, particularly if there is paralysis of the breathing muscles.
How well a person does depends on the level of injury. Injuries near the top of the spine result in more extensive disability than do injuries low in the spine.
Recovery of some movement or sensation within 1 week usually means the person has a good chance of recovering more function, although this may take 6 months or more. Losses that remain after 6 months are more likely to be permanent.
Routine bowel care frequently takes one hour or more on a daily basis.
A majority of people with spinal cord injury must perform bladder catheterization from time to time.
Modifications of the person's living environment are usually required.
Most people with spinal cord injury are wheelchair- or bed-bound, or have impaired mobility requiring a variety of assistive devices. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Syringomyelia? [/INST] Gradual loss of muscle mass (wasting, atrophy) Headache Muscle function loss, loss of ability to use arms or legs Numbness or decreased sensation Decreased sense of pain or temperature Lessened ability to sense that the skin is being touched Neck, shoulders, upper arms, trunk -- in a cape-like pattern Slowly, but progressively, gets worse Pain down the arms, neck, or into the upper back Weakness (decreased muscle strength, independent of exercise) in the arms or legs
Additional symptoms that may be associated with this disease:
Muscle contractions Rashes Spasms in or tightness of the leg muscles Uncoordinated movement </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Syringomyelia? [/INST] The fluid buildup seen in syringomyelia may be a result of spinal cord trauma, tumors of the spinal cord, or birth defects (specifically, " chiari malformation," in which part of the brain pushes down onto the spinal cord at the base of the skull).
The fluid-filled cavity usually begins in the neck area. It expands slowly, putting pressure on the spinal cord and slowly causing damage. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Syringomyelia ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of syringomyelia. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Syringomyelia (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Untreated, the disorder gets worse very slowly, but it eventually causes severe disability. Surgical decompression usually stops the progression of the disorder, with about 50% of people showing significant improvement in neurologic function after surgical decompression. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Tabes dorsalis? [/INST] Lightning pains Impaired sensation and proprioception Hypesthesias Progressive sensory ataxia (inability to feel the lower limbs) Diminished reflexes or loss of reflexes Poor coordination or loss of coordination Unsteady gait (locomotor ataxia) Sexual function problems </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Tabes dorsalis? [/INST] Tabes dorsalis is a form of neurosyphilis, which is a complication of late or tertiary syphilis infection. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infectious disease. The infection damages the spinal cord and peripheral nervous tissue. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Tabes dorsalis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Progressive disability is possible if the disorder is left untreated. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Tardive dyskinesia? [/INST] Facial grimacing Jaw swinging Repetitive chewing Tongue thrusting </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Tardive dyskinesia? [/INST] Tardive dyskinesia is a serious side effect that occurs when you take medications called neuroleptics. It occurs most frequently when the medications are taken for a long time, but in some cases it can also occur after you take them for a short amount of time.
The drugs that most commonly cause this disorder are older antipsychotic drugs, including:
Haloperidol
Fluphenazine
Trifluoperazine
Other drugs, similar to antipsychotic drugs, that can cause tardive dyskinesia include:
Cinnarizine
Flunarizine (Sibelium)
Metoclopramide </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Tardive dyskinesia ? [/INST] People taking medications called neuroleptics are at risk for tardive dyskinesia. Examples of these medications are listed above. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Tardive dyskinesia (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] If diagnosed early, the condition may be reversed by stopping the drug that caused the symptoms. Even if the antipsychotic drugs are stopped, the involuntary movements may become permanent and in some cases may become significantly worse. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Trigeminal neuralgia? [/INST] Very painful, sharp electric-like spasms that usually last a few seconds or minutes, but can become constant Pain is usually only on one side of the face, often around the eye, cheek, and lower part of the face Pain may be triggered by touch or sounds Painful attacks of trigeminal neuralgia can be triggered by common, everyday activities, such as:
Brushing teeth Chewing Drinking Eating Lightly touching the face Shaving </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Trigeminal neuralgia? [/INST] The pain of trigeminal neuralgia comes from the trigeminal nerve. This nerve carries the feelings of touch and pain from the face, eyes, sinuses, and mouth to the brain.
Trigeminal neuralgia may be caused by:
Multiple sclerosis Pressure on the trigeminal nerve from a swollen blood vessel or tumor
Often, no cause is found. Doctors are more likely to find a cause in a person who is younger than age 40. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Trigeminal neuralgia ? [/INST] The condition usually affects adults, but it may affect anyone at any age. Trigeminal neuralgia may be part of the normal aging process. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Trigeminal neuralgia ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Trigeminal neuralgia (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] How well you do depends on the cause of the problem. If there is no disease causing the problem, treatment can provide at least some relief.
However, the pain may become constant and severe in some patients. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Tuberous sclerosis ? [/INST] Skin symptoms include:
Areas of the skin that are white (due to decreased pigment) and have either an ash leaf or confetti appearance Red patches on the face containing many blood vessels (adenoma sebaceum) Raised patches of skin with an orange-peel texture (shagreen spots), often on the back
Brain symptoms include:
Developmental delays Mental retardation Seizures
Other symptoms:
Pitted tooth enamel Rough growths under or around the fingernails and toenails Rubbery noncancerous tumors on or around the tongue
The symptoms of tuberous sclerosis vary from person to person. Some people have normal intelligence and no seizures. Others have intellectual disabilities or difficult-to-control seizures. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Tuberous sclerosis ? [/INST] Tuberous sclerosis is inherited. Changes (mutations) in two genes, TSC1 and TSC2, are responsible for most cases of the condition.
Only one parent needs to pass on the mutation for the child to get the disease. However, most cases are due to new mutations, so there usually is no family history of tuberous sclerosis.
This condition is one of a group of diseases called neurocutaneous syndromes . Both the skin and central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) are involved.
There are no known risk factors, other than having a parent with tuberous sclerosis. In that case, each child has a 50% chance of inheriting the disease. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to Contact a Medical Professional ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if:
Either side of your family has a history of tuberous sclerosis You notice symptoms of tuberous sclerosis in your child
Call a genetic specialist if your child is diagnosed with cardiac rhabdomyoma. Tuberous sclerosis is the leading cause of this tumor. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Tuberous sclerosis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Children with mild tuberous sclerosis usually do well. However, children with severe retardation or uncontrollable seizures usually do poorly. Occasionally when a severely affected child is born, the parents are examined, and one of them is found to have had a mild case of tuberous sclerosis that was not diagnosed.
The tumors in this disease tend to be noncancerous (benign). However, some tumors (such as kidney or brain tumors) can become cancerous. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Vertigo? [/INST] Patients with vertigo may experience one or more following symptons.
A sensation of disorientation or motion or the perception that surrounding objects are moving or spinning Lightheadedness Imbalance Nausea and vomiting Sweat Abnormal eye movements Tinnitus or hearing loss </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Vertigo? [/INST] Upper respiratory tract infection Ear infection Labyrinthitis Head or ear injury Multiple sclerosis Epilepsy Neck injuries Migraine Ménière's disease Acoustic neuroma Brain stem tumors Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Vertigo ? [/INST] See your doctor immediately if you experience vertigo with any of the following:
A new, different or severe headache Fever Diplopia or loss of vision Hearing loss Trouble in speaking Leg or arm weakness or paralysis, especially in one side Loss of consciousness Difficulty walking Numbness </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Vertigo (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The prognosis of vertigo depends on the causes. Outcomes of vertigo caused by tumors are poorer than any other causes. </s> |
<s>[INST] How does the balance system work? [/INST] Movement of fluid in the semicircular canals signals the brain about the direction and speed of rotation of the head--for example, whether we are nodding our head up and down or looking from right to left. Each semicircular canal has a bulbed end, or enlarged portion, that contains hair cells. Rotation of the head causes a flow of fluid, which in turn causes displacement of the top portion of the hair cells that are embedded in the jelly-like cupula. Two other organs that are part of the vestibular system are the utricle and saccule. These are called the otolithic organs and are responsible for detecting linear acceleration, or movement in a straight line. The hair cells of the otolithic organs are blanketed with a jelly-like layer studded with tiny calcium stones called otoconia. When the head is tilted or the body position is changed with respect to gravity, the displacement of the stones causes the hair cells to bend.
The balance system works with the visual and skeletal systems (the muscles and joints and their sensors) to maintain orientation or balance. For example, visual signals are sent to the brain about the body's position in relation to its surroundings. These signals are processed by the brain, and compared to information from the vestibular and the skeletal systems. An example of interaction between the visual and vestibular systems is called the vestibular-ocular reflex. The nystagmus (an involuntary rhythmic eye movement) that occurs when a person is spun around and then suddenly stops is an example of a vestibular-ocular reflex. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of a balance disorder? [/INST] When balance is impaired, an individual has difficulty maintaining orientation. For example, an individual may experience the "room spinning" and may not be able to walk without staggering, or may not even be able to arise. Some of the symptoms a person with a balance disorder may experience are:
A sensation of dizziness or vertigo (spinning). Falling or a feeling of falling. Lightheadedness or feeling woozy. Visual blurring. Disorientation.
Some individuals may also experience nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, faintness, changes in heart rate and blood pressure, fear, anxiety, or panic. Some reactions to the symptoms are fatigue, depression, and decreased concentration. The symptoms may appear and disappear over short time periods or may last for a longer period of time. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes a balance disorder? [/INST] Infections (viral or bacterial), head injury, disorders of blood circulation affecting the inner ear or brain, certain medications, and aging may change our balance system and result in a balance problem. Individuals who have illnesses, brain disorders, or injuries of the visual or skeletal systems, such as eye muscle imbalance and arthritis, may also experience balance difficulties. A conflict of signals to the brain about the sensation of movement can cause motion sickness (for instance, when an individual tries to read while riding in a car). Some symptoms of motion sickness are dizziness, sweating, nausea, vomiting, and generalized discomfort. Balance disorders can be due to problems in any of four areas:
Peripheral vestibular disorder, a disturbance in the labyrinth. Central vestibular disorder, a problem in the brain or its connecting nerves. Systemic disorder, a problem of the body other than the head and brain. Vascular disorder, or blood flow problems. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are some types of balance disorders? [/INST] Some of the more common balance disorders are:
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV): a brief, intense sensation of vertigo that occurs because of a specific positional change of the head. An individual may experience BPPV when rolling over to the left or right upon getting out of bed in the morning, or when looking up for an object on a high shelf. The cause of BPPV is not known, although it may be caused by an inner ear infection, head injury, or aging.
Labyrinthitis: an infection or inflammation of the inner ear causing dizziness and loss of balance.
Ménière's disease: an inner ear fluid balance disorder that causes episodes of vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus (a ringing or roaring in the ears), and the sensation of fullness in the ear. The cause of Ménière's disease is unknown.
Vestibular neuronitis: an infection of the vestibular nerve, generally viral.
Perilymph fistula: a leakage of inner ear fluid to the middle ear. It can occur after head injury, physical exertion or, rarely, without a known cause. </s> |
<s>[INST] How are balance disorders diagnosed? [/INST] Diagnosis of a balance disorder is complicated because there are many kinds of balance disorders and because other medical conditions--including ear infections, blood pressure changes, and some vision problems--and some medications may contribute to a balance disorder. A person experiencing dizziness should see a physician for an evaluation.
The primary physician may request the opinion of an otolaryngologist to help evaluate a balance problem. An otolaryngologist is a physician/surgeon who specializes in diseases and disorders of the ear, nose, throat, head, and neck, with expertise in balance disorders. He or she will usually obtain a detailed medical history and perform a physical examination to start to sort out possible causes of the balance disorder. The physician may require tests to assess the cause and extent of the disruption of balance. The kinds of tests needed will vary based on the patient's symptoms and health status. Because there are so many variables, not all patients will require every test.
Some examples of diagnostic tests the otolaryngologist may request are a hearing examination, blood tests, an electronystagmogram (ENG--a test of the vestibular system), or imaging studies of the head and brain.
The caloric test may be performed as part of the ENG. In this test, each ear is flushed with warm and then cool water, usually one ear at a time; the amount of nystagmus resulting is measured. Weak nystagmus or the absence of nystagmus may indicate an inner ear disorder.
Another test of the vestibular system, posturography, requires the individual to stand on a special platform capable of movement within a controlled visual environment; body sway is recorded in response to movement of the platform and/or the visual environment. </s> |
<s>[INST] How are balance disorders treated? [/INST] There are various options for treating balance disorders. One option includes treatment for a disease or disorder that may be contributing to the balance problem, such as ear infection, stroke, or multiple sclerosis. Individual treatment will vary and will be based upon symptoms, medical history, general health, examination by a physician, and the results of medical tests.
Another treatment option includes balance retraining exercises (vestibular rehabilitation). The exercises include movements of the head and body specifically developed for the patient. This form of therapy is thought to promote compensation for the disorder. Vestibular retraining programs are administered by professionals with knowledge and understanding of the vestibular system and its relationship with other systems in the body.
For people diagnosed with Ménière's disease, dietary changes such as reducing intake of sodium may help. For some people, reducing alcohol, caffeine, and/or avoiding nicotine may be helpful. Some aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as gentamicin and streptomycin, are used to treat Ménière's disease. Systemic streptomycin (given by injection) and topical gentamicin (given directly to the inner ear) are useful for their ability to affect the hair cells of the balance system. Gentamicin also can affect the hair cells of the cochlea, though, and cause hearing loss. In cases that do not respond to medical management, surgery may be indicated.
A program of talk therapy and/or physical rehabilitation may be recommended for people with anxiety.
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<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Bone cancer (Osteosarcoma)? [/INST] Many patients first complain of pain that may be worse at night, and may have been occurring for some time. If the tumour is large, it can appear as a swelling. The affected bone is not as strong as normal bones and may fracture with minor trauma (a pathological fracture).
Bone fracture (may occur after what seems like a routine movement) Bone pain Limitation of motion Limping (if the tumor is in the leg) Pain when lifting (if the tumor is in the arm) Tenderness, swelling, or redness at the site of the tumor </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Bone or cartilage mass ? [/INST] Age and height: Data suggest that the risk of osteosarcoma is highest during the teenage "growth spurt." Children with osteosarcoma are usually tall for their age. Radiation to bones: People who were treated with radiation for another cancer have a higher risk of later developing post-radiation (after radiation) osteosarcoma. Certain bone diseases: Some bone diseases such as Paget disease of bone and multiple hereditary osteochondromas may be risk factors of osteosarcoma. Inherited cancer syndromes: Syndromes such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome and retinoblastoma may increase the risk of developing osteosarcoma. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Bone or cartilage mass ? [/INST] Speak to your doctor immediately if you are experiencing any of the above mentioned symptoms. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Bone or cartilage mass (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The prognosis for bone cancer varies immensely based on how far the cancer has spread in the body and what specific type of cancer it is. You should talk to your doctor about your specific condition and outlook to gain a better sense of your prognosis. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is desmoid tumor? [/INST] Desmoid tumor s grow from the connective tissue in your body They grow from fibroblast cells, which make up connective tissue and are also important for wound healing Connective tissue supports and connects your bones, ligaments, and muscles, and helps hold your organs in place Desmoid tumor s are also known as aggressive fibromatosis or desmoid -type fibromatosis A desmoid tumor can occur anywhere in the body since connective tissue is found everywhere in your body Desmoid tumor s are often found in the abdomen They can also be found in the shoulders, upper arm s, and thighs Desmoid tumor s are benign, which means they are not cancer While the cells of the desmoid tumor do not travel to parts the body like cancer can, they can invade nearby tissue and are often very painful Desmoid tumor s can grow slowly or very quickly The quicker they grow the more serious they are Desmoid tumor s can be difficult to completely remove with surgery Desmoid tumor s are most common in people between the ages of 15 and 60 years They are more common in females than males </s> |
<s>[INST] How common is desmoid tumor? [/INST] Out of one million people worldwide, two to four are diagnosed with a desmoid tumor per year </s> |
<s>[INST] How is desmoid tumor diagnosed? [/INST] Some people with desmoid tumor s have symptoms, but others don’t Symptoms can include: Pain Swelling in the area of the tumor Sleep loss Difficulty moving For people without symptoms, these tumors can be discovered if the person has an imaging test for another reason </s> |
<s>[INST] How is desmoid tumor treated? [/INST] Treatment for each patient will be unique You should go to an expert in sarcoma treatment to decide the best approach for your tumor You can contact MyPART for help finding experts near you Desmoid tumor s can be hard to predict They can shrink and go away on their own, they can remain the same size, or they can grow quickly Treatment options to discuss with your doctor include: Watch and wait In some cases, the tumor grows very slowly, or even shrinks without any treatment In this case it may be safest for your doctor to check your tumor regularly without treating it Surgery Surgery has been a standard treatment for desmoid tumor s in the past, but this may be changing Because the tumor often returns to the same location after surgery, doctors are looking for other treatment options Radiation therapy Radiation therapy is a treatment option for some desmoid tumor s Because radiation therapy can cause other cancers in the future, it is important to discuss with your doctor Chemotherapy There is no standard chemotherapy for desmoid tumor s But, promising new drugs have been shown to shrink these tumors It is important to discuss these different options with your doctor and seek second opinions if possible </s> |
<s>[INST] Do desmoid tumors run in families? [/INST] In 5% to 10% of cases, desmoid tumor s may run in families Gardner syndrome is a rare syndrome that runs in families People with this syndrome have a high risk of colorectal cancer and desmoid tumor </s> |
<s>[INST] How does desmoid tumor form? [/INST] Scientists are always working to understand how tumors form, but it can be hard to prove We know that some people with a family history of desmoid tumor s have a change in a gene called adenomatous polyposis coli, or APC This change causes too much of a protein called beta-catenin in parts of your cells Too much beta-catenin can cause cells to grow when they shouldn’t In some desmoid tumor s, there is too much beta-catenin, even though APC is normal APC and beta-catenin are important in many common cancers, such as colon cancer, and scientists are trying to use this information to develop better cancer treatments, which will help people with desmoid tumor s </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the prognosis for someone with a desmoid tumor? [/INST] The estimate of how a disease will affect you long-term is called prognosis Every person is different and prognosis will depend on many factors, such as: Where the tumor is in your body How fast the tumor grows How much of the tumor was taken out during surgery If you want information on your prognosis, it is important to talk to your doctor NCI also has resources to help you understand cancer prognosis Doctors estimate desmoid tumor survival rates by how groups of people with desmoid tumor s have done in the past Because there are so few desmoid tumor patients these rates may not be very accurate They also don’t take into account newer treatments being developed Most desmoid tumor s don’t change how long you will live, but they are very difficult to get rid of and can be painful to live with Desmoid tumor s growing in the abdomen can cause problems, such as blocking your intestines It is important that your doctor monitor the growth of these tumors carefully </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes cancers of the head and neck? [/INST] Alcohol and tobacco use (including smokeless tobacco, sometimes called “ chewing tobacco ” or “ snuff ”) are the two most important risk factors for head and neck cancers, especially cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx. At least 75% of head and neck cancers are caused by tobacco and alcohol use. People who use both tobacco and alcohol are at greater risk of developing these cancers than people who use either tobacco or alcohol alone. tobacco and alcohol use are not risk factors for salivary gland cancers.
Infection with cancer -causing types of human papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV type 16, is a risk factor for some types of head and neck cancers, particularly oropharyngeal cancers that involve the tonsils or the base of the tongue. In the United States, the incidence of oropharyngeal cancer s caused by HPV infectio n is increasing, while the incidenc e of oropharyngeal cancer s related to other causes is falling.
Other risk factors for cancers of the head and neck include the following:
Paan (betel quid), immigrants from Southeast Asia who use paan (betel quid) in the mouth should be aware that this habit has been strongly associated with an increased risk of oral cancer.
Preserved or salted foods, consumption of certain preserved or salted foods during childhood is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer.
Oral health, poor oral hygiene and missing teeth may be weak risk factors for cancers of the oral cavity. Use of mouthwash that has a high alcohol content is a possible, but not proven, risk factor for cancers of the oral cavity.
Occupational exposure, occupational exposure to wood dust is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer. Certain industrial exposures, including exposures to asbestos and synthetic fibers, have been associated with cancer of the larynx. Industrial exposure to wood or nickel dust or formaldehyde is a risk factor for cancers of the paranasal sinuse s and nasal cavity.
Radiation exposure, radiation to the head and neck, for noncancerous conditions or cancer, is a risk factor for cancer of the salivary glands.
Epstein-Barr virus infection, infection with the Epstein-Barr virus is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer and cancer of the salivary glands.
Ancestry. Asian ancestry, particularly Chinese ancestry, is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of head and neck cancers? [/INST] The symptoms of head and neck cancers may include a lump or a sore that does not heal, a sore throat that does not go away, difficulty in swallowing, and a change or hoarseness in the voice. These symptoms may also be caused by other, less serious conditions. It is important to check with a doctor or dentist about any of these symptoms. Symptoms that may affect specific areas of the head and neck include the following:
Oral cavity. A white or red patch on the gums, the tongu e, or the lining of the mout h; a swelling of the jaw that causes dentures to fit poorly or become uncomfortable; and unusual bleedin g or pain in the mouth.
Pharynx. Trouble breathing or speaking; pain when swallowing; pain in the neck or the throat that does not go away; frequent headaches, pain, or ringing in the ears; or trouble hearing.
Larynx. Pain when swallowing or ear pain.
Paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity. Sinuses that are blocked and do not clear; chronic sinus infections that do not respond to treatment with antibiotics; bleeding through the nose; frequent headaches, swelling or other trouble with the eyes; pain in the upper teeth; or problems with dentures.
Salivary glands. Swelling under the chin or around the jawbone, numbness or paralysis of the muscles in the face, or pain in the face, the chin, or the neck that does not go away. </s> |
<s>[INST] How common are head and neck cancers? [/INST] Head and neck cancers account for approximately 4% of all cancers in the United States. These cancers are more than twice as common among men as they are among women. Head and neck cancers are also diagnosed more often among people over age 50 than they are among younger people.
Researchers estimated that more than 65,000 men and women in this country would be diagnosed with head and neck cancers in 2017. </s> |
<s>[INST] How can I reduce my risk of developing head and neck cancers? [/INST] People who are at risk of head and neck cancers ―particularly those who use tobacco ―should talk with their doctor about ways that they may be able to reduce their risk. They should also discuss with their doctor how often to have checkups. In addition, ongoing clinical trials are testing the effectiveness of various medications in preventing head and neck cancers in people who have a high risk of developing these diseases. Descriptions of these clinical trials can be accessed by searching NCI ’s list of cancer clinical trials. NCI ’s list of cancer clinical trials includes all NCI -supported clinical trials that are taking place across the United States and Canada, including the NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda, MD. For information about other ways to search the list, see Help Finding NCI -Supported Clinical trials.
Information specialists from NCI ’s Cancer Information Service (CIS) can also help people find clinical trials for the prevention of head and neck cancers. The CIS can be reached at 1–800–4–CANCER (1–800–422–6237) or by chatting with a cancer information specialist online through LiveHelp.
Avoiding oral HPV infection may reduce the risk of HPV -associated head and neck cancers. However, it is not yet known whether the Food and Drug Administration -approved HPV vaccine s Gardasil ®, Gardasil 9®, and Cervarix ® prevent HPV infection of the oral cavity, and none of these vaccines has yet been approved for the prevention of oropharyngeal cancer. More information about these vaccines is in the NCI fact sheet Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines. </s> |
<s>[INST] How are head and neck cancers diagnosed? [/INST] To find the cause of the signs or symptoms of a problem in the head and neck area, a doctor evaluates a person’s medical history, performs a physical examination, and orders diagnostic tests. The exams and tests may vary depending on the symptoms. Examination of a sample of tissue under a microscope is always necessary to confirm a diagnosis of cancer.
If the diagnosis is cancer, the doctor will want to learn the stage (or extent) of diseas e. Staging is a careful attempt to find out whether the cancer has spread and, if so, to which parts of the body. Staging may involve an examination under anesthesia (in an operating room), x-rays and other imaging procedures, and laboratory tests. Knowing the stage of the disease helps the doctor plan treatment. </s> |
<s>[INST] How are head and neck cancers treated? [/INST] The treatment plan for an individual patient depends on a number of factors, including the exact location of the tumor, the stage of the cancer, and the person’s age and general health. Treatment for head and neck cancer can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of treatments.
People who are diagnosed with HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer may be treated differently than people with oropharyngeal cancers that are HPV-negative. Recent research has shown that patients with HPV-positive oropharyngeal tumors have a better prognosis and may do just as well on less intense treatment. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the side effects of treatment? [/INST] Surgery for head and neck cancers often changes the patient’s ability to chew, swallow, or talk. The patient may look different after surgery, and the face and neck may be swollen. The swelling usually goes away within a few weeks. However, if lymph nodes are removed, the flow of lymph in the area where they were removed may be slower and lymph could collect in the tissues, causing additional swelling; this swelling may last for a long time.
After a laryngectomy (surgery to remove the larynx) or other surgery in the neck, parts of the neck and throat may feel numb because nerves have been cut. If lymph nodes in the neck were removed, the shoulder and neck may become weak and stiff.
Patients who receive radiation to the head and neck may experience redness, irritation, and sores in the mouth; a dry mouth or thickened saliva; difficulty in swallowing; changes in taste; or nausea. Other problems that may occur during treatment are loss of taste, which may decrease appetite and affect nutrition, and earaches (caused by the hardening of ear wax). Patients may also notice some swelling or drooping of the skin under the chin and changes in the texture of the skin. The jaw may feel stiff, and patients may not be able to open their mouth as wide as before treatment.
Patients should report any side effects to their doctor or nurse, and discuss how to deal with them. </s> |
<s>[INST] Where can I find more information about clinical trials for patients with head and neck cancers? [/INST] Clinical trials are research studies conducted with people who volunteer to take part. Participation in clinical trials is an option for many patients with head and neck cancer. Ongoing clinical trials are testing the effectiveness of treatments for head and neck cancers. Descriptions of these clinical trials can be accessed by searching NCI’s list of cancer clinical trials, which includes all NCI-supported clinical trials that are taking place across the United States and Canada, including the NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda, MD. For information about other ways to search the list, see Help Finding NCI-Supported Clinical Trials. Alternatively, call NCI's Cancer Information Service at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) for information about clinical trials for individuals with head and neck cancer, or chat with a cancer information specialist online through LiveHelp.
People interested in taking part in a clinical trial should talk with their doctor. Information about clinical trials is available in the NCI publication Taking Part in Cancer Treatment Research Studies. This resource describes how research studies are carried out and explains their possible benefits and risks. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Non Small Cell Lung Cancer? [/INST] Common symptoms of lung cancer include
A cough that doesn't go away and gets worse over time Constant chest pain Coughing up blood Shortness of breath, wheezing, or hoarseness Repeated problems with pneumonia or bronchitis Swelling of the neck and face Loss of appetite or weight loss Fatigue </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Large cell carcinoma of the lung ? [/INST] People with constant exposure to high levels of air pollution and drinking water that has a high level of arsenic can increase your risk of lung cancer. A history of radiation therapy to the lungs can also increase risk. Working with or near cancer-causing chemicals or materials can also increase the risk of developing lung cancer. Such chemicals include:
Asbestos Chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust Certain alloys, paints, pigments, and preservatives Products using chloride and formaldehyde </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Large cell carcinoma of the lung (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The outlook varies. Most often, non small cell lung cancer grows slowly. In some cases, it can grow and spread quickly and cause rapid death. The cancer may spread to other parts of the body, including the bone, liver, small intestine, and brain. Chemotherapy has been shown to prolong life and improve the quality of life in some patients with stage IV non small cell lung cancer. Cure rates are related to the stage of disease and whether you are able to have surgery.
Stage I and II cancers have the highest survival and cure rates. Stage III cancer can be cured in some cases. Stage IV cancer that has returned is almost never cured. The goals of therapy are to extend and improve quality of life. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of hepatocellular carcinoma? [/INST] In its earliest stages, hepatocellular carcinoma does not cause any symptoms. When the tumors grow larger, people may notice one or more of the following symptoms:
Abdominal pain and vague abdominal fullness: At first the location of the abdominal pain you are experiencing may be isolated on the upper-right part of your abdomen. It is usually relatively mild pain or no pain at all that is present with this life-threatening condition. With the development of cancer, abdominal pain is usually persistent. Abdominal lump: People cannot find any lump at the beginning of the disease. When the tumor begins to enlarge, the lump may be obvious in the abdominal region. Jaundice and itching: This is caused by hepatocellular necrosis and obstruction of bile in the bile ducts. Nausea and vomiting: Hepatocellular carcinoma disturbs the normal functions of digestion. Vomiting blood: This symptom is attributed to many factors such as dysfunction of the liver and spleen. Loss of appetite General decline in health Weakness or fatigue Fever
Infections or other health problems may also cause these symptoms. Only a doctor can tell for sure. A person with any of these symptoms should tell the doctor so that problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma? [/INST] There are some factors that may increase your risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma. These risk factors include:
Chronic hepatitis B or chronic hepatitis C Cirrhosis Inherited metabolic diseases such as hemochromatosis, tyrosinemia, alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, porphyria cutanea tarda, glycogen storage diseases, and Wilson disease Diabetes Mellitus Aflatoxins Anabolic steroids Arsenic Vinyl chloride and thorium dioxide Obesity </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Liver cancer ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if symptoms of hepatocellular carcinoma develop. If one or more of the following symptoms emerge, seek medical care as soon as possible:
Sudden severe abdominal pain and a decrease in blood pressure: The reason a person with hepatocellular carcinoma has sudden severe abdominal pain is sometimes due to a ruptured carcinoma. This is the result of cancer developing very fast. Sometimes if the carcinoma invades the main vessel it results in a hemorrhage into the peritoneal cavity and the patients may feel sudden abdominal pain. Vomiting a lot of blood: This is the result of complications such as dysfunction of the liver or synthetic blood coagulation factors and esophagogastric fundus vein rupture. An abundant amount of blood loss due to vomiting may lead to shock and even death. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Liver cancer (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma is poor and it depends on the following:
Whether or not the tumor can be removed by surgery The stage of cancer: the size of the tumor, whether cancer has spread outside the liver The patient’s general health Whether cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Lung cancer? [/INST] Early lung cancer often does not cause symptoms. But as the cancer grows, common symptoms may include:
A cough that gets worse or does not go away Breathing trouble, such as shortness of breath Constant chest pain Coughing up blood A hoarse voice Frequent lung infections, such as pneumonia Feeling very tired all the time Weight loss with no known cause
Most often these symptoms are not due to cancer. Other health problems can cause some of these symptoms. Anyone with such symptoms should see a doctor to be diagnosed and treated as early as possible. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Lung cancer? [/INST] Lung cancer is the deadliest type of cancer for both men and women. Each year, more people die of lung cancer than breast, colon, and prostate cancers combined.
Lung cancer is more common in older adults. It is rare in people under age 45.
Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer.
The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk of lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk.
However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked.
Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk of lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.
The following may also increase one's risk of lung cancer:
High levels of air pollution High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radon gas Asbestos Family history of lung cancer Radiation therapy to the lungs Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Lung mass ? [/INST] Studies have found the following risk factors for lung cancer:
Tobacco smoke: Tobacco smoke causes most cases of lung cancer. It's by far the most important risk factor for lung cancer. Harmful substances in smoke damage lung cells. That's why smoking cigarettes, pipes, or cigars can cause lung cancer and why secondhand smoke can cause lung cancer in nonsmokers. The more a person is exposed to smoke, the greater the risk of lung cancer. For more information, see the NCI fact sheets Quitting Smoking and Secondhand Smoke.
Radon: Radon is a radioactive gas that you cannot see, smell, or taste. It forms in soil and rocks. People who work in mines may be exposed to radon. In some parts of the country, radon is found in houses. Radon damages lung cells, and people exposed to radon are at increased risk of lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer from radon is even higher for smokers. For more information, see the NCI fact sheet Radon and Cancer.
Asbestos and other substances: People who have certain jobs (such as those who work in the construction and chemical industries) have an increased risk of lung cancer. Exposure to asbestos, arsenic, chromium, nickel, soot, tar, and other substances can cause lung cancer. The risk is highest for those with years of exposure. The risk of lung cancer from these substances is even higher for smokers.
Air pollution: Air pollution may slightly increase the risk of lung cancer. The risk from air pollution is higher for smokers.
Family history of lung cancer: People with a father, mother, brother, or sister who had lung cancer may be at slightly increased risk of the disease, even if they don't smoke.
Personal history of lung cancer: People who have had lung cancer are at increased risk of developing a second lung tumor.
Age over 65: Most people are older than 65 years when diagnosed with lung cancer. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Lung mass ? [/INST] Anyone with symptoms similar to those listed above should see a doctor to be diagnosed and treated as early as possible. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Lung mass (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The prognosis of pancreatic is poor and it depends on the following:
Whether or not the tumor can be removed by surgery. The stage of the cancer: the size of the tumor, whether the cancer has spread outside the pancreas The patient’s general health Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Mediastinal tumor? [/INST] Almost half of mediastinal tumors cause no symptoms and are found on a chest x-ray performed for another reason. Symptoms that do occur are due to pressure on (compression of) local structures and may include:
Chest pain Chills Cough Coughing up blood (hemoptysis) Fever Hoarseness Night sweats Shortness of breath </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Mediastinal tumor? [/INST] The mediastinum is the part of the chest that lies between the sternum and the spinal column, and between the lungs. This area contains the heart, large blood vessels, windpipe (trachea), thymus gland, and connective tissues.
The mediastinum is divided into three sections:
Anterior (front) Middle Posterior (back)
Mediastinal tumors are rare.
The most common location for tumors in the mediastinum depends on the age of the patient. In children, tumors are more common in the posterior mediastinum. These tumors often begin in the nerves and are non-cancerous (benign).
Most mediastinal tumors in adults occur in the anterior mediastinum and are usually cancerous (malignant) lymphomas or thymomas. These tumors are most common in people ages 30 - 50. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Mediastinal tumor ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if you notice symptoms of a mediastinal tumor. </s> |
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