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<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Melanoma of the eye (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The outcome for melanoma of the eye depends on the size of the cancer at the time of diagnosis. Most patients will survive at least 5 years from the time of diagnosis if the cancer has not spread outside the eye.
If the cancer has spread outside the eye, the chance of survival is much lower. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Myopia? [/INST] A nearsighted person sees close up objects clearly, but objects in the distance are blurred. Squinting will tend to make far away objects seem clearer.
Nearsightedness is often first noticed in school-aged children or teenagers. Children often cannot read the blackboard, but they can easily read a book.
Nearsightedness gets worse during the growth years. People who are nearsighted need to change glasses or contact lenses often. It usually stops progressing as a person stops growing in his or her early twenties.
Other symptoms may include:
Eyestrain Headaches (uncommon) </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Myopia? [/INST] People are able to see because the front part of the eye bends (refracts) light and points it to the back surface of the eye, called the retina.
Nearsightedness occurs when the physical length of the eye is greater than the optical length.
This makes it more difficult for the eyes to focus light directly on the retina. If the light rays are not clearly focused on the retina, the images you see may be blurry.
Watch this video about:Seeing
Nearsightedness affects males and females equally. People who have a family history of nearsightedness are more likely to develop it. Most eyes with nearsightedness are healthy, but a small number of people with severe myopia develop a form of retinal degeneration. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Myopia ? [/INST] Call for an appointment with your health care provider if your child shows these signs, which may indicate a vision problem:
Having difficulty reading the blackboard in school or signs on a wall Holding books very close when reading Sitting close to the television
Call for an appointment with your eye doctor if you or your child is nearsighted and experiences signs of a possible retinal tear or detachment, including:
Flashing lights Floating spots Sudden loss of any part of the field of vision </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Myopia (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Early diagnosis of nearsightedness is important, because a child can suffer socially and educationally by not being able to see well at a distance. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Conjunctivitis? [/INST] Redness (hyperaemia), irritation (chemosis) and watering (epiphora) of the eyes are symptoms common to all forms of conjunctivitis. Additionally, symptoms vary based on the specific type of conjunctivitis:
Allergic conjunctivitis: Main article: Allergic conjunctivitis Allergic conjunctivitis is typically itchy, sometimes distressingly so, and often involves some eye swelling. Chronic allergy often causes just itching or irritation. Allergic conjunctivitis often causes pale watery swelling of the conjunctiva and sometimes the whole eyelid. There is frequently a sticky mucus discharge, and there is variable redness. Viral conjunctivitis: Viral conjunctivitis is often associated with an infection of the upper respiratory tract, a common cold, and/or a sore throat. Its symptoms include watery discharge and variable itch. The infection usually begins with one eye, but may spread easily to the other. Viral conjunctivitis is commonly known as "pink eye." Bacterial conjunctivitis: Bacterial conjunctivitis due to the common pyogenic (pus-producing) bacteria causes marked grittiness/irritation and a stringy, opaque, grey or yellowish mucopurulent discharge (mucus, gowl, goop, gunk, eye crust, or other regional names, officially known as' gound') that may cause the lids to stick together (matting), especially after sleeping. Another symptom that could be caused by bacterial conjunctivitis is severe crusting of the infected eye and the surrounding skin. However, discharge is not essential to the diagnosis, contrary to popular belief. Bacteria such as Chlamydia trachomatis or Moraxella can cause a non-exudative but persistent conjunctivitis without much redness. The gritty and/or scratchy feeling is sometimes localized enough for patients to insist they must have a foreign body in the eye. The more acute pyogenic infections can be painful. Like viral conjunctivitis, it usually affects only one eye but may spread easily to the other eye. However, it is dormant in the eye for three days before the patient shows signs of symptoms. Chemical conjunctivitis: Irritant or toxic conjunctivitis is irritable or painful when the infected eye is pointed far down or far up. Discharge and itch are usually absent. It show primarily marked redness. This is the only group in which severe pain may occur. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Conjunctivitis? [/INST] Conjunctivitis is most commonly caused by viruses, often adenovirus, but many other factors can lead to its occurrence. Other causes include:
Allergies (allergic conjunctivitis) Bacteria Certain diseases Chemical exposure Chlamydia Fungi Parasites (rarely) Use of contact lenses (especially extended-wear lenses)
Conjunctivitis is spread from person-to-person by:
Direct contact with the infected person’s eye drainage or drainage from the person’s cough, sneeze, or runny nose. Indirect contact with objects that may have the infected person’s drainage on them (e.g. eye makeup applicators, towels, shared eye medications). Contact with the infected person’s fingers or hands which may contain the virus or bacteria.
Newborns can be infected by bacteria in the birth canal. This condition is called ophthalmia neonatorum, and it must be treated immediately to preserve eyesight. Additionally, neonatal conjunctivitis is a red eye in a newborn caused by irritation, a blocked tear duct, or infection. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Pinkeye ? [/INST] People who are exposed to someone infected with the viral or bacterial form of conjunctivitis are at risk for developing conjunctivitis. Children and adults can develop both bacterial and viral conjunctivitis, however bacterial conjunctivitis is more common in young children. Additionally, babies born to mothers infected with either Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis are at an increased risk for conjunctivitis. During delivery, these babies can contract ophthalmia neonatorum, a form of bacterial conjunctivitis when their eyes are exposed to the bacteria in the birth canal. It must be treated immediately to prevent blindness. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Pinkeye ? [/INST] Urgent medical care is not usually necessary for conjunctivitis. However, newborns with ophthalmia neonatorum must be treated immediately to prevent blindness. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Pinkeye (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The outcome is usually good with treatment. Conjunctivitis resolves, in 65% of cases, within 2 – 5 days. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of a pterygium? [/INST] The primary symptom of a pterygium is a painless area of elevated whitish-pinkish tissue, with blood vessels on the inner or outer edge of the cornea. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the causes of a pterygium? [/INST] Scientists do not know what causes pterygia to develop. However, since people who have pterygia usually have spent a significant time outdoors, many doctors believe ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun may be a factor. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Pterygium ? [/INST] Pterygia are more common in people in the 20-40 age group that live in sunny, dry climates. Additionally, chronic dry eye is believed to contribute to pterygium. Risk factors are exposure to sunny, dusty, sandy, or windblown areas. As a result, farmers, fishermen, and people living near the equator are often affected. While some studies report a higher prevalence of pterygia in men than in women, this may reflect different rates of exposure to UV light. Pterygium is rarely observed in children. </s> |
<s>[INST] How to know you have a pterygium? [/INST] A physical examination of the eyes and eyelids confirms the diagnosis. Special tests are usually not necessary. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the causes of Red eye ? [/INST] Bloodshot eyes appear red because the vessels in the surface of the white portion of the eye (sclera) become swollen. This may result from dry air, too much sun, dust, something in the eye, allergies, infection, or injury.
One common cause of a red eye is straining or coughing. This can lead to a bright red, dense bloody area on the white part of the eye. This is called a sub-conjunctival hemorrhage. Although this bloody area may appear alarming, it is a fairly common occurrence and of little significance. If you notice a bloody spot in one eye that doesn't hurt, but just looks bad, don't worry. It should clear up on its own within a week or two.
Eye infections or inflammation can occur, causing redness as well as possibly itching, discharge, pain, or vision problems.
Blepharitis: Swelling of the eyelash along the edge of the eyelid.
Conjunctivitis: Swelling or infection of the tissue that lines the eyelids and coats the surface of the eye (the conjunctiva). This is often referred to as "pink eye."
Corneal ulcers: Ulcers on the outer covering of the eye, usually because of a bacterial or viral infection.
Uveitis: Swelling of the uvea, which includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. This is often related to an autoimmune disorder, infection, or exposure to toxins. Often, only the iris is inflamed, which is called iritis.
Other potential causes include:
Cold or allergies
Acute glaucoma -- a sudden increase in eye pressure that is extremely painful and causes serious visual disturbances. This is a medical emergency. Most times, glaucoma is chronic and gradual
Corneal scratches caused by sand, dust, or overuse of contacts </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Red eye ? [/INST] Go to the hospital or call your local emergency number (such as 911) if:
Your eye is red after a penetrating injury. You have a headache along with blurred vision or confusion. You are seeing halos around lights. You have nausea and vomiting.
Call your health care provider if:
Your eyes are red longer than 1-2 days. You have eye pain or vision changes. You take blood thinning medication, like warfarin. You may have an object in your eye. You are very sensitive to light. You have a yellow or greenish discharge from one or both eyes. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Strabismus? [/INST] Symptoms of strabismus may be present all the time, or only when you are tired or sick.
The eyes do not move together and may appear crossed at times.
The other eye will appear turned out, up, or down from wherever the first eye is focused.
Someone with strabismus may also have:
Depth perception loss Double vision Vision loss </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Strabismus? [/INST] Six different muscles surround the eyes and work "as a team" so that both eyes can focus on the same object.
In someone with strabismus, these muscles do not work together. As a result, one eye looks at one object, while the other eye turns in a different direction and is focused on another object.
When this occurs, two different images are sent to the brain -- one from each eye. This confuses the brain, and the brain may learn to ignore the image from the weaker eye.
If the strabismus is not treated, the eye that the brain ignores will never see well. This loss of vision is called amblyopia. Another name for amblyopia is "lazy eye." Sometimes amblyopia is present first, and it causes strabismus.
In most children with strabismus, the cause is unknown. In more than half of these cases, the problem is present at or shortly after birth (congenital strabismus).
Most of the time, the problem has to do with muscle control, and not with muscle strength.
Less often, problems with one of the nerves or muscles, or Graves' disease restriction may cause strabismus.
Other disorders associated with strabismus include:
Brain and nerve disorders, such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, cerebral palsy, or Guillain-Barre syndrome Diabetes (causes a condition known as acquired paralytic strabismus) Damage to the retina in children who are born premature Hemangioma near the eye during infancy Injuries to the eye Tumor in the brain or eye Vision loss from any eye disease or injury </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Strabismus ? [/INST] A family history of strabismus is a risk factor. Farsightedness may be a contributing factor, especially in children. Any other disease that causes vision loss may also cause strabismus. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Strabismus ? [/INST] Strabismus requires prompt medical evaluation. Call for an appointment with your health care provider or eye doctor if your child:
Appears to be cross-eyed Complains of double vision Has difficulty seeing
Note: Learning difficulties or problems at school can sometimes be due to a child's inability to see the blackboard or reading material. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Strabismus (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] After surgery, the eyes may look straight but vision problems can remain.
The child may still have reading problems in school, and for adults driving may be more difficult. Vision may affect the ability to play sports.
With early diagnosis and treatment, the problem can usually be corrected. Delayed treatment may lead to permanent vision loss in one eye. About one-third of children with strabismus will develop amblyopia.
Because many children will get strabismus or amblyopia again, they need to be monitored closely. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of a stye? [/INST] In addition to the red, swollen bump, other possible symptoms include:
A gritty, scratchy sensation as if there is a foreign body Sensitivity to light Tearing of your eye Tenderness of the eyelid </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes a stye? [/INST] A stye is caused by bacteria from the skin that get into the oil glands in the eyelids that provide lubrication to the tear film. Styes are similar to common acne pimples that occur elsewhere on the skin. You may have more than one stye at the same time.
Styes usually develop over a few days and may drain and heal on their own. A stye can become a chalazion -- this is when an inflamed oil gland becomes fully blocked. If a chalazion gets large enough, it can cause trouble with your vision.
If you have blepharitis, you are more likely to get styes. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Stye ? [/INST] People with blepharitis. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Stye ? [/INST] Call your doctor if:
You have problems with your vision. The eyelid bump worsens or does not improve within a week or two of self-care. The eyelid bump or bumps become very large or painful. You have a blister on your eyelid. You have crusting or scaling of your eyelids. Your whole eyelid is red, or the eye itself is red. You are very sensitive to light or have excessive tears. A stye comes back soon after successful treatment of another one. Your eyelid bump bleeds. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Stye (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Styes often get better on their own, although they may recur. The outcome is generally excellent with simple treatment.
Possible complications:
Recurrence of a stye Spread of infection to other eyelash follicles Spread of infection to the tissue of the eyelid (eyelid cellulitis) </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Trachoma? [/INST] Symptoms begin 5 to 12 days after being exposed to the bacteria. The condition begins slowly as inflammation of the tissue lining the eyelids (conjunctivitis, or "pink eye"), which if untreated may lead to scarring.
Symptoms may include:
Cloudy cornea Discharge from the eye Swelling of lymph nodes just in front of the ears Swollen eyelids Turned-in eyelashes </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Trachoma? [/INST] Trachoma is caused by infection with the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis.
The condition occurs worldwide, mostly in rural settings in developing countries. It frequently affects children, although the effects of scarring may not be seen until later in life. While trachoma is rare in the United States, certain populations marked by poverty, crowded living conditions, or poor hygiene are at higher risk for this illness.
Trachoma is spread through direct contact with infected eye, nose, or throat secretions or by contact with contaminated objects, such as towels or clothes. Certain flies can also spread the bacteria. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Trachoma ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if you or your child recently visited an area of the world where trachoma is common and there are symptoms of conjunctivitis. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Trachoma (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Early treatment before the development of scarring and lid deformities has an excellent prognosis. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Acute upper airway obstruction? [/INST] Symptoms vary depending on the cause, but some symptoms are common to all types of airway blockage. They include:
Agitation or fidgeting Bluish color to the skin (cyanosis) Changes in consciousness Choking Confusion Difficulty breathing Gasping for air Panic Unconsciousness Wheezing, crowing, whistling, or other unusual breathing noises indicating breathing difficulty </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Acute upper airway obstruction? [/INST] Causes of acute upper airway obstruction include:
Allergic reactions in which the trachea or throat swell closed, including allergic reactions to a bee sting, peanuts, antibiotics (penicillin), and blood pressure medications (ACE inhibitors) Chemical burns and reactions Croup Epiglottitis (infection of the structure separating the trachea from the esophagus) Fire or burns from breathing in smoke Foreign bodies -- such as peanuts and other breathed-in foods, pieces of a balloon, buttons, coins, and small toys Viral or bacteria infections Peritonsillar abscess Retropharyngeal abscess Throat cancer Tracheomalacia Trauma Vocal cord problems </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Acute upper airway obstruction ? [/INST] Airway obstruction is an emergency. It is a good idea to learn how to clear an airway of a foreign body by using a method such as the Heimlich maneuver.
Diseases in which airway obstruction develops over a period of hours will allow time to get to a hospital. If an acute airway obstruction occurs, call 911 or your local emergency number for medical help. Do what you can to maintain breathing until medical help arrives. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Acute upper airway obstruction (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Prompt treatment is often successful. However, the condition is dangerous and may be fatal, even if treated. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Airway obstruction? [/INST] Symptoms vary depending on the cause, but some symptoms are common to all types of airway blockage. They include:
Agitation or fidgeting. Bluish color to the skin (cyanosis) Changes in consciousness. Choking. Confusion. Difficulty breathing. Gasping for air. Panic. Unconsciousness. Wheezing, crowing, whistling, or other unusual breathing noises indicating breathing difficulty. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Airway obstruction? [/INST] Causes of acute upper airway obstruction include:
Allergic reactions in which the trachea or throat swell closed, including allergic reactions to a bee sting, peanuts, antibiotics (penicillin), and blood pressure *medications (ACE inhibitors) Chemical burns and reactions Croup Epiglottitis (infection of the structure separating the trachea from the esophagus) Fire or burns from breathing in smoke Foreign bodies -- such as peanuts and other breathed-in foods, pieces of a balloon, buttons, coins, and small toys Viral or bacteria infections Peritonsillar abscess Retropharyngeal abscess Throat cancer Tracheomalacia Trauma Vocal cord problems </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Airway obstruction ? [/INST] Airway obstruction is an emergency. It is a good idea to learn how to clear an airway of a foreign body by using a method such as the Heimlich maneuver. Diseases in which airway obstruction develops over a period of hours will allow time to get to a hospital. If an acute airway obstruction occurs, call 911 or your local emergency number for medical help. Do what you can to maintain breathing until medical help arrives. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Airway obstruction (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Prompt treatment is often successful. However, the condition is dangerous and may be fatal, even if treated. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Amelogenesis imperfecta? [/INST] The enamel of the tooth is soft and thin. The teeth appear yellow and are easily damaged. Both baby teeth and permanent teeth are affected. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Amelogenesis imperfecta? [/INST] Amelogenesis imperfecta is passed down through families as a dominant trait. That means you only need to get the abnormal gene from one parent in order for you to get the disease. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Amelogenesis imperfecta ? [/INST] Call your dentist if you have symptoms of this condition. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Amelogenesis imperfecta (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Treatment is often successful in protecting the teeth. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Anaplastic thyroid cancer? [/INST] Coughing up blood Difficulty swallowing Hoarseness or changing the voice Loud breathing Lower neck mass, often noted to be rapidly enlarging </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Anaplastic thyroid cancer? [/INST] Genetic mutation is suspected to be the main cause of anaplastic thyroid cancer. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Anaplastic thyroid cancer ? [/INST] A history of goiter Family history of thyroid disease Female gender Asian race Age between 25 and 65 years old. Exposure to radiation to the head and neck as an infant or child or being exposed to radioactive fallout </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Anaplastic thyroid cancer ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if there is a persistent lump or mass in the neck, hoarseness, changing voice, cough, or coughing up blood. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Anaplastic thyroid cancer (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The prognosis of this disease is poor. Most people do not survive longer than 6 months due to the aggressive nature of this disease and lack of effective treatment options. The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following: The age at the time of diagnosis The stage of the cancer The patient's general health </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Benign positional vertigo? [/INST] The main symptom is a spinning sensation, which:
Is usually triggered by head movement Often starts suddenly Lasts a few minutes or less
Most often, patients say they cannot roll in bed or tilt their head up to look at something.
Other symptoms can include:
Vision complaints, such as a perception that things are jumping or moving Vomiting (in severe cases) </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Benign positional vertigo? [/INST] Benign positional vertigo is due to a disturbance within the inner ear. The inner ear has fluid-filled tubes called semicircular canals. The canals are very sensitive to movement of the fluid, which occurs as you change position. The fluid movement allows your brain to interpret your body's position and maintain your balance.
Benign positional vertigo develops when a small piece of bone-like calcium breaks free and floats within the tube of the inner ear. This sends the brain confusing messages about your body's position. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Benign positional vertigo (paitent information)? [/INST] There are no major risk factors. However, the condition may partly run in families. A prior head injury (even a slight bump to the head) or an inner ear infection called labyrinthitis may make some people more likely to develop the condition. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Benign positional vertigo (paitent information)? [/INST] Call your health care provider if vertigo develops that has not been evaluated or if treatment is ineffective. Also call if you develop any associated symptoms (such as weakness, slurred speech, visual problems) that may indicate a more serious condition. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Benign positional vertigo (paitent information) (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Benign positional vertigo is uncomfortable, but usually improves with time. This condition may occur again without warning. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Bleeding esophageal varices? [/INST] People with chronic liver disease and esophageal varices may have no symptoms.
If there is only a small amount of bleeding, the only symptom may be dark or black streaks in the stools.
If larger amounts of bleeding occur, symptoms may include:
Black, tarry stools Bloody stools Light-headedness Paleness Symptoms of chronic liver disease (such as cirrhosis) Vomiting Vomiting blood </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Bleeding esophageal varices? [/INST] Scarring (cirrhosis) of the liver is the most common cause of esophageal varices. This scarring prevents blood from flowing through the liver. As a result, more blood flows through the veins of the esophagus.
This extra blood flow causes the veins in the esophagus to balloon outward. If these veins break open (rupture), they can cause severe bleeding.
The swollen veins (varices) can also occur in the upper part of the stomach. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Bleeding esophageal varices ? [/INST] Any cause of chronic liver disease can cause varices. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Bleeding esophageal varices ? [/INST] Call your health care provider or go to an emergency room if you vomit blood or have black tarry stools. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Bleeding esophageal varices (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Bleeding often comes back without treatment. Bleeding esophageal varices are a serious complication of liver disease and have a poor outcome. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Breath odor? [/INST] Some disorders will produce specific, characteristic odors to the breath.
Bad breath related to poor oral hygiene is most common and caused by release of sulphur compounds by bacteria in the mouth.
A fruity odor to the breath occurs as the body attempts to get rid of excess acetone through the breathing. This is a sign of ketoacidosis, which may occur in diabetes. It is a potentially life-threatening condition.
Breath that smells like feces can occur with prolonged vomiting, especially when there is a bowel obstruction. It may also occur temporarily if a person has a tube placed through the nose or mouth to the stomach to drain the stomach contents (nasogastric tube) in place.
The breath may have an ammonia-like odor (also described as urine-like or "fishy") in people with chronic kidney failure. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Breath odor? [/INST] If previously normal breath turns into halitosis, causes could include:
Abscessed tooth Alcoholism Cavities Dentures Drugs
Paraldehyde Triamterene and inhaled anesthetics Insulin - injection
Food or beverages consumed (such as cabbage, garlic, raw onions, or coffee) Foreign body in the nose (usually in children)
Often (but not always) there is a white, yellowish, or bloody discharge from one nostril
Gum disease (gingivitis, gingivostomatitis) Impacted tooth Lung infection Poor dental hygiene Sinusitis Throat infection Tobacco smoking Vitamin supplements (especially in large doses)
Diseases that may be associated with breath odor (not presented in order of likelihood -- some are extremely unlikely):
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis Acute necrotizing ulcerative mucositis Acute renal failure Bowel obstruction (can cause breath to smell like feces) Bronchiectasis Chronic renal failure (can cause breath to smell like ammonia) Diabetes (fruity or sweet chemical smell with ketoacidosis) Esophageal cancer Gastric carcinoma Gastrojejunocolic fistula (fruity-smelling breath) Hepatic encephalopathy Diabetic ketoacidosis Lung abscess Ozena, or atrophic rhinitis Periodontal disease Pharyngitis Zenker's diverticulum </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Breathe odor ? [/INST] Breath odor persists and there is not an obvious cause (such as smoking or eating odor-causing foods). You have breath odor and signs of a respiratory infection, such as fever, cough, or face pain with discharge from the nose </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Breathe odor (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Your doctor will take a medical history and perform a physical examination.
You may be asked the following medical history questions:
Is there a specific odor? Is there a fishy smell? Does the breath smell like ammonia or urine? Does the breath smell like fruit or is there a sweet-chemical smell? Does the breath smell like feces? Does the breath smell like alcohol? Have you recently eaten a spicy meal, garlic, cabbage, or other "odorous" food? Do you take vitamin supplements? Do you smoke? Does good oral hygiene improve the odor? What home care measures have you tried? How effective are they? Is there a recent sore throat, sinus infection, tooth abscess, or other illness? What other symptoms do you have?
The physical examination will include a thorough examination of the mouth and the nose. A throat culture may be taken if you have a sore throat or mouth sores.
In rare cases, diagnostic tests that may be performed include:
Blood tests to screen for diabetes or kidney failure Endoscopy (EGD) X-ray of the abdomen X-ray of the chest
Antibiotics may be prescribed for some conditions. For an object in the nose, the doctor will use an instrument to remove it. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Candida esophagitis? [/INST] Symptoms include:
Difficulty swallowing Fever (only if the fungus spreads further) Oral thrush (Candida in the mouth) Painful swallowing </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Candida esophagitis? [/INST] Candida esophagitis is caused by the yeast Candida. It occurs when the yeast spreads from the mouth down the esophagus. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Candida esophagitis ? [/INST] The condition is often a sign of a weakened immune system. The following raise your risk for Candida infections:
HIV/AIDS Chemotherapy Diabetes Leukemia or lymphoma Organ transplants Other conditions that suppress or weaken the immune system
If you have a weakened immune system, thrush in the mouth (oral thrush) makes you more likely to get Candida esophagitis. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Candida esophagitis ? [/INST] Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you develop symptoms of esophagitis, especially if you know that you are immunosuppressed. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Candida esophagitis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Esophagitis can usually be treated effectively. The outcome depends on the immune system problem that makes the person develop the infection. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Cavernous sinus thrombosis? [/INST] Bulging eyeballs Cannot move the eye in a particular direction Drooping eyelids Headaches Vision loss </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Cavernous sinus thrombosis? [/INST] The cause of cavernous sinus thrombosis is usually a bacterial infection that has spread from the sinuses, teeth, ears, eyes, nose, or skin of the face. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Cavernous sinus thrombosis ? [/INST] Persons with conditions that cause an increased risk of blood clots may also develop cavernous sinus thrombosis. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Cavernous sinus thrombosis ? [/INST] Call your doctor right away if you have:
Bulging of your eyes Drooping eyelids Eye pain Inability to move your eye in any particular direction Vision loss </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Cavernous sinus thrombosis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Cavernous sinus thrombosis can be fatal. However, the death rate of this condition has improved tremendously since the introduction of antibiotics. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Choanal atresia? [/INST] Newborns generally prefer to breathe through their nose. Typically, infants only mouth breathe when they cry. Babies with choanal atresia have difficulty breathing unless they are crying.
Choanal atresia may affect one or both sides of the nasal airway. Choanal atresia blocking both sides (bilateral) of the nose causes acute breathing problems with cyanosis and breathing failure. Infants with bilateral choanal atresia may need resuscitation at delivery. More than half of infants have a blockage on only one side, which causes less severe problems.
Symptoms include:
Chest retracts unless the child is breathing through mouth or crying Difficulty breathing following birth, which may result in cyanosis (bluish discoloration), unless infant is crying Inability to nurse and breathe at same time Inability to pass a catheter through each side of the nose into the throat Persistent one-sided nasal blockage or discharge </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Choanal atresia? [/INST] The cause of choanal atresia is unknown. It is thought to occur when the thin tissue separating the nose and mouth area during fetal development remains after birth. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Choanal atresia ? [/INST] The condition is the most common nasal abnormality in newborn infants, affecting about 1 in 7,000 live births. Females get this condition about twice as often as males. More than half of affected infants also have other congenital problems.
Choanal atresia is generally diagnosed shortly after birth while the infant is still in the hospital. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Choanal atresia ? [/INST] Choanal atresia, especially when it affects both sides, is generally diagnosed shortly after birth while the infant is still in the hospital. One-sided atresia may not cause symptoms, and the infant may be sent home without a diagnosis.
If your infant has any of the problems listed here, consult your health care provider. The child may need to be checked by an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Choanal atresia (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Full recovery is expected. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Cholesteatoma? [/INST] Dizziness Drainage from the ear Hearing loss in one ear </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Cholesteatoma? [/INST] Poor function in the eustachian tube leads to negative pressure in the middle ear. This pulls a part of the eardrum (tympanic membrane) into the middle ear, creating a pocket or cyst that fills with old skin cells and other waste material. The cyst can become infected. The cyst may get bigger and break down some of the middle ear bones or other structures of the ear, affecting hearing, balance, and possibly function of the facial muscles. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Cholesteatoma ? [/INST] Cholesteatoma can be a birth defect (congenital), but it more commonly occurs as a complication of chronic ear infection. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Cholesteatoma ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if ear pain, drainage from the ear, or other symptoms occur or worsen, or if hearing loss occurs. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Cholesteatoma (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Cholesteatomas usually continue to grow if not removed. Surgery usually works, but you may occasionally need the ear cleaned by a health care provider. Additional surgery may be needed if the cholesteatoma comes back. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Cleft lip and palate? [/INST] A child may have one or more of these conditions at birth.
A cleft lip may be just a small notch in the lip. It may also be a complete split in the lip that goes all the way to the base of the nose.
A cleft palate can be on one or both sides of the roof of the mouth. It may go the full length of the palate.
Other symptoms include:
Misaligned teeth Change in nose shape (amount of distortion varies)
Problems that may be present because of a cleft lip or palate are:
Failure to gain weight Feeding problems Flow of milk through nasal passages during feeding Misaligned teeth Poor growth Recurrent ear infections Speech difficulties </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Cleft lip and palate? [/INST] There are many causes for of cleft lip and palate. Problems with genes passed down from one or both parents, drugs, viruses, or other toxins can all cause such birth defects. Cleft lip and palate may occur along with other syndromes or birth defects.
A cleft lip and palate can affect the appearance of one's face, and may lead to problems with feeding and speech, as well as ear infections. Problems may range from a small notch in the lip to a complete groove that runs into the roof of the mouth and nose. These features may occur separately or together. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Cleft lip and palate ? [/INST] Risk factors include:
a family history of cleft lip or palate other birth defect
About 1 out of 2,500 people have a cleft palate. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Cleft lip and palate ? [/INST] Cleft lip and palate is usually diagnosed at birth. Follow the health care provider's recommendations for follow-up visits. Call if problems develop between visits. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Cleft lip and palate (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Although treatment may continue for several years and require several surgeries, most children with a cleft lip and palate can achieve normal appearance, speech, and eating. However, some people may have continued speech problems. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of CMV esophagitis? [/INST] Symptoms include:
Difficult and painful swallowing Low-grade fever Mouth sores (oral lesions) </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes CMV esophagitis? [/INST] CMV esophagitis is caused by the cytomegalovirus (CMV). </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for CMV esophagitis ? [/INST] The condition is often a sign of a weakened immune system. The following conditions raise your risk for CMV infections:
HIV/AIDS Chemotherapy Diabetes Leukemia or lymphoma Organ transplants Other conditions that suppress or weaken your immune system </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have CMV esophagitis ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if you develop symptoms of CMV esophagitis, especially if you have a suppressed immune system. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have CMV esophagitis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Esophagitis can usually be treated effectively. The outcome depends on the immune system problem that makes the person more likely to get the infection. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Dental cavities? [/INST] There may be no symptoms. If symptoms occur, they may include:
Tooth pain or achy feeling, particularly after sweet, hot, or cold foods and drinks Visible pits or holes in the teeth </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Dental cavities? [/INST] Tooth decay is one of the most common of all disorders, second only to the common cold.
Bacteria are normally present in the mouth. The bacteria convert all foods -- especially sugar and starch -- into acids. Bacteria, acid, food debris, and saliva combine in the mouth to form a sticky substance called plaque that adheres to the teeth. It is most prominent on the back molars, just above the gum line on all teeth, and at the edges of fillings. Plaque that is not removed from the teeth mineralizes into tartar. Plaque and tartar irritate the gums, resulting in gingivitis and ultimately periodontitis.
Plaque begins to build up on teeth within 20 minutes after eating (the time when most bacterial activity occurs). If this plaque is not removed thoroughly and routinely, tooth decay will not only begin, but flourish.
The acids in plaque dissolve the enamel surface of the tooth and create holes in the tooth (cavities). Cavities are usually painless until they grow very large and affect nerves or cause a tooth fracture. If left untreated, a tooth abscess can develop. Untreated tooth decay also destroys the internal structures of the tooth (pulp) and ultimately causes the loss of the tooth. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Dental cavities ? [/INST] It usually occurs in children and young adults but can affect any person. It is a common cause of tooth loss in younger people.
Carbohydrates (sugars and starches) increase the risk of tooth decay. Sticky foods are more harmful than nonsticky foods because they remain on the surface of the teeth. Frequent snacking increases the time that acids are in contact with the surface of the tooth. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Dental cavities ? [/INST] Call your dentist if you have a toothache.
Make an appointment with your dentist for a routine cleaning and examination if you have not had one in the last 6 months to 1 year. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Dental cavities (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Treatment often saves the tooth. Early treatment is less painful and less expensive than treatment of extensive decay.
You may need numbing medicine (lidocaine), nitrous oxide (laughing gas), or other prescription medications to relieve pain during or after drilling or dental work.
Nitrous oxide with Novocaine may be preferred if you are afraid of dental treatments. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Drooling? [/INST] Drooling is generally caused by:
Problems keeping saliva in the mouth Problems with swallowing Too much saliva production
Some people with drooling problems are at increased risk of breathing saliva, food, or fluids into the lungs. This may cause harm if there is a problem with the body's normal reflexes (such as gagging and coughing).
Drooling caused by nervous system (neurologic) problems can often be managed with drugs that block the action of the chemical messenger acetylcholine (anticholinergic drugs). In severe cases, people can reduce drooling by injecting botulism toxin, getting high-energy x-rays (radiation) to the glands in the mouth that make saliva (salivary glands), and other methods. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Drooling? [/INST] Some drooling in infants and toddlers is normal and is not usually a sign of a disease or other problem. It may occur with teething. Drooling in infants and young children may get worse with upper respiratory infections and nasal allergies.
Drooling that occurs with fever or trouble swallowing may be a sign of a more serious disease, including:
Mononucleosis Peritonsillar abscess Retropharyngeal abscess Strep throat Tonsillitis
Sudden drooling may occur with poisoning (especially by pesticides) or a reaction to snake or insect venom.
Other things that can cause drooling:
Certain medications Nervous system (neurological) problems </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Drooling ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if:
The cause of the drooling has not been diagnosed. There is concern about aspiration. Your child has a fever, difficulty breathing, or holds his or her head in a strange position. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Drooling (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The doctor will do a physical examination and ask questions about the symptoms, including:
Is there a history of any other diseases? Has the person had a bite or sting? Has the person had an injury? What medications is the person taking? What other symptoms are present (such as fever, sore throat, facial droop)?
The tests performed depend on the symptoms that occur with the drooling. </s> |
Subsets and Splits