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The isotope separation of zinc is done by gas centrifugation of diethylzinc. References External links (Dead link 2019-5-27) Category:Nuclear materials Category:Zinc compounds Category:Oxides Category:Corrosion inhibitors
In business, engineering, and manufacturing, quality has a pragmatic interpretation as the non-inferiority or superiority of something; it's also defined as being suitable for its intended purpose (fitness for purpose) while satisfying customer expectations. Quality is a perceptual, conditional, and somewhat subjective attribute and may be understood differently by different people. Consumers may focus on the specification quality of a product/service, or how it compares to competitors in the marketplace. Producers might measure the conformance quality, or degree to which the product/service was produced correctly. Support personnel may measure quality in the degree that a product is reliable, maintainable, or sustainable.
Description There are many aspects of quality in a business context, though primary is the idea the business produces something, whether it be a physical good or a particular service. These goods and/or services and how they are produced involve many types of processes, procedures, equipment, personnel, and investments, which all fall under the quality umbrella. Key aspects of quality and how it's diffused throughout the business are rooted in the concept of quality management: Quality planning is implemented as a means of "developing the products, systems, and processes needed to meet or exceed customer expectations." This includes defining who the customers are, determining their needs, and developing the tools (systems, processes, etc.)
needed to meet those needs. Quality assurance is implemented as a means of providing enough confidence that business requirements and goals (as outlined in quality planning) for a product and/or service will be fulfilled. This error prevention is done through systematic measurement, comparison with a standard, and monitoring of processes. Quality control (QC) is implemented as a means of fulfilling quality requirements, reviewing all factors involved in production. The business confirms that the good or service produced meets organizational goals, often using tools such as operational auditing and inspection. QC is focused on process output. Quality improvement is implemented as a means of providing mechanisms for the evaluation and improvement of processes, etc.
in the light of their efficiency, effectiveness, and flexibility. This may be done with noticeably significant changes or incrementally via continual improvement. While quality management and its tenets are relatively recent phenomena, the idea of quality in business is not new. In the early 1900s, pioneers such as Frederick Winslow Taylor and Henry Ford recognized the limitations of the methods being used in mass production at the time and the subsequent varying quality of output, implementing quality control, inspection, and standardization procedures in their work. Later in the twentieth century, the likes of William Edwards Deming and Joseph M. Juran helped take quality to new heights, initially in Japan and later (in the late '70s and early '80s) globally.
Customers recognize that quality is an important attribute in products and services, and suppliers recognize that quality can be an important differentiator between their own offerings and those of competitors (the quality gap). In the past two decades this quality gap has been gradually decreasing between competitive products and services. This is partly due to the contracting (also called outsourcing) of manufacturing to countries like China and India, as well internationalization of trade and competition. These countries, among many others, have raised their own standards of quality in order to meet international standards and customer demands. The ISO 9000 series of standards are probably the best known international standards for quality management, though specialized standards such as ISO 15189 (for medical laboratories) and ISO 14001 (for environmental management) also exist.
Notable definitions The definition of "quality" has changed over time, and even today some variance is found in how it is described. However, some commonality can still be found. The common element of the business definitions is that the quality of a product or service refers to the perception of the degree to which the product or service meets the customer's expectations. Quality has no specific meaning unless related to a specific function and/or object. The business meanings of quality have developed over time. Various interpretations are given below: American Society for Quality: "A combination of quantitative and qualitative perspectives for which each person has his or her own definition; examples of which include, "Meeting the requirements and expectations in service or product that were committed to" and "Pursuit of optimal solutions contributing to confirmed successes, fulfilling accountabilities".
In technical usage, quality can have two meanings: a. The characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs; b. A product or service free of deficiencies." Subir Chowdhury: "Quality combines people power and process power." Philip B. Crosby: "Conformance to requirements." The requirements may not fully represent customer expectations; Crosby treats this as a separate problem. W. Edwards Deming: concentrating on "the efficient production of the quality that the market expects," and he linked quality and management: "Costs go down and productivity goes up as improvement of quality is accomplished by better management of design, engineering, testing and by improvement of processes."
Peter Drucker: "Quality in a product or service is not what the supplier puts in. It is what the customer gets out and is willing to pay for." ISO 9000: "Degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements." The standard defines requirement as need or expectation. Joseph M. Juran: "Fitness for use." Fitness is defined by the customer. Noriaki Kano and others, present a two-dimensional model of quality: "must-be quality" and "attractive quality." The former is near to "fitness for use" and the latter is what the customer would love, but has not yet thought about. Supporters characterize this model more succinctly as: "Products and services that meet or exceed customers' expectations."
Robert Pirsig: "The result of care." Six Sigma: "Number of defects per million opportunities." Genichi Taguchi, with two definitions: a. "Uniformity around a target value." The idea is to lower the standard deviation in outcomes, and to keep the range of outcomes to a certain number of standard deviations, with rare exceptions. b. "The loss a product imposes on society after it is shipped." This definition of quality is based on a more comprehensive view of the production system. Gerald M. Weinberg: "Value to some person". Market sector perspectives Operations management Traditionally, quality acts as one of five operations/project performance objectives dictated by operations management policy.
Operations management, by definition, focuses on the most effective and efficient ways for creating and delivering a good or service that satisfies customer needs and expectations. As such, its ties to quality are apparent. The five performance objectives which give business a way to measure their operational performance are: quality, measuring how well a product or service conforms to specifications; speed (or response time), measuring the delay between customer request and customer receipt of a product or service; dependability, measuring how consistently a product or service can be delivered to meet customer expectation; flexibility, measuring how quickly the business can adapt to a variety of market changes; and cost, measuring the resources (and by extension, financed) required to plan, deliver, and improve the finished good or service.
Based on an earlier model called the sand cone model, these objectives support each other, with quality at the base. By extension, quality increases dependability, reduces cost, and increases customer satisfaction. Manufacturing The early 1920s saw a slow but gradual movement among manufacturers away from a "maximum production" philosophy to one aligned more closely with "positive and continuous control of quality to definite standards in the factory." That standardization, further pioneered by Deming and Juran later in the twentieth century, has become deeply integrated into how manufacturing businesses operate today. The introduction of the ISO 9001, 9002, and 9003 standards in 1987 — based off work from previous British and U.S. military standards — sought to "provide organizations with the requirements to create a quality management system (QMS) for a range of different business activities."
Additionally, good manufacturing practice (GMP) standards became more common place in countries around the world, laying out the minimum requirements manufacturers in industries including food and beverages, cosmetics, pharmaceutical products, dietary supplements, and medical devices must meet to assure their products are consistently high in quality. Process improvement philosophies such as Six Sigma and Lean Six Sigma have further pushed quality to the forefront of business management and operations. At the heart of these and other efforts is often the QMS, a documented collection of processes, management models, business strategies, human capital, and information technology used to plan, develop, deploy, evaluate, and improve a set of models, methods, and tools across an organization for the purpose of improving quality that aligns with the organization's strategic goals.
Service sector The push to integrate the concept of quality into the functions of the service industry takes a slightly different path from manufacturing. Where manufacturers focus on "tangible, visible, persistent issues," many — but not all — quality aspects of the service provider's output are intangible and fleeting. Other obstacles include management's perceptions not aligning with customer expectations due to lack of communication and market research and the improper or lack of delivery of skill-based knowledge to personnel. Like manufacturing, customer expectations are key in the service industry, though the degree with which the service interacts with the customer definitely shapes perceived service quality.
Perceptions such as being dependable, responsive, understanding, competent, and clean (which are difficult to describe tangibly) may drive service quality, somewhat in contrast to factors that drive measurement of manufacturing quality.
Quality management techniques Quality management systems Total quality management (TQM) Design of experiments Fractional factorial design Optimal design Response surface methodology Continuous improvement Six Sigma Statistical Process Control (SPC) Quality circles Requirements analysis Verification and validation Zero Defects Service quality SERVQUAL Theory of Constraints (TOC) Business process management (BPM) Business process re-engineering Capability maturity models Quality function deployment (QFD) Quality awards Deming Prize EFQM Excellence Award Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award See also Common law of business balance Eight dimensions of quality Innovation and Tax reduction ISO 9000 Metaphysics of quality Quality assurance Quality control Quality investing Quality engineering Six Sigma Software quality Theory of constraints W. Edwards Deming List of economics topics List of production topics References Bibliography Boone, Louis E. & Kurtz, David L., Contemporary Business 2006, Thomson South-Western, 2006 Rochfort Scott, Charles & Hamerton, Robert Jacob, Rambles in Egypt and Candia: With Details of the Military Power and Resources of Those Countries, and Observations on the Government, Policy, and Commercial System of Mohammed Ali, Volume I, H. Colburn, London, 1837 External links Quality Management links Category:Product management Category:Quality management
An ion source is a device that creates atomic and molecular ions. Ion sources are used to form ions for mass spectrometers, optical emission spectrometers, particle accelerators, ion implanters and ion engines. Electron ionization Electron ionization is widely used in mass spectrometry, particularly for organic molecules. The gas phase reaction producing electron ionization is M{} + e^- -> M^{+\bullet}{} + 2e^- where M is the atom or molecule being ionized, e^- is the electron, and M^{+\bullet} is the resulting ion. The electrons may be created by an arc discharge between a cathode and an anode. An electron beam ion source (EBIS) is used in atomic physics to produce highly charged ions by bombarding atoms with a powerful electron beam.
Its principle of operation is shared by the electron beam ion trap. Electron capture ionization Electron capture ionization (ECI) is the ionization of a gas phase atom or molecule by attachment of an electron to create an ion of the form A−•. The reaction is A + e^- ->[M] A^- where the M over the arrow denotes that to conserve energy and momentum a third body is required (the molecularity of the reaction is three). Electron capture can be used in conjunction with chemical ionization. An electron capture detector is used in some gas chromatography systems. Chemical ionization Chemical ionization (CI) is a lower energy process than electron ionization because it involves ion/molecule reactions rather than electron removal.
The lower energy yields less fragmentation, and usually a simpler spectrum. A typical CI spectrum has an easily identifiable molecular ion. In a CI experiment, ions are produced through the collision of the analyte with ions of a reagent gas in the ion source. Some common reagent gases include: methane, ammonia, and isobutane. Inside the ion source, the reagent gas is present in large excess compared to the analyte. Electrons entering the source will preferentially ionize the reagent gas. The resultant collisions with other reagent gas molecules will create an ionization plasma. Positive and negative ions of the analyte are formed by reactions with this plasma.
For example, protonation occurs by CH4 + e^- -> CH4+ + 2e^- (primary ion formation), CH4 + CH4+ -> CH5+ + CH3 (reagent ion formation), M + CH5+ -> CH4 + [M + H]+ (product ion formation, e.g. protonation). Charge exchange ionization Charge-exchange ionization (also known as charge-transfer ionization) is a gas phase reaction between an ion and an atom or molecule in which the charge of the ion is transferred to the neutral species. A+ + B -> A + B+ Chemi-ionization Chemi-ionization is the formation of an ion through the reaction of a gas phase atom or molecule with an atom or molecule in an excited state.
Chemi-ionization can be represented by G^\ast{} + M -> G{} + M^{+\bullet}{} + e^- where G is the excited state species (indicated by the superscripted asterisk), and M is the species that is ionized by the loss of an electron to form the radical cation (indicated by the superscripted "plus-dot"). Associative ionization Associative ionization is a gas phase reaction in which two atoms or molecules interact to form a single product ion. One or both of the interacting species may have excess internal energy. For example, A^\ast{} + B -> AB^{+\bullet}{} + e^- where species A with excess internal energy (indicated by the asterisk) interacts with B to form the ion AB+.
Penning ionization Penning ionization is a form of chemi-ionization involving reactions between neutral atoms or molecules. The process is named after the Dutch physicist Frans Michel Penning who first reported it in 1927. Penning ionization involves a reaction between a gas-phase excited-state atom or molecule G* and a target molecule M resulting in the formation of a radical molecular cation M+., an electron e−, and a neutral gas molecule G: G^\ast{} + M -> G{} + M^{+\bullet}{} + e^- Penning ionization occurs when the target molecule has an ionization potential lower than the internal energy of the excited-state atom or molecule.
Associative Penning ionization can proceed via G^\ast{} + M -> MG^{+\bullet}{} + e^- Surface Penning ionization (also known as Auger deexcitation) refers to the interaction of the excited-state gas with a bulk surface S, resulting in the release of an electron according to G^\ast{} + S -> G{} + S{} + e^-. Ion attachment Ion-attachment ionization is similar to chemical ionization in which a cation is attached to the analyte molecule in a reactive collision: M + X+ + A -> MX+ + A Where M is the analyte molecule, X+ is the cation and A is a non-reacting collision partner.
In a radioactive ion source, a small piece of radioactive material, for instance 63Ni or 241Am, is used to ionize a gas. This is used in ionization smoke detectors and ion mobility spectrometers. Gas-discharge ion sources These ion sources use a plasma source or electric discharge to create ions. Inductively-coupled plasma Ions can be created in an inductively coupled plasma, which is a plasma source in which the energy is supplied by electrical currents which are produced by electromagnetic induction, that is, by time-varying magnetic fields. Microwave-induced plasma Microwave induced plasma ion sources are capable of exciting electrodeless gas discharges to create ions for trace element mass spectrometry.
A microwave plasma is a type of plasma, that has high frequency electromagnetic radiation in the GHz range. It is capable of exciting electrodeless gas discharges. If applied in surface-wave-sustained mode, they are especially well suited to generate large-area plasmas of high plasma density. If they are both in surface-wave and resonator mode, they can exhibit a high degree of spatial localization. This allows to spatially separate the location of plasma generations from the location of surface processing. Such a separation (together with an appropriate gas-flow scheme) may help reduce the negative effect, that particles released from a processed substrate may have on the plasma chemistry of the gas phase.
ECR ion source The ECR ion source makes use of the electron cyclotron resonance to ionize a plasma. Microwaves are injected into a volume at the frequency corresponding to the electron cyclotron resonance, defined by the magnetic field applied to a region inside the volume. The volume contains a low pressure gas. Glow discharge Ions can be created in an electric glow discharge. A glow discharge is a plasma formed by the passage of electric current through a low-pressure gas. It is created by applying a voltage between two metal electrodes in an evacuated chamber containing gas. When the voltage exceeds a certain value, called the striking voltage, the gas forms a plasma.
A duoplasmatron is a type of glow discharge ion source that consists of a cathode (hot cathode or cold cathode) that produces a plasma that is used to ionize a gas. Duoplasmatrons can produce positive or negative ions. Duoplasmatrons are used for secondary ion mass spectrometry., ion beam etching, and high-energy physics. Flowing afterglow In a flowing afterglow, ions are formed in a flow of inert gas, typically helium or argon. Reagents are added downstream to create ion products and study reaction rates. Flowing-afterglow mass spectrometry is used for trace gas analysis for organic compounds. Spark ionization Electric spark ionization is used to produce gas phase ions from a solid sample.
When incorporated with a mass spectrometer the complete instrument is referred to as a spark ionization mass spectrometer or as a spark source mass spectrometer (SSMS). A closed drift ion source uses a radial magnetic field in an annular cavity in order to confine electrons for ionizing a gas. They are used for ion implantation and for space propulsion (Hall effect thrusters). Photoionization Photoionization is the ionization process in which an ion is formed from the interaction of a photon with an atom or molecule. Multi-photon ionization In multi-photon ionization (MPI), several photons of energy below the ionization threshold may actually combine their energies to ionize an atom.
Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) is a form of MPI in which one or more of the photons accesses a bound-bound transition that is resonant in the atom or molecule being ionized. Atmospheric pressure photoionization Atmospheric pressure photoionization uses a source of photons, usually a vacuum UV (VUV) lamp, to ionize the analyte with single photon ionization process. Analogous to other atmospheric pressure ion sources, a spray of solvent is heated to relatively high temperatures (above 400 degrees Celsius) and sprayed with high flow rates of nitrogen for desolvation. The resulting aerosol is subjected to UV radiation to create ions. Atmospheric pressure laser ionization uses UV laser light sources to ionize the analyte via MPI.
Desorption ionization Field desorption Field desorption refers to an ion source in which a high-potential electric field is applied to an emitter with a sharp surface, such as a razor blade, or more commonly, a filament from which tiny "whiskers" have formed. This results in a very high electric field which can result in ionization of gaseous molecules of the analyte. Mass spectra produced by FI have little or no fragmentation. They are dominated by molecular radical cations M^{+.} and less often, protonated molecules [{M}+H]+. Particle bombardment Fast atom bombardment Particle bombardment with atoms is called fast atom bombardment (FAB) and bombardment with atomic or molecular ions is called secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS).
Fission fragment ionization uses ionic or neutral atoms formed as a result of the nuclear fission of a suitable nuclide, for example the Californium isotope 252Cf. In FAB the analytes is mixed with a non-volatile chemical protection environment called a matrix and is bombarded under vacuum with a high energy (4000 to 10,000 electron volts) beam of atoms. The atoms are typically from an inert gas such as argon or xenon. Common matrices include glycerol, thioglycerol, 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol (3-NBA), 18-crown-6 ether, 2-nitrophenyloctyl ether, sulfolane, diethanolamine, and triethanolamine. This technique is similar to secondary ion mass spectrometry and plasma desorption mass spectrometry.
Secondary ionization Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is used to analyze the composition of solid surfaces and thin films by sputtering the surface of the specimen with a focused primary ion beam and collecting and analyzing ejected secondary ions. The mass/charge ratios of these secondary ions are measured with a mass spectrometer to determine the elemental, isotopic, or molecular composition of the surface to a depth of 1 to 2 nm. In a liquid metal ion source (LMIS), a metal (typically gallium) is heated to the liquid state and provided at the end of a capillary or a needle. Then a Taylor cone is formed under the application of a strong electric field.
As the cone's tip get sharper, the electric field becomes stronger, until ions are produced by field evaporation. These ion sources are particularly used in ion implantation or in focused ion beam instruments. Plasma desorption ionization Plasma desorption ionization mass spectrometry (PDMS), also called fission fragment ionization, is a mass spectrometry technique in which ionization of material in a solid sample is accomplished by bombarding it with ionic or neutral atoms formed as a result of the nuclear fission of a suitable nuclide, typically the californium isotope 252Cf. Laser desorption ionization Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is a soft ionization technique.
The sample is mixed with a matrix material. Upon receiving a laser pulse, the matrix absorbs the laser energy and it is thought that primarily the matrix is desorbed and ionized (by addition of a proton) by this event. The analyte molecules are also desorbed. The matrix is then thought to transfer proton to the analyte molecules (e.g., protein molecules), thus charging the analyte. Surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization Surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization (SALDI) is a soft laser desorption technique used for analyzing biomolecules by mass spectrometry. In its first embodiment, it used graphite matrix. At present, laser desorption/ionization methods using other inorganic matrices, such as nanomaterials, are often regarded as SALDI variants.
A related method named "ambient SALDI" - which is a combination of conventional SALDI with ambient mass spectrometry incorporating the DART ion source - has also been demonstrated. Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) is a variant of MALDI that is used for the analysis of protein mixtures that uses a target modified to achieve biochemical affinity with the analyte compound. Desorption ionization on silicon Desorption ionization on silicon (DIOS) refers to laser desorption/ionization of a sample deposited on a porous silicon surface. Smalley source A laser vaporization cluster source produces ions using a combination of laser desorption ionization and supersonic expansion.
The Smalley source (or Smalley cluster source) was developed by Richard Smalley at Rice University in the 1980s and was central to the discovery of fullerenes in 1985. Aerosol ionization In aerosol mass spectrometry with time-of-flight analysis, micrometer sized solid aerosol particles extracted from the atmosphere are simultaneously desorbed and ionized by a precisely timed laser pulse as they pass through the center of a time-of-flight ion extractor. Spray ionization Spray ionization methods involve the formation of aerosol particles from a liquid solution and the formation of bare ions after solvent evaporation. Solvent-assisted ionization (SAI) is a method in which charged droplets are produced by introducing a solution containing analyte into a heated inlet tube of an atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer.
Just as in Electrospray Ionization (ESI), desolvation of the charged droplets produces multiply charged analyte ions. Volatile and nonvolatile compounds are analyzed by SAI, and high voltage is not required to achieve sensitivity comparable to ESI. Application of a voltage to the solution entering the hot inlet through a zero dead volume fitting connected to fused silica tubing produces ESI-like mass spectra, but with higher sensitivity. The inlet tube to the mass spectrometer becomes the ion source. Matrix-Assisted Ionization Matrix-Assisted Ionization [MAI] is similar to MALDI in sample preparation, but a laser is not required to convert analyte molecules included in a matrix compound into gas-phase ions.
In MAI, analyte ions have charge states similar to electrospray ionization but obtained from a solid matrix rather than a solvent. No voltage or laser is required, but a laser can be used to obtain spatial resolution for imaging. Matrix-analyte samples are ionized in the vacuum of a mass spectrometer and can be inserted into the vacuum through an atmospheric pressure inlet. Less volatile matrices such as 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid require a hot inlet tube to produce analyte ions by MAI, but more volatile matrices such as 3-nitrobenzonitrile require no heat, voltage, or laser. Simply introducing the matrix:analyte sample to the inlet aperture of an atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer produces abundant ions.
Compounds at least as large as bovine serum albumin [66 kDa] can be ionized with this method. In this simple, low cost and easy to use ionization method, the inlet to the mass spectrometer can be considered the ion source. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization is a form of chemical ionization using a solvent spray at atmospheric pressure. A spray of solvent is heated to relatively high temperatures (above 400 degrees Celsius), sprayed with high flow rates of nitrogen and the entire aerosol cloud is subjected to a corona discharge that creates ions with the evaporated solvent acting as the chemical ionization reagent gas.
APCI is not as "soft" (low fragmentation) an ionization technique as ESI. Note that atmospheric pressure ionization (API) should not be used as a synonym for APCI. Thermospray ionization Thermospray ionization is a form of atmospheric pressure ionization in mass spectrometry. It transfers ions from the liquid phase to the gas phase for analysis. It is particularly useful in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Electrospray ionization In electrospray ionization, a liquid is pushed through a very small, charged and usually metal, capillary. This liquid contains the substance to be studied, the analyte, dissolved in a large amount of solvent, which is usually much more volatile than the analyte.
Volatile acids, bases or buffers are often added to this solution too. The analyte exists as an ion in solution either in its anion or cation form. Because like charges repel, the liquid pushes itself out of the capillary and forms an aerosol, a mist of small droplets about 10 μm across. The aerosol is at least partially produced by a process involving the formation of a Taylor cone and a jet from the tip of this cone. An uncharged carrier gas such as nitrogen is sometimes used to help nebulize the liquid and to help evaporate the neutral solvent in the droplets.
As the solvent evaporates, the analyte molecules are forced closer together, repel each other and break up the droplets. This process is called Coulombic fission because it is driven by repulsive Coulombic forces between charged molecules. The process repeats until the analyte is free of solvent and is a bare ion. The ions observed are created by the addition of a proton (a hydrogen ion) and denoted [{M}+H]+, or of another cation such as sodium ion, [M + Na]+, or the removal of a proton, [M - H]^-. Multiply charged ions such as [{M}+2H]^2+ are often observed. For large macromolecules, there can be many charge states, occurring with different frequencies; the charge can be as great as [M + 25H]^{25+}, for example.
Probe electrospray ionization Probe electrospray ionization (PESI) is a modified version of electrospray, where the capillary for sample solution transferring is replaced by a sharp-tipped solid needle with periodical motion. Contactless atmospheric pressure ionization Contactless atmospheric pressure ionization is a technique used for analysis of liquid and solid samples by mass spectrometry. Contactless API can be operated without an additional electric power supply (supplying voltage to the source emitter), gas supply, or syringe pump. Thus, the technique provides a facile means for analyzing chemical compounds by mass spectrometry at atmospheric pressure. Sonic spray ionization Sonic spray ionization is method for creating ions from a liquid solution, for example, a mixture of methanol and water.
A pneumatic nebulizer is used to turn the solution into a supersonic spray of small droplets. Ions are formed when the solvent evaporates and the statistically unbalanced charge distribution on the droplets leads to a net charge and complete desolvation results in the formation of ions. Sonic spray ionization is used to analyze small organic molecules and drugs and can analyze large molecules when an electric field is applied to the capillary to help increase the charge density and generate multiple charged ions of proteins. Sonic spray ionization has been coupled with high performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of drugs.
Oligonucleotides have been studied with this method. SSI has been used in a manner similar to desorption electrospray ionization for ambient ionization and has been coupled with thin layer chromatography in this manner. Ultrasonication-assisted spray ionization Ultrasonication-assisted spray ionization (UASI) involves ionization through the application of ultrasound. Thermal ionization Thermal ionization (also known as surface ionization, or contact ionization) involves spraying vaporized, neutral atoms onto a hot surface, from which the atoms re-evaporate in ionic form. To generate positive ions, the atomic species should have a low ionization energy, and the surface should have a high work function. This technique is most suitable for alkali atoms (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) which have low ionization energies and are easily evaporated.
To generate negative ions, the atomic species should have a high electron affinity, and the surface should have a low work function. This second approach is most suited for halogen atoms Cl, Br, I, At. Ambient ionization In ambient ionization, ions are formed outside the mass spectrometer without sample preparation or separation. Ions can be formed by extraction into charged electrospray droplets, thermally desorbed and ionized by chemical ionization, or laser desorbed or ablated and post-ionized before they enter the mass spectrometer. Solid-liquid extraction based ambient ionization uses a charged spray to create a liquid film on the sample surface.
Molecules on the surface are extracted into the solvent. The action of the primary droplets hitting the surface produces secondary droplets that are the source of ions for the mass spectrometer. Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) uses an electrospray source to create charged droplets that are directed at a solid sample a few millimeters to a few centimeters away. The charged droplets pick up the sample through interaction with the surface and then form highly charged ions that can be sampled into a mass spectrometer. Plasma-based ambient ionization is based on an electrical discharge in a flowing gas that produces metastable atoms and molecules and reactive ions.
Heat is often used to assist in the desorption of volatile species from the sample. Ions are formed by chemical ionization in the gas phase. A direct analysis in real time source operates by exposing the sample to a dry gas stream (typically helium or nitrogen) that contains long-lived electronically or vibronically excited neutral atoms or molecules (or "metastables"). Excited states are typically formed in the DART source by creating a glow discharge in a chamber through which the gas flows. A similar method called atmospheric solids analysis probe [ASAP] uses the heated gas from ESI or APCI probes to vaporize sample placed on a melting point tube inserted into an ESI/APCI source.
Ionization is by APCI. Laser-based ambient ionization is a two-step process in which a pulsed laser is used to desorb or ablate material from a sample and the plume of material interacts with an electrospray or plasma to create ions. Electrospray-assisted laser desorption/ionization (ELDI) uses a 337 nm UV laser or 3 µm infrared laser to desorb material into an electrospray source. Matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (MALDESI) is an atmospheric pressure ionization source for generation of multiply charged ions. An ultraviolet or infrared laser is directed onto a solid or liquid sample containing the analyte of interest and matrix desorbing neutral analyte molecules that are ionized by interaction with electrosprayed solvent droplets generating multiply charged ions.
Laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI) is an ambient ionization method for mass spectrometry that combines laser ablation from a mid-infrared (mid-IR) laser with a secondary electrospray ionization (ESI) process. Applications Mass spectrometry In a mass spectrometer a sample is ionized in an ion source and the resulting ions are separated by their mass-to-charge ratio. The ions are detected and the results are displayed as spectra of the relative abundance of detected ions as a function of the mass-to-charge ratio. The atoms or molecules in the sample can be identified by correlating known masses to the identified masses or through a characteristic fragmentation pattern.
Particle accelerators In particle accelerators an ion source creates a particle beam at the beginning of the machine, the source. The technology to create ion sources for particle accelerators depends strongly on the type of particle that needs to be generated: electrons, protons, H− ion or a Heavy ions. Electrons are generated with an electron gun, of which there are many varieties. Protons are generated with a plasma-based device, like a duoplasmatron or a magnetron. H− ions are generated with a magnetron or a Penning source. A magnetron consists of a central cylindrical cathode surrounded by an anode. The discharge voltage is typically greater than 150 V and the current drain is around 40 A.
A magnetic field of about 0.2 tesla is parallel to the cathode axis. Hydrogen gas is introduced by a pulsed gas valve. Caesium is often used to lower the work function of the cathode, enhancing the amount of ions that are produced. Large caesiated H− sources are also used for plasma heating in nuclear fusion devices. For a Penning source, a strong magnetic field parallel to the electric field of the sheath guides electrons and ions on cyclotron spirals from cathode to cathode. Fast H-minus ions are generated at the cathodes as in the magnetron. They are slowed down due to the charge exchange reaction as they migrate to the plasma aperture.
This makes for a beam of ions that is colder than the ions obtained from a magnetron. Heavy ions can be generated with an electron cyclotron resonance ion source. The use of electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion sources for the production of intense beams of highly charged ions has immensely grown over the last decade. ECR ion sources are used as injectors into linear accelerators, Van-de-Graaff generators or cyclotrons in nuclear and elementary particle physics. In atomic and surface physics ECR ion sources deliver intense beams of highly charged ions for collision experiments or for the investigation of surfaces. For the highest charge states, however, Electron beam ion sources (EBIS) are needed.
They can generate even bare ions of mid-heavy elements. The Electron beam ion trap (EBIT), based on the same principle, can produce up to bare uranium ions and can be used as an ion source as well. Heavy ions can also be generated with an Ion Gun which typically uses the thermionic emission of electrons to ionize a substance in its gaseous state. Such instruments are typically used for surface analysis. Gas flows through the ion source between the anode and the cathode. A positive voltage is applied to the anode. This voltage, combined with the high magnetic field between the tips of the internal and external cathodes allow a plasma to start.
Ions from the plasma are repelled by the anode electric field. This creates an ion beam. Surface modification Surface cleaning and pretreatment for large area deposition Thin film deposition Deposition of Thick Diamond-like carbon (DLC) Films Surface roughening of polymers for improved adhesion and/or biocompatibility See also Ion beam RF antenna ion source On-Line Isotope Mass Separator References Category:Ion source Category:Ions Category:Accelerator physics
An excitation filter is a high quality optical-glass filter commonly used in fluorescence microscopy and spectroscopic applications for selection of the excitation wavelength of light from a light source. Most excitation filters select light of relatively short wavelengths from an excitation light source, as only those wavelengths would carry enough energy to cause the object the microscope is examining to fluoresce sufficiently. The excitation filters used may come in two main types — short pass filters and band pass filters. Variations of these filters exist in the form of notch filters or deep blocking filters (commonly employed as emission filters).
Other forms of excitation filters include the use of monochromators, wedge prisms coupled with a narrow slit (for selection of the excitation light) and the use of holographic diffraction gratings, etc. [for beam diffraction of white laser light into the required excitation wavelength (selected for by a narrow slit)]. An excitation filter is commonly packaged with an emission filter and a dichroic beam splitter in a cube so that the group is inserted together into the microscope. The dichroic beam splitter controls which wavelengths of light go to their respective filter. References Category:Optical filters
Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF), also known as black typhus or Ordog Fever, is a hemorrhagic fever and zoonotic infectious disease originating in Bolivia after infection by Machupo mammarenavirus. BHF was first identified in 1963 as an ambisense RNA virus of the Arenaviridae family, by a research group led by Karl Johnson. The mortality rate is estimated at 5 to 30 percent. Due to its pathogenicity, Machupo virus requires Biosafety Level Four conditions, the highest level. During the period between February and March 2007, some 20 suspected BHF cases (3 fatal) were reported to the El Servicio Departamental de Salud (SEDES) in Beni Department, Bolivia.
In February 2008, at least 200 suspected new cases (12 fatal) were reported to SEDES. In November 2011, a second case was confirmed near the departmental capital of Trinidad, and a serosurvey was conducted to determine the extent of Machupo virus infections in the Department. A SEDES expert involved in the survey expressed his concerns about the expansion of the virus to other provinces outside the endemic regions of Mamoré and Iténez provinces. Epidemiology History The disease was first encountered in 1962, in the Bolivian village of San Joaquín, hence the name "Bolivian" Hemorrhagic Fever. When initial investigations failed to find an arthropod carrier, other sources were sought before finally determining that the disease was carried by infected mice.
Although mosquitoes were not the cause as originally suspected, the extermination of mosquitoes using DDT to prevent malaria proved to be indirectly responsible for the outbreak in that the accumulation of DDT in various animals along the food chain led to a shortage of cats in the village; subsequently, a mouse plague erupted in the village, leading to an epidemic. Vectors The vector is the Calomys callosus (large vesper mouse), a rodent indigenous to northern Bolivia. Infected animals are asymptomatic and shed the virus in excreta, thereby infecting humans. Evidence of person-to-person transmission of BHF exists but is believed to be rare.
Symptoms The infection has a slow onset with fever, malaise, headache and myalgia, very similar to Malaria symptoms. Petechiae (blood spots) on the upper body and bleeding from the nose and gums are observed when the disease progresses to the hemorrhagic phase, usually within seven days of onset. Severe hemorrhagic or neurologic symptoms are observed in about one third of patients. Neurologic symptoms involve tremors, delirium, and convulsions. The mortality rate is about 25%. Prevention Measures to reduce contact between the vesper mouse and humans may have contributed to limiting the number of outbreaks, with no cases identified between 1973 and 1994.
Although there are no cures or vaccine for the disease, a vaccine developed for the genetically related Junín virus which causes Argentine hemorrhagic fever has shown evidence of cross-reactivity to Machupo virus, and may therefore be an effective prophylactic measure for people at high risk of infection. Post infection (and providing that the person survives the infection), those that have contracted BHF are usually immune to further infection of the disease. Weaponization Bolivian hemorrhagic fever was one of three hemorrhagic fevers and one of more than a dozen agents that the United States researched as potential biological weapons before the nation suspended its biological weapons program.
Albert Nickel, a 53-year old animal caretaker at Fort Detrick, died in 1964 from the disease after being bitten by an infected mouse. Nickel Place, on Fort Detrick, is named in his honor. It was also under research by the Soviet Union, under the Biopreparat bureau. Vaccine research Investigational vaccines exist for Argentine hemorrhagic fever and RVF; however, neither is approved by FDA or commonly available in the United States. The structure of the attachment glycoprotein has been determined by X-ray crystallography and this glycoprotein is likely to be an essential component of any successful vaccine. References Bibliography Medical Microbiology 2nd Edition Mims et al.
Mosby Publishing 1998 p 371 External links Category:Arthropod-borne viral fevers and viral haemorrhagic fevers Category:Hemorrhagic fevers Category:Rodent-carried diseases Category:Biological weapons
Eddie Läck (born 5 January 1988) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey coach and former player. He serves as an assistant head coach of the Arizona State Sun Devils. Läck, playing as goaltender, played in Sweden for Leksands IF of the HockeyAllsvenskan and Brynäs IF of the Elitserien before moving to the National Hockey League (NHL) where played for the Vancouver Canucks, Carolina Hurricanes, Calgary Flames and New Jersey Devils. After going undrafted in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft, he signed as a free agent with the Vancouver Canucks in 2010. He was assigned to the Manitoba Moose in his first season with the Canucks organization and was named to the American Hockey League's 2010–11 All-Rookie Team.
He is nicknamed "The Stork", in reference to his tall stature and long legs. Playing career Sweden Läck spent his minor hockey career with his hometown team, Norrtälje IK. He also competed in two TV-pucken tournaments – an annual under-16 national competition – with Stockholm's second regional team. He entered the junior ranks with Djurgårdens IF's organization in 2004–05 and helped the club to a J18 Allsvenskan silver medal. Two years later, he joined Leksands IF at the J20 level. Läck made his professional debut with Leksands IF's men's team in the HockeyAllsvenskan, Sweden's second-highest league, appearing in three games in 2006–07.
The following campaign, he appeared in 26 HockeyAllsvenskan games, recording a 1.96 goals against average (GAA), while still seeing playing time in junior. In 2008–09, he fully established himself with Leksands IF's professional team, outplaying former NHL goaltender Ed Belfour as the club's starter. He posted a 2.02 GAA and .930 save percentage in 32 games. Going into the 2009 NHL Entry Draft, he was ranked ninth among European goaltenders by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau, but went unselected. After three seasons with the Leksands IF organization, Läck moved up to the Elitserien, Sweden's premiere league, signing a two-year contract with Brynäs IF on 6 July 2009.
He made his Elitserien debut on 17 October, relieving Jacob Markström (who at the time was a Florida Panthers prospect) near the end of the first period. He stopped all 18 shots he faced in a 3–2 loss to Färjestad BK. Läck went on to play in 14 games as a backup to Markström, registering a 2.67 GAA and .911 save percentage. Manitoba Moose/Chicago Wolves Läck's play garnered the attention of Vancouver Canucks scout Lars Lindgren and in the off-season, he was signed by the Canucks to a two-year, entry-level contract on 6 April 2010. He subsequently left Sweden to begin playing within the Canucks organization.
Assigned to the Manitoba Moose, the Canucks' minor league affiliate, he made his American Hockey League (AHL) debut on 9 October, making 23 saves in a 5–2 win over the Rockford IceHogs. Competing for playing time with fellow Moose goaltender Tyler Weiman, Läck emerged as the team's starter, appearing in 53 games (28 wins, 21 losses and 4 overtime or shootout losses). With a 2.26 GAA (ranked seventh in the league) and .926 save percentage (fourth in the league), Läck was named to the AHL All-Rookie Team. During the 2011 Calder Cup playoffs, he helped the Moose to the second round, recording a 1.99 GAA and .932 save percentage in 12 games.
Following the Manitoba's elimination to the Hamilton Bulldogs, Läck was called up to the Canucks on 13 May 2011, to travel and practice with the team as a playoff reserve. Vancouver advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals and lost to the Boston Bruins in seven games. Positioned behind Roberto Luongo and Cory Schneider (joint winners of the 2010–11 William M. Jennings Trophy) on the Canucks' depth chart, Läck was assigned to the AHL for a second season in 2011–12. Due to the Winnipeg Jets' return to the NHL, the Moose franchise was relocated to St. John's, Newfoundland; as a result, the Canucks switched their AHL affiliation to the Chicago Wolves.
Läck made his Wolves debut on 8 October 2011, stopping 31 of 33 shots in a 3–2 shootout loss to the San Antonio Rampage. He recorded his first win and shutout with Chicago three games later on 21 October against the Rockford IceHogs. The following month, Läck was called up by Vancouver after starting goaltender Roberto Luongo sustained an injury. He dressed for his first NHL game on 16 November 2011, backing up Cory Schneider in a loss against the Chicago Blackhawks before being reassigned the following day. He finished the season in Chicago posting a 21–20–3 record with a 2.31 GAA and a .925 save percentage.
By season's end, he, along with backup Matt Climie, helped set a Wolves franchise record for lowest team goals against average at 2.54. Läck's second season with the Wolves started slowly, as his numbers dropped significantly from the previous season. He had been playing with a hip flexor injury and a decision was made to rest him to allow the injury to heal. The injury eventually required surgery which ended Läck's season. He finished the year playing in 13 games posting a 7–4–1 record with a 3.00 GAA and an .899 save percentage. Vancouver Canucks Läck was named the Canucks' backup goaltender to start the 2013–14 season, and made his first appearance – and recorded his first win – on 6 October 2013, with a 5–4 overtime win against the Calgary Flames.
On 15 November, despite Läck having only made five NHL appearances to date, the Canucks re-signed him to a two-year contract extension worth a total of U.S.$2.3 million. He would record his first NHL shutout in his home ice debut against the Carolina Hurricanes on 9 December 2013. On 4 March 2014, starting goaltender Roberto Luongo was traded to the Florida Panthers, along with minor leaguer Steven Anthony, for Swedish goaltender Jacob Markström and forward Shawn Matthias, making Läck and Markström (who played together for Brynäs IF) the goaltending tandem for the Canucks, and making Läck an NHL starter for the first time in his career.
That summer, however, the Canucks signed Ryan Miller as their starter, but when Miller was hurt in late February 2015, Läck excelled and allowed the Canucks to maintain their playoff position, even starting the Canucks' first few playoff games. Eddie Läck recorded his first Stanley Cup playoff victory 17 April 2015, with a 4–1 victory over the Calgary Flames. Läck remained in net until he was pulled in Game 4 in Calgary, at which point Miller returned. The Canucks went on to lose their first round matchup with Calgary in 6 games. Carolina Hurricanes On 27 June 2015, Läck was traded to the Carolina Hurricanes at the 2015 NHL Entry Draft in exchange for a 2015 third round pick and a 2016 seventh round pick.
Prior to making his debut with the Hurricanes, he was signed to a two-year $5.5 million contract extension through to 2018 on 3 October 2015. Calgary Flames On 29 June 2017, Läck was traded by the Hurricanes along with Ryan Murphy and a 2019 seventh-round pick to the Calgary Flames in exchange for prospect Keegan Kanzig and sixth-round pick in 2019. On 23 November 2017, Läck was placed on waivers by the Flames with the intention of assigning him to the Flames' AHL affiliate, the Stockton Heat. He was later assigned to the Heat on 24 November 2017. New Jersey Devils On 30 December 2017, Läck was traded to the New Jersey Devils in exchange for defenceman Dalton Prout, and was immediately assigned to the team's AHL affiliate, the Binghamton Devils.
He was recalled to the NHL on 4 February 2018, to replace Ken Appleby, and made his first start as a Devil on 11 February against the Boston Bruins. On 17 February 2018, Läck made a career-high 48 saves in a 4–3 win over the Tampa Bay Lightning. Läck did not play any games for New Jersey during the 2018–19 season, only skating in a mere six game for Binghamton. He underwent hip surgery in December, effectively ending his season. On 30 March 2020, Läck announced his retirement from professional hockey following a hiatus. International play Läck was added to Swedish national team in preparation for the 2017 IIHF World Championship in Germany/France.
Originally slated in the backup role to Viktor Fasth, Läck made his international debut in the round-robin stage, posting a 19-save shutout in a 2–0 victory over Latvia on 11 May 2017. With the addition of starting goaltender Henrik Lundqvist to the roster mid-tournament, Läck was subsequently demoted as Sweden's third-choice. He didn't add to his debut game as Sweden claimed the Gold Medal in a 2–1 shootout victory over Canada on 21 May 2017. Coaching career On 14 August 2019, Läck announced that he would be taking a break from playing ice hockey to focus on rehabbing his hip injury, and accepted a position as goaltender coach for Arizona State University.
Playing style Läck is a big goaltender who uses his size to his advantage looking through traffic to see the puck, and aggressively challenging shooters. Despite his size he has good lateral movement, covers the bottom of the net well, has good balance, and is positionally sound. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs International Awards and honours References External links Category:1988 births Category:Living people Category:Binghamton Devils players Category:Brynäs IF players Category:Calgary Flames players Category:Carolina Hurricanes players Category:Charlotte Checkers (2010–) players Category:Chicago Wolves players Category:Leksands IF players Category:Manitoba Moose players Category:New Jersey Devils players Category:People from Norrtälje Category:Stockton Heat players Category:Swedish expatriate ice hockey people Category:Swedish expatriate sportspeople in Canada Category:Swedish expatriate sportspeople in the United States Category:Swedish ice hockey goaltenders Category:Swedish ice hockey players Category:Undrafted National Hockey League players Category:Vancouver Canucks players
Arnold Ludwig Gotthilf Heller (1 May 1840 – 1913) was a German anatomist and pathologist who was a native of Kleinheubach am Main, Bavaria. He studied medicine at the Universities of Erlangen, Berlin and Leipzig, and as a student had as instructors Friedrich Albert von Zenker (1825-1898), Carl Ludwig (1816-1895) and Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902). In 1866 he received his medical doctorate, and in 1869 was habilitated at Erlangen. In 1872 he became professor of general pathology and pathological anatomy at the University of Kiel. In 1899 Heller proved that syphilis was a cause of aortic aneurysm, and with his assistant Karl Gottfried Paul Döhle (1855-1928), he described syphilitic aortitis, a condition sometimes referred to as "Döhle-Heller syndrome".
In 1869 he demonstrated how lymph propulsion takes place in the lymph vessels. Associated eponym Heller's plexus: Plexus of small arteries in the intestinal wall. Selected writings Über selbständige rhytmische Contractionen der Lymphgefässe. Centralblatt für die medicinischen Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1869. Strictur der Pulmonalarterie. Virchow's Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medizin, Berlin. 1870. Ueber die syphilitische Aortitis und ihre Bedeutung für die Entstehung von Aneurysmen. Verhandlungen der deutschen pathologischen Gesellschaft, Stuttgart, 1900, page 346. References Arnold Heller @ Who Named It Mondofacto Dictionary (definition of eponym) World Journal of Gastoenterology Cat.Inist Arnold Heller and the lymph pump Category:German anatomists Category:German pathologists Category:University of Kiel faculty Category:1840 births Category:1913 deaths Category:People from Kleinheubach
is a Japanese professional boxer. He is a three-weight world champion and currently a unified bantamweight world champion, having held the WBA (Super), IBF, and Ring magazine titles since 2019. He previously held the WBO junior-bantamweight title from 2014 to 2018, and the WBC light-flyweight title in 2014. Nicknamed "Monster", Inoue is known for his devastating punching power and brutal body attack, having a knockout-to-win ratio of 84%. As of December 2019, he is ranked as the world’s best active bantamweight by BoxRec and the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board (TBRB). As well as being ranked as the world's second best active boxer, pound for pound, by the TBRB, third by The Ring and fourth ESPN.
Amateur career Inoue won the Japanese Interscholastic Athletic Meeting and the Japanese Junior National Championships in 2009. In 2010, he took the bronze medal in the Asian Youth Championships in Tehran, Iran, and won the Japanese Junior Selection Tournament. He then participated in the AIBA Youth World Championships, but lost to Yosvany Veitía in the third preliminary round. He finished in the second place at the Japanese National Championships in the same year. In July 2011, he took the gold medal in the 21st President's Cup in Jakarta, Indonesia. He subsequently won the first place in the Japanese Interscholastic Athletic Meeting in that year.
However, he was eliminated in the third round by Yosvany Veitía in the 2011 World Amateur Boxing Championships at the Heydar Aliyev Sports and Exhibition Complex in Baku, Azerbaijan, and lost to Birzhan Zhakypov in the final at the 2012 Asian Boxing Olympic Qualification Tournament in Astana, Kazakhstan. His amateur record was 75–6 (48 KOs and RSCs).
Highlights Asian Youth Championships (48 kg), Tehran, Iran, March 2010: 1/8: Defeated Bilguun Battulga (Mongolia) 11–2 1/4: Defeated Omirbek Kudaybergenov (Kazakhstan) RSC 3 1/2: Lost to Masoud Rigi (Iran) 1–7 AIBA Youth World Championships (48 kg), Baku, Azerbaijan, April 2010: 1/32: Defeated Kibrom Gebreegziabher (Ethiopia) KO 2 1/16: Defeated Laishram Devender Singh (India) 8–4 1/8: Lost to Yosvany Veitia (Cuba) 0–11 President's Cup (49 kg), Jakarta, Indonesia, July 2011: 1/8: Defeated Muhb Mohibullah (Pakistan) RSC 3 1/4: Defeated Dylan Perkins (Australia) 20–5 1/2: Defeated Wu Rongguo (China) 21–19 Finals: Defeated Ian Clark Bautista (Philippines) 23–10 AIBA World Championships (49 kg), Baku, Azerbaijan, September–October 2011: 1/32: Defeated Denny Hitarihun (Indonesia) 16–7 1/16: Defeated Hovhannes Danielyan (Armenia) RSC 2 1/8: Lost to Yosvany Veitia (Cuba) 12–15 Asian Olympic Qualifier (49 kg), Astana, Kazakhstan, April 2012: 1/4: Defeated Asylbek Nazaraliyev (Kirghistan) RSC 2 1/2: Defeated Asror Vokhidov (Tajikistan) 21–16 Finals: Lost to Birzhan Zhakypov (Kazakhstan) 11–16 Professional career Light flyweight Early years Inoue turned professional in 2012, signing with Ohashi Boxing Gym.
Of his own volition, he signed an agreement with Hideyuki Ohashi to never fight against easy opponents. On October 2, 2012, he fought against Filipino national champion Crison Omayao, and won his debut via a fourth-round knockout. After this victory, he won his next two fights against Thai national champion Ngaoprajan Chuwatana and Japan's number one-ranked light flyweight boxer Yūki Sano. On August 25, 2013, Inoue captured the Japanese light flyweight title from the WBA's number three-ranked contender, and future WBA light flyweight champion, Ryoichi Taguchi. This was seen as Inoue's toughest test thus far but in the end he dominated and battered Taguchi over ten rounds.
He then fought for the vacant OPBF light flyweight title on December 6, 2013 on the undercard of Yaegashi-Sosa. Inoue defeated Jerson Mancio with a 5th-round TKO to claim the regional title. Earlier that day, his younger brother, Takuma Inoue, made his professional debut with a unanimous decision victory. Inoue vs. Hernández, Kokietgym Inoue stopped Adrián Hernández to be crowned the WBC light flyweight champion in his sixth professional bout at Ota-City General Gymnasium on April 6, 2014. Hernández was a two-division champion who had previously gone 8-1 in world title bouts, but Inoue dominated the fight from beginning to end.
Inoue's sole defense of his light flyweight title came against Samartlek Kokietgym on September 2014. Inoue routed Kokietgym, winning every round on all scorecards and dropping his opponent twice before finally stopping him in the 11th round. Super flyweight Inoue vs. Narváez In November 2014, he vacated his light flyweight title in order to challenge WBO junior bantamweight title-holder Omar Andrés Narváez, the fight was scheduled for December 30, 2014. Narváez was 43-1-2 coming into the bout. His one loss had come by decision to Nonito Donaire in 2011. Narváez had won his first world championship in 2002, making twenty-seven title defenses of his belts since.
Inoue arrived at the fight with a 7-0 record. However, the young challenger Inoue put Narváez down within a minute of the first round. He then proceeded to hurt Narváez over and over with carefully placed body shots. Inoue knocked out the long time champion in the second round to capture his second world title. Various defenses Inoue suffered an injury with the punch that put Narvaéz down the first time. In response to Inoue being sidelined, the WBO issued an interim title bout between two of its top-ranked contenders, David Carmona and Warlito Parrenas. The winner would have the right face Inoue following his comeback.
The fight was ruled a split draw after 12 rounds but Inoue chose to face Parrenas regardless in his comeback bout on December 29, 2015. Parrenas was blown out in a similar manner as Narváez. The referee waved off the fight in the second round, after Parrenas was dropped twice, giving Inoue a TKO victory. Inoue would then face Carmona on May 2016, suffering another hand injury midway through the fight. Inoue would eventually win a comfortable unanimous decision (118-109, 118-109, 116-111). Nevertheless, Carmona was only the second fighter to go the distance with Inoue, after Ryoichi Taguchi. Inoue's third defense came against Petchbarngborn Kokietgym on September of that same year.
Inoue was unable to get a quick finish, but he unleashed a flurry of punches in the 10th round which led to Kokietgym being counted out. Inoue vs. Kono, Rodríguez On November 9, it was announced that Inoue's fourth defense would come against Kohei Kono in December 30, 2016. Kono was a two-time junior bantamweight champion who had lost his WBA belt to Luis Concepción in his previous fight. Naoya's brother, Takuma, was slated to challenge for a world title against Marlon Tapales on the same night but he pulled out due to a fractured right hand. Inoue stopped Kono in another commanding performance.
Kono was dropped once by a left hook from Inoue before being stopped in the sixth round. This was the first time Kono lost a fight due to stoppage. During 2016, Inoue repeatedly sought a unification bout against four-division champion and WBC champion Román González. However, González chose to face Carlos Cuadras instead in the second half of the year. González stipulated that the terms offered for an Inoue fight weren't good enough, as Inoue was mostly unknown in North America. Inoue's fifth defense of his WBO title came against Ricardo Rodríguez on May 2017. Rodríguez proved to be yet another outmatched opponent, as Inoue comfortably won by stopping him in the 3rd round following a flurry of punches.
Inoue vs. Nieves Following his easy win over Rodríguez, Inoue joined the HBO Boxing After Dark card "Superfly" set at the StubHub Center on September 9, 2017. The event was headlined by the González-Sor Rungvisai rematch for the WBC junior bantamweight title. It also featured a WBC eliminator between Carlos Cuadras and Juan Francisco Estrada, in addition to Inoue's debut in the US and first pro bout abroad. Originally, McJoe Arroyo was slated to be Inoue's challenger but Arroyo wound up fighting Rau'shee Warren in an IBF eliminator instead. Inoue's next fight would be against Antonio Nieves instead. Inoue's sixth defense of his WBO title was successful, as he hammered Nieves, who threw in the towel after six rounds.
Nieves was rocked towards the end of round 2, but Inoue was unable to finish him as he headed back to his corner when he mistook the 10-second warning with the bell. Inoue scored a knockdown in round 5 after a left hook to the body. Nieves retired after round 6, when Inoue repeatedly landed that left hook to the body to no response from Nieves. Inoue landed 118 of 407 punches (29%) to Nieves' 45 of 209 (22%). Inoue vs. Boyeaux Inoue stated that he would move to bantamweight in the future but he would seek to unify titles against another junior bantamweight titleholder in December 2017.
Inoue's team later claimed that they were having trouble securing an opponent for the New Year's Eve date. They'd reportedly agreed to terms with IBF champion Jerwin Ancajas, but he would later announce he was fighting Jamie Conlan in November. Ancajas' manager had previously said that negotiations with Inoue had not taken place. On November 16, it was announced that Inoue would face Yan Boyeaux on December 30, in a show televised by Fuji TV. Inoue said he planned to box in the United States again within 2 months after fighting Boyeaux. Inoue dropped Boyeaux four times before referee Raul Caiz Jr. eventually stepped in at 1 minute and 40 seconds of round 3, giving Inoue the win, successfully retaining the WBO title for the seventh time.
Inoue stated that he had plans to move up to bantamweight, where he would seek to become a three-weight world champion. Bantamweight Inoue vs. McDonnell Promoter Eddie Hearn first reported to Sky Sports on February 14, 2018 that a deal was being negotiated for WBA 'Regular' bantamweight champion Jamie McDonnell (29-2-1 13 KO) to defend his title, which he won in 2014, for the seventh time, against Inoue in Japan. McDonnell's original plan was to move up to super bantamweight in 2018, however instead stated he wanted big challenges and saw Inoue as a solid opponent to test himself. On March 6, Inoue held a press conference in Japan announcing the fight against McDonnell at the Ota-City General Gymnasium in Tokyo, Japan on May 25, 2018.
The fight started at a pace that McDonnell was unable to sustain initially being hurt with a left hook to the top of the head, followed by being sent to the canvas by a two punch combination culminating in a left hook to the body. He bravely got up, only to be sent back down after a series of brutal punches by Inoue including another clean left hook which seemed to discombobulate McDonnell's senses. The referee waved the fight off within less than a round declaring Inoue the TKO victor. World Boxing Super Series After defeating McDonnell, Inoue said, "I'll participate in the World Boxing Super Series to face other world champions with pleasure," confirming he would take part in the bantamweight tournament, where he would meet other world champions, Ryan Burnett (19-0, 9 KOs), WBO champion Zolani Tete (27-3, 21 KOs) and IBF champion Emmanuel Rodríguez (18-0, 12 KOs).
Inoue vs. Payano At the draft gala on July 20, Inoue chose to defend his WBA title against Dominican Republic boxer Juan Carlo Payano (20-1, 9 KOs) in the quarter final. In August, the fight was announced to take place on October 7 at the Yokohama Arena in Yokohama, Japan. Inoue won the fight with a first round knockout. It was a right hand just 70 seconds into their scheduled 12-round bout. Inoue connected with a jab before blasting Payano with a perfect straight right hand that put Payano flat on his back and unable to continue. Referee Pinit Prayadsab immediately stopped the fight at 1:10 into the first round.
Inoue vs. Rodríguez Emmanuel Rodríguez (19-0, 12KOs) defeated Jason Moloney via decision in October 2018, booking his place into the semi-final against Inoue. On February 12, 2019, the fight was set to take place at the SSE Hydro in Glasgow, Scotland on 18 May 2019. In April, Nonito Donaire defeated late replacement Stephon Young, to confirm his place in the final. Donaire stated he would 'love to fight' Inoue in the final, as the two have always respected each other. On May 3, The Ring Magazine, announced their vacant bantamweight title would be at stake. At the time, WBO champion Zolani Tete, who was ranked #2 with The Ring, withdrew from the tournament with injury.
Editor-in-Chief, Doug Fischer, explained with Inoue and Rodríguez ranked #1 and #3, respectively, the bout was worthy of being for the title, as both had earned their positions in the rankings. On 18 May, Inoue advanced to the final by knocking out Rodríguez in the second round. After a close first round, Inoue dropped Rodríguez three times in quick succession before the fight was stopped at 1:20. Inoue vs. Donaire Inoue faced four-weight world champion, Nonito Donaire, on November 7, 2019, in Saitama, Japan, for the World Boxing Super Series final. In a thrilling fight that saw incredible heart and endurance displayed by both men, Inoue ultimately won a unanimous decision with scores of 116–111, 117–109 and 114–113.
The two traded punches in the first half of the fight. In the second round, a left hook from Donaire caused a serious cut above Inoue's right eye which affected his vision, but he fought back hard and in the fifth round had Donaire in trouble, who was saved by the bell. However, Donaire retained his composure and began to hurt Inoue more in the second half of the fight, particularly in the ninth round where he landed a tremendous right hand and left Inoue's face bloodied. During the eleventh round, Inoue downed Donaire with a left hook to the liver, but he made it to his feet at a count of 9 and kept fighting until the final bell.