Datasets:
anhtunguyen98
/
LLM-SWP

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
1
text
stringlengths
1
146k
As the charging socket shares a feeder from the switchboard with other sockets (no dedicated circuit) if the sum of consumption exceeds the protection limit (in general 16 A), the circuit-breaker will trip, stopping the charging. Mode 2: Domestic socket and cable with a protection device The vehicle is connected to the main power grid via household socket-outlets. Charging is done via a single-phase or three-phase network and installation of an earthing cable. A protection device is built into the cable. This solution is more expensive than Mode 1 due to the specificity of the cable. Mode 3: Specific socket on a dedicated circuit The vehicle is connected directly to the electrical network via specific socket and plug and a dedicated circuit.
A control and protection function is also installed permanently in the installation. This is the only charging mode that meets the applicable standards regulating electrical installations (IEC 61851). It also allows load shedding so that electrical household appliances can be operated during vehicle charging or on the contrary optimize the electric vehicle charging time. Mode 4: Direct current (DC) connection for fast recharging The electric vehicle is connected to the main power grid through an external charger. Control and protection functions and the vehicle charging cable are installed permanently in the installation. Different Charging Levels The Society of Automotive Engineering (SAE) defines the general physical, electrical, communication and performance requirements for the EV charging systems used in North America, as part of standard SAE J1772.
Below are the different charging levels that are practiced in North American market. Based on the rated power, voltage and current, the charging levels in North America are classified into three categories: Level 1: refers to the charging from the regular household 120 V outlets with a maximum current of 12 or 15 A, which delivers a maximum power of 1.44 kW or 1.92 kW. Here the active charging element is inside the car (EV's on-board charger). Level 2: can be from the 240 V outlet or from a dedicated EV charge point (EVSE) ; AC voltage at 240 V with a maximum current of 80 A and a maximum power of 19.2 kW.
In level-2 also uses the EV's on-board charger. Level 3: Here, the charger is off-board (meaning the EV's on-board charger is by-passed and the charging station provides DC voltage directly to the battery via a DC connector, with a maximum power of 400 kW. In addition to these standards for electric cars and light trucks, an extension to the CCS DCFC standard is being developed for large commercial vehicles. This is being lead by the CharIN Association which developed CCS. It will be called High Power Charging for Commercial Vehicles (HPCCV). HPCCV is expected to operate in the range of 200-1500 Volts and 0-3000 Amps for a theoretical maximum power of 4.5 MW.
The proposal calls for HPCCV charge ports to be compatible with existing CCS and HPC chargers. Public charging stations Charging stations for electric vehicles may not need much new infrastructure in developed countries, less than delivering a new alternative fuel over a new network. The stations can leverage the existing ubiquitous electrical grid and home recharging is an option, since most driving is local over short distances which reduces the need for charging mid-trip. For example, in the United States, 78% of commutes are less than round-trip. Nevertheless, longer drives between cities and towns require a network of public charging stations or another method to extend the range of electric vehicles beyond the normal daily commute.
One challenge in such infrastructure is the level of demand: an isolated station along a busy highway may see hundreds of customers per hour if every passing electric vehicle has to stop there to complete the trip. In the first half of the 20th century, internal combustion vehicles faced a similar infrastructure problem. Currently charging stations are being installed by public authorities, commercial enterprises and some major employers in order to stimulate the market for vehicles that use alternative fuels to gasoline and diesel fuels. For this reason, most charge stations are currently either provided gratis or accessible to members of certain groups without significant charge (e.g.
activated by a free "membership card" or by a digital "day code"). , around 50,000 non-residential charging points were deployed in the U.S., Europe, Japan and China. , there are 3,869 CHAdeMO quick chargers deployed around the world, with 1,978 in Japan, 1,181 in Europe and 686 in the United States, 24 in other countries. , Estonia is the first and only country that had completed the deployment of an EV charging network with nationwide coverage, with 165 fast chargers available along highways at a maximum distance of between , and a higher density in urban areas. , there were 800,000 electric vehicles and 18,000 charging stations in the United States.
, 5,678 public charging stations existed across the United States, with 16,256 public charging points, of which 3,990 were located in California, 1,417 in Texas, and 1,141 in Washington. , about 15,000 charging stations had been installed in Europe. , Norway, which has the highest electric ownership per capita, had 4,029 charging points and 127 quick charging stations. As part of its commitment to environmental sustainability, the Dutch government initiated a plan to establish over 200 fast (DC) charging stations across the country by 2015. The rollout will be undertaken by Switzerland-based power and automation company ABB and Dutch startup , and will aim to provide at least one station every 50 kilometres (31 miles) for the Netherlands' 16 million residents.
In addition to that, the E-laad foundation installed about 3000 public (slow) charge points since 2009. , Japan had 1,381 public quick-charge stations, the largest deployment of fast chargers in the world, but only around 300 slow chargers. , China had around 800 public slow charging points, and no fast charging stations. , the country with the highest ratio of quick chargers to electric vehicles (EVSE/EV) was Japan, with a ratio of 0.030, and the Netherlands had the largest ratio of slow EVSE/EV, with more than 0.50, while the U.S had a slow EVSE/EV ratio of 0.20. , the largest public charging networks in Australia exist in the capital cities of Perth and Melbourne, with around 30 stations (7 kW AC) established in both cities – smaller networks exist in other capital cities.
In April 2017, YPF, the state-owned oil company of Argentina, reported that it will install 220 fast-load stations for electric vehicles in 110 of its service stations in national territory. As of August 2019, in the U.S., there are 2,140 CHAdeMO charge stations (3,010 plugs), 1,888 SAE CCS1 charge stations (3,525 plugs), and 678 Tesla super charger stations (6,340 plugs), according to the U.S. DoE's Alternative Fuels Data Center. Locations Charging stations can be found and will be needed where there is on-street parking, at taxi stands, in parking lots (at places of employment, hotels, airports, shopping centers, convenience shops, fast food restaurants, coffeehouses etc.
), as well as in the workplaces, in driveways and garages at home. Existing filling stations may also incorporate charging stations. The electrical facilities at RV parks are sometimes used for charging - especially in rural areas where normal EV charging facilities are not available. , charging stations have been criticized for being inaccessible, hard to find, out of order, and slow; thus reducing EV expansion. At the same time more gas stations add EV charging stations to meet the increasing demand among EV drivers. Worldwide, hotels are adopting a policy of providing their guests with electric car charging. Vehicle and charging station projects and joint ventures Electric car manufacturers, charging infrastructure providers, and regional governments have entered into many agreements and ventures to promote and provide electric vehicle networks of public charging stations.
The EV Plug Alliance is an association of 21 European manufacturers which proposes an alternative connecting solution. The project is to impose an IEC norm and to adopt a European standard for the connection solution with sockets and plugs for electric vehicle charging infrastructure. Members (Schneider Electric, Legrand, Scame, Nexans, etc.) argue that the system is safer because they use shutters. General consensus is that the IEC 62196 and IEC 61851-1 already have taken care of safety by making parts non-live when touchable. Battery swapping A battery swapping (or switching) station is a place at which a vehicle's discharged battery or battery pack can be immediately swapped for a fully charged one, eliminating the delay involved in waiting for the vehicle's battery to charge.
Battery swapping is common in warehouses using electric forklift trucks. History The concept of an exchangeable battery service was first proposed as early as 1896, in order to overcome the limited operating range of electric cars and trucks. It was first put into practice between 1910 and 1924, by Hartford Electric Light Company, through the GeVeCo battery service, and was initially available for electric trucks. The vehicle owner purchased the vehicle, without a battery, from General Vehicle Company (GeVeCo), part-owned by General Electric, and the electricity was purchased from Hartford Electric through the use of an exchangeable battery. Both vehicles and batteries were modified to facilitate a fast battery exchange.
The owner paid a variable per-mile charge and a monthly service fee to cover maintenance and storage of the truck. During the period of the service, the vehicles covered more than 6 million miles. Beginning in 1917, a similar successful service was operated in Chicago for owners of Milburn Electric cars, who also could buy the vehicle without the batteries. A rapid battery replacement system was implemented to keep running 50 electric buses at the 2008 Summer Olympics. In recent years, Better Place, Tesla, and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries have been involved with integrating battery switch technology with their electric vehicles to extend driving range.
In a battery switch station, the driver does not need to get out of the car while the battery is swapped. Battery swap requires an electric car designed for the "easy swap" of batteries. However, electric vehicle manufacturers working on battery switch technology have not standardized on battery access, attachment, dimension, location, or type. In 2013, Tesla announced a proprietary charging station service to support owners of Tesla vehicles. A network of Tesla Supercharger stations was supposed to support both battery pack swaps for the Model S, along with the more-widespread fast charging capability for both the Model S and the Tesla Roadster.
However, Tesla has abandoned their battery swap initiatives in favor of rapidly expanding fast-charging stations. This decision has driven Tesla to be a market-leader in fast charging stations, amounting to 1,210 stations worldwide, as of April 2018. Benefits The following benefits are claimed for battery swapping: Fast battery swapping under five minutes. Unlimited driving range where there are battery switch stations available. The driver does not have to get out of the car while the battery is swapped. The driver does not own the battery in the car, transferring costs over the battery, battery life, maintenance, capital cost, quality, technology, and warranty to the battery switch station company.
Contract with battery switch company could subsidize the electric vehicle at a price lower than equivalent petrol cars. The spare batteries at swap stations could participate in vehicle to grid storage. Providers The Better Place network was the first modern commercial deployment of the battery switching model. The Renault Fluence Z.E. was the first electric car enabled with switchable battery technology available for the Better Place network in operation in Israel and Denmark. Better Place launched its first battery-swapping station in Israel, in Kiryat Ekron, near Rehovot in March 2011. The battery exchange process took five minutes. Better Place filed for bankruptcy in Israel in May 2013.
Under Better Place's business model, the company owned the batteries, so the court liquidator had to decide what to do with customers who did not have ownership of the battery and risked being left with a useless car. Tesla designed its Model S to allow fast battery swapping. In June 2013, Tesla announced its goal of deploying a battery swapping station in each of its supercharging stations. At a demonstration event in 2013, Tesla showed that a battery swap operation with the Model S took just over 90 seconds, about half the time it takes to refill a gasoline-powered car used for comparison purposes during the event.
The first stations were planned to be deployed along Interstate 5 in California because, according to Tesla, a large number of Model S sedans make the San Francisco-Los Angeles trip regularly. Those stations were to be followed by ones on the Washington, DC, to Boston corridor. Elon Musk said the service would be offered for the price of about of gasoline at the current local rate, around to at June 2013 prices. Owners could pick up their battery pack fully charged on the return trip, which was included in the swap fee. Tesla would also offer the option to keep the pack received on the swap and pay the price difference if the battery received was newer, or to receive the original pack back from Tesla for a transport fee.
Pricing had not been determined. In June 2015, Musk indicated that Tesla was likely to abandon its plans to build a network of swap stations. He told his company's shareholders that, despite inviting all Model S owners in the California area to try out the one existing facility, at Harris Ranch, only four or five people had done so. Consequently, it was unlikely that the concept was worth expanding. Other battery swapping service providers include Gogoro, Delta Electronics, BattSwap, and Voltia. Criticism These battery swapping solution have been criticized for being proprietary. By creating a monopoly regarding the ownership of the batteries and the patent protected technologies the companies split up the market and decrease the chances of a wider usage of battery swapping.
Charging station manufacturers The principal suppliers and manufacturers of charging stations offer a range of options from simple charging posts for roadside use, charging cabinets for covered parking places to fully automated charging stations integrated with power distribution equipment An operator manages charging stations from one or more manufacturers. Block heater power supplies In colder areas such as Finland, some northern US states and Canada there already exists some infrastructure for public power outlets provided primarily for use by block heaters and set with circuit breakers that prevent large current draws for other uses. These can sometimes be used to recharge electric vehicles, albeit slowly.
In public lots, some such outlets are turned on only when the temperature falls below −20 °C, further limiting their use. Standards Voltage and power The US-based SAE International defines Level 1 charging as using a standard 120 volt AC house outlet to charge an electric vehicle. This will take a long time to fully charge the car but if only used to commute or travel short distances, a full charge is not needed or can be done overnight. Level 1 is not used in countries where houses typically have 200-240 V. 240 volt AC charging is known as Level 2 charging.
In North and South America, 240 V is used for household appliances such as clothes driers but in many countries it is the default for most households. Level 2 chargers range from chargers installed in consumer garages, to relatively slow public chargers. They can charge an electric car battery in 4–10 hours. Level 2 chargers are often placed at destinations so that drivers can charge their car while at work or shopping. Level 2 charge points are standard in many countries outside of North and South America. In North and South America Level 2 home chargers are best for drivers who use their vehicles more often or require more flexibility.
"AC Level 3" charging was defined in early editions of SAE J1772 at up to 400 amps, but has been dropped. Edition 7 of J1772 (2017) states in Appendix M "AC Level 3 charging has never been implemented. The following is historical information for reference only." The term "Level 3" appears to have been adopted colloquially to mean DC "fast" charging, although "Level 3" was never defined to mean that in J1772. Table 17 in Appendix M of J1772 (2017) lists AC Level 2 and AC Level 3 from 208 to 240 VAC, and DC Charging with 208-600 V input and 0–1000 V DC output.
A Level 3 charging station may cost $120,000. DC charging generally supports charging up to 500 volts for passenger cars. Some newer high-end passenger car EVs and many heavy duty EV trucks and buses use DC charging with a nominal DC voltage of 700 V or higher, but below 1000 V peak. The organization CHAdeMO was the world's first standardized fast charging protocol with mass-produced EVs in the market. DC chargers in North America often use a 480 VAC input delivering 62.5 kW (peak power can be as much as 120 kW and is varied across the charge. 208 VAC inputs to the charger are also used, and 400 VAC is standard in Europe.
The Tesla Supercharger is the most ubiquitous in the United States. For a Tesla Model S75, a supercharger can add around of range in about 30 minutes or a full charge in around 75 minutes. As of April 2018, Tesla reports that they have 1,210 supercharging stations and is continuously expanding the network. Another standards organization, The International Electrotechnical Commission, defines charging in modes (IEC 62196).
Mode 1 – slow charging from a regular electrical socket (single- or three-phase) Mode 2 – slow charging from a regular socket but with some EV specific protection arrangement (e.g., the Park & Charge or the PARVE systems) Mode 3 – slow or fast charging using a specific EV multi-pin socket with control and protection functions (e.g., SAE J1772 and IEC 62196) Mode 4 – fast charging using some special charger technology such as CHAdeMO There are three connection cases: Case A is any charger connected to the mains (the mains supply cable is usually attached to the charger) usually associated with modes 1 or 2.
Case B is an on-board vehicle charger with a mains supply cable which can be detached from both the supply and the vehicle – usually mode 3. Case C is a dedicated charging station with DC supply to the vehicle. The mains supply cable may be permanently attached to the charge-station such as in mode 4.
Plugs There are four plug types: Type 1 – single-phase vehicle coupler – reflecting the SAE J1772/2009 automotive plug specifications Type 2 – single- and three-phase vehicle coupler – reflecting the VDE-AR-E 2623-2-2 plug specifications Type 3 – single- and three-phase vehicle coupler equipped with safety shutters – reflecting the EV Plug Alliance proposal Type 4 – fast charge coupler – for special systems such as CHAdeMO For Combined Charging System (CCS) DC charging which requires PLC (Powerline Communications), two extra connectors are added at the bottom of Type 1 or Type 2 vehicle inlets and charging plugs to connect high voltage DC charging stations to the battery of the vehicle.
These are commonly known as Combo 1 or Combo 2 connectors. The choice of Combo 1 or Combo 2 style inlets is normally standardised on a per-country basis, so that public charging providers do not need to fit cables with both variants. Generally, North America uses Combo 1 style vehicle inlets, most of the rest of the world uses Combo 2 style vehicle inlets for CCS. Reports emerged in late July 2013 of a significant conflict between the companies responsible for the two types of charging plugs. The Japanese-developed CHAdeMO standard is favored by Nissan, Mitsubishi, and Toyota, while the SAE J1772 Combo standard is backed by GM, Ford, Volkswagen, and BMW.
Both are direct-current quick-charging systems designed to charge the battery of an electric vehicle to 80 percent in approximately 20 minutes, but the two systems are completely incompatible. In light of an ongoing feud between the two groups, experts in the field warned that the momentum of the electric vehicle market will be severely affected. Richard Martin, editorial director for clean technology marketing and consultant firm Navigant Research, stated: Fast charging, however and whenever it gets built out, is going to be key for the development of a mainstream market for plug-in electric vehicles. The broader conflict between the CHAdeMO and SAE Combo connectors, we see that as a hindrance to the market over the next several years that needs to be worked out.
EV charging station signs In the United States, the standard charging station sign is defined in the Federal Highway Administration's Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) 2009 edition. In July 2013, FHWA released interim MUTCD approval for charging station signs located on public roads governed by MUTCD standards. There is an open source, public domain European charge station sign proposed. Related technologies Smart grid communication Recharging a large battery pack presents a high load on the electrical grid, but this can be scheduled for periods of reduced load or reduced electricity costs. In order to schedule the recharging, either the charging station or the vehicle can communicate with the smart grid.
Some plug-in vehicles allow the vehicle operator to control recharging through a web interface or smartphone app. Furthermore, in a vehicle-to-grid scenario the vehicle battery can supply energy to the grid at periods of peak demand. This requires additional communication between the grid, charging station, and vehicle electronics. SAE International is developing a range of standards for energy transfer to and from the grid including SAE J2847/1 "Communication between Plug-in Vehicles and the Utility Grid". ISO and IEC are also developing a similar series of standards known as ISO/IEC 15118: "Road vehicles -- Vehicle to grid communication interface". Renewable electricity and RE charging stations Charging stations are usually connected to the electrical grid, which often means that their electricity originates from fossil-fuel power stations or nuclear power plants.
Solar power is also suitable for electric vehicles. Nidec Industrial Solutions has designed a system that can be powered by either the grid or renewable energy sources like PV (50-320 kW). SolarCity is marketing its solar energy systems along with electric car charging installations. The company has announced a partnership with Rabobank to make electric car charging available for free to owners of Tesla vehicles traveling on Highway 101 between San Francisco and Los Angeles. Other cars that can make use of same charging technology are welcome. SPARC station The SPARC (Solar Powered Automotive ReCharging Station) uses a single custom fabricated monocrystalline solar panel capable of producing 2.7 kW of peak power to charge pure electric or plug-in hybrid to 80% capacity without drawing electricity from the local grid.
Plans for the SPARC include a non-grid tied system as well as redundancy for tying to the grid through a renewable power plan. This supports their claim for net-zero driving of electric vehicles. E-Move charging station The E-Move Charging Station is equipped with eight monocrystalline solar panels, which can supply 1.76 kWp of solar power. With further refinements, the designers are hoping to generate about 2000 kWh of electricity from the panels over the year. Wind-powered charging station In 2012, Urban Green Energy introduced the world's first wind-powered electric vehicle charging station, the Sanya SkyPump. The design features a 4 kW vertical-axis wind turbine paired with a GE WattStation.
See also Automated charging machine Direct coupling ECOtality Electric vehicle battery Electric vehicle network Inductive charging GridPoint Filling station IAV List of energy storage projects Magne Charge OpenEVSE Pantographs and underbody collectors Park & Charge Plugless Power Radio-frequency identification RFID Solar Roadways Solar vehicle Street light Notes External links Category:Electric vehicles
Dr. Javad Parvizi is an American Board Certified Orthopaedic Surgeon and the director of clinical research at the Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia. He holds the James Edwards Professor Chair of Orthopaedics at Thomas Jefferson Univerity. He is the co-founder of the International Consensus Meeting and President of the Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS). Education Dr. Javad Parvizi trained in the United Kingdom, the United States and Switzerland. He earned his medical degree from the University of Sheffield, UK in 1991 and then underwent specialist surgical training in Newcastle, UK. In 1995, he moved to Rochester, US, to the Mayo Clinic as a research fellow and graduate student.
In 1997 he obtained a Master of Science in Orthopaedics from the Mayo Foundation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester. He then started the residency in Orthopaedic Surgery at the Mayo clinic. After finishing the residency in 2002, he was awarded the “Hip Society-Muller Foundation Fellowship” in Adult Reconstruction to spend additional surgical training at the Insalspital Hospital at the University of Berne, Switzerland. In Berne, he worked with Dr.Maurice Edmond Müller, and Professor Reinhold Ganz to learn joint preservation surgical management of the hip. .After his training in Bern, he joined the Rothman Institute in 2003, where he has remained until this date.
Research and Career The most important area of his research is infections following joint replacement and also conducted research on the bacterial free-floating biofilms that form in human joint infections. He also did research on the low-dose aspirin is as effective as higher-dose aspirin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism and is associated with fewer gastrointestinal side effects. Dr. Javad Parvizi is a Joint Replacement Surgeon at the Rothman Orthopaedic Speciality Hospital and also serving at the Thomas Jefferson University Hospital as a Vice Chairman of Research. During his tenure at Jefferson Medical College, he served in different positions from Assistant Professor to Professor in the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery.
He served as the President of the Eastern Orthopaedic Association in the year 2018. Awards and honors Dr. Javad Parvizi received the Chitranjan Ranawat Award from the Knee Society. Additional awards include the Mark Coventry Award, Insall Award, ASHP best practice award, Best researcher of the year award, and Otto Aufranc Award. He served as one of the board of directors at Maurice. E. Muller Foundation of North America and presented at the 2019 American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons annual meeting. Patents Dr. Javad Parvizi obtained several patents for his inventions. His patents include Materials and methods for diagnosis of peri-implant bone and joint infections using prophenoloxidase pathway (US20170045532A1), Methods utilizing d-dimer for diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (WO2017151794A1), and Covalent modification of decellularized allogeneic grafts with active pharmaceuticals (WO2017059418A1).
Books Orthopedic Examination Made Easy. Amazon Books. 2006. Operative Techniques in Joint Reconstruction Surgery. 2016. High Yield Orthopaedics. Elsevier. 2010. Essentials in Total Hip Arthroplasty. Slack Incorporated. 2009. Operative Techniques in Adult Reconstruction Surgery. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2010. Grants Dr. Javad Parvizi's research on Musculoskeletal infection was funded by the National Institute of Health (NIH) agency and the project started on 25th September 2013 and it ended on 31st August 2014 and the total cost incurred for this project is $15,000. Dr. Javad Parvizi's research on Smart hip Implants with the modified biological surface was funded by the National Institute of Health (NIH) agency and the project started on 1st May 2005 and it ended on 30th March 2010 and the total cost incurred for this project is $87,480.
Publications Javad Parvizi, and Kyung-Hoi Koo. "Should a Urinary Tract Infection Be Treated before a Total Joint Arthroplasty?". Journal of Hip and Pelvis. Javad Parvizi, Thorsten Gehrke, Michael A. Mont, and John J. Callaghan. "Introduction: Proceedings of International Consensus on Orthopedic Infections". The Journal of Arthroplasty. Javad Parvizi, Laurent Sedel, and Michael Dunbar. "Clinical Faceoff: Instability After THA The Potential Role of the Bearing Surface". Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. Javad Parvizi, Jessica R Benson, and Jeffrey M Muir. "A new mini-navigation tool allows accurate component placement during anterior total hip arthroplasty". Journal of Dovepress. Javad Parvizi, Timothy L.Tan, Karan Goswami, Carlos Higuera, Craig Della Valle, Antonia F.Chen, and Noam Shohat.
"The 2018 Definition of Periprosthetic Hip and Knee Infection: An Evidence-Based and Validated Criteria". The Journal of Arthroplasty. External links https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Javad_Parvizi2 https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/Javad-Parvizi/31283531 References Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people
The Lucas L11 is a French ultralight aircraft that was designed by Emile Lucas. The aircraft is supplied in the form of plans for amateur construction. Design and development The aircraft was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight rules. It features a cantilever low-wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit, fixed tricycle landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration. The aircraft is made from sheet aluminum with its windshield made from a single piece of flat plastic to save money on construction costs. Access to the cockpit is via gull-winged doors. Its span wing has an area of and is equipped with flaps.
The standard recommended engine is the Jabiru 2200 four-stroke powerplant. Variants L 11 Base model with a tapered wing. L 12 Version with a rectangular wing and simplified construction, offered as a kit only. Specifications (L11) References External links Category:2000s French ultralight aircraft Category:Homebuilt aircraft Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft Category:Low-wing aircraft
The Nibblers are fictional characters who have their own comic strip in the UK comic The Beano. Also known as 'The Bash Street Mice', The Nibblers were a community of mice who lived in a hole in the wall, and were always stealing food from Porky, the fat owner of the house. Porky and his cat Whiskers were repeatedly foiled in their attempts to catch The Nibblers, who nearly always had the last laugh. Like The Bash Street Kids, the Nibblers all had distinct personalities. Their names were: His Nibs – The chief nibbler. Cheddar George – Champion guzzler. Gordonzola – Half-Scottish, half-Italian.
Enor Mouse – Strong, but er... daft. Chiseller – Our engineer. Sniffler – A nose for food and trouble. Scritch and Scratch – The terrible twins, similar to Snitch and Snatch in Lord Snooty. The strip originally ran from 1970 to 1974. In 1977 it was revived, and continued in the comic until 1984. The initial run was drawn by Ron Spencer, and the second by John Sherwood. In the Ratz strip in the Beano Annual 2009, Herman, one of the main characters, goes off to Hollywood. Keef and Rod look for a new Herman and the Nibblers audition for the vacancy.
They made a surprise reappearance in the 2012 annual, drawn by David Sutherland, along with a reprint in the weekly comic's Retro Beano section in issue 3597, dated 6 August 2011. They also appeared weekly drawn by Hunt Emerson as a full-page strip. Category:Beano strips
According to 2 Samuel, the Battle of the Wood of Ephraim was a military conflict between the rebel forces of the formerly exiled Israelite prince Absalom against the royal forces of his father King David during a short-lived revolt. Scholarly opinion is divided as to the historicity of the events in the Books of Samuel. Some scholars believe that the Books of Samuel contain a large amount of historical information, while others view them as entirely fictional. Background Absalom, the third son of King David of Israel, had been newly returned from three years in exile in Geshur for the murder of his half-brother, Amnon and received a pardon with some restrictions.
Later, he began a campaign to win the lost favour and trust of the people, which was successful. Having his request to his father King David to leave Jerusalem under false pretense to worship at Hebron granted, he left with an escort of 200 men unaware of his real intention. Upon arriving in the city, Absalom sent messengers to all the leaders and tribal princes throughout the empire to back him as king Meanwhile, back in Hebron he continued to sacrifice under the false guise that he was only there to worship God while still gathering officials and important people in the empire growing his numbers and strength, namely Ahithophel of Giloh one of the royal councilors.
When News of Absalom's now open revolt in Hebron reached the royal Israelite court in Jerusalem King David ordered the city and court evacuated fearing that the rebel forces under Absalom would besiege him in the city, and left with his elite Cherethite/Pelethite Royal guard, a mercenary force of 600 Gathites under their commander Ittai the Gittite, and the entire Israelite royal house. They marched to the Kidron valley and stopped at the bank of the Jordan river and then crossed leaving behind several spies and double agents to subvert Absalom and his conspirators and infiltrate their court and leak information on the rebel movements.
David made camp there as a king in exile. Battle Absalom now determined to commence the attack with his vast host. He chose Amasa, one of Joab's kinsmen, as general, and marched out of Jerusalem into the land of Gilead. When David had entered Mahanaim with his forces, his name had preserved its wonderful charm; hundreds, and thousands, of daring warriors flocked to his aid, and passed before him to the battle, as he stood at the gate of the city. David divided the army into three parts—one was to be led by Joab; one by Abishai; and the third by Ittai, the trusted friend and commander from Gath.
David then declared that he would head the army himself. But his soldiers would not allow David to risk his life; they entreated him to remain in the city. When all was ready, David gave to the three Generals this parting injunction, "Deal gently, for my sake, with the young man, with Absalom." The two armies met in a forest of Ephraim. It was a great and terrible battle. The rebel forces were unable to maneuver because the thickness of trees, and their numbers were reduced by the underbrush of the forest. The forces of Absalom were thus routed by the royal forces of David.
Absalom himself fled. As he was riding through the woods on his mule, he was caught by the long locks of his hair under the spreading branches of a large tree. Unable to free himself, he remained suspended, his mule had escaped. One of David's servants brought this intelligence to General Joab, who gave the order that Absalom be put to death and the royal troops disengage immediately thereafter. References Category:10th-century BC conflicts Category:Books of Samuel Category:David Category:Hebrew Bible battles Category:Wars of ancient Israel
The Caterpillar D5 is a small track-type bulldozer manufactured by Caterpillar Inc. The original D5 series was only produced in 1939. The current D5 series being produced is the D5K. Versions D5 (9M) was originally built in 1939, with only 46 built. It was a cross between the D4 chassis and the 6-cylinder D6 45 hp D4600 engine. D5 - reintroduced in 1967. D5B - 1977 D5 SA - Special Application agricultural tractor D5H an elevated sprocket model introduced in 1985. D5H LGP - Low ground pressure version with wide & long tracks, for soft ground D5K - current version D5K Specifications Engine Gross Power: 74.5 kW (100 hp) Net Power: 71.6 kW (96 hp) Bore: 105 mm Weight in kg 15,000 approx.
Weights XL Operating weight: 9408 kg (20,741 lb) LGP Operating weight: 9683 kg (21,347 lb) See also Heavy equipment Caterpillar D6 Caterpillar D4 List of Caterpillar Inc. machines References D05 D05 Category:Bulldozers
The iceberg theory or theory of omission is a writing technique coined by American writer Ernest Hemingway. As a young journalist, Hemingway had to focus his newspaper reports on immediate events, with very little context or interpretation. When he became a writer of short stories, he retained this minimalistic style, focusing on surface elements without explicitly discussing underlying themes. Hemingway believed the deeper meaning of a story should not be evident on the surface, but should shine through implicitly. Background Like other American writers such as Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, Theodore Dreiser, Sinclair Lewis and Willa Cather, Hemingway worked as a journalist before becoming a novelist.
After graduating from high school he went to work as a cub reporter for The Kansas City Star, where he quickly learned that truth often lurks below the surface of a story. He learned about corruption in city politics, and that in hospital emergency rooms and police stations a mask of cynicism was worn "like armour to shield whatever vulnerabilities remained". In his pieces he wrote about relevant events, excluding the background. As foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star, while living in Paris in the early 1920s, he covered the Greco-Turkish War in more than a dozen articles. As his biographer Jeffrey Meyers explains, "he objectively reported only the immediate events in order to achieve a concentration and intensity of focus—a spotlight rather than a stage".
From the Greco-Turkish War he gained valuable writing experience that he translated to the writing of fiction. He believed fiction could be based on reality, but that if an experience were to be distilled, as he explained, then "what he made up was truer than what he remembered". Definition In 1923, Hemingway conceived of the idea of a new theory of writing after finishing his short story "Out of Season". In A Moveable Feast, his posthumously published memoirs about his years as a young writer in Paris, he explains: "I omitted the real end [of "Out of Season"] which was that the old man hanged himself.
This was omitted on my new theory that you could omit anything ... and the omitted part would strengthen the story." In chapter sixteen of Death in the Afternoon he compares his theory about writing to an iceberg. Hemingway's biographer Carlos Baker believed that as a writer of short stories Hemingway learned "how to get the most from the least, how to prune language and avoid waste motion, how to multiply intensities, and how to tell nothing but the truth in a way that allowed for telling more than the truth." Baker also notes that the writing style of the "iceberg theory" suggests that a story's narrative and nuanced complexities, complete with symbolism, operate under the surface of the story itself.
For example, Hemingway believed a writer could describe an action, such as Nick Adams fishing in "Big Two-Hearted River," while conveying a different message about the action itself—Nick Adams concentrating on fishing to the extent that he does not have to think about the unpleasantness of his war experience. In his essay "The Art of the Short Story", Hemingway is clear about his method: "A few things I have found to be true. If you leave out important things or events that you know about, the story is strengthened. If you leave or skip something because you do not know it, the story will be worthless.
The test of any story is how very good the stuff that you, not your editors, omit." A writer explained how it brings a story gravitas: From reading Rudyard Kipling Hemingway absorbed the practice of shortening prose as much as it could take. Of the concept of omission, Hemingway wrote in "The Art of the Short Story": "You could omit anything if you knew that you omitted and the omitted part would strengthen the story and make people feel something more than they understood." By making invisible the structure of the story, he believed the author strengthened the piece of fiction and that the "quality of a piece could be judged by the quality of the material the author eliminated."
His style added to the aesthetic: using "declarative sentences and direct representations of the visible world" with simple and plain language, Hemingway became "the most influential prose stylist in the twentieth century" according to biographer Meyers. In her paper "Hemingway's Camera Eye", Zoe Trodd explains that Hemingway uses repetition in prose to build a collage of snapshots to create an entire picture. Of his iceberg theory, she claims, it "is also a glacier waterfall, infused with movement by his multi-focal aesthetic". Furthermore, she believes that Hemingway's iceberg theory "demanded that the reader feel the whole story" and that the reader is meant to "fill the gaps left by his omissions with their feelings".
Hemingway scholar Jackson Benson believes Hemingway used autobiographical details to work as framing devices to write about life in general—not only about his life. For example, Benson postulates that Hemingway used his experiences and drew them out further with "what if" scenarios: "what if I were wounded in such a way that I could not sleep at night? What if I were wounded and made crazy, what would happen if I were sent back to the front?" By separating himself from the characters he created, Hemingway strengthens the drama. The means of achieving a strong drama is to minimize, or omit, the feelings that produced the fiction he wrote.
Hemingway's iceberg theory highlights the symbolic implications of art. He makes use of physical action to provide an interpretation of the nature of man's existence. It can be convincingly proved that, "while representing human life through fictional forms, he has consistently set man against the background of his world and universe to examine the human situation from various points of view." Early fiction and short stories Wendolyn Tetlow believes that Hemingway's early fiction such as "Indian Camp" shows his lack of concern for character development by simply placing the character in his or her surroundings. However, in "Indian Camp" the use of descriptive detail such as a screaming woman, men smoking tobacco, and an infected wound build a sense of veracity.
In other words, a story can communicate by subtext; for instance, Hemingway's "Hills Like White Elephants" does not mention the word "abortion", although in the story the male character seems to be attempting to convince his girlfriend to have an abortion. "Big Two-Hearted River", Hemingway explains, "is about a boy ... coming home from the war ... So the war, all mention of the war, anything about the war, is omitted." Hemingway intentionally left out something in "Indian Camp" and "Big Two-Hearted River"—two stories he considered to be good. Baker explains that Hemingway's stories about sports are often about the athletes themselves and that the sport is incidental to the story.
Moreover, the story "A Clean Well Lighted Place" which on the surface is about nothing more than men drinking in a cafe late at night, is in fact about that which brings the men to the cafe to drink, and the reasons they seek light in the night—none of which is available in the surface of the plot, but lurks in the iceberg below. Hemingway's story "Big Two-Hearted River" is ostensibly about nothing, as is "A Clean Well Lighted Place", but within nothing lies the crux of the story. Novels Hemingway scholar Jackson Benson further believes that the omission Hemingway applies functions as a sort of buffer between himself as the creator of a character and the character.
He explains that as an author creates a "distance" between himself and the character he "becomes more practiced, it would seem." Benson says in Hemingway's fiction the distance is necessary, and successful in early fiction such as in The Sun Also Rises, but if he as "the author does not deliberately create such distance the fiction fails," as in the later works such as Across the River and into the Trees. Baker calls Hemingway's Across the River and into the Trees a "lyric-poetical novel" in which each scene has an underlying truth presented via symbolism. According to Meyers an example of omission is that Renata, like other heroines in Hemingway's fiction, suffers a major "shock"—the murder of her father and the subsequent loss of her home—to which Hemingway alludes only briefly.
Hemingway's pared down narrative forces the reader to solve connections. As Stoltzfus remarks: "Hemingway walks the reader to the bridge that he must cross alone without the narrator's help." Hemingway believed that if context or background had been written about by another, and written about well, then it could be left out of his writing. Of The Old Man and the Sea he explains: "In writing you are limited to by what has already been done satisfactorily. So I have tried to do something else. First I have tried to eliminate everything unnecessary to conveying experience to the reader so that after he has read something it will become part of his experience and seem actually to have happened."
Paul Smith, author of Hemingway's Early Manuscript: The Theory and Practice of Omission, believes Hemingway applied the theory of omission in effort to "strengthen [the] iceberg". Legacy In October 1954 Hemingway received the Nobel Prize in Literature. He jokingly told the press he believed Carl Sandburg and Isak Dinesen deserved the prize more than he, but that the prize money would be welcome. The prize was awarded to Hemingway "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style." A few days after the announcement, Hemingway spoke with a Time magazine correspondent, while on his boat fishing off the coast of Cuba.
When asked about the use of symbolism in his work, and particularly in the most recently published Old Man and the Sea, he explained: No good book has ever been written that has in it symbols arrived at beforehand and stuck in ... That kind of symbol sticks out like raisins in raisin bread. Raisin bread is all right, but plain bread is better. ... I tried to make a real old man, a real boy, a real sea, a real fish and real sharks. But if I made them good and true enough they would mean many things. The hardest thing is to make something really true and sometimes truer than true.
See also Abductive reasoning Case-based reasoning Casuistry Concision Gonzo journalism I know it when I see it Purposeful omission Show, don't tell References Sources Category:Narratology Category:American literature Category:Ernest Hemingway Category:Literary theory
Book of Love (), also titled Finding Mr. Right 2 in English, is a 2016 Chinese-Hong Kong romance film directed and written by Xue Xiaolu and starring Tang Wei and Wu Xiubo. It was released in China by EDKO (Beijing) Distribution on April 29, 2016. Book of Love is director-writer Xue Xiaolu's follow-up to the 2013 hit Finding Mr. Right, and it reunites her with lead actors Tang Wei and Wu Xiubo from the first movie, although the two films' plots are not related. Notably, the two leads have separate storylines throughout the movie, only communicating with each other through handwritten letters until their first meeting towards the end of the film.
Plot Jiao Ye (played by Tang Wei) is a casino hostess in Macau who accompanies customers as they gamble and earns a living from their tips. Her father, who brought her to Macau from mainland China, was an inveterate gambler who has since died, leaving her with a large pile of debts and a gambling habit of her own. Despite this, she is a good-natured girl who balances her money problems with a longing to find some meaning in her life and a boyfriend she has feelings for. Daniel Luo (Wu Xiubo) is a real estate broker in Los Angeles who moved there with his parents from Beijing 20 years prior, although they subsequently divorced and both returned to China.
Daniel has since built an outwardly successful life for himself in California, selling properties to wealthy Chinese buyers, but his parents' divorce when he was young still affects him, and he refuses to get into any kind of close emotional relationship. Both Jiao and Daniel come across an old book, 84 Charing Cross Road, which tells the story of New York writer Helene Hanff and her 20-year correspondence with British bookseller Frank Doel, whose shop was at 84 Charing Cross Road in London. Daniel and Jiao, both in foul moods and blaming the book for recent misfortunes in their lives, decide to get rid of it by mailing the book to the address in the title.
Unbeknown to either of them, the current proprietor of 84 Charing Cross Road, Mr Thomas, is an elderly gentleman who enjoys matchmaking and redirects the letters from Jiao and Daniel to each other. Over the course of the next year, Daniel and Jiao begin a regular correspondence by sending letters to 84 Charing Cross Road, each believing the other to be a Chinese person living in London. Mr Thomas continues forwarding their letters without their knowledge. The letters are hostile at first, but eventually a genuine friendship develops. Jiao incurs a large debt and accompanies a rich client to Las Vegas to pay it off.
Meanwhile, Daniel befriends an elderly Chinese couple who own a house he wants to buy, but since he knows they would never approve of his plan to tear their house down and replace it with two new ones, he tries an underhanded tactic to trick them into selling. As part of his plan, he also takes them to Las Vegas for a vacation, and nearly crosses paths with Jiao several times, although neither knows what the other looks like. Daniel begins to feel guilty about what he is doing, and his plan is eventually found out by the old couple.
Jiao's relationship with her client ends, and she and Daniel console each other through their letters. Around the same time, they also both decide to reveal their real identities to each other. However, Mr Thomas passes away before the letters admitting their identities can be forwarded on, and both Jiao and Daniel believe the other person has decided to break off the relationship. They also have no way of getting in touch with each other anymore. Realizing their growing feelings for each other, and desperately seeking news of what has happened to the other person, Daniel and Jiao travel separately to 84 Charing Cross Road, where they learn the truth about who has been forwarding their letters, and are also told about Mr Thomas's upcoming funeral.
At the service, they just miss finding each other, although Daniel realizes that Jiao was also in attendance when he sees a tribute card she leaves for Mr Thomas at the funeral. However, none of their attempts to locate the other person work. Having given up, both Daniel and Jiao return to 84 Charing Cross Road one last time to leave a farewell letter, where they finally meet. The film ends as the two stroll through London's South Bank at night, chatting about their lives. Cast Tang Wei Wu Xiubo Kara Hui Paul Chun Wu Yanshu Cherry Ngan Wang Zhiwen Lu Yi Zu Feng Wang Qian Liu Zhihong Zhang Yibai Ai Liya Sam Lee Chen Chuang Han Zhang Reception The film was number-one on its opening weekend in China, with .
References External links Category:Chinese films Category:Hong Kong films Category:Chinese romantic drama films Category:Films directed by Xue Xiaolu
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Florbetaben (18F)}} Florbetaben, a fluorine-18 (18F)-labeled stilbene derivative (formerly known as BAY-949172), trade name NeuraCeq , is a diagnostic radiotracer developed for routine clinical application to visualize β-amyloid plaques in the brain. It is indicated for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging of β-amyloid neuritic plaque density in the brains of adult patients with cognitive impairment who are being evaluated for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other causes of cognitive impairment. β-amyloid is a key neuropathological hallmark of AD, so markers of β-amyloid plaque accumulation in the brain are useful in distinguishing AD from other causes of dementia. The tracer successfully completed a global multicenter phase 0–III development program and obtained approval in Europe, US and South Korea in 2014.
Alzheimer's disease and amyloid-beta PET imaging More than 44 million people worldwide have been diagnosed with some type of dementia, with two-thirds of this population likely to suffer from a mild, moderate or even severe form of AD. This number is expected to double by 2030 and triple by 2050. Accurate diagnosis and early identification of cognitive and functional impairment due to AD and other etiologies are critical for optimization of patient care and initiation of appropriate therapies. Despite the importance of early and accurate detection of dementia, in practice, many individuals are misdiagnosed or remain even undiagnosed. The deposition of β-amyloid is considered as one hallmark in the pathogenesis of AD, and most likely begins years before the onset of detectable cognitive symptoms.
Clinical testing using neuropsychology or memory examinations is the standard tool to diagnose AD as clinically possible or probable. Confirmation of the clinical diagnosis requires the identification of β-amyloid plaques in the brain. Until recently, this was only possible after death, in postmortem histopathology. The need of diagnosis confirmation during life has led to the development and incorporation of biomarkers, such as cerebrospinal fluid and amyloid imaging markers, as supplementary tools to facilitate clinical testing in the workflow of AD diagnosis. When used in conjunction with other clinical tests, florbetaben can assist in the diagnosis of AD by detecting the presence or absence of β-amyloid plaques.
This is particularly relevant at the prodromal AD stage of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and at the dementia stage of this disease, where clinical tests lack accuracy to establish a trustworthy AD diagnosis. Florbetaben Development Program Florbetaben binding to β-amyloid plaques on human brain samples was originally demonstrated in 2005. Highly selective binding for β-amyloid over other proteins (e.g., tau and a-synuclein) has been demonstrated in vitro. Initial single-center studies demonstrated the potential for florbetaben PET imaging to discriminate between AD patients and non-AD patients or healthy volunteers. Single dose pharmacokinetics of 300 MBq florbetaben of low or high mass dose (<=5 and 50–55 μg) showed no relevant differences between Japanese and Caucasian populations.
When compared to healthy subjects, cortical uptake of florbetaben was demonstrated to be generally higher in a large proportion of patients with a clinical diagnosis of AD or mild cognitive impairment. Longitudinal data of 45 patients with MCI indicated that florbetaben PET imaging may be useful to identify patients who will progress to AD. A substantial proportion of patients with a positive florbetaben PET scan progressed to AD-dementia over a 2-year and 4-year time frame. At 4-year follow-up, 88% (21/24) of individuals with MCI and positive florbetaben uptake converted to clinical dementia due to AD, whereas none of 21 florbetaben-negative individuals with MCI experienced a conversion.
The pivotal phase III study investigated the relationship of florbetaben imaging and amyloid deposition in the brain in patients with a clinical diagnosis of AD and other dementias and subjects without dementia. Florbetaben PET imaging showed strong tracer accumulation in the anatomically matched brain regions confirmed to have β-amyloid plaques by postmortem histopathology, thus providing direct target validation for florbetaben. Evaluation of whole brain florbetaben PET images using the clinically applicable visual assessment method demonstrated that florbetaben provides good diagnostic efficacy in detecting/excluding cerebral neuritic β-amyloid plaques. Sensitivity and specificity of the whole brain assessment was 98 and 89%, respectively, against the histopathological standard of truth.
Good agreement between blinded readers (kappa 0.90) was reported. Furthermore, high negative and positive predictive values were reported for florbetaben imaging to exclude or detect β-amyloid plaques (negative predictive value 96.0% and positive predictive value 93.9%, see ). Intravenous injections of florbetaben are generally well tolerated in all subject groups. Analysis of 872 patients with 978 florbetaben administrations found no serious adverse reactions related to the tracer. All adverse reactions reported were mild to moderate in severity and temporary only. The most common reactions (incidence < 1%) were injection-site pain (3.9% of patients), injection-site erythema (1.7%) and injection-site irritation (1.2%).
There was no overall difference in the tolerability of florbetaben between different age populations. Repeated annual florbetaben injections showed no differences in the tolerability profile. Risks and side effects are addressed in the patient information leaflet. You may also ask your doctor or pharmacist for further information. See also Florbetapir Flutemetamol Pittsburgh compound B References External links Syed, Y.Y. and E. Deeks, 18F-Florbetaben: A Review in beta-Amyloid PET Imaging in Cognitive Impairment. CNS Drugs, 2015 Sabri, O., et al., Beta-amyloid imaging with florbetaben. Clin Transl Imaging, 2015: p. 1-14 NeuraCeqTM (florbetaben F18 injection) product website Company website Category:Alzheimer's disease Category:Radiopharmaceuticals Category:Radiocontrast agents Category:Fluoroethyl compounds Category:Stilbenoids Category:Anilines
The Europe/Africa Zone was one of the three zones of the regional Davis Cup competition in 1998. In the Europe/Africa Zone there were four different tiers, called groups, in which teams competed against each other to advance to the upper tier. The top two teams in Group IV advanced to the Europe/Africa Zone Group III in 1999. All other teams remained in Group IV. Participating nations Draw Venue: Lugogo Tennis Club, Kampala, Uganda Date: 28 January–1 February Group A Group B 1st to 4th place play-offs 5th to 8th place play-offs Final standings and promoted to Group III in 1999.
Round robin Group A Uganda vs. Armenia Benin vs. Djibouti Uganda vs. Benin Armenia vs. Djibouti Uganda vs. Djibouti Armenia vs. Benin Group B Azerbaijan vs. Botswana Cameroon vs. Sudan Azerbaijan vs. Cameroon Botswana vs. Sudan Azerbaijan vs. Sudan Botswana vs. Cameroon 1st to 4th place play-offs Semifinals Armenia vs. Botswana Cameroon vs. Benin Final Armenia vs. Benin 3rd to 4th play-off Botswana vs. Cameroon 5th to 8th place play-offs 5th to 8th play-offs Uganda vs. Sudan Azerbaijan vs. Djibouti 5th to 6th play-off Azerbaijan vs. Uganda 7th to 8th play-off Djibouti vs. Sudan References External links Davis Cup official website Category:Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Europe/Africa Zone Group IV
Bill Kaulitz (born September 1, 1989), also known mononymously as Billy (stylized as BILLY) for his solo act, is a German singer, songwriter, voice actor, designer, and model. He is best known for his work from 2001 to the present as the lead singer of the band Tokio Hotel. Early life Bill Kaulitz was born on 1 September 1989 in Leipzig, German Democratic Republic. He has an identical twin brother, Tom, who is older by ten minutes. His parents, Simone Kaulitz and Jörg W., separated when Kaulitz and his brother were seven years old. Simone married Gordon Trümper, the guitarist from the German rock band Fatun on 1 August 2009, after dating for 12 years.
Kaulitz showed an early interest in singing, as did Tom in playing guitar. Trümper noticed the twins' musical inclinations, and helped the twins to start their own band. According to Kaulitz in several interviews, he and Tom started writing music at the age of seven years. Career Early musical career (1999–2003) At the age of ten the brothers began performing live in Magdeburg, near their hometown of Loitsche They played small shows and while their audiences enjoyed them, they were largely unknown. The band lacked a drummer and bass player and the twins relied on a keyboard to fill in other instrumental sounds.
The year the brothers turned twelve, they met Georg Listing (then 14) and Gustav Schäfer (then 13), in the audience of one of their shows. Listing and Schäfer were friends and after the show, having liked what they heard and saw, made an offer to join. The band was promptly renamed "Devilish" due to an article published at the time that referred to their "devilishly great" sound. The four continued to perform, but aside from being featured on a small-time German news program somewhere between late 2002 and early 2003, Devilish were not going anywhere until Kaulitz auditioned on the reality TV talent show "Star Search."
First releases This continued until 2005 when Jost arranged a meeting between the band and Universal Music Group's Interscope Records and Tokio Hotel was signed. They began working immediately, releasing their debut LP Schrei ("Scream") later that year. Their first single from Schrei was "Durch den Monsun" ("Through The Monsoon"), which reached #1 in Germany within a month of its release. First tour and growing success Tokio Hotel launched their debut tour in Germany, to support the release of Schrei and its singles. They toured Germany and also recorded a live DVD. On stage, Kaulitz was noted and well known for his energetic style and harmonizing with the fans (he would frequently let the audience sing verses instead of him).
In 2006, Kaulitz voiced the role of Arthur in the first part of the German version of the film Arthur and the Invisibles. Tokio Hotel were a household name in Germany at this point, and this compelled the band to return to the studio. After the success of Schrei, Tokio Hotel began working on their second album, Zimmer 483 (Room 483), released in February 2007. The album spawned three singles initially: "Übers Ende der Welt" ("Over the End of the World" – released as "Ready, Set, Go! "), "Spring nicht" ("Don't Jump"), and "An deiner Seite (Ich bin da)" ("By Your Side (I am there)" – released as "By Your Side").
A fourth single, "Heilig" ("Holy" – released as "Sacred"), was released in 2008. To support the release of Zimmer 483, Tokio Hotel began a continental tour of Europe, spawning another live DVD and a large publicity boost. International breakthrough (2007–2008) As Tokio Hotel's fanbase increased in the Western part of the world, Kaulitz and the band decided to re-record select songs from both Schrei and Zimmer 483 for a new English-language LP so that fans around the world could understand the band's songs. The result of these re-recorded songs was Tokio Hotel's debut English album, titled Scream. The album was released in Europe in mid-2007 (albeit with the name Room 483, the literal translation of Zimmer 483, to express its continuity with that album), however it did not reach release in the West until mid-2008.
Scream spawned four singles, including "Scream", "Monsoon" (the translated version of "Durch den Monsun" however the title was not 100% literally translated), "Don't Jump" (the translated version of "Spring Nicht"), and "Ready, Set, Go!" (the translated version of "Übers Ende der Welt", again not a literal translation of the title). Scream was moderately successful internationally, and to support the release, Tokio Hotel left Europe for the first time in their careers, and flew to the United States. In February 2008, Tokio Hotel first set foot in North America to play five shows, starting in Canada and ending in New York.
Tokio Hotel were the first German act since Nena to gain success internationally, and maintain their status. The U.S. tour was a success, but when they went back to Europe for their 1000 Hotels Tour, disaster struck. 1000 hotels tour and medical complications The 1000 Hotels Tour began in Brussels, Belgium, on 3 March 2008, and was set to continue through the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Scandinavia, ending on the 9 April. However eleven days after the start of the tour, on 14 March, Kaulitz began to experience voice problems in the middle of a show in Marseille, France.
He let the audience sing more often and the band cut their set down from twenty-one to sixteen songs. Two days after the incident in France, Tokio Hotel cancelled a show in Lisbon, Portugal moments before it was to commence. The band, with the exception of Kaulitz, came on the stage and apologized for the show being cancelled. They explained that Kaulitz was sick and was being flown back to Germany to see a specialist: he had played forty-three shows without a break and had developed an untreated throat infection. The infection caused a cyst to develop on the singer's vocal cords that had to be removed via larynx surgery on 30 March.
Kaulitz was unable to speak for ten days afterwards and had to undergo speech therapy for one month. By May 2008 Kaulitz had sufficiently recovered and Tokio Hotel rescheduled the 1000 Hotels Tour dates, adding several open-air concerts. The tour concluded on 13 July 2008 in Werchter, Belgium, and, despite the surgery and time taken off, was deemed a success. Humanoid (2008–2011) Over 2008 and 2009, Tokio Hotel returned to the recording studio to record their second English album and third German album. The result was Humanoid, which was a much more techno-oriented release and a new sound. Humanoid was released on October 6, 2009, and just short of a month later Tokio Hotel picked up the "Best Group" award at the EMAs in Berlin on November 5.