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relationship with the catholic hierarchy as he publicly espoused an increasingly heretical doctrine on february one one one eight eight five a response to the petition was received the government proposed to take a census of the north west territories and to form a commission to investigate grievances this angered the m tis who interpreted this as a mere delaying tactic a faction emerged that favoured taking up arms at once this was not supported by the church the majority of the english speaking community or indeed by the m tis faction supporting local leader charles nolin but riel undoubtedly influenced by his messianic delusions became increasingly supportive of this course of action in the church at saint laurent on march one five riel disrupted a sermon to argue for this position following which he was barred from receiving the sacraments and increasingly frequently discussed his divine revelations but disenchanted with the status quo and swayed by riel s charisma and eloquent rhetoric many m tis remaine |
d loyal to riel despite his proclaimations that bishop ignace bourget should be accepted as pope and that rome has fallen a clergymen at saint laurent later reported that in his strange and alarming folly he fascinated our poor half breeds as the snake is said to fascinate its victim open rebellion on march one eight it became known that the north west mounted police garrison at prince albert was being reinforced although only one zero zero men had been sent in response to warnings from father alexis andr and nwmp superintendent l n f crozier a rumour soon began to circulate that five zero zero heavily armed troops were advancing on the territory m tis patience was exhausted and riel s followers seized arms took hostages and cut the telegraph lines between batoche and prince albert a provisional government was declared at batoche on march one nine with riel as the political and spiritual leader and with dumont assuming responsibility for military affairs riel formed a council called the exovedate a neologism |
meaning those who have left the flock and sent representatives to court poundmaker and big bear on march two one riel s emissaries demanded that crozier surrender fort carlton but this was refused the situation was becoming critical and on march two three dewdney sent a telegraph to macdonald indicating that military intervention might be necessary scouting near duck lake on march two six a force led by gabriel dumont unexpectedly chanced upon a party from fort carlton in the ensuing battle of duck lake the police were routed and the indians also rose up once the news became known the die was cast for a violent outcome and the north west rebellion was begun in earnest louis riel imprisoned in middleton s camp at batoche may one six one eight eight five riel had counted on the canadian government being unable to effectively respond to another uprising in the distant north west territories thereby forcing them to accept political negotiation this was essentially the same strategy that had worked to such great e |
ffect during the one eight seven zero rebellion but in that instance the first troops did not arrive until three months after riel seized control however riel had completely overlooked the significance of the nascent canadian pacific railway despite major gaps in railway construction the first canadian regular and militia units under the command of major general frederick dobson middleton arrived in duck lake less than two weeks after riel had made his demands knowing that he could not defeat the canadians in direct confrontation dumont had hoped to force the canadians to negotiate by engaging in a long drawn out campaign of guerrilla warfare dumont realised a modest success along these lines at the battle of fish creek on april two four riel however insisted on concentrating forces at batoche in order to defend his city of god the outcome of the ensuing battle of batoche which took place from may nine may one two was never in doubt and on may one five a disheveled riel surrendered to canadian forces although |
big bear s forces managed to hold out until the battle of loon lake on june three the rebellion was a dismal failure for m tis and indian alike with most surrendering or fleeing trial for treason several individuals closely tied to the government requested that the trial be held in winnipeg in july of one eight eight five although several historians contend that the trial was moved to regina due to concerns with the possibility of an ethnically mixed and sympathetic jury historian thomas flanagan states that an amendment of the north west territories act which dropped the provision that trials with crimes punishable by death should be tried in manitoba meant that the trial could be convened within the north west territories and did not have to be held in winnipeg louis riel testifies at his trial prime minister sir john a macdonald ordered the trial to be convened in regina where riel was tried before a jury of six english and scottish protestants all from the area surrounding regina the trial began on july |
two eight one eight eight five and lasted only five days riel delivered two lengthy speeches during his trial defending his own actions and affirming the rights of the m tis people he rejected his lawyer s attempt to argue that he was not guilty by reason of insanity asserting life without the dignity of an intelligent being is not worth having the jury found him guilty but recommended mercy nonetheless judge hugh richardson sentenced him to death with the date of his execution initially set for september one eight one eight eight five fifty years later one of the jurors edwin brooks said that riel was tried for treason but hanged for the murder of thomas scott execution prior to his execution riel was reconciled with the catholic church and assigned father andr as his spiritual advisor he was also given writing materials so that he could employ his time in prison to write a book boulton writes in his memoirs that as the date of his execution approached riel regretted his opposition to the defense of insanity |
and vainly attempted to provide evidence that he was not sane after several requests for a retrial and an appeal to the privy council in england were denied louis riel was hanged for treason on november one six one eight eight five riel s tombstone at the st boniface cathedral boulton writes of riel s final moments p re andr after explaining to riel that the end was at hand asked him if he was at peace with men riel answered yes the next question was do you forgive all your enemies yes riel then asked him if he might speak father andr advised him not to do so he then received the kiss of peace from both the priests and father andr exclaimed in french alors allez au ciel riel s last words were to say good bye to dr jukes and thank him for his kindness and just before the white cap was pulled over his face he said remerciez madame forget the cap was pulled down and while he was praying the trap was pulled death was instantaneous his pulse ceased beating four minutes after the trap door fell the body was to hav |
e been interred inside the gallows enclosure and the grave was commenced but an order came from the lieutenant governor to hand the body over to sheriff chapleau which was accordingly done that night the prime minister sir john a macdonald who was instrumental in upholding riel s sentence is famously quoted as saying he shall hang though every dog in quebec bark in his favour following the execution his body was returned to his mother s home in st vital where it lay in state on december one two one eight eight five riel s remains were laid to rest in the churchyard of the saint boniface cathedral following the performance of a requiem mass legacy political legacy the saskatchewan m tis requested land grants were all provided by the government by the end of one eight eight seven and the government resurveyed the m tis river lots in accordance with their wishes the m tis did not understand the long term value of their new land however and it was soon bought by speculators who later turned huge profits from it i |
n many respects riel s worst fears were realised following the failed rebellion the french language and roman catholic religion faced increasing marginalisation in both saskatchewan and manitoba as exemplified by the controversy surrounding the manitoba schools question the m tis themselves were increasingly forced to live on undesirable land or in the shadow of indian reserves as they did not themselves have treaty status saskatchewan did not attain provincehood until one nine zero five riel s execution and macdonald s refusal to commute his sentence caused lasting upset in quebec and led to a fundamental alteration in the canadian political order in quebec honor mercier exploited discontent over riel s execution to reconstitute the parti national this party which promoted quebec nationalism won a majority in the one eight eight six quebec election by winning a number of seats formerly controlled by the quebec conservative party the federal election of one eight eight seven likewise saw significant gains by |
the federal liberals again at the expense of the conservatives this led to the victory of the liberal party under sir wilfrid laurier in the federal election of one eight nine six which in turn set the stage for the domination of canadian federal politics by the liberal party in the two zero th century that riel s name still has resonance in canadian politics was evidenced on november one six one nine nine four when suzanne tremblay a bloc qu b cois member of parliament introduced private members bill c two two eight an act to revoke the conviction of louis david riel the unsuccessful bill was widely perceived in english canada as an attempt to arouse support for quebec nationalism prior to the one nine nine five referendum on quebec sovereignty riel reconsidered the formerly widespread perception of louis riel as an insane traitor especially outside of the m tis and french canadian community has weakened considerably in the two one st century many now view riel as a hero who stood up for his people in the fa |
ce of a racist government and some who question his sanity still view him as an essentially honourable figure riel nevertheless presents an enigma although as historian j m s careless has observed it is possible that riel was both a murderer and a hero it is also possible that his rash decision to execute scott drastically altered the history of his people for example shortly after the red river rebellion the canadian government began a programme that speculators and other non m tis exploited to dispossess the m tis of their land had scott not been executed the government might well have supervised the program more rigorously given the prior good relations between canada and the m tis m tis scholars have noted that riel is a more important figure to non m tis than to m tis perhaps because he is often the only m tis figure most non m tis are aware of while it is by no means universally accepted historians such as thomas flanagan have pointed out certain parallels between riel s following during the north west |
rebellion and millenarian cults others have embraced his image as a revolutionary in the one nine six zero s the quebec terrorist group the front de lib ration du qu bec went so far as to adopt the name louis riel for one of its terrorist cells monuments and place names tortured louis riel statue at the coll ge universitaire de saint boniface a statue of riel now stands on parliament hill in ottawa and two statues of riel are located in winnipeg one of the winnipeg statues the work of architect marcien gaboury and sculptor marcien lemay depicts riel as a naked and tortured figure it was unveiled in one nine seven zero and stood on the grounds of the legislative assembly of manitoba for two three years after much outcry especially from the m tis community that the statue was an undignified mis representation the statue was removed and placed at the coll ge universitaire de saint boniface it was replaced in one nine nine four with a statue designed by miguel joyal depicting riel as a dignified statesman statue |
of louis riel by miguel joyal in winnipeg manitoba in numerous communities in manitoba and saskatchewan riel is commemorated in the names of streets schools and other buildings the student centre and campus pub at the university of saskatchewan in saskatoon are named after riel saskatchewan provincial highway one one stretching from regina to just south of prince albert has been named louis riel trail by the province the roadway passes near many of the locations of the one eight eight five rebellion arts literature and popular culture portrayals of riel s role in the red river rebellion include the one nine seven nine cbc television film riel and canadian cartoonist chester brown s acclaimed two zero zero three graphic novel louis riel a comic strip biography an opera about riel entitled louis riel was commissioned for canada s centennial celebrations in one nine six seven it was an opera in three acts written by harry somers with an english and french libretto by mavor moore and jacques languirand the canadi |
an opera company produced and performed the first run of the opera in september and october one nine six seven from the late one nine six zero s until the early one nine nine zero s the city of saskatoon hosted louis riel day a summer celebration that included a relay race that combined running backpack carrying canoeing hill climbing and horseback riding traditionally the event also included a cabbage roll eating contest and tug of war competition as well as live musical performances the event was discontinued when major sponsors pulled out in one nine nine four a canadian rock band adopted the name exovedate the name given by riel to his council in one eight eight five billy childish wrote a song entitled louis riel which has been performed by thee headcoats thee headcoatees and blackhands on october two two two zero zero three cbc newsworld and its french language equivalent r seau de l information staged a simulated retrial of riel viewers were invited to vote guilty or not guilty over the internet and ov |
er one zero zero zero zero votes were received eight seven per cent of these were not guilty the results of this straw poll led to renewed calls for riel s posthumous pardon similarly the cbc s greatest canadian project ranked riel as the one one th greatest canadian on the basis of a public poll references boulton charles a one eight eight six reminiscences of the north west rebellions toronto online text a first person account of the rebellions a biography of riel in the form of a graphic novel a survey of canadian history a short work highlighting the complexity of riel s character and its many interpretations an influential work suggesting parallels between riel s following and millenarianism riel s own writings and letters a sympathetic reevaluation of riel drawing heavily on his own writings the standard riel biography covering most of the material in this article external links biography from the dictionary of canadian biography online political biography from the library of parliament biography of lou |
is riel from the soci t historique de saint boniface rethinking riel from the cbc archives parliamentary discussion of tremblay s private members bill to pardon riel louis riel s po sies religieuses et politiques published by la biblioth que lectronique du qu bec pdf one eight four four births one eight eight five deaths m tis people canadian historical figures manitoba politicians members of the canadian house of commons from manitoba independent mps in the canadian house of commons naturalized citizens of the united states executed politicians listerine is a brand name for antiseptic mouthwash named after joseph lister father of modern antiseptics its medicinal taste is palliated slightly by a sweet flavor its slogan is kills germs that cause bad breath though halitosis can return after use even if nothing extra is placed in the mouth this happens because saliva washes away the product allowing the body s natural bacteria to repopulate the area first formulated by lister in one eight seven nine as a surgica |
l antiseptic it was given to dentists for oral care in one eight nine five and became the first over the counter mouthwash sold in the united states in one nine one four listerine was packaged in a glass bottle inside a cardboard tube for nearly eight zero years before the first revamps were made to the brand in one nine nine two cool mint listerine was introduced in addition to the regular antiseptic formula and in one nine nine four both brands were introduced in plastic bottles for the first time in two zero zero two freshburst was added then in two zero zero three natural citrus in two zero zero four the ill fated cinnamon was released currently six different kinds of listerine are on the market in the u s and abroad the most recent addition is the whitening formula currently manufactured and distributed by pfizer inc listerine is one of the most popular mouthwashes sold in the u s procter this provided positive publicity for listerine and harsh publicity for scope which o donnell trashed on her show the |
active ingredients are menthol thymol methyl salicylate and eucalyptol all of which are structural isomers ethanol or grain alcohol is present in concentrations between two one and two six w v at the concentrations in listerine ethanol per se does not have antimicrobial activity but rather serves to dissolve the active ingredients and to facilitate the penetration of the active ingredients into dental plaque currently other types of listerine include antiseptic cool mint freshburst natural citrus advanced with tartar control and whitening listerine has therapeutic uses that contribute to oral health when used regularly as an adjunct to mechanical oral hygiene procedures toothbrushing and flossing listerine was the first over the counter mouthwash to receive the american dental association s seal of acceptance for helping to control dental plaque and gingivitis in addition an fda advisory panel has recommended that the active ingredients in listerine be classified as category i safe and effective for antiplaqu |
e and antigingivitis activity the listerine brand name is also used on brands of toothpaste and on pocketpaks a minty dissolvable strip intended to instantly wash and refresh the mouth in the late summer of two zero zero five listerine began selling pocketmist which is a breath freshener in spray form history from freakonomics p nine one listerine was invented in the one nine th century as a powerful surgical antiseptic it was later sold in a distilled form as a floor cleaner and a cure for gonorrhea but it wasn t a runaway success until the one nine two zero s when it was pitched as a solution for chronic halitosis a then obscure medical term for bad breath listerine s new ads featured forlorn young women and men eager for marriage but turned off by their mate s rotten breath can i be happy with him in spite of that one maiden asked herself until that time bad breath was not conventionally considered a catastrophe but listerine changed that as the advertising scholar james b twitchell writes listerine did no |
t make mouthwash as much as it made halitosis in just seven years the company s revenues rose from one one five zero zero zero to more than eight million cancer controversy there is no evidence that its properties as a solvent mainly from the two six nine in regular listerine alcohol cause an easier reception of carcinogens in other words repeated use of listerine does not increase the risk of oral cancer both the american dental association ada and the united states national cancer institute nci agree that the alcohol contained in antiseptic mouthrinse is safe and not a factor in oral cancers specific study reviews and results can be found in clinical reports by j g elmore and r i horowitz oral cancer and mouthwash use evaluation of the epidemiologic evidence otolaryngol head neck surg one nine nine five one one one three two five three two six one and mashburg et al a study of the relationship between mouthwash use and oral and pharyngeal cancer jada one nine eight five which summarize that alcohol containi |
ng mouth rinses are not associated with oral cancer external links official website dental equipment antiseptics this article is about the board game for more meanings see ludo a ludo game ludo from latin ludus game is a simple children s board game for two to four players in which the players race their four tokens from start to finish according to die rolls the game is a simplification of the traditional indian cross and circle game pachisi it originally appeared in one eight nine six the game was patented in england as patent one four six three six board ludo board a ludo board is normally a square marked with a cross each arm of the cross is divided into three columns with the columns divided into usually six squares the centre of the cross is the finishing square which is often divided into four coloured triangles each coloured triangle combined with a coloured middle column appears as an arrow pointing to the finish the shaft of each arrow is a player s home column and is five squares long to the left o |
f each home column one square from the edge of the board is a starting square also coloured during game play a piece moves from its starting square clockwise around the perimeter of the board and up the player s home column to the finishing square in the space to the left of each arm is a circle or square to hold a player s pieces before they are allowed into play unlike pachisi there are no resting squares but the coloured home column may only be entered by its own player s tokens the special areas on the board are typically brightly coloured with yellow green red and blue each player uses cardboard or plastic tokens of matching colour rules at the start of the game the player s pieces are placed in the areas to the next to the arms players take it in turn to throw a single die a player moves one of their pieces forward the number of squares indicated by the die when a player throws a six the player may bring a new piece onto the starting square or may choose to move a piece already in play like any other th |
row in either case every throw of a six is rewarded with an additional turn if a player cannot make a valid move such as when they have no pieces in play and they do not throw a six they must pass the die to the next player a piece may not be moved onto a square occupied by another piece of the same player if a piece lands on a piece owned by another player the other player s piece is said to be captured it is removed from play and must re enter via its starting square when a six is thrown once a piece has moved around the board completely it passes along the home column of its colour a piece can only complete the journey by throwing the exact number required if the number thrown is too large another piece must be moved or the player must skip their turn the winner is the player whose four pieces finish the journey first variations to get a game started faster some house rules allow any player to bring a piece into play on a roll of one if that player has no other pieces in play in this case the player does n |
ot get an extra turn another way to speed up the game start is to give more than one chance at throwing a six to players that have no pieces in play if a piece lands on the same space as the another piece of the same colour the moved piece must take the following space if this subsequent space is occupied by a piece from any team the moved piece must return to its base if a player s piece lands on another of their own pieces the pair forms a block which cannot be passed by any opponent s pieces a board may have only four spaces in each home column all four of a player s piece must finish in these spaces for the player to have finished the game see mensch rgere dich nicht some boards have the starting square at the corner of each arm rather than one square in from the end the rap group dream warriors album and now the legacy begins features the song ludi a nostalgic tribute to a variation on ludo which is played in the caribbean additional resources hasbro sells a trouble brand ludo set http www boardgames com |
boardgames poptroub html and a more complicated variation called sorry http www boardgames com boardgames sorry html there is also a free online version by a slovenian game company third frame studios called lovek ne jezi se slovenian title the password field is irrelevant so far see also parcheesi american version mensch rgere dich nicht german version children s board games cross and circle games a lexicographer is a person devoted to the study of lexicography especially an author of a dictionary some famous lexicographers julian barnes at a stretch thomas blount henry bradley peter bowler robert burchfield thomas cooper william craigie vladimir dal susie dent henry watson fowler isaac kaufmann funk frederick james furnivall hesychius of alexandria a s hornby samuel johnson pierre larousse james murray sergei ozhegov charles talbut onions eric partridge josette rey debove peter mark roget john simpson j r r tolkien john walker noah webster edmund weiner johnson defined a lexicographer as a writer of dictio |
naries a harmless drudge that busies himself in tracing the original and detailing the signification of words see also list of lexicographers lexicographers occupations the term lotus has a variety of uses it may refer to lotus berthelotii trailing lotus nelumbo lutea the american lotus plants indian or sacred lotus a sacred plant of hinduism and buddhism also used in asian cuisine and the american lotus both of the genus nelumbo family nelumbonaceae lotus a genus in the subfamily faboideae in the family fabaceae egyptian white water lily also called egyptian lotus of the genus nymphaea family ymphaeaceae lotus eaters of the odyssey are thought to have eaten a species of jujube ziziphus lotus this could be the lotus tree that the mythological lotis had been transformed into snow lotus in the family asteraceae note that lotus also occurs in the common or cultivar names of numerous unrelated plants other uses the lotus position a cross legged sitting posture for meditation lotus cars a british sports and racing |
car manufacturer team lotus a formula one constructor related to the above lotus software a software company in cambridge massachusetts developer of lotus one two three and lotus notes lotus kicks foot sweeps in some styles of t ai chi ch uan lotus computer games a videogame series based on the cars black lotus a notable card in the magic the gathering trading card game lotus flower indian male name meaning rajiv lotus effect the self cleaning super hydrophobic micro to nano structured surfaces tesco lotus thai chain stores lotus nightclub a the new york brand lotus character the enemy of the comic book hero wonder man lotus land is a common nickname for the city of vancouver canada lotus song a one nine nine eight song by r e m lotus album an album by santana lotus board game an abstract strategy board game world map showing life expectancy life expectancy is the average number of years remaining for a living being or the average for a class of living beings of a given age to live life expectancy is also ca |
lled average life span or mean life span in particular distinction to maximum life span the life span of the most long lived members of a class of living beings although it is common usage to talk about life expectancy of any living being ranging from trees insects dogs stroke victims to mine workers this article focuses on human life expectancy in general that is the aging and longevity profile of the human species toc overview human life expectancy at various ages and under different circumstances is carefully studied by the insurance and actuarial professions and is calculated on the basis of historic data as shown on the mortality or annuity table used as a reference by way of example if people that are aged six zero live one zero more years on the average in a country the life expectancy of people aged six zero in that country is said to be one zero if an age is not specified life expectancy is understood to be from birth so that life expectancy of white americans is higher than that of hispanic american |
s is a correct statement of fact meaning that white americans live longer on the average than hispanics the fact that an average is calculated over a sub set of the population makes life expectancy a statistical measure notice that the life expectancy is heavily dependent on the criteria used to select the group in countries with high infant mortality rates the life expectancy at birth is highly sensitive to the rate of death in the first few years of life in these cases another measure such as life expectancy at age one zero can be used to exclude the effects of infant mortality to reveal the effects of other causes of death typically life expectancy at birth is specified to calculate it it is assumed that current mortality levels remain constant throughout the lives of the hypothetical newborns life expectancy over human history one of the biggest jumps in life expectancy coincided with the introduction of sewers which greatly reduced the spread of disease in the last few centuries a strong statistical effe |
ct was caused by the near elimination of infant mortality in the western world and elsewhere on a world wide scale extreme poverty still remains a barrier to increasing life expectancy in developing nations life expectancy before the health transition of the modern era is thought to have varied between about two zero yrs and three five years depending upon particular circumstances it has been suggested that life expectancy fell with the introduction of plant and animal domestication because of higher infection rates caused by the increase in human settlement size and density poorer nutrition due to reduced meat intake and greater interference with mineral absorption by cereal based diet galor oded and moav omer natural selection and the evolution of life expectancy october one two two zero zero five minerva center for economic growth paper no zero two zero five http ssrn com abstract five six three seven four one life expectancy recovered somewhat in the bronze age but it is only in recent centuries since one |
eight zero zero that it has dramatically increased these changes are the result of a combination of factors including public health medicine and nutrition the most important single factor in the increase is the reduction in death in infancy the greatest improvements have been made in the richest parts of the world but the same effects are now spreading to other parts of the world as their economies and infrastructure improve life expectancy increased dramatically in the two zero th century especially in developed nations life expectancy at birth in the united states in one nine zero one was four nine years at the end of the century it was seven seven years an increase of over five zero similar gains have been enjoyed throughout the world life expectancy in india and the people s republic of china was around four zero years at midcentury at century s close it had risen to around six three years these gains were due largely to the eradication and control of numerous infectious diseases and to advances in agric |
ultural technology such as chemical fertilizers basic life expectancy numbers tend to exaggerate this growth however the low level of pre modern life expectancy is distorted by the previous extremely high infant and childhood mortality if a person did make it to the age of forty they had an average of another twenty years to live improvements in medicine public health and nutrition have therefore mainly increased the numbers of people living beyond childhood with less effect on overall average lifespan these improvements continue to confound the predictions of thomas malthus who predicted what is now known as the malthusian catastrophe which would occur when population growth exceeded the capacity of the world to sustain that population the major exception to this general pattern of improvement has been in those countries worst hit by aids principally in sub saharan africa which have seen significant falls in life expectancy due to the disease in recent years another exception is russia and other former ussr |
republics after the collapse of the soviet union life expectancy of men dropped to five nine nine years below the official retirement age of women to seven two four three years one nine nine nine in recent years obesity related diseases have become a major public health issue in many countries the prevalence of obesity is thought to have reduced the potential for longer life expectancy by contributing to the rise of cancers heart disease and diabetes in the developed world throughout human history most of the increase in life expectancy arose from preventing early deaths however many scientists believe this will not stay true in the near future as medical advancements aimed at better monitoring day to day medically significant test values and simple intervention such as blood pressure and clotting level control will prevent many sudden deaths or strokes it is widely believed by researchers that a full half of the north american and japanese babies born since two zero zero zero will live to an age of nine zero |
and one zero to one zero zero years of age it is hoped with that extended lifespan more productive and non debilitated years will be added to the extreme upper end of middle age timeline for humans homo sapiens live on average three seven years in zambia and on average eight one years in japan the oldest confirmed recorded age for any human is one two two years though some people are reported to have lived longer the following information is derived from the encyclopedia britannica one nine six one humans by era average lifespan in years neanderthal two zero neolithic two zero classical greece two eight classical rome two eight medieval england three three end of one nine th century three seven early two zero th century five zero circa one nine four zero six five current in the western world seven seven eight one variations in life expectancy in the world today there are great variations in life expectancy worldwide mostly caused by differences in public health medicine and nutrition from country to country |
there are also variations between groups within single countries for example in the united states during the early two zero th century there were large differences in life expectancy between people of different ethnicity which have since lessened there remain significant differences in life expectancy between men and women in the us and other developed countries with women outliving men these gender differences have been lessening in recent years with men s life expectancy improving at a faster rate than women s poverty has a very substantial effect on life expectancy in the united kingdom life expectancy in the wealthiest areas is ten years longer than the poorest areas and the gap appears to be increasing as life expectancy for the prosperous continues to increase while in more deprived communities there is little increase department of health tackling health inequalities status report on the programme for action air pollution may also reduce life expectancy especially for those living near busy roads due t |
o the exhaust fumes from cars occupation may also have a major effect on life expectancy well educated professionals working in offices have a high life expectancy while asbestos and coal miners do not other factors affecting an individual s life expectancy are genetic disorders access to health care diet exercise tobacco smoking and excessive drug and alcohol use life expectancy of animals and plants the vast majority of animals have shorter life expectancies than humans do and typically the lifespan of the animal increases with size some examples include cats have lifespans in the two zero three zero year range large herbivores cattle horses camels deer in the three zero five zero year range birds usually live one zero three zero years with parrots particularly macaws and several seabirds notable exceptions with lifespans ranging from four zero eight zero years elephants have lifespans of five zero eight zero years blue whales can live from four zero to eight zero years bowhead whales are thought to live up |
to two zero zero years with a few individuals found to have century old harpoons embedded in their blubber dogs live one zero two five years some turtles live to one five zero years or more certain trees have almost outlived recorded human history the baobab tree can live for one zero zero zero four zero zero zero years although it is understandably difficult to measure this similarly long lived are olive trees domesticated in the mediterranean several olive trees still alive today were nurtured by the ancient greeks many corals can potentially live for over one zero zero zero zero zero years however there is no consensus among marine biologists how to determine age of a coral and whether or not it is really a single organism evolution and aging rate the different lifespans of different plants and animals including humans raises the question of why these lifespans are found the evolutionary theory is that organisms that are able by virtue of their defenses or lifestyle to live for long periods whilst avoidin |
g accidents disease predation etc are likely to have genes that code for slow aging good repair this is so because if a change to the organism for example a bird might evolve stronger wings may mean that it is exceptionally capable of escaping from predation then it will live longer and die of old age so a member of the population with the better wings who by chance has genes that code for better repair will outlast its contemporaries and have more successors its genes will tend to dominate more and more of the gene pool and genes for slower aging and slower reproduction rate will dominate conversely a change to the environment that means that organisms die younger from a common disease will mean that organisms that have genes that code for putting more energy into reproduction than repair will do better the support for this theory includes the fact that better defended animals for example cats live longer and functionally age slower than less well defended animals such as dogs and even small birds that can f |
ly away from danger live for a decade or more whereas mice which cannot die of old age in a year or two turtles are very well defended indeed and live for over a hundred years calculating life expectancy the starting point for calculating life expectancy is to calculate the crude death rates of people in the population at each age for example if one observed a group of people who were alive at their nine zero th birthday and one zero of them were dead by their nine one st birthday then the crude death rate at age nine zero would be one zero these crude death rates can be used to calculate a life table from which one can calculate the probability of surviving to each age in actuarial notation the probability of surviving from age x to age n x is denoted np x the curtate life expectancy at age x denoted e x is then calculated by adding up these probabilities at every age this is the expected number of complete years lived one may think of it as the number of birthdays they celebrate e x sum tp x because the age |
is rounded down to the last birthday on average it can be expected that people live half a year beyond their final birthday and half a year is added to the curtate life expectancy to calculate the full life expectancy average life expectancy is almost always calculated as an arithmetic mean as above the median life expectancy is very occasionally used instead note that no allowance has been made in this calculation for expected changes in life expectancy in the future usually when life expectancy figures are quoted they have been calculated like this with no allowance for expected future changes this means that quoted life expectancy figures are not generally appropriate for calculating how long any given individual of a particular age is expected to live as they effectively assume that current death rates will be frozen and not change in the future instead life expectancy figures can be thought of as a useful statistic to summarise the current health status of a population further reading leonid a gavrilov |
natalia s gavrilova one nine nine one the biology of life span a quantitative approach new york harwood academic publisher isbn three seven one eight six four nine eight three seven other meanings life expectancy is also the title of a two zero zero four novel by author dean koontz see also age adjusted life expectancy morbidity mortality demography population studies economics list of countries by life expectancy maximum life span senescence increasing life expectancy engineered negligible senescence john sperling life extension longevity rejuvenation external links cdc year by year life expectancy figures for usa map of life expectancy around the world life expectancy and aging of animals life expectancy in roman times the changing influence of sex and race on life expectancy in the us animal lifespans http www tesarta com www resources library lifespans html http www sonic net petdoc lifespan htm aging gerontology population socioeconomics lesser poland voivodship since one nine nine nine coat of arms of l |
ittle poland lesser poland sometimes also referred to as little poland polish ma opolska latin polonia minor is one of the historical regions of poland it forms the southernmost part of the country geographically lesser poland lies in the upper confluence of the vistula river and covers a large upland including the holy cross mountains lesser polish upland sandomierz valley and lublin uplands it stretches from the carpathians in the south to pilica and wieprz rivers to the north it borders mazovia and land of radom to the north silesia to the west and the border with ukraine to the east historically until world war ii the region also included large parts of modern ukraine administratively most of little poland lies within the boundaries of lesser poland voivodship subcarpathian voivodship wi tokrzyskie voivodship lublin voivodship the eastern parts of the neighbouring silesian voivodship and southern parts of the masovian voivodship the most notable cities of the region include krak w and lw w today a part of |
ukraine as well as rzesz w cz stochowa lublin d browa g rnicza b dzin kielce sandomierz sosnowiec tarn w krosno nowy s cz tarnobrzeg sanok wieliczka bochnia radom zakopane bielsko bia a jaworzno uk w and siedlce the wooden architecture most notably churches of lesser poland are on the unesco world heritage sites list regions of poland world heritage sites in poland long term capital management ltcm was a hedge fund founded in one nine nine four by john meriwether the former vice chairman and head of bond trading at salomon brothers on its board were myron scholes and robert carhart merton who shared the one nine nine seven bank of sweden prize aka nobel prize in economics initially amazingly successful it folded in one nine nine eight losing four six billion in less than four months founding members additionally to meriwether scholes and merton also joining the company as principals were eric rosenfeld greg hawkins larry hilibrand dick leahy victor haghani and james mcentee on two four february one nine nine |
four ltcm began trading with one zero one one zero six zero two four three of investor capital strategy the company had developed complex mathematical models to take advantage of fixed income arbitrage deals termed convergence trades usually with u s japanese and european government bonds the basic idea was that over time the value of long dated bonds issued a short time apart would tend to become identical however the rate at which these bonds approached this price would be different and that more heavily traded bonds such as us treasury bonds would approach the long term price more quickly than less heavily traded and less liquid bonds thus by a series of financial transactions essentially amounting to buying the cheaper off the run bond and short selling the more expensive but more liquid on the run bond it would be possible to make a profit as the difference in the value of the bonds narrowed when a new bond came on the run as ltcm s capital base grew the need for additional returns on that expanded capi |
tal led it to undertake other trading strategies although these trading strategies were non market directional i e they were not dependent on overall interest rates or stock prices going up or down they were not convergence trades as such by one nine nine eight ltcm had extremely large positions in areas such as merger arbitrage profitable when the mergers were consummated unprofitable if they were not and s especially for the convergence trades the fund needed to take highly leveraged positions in order to make a significant profit at the beginning of one nine nine eight the firm had equity of four seven two billion and had borrowed over one two four five billion with assets of around one two nine billion it had off balance sheet derivative positions amounting to one two five trillion most of which were in interest rate derivatives such as interest rate swaps the fund also invested in other derivatives such as equity options one nine nine eight downturn the downfall of the fund started in may and june one ni |
ne nine eight when net returns fell to six four two and one zero one four reducing ltcm s capital by four six one million this was further aggravated by the exit of salomon brothers from the arbitrage business in july one nine nine eight the scheme finally unraveled in august and september one nine nine eight when the russian government defaulted on their government bonds gkos panicked investors sold japanese and european bonds to buy u s treasury bonds the profits that were supposed to occur as the value of these bonds converged became huge losses as the value of the bonds diverged by the end of august the fund had lost one eight five billion in capital the company which was providing annual returns of almost four zero up to this point experienced a flight to liquidity this prompted a bail out of three six two five bn by the banks organized by the federal reserve bank of new york ostensibly in order to avoid a wider collapse in the financial markets the fear was that there would be a chain reaction as the co |
mpany liquidated its securities to cover its debt leading to a drop in prices which would force other companies to liquidate their own debt creating a vicious cycle the total losses were found to be four six billion the losses in the major investment categories were ordered by magnitude one six bn in swaps one three bn in equity volatility four three zero mn in russian and other emerging markets three seven one mn in directional trades in developed countries two one five mn in yield curve arbitrage two zero three mn in s the market can stay irrational longer than you can stay solvent the fall of ltcm is an important example of the principle that arbitrage is not riskless this undermines the claim of efficient market theorists that markets must converge instantaneously to efficient prices because of the action of rational investors who will immediately take advantage of pricing anomalies in markets markets are not perfect devices they consist of people entering into contracts based on expectations when unexpec |
ted events depress confidence investors panic and reason goes out the window when this took place in one nine two nine the stock market crash that followed led to the great depression see also the black scholes model references when genius failed the rise and fall of long term capital management by roger lowenstein isbn one eight four one one five five zero four seven inventing money the story of long term capital management and the legends behind it by nicholas dunbar isbn zero four seven one four nine eight one one four traders risks decisions and management in financial markets by mark fenton o creevy nigel nicholson emma soane and paul willman isbn zero one nine nine two six nine four eight three how salesmanship brainpower failed at a giant hedge fund by michael siconolfi anita raghavan and mitchell pacelle wall street journal november one six one nine nine eight the failed wizards of wall street by peter coy and suzanne woolley business week two one september one nine nine eight external links the bank |
of sweden prize in economic sciences one nine nine seven robert c merton and myron s scholes pictures myron s scholes with location named as long term capital management greenwich ct usa when the prize was received transcript of the nova documentary the trillion dollar bet which details the rise and fall of ltcm defunct financial companies of the united states the seven liberal arts picture from the hortus deliciarum of herrad von landsberg one two th century the term liberal arts has come to mean studies that are intended to provide general knowledge and intellectual skills rather than more specialized occupational or professional skills the scope of the liberal arts has changed with society it once emphasised the education of elites in the classics but with the rise of science and humanities during the age of enlightenment the scope and meaning of liberal arts expanded to include them still excluded from the liberal arts are topics that are specific to particular occupations such as agriculture business den |
tistry engineering medicine pedagogy school teaching and pharmacy in the history of education the seven liberal arts comprised two groups of studies the trivium and the quadrivium studies in the trivium involved grammar dialectic logic and rhetoric and studies in the quadrivium involved arithmetic music geometry and astronomy these liberal arts made up the core curriculum of the medieval universities the term liberal in liberal arts is from the latin word liberalis meaning appropriate for free men social and political elites and they were contrasted with the servile arts the liberal arts thus initially represented the kinds of skills and general knowledge needed by the elite echelon of society whereas the servile arts represented specialized tradesman skills and knowledge needed by persons who were employed by the elite in the united states liberal arts colleges are still a particular kind of higher education institution that are typified by their rejection of more direct vocational education during undergrad |
uate studies following completion of their undergraduate studies at liberal arts colleges graduates often do obtain specialized training by going to other institutions such as professional schools for instance in business law medicine or theology or graduate schools institutions outside the united states that have been inspired by u s liberal arts colleges include the european college of liberal arts in germany and ashesi university in ghana this category of higher education does not exist in the united kingdom and the term liberal arts is very little used in any contemporary context in the uk while the concept is rarely expressed in australia it is presently becoming more influential in melbourne in that city victoria university now offers a two year diploma of liberal arts additionaly the university of melbourne is becoming a us style graduate school which may cause the less prestigious universities in victoria to become closer to us style liberal arts colleges see also the arts dante s divine comedy and co |
nvivio where he drew a connection between the liberal arts and the seven astrological planets further reading charles blaich anne bost ed chan and richard lynch defining liberal arts education center of inquiry in the liberal arts two zero zero four friedlander jack measuring the benefits of liberal arts education in washington s community colleges los angeles center for the study of community colleges one nine eight two a ed two one seven nine one eight blanshard brand the uses of a liberal education and other talks to students open court one nine seven three isbn zero eight one two six nine four two nine five wriston h nry m the nature of a liberal college lawrence university press one nine three seven joseph sister miriam the trivium the liberal arts of logic grammar and rhetoric paul dry books inc two zero zero two external links philosophy of liberal education liberal arts at the community college a descriptive analysis of the community college liberal arts curriculum the center of inquiry in the liberal |
arts academic commons catholicity catholic encyclopedia enciclopedia cat lica spanish academic disciplines history of education the arts laterals are l like consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both sides of the tongue most commonly the tip of the tongue makes contact with the upper teeth see dental consonant or the upper gum the alveolar ridge just behind the teeth see alveolar consonant the most common laterals are approximants and belong to the class of liquids laterals in various languages english has a lateral approximant phoneme which in many accents has two allophones one found before vowels as in lady or fly is called clear l pronounced as the alveolar lateral approximant with a neutral position of the body of the tongue the other variant so called dark l found before consonants or word finally as in bold or tell is pronounced as the velarized alveolar lateral approximant with the tongue assuming a spoon li |
ke shape with its back part raised which gives the sound a or like resonance in many british accents e g london english dark may undergo vocalization through the reduction and loss of contact between the tip of the tongue the alveolar ridge becoming a rounded back vowel or glide this process turns tell into something like something similar has happened in brazilian portuguese resulting in w a similar process affected old french producing modern french sauce as compared with spanish salsa this process is known as l vocalization the italian gli and castilian spanish ll are the palatal lateral approximant which is present as well in catalan ll french ill in some dialects portuguese lh quechua ll many aboriginal australian languages have a series of three or four lateral approximants as do various dialects of irish rarer lateral consonants include the retroflex laterals that can be found in most indic languages and the sound of welsh ll the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative that is also found in zulu and many |
native american languages note that the voiceless laterals in tibetan are voiceless approximants not fricatives many of these languages also have lateral affricates some languages have palatal or velar voiceless lateral fricatives or affricates such as dahalo and zulu or retroflex lateral flaps but the ipa has no symbols for these sounds however appropriate symbols are easy to make by adding a lateral fricative belt or retroflex hook to the symbol for the corresponding lateral approximant see below failing that raising and devoicing diacritics are added to the approximant a large number of lateral click consonants one seven occur in x list of laterals alveolar lateral approximant velarized alveolar lateral approximant retroflex lateral approximant palatal lateral approximant velar lateral approximant voiceless alveolar lateral fricative voiced alveolar lateral fricative voiceless retroflex lateral fricative in toda voiceless palatal lateral fricative in dahalo needs additional raising diacritic voiceless vela |
r lateral fricative in archi alveolar lateral flap retroflex lateral flap voiceless alveolar lateral affricate aspirated alveolar lateral affricate ejective alveolar lateral affricate voiced alveolar lateral affricate voiceless palatal lateral affricate in hadza ejective palatal lateral affricate in dahalo in hadza ejective velar lateral affricate in zulu other symbols the symbol for the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative forms the basis for the occasional ad hoc symbols for other voiceless lateral fricatives retroflex palatal velar the latter two only known from affricates image lateral fricatives png the symbol for the alveolar lateral flap is the basis for the expected symbol for the retroflex lateral flap image lateral flaps png such symbols are rare but are becoming more common now that font editing software has become accessible note however that since they are not sanctioned by the ipa there are no unicode values for them see also list of phonetics topics consonants liquid consonants or liquids are a |
pproximant consonants that are not classified as semivowels glides because they do not correspond phonetically to specific vowels in the way that for example the initial in english yes corresponds to the class of liquids can be divided into lateral liquids and rhotics english sounds and are typical liquids see also list of phonetics topics consonants loya jirga june one three two zero zero two loya jirga occasionally loya jirgah is a large meeting held in afghanistan originally attended by pashtun groups but later including other ethnic groups the word is from the pashto language loya means great or grand and jirga means council assembly or meeting originally of turkic origin meaning tent the attendees of loya jirga variously include tribal or regional leaders political military and religious figures royalty government officials etc the meetings are called irregularly often by the ruler some historians maintain that the tradition is one zero zero zero years old there are no time limits in a loya jirga and it |
continues until decisions are reached decisions are made by consensus and no formal votes are taken many different kinds of issues can be addressed such as foreign policy declaring war legitimizing rulers or introducing new ideas and policies loya jirgas in the history of afghanistan include one seven four seven near kandahar attended by pashtun representatives who appointed ahmad shah as the new leader c one eight eight zero called by abdur rahman khan one nine three zero september a meeting of two eight six called by mohammed nadir shah to confirm his accession to the throne one nine four one called by mohammed zahir shah to approve neutrality in world war ii one nine four seven held by pashtuns in the tribal agencies administered by the british to choose between joining india or pakistan one nine four nine called during a dispute with pakistan declared that it did not recognise the durand line forming the border between the two countries one nine six four september a meeting of four five two called by moha |
mmed zahir shah to approve a new constitution one nine seven seven january approved the new constitution of mohammed daoud khan establishing one party rule in the republic of afghanistan one nine eight five april to ratify the new constitution of the democratic republic of afghanistan two zero zero one september there were four different loya jirga movements anticipating the end of taliban rule there was little communication between each of them the first was based in rome around mohammed zahir shah and it reflected the interests of moderate pashtuns from southeastern afghanistan the same ethnic group from which the taliban draws much of its support the rome initiative called for fair elections support for islam as the foundation of the afghan state and respect for human rights the second was based in cyprus and led by homayoun jarir a renegade member of the islamic party of his father in law gulbuddin hekmatyar who fought a battle over kabul with rivals before the taliban took over in one nine nine six criti |
cs of the cyprus initiative suspected it of serving the interests of iran the members of the cyprus initiative however considered themselves closer to the afghan people and regard the rome group as too close to the long isolated nobility two lesser initiatives were been based in bonn and pakistan two zero zero two organised by the interim administration of hamid karzai with about two zero zero zero delegates either selected through elections in the various regions of the country or allocated to various political cultural and religious groups it was held in a large tent in the grounds of kabul polytechnic from june one one and scheduled to last about a week it formed a new transitional administration which took office shortly afterwards two zero zero three december to consider the proposed afghan constitution see two zero zero three loya jirga see also ting kurultai witenagemot references afghanistan external links q a what is a loya jirga afghan culture government of afghanistan laura bertram laura maureen be |
rtram born september five one nine seven eight in toronto ontario canada is a canadian actress career her credits include the tv series ready or not seasons of love and andromeda and the movies night of the twisters and dear america so far from home private life she is currently living in toronto awards bertram has won two gemini awards for best performance in a children s or youth program or series for ready or not in one nine nine five and for best performance in a children s or youth program or series for ready or not in one nine nine eight she has also been nominated for two gemini awards for best performance in a children s or youth program or series for ready or not in one nine nine six and for best performance by an actress in a leading role in a dramatic program or mini series for platinum in one nine nine eight trivia in one nine nine seven bertram was a ceramics instructor at kilcoo camp has two younger sisters name heather born one nine eight one and jennifer born one nine eight four who are also a |
ctresses she used to sing in the canadian children s opera chorus credits solitaire two zero zero six post production one nine seven four two zero zero four andromeda two zero zero zero tv series dear america so far from home one nine nine nine tv seasons of love one nine nine nine miniseries elimination dance one nine nine eight platinum one nine nine seven tv sins of silence one nine nine six tv night of the twisters one nine nine six tv the boys next door one nine nine six tv family pictures one nine nine three tv ready or not one nine nine three tv series external links fan club one nine seven eight births living people canadian actors andromeda actors canadian television actors torontonians ontario actors lou ferrigno in the married episode of tv s the incredible hulk one nine seven eight louis jude ferrigno born november nine one nine five two brooklyn new york usa is an american bodybuilder and actor ferrigno has appeared in such television shows and movies as the incredible hulk pumping iron with arno |
ld schwarzenegger and franco columbu sinbad of the seven seas and in the title role hercules one nine eight three biography raised in an italian american family the son of an nypd police lieutenant matthew and mother victoria ferrigno started training at age one three after graduating from the prestigious brooklyn technical high school in one nine six nine he won his first major titles ifbb mr america and mr universe four years later in one nine seven four he came in third on his first attempt at the mr olympia competition he again came third the following year and his attempt to beat schwarzenegger was the subject of the one nine seven seven documentary pumping iron following this ferrigno left the competition circuit for many years at his peak the six five one nine five m ferrigno weighed two seven five lb one two five kg and was the largest professional bodybuilder at that time while he never bested schwarzenegger in bodybuilding or in his career ferrigno did have one triumph over his austrian rival whom h |
e said he secretly admired the role of the hulk on the one nine seven zero s television series at six two arnold was reportedly deemed not tall enough in the early one nine nine zero s ferrigno returned to bodybuilding competing for the one nine nine two and one nine nine three mr olympia titles finishing one two th and one zero th repectively he then turned to the olympia masters coming second in one nine nine four to robby robinson after this he retired from competition ferrigno has been eight zero deaf since the age of three after an ear infection he sees his loss of hearing as influential towards bodybuilding and his life if i hadn t lost some of my hearing i wouldn t be where i am now it forced me to maximize my own potential i had to be better than the average person to succeed he married susan groff in one nine seven eight divorcing a year later on may three zero one nine eight zero he married psychotherapist carla green who then also began serving as his manager and later became a personal trainer the |
y have three children shanna or shawns accounts differ born one nine eight one louis jr born one nine eight four and brent born one nine nine zero in the summer of two zero zero five his daughter was a star of the e reality tv series filthy rich cattle drive since two zero zero zero ferrigno has played himself during intermittent guest appearances on the cbs television show the king of queens where he is the heffernans next door neighbor ferrigno has appeared in an ad for longhorn steakhouse a southeastern chain of steak houses on february one three two zero zero six he was sworn in as a los angeles california county reserve sheriff s deputy contests one nine seven one pro mr america wbbg teen one st one nine seven one teen mr america aau four th most muscular five th one nine seven two pro mr america wbbg two nd one nine seven two nabba mr universe tall two nd one nine seven three ifbb mr america overall winner one nine seven three ifbb mr universe tall one st overall winner one nine seven four ifbb mr inter |
national tall one st overall winner one nine seven four mr olympia heavyweight two nd one nine seven five mr olympia tall class three rd place one nine nine two mr olympia one two th one nine nine three mr olympia one zero th one nine nine four olympia masters two nd magazine covers total three seven one zero muscle b klyn tech s crass warfare principal at center of storm in b klyn tech by kathleen lucadamo cached text famous alumni com brooklyn technical high school external links one nine five two births living people american bodybuilders american actors brooklynites deaf people worst actor razzie nominee hulk italian americans vladimir lenin in one nine two zero leninism is a political and economic theory which builds upon marxism the branch of communism from which the other branches are based it describes the ideas developed mainly by the bolshevik leader vladimir lenin and it was also put into practice by him after the russian revolution the term leninism came into widespread use only after lenin s stro |
ke ended his active participation in the soviet government zinoviev popularised the term at the fifth congress of the communist international since the mid one nine two zero s most marxists have described themselves as leninist lenin s theories have been a source of controversy ever since their inception having numerous critics across the political spectrum from the left wing politics and radical left for example social democrats anarchists and even other marxists like the luxembourgists to the center and center left for example political moderates and liberals and on the right wing politics for example libertarians and conservatives as well as the far right fascists and nazis lenin s constant theoretical fights with the mensheviks the moderate wing of his own party are especially notable and trotsky has been his most prominent theoretical opponent the views of both have been changing since the early one nine zero zero s but they often found themselves in the opposite camps in his book what is to be done one |
nine zero three lenin argued that the proletariat can only achieve a successful revolution consciousness through the efforts of a communist party that assumes the role of revolutionary vanguard lenin further believed that such a party could only achieve its aims through a form of disciplined organization known as democratic centralism where communist party officials are elected democratically but once they are elected and other decisions are made through voting all party members must follow those decisions lenin expanded on marx s initial theories taking into account the fact that increasing class polarization and communist revolution had failed to occur in the developed world lenin liked marx s basic definition of communism and believed it would lead to the spread of marxism he attempted to explain this by stating that imperialism is the highest stage of capitalism and that developed countries had created a labor aristocracy content with capitalism by exploiting the developing world he maintained that capita |
lism could only be overthrown by revolutionary means and agreed with marx that a revolution could occur in a lesser developed country first the weakest link in the system of imperialism in his terminology such as russia lenin also supported the marxist concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat following revolution lenin s dictatorship of proletariat was based on predominant representation of industrial workers in government institutions although the country was mostly agrarian according to lenin s ideas the working class is democratically represented through local workers soliders and peasants councils known as soviets because the soviets are elected they are referred to as soviet democracy knowing that according to marx s theories a socialist system would be unable to develop independently in an underdeveloped country such as russia lenin argued that a revolution in an underdeveloped country could spark off a revolution in a developed capitalist country for example lenin hoped the russian revolution wou |
ld spark a revolution in germany the developed country establishes socialism and helps the underdeveloped country do the same either way according to marxism socialism cannot survive in one poor underdeveloped country alone thus lenin called for world revolution in one form or another his theoretical successors had to fit his theory to the fact that the world revolution never happened lenin s contributions to marxist theory are controversial some have criticized them as revisionist some philosophers explain the theories of marx s ideological successors such as lenin as attempts to modify the marxist theory necessary because marxism had made predictions that had never come true still lenin s theories had a dramatic impact on communist movements worldwide it is especially significant that lenin was the most successful practitioner of marxism the influence of leninist ideology has waned since the collapse of the soviet union but there are still leninists today who have focused their criticism on globalization cl |
aiming it is a modern day form of imperialism since lenin s death two major currents of leninist thought have developed marxism leninism and trotskyism external links works by vladimir lenin what is to be done imperialism the highest stage of capitalism the state and revolution the lenin archive at marxists org first conference of the communist international other links an excerpt on leninism and state capitalism from the work of noam chomsky lenin s philosophy by karl korsch cyber leninism communism marxism modernism legion of merit medal the legion of merit is a military decoration of the united states armed forces which is awarded for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services and achievements the decoration is issued both to united states military personnel and to military and political figures of foreign governments the legion of merit is one of only two united states decorations to be issued as a neck order the other being the medal of honor and the only united states d |
ecoration which may be issued in award degrees much like an order of chivalry or an order of merit the legion of merit is seventh in the order of precedence of u s military decorations and is worn after the defense superior service medal and before the distinguished flying cross criteria the award is given for service rendered in a clearly exceptional manner performance of duties normal to the grade branch specialty or assignment and experience of an individual is not an adequate basis for this award for service not related to actual war the term key individual applies to a narrower range of positions than in time of war and requires evidence of significant achievement in peacetime service should be in the nature of a special requirement or of an extremely difficult duty performed in an unprecedented and clearly exceptional manner however the award may be justified by exceptionally meritorious service in a succession of important positions degrees members of the united states military receive the legion of me |
rit medal which is issued without degree however when bestowing the legion of merit upon members of foreign militaries or governments the legion of merit is issued in the following degrees chief commander chief of state or head of government commander equivalent of a u s military chief of staff or higher position but not to chief of state officer general or flag officer below the equivalent of a u s military chief of staff also a colonel or equivalent rank for service in assignments equivalent to those normally held by a general or flag officer in u s military service or military attaches legionnaire all recipients not included above the degrees and the design of the decoration were clearly influenced by the french l gion d honneur history although recommendations for creation of a meritorious service medal were initiated as early as september one nine three seven no formal action was taken toward approval in a letter to the quartermaster general qmg dated december two four one nine four one the adjutant gene |
ral formally requested action be initiated to create a meritorious service medal and provide designs in the event the decoration was established proposed designs prepared by bailey banks and biddle and the office of the quartermaster general were provided to assistant chief of staff g one colonel heard by the qmg on january five one nine four two the assistant chief of staff g one bg hilldring in a response to the qmg on april three one nine four two indicated the secretary of war approved the design recommended by the qmg and directed action be taken to assure the design of the legion of merit change of name be ready for issue immediately after legislation authorizing it was enacted into law an act of congress public law six seven one seven seven th congress chapter five zero eight two d session on july two zero one nine four two established the legion of merit and provided that the medal shall have suitable appurtenances and devices and not more than four degrees and which the president under such rules and |
regulations as he shall prescribe may award to a personnel of the armed forces of the united states and of the government of the commonwealth philippines and b personnel of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations who since the proclamation of an emergency by the president on eight september one nine three nine shall have distinguished themselves by exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services the medal was announced in war department bulletin no four zero dated august five one nine four two executive order nine two six zero dated october two nine one nine four two by president franklin d roosevelt established the rules for the legion of merit and required the president s approval for award however in one nine four three at the request of general george c marshall approval authority for u s personnel was delegated to the war department executive order one zero six zero zero dated march one five one nine five five by president dwight d eisenhower revised approval authority |
current provisions are contained in title one zero united states code one one two one notable recipients the legion of merit was the first american decoration awarded to citizens of other nations awardees included chief commander china s generalissimo chiang kai shek soviet marshal zhukov commander brazil s brigadier general amaro soares bittencourt was the first to receive the medal in a degree australia s general peter cosgrove general alfred john gardyne drummond de chastelain oc cmm ch cd was appointed commander of the legion of merit in one nine nine five and in one nine nine nine he was made a companion of honour by hm the queen he is the former chief of the defence staff canada for the canadian armed forces and he is the chairman of the independent international commission on decommissioning since november one nine nine five for the northern ireland peace process officer first recipients were colonel johanes k meijer of the royal netherlands army major herbert j thompson of the british army and major s |
tephan m dobrowalski of the polish army in one nine nine six lgen rom o dallaire of the canadian army was made an officer of the legion for his role as commander of the united nations peacekeeping force in rwanda during the civil war and subsequent genocide at the beginning of the north african campaign general lyman l lemnitzer accompanied general mark wayne clark by submarine to north africa upon arrival about six zero officers were awarded the legion of merit and were among the first awarded the medal by some misunderstanding as to the rules governing the awards these six zero american officers were awarded the degree of officer according to lemnitzer president roosevelt was quite annoyed but did not rescind the awards these were the only u s officers awarded the legion of merit with a degree legionnaire legion of merit first award to lieutenant anna a bernatitus heroic navy nurse who served at bataan and corregidor david h hackworth highly decorated vietnam veteran who was awarded several silver stars and |
two distinguished service crosses hyman g rickover admiral father of the nuclear navy paul x rinn commanding officer of the uss samuel b roberts ffg five eight who led his crew to save their mine damaged warship in the persian gulf in one nine eight eight william c rogers iii former commanding officer of the uss vincennes cg four nine which shot down an iranian jetliner in one nine eight eight appearance the chief commander of the legion of merit medal is on a wreath of green laurel joined at the bottom by a gold bow knot rosette a domed five pointed white star bordered crimson points reversed with v shaped extremities tipped with a gold ball in the center a blue disk encircled by gold clouds with one three white stars arranged in the pattern that appears on the united states coat of arms between each point within the wreath are crossed arrows pointing outwards the overall width is two one five one six inches seven five mm the words united states of america are engraved in the center of the reverse a miniatu |
re of the decoration in gold on a horizontal gold bar is worn on the service ribbon the commander of the legion of merit medal is on a wreath of green laurel joined at the bottom by a gold bow knot rosette a five pointed white star bordered crimson points reversed with v shaped extremities tipped with a gold ball in the center a blue disk encircled by gold clouds with one three white stars arranged in the pattern that appears on the united states coat of arms between each star point within the wreath are crossed arrows pointing outwards the overall width is two one four inches five seven mm a gold laurel wreath in the v shaped angle at the top connects an oval suspension ring to the neck ribbon that is one one five one six inches four nine mm in width the reverse of the five pointed star is enameled in white and the border is crimson in the center a disk for engraving the name of the recipient surrounded by the words annuit coeptis mdcclxxxii an outer scroll contains the words united states of america the ser |
vice ribbon is the same as the ribbon for the degree of commander except the ribbon attachment is silver the neck ribbon for the degree of commander is one one five one six inches four nine mm wide and consists of the following stripes one one six inch two mm hhite six seven one zero one center one one three one six inches four six mm crimson and one one six inch two mm white the officer of the legion of merit medal is similar to the degree of commander except the overall width is one seven eight inches four eight mm and the pendant has a suspension ring instead of the wreath for attaching the ribbon a gold replica of the medal three four inch one nine mm wide is centered on the suspension ribbon the legionnaire of the legion of merit medal and the legion of merit medal issued to u s personnel is the same as the degree of officer except the suspension ribbon does not have the medal replica the ribbon for all of the decorations is one three eight inches three five mm wide and consists of the following stripes |
one one six inch two mm white center one one four inches three two mm crimson and one one six inch two mm white the reverse of all of the medals has the motto taken from the great seal of the united states annuit coeptis he god has favored our undertakings and the date mdcclxxxii one seven eight two which is the date of america s first decoration the badge of military merit now known as the purple heart the ribbon design also follows the pattern of the purple heart ribbon external links order of precedence u s navy awards and decorations of the united states military recipients of the legion of merit lint was the original name given to a particular tool that flagged suspicious and non portable constructs ie likely to be bugs in c language source code the term is now applied genericly to tools that flag suspicious usage in software written in any computer language the term lint like behavior is sometimes applied to the process of flagging suspicious language usage lint like tools generally perform static analy |
sis of source code suspicious usage includes things like variables being used before being set conditions that are always true false and calculations whose result is likely to be outside the range of values representable in the type used the term was derived from the name of the undesirable bits of fiber and fluff found in sheep s wool many of the forms of analysis performed by lint like tools are also performed by optimising compilers whose prime motivation is to generate higher quality code and such compilers are also starting to support the detection of many of the constructs traditionally warned about by lint writers of lint like tools have continued to improve the range of suspicious constructs that are detected modern tools see list of tools for static code analysis perform forms of analysis that many optimizing compilers typically don t do such as cross module consistency checking checking that the code will be portable to other compilers and support for annotations to specify the intended behavior or |
properties of code lint first appeared outside of bell labs in the seventh version v seven of the unix operating system in one nine seven nine it was a part of pcc the portable c compiler which was a second compiler included with that system aside from the principal pdp one one compiler reference stephen johnson lint a c program checker computer science technical report six five bell laboratories december one nine seven seven program testing tools history military history lists of battles this is a partial list of battles that have entries in wikipedia chronological lists of battles list of battles before six zero one list of roman battles list of battles six zero one one four zero zero list of battles one four zero one one eight zero zero list of battles one eight zero one one nine zero zero list of battles one nine zero one two zero zero zero list of battles two zero zero one current list of battles alphabetical list of battles geographic i e by country list of chinese battles list of islamic battles fought |
during ramadan list of japanese battles list of naval battles list of fictional battles list of world war i battles list of world war ii battles most lethal american battles most lethal battles in world history see also list of orders of battle list of wars list of routs the fifteen decisive battles of the world external link and references world history database listing of battles index of world battles elton hugh and christos n ssli imperial battle map index an online encyclopedia of roman emperors radford robert great historical battles an extensive list of important battles and influential leaders from four nine zero bc to present times lists of battles military history lists live bearing aquarium fish often simply called livebearers are fish that retain the eggs inside the body and give birth to live free swimming young because the newborn fish are relatively large typically around one zero mm in length they are easier to feed than newly hatched fry of egg laying species such as characins and cichlids t |
his makes them much easier to raise in addition being much bigger they are also far less vulnerable to predation and are often able to swim and hide effectively even in quite densely stocked community tanks livebearers are consequently among the very first fish aquarists are able to breed common aquarium livebearers the coelacanth surf perches and many types of sharks and rays are all livebearing fish these are not usually kept by aquarists instead the species of interest to aquarists are almost always members of the family poeciliidae most commonly guppies mollies platies and swordtails a few other genera from this family are kept by advanced aquarists including ameca brachyrhaphis heterandria and limia rare livebearers a few other families include livebearing species kept by aquarists though far less commonly than the poeciliidae these include the splitfins family goodeidae the halfbeaks family hemirhamphidae and the four eyed fish anableps anableps family anablepidae freshwater stingrays of the family pota |
motrygonidae are sometimes kept by advanced aquarists and these are also livebearers none of these are considered to be easy aquarium fish and some present as much of a challenge to the aquarist as egg laying fish commonly the problems include providing the right diet and conditions to trigger mating and ensuring that the female does not miscarry the developing embryos too soon ovoviviparous and viviparous fish compared most of the poeciliidae are ovoviviparous that is while the eggs are retained inside the body of the female for protection the eggs are essentially independent of the mother and she does not provide them with any nutrients in contrast fish such as splitfins and halfbeaks are viviparous with the eggs being receive food from the maternal blood supply through structures analogous to the placenta of placental mammals aberrant livebearers and mouthbrooders seahorses and pipefish can be defined as livebearers although in these cases it is the males that incubate the eggs rather than the females in m |
any cases the eggs are dependent on the male for oxygen and nutrition so these fish can be further defined as viviparous livebearers many cichlids are mouthbrooders with the female or more rarely the male incubating the eggs in the buccal cavity since the eggs are invariably large and fewer in number than is the case with species that lay their eggs in nests once the young fish emerge they are larger and more highly developed than is typical for cichlids and are relatively durable and easy to raise the eggs do not absorb nutrients from the parent and the fry are not released until they are large and comparatively well developed this condition is analogous to though not identical with ovoviviparity a wide range of other fish are also known to be mouthbrooders including arowanas and sea catfish though these are less commonly kept in aquaria external links livebearer information for beginners american livebearer association british livebearer association keeping breeding halfbeaks includes growth rate chart and |
pictures of newborn fish livebearer tips to keeping viviparous ichthyology live bearers the lupercal was a cave at the foot of the palatine hill in rome in the legend of rome s foundation romulus and remus were found there by the lactating female wolf who suckled them until they were found by faustulus the priests of lupercus later celebrated certain ceremonies of the lupercalia there roman mythology ancient roman geography limp bizkit is an american rapcore band who with korn is often credited with the popularization of the genre sometimes dubbed nu metal the band is currently signed to geffen records and was previously signed to interscope records both labels are part of the universal music group the band s original name was lethal injection for a short time the band spelled their name in lowercase limpbizkit their albums have sold over three zero million copies worldwide frequently the genre the band plays is referred to as rage rock a genre specifically promoted by viacom owner of the american music chann |
el mtv for the teenage audience the term rage rock was first used to describe some of the acts at woodstock nine nine limp bizkit consists of singer fred durst guitarist wes borland bassist sam rivers drummer john otto rivers cousin and turntablist sampler player dj lethal borland was with them for their first three albums but left in two zero zero one to be replaced by mike smith formerly of the band snot however in august two zero zero four borland returned to limp bizkit though limp bizkit has enjoyed major success and sold millions of records they are critically panned detractors have said the group is cartoonish and make cotton candy music history early years contrary to popular belief limp bizkit was not named for the fraternity game limp biscuit they were named after the way a friend of the band described his brain after getting high the band was formed in one nine nine four by durst rivers borland and otto touring in and around their hometown of jacksonville florida about this time they became friends |
with rap music s house of pain which included dj lethal soon after house of pain broke up dj lethal joined the band they were discovered by ko n s bassist reginald arvizu in one nine nine five backstage at a jacksonville ko n concert in one nine nine six they released a three song demo tape featuring the songs pollution counterfeit and sour which fred durst gave to ross robinson who was at the time working with ko n three dollar bill y all one nine nine seven saw the release of their first full length album three dollar bill y all the album had a slow start and it wasn t until limp bizkit made an association with the band ko n that they made major progress due largely to their association with ko n they were able to promote their music with appearances on mtv the family values tour and ozzfest where borland s outlandish makeup and costumes made a memorable impression on fans their break out single was a cover of george michael s hit faith the song appeared on the soundtrack of peter berg s one nine nine eigh |
t movie very bad things with cameron diaz christian slater and jeremy piven limp bizkit also began offering radio stations such as portland s kufo payola to play their music repeatedly kufo would be paid five zero zero zero if it played the new limp bizkit single counterfeit five zero times over the course of five weeks as ben stiller put it on the outro track from chocolate starfish and the hot dog flavored water when they came on the scene i don t care what you say counterfeit blew the fucken people down town significant other in one nine nine nine limp bizkit released their second album significant other the first single nookie was a runaway hit in the summer of one nine nine nine limp bizkit played woodstock nine nine during their performance fans begin to tear plywood from the walls of the stage and from the tower used by media outlets to cover the concert there were also several rapes and sexual assaults during the group s performance tensions ran high and violence continued to occur culminating in blaz |
es and looting by the end of the show some concertgoers claim durst had incited the violence although durst stated that none of the comments he made that day were intended to cause violence the issue was later addressed in the video for the single rearranged which features the band being judged and subsequently executed for the woodstock debacle controversy soon overshadowed their music in that same year durst became involved in feuds with trent reznor of nine inch nails with the band slipknot guitarist zakk wylde creed frontman scott stapp and with rapper eminem whose single without me described n sync member chris kirkpatrick as worse than them little limp bizkit bastards marilyn manson and trent reznor mocked fred durst in the nine inch nails music video for starfuckers inc reznor later proclaimed limp bizkit sucks and everyone knows it fred durst stated that reznor should be careful as durst was very influential at interscope records reznor also being contracted to interscope records this comment caused a |
n uproar with many claiming durst practiced mafia style business tactics these accusations became more frequent after an associate of the band taproot released a threatening message that durst had left on his answering machine durst claimed he was simply misunderstood and was not violent or negative however durst later had a very bitter and almost violent feud with scott stapp of creed chocolate starfish and the hot dog flavored water two zero zero zero saw the release of chocolate starfish and the hot dog flavored water the first two singles my generation and rollin were released at the same time durst claimed this tactic would generate a buzz for the album his prediction was accurate as both songs were hits a remix of rollin featuring method man redman and dmx was a minor club hit the album sold one zero five five two five six copies in its first week a record for a rock album it has gone on to sell over six five million copies the band supported the album with a headlining tour named back to basics the tou |
r was touted as bringing the fans closer to the bands as the only thing separating the stage from the fans was a tall metal fence moreover the tour was sponsored by napster and fans received free admission the band again became mired in controversy in two zero zero one during a tour of australia with the big day out rock festival at the sydney concert teenager jessica michalik suffered a heart attack when fans rushed the stage it was claimed that durst was urging the crowd on or that he failed to attempt to calm the crowd jessica was apparently clinically dead when she was pulled out of the mosh by security guards but regained consciousness after having air pumped into her lungs as well as an epinephrine shot to the heart from paramedics backstage she was immediately rushed to sydney s concorde hospital where she was pronounced dead a few hours later thirty additional fans were treated for minor injuries at the festival s medical tents reports in the australian press said that the inquest panel viewed footage |
of durst telling a reporter for the american tv show access hollywood that he visited the girl in hospital and that he has kept in touch with her parents however the sydney daily telegraph reports that according to detective inspector gregory bamford the police officer leading the investigation into the tragedy durst made no such trip to jessica s bedside limp bizkit s management denies this in an interview later that year borland by now playing with his side project big dumb face expressed dissatisfaction with limp bizkit he was tired of the constant feuding and did not want to feud with or disparage reznor who borland greatly admired by the summer of two zero zero one borland left the band he told mtv news in an interview that limp bizkit was a sell out band and durst had become an egomaniac borland s departure was seen as a major blow he was often cited as a vital creative force in the group due in part to his eclecticism with borland s absence limp bizkit held auditions for a new guitarist the auditions |
were called put your guitar where your mouth is thousands of hopefuls lined up for hours at record and guitar shops for a chance to audition all participating guitarists were required to sign waivers giving limp bizkit ownership of any riffs or interesting guitar parts performed by those auditioning each guitarist had only five zero seconds to show the management and band how good they were before being sent back to the queue or simply sent home some locations were so packed that not everyone who arrived on time was able to audition later that year fred durst refused to fly to australia to appear in court for the jessica michalik trial stating that he was a fearful flyer and choosing instead to appear by video link lawyers for the concert promoter scoffed at the prospect of televised testimony claiming witnesses weren t bound by perjury laws when testifying a band spokesperson reported that several of limp bizkit s tour managers had made written statements and would testify before the court but durst allegedl |
y claimed that he couldn t fit the trip into his schedule when the day for the hearing arrived durst claimed that he told concert organizers of the potential dangers of having little security even telling them that limp bizkit would pull out of the show if these faults were not addressed he also testified that he voiced his concerns to the concert s promoter vivian lees during cross examination big day out attorneys attempted to pin the blame on limp bizkit because the music didn t completely stop when the band was alerted to the incident although the guitars drums and bass ceased dj lethal played a quiet computer generated loop while admitting that lethal took it upon himself to play the interlude durst claimed that the quiet melody did have a soothing effect on the crowd on august one zero two zero zero two limp bizkit were found not guilty the security practices employed by festival organizers creative entertainment australia bore the brunt of the blame after viewing videotapes and hearing witness testimon |
y milledge the coroner said it was evident that the density of the crowd was dangerous at the time limp bizkit took the stage the court decided that though limp bizkit weren t found to be at fault for the death of a teenager crushed at a concert last year they could ve been more helpful in efforts to aid the girl on march seven two zero zero three limp bizkit announced it would perform live again for the first time in two years at the upcoming wwe s wrestlemania xix taking place on march three zero not only that limp bizkit had signed up for some live tours despite their lack of a guitarist the guitarists for the wrestlemania tour were later revealed when durst wrote in a post on the official website we are playing wrestlemania this weekend on the guitars will be head from ko n and mike smith from snot we ve been working with mike for a while he s dope two days later durst confirmed via the band s official website that snot s mike smith would be the official replacement guitarist mike smith then went on to to |
ur with the band and helped contribute to at least five songs on results may vary durst rivers cuomo of weezer and a sound engineer known as elvis also played guitar on the record results may vary results may vary was released in october of two zero zero three with the group styling their name as limpbizkit due to mike smith joining the band and the changes in the band since wes borland s departure although this album didn t match previous successes it received platinum certification in the united states after about fourteen weeks on the charts in comparison chocolate starfish and the hot dog flavored water sold one million albums in its first week on the charts and debuted at number one on the billboard magazine charts the song build a bridge was the official theme song of wwe s survivor series pay per view event in november two zero zero three critical response for the album was almost universally negative with one reviewer stating that the record suffers from an utter lack of form and direction a cover ver |
sion of the who s behind blue eyes was very successful on the radio charts but was cited by digitaldreamdoor com as the worst cover song of all time the video featured actress halle berry who starred in the two zero zero three movie gothika the soundtrack of which includes behind blue eyes no video or cd single was ever released for almost over or build a bridge due to mike smith s departure and no further singles were released from results may vary due to wes borland s return to the band the unquestionable truth limp bizkit logo during july of two zero zero four various rumours began circulating on the internet claiming mike smith had left limp bizkit and that wes borland had been playing with the band by july eight theprp com made an official report that wes borland was recording with the band in london although however this was still regarded only as a rumor until august one three two zero zero four no official statement was released but limp bizkit s website went offline and was replaced by a webpage that |
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