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ne sinh alpha t cdot u t s alpha eight hyperbolic cosine cosh alpha t cdot u t s alpha nine exponentially decaying sine wave e sin omega t cdot u t s alpha one zero exponentially decaying cosine wave e cos omega t cdot u t s alpha one one one n th power cdot u t s zero one one two n th power with frequency shift frac e cdot u t frac s alpha one two n th root sqrtn cdot u t s cdot gamma left one frac right s zero one three natural logarithm ln left right cdot u t ln t zero s gamma s zero one four bessel function of the first kind of order n j n omega t cdot u t frac right s zero n one one five modified bessel function of the first kind of order n i n omega t cdot u t frac right s omega one six bessel function of the second kind of order zero y zero alpha t cdot u t one seven modified bessel function of the second kind of order zero k zero alpha t cdot u t one eight error function mathrm t cdot u t operatorname left s two right over s s zero explanatory notes u t represents the heaviside step function delta t r |
epresents the dirac delta function gamma z represents the gamma function gamma is the euler mascheroni constant t a real number typically represents time although it can represent any independent dimension s is the complex angular frequency alpha beta tau and omega are real numbers n is an integer a causal system is a system where the impulse response h t is zero for all time t prior to t zero in general the roc for causal systems is not the same as the roc for anticausal systems see also causality examples how to apply the properties and theorems editor s note the following examples illustrate the use of the properties and theorems to derive an unknown transform pair from an entry in the table of common transform pairs a detailed explanation of examples two and three will be developed in the near future example one method of partial fraction expansion consider a linear time invariant system with transfer function h s frac the impulse response is simply the inverse laplace transform of this transfer function |
h t mathcal to evaluate this inverse transform we begin by expanding h s using the method of partial fraction expansion h s frac for unknown constants p and r to find these constants we evaluate p left right and r left right p substituting these values into the expression for h s we find h s left frac right cdot left right finally using the linearity property and the known transform for exponential decay see item three in the table of laplace transforms above we can take the inverse laplace transform of h s to obtain h t mathcal frac left e e right which is the impulse response of the system example two mixing sines cosines and exponentials time function laplace transform e left cos left frac right sin right frac starting with the laplace transform x s frac we find the inverse transform by first adding and subtracting the same constant to the numerator x s frac frac by the shift in frequency property we have x t e mathcal left right e mathcal left left right left right right e left mathcal left right left rig |
ht mathcal left right right finally using the laplace transforms for sine and cosine see the table above we have x t e left cos left frac right sin right example three phase delay time function laplace transform sin frac cos frac references a d polyanin and a v manzhirov handbook of integral equations crc press boca raton one nine nine eight isbn zero eight four nine three two eight seven six four william mcc siebert circuits signals and systems mit press cambridge massachusetts one nine eight six isbn zero two six two one nine two two nine two see also differential equations linear time invariant systems fourier transform pierre simon laplace leonhard euler exponential function complex number external links online computation of the transform or inverse transform wims unice fr tables of integral transforms at eqworld the world of mathematical equations laplace transform table at efunda engineering fundamentals integral transforms differential equations a liberal arts college is an institution of higher educa |
tion found in the united states offering programs in the liberal arts at the post secondary level they encourage and often require their students to take a substantial number of classes in topics which may not directly relate to their vocational goals in an effort to provide a well rounded education they may be distinguished from colleges offering programs primarily in business engineering and technology the trades the fine arts theology or other specialized subjects liberal arts colleges have sprung up outside the u s as well such as in the netherlands and canada liberal arts colleges usually focus on tertiary education leading to a bachelor s degree in a program designed to be completed in four years worth of study though some include post graduate programs they tend to be relatively small private and predominantly residential as such they may offer a more uniform student experience than at a larger university with more diffuse course offerings while they lack the name recognition of larger schools the top |
liberal arts colleges are highly selective and compete with elite universities for students although private liberal arts colleges tend to be very expensive there are also a number of state supported institutions modeled on traditional liberal arts colleges some institutions referred to as liberal arts colleges are distinguished from universities not so much by a difference in kind but a difference in size taking the form of small universities complete with subsidiary schools dedicated to a particular specialized course of study and offering a limited set of graduate degrees in this sense large liberal arts colleges and small private universities occupy similar niches furthermore university units whose faculty and curriculum encompass the traditional liberal arts and pure sciences are frequently labeled liberal arts colleges indeed some are explicitly named a college of liberal arts or a variant such as college of arts and letters or college of arts and sciences to distinguish them from units focused on the m |
anual arts and applied sciences both colloquial and professional references to liberal arts colleges generally refer to standalone institutions excluding such units rankings in the influential but controversial america s best colleges issue of the u s news and world report the top two five national liberal arts colleges were ranked as follows two zero zero six edition one williams college two amherst college three swarthmore college four wellesley college five carleton college six tie pomona college and bowdoin college eight tie haverford college and middlebury college one zero tie claremont mckenna college and davidson college one two wesleyan university one three vassar college one four washington lee university one five tie colgate university grinnell college and hamilton college one eight harvey mudd college one nine smith college two zero colby college two one tie bates college and bryn mawr college two three tie mount holyoke college and oberlin college two five tie macalester college and trinity colleg |
e the top five out of two zero public liberal arts colleges were one virginia military institute two st mary s college of maryland three new college of florida four university of minnesota morris and five university of north carolina at asheville see also list of liberal arts colleges references distinctively american the residential liberal arts colleges external links the annapolis group collegenews org associated colleges of the midwest associated colleges of the south consortium of liberal arts colleges consortium for a strong minority presence at liberal arts colleges council of public liberal arts colleges great lakes colleges association christian college consortium christian liberal arts colleges selective liberal arts consortium council for christian colleges universities member liberal arts institutions five colleges consortium amherst ma claremont college consortium claremont ca seven sisters colleges women s colleges east coast liberal arts colleges universities and colleges in the united states u |
niversity and college types language acquisition is the process by which language develops in humans first language acquisition concerns the development of language in children while second language acquisition focuses on language development in adults as well historically theories and theorists may have emphasized either nature or nurture as the most important explanatory factor for acquisition most researchers however acknowledge the importance of both biology and environment one hotly debated issue is whether the biological contribution includes language specific capacities often described as universal grammar for fifty years linguist noam chomsky and before his death eric lenneberg strongly argued for the hypothesis that children have innate language specific abilities that facilitate and constrain language learning other researchers including elizabeth bates catherine snow and michael tomasello have hypothesized that language learning results only from general cognitive abilities and the interaction betw |
een learners and their surrounding communities recent non nativist work by willliam o grady proposes that complex syntactic phenomena result from an efficiency driven linear computational system one of the most important advances in the study of language acquisition was the creation of the childes database nativist theories linguistic theories hold that children learn through their natural ability to organize the laws of language but cannot fully utilize this talent without the presence of other humans this does not mean however that the child requires formal teaching of any sort chomsky claims that children are born with a hard wired language acquisition device lad in their brains they are born with the major principles of language in place but with many parameters to set such as whether sentences in the language s they are to acquire must have explicit subjects according to nativist theory when the young child is exposed to a language their lad makes it possible for them to set the parameters and deduce the |
grammatical principles because the principles are innate mark baker s work the atoms of language two zero zero four presents arguments that there are not only certain parameters as chomsky called them that are innate switches in our lad but we are very close to the point where these parameters could be put together in a periodic table of languages as determined by their parameter features baker s work is very controversial however because he has argued one nine nine six four nine six five one five that principles and parameters do not have biological or sociological origins but instead were created by god i e creationism in contrast to baker s theological creationism chomsky although not a creationist has been described as a magical creationist or a crypto creationist e g macfarquhar two zero zero three seven one by people who find his scepticism of natural selection troubling chomsky does however make it clear in a reply to john maynard smith that he does believe that the innate capacity for language can be |
explained by biology when he states that language can be studied in the manner of other biological systems in addition there are significant studies in biogenetics that strongly suggest that the genetic factors that combine to build the brain contain redundant systems for recognizing patterns of both sight and sound one idea central to the chomskian view is the idea of universal grammar which posits that all languages have the same basic underlying structure and that specific languages have rules that transform these underlying structures into the specific patterns found in given languages this is important in two zero th century philosophy because it directly counters wittgenstein s key assertion that grammar is just surface and arbitrary like the rules of a chess game another chomsky argument is that without a propensity for language human infants would be unable to learn such complete speech patterns in a natural human environment where complete sentences are the exception this is sometimes mischaracteris |
ed as the poverty of the stimulus argument psychologists such as catherine snow at harvard who study parent child interaction point out that children do not have to deduce the principles of language from impoverished and ungrammatical scraps of talk many studies of child directed speech or cds have shown that speech to young children is slow clear grammatical and very repetitious rather like traditional language lessons non nativist theories non nativist theories include the competition model and social interactionism social interactionists like snow theorize that adults play an important part in children s language acquisition however some researchers claim that the empirical data on which theories of social interactionism are based have often been over representative of middle class american and european parent child interactions various anthropological studies of other human cultures as well as anecdotal evidence from western families suggests rather that many if not the majority of the world s children ar |
e not spoken to in a manner akin to traditional language lessons but nevertheless grow up to be fully fluent language users many researchers now take this into account in their analyses furthermore as any parent knows children often pay scarce attention to what they are told to say instead sticking to their own ungrammatical preferences nevertheless snow s criticisms might be powerful against chomsky s argument if the argument from the poverty of stimulus were indeed an argument about degenerate stimulus but it is not the argument from the poverty of stimulus is that there are principles of grammar that cannot be learned on the basis of positive input alone however complete and grammatical that evidence is this argument is not vulnerable to objection based on evidence from interaction studies such as snow s however a powerful argument against chomskian views of language acquisition lies in chomskian theory itself the theory has several hypothetical constructs such as movement empty categories complex underlyi |
ng structures and strict binary branching that cannot possibly be acquired from any amount of input since the theory is in essence unlearnably complex then it must be innate a different theory of language however may yield different conclusions examples of alternative theories that do not utilize movement and empty categories are hpsg and construction grammar while all theories of language acquisition posit some degree of innateness a less convoluted theory might involve less innate structure and more learning under such a theory of grammar the input combined with both general and language specific learning capacities might be sufficient for acquisition the critical period hypothesis linguist eric lenneberg one nine six four stated that the crucial period of language acquisition ends around the age of one two years he claimed that if no language is learned before then it could never be learned in a normal and fully functional sense this was called as the critical period hypothesis an interesting example of th |
is is the case of genie also known as the wild child a thirteen year old victim of lifelong child abuse genie was discovered in her home on november four th one nine seven zero strapped to a potty chair and wearing diapers she appeared to be entirely without language her father had judged her retarded at birth and had chosen to isolate her and so she had remained up there until her discovery it was an ideal albeit horrifying opportunity to test the theory that a nurturing environment could somehow make up for a total lack of language past the age of one two she was unable to acquire language completely although the degree to which she acquired language is disputed due to this and other complications she eventually ended up in an adult foster care home detractors of the critical period hypothesis point out that in this example and others like it see feral children the child is hardly growing up in a nurturing environment and that the lack of language acquisition in later life may be due to the results of a gen |
erally abusive environment rather than being specifically due to a lack of exposure to language the current up to date ideas about the critical period hypothesis are represented by the university of maryland college park instructor robert dekeyser dekeyser argues that although it is true that there is a critical period this does not mean that adults cannot learn a second language perfectly dekeyser talks about the role of language aptitude as opposed to the critical period additional arguments for nativism however there exists emerging evidence of both innateness of language and the critical period hypothesis from the deaf population of nicaragua until approximately one nine eight six nicaragua had neither education nor a formalized sign language for the deaf as nicaraguans attempted to rectify the situation they discovered that children past a certain age had difficulty learning any language additionally the adults observed that the younger children were using gestures unknown to them to communicate with eac |
h other they invited judy kegl an american linguist from mit to help unravel this mystery kegl discovered that these children had developed their own distinct nicaraguan sign language with its own rules of sign phonology and syntax she also discovered some three zero zero adults who despite being raised in otherwise healthy environments had never acquired language and turned out to be incapable of learning language in any meaningful sense while it was possible to teach vocabulary these individuals seem to be unable to learn syntax the developmental period of most efficient language learning coincides with the time of rapid post natal brain growth and plasticity in both humans and chimpanzees prolonged post natal brain growth in humans allows for an extended period of the type of brain plasticity characteristic of juvenile primates and an extended time window for language learning the neotenic pattern of human brain development is associated with persistence of considerable language learning capacity into huma |
n adulthood derek bickerton s one nine eight one landmark work with hawaiian pidgin speakers studied immigrant populations where first generation parents spoke highly ungrammatical pidgin english their children it was found grew up speaking a grammatically rich language neither english nor the broken pidgin of their parents furthermore the language exhibited many of the underlying grammatical features of many other natural languages the language became creolized and is known as hawaii creole english this was taken as powerful evidence for children s innate grammar module see also babbling child of deaf adult fis phenomenon ilr scale levels of language proficiency jean berko gleason language origin of language second language acquisition steven pinker wug test animal language acquisition external links birth of a language regarding nicaraguan sign language open directory project language acquisition signs of success article in the economist bibliography bickerton d one nine eight one roots of language ann arbo |
r mi karoma baker m one nine nine six the polysynthesis parameter new york oxford university press macfarquhar l two zero zero three the devil s accountant noam chomsky s isolation and influence the new yorker march three one two zero zero three six four seven nine language acquisition book one in the left behind series left behind is a series of novels by tim lahaye and jerry b jenkins dealing with christian dispensationalist end times pretribulation premillennial christian eschatology viewpoint of the end of the world it is also the title of the first book in the eponymously named series it is published by tyndale house a firm with a history of interest in dispensationalism books note the books are listed in story line chronological order but numbered in order of publication the rising antichrist is born before they were left behind isbn zero eight four two three six zero five six five all libraries the regime evil advances before they were left behind two isbn one four one four three zero five seven six on |
e all libraries the rapture in the twinkling of an eye before they were left behind three isbn one four one four three zero five eight zero x left behind a novel of the earth s last days isbn zero eight four two three two nine one two nine tribulation force the continuing drama of those left behind isbn zero eight four two three two nine two one eight nicolae the rise of antichrist isbn zero eight four two three two nine two four two soul harvest the world takes sides isbn zero eight four two three two nine two five zero apollyon the destroyer is unleashed isbn zero eight four two three two nine two six nine assassins assignment jerusalem target antichrist isbn zero eight four two three two nine two seven seven the indwelling the beast takes possession isbn zero eight four two three two nine two nine three the mark the beast rules the world isbn zero eight four two three three two two eight six desecration antichrist takes the throne isbn zero eight four two three three two two nine four the remnant on the br |
ink of armageddon isbn zero eight four two three three two three zero eight armageddon the cosmic battle of the ages isbn zero eight four two three three two three six seven glorious appearing the end of days isbn zero eight four two three three two three seven five one final novel taking place after glorious appearing is planned there are also graphic novels cds and a left behind series for teens audio dramatizations based on the first thirteen titles have also been produced for broadcast on christian radio the first two books have been made into movies by a canadian motion picture studio cloud ten pictures a series written for teens has also been written called left behind the kids or the young tribulation force series the plot of this series is the same as the adult series but the main protagonists are teenagers the main books were also turned into movies left behind the movie left behind two tribulation force and left behind world at war two spin off series have been written a political series by neesa ha |
rt and a military series by mel odom summary based on fundamentalist interpretation of prophecies in the biblical books of revelation isaiah and ezekiel left behind tells the story of the end times in which many have vanished leaving the world shattered and chaotic as people scamble for answers a romanian politician named nicolae jetty carpathia who in his political rise to the head of the united nations has promised to restore peace and stability to all nations what most of the world does not realize is that carpathia is actually the antichrist of the bible coming to grips with the truth and becoming born again christians rayford steele his daughter chloe their pastor bruce barnes and young journalist cameron buck williams begin their quest as the tribulation force to help save the lost and prepare for the coming tribulation in which god will rain down judgement on the world characters rayford steele cameron buck williams chloe steele bruce barnes hattie durham nicolae jetty carpathia leon fortunato chaim ro |
senzweig al basrah viv ivins characters from the teens series include judd thompson age one six lives in mount prospect is on rayford steele s plane when the rapture occurs vicki byrne age one four lives in a trailer park and is asleep at the time of the rapture lionel washington age one three son of reporter lucinda washington who is left behind with his uncle andr ryan daley age one two best friend of raymie steele loses his unsaved parents to severe accidents following the rapture these four characters make up what is known as the young tribulation force which is eventually joined by more characters response the books have sold very well in the united states many topping the new york times list of bestsellers nick parmley a charismatic baptist minister from portland oregon has called on evangelical christians to adopt this series as required reading in other areas such as continental europe where dispensationalism is largely non existent the books have been far less successful the popularity of this series |
has spilled over beyond the americas and the english speaking world it has been translated to many languages including chinese and japanese there is however a protracted lag in translation as at september two zero zero five the chinese version of book one one is in the press and the japanese version of book six has been published in two zero zero four the series and its authors were featured on penn and teller s showtime televsion show bullshit on the episode end of the world jewish criticism in an article enquiring into the series popularity salon magazine writer michelle goldberg described what she believed was one of the series attractions on one level the attraction of the left behind books isn t that much different from that of say tom clancy or stephen king the plotting is brisk and the characterizations manichean however she considered the books to be an attack on judaism and liberal secularism and pointed out that the near future end times the books are set in seem to reflect the actual worldview of |
millions of americans including many prominent conservative leaders preterist criticisms many practicing christians evangelical and otherwise consider that the social perspectives promoted in the left behind series unduly sensationalize death and the destruction of masses of people many preterist christians do not interpret the book of revelation to predict future events instead it is seen to be foretelling or documenting historical events such as the burning of rome nero as antichrist and the earlier destruction of the temple parody satirical takes on the left behind series include earl lee kiss my left behind aventine press november two zero zero three isbn one five nine three three zero one zero six five nathan d wilson right behind a parody of last days goofiness canon press june two zero zero one isbn one eight eight five seven six seven eight seven zero thank god it s doomsday the simpsons episode may two zero zero five influences on the authors lahaye and jenkins cite the influence of russell s doughte |
n an iowan film maker who directed a series of four low budget feature length films in the one nine seven zero s and one nine eight zero s about the rapture and second coming the films popularity among christian fundamentalists have led to increased study and speculation as to the events described in the book of revelation movies based on the series dvd cover of left behind world at war the success of the left behind books have led to the release of three motion pictures based on the series so far the movies have been produced and released by cloud ten pictures a canadian christian movie studio in two zero zero zero the studio released left behind the movie based on the first book of the series in a very unusual marketing scheme the studio released the movie on video and dvd first and then released it to the theatres though the movie faired poorly in theaters it was the video release that stunned hollywood the movie starred former growing pains star kirk cameron as buck williams cameron who finds the series i |
nspiring is a practicing evangelist and co host with ray comfort on the tv show the way of the master in two zero zero two the sequel left behind ii tribulation force based on the first four hundred pages of the second novel tribulation force was released the film debuted at two behind spider man on the home video charts and was one in terms of overall sales for two days on amazon com in october two zero zero five the second sequel left behind world at war was released first to churches on october two one two zero zero five for church theatrical viewings and is being released to dvd and video on october two five two zero zero five the new movie is based very loosely on the final fifty pages of tribulation force and features louis gossett jr playing the president of the united states gerald fitzhugh the third movie was the least identifiable with events in any of the books recognizable events were the marriages of buck with chloe and rayford with amanda the death of bruce barnes and the u s president heading a |
n attack with britain and egypt against the global community major parts of the movie however were not in any of the books the poisoning of bibles by the forces of nicolae and an attempt by fitzhugh to assassinate nicolae buck s meeting with the president in the books makes it into the movie but in a totally different form with the great success of the movies so far it can be expected that cloud ten pictures will continue to produce more left behind films possibly even covering the entire series it is of special interest to note that in two zero zero four cloud ten pictures made a deal with sony entertainment to release all of its pictures under the sony banner and has been doing so ever since all members from left behind and left behind ii tribulation force except the roll of pastor bruce barnes was unchanged for left behind world at war the regular who held the roll of bruce slot was unable to return for the third movie see also christianity christian theology rapture tim lahaye futurism preterism historici |
sm idealism dispensationalism covenantalism christian zionism zionism the late great planet earth hal lindsey summary of christian eschatological differences external links official website tyndale press website of the publisher archive of left behind radio shows in real audio left behind and the shipwreck of the apostle paul a lesson in christian devotion left behind books brazil fan page the new york times opinion op ed columnist jesus and jihad the new york times july one seven two zero zero four the new york times opinion op ed columnist apocalypse almost now the new york times november two four two zero zero four slacktivist s left behind archives an in progress page by page analysis of the lb book series slate reviews the three left behind dvds http www antiwar com utley articleid eight five eight eight secondary literature forbes bruce david and jeanne halgren kilde eds rapture revelation and the end times exploring the left behind series new york palgrave macmillan two zero zero four isbn one four zer |
o three nine six five two five zero frykholm amy david rapture culture left behind in evangelical america oxford university press two zero zero four isbn zero one nine five one five nine eight three seven shuck glenn w marks of the beast the left behind novels and the struggle for evangelical identity new york university press two zero zero four isbn zero eight one four seven four zero zero five seven left behind behind series of books behind john wyclif gives his bible translation to lollards lollardy or lollardry was the political and religious movement of the lollards from the late one four th century to early in the time of the english reformation lollardy followed from the teachings of john wyclif a prominent theologian at the university of oxford beginning in the one three five zero s its demands were primarily for reform of the catholic church it taught that piety was a requirement for a priest to be a true priest or to perform the sacraments and that a pious layman had power to perform those same rite |
s believing that religious power and authority came through piety and not through the church hierarchy similiarly lollardy also emphasized the authority of the scriptures over the authority of priests it taught the concept of the church of the saved meaning that christ s true church was the community of the faithful which overlapped with but was not the same as the official church of rome it taught a form of predestination it advocated apostolic poverty and taxation of church properties it also denied transubstantiation in favor of consubstantiation etymology the origin of the name lollard is subject to much speculation one theory speculates that the word is derived from the german lollen to sing a reference to lollards singing hymns at funerals some claim the name comes from the latin term lolium tares or weeds if true this would have been a reference to the lollard heretics springing up like weeds among the grain as in the biblical parable considering the lollards belief in true believers as apart from the |
official roman church structure the name can construe a parody of their belief in the parable the tares non believers spring up among the wheat believers and they cannot be separated until the farmer comes to cut and gather the crop and separate the believers from the non believers god on the day of judgment since the lollards wished to separate the true believers from non believers before the day of judgment perhaps they were perceived as the very weeds that they sought to root out the word in the parable that refers to tares in the latin vulgate version however is not lolium but zizania therefore an alternative possibility is that it derives from the dutch meaning mumblers in reference to their supposed prayerful mumblings beliefs map of lollardy s influence although lollardy can be said to have originated in the writings of john wyclif it is true that the lollards had no central doctrine likewise being a decentralized movement lollardy neither had nor proposed any singular authority the movement associated |
itself with many different ideas but individual lollards did not necessarily have to agree with every tenet fundamentally lollards were anticlerical they believed the catholic church to be corrupt in many ways and looked to scripture as the basis for their religion to provide an authority for religion outside of the church lollards began the movement towards a translation of the bible into the vernacular wyclif himself in his works translated many passages one group of lollards petitioned parliament with the twelve conclusions of the lollards while by no means a central authority of the lollards the twelve conclusions reveal certain basic lollard ideas the lollards stated that the catholic church had been corrupted by temporal matters and that its claim to be the true church was not justified by its heredity part of this corruption involved prayers for the dead and chantries these were seen as corrupt since they distracted priests from other work and that all should be prayed for equally lollards also had a |
tendency to iconoclasm lavish church fixtures were seen as an excess they believed effort should be placed on helping the needy and preaching rather than working on lavish decoration icons were also seen as dangerous since many seemed to worship the icon rather than god leading to idolatry believing in a lay priesthood the lollards challenged the church s ability to invest or deny the divine authority to make a man a priest denying any special authority to the priesthood lollards thought confession unnecessary since a priest did not have any special power to forgive sins lollards challenged the practice of clerical celibacy and believed priests should not hold political positions since temporal matters should not interfere with the priests spiritual mission believing that more attention should be given to the message in the scriptures rather than to ceremony and worship the lollards denounced the ritualistic aspects of the church such as transubstantiation exorcism pilgrimages and blessings these focused too |
much on powers the church supposedly did not have and led to a focus on temporal ritual over god and his message the twelve conclusions also denounce war and violence even capital punishment abortion is also denounced outside of the twelve conclusions the lollards had many beliefs and traditions their scriptural focus led lollards to refuse the taking of oaths lollards also had a tradition millenarianism some criticized the church for not focusing enough on revelations many lollards believed they were near the end of days and several lollard writings claim the pope to be the antichrist history beginning of the gospel of john from a pocket wyclif translation that may have been used by a roving lollard preacher late one four th century immediately upon going public lollardy was attacked as heresy at first wyclif and lollardy were protected by john of gaunt and anti clerical nobility who were most likely interested in using lollard advocated clerical reform to create a new source of revenue from england s monast |
eries the university of oxford also protected wyclif and allowed him to hold his position at the university in spite of his views on the grounds of academic freedom which also gave some protection to the academics who supported it within that institution lollardy first faced serious persecution after the peasant s revolt in one three eight one while wyclif and other lollards opposed the revolt one of the peasants leaders john ball preached lollardy the royalty and nobility then found lollardy to be a threat not just to the church but to all the english social order the lollards small measure of protection evaporated this change in status was also affected by the removal of john of gaunt from the scene when he left england in pursuit of the throne of castile which he claimed through his second wife lollardy was strongly resisted by both the religious and secular authorities among those opposing it was thomas arundel archbishop of canterbury king henry iv passed the de heretico comburendo in one four zero one n |
ot specifically agaist the lollards but prohibiting the translating or owning of the bible and authorising the burning of heretics at the stake sir john oldcastle being burnt for insurrection and lollard heresy in the early one five th century lollardy went underground after more extreme measures were taken by the church and state the one of these measures was the burning at the stake of john badby a layman and artisan who refused to renounce his lollard views his was the first execution of a layman in england for the crime of heresy a group of lollard knights had been a powerful force in english politics but even these powerful noblemen did not escape this crackdown sir john oldcastle a close friend of king henry v and the basis for falstaff in the shakespearean history henry iv was brought to trial in one four one three after evidence of his lollard beliefs was uncovered oldcastle escaped from the tower of london and organized an insurrection which included an attempted kidnapping of the king the rebellion |
failed and oldcastle was executed oldcastle s revolt made lollardy seem even more threatening to the state and the persecution of lollards became more severe a variety of other martyrs for the lollard cause were executed over the following century including thomas harding who died at white hill chesham in one five three two one of the last lollards to be persecuted lollards were effectively absorbed into protestantism during the english reformation in which lollardy played a role since lollardy had been underground for more than a hundred years the extent of lollardy and its ideas at the time of the reformation is uncertain and a point of debate however many critics of the reformation including thomas more associated protestants with lollards protestant leaders including archbishop cranmer referred to lollardy as well whether protestants actually drew influence from lollardy or whether they referred to it to create a sense of tradition is debated by scholars the extent of lollardy in the general populace at t |
his time is also unknown but the prevalence of protestant iconoclasm in england suggests lollard ideas may still have had some popular influence if zwingli was not the source as lutherans did not advocate iconoclasm the similarity between lollards and later english protestant groups such as the puritans and quakers also suggests some continuation of lollard ideas through the reformation external links the lollard society society dedicated to providing a forum for the study of the lollards the lollards a sympathetic view of the lollards from an anabaptist perspective lollards in the catholic encyclopedia lollardy as a heresy from the catholic perspective lollards essay on lollards on medieval church website including extensive list of secondary sources history of catholicism in england heresy english reformation lithium salts are chemical salts of lithium used primarily in the treatment of bipolar disorder as mood stabilizing drugs they are also sometimes used to treat depression and mania lithium carbonate li |
two co three sold as carbolith cibalith s duralith eskalith lithane lithizine lithobid lithonate and lithotabs is the most commonly prescribed whilst the citrate salt lithium citrate li three c six h five o seven the sulfate salt lithium sulfate li two so four the oxybutyrate salt lithium oxybutyrate c four h nine lio three aspartateand the orotate salt lithium orotate are alternatives lithium is widely distributed in the central nervous system and interacts with a number of neurotransmitters and receptors decreasing noradrenaline release and increasing serotonin synthesis history the use of lithium salts to treat mania was first proposed by the australian psychiatrist john cade in one nine four nine after he discovered the effect of first lithium urate and then other lithium salts on animals cade soon succeeded in controlling mania in chronically hospitalized patients this was the first successful application of a drug to treat mental illness and opened the door for the development of medicines for other me |
ntal problems in the next decades the rest of the world was slow to adopt this revolutionary treatment largely because of deaths which resulted from even relatively minor overdosing and from use of lithium chloride as a substitute for table salt largely through the research and other efforts of denmark s mogens schou in europe and samuel gershon in the u s this resistance was slowly overcome the application of lithium for manic illness was approved by the united states food and drug administration in one nine seven zero treatment lithium treatment is used to treat mania in bipolar disorder initially lithium is often used in conjunction with antipsychotic drugs as it can take up to a week for lithium to have an effect lithium is also used as prophylaxis for depression and mania in bipolar disorder also it is sometimes used for other disorders like cycloid psychosis unipolar depression migraine and others it is sometimes used as an augmenting agent to increase the benefits of standard drugs used for unipolar de |
pression lithium treatment is generally considered to be unsuitable for children mechanism of action the precise mechanism of action of li as a mood stabilizing agent is currently unknown but it is possible that li produces its effects by interacting with the transport of monovalent or divalent cations in neurons however because it is a poor substrate at the sodium pump it cannot maintain a membrane potential and only sustains a small gradient across biological membranes yet li is similar enough to na in that under experimental conditions li can replace na for production of a single action potential in neurons perhaps most the most interesting characteristic of li is that it produces no obvious psychotropic effects such as sedation depression euphoria in normal individuals at therapeutic concentrations differentiating it from the other psychoactive drugs lithium toxicity and side effects those who use lithium should receive regular blood tests and should monitor the thyroid and kidney for toxic damage as it i |
nterferes with the regulation of sodium and water levels in the body lithium can cause dehydration dehydration which is compounded by heat can result in increasing lithium levels high doses of haloperidol fluphenazine or flupenthixol may be hazardous when used with lithium irreversible toxic encephalopathy has been reported lithium salts with the possible exception of lithium orotate have a narrow therapeutic toxic ratio and should therefore not be prescribed unless facilities for monitoring plasma concentrations are available patients should be carefully selected doses are adjusted to achieve plasma concentrations of zero six to one two mmol li litre lower end of the range for maintenance therapy and elderly patients on samples taken one two hours after the preceding dose overdosage usually with plasma concentrations over one five mmol li litre may be fatal and toxic effects include tremor ataxia dysarthria nystagmus renal impairment and convulsions if these potentially hazardous signs occur treatment should |
be stopped plasma lithium concentrations redetermined and steps taken to reverse lithium toxicity lithium toxicity is compounded by sodium depletion concurrent use of diuretics that inhibit the uptake of sodium by the distal tubule e g thiazides is hazardous and should be avoided in mild cases withdrawal of lithium and administration of generous amounts of sodium and fluid will reverse the toxicity plasma concentrations in excess of two five mmol li litre are usually associated with serious toxicity requiring emergency treatment when toxic concentrations are reached there may be a delay of one or two days before maximum toxicity occurs in long term use therapeutic concentrations of lithium have been thought to cause histological and functional changes in the kidney the significance of such changes is not clear but is of sufficient concern to discourage long term use of lithium unless it is definitely indicated an important consequence is the development of diabetes insipidus inability to concentrate urine pa |
tients should therefore be maintained on lithium treatment after three five years only if on assessment benefit persists conventional and sustained release tablets are available preparations vary widely in bioavailability and a change in the formulation used requires the same precautions as initiation of treatment there are few reasons to prefer any one simple salt of lithium the carbonate has been the more widely used but the citrate is also available lithium overdosing signs that lithium levels within the body are too high include confusion diarrhea lethargy severe tremors and or an upset stomach lithium and culture as with many other drugs songs have been written about its effects lithium sunset by sting and lithium by nirvana among others the soft drink seven up originally named bib label lithiated lemon lime soda contained lithium citrate until it was reformulated in one nine five zero hundreds of other soft drinks also included lithium salts or lithia waters as well as at least one brewery which produce |
d lithia beers all of these were forced to remove lithium in one nine four eight an early version of coca cola available in pharmacies soda fountains called lithia coke was a mixture of coca cola syrup and litha water lithia waters are naturally occurring mineral waters with higher lithium amounts the amount of lithium in any of the commercially available soft drinks was hundreds of times less than a minimum psychiatric dose but the ban didn t make any distinctions on that basis selected bibliography mcintyre rs mancini da parikh s kennedy sh lithium revisited can j psychiatry two zero zero one may four six four three two two seven bowden cl brugger am swann ac calabrese jr janicak pg petty f and others efficacy of divalproex vs lithium and placebo in the treatment of mania jama one nine nine four two seven one nine one eight two four external links lithium revisited seven up and lithium http www psycheducation org depression meds moodstabilizers htm http www psycheducation org depression meds lithium html si |
d six eight five zero three nine pubchem substance summary lithium oxybutyrate antipsychotics mood stabilizers lithium compounds lausanne is a city in the french speaking part of switzerland situated on the shores of lake geneva french lac l man and facing vian les bains france lausanne is located some six zero km northeast of geneva it is the capital of the canton of vaud and of the district of lausanne the headquarters of the international olympic committee and philip morris international are both located in lausanne it lies in the middle of a wine growing region history the romans built a military camp which they called lousanna at the site of a celtic settlement near the lake where currently are vidy and ouchy on the hill above was a fort called lausodunon or lousodunon after the fall of the empire insecurity forced the transfer of lausanne to its current center a hilly easier to defend site the city which grew from the camp was ruled by the dukes of savoy and the bishop of lausanne and then by berne from |
one five three six to one seven nine eight in one eight zero three it became the capital of a newly formed swiss canton vaud geography cathedral notre dame of lausanne the most important geographical feature of the area surrounding lausanne is lake geneva lac l man in french lausanne is built on the southern slope of the swiss plateau with a difference in elevation of about five zero zero meters between the lakeshore at ouchy and its northern edge bordering le mont sur lausanne lausanne boasts a dramatic panorama over the lake in addition to its generally southward sloping layout the center of the city is the site of an ancient river flon which had dried up in ancient times the former river forms a gorge running through the middle of the city south of the old city centre generally following the course of the present rue centrale with several bridges crossing the depression to connect the adjacent neighborhoods due to the large differences in elevation visitors should make a note as to which plane of elevatio |
n they are on and where they want to go lest they find themselves several hundred meters below the street which they are trying to travel on the name flon is also used for the metro station located in the gorge lausanne is located at the limit between the extensive wine growing regions of lavaux to the east and la c te to the west education cole polytechnique f d rale de lausanne swiss federal institute of technology lausanne university of lausanne universit de lausanne cole h teli re de lausanne culture sporting activities are very popular in lausanne with water sports available on the nearby lake and mountaineering in the nearby mountains cycling is also a popular pastime with the vineyards in the surrounding hills providing spectacular views and challenging routes there is an annual marathon road cycling race gp lausanne and a triathlon competition among other things the orchestre de chambre de lausanne and the ensemble vocal de lausanne provide a diverse and rich musical life the latter has been under the |
direction of michel corboz for many years each summer the city festival or festival de la cite is held at the beginning of july there are also film festivals and the bach festival le festival et concours bach de lausanne follows la nuit de mus es museum s night in the fall season lausanne has some alternative culture waterfront view of ouchy just south of lausanne museums lausanne is also the site of many museums mus e historique de lausanne lausanne historical museum mus e olympique lausanne olympic museum fondation de l hermitage hermitage foundation cabinet des m dailles cantonal collection de l art brut art brut collection espace arlaud espace des inventions science center for kids fondation claude verdan mus e de la main museum of the hand fondation du vivarium de lausanne forum d architectures de lausanne forum de l h tel de ville forum of the town hall mus e cantonal d arch ologie et d histoire cantonal museum of archeology and history mus e cantonal des beaux arts cantonal fine arts museum mus e de d |
esign et d arts appliqu s contemporains mu dac mus e de l elys e elys e museum mus e cantonal de g ologie cantonal geological museum mus e et jardins botaniques cantonaux cantonal museum and botanical gardens mus e de pully pully museum mus e romain de lausanne vidy lausanne vidy roman museum mus e de la villa romaine de pully pully roman villa museum mus e cantonal de zoologie cantonal zoology museum roseraie de la vall e de la jeunesse rosegarden etablissement horticole de la bourdonnette serres de la ville horticultural establishment of la bourdonette municipal glasshouses transport one one zero scale model of the new m two metro in lausanne of the same type as the paris line one four front of the m two with the large observation bay where the driver would be on a regular human piloted metro lausanne is going to become the first city in switzerland to have a real metro system with the m two line which will open in two zero zero eight the rolling stock will be a shorter version of the one used on paris metr |
o line one four sports lausanne sport football club lausanne hockey club lhc lausanne morges basket lmb and lausanne ville prilly basket lausanne indians baseball international olympic committee headquarters international baseball federation international swimming federation notable people lausanne is the birthplace of umberto agnelli anthony bloom fran ois louis david bocion johann ludwig burckhardt benjamin constant aloise corbaz charles dutoit egon von furstenberg eug ne grasset bertrand piccard charles ferdinand ramuz th ophile steinlen elizabeth thompson lady butler bernard tschumi f lix vallotton photos of lausanne photos of lausanne taken in june two zero zero one image lausanne one jpg city image lausanne two jpg city image lausanne lake jpg lake geneva image lausanne wine jpg vineyards of lavaux image lausanne vieille ville negative zero two six two four a one jpg old town image lausanne flon negative zero one zero eight a one jpg image lausanne beaulieu negative zero three four three two a one jpg b |
eaulieu image lausanne gare negative zero two six two four a one jpg railway station image lausanne p one zero one zero three nine six jpg belair tower see also eurovision song contest one nine eight nine the lausanne covenant external links city of lausanne official site the official tourism homepage of lausanne mus e de l elys e see also lausanne township pennsylvania cantonal capitals of switzerland cities in switzerland eurovision host cities municipalities of the canton of vaud vaud nectar loyalty card air miles card in marketing generally and in retailing more specifically a loyalty card rewards card points card or club card is a plastic card visually similar to a credit card or debit card that identifies the card holder as a member in a commercial incentives programme in the united kingdom it is typically called a loyalty card in canada a rewards card or a points card and in the us either a discount card a club card or a rewards card cards typically have a barcode or magstripe that can be easily scanne |
d and some are even chip cards small keyring cards are often used for convenience a retail establishment or a retail group may issue a loyalty card to a consumer who can then use it as a form of identification when dealing with that retailer by presenting the card the purchaser is typically entitled to either a discount on the current purchase or an allotment of points that can be used for future purchases hence the card is the visible means of implementing a type of what economists call a two part tariff the card issuer requests or requires customers seeking the issuance of a loyalty card to provide a usually minimal amount of identifying or demographic data such as name and address application forms usually entail agreements by the store concerning customer privacy typically non disclosure by the store of non aggregate data about customers the store one might expect uses aggregate data internally and sometimes externally as part of its marketing research where a customer has provided sufficient identifying |
information the loyalty card may also be used to access such information to expedite verification during receipt of cheques or dispensing of medical prescription preparations or for other membership privileges e g access to a club lounge in airports using a frequent flyer card critics see the lower prices and rewards as bribes to manipulate customer loyalty and purchasing decisions or as a case of infrequent spenders subsidising frequent spenders others worry about the commercial use of the personal data collected as part of the programmes it is also possible that consumer purchases are tracked and analyzed toward more efficient marketing and advertising there also remains the possibility that law enforcement agencies could be granted access to the stored information during an investigation of a customer s activities for example in two zero zero four a winn dixie key ring card was left behind at the scene of the crime which led to the criminal cards in the united kingdom the loyalty card market in the uk is o |
ne of the most significant in the world with most major chains operating some form of reward system however of the major supermarkets tesco asda sainsbury s and morrison s only tesco and sainsbury s offer a card scheme to customers tesco s clubcard scheme has been operating since one nine nine five with sainsbury s reward card opening one year later in one nine nine six sainsbury s more recently ended their reward card system replacing it with nectar card the nectar card is a collaboration between sainsbury s bp debenhams and numerous other outlets so customers can obtain points on their card in various shops and redeem them on products of their choice airlines hotels and other loyalty schemes also offer cards see quick comparison table both sainsbury s nectar and tesco s clubcard scheme have been criticised for not offering value for money newspaper reports frequently focus on the fact that many hundreds of pounds must be spent on the cards before even a theme park visit can be bought when clubcard or nectar |
points are used for money off supermarket shopping they roughly equate to a fairly minimal one discount a recent report in britain s the economist newspaper suggested that the real benefit of loyalty cards to uk outlets is the massive database potential they offer the nectar card scheme has recently had a number of high profile losses in the form of companies withdrawing from its operations barclaycard and vodafone have said they are leaving the scheme to concentrate on other areas cards in the united states in the u s several major supermarket chains and at least one major pharmacy require the cards in order for customers to receive the advertised loyalty price these include kroger safeway through its own name and many of its regional chain names albertsons winn dixie harris teeter ingles giant eagle topps and cvs pharmacy however stores also allow a customer to use the store s card if a customer does not have theirs on hand or if the customer is new and agrees to sign up right away many of the stores allow |
accumulation of fuel discounts some have tie ins with airline frequent flier programs and some agree to donate a percentage of sales to a designated charity the practice is also common among book and music retailers from large chains to independent retailers in some instances the customer purchases the card and receives a percentage discount on all purchases for a period of time often one year while in other instances a customer receives a one time percentage discount upon reaching a specified purchase level for example a bookseller s loyalty card program might provide a customer with a one zero off coupon once the customer has spent two zero zero zero zero at the bookseller in addition office supply retailers staples inc and office depot started issuing club cards in two zero zero five almost all of the major hotel chains best western choice hotels holiday inn marriott super eight motels etc have similar cards that allow guests to earn either points redeemable for discounts future stays or other prizes or a |
irline miles hilton s program allows guests to earn both on the same stay the only program to date that does so all major us airlines also offer rewards credit cards see list of travel reward cards two major petrol distributors have adopted the exxon mobil speedpass which is not only a loyalty token but also contains a mechanism for authorizing electronic payment used by over seven million customers worldwide in two zero zero four for now most american retailers have not implemented club cards in a few cases e g federated department stores this is because the retailer already issues its own credit cards and thus already has a direct relationship with the consumers most likely to shop at its stores also many retailers are simply not large enough to justify the cost of creating promoting and operating a club card program some supermarket customer loyalty cards inadvertently work at the scanners of other non affiliated stores for example a kroger card has been successfully recognized as a respective loyal club m |
ember at stores in the food lion pathmark and winn dixie chains a few states have begun regulating club cards for example supermarkets in the u s state of california are subject to the supermarket club card disclosure act of one nine nine nine some grocery chains have dropped their loyalty card programs rainbow foods in minnesota ended their loyalty card program after being acquired by roundy s leaving minnesota with no major grocers that use such cards loyalty programs in australia by far the largest loyalty program in australia is the flybuys card backed by coles myer australia s largest retailer the national australia bank and shell rival retailer woolworths has a program tied to its ezy banking product offered in partnership with the commonwealth bank where points are earned on spending in some woolworths stores using an ezy banking card also a small cash rewards program called onecard many specialist retailers also offer a variety of loyalty programs most australian banks offer a range of credit card rew |
ards programs which feature bonus partner agreements with various retailers australia also boasts many online loyalty programs some of these programs include rewards online emailcash review and dynamic rewards review loyalty programs in canada the oldest loyalty program in canada is canadian tire money and canadian tire gives out coupons each time someone shops at their store the air miles reward program is canada s largest loyalty program air miles can be earned at more than one zero zero different sponsors and there are almost a thousand different rewards to redeem for another large canadian loyalty program that has been around for a long time is the hbc rewards club z program first started by zellers loblaws offers president s choice financial program where users of the service get pc points towards free groceries staples business depot also offers a rewards program in canada almost every gas station in canada offers some sort of program such as esso extra at the esso gas stations petro points at petro can |
ada caa dollars at sunoco canadian tire money at canadian tire gas stations or a coupon that grants the customer cents per litre of fuel purchased at sobey s fast fuel locations that can be used at a sobey s banner store many hotel chains also offer some sort of loyalty program canada is also home to air canada s aeroplan cards in the republic of ireland in the republic of ireland loyalty cards have been in operation since one nine nine three when superquinn introduced its superclub loyalty card scheme this is regarded as having been the prototype for such schemes in europe however loyalty cards did not expand until one nine nine seven when tesco ireland introduced its clubcard scheme shortly after its purchase of power supermarkets this was essentially a simple expansion of the uk scheme see above cards for this are physically identical to those used by tesco in the uk and they can be used in both countries dunnes stores responded with the introduction of their own valueclub scheme today these are three main |
schemes operating in ireland although valueclub has been withdrawn from dunnes northern ireland stores loyalty programs in asia in the malaysia the bonuslink program was introduced in a joint venture between shell parkson maxis and mbf the bonuslink program is coalition with earning and redemption partners allowing members to earn points at a number of malaysian retailers in singapore the atlife rewards program was launched in two zero zero five other notable programs in asia include krisflyer the singapore airlines rewards program and asiamiles which was part of cathay pacific in china the smartclub program allows all shanghai residents to earn smartpoints free each time they take the subway bus or taxi those smartpoints can be combined with points earned at mcdonald s elong sport one zero zero cinemas bookstores and other smartclub partner retailers hong kong also offers the octopusprogram which started as a chip based smartcard for transport see also mass surveillance sales promotion british national iden |
tity card scrip or gift cards and gift certificates frequent flyer program consumer cooperative warehouse club consumers against supermarket privacy and numbering external link opposition group opposing loyalty cards pricing marketing promotion and marketing communications customer loyalty programs ludwig von drake ludwig von drake is one of walt disney s cartoon and comic book characters he first appeared as the presenter of the cartoon an adventure in color in one nine six one part of the first show of walt disney s wonderful world of color on nbc he was introduced as an uncle of donald duck and was supposedly named after either ludwig von mises or ludwig van beethoven he was voiced by paul frees until one nine eight six after his death in one nine eight six corey burton took over as the voice of ludwig von drake ludwig von drake comes from vienna austria some creators have presumed that his family is a germanic branch of the duck family but that hasn t been included in any major stories ludwig had a fascin |
ation with knowledge since his youth he had been trying to obtain as many diplomas in any science as possible at some point the professor emigrated to the united states and he married the already retired matilda mcduck this is not canon but a widespread theory created by don rosa after her death ludwig spent the rest of his life as a loner among his other interests was psychology and he tried to make a psychological study of his nephew donald duck ludwig has shown up on several disney animated cartoons ducktales raw toonage bonkers mickey mouse works quack pack house of mouse and numerous television specials ironically ludwig never appeared on darkwing duck in all of these television specials von drake wears a pink shirt black tie red vest and a lab coat ludwig von drake will co star in the children s television series disney s mickey mouse clubhouse von drake around the world ludwig von drake is known by different names in other languages danish raptus von and though he is not related to scrooge mcduck who i |
s named joakim von and in danish dutch otto van drakensteijn finnish taavi ankka french professeur donald dingue german primus von quack italian pico de paperis norwegian raptus von rupp portuguese professor ludovico spanish ludwing von pato swedish ludwig von anka disney characters characters in the scrooge mcduck universe fictional ducks fictional scientists fictional austrians los altos is a city at the southern end of the san francisco peninsula part of the silicon valley the city is located in santa clara county california as of the two zero zero zero census the city had a total population of two seven six nine three los altos is a quiet bedroom community suburb serving both san jose and san francisco most of the city was developed between the one nine five zero s and one nine seven zero s as a formerly agricultural town los altos has several unique features commercial zones are strictly limited to the downtown area referred to by local merchants as los altos village and a few shopping centers and office |
parks lining foothill expressway and el camino real the adjacent town of los altos hills has no commercial zones post office or public library and is dependent upon los altos for such services education public education los altos is served by a k six charter school bullis charter school a k eight school district the los altos school district and a separate nine one two high school district the mountain view los altos union high school district bullis charter school and both districts are highly regarded and most graduates of los altos high schools continue their education at well known universities throughout the united states design and planning los altos by design strives to maintain a semi rural atmosphere los altos has no sidewalks except around the commercial zones mentioned above and along the most important arterial roads like san antonio road most roads have broad dirt shoulders and little or no street lighting the civic center sits in the middle of an orchard a tiny remnant of the large farms which |
once covered the entire area the downtown is a triangle with arterials on all sides that allow most through traffic to bypass main street in contrast several nearby cities have downtowns that lack adequate bypasses notably palo alto and menlo park due to the city s strict low density zoning many los altos homes are now valued at one million and higher from the mid one nine nine zero s onward downtown los altos has experienced mild economic difficulties due to competition from shopping centers and chain stores in nearby mountain view and palo alto as well as its lack of a hotel or movie theater the problem of how to revitalize the downtown area continues to be a major issue in city politics los altos may have a legitimate claim to having the first scientifically designed sound baffle in the year one nine seven zero santa clara county undertook a seminal study to mathematically calculate the effects of alternate soundwall designs along foothill expressway the resulting design was built and successfully predicte |
d reduction of seven to ten decibels in noise pollution levels for adjacent homes sister cities bendigo australia syktyvkar russia shilin taiwan famous residents current well known residents of los altos include charles geschke co founder of adobe systems john warnock co founder of adobe systems paul mockapetris inventor or co inventor of the domain name system ryan bruno ufc fighter and olympic badmitton champion alex bailey one st place contendor at the freestyle walking open others who are from have inhabited los altos and have achieved fame include alan cranston former u s senator juli inkster renowned lpga golfer george seifert former head coach of nfl team san francisco four nine ers steve young former quarterback for the four nine ers and current hall of famer lee woodall former linebacker for the four nine ers colt cannon professional skateboarder lauren mcfall member of bronze winning two zero zero four olympic synchronized swimming team steve jobs ceo of apple computer wallace stegner late pulitzer |
prize winning author teacher environmentalist geography los altos is located at three seven two two five north one two two five five one west three seven three six eight one nine one two two zero nine seven five one one according to the united states census bureau the city has a total area of one six four km six three mi all of it is land and none of it is covered by water demographics main street in downtown los altos as of the census of two zero zero zero there are two seven six nine three people one zero four six two households and eight zero two four families residing in the city the population density is one six eight three eight km four three six zero seven mi there are one zero seven two seven housing units at an average density of six five two two km one six eight nine one mi the racial makeup of the city is eight zero three five white zero four seven african american zero one seven native american one five four two asian zero one six pacific islander zero six six from other races and two seven seven |
from two or more races two nine seven of the population are hispanic or latino of any race there are one zero four six two households out of which three three six have children under the age of one eight living with them six nine four are married couples living together five four have a female householder with no husband present and two three three are non families one eight seven of all households are made up of individuals and nine eight have someone living alone who is six five years of age or older the average household size is two six one and the average family size is two nine eight in the city the population is spread out with two three seven under the age of one eight three five from one eight to two four two four five from two five to four four two nine one from four five to six four and one nine three who are six five years of age or older the median age is four four years for every one zero zero females there are nine three one males for every one zero zero females age one eight and over there are |
nine one zero males the median income for a household in the city is one two six seven four zero and the median income for a family is one four eight two zero one males have a median income of one zero zero zero zero zero versus six seven three three two for females the per capita income for the city is six six seven seven six two four of the population and one one of families are below the poverty line out of the total population two two of those under the age of one eight and one five of those six five and older are living below the poverty line references blitzer carol building on success san jose business journal six march one nine nine five sec s p three hogan c michael and harry seidman design of noise abatement structures along foothill expressway los altos california county of santa clara public works department dir jim pott oct one nine seven zero mcpherson sarah small town hard sell village leader trying to pump up downtown san jose mercury news six april two zero zero five sec b p one external link |
s cities in california santa clara county california lambert eaton myasthenic syndrome lems is a rare disorder of nerve muscle neuromuscular junction both the etiology and the clinical findings of the disease may resemble myasthenia gravis but there are many substantial differences between clinical presentations and pathogenetic features of two disorders anderson was the first person to mention a case with possible clinical findings of lems in one nine five three but lambert eaton and rooke were the first physicians to substantially describe the clinical and electrophysiological findings of the disease in one nine six six lems usually comes out alone but lung cancer small cell histology may accompany the disease in some cases in both conditions the disease is of autoimmune origin that is it is caused by antibodies that are directed against the antigens of the neuromuscular junction in one nine eight nine the previously anticipated antibodies were demonstrated to be directed against calcium channels which are |
located in neuromuscular junction see synapse and are responsible for the efficient release of acetylcholine the antibodies prevent normal function of calcium channels and thus prevent the release of acetylcholine that is essential for normal nerve muscle interactions which maintain the normal muscle strength see synapse nerve neuron muscle there are also some patients that do not carry these antibodies in their serum samples and the exact cause of disease in these cases still remains to be determined in cases with both lems and lung cancer usually small cell type the antibodies are suggested to be aimed at cancer cells and to bind and affect the antigens in neuromuscular junction accidentally lems can be observed in other types of cancer including the transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder approximately five zero of lems cases have an identifiable malignancy the disease is usually observed in middle aged and older people but children and young people can be affected as well due to the infrequency of the |
condition the exact incidence is unknown clinical findings the major clinical finding is progressive weakness that does not usually involve the respiratory muscles and the muscles of face in patients with affected ocular and respiratory muscles the involvement is not as severe as myasthenia gravis the proximal parts of the legs and arms are predominantly affected many patients have autonomic symptoms like dry mouth or impotence reflexes are usually reduced or absent diagnosis the diagnosis is established by clinical and laboratory findings chest x ray for a possible lung malignancy antibodies to calcium channels incremental response in repetitive nerve stimulation incremental response is an increased response of muscle fibers to very high frequencies of electrical stimulation observed increase in the response of muscle fibers proves that there is a difficulty with the release of acetylcholine and this difficulty can be overwhelmed by intensive stimulation treatment corticosteroids azathioprine and three four |
diaminopyridine are used in treatment of lems with limited success in some cases with a progressive and intractable course plasma exchange or intravenous immunoglobulin can be tried external links medline plus at nih emedicine cleveland clinic neurological disorders eponymous diseases a liqueur is a sweet alcoholic beverage often flavoured with fruits herbs spices flowers seeds roots plants barks and sometimes cream the word liqueur comes from the latin word liquifacere which means to dissolve this refers to the dissolving of the flavorings used to make the liqueur liqueurs are not usually aged for long periods of time but may have resting periods during their production to allow the flavors to marry many people use the words cordial and liqueur interchangeably though they both describe liquors made by redistilling spirits with aromatic flavorings and are usually highly sweetened there are some differences while liqueurs are usually flavored with the ingredients listed above cordials are generally prepared wi |
th fruit pulp or juices nearly all liqueurs are quite sweet with a highly concentrated dessert like flavour liqueurs date back centuries and historically they derive from herbal medicines often those prepared by monks as chartreuse or benedictine liqueurs were made in italy as early as the one three th century today liqueurs are made in every country of the world and can be enjoyed many different ways including by themselves poured over ice with coffee and mixed with cream or other mixers some liqueurs are prepared by infusing certain woods fruits or flowers in either water or alcohol and adding sugar etc others are distilled from aromatic or flavouring agents the distinction between liqueur and spirits sometimes liquors is not simple especially since many spirits are available in a flavoured form today flavored spirits however are not prepared by infusion alcohol content is not a distinctive feature at one five to three zero most liqueurs have a lower alcohol content than spirits but some liqueurs have an al |
cohol content as high as five five and absinthe can be as high as eight five dessert wine on the other hand may taste like a liqueur but contains no additional flavouring liqueurs may be drunk neat often during or after dessert or may be used in cocktails or cooking there are many categories of liqueurs including fruit liqueur cream liqueur coffee liqueur chocolate liqueur schnapps liqueur brandy liqueur anise liqueur nut flavoured liqueur and herbal liqueur anise liqueurs have the interesting property of turning from translucent to cloudy when diluted the oil of anise remains in solution when in the presence of a high concentration of alcohol but crystallizes out of the solution when the alcohol concentration is reduced by dilution floating liqueurs is a technique often used by bartenders to impress their customers this is done by floating a measure of the desired liqueur in a glass by pouring it slowly over an inverted spoon or down a glass rod this creates a rainbow effect in a glass when using different c |
olored cordials see also list of liqueurs nalewka external links list of the top liqueurs liqueurweb how to make liqueur yourself comprehensive coverage of most liqueurs liqueurs this article is about the demon lilith for other meanings of the word see lilith disambiguation lilith is a female mesopotamian night demon believed to harm male children in isaiah three four one four lilith standard hebrew lilit is a kind of night demon or animal translated as onokentauros in the septuagint as lamia witch by hieronymus of cardia and as screech owl in the king james version of the bible in the talmud and midrash lilith appears as a night demon the idea of lilith as the first wife of adam arose in the middle ages lilith one eight nine two by john collier etymology hebrew lilith akkadian l l tu are female nisba adjectives from the proto semitic root lyl night literally translating to nocturna female night being demon sayce hibbert lectures one four five ff fossey la magie assyrienne three seven ff and others reject an |
etymology based on the root lyl and suggest the origin of l l t was as a storm demon this view is supported by the cuneiform inscriptions quoted by these scholars the association with night may still be due to early popular etymology the corresponding akkadian masculine l l shows no nisba suffix and compares to sumerian kiskil lilla akkadian mythology kiskil lilla lilith has been identified with ki sikil lil la ke four a female demon in the sumerian prologue to the gilgamesh epic kramer translates a dragon had built its nest at the foot of the tree the zu bird was raising its young in the crown and the demon lilith had built her house in the middle then the zu bird flew into the mountains with its young while lilith petrified with fear tore down her house and fled into the wilderness wolkenstein translates the same passage a serpent who could not be charmed made its nest in the roots of the tree the anzu bird set his young in the branches of the tree and the dark maid lilith built her home in the trunk the bu |
rney relief the burney relief ca one nine five zero bc the gilgamesh passage quoted above has in turn been applied by some to the burney relief norman colville collection which dates to roughly one nine five zero bc and is a sculpture of a woman who has bird talons and is flanked by owls the key to this identification lies in the bird talons and the owls while the relief may depict the demon kisikil lilla ke of the gilgamesh passage or another goddess identification with lilitu is more tenuous and likely influenced by the screech owl translation of the kjv a very similar relief dating to roughly the same period is preserved in the louvre ao six five zero one mesopotamian lilitu after these reliefs there is a gap of about a millennium and it is only from circa the nine th century bc that vampire like spirits called the lilu are known from babylonian demonology these female demons roam during the hours of darkness hunting and killing newborn babies and pregnant women akkadian lilitu forms a triad with ardat lil |
i and idlu lili as stated above they may have originated as storm demons from the sumerian lil air or wind and the night association may be a semitic popular etymology earlier sumerian myth tells the story of how adapa came to break the wings of the south wind associated with the summer sand storms which have always aflicted iraq after which she vowed enmity to humankind this wind was associated with ninlil lady wind from nin lady lil wind the wife to enlil en lord lil wind king of the gods a separate fragmentary myth describes how enlil raped ninlil and as punishment he was sent to the underword domain of ereshkigal eresh under ki earth gal great ninlil suffering the trauma of her rape after roaming the world followed him to the underworld vowing vengence upon the male gender ninlil two zero zero six encyclop dia britannica retrieved february one zero two zero zero six from encyclop dia britannica premium service in the transfer from sumerian myth to babylonian akkadian it is suggested that ninlil became lil |
itu itu being an akkadian feminine marker with her two wild handmaidens ardat lili and idlu lili mentioned above the lilith prophylactic of arslan tash aleppo national museum has been suspected a forgery but if genuine it would be a seven th century bc plaque featuring a sphinx like creature and a she wolf devouring a child with a phoenician inscription addressing the sphinx creature as lili the association with the owl is difficult to date and may be due to the bird having been seen as a blood sucking night spirit elements of the cult spread to ancient greece and can be traced in the erinyes and hekate lilith in the bible isaiah three four one four describing the desolation of edom is the only occurrence of lilith in the hebrew bible hebrew iso two five nine literal translation yelpers meet perfect howlers hairy ones cry imperfect to fellow liyliyth reposes perfect acquires perfect resting place kjv the wild beasts of the desert shall also meet with the wild beasts of the island and the satyr shall cry to hi |
s fellow the screech owl also shall rest there and find for herself a place of rest schrader jahrbuch f r protestantische theologie one one two eight and levy zdmg nine four seven zero four eight four suggest that lilith was a goddess of the night known also by the jewish exiles in babylon evidence for lilith being a goddess rather than a demon is lacking isaiah dates to the six th century bc and the presence of jews in babylon would coincide with the attested references to the l l tu in babylonian demonology the septuagint translates onokentauros apparently for lack of a better word since also the satyrs earlier in the verse are translated with daimon onokentauros the wild beasts of the island and the desert are omitted altogether and the crying to his fellow is also done by the daimon onokentauros christian bible hieronymus of cardia translated lilith with lamia in horace de arte poetica liber three four zero a witch who steals children similar to the breton korrigan in greek mythology described as a libyan |
queen who mated with zeus after zeus abandoned lamia hera stole lamia s children and lamia took revenge by stealing other women s children the screech owl translation of the kjv is without precedent and apparently together with the owl yan up probably a water bird in three four one one and the great owl qippoz properly a snake of three four one five an attempt to render the eerie atmosphere of the passage by choosing suitable animals for difficult to translate hebrew words later translations include night owl young one eight nine eight night monster asv one nine zero one nasb one nine nine five night hag rsv one nine four seven night creature nkjv one nine eight two nlt one nine nine six jewish tradition a hebrew tradition exists in which an amulet is inscribed with the names of three angels and placed around the neck of newborn boys in order to protect them from the lilin until their circumcision this practice lends weight to the argument that lilith had existed in earlier hebrew mythology and is not the cr |
eation of later medieval authors there is also a hebrew tradition to wait a while before a boy s hair is cut so as to attempt to trick lilith into thinking the child is a girl so that the boy s life may be spared dead sea scrolls the appearance of lilith in the dead sea scrolls is somewhat more contentious with one indisputable reference in the song for a sage four q five one zero five one one and a promising additional allusion found by a baumgarten in the seductress four q one eight four the first and irrefutable lilith reference in the song occurs in four q five one zero fragment one and i the instructor proclaim his glorious splendor so as to frighten and to terrify all the spirits of the destroying angels spirits of the bastards demons lilith howlers and desert dwellers and those which fall upon men without warning to lead them astray from a spirit of understanding and to make their heart and their desolate during the present dominion of wickedness and predetermined time of humiliations for the sons of l |
ight by the guilt of the ages of those smitten by iniquity not for eternal destruction but for an era of humiliation for transgression akin to isaiah three four one four this liturgical text both cautions against the presence of supernatural malevolence and assumes familiarity with lilith distinct from the biblical text however this passage does not function under any socio political agenda but instead serves in the same capacity as an exorcism four q five six zero and songs to disperse demons one one q one one insomuch that it comprises of incantations comparable to the arslan tash relief examined above used to help protect the faithful against the power of these spirits the text is thus to a community deeply involved in the realm of demonology an exorcism hymn another text discovered at qumran conventionally associated with book of proverbs credibly also appropriates the lilith tradition in its description of precarious winsome woman the seductress four q one eight four the ancient poem dated to the first c |
entury bce but plausibly much older describes a dangerous woman and consequently warns against encounters with her customarily the woman depicted in this text is equated to the strange woman of proverbs two and five and for good reason the parallels are instantly recognizable her house sinks down to death and her course leads to the shades all who go to her cannot return and find again the paths of life proverbs two one eight one nine her gates are gates of death and from the entrance of the house she sets out towards sheol none of those who enter there will ever return and all who possess her will descend to the pit four q one eight four however what this association does not take into account are additional descriptions of the seductress from qumran that cannot be found attributed to the strange woman of proverbs namely her horns and her wings a multitude of sins is in her wings the woman illustrated in proverbs is without question a prostitute or at the very least the representation of one and the sort of |
individual with whom that text s community would have been familiar the seductress of the qumran text conversely could not possibly have represented an existent social threat given the constraints of this particular ascetic community instead the qumran text utilizes the imagery of proverbs to explicate a much broader supernatural threat the threat of the demoness lilith talmud although the talmudic references to lilith are sparse these passages provide the most comprehensive insight into the demoness yet seen in judaic literature which both echo lilith s mesopotamian origins and prefigure her future as the perceived exegetical enigma of the genesis account recalling the lilith we have seen talmudic allusions to lilith illustrate her essential wings and long hair dating back to her earliest extant mention in gilgamesh rab judah citing samuel ruled if an abortion had the likeness of lilith its mother is unclean by reason of the birth for it is a child but it has wings niddah two four b expounding upon the curse |
s of womanhood in a baraitha it was taught she grows long hair like lilith sits when making water like a beast and serves as a bolster for her husband erubin one zero zero b more unique to the talmud with regard to lilith is her insalubrious carnality alluded to in the seductress but expanded upon here sans unspecific metaphors as the demoness assuming the form of a woman in order to sexually take men by force while they sleep r hanina said one may not sleep in a house alone in a lonely house and whoever sleeps in a house alone is seized by lilith shabbath one five one b yet the most innovative perception of lilith offered by the talmud appears earlier in erubin and is more than likely inadvertently responsible for the fate of the lilith myth for centuries to come r jeremiah b eleazar further stated in all those years one three zero years after his expulsion from the garden of eden during which adam was under the ban he begot ghosts and male demons and female demons or night demons for it is said in scripture |
and adam lived a hundred and thirty years and begot a son in own likeness after his own image from which it follows that until that time he did not beget after his own image when he saw that through him death was ordained as punishment he spent a hundred and thirty years in fasting severed connection with his wife for a hundred and thirty years and wore clothes of fig on his body for a hundred and thirty years that statement of r jeremiah was made in reference to the semen which he emitted accidentally erubin one eight b comparing erubin one eight b and shabbath one five one b with the later passage from the zohar she wanders about a night night vexing the sons of men and causing them to defiles themselves one nine b it appears clear that this talmudic passage indicates such an averse union between adam and lilith kabbala in some passages of the kabbala as well as in the one three th century treatise on the left emanation lilith is the mate of samael in others probably informed by the alphabet of ben sira sh |
e is adam s wife yalqut reubeni zohar one three four b three one nine lilith as adam s first wife the passage in genesis one two seven so god created man in his own image in the image of god created he him male and female created he them before describing a mate being made of adam s rib and being called eve in genesis two two two is sometimes believed to be an indication that adam had a wife before eve a medieval reference to lilith as the first wife of adam is the anonymous the alphabet of ben sira written sometime between the eight th and one one th centuries lilith is described as refusing to assume a subservient role to adam during sexual intercourse and so deserting him she said i will not lie below and he said i will not lie beneath you but only on top for you are fit only to be in the bottom position while i am to be the superior one lilith promptly uttered the name of god took to the air and left the garden settling on the red sea coast as a side note this places lilith in a unique position for she le |
ft the garden of her own accord and before the fall of man and so is untouched by the tree of knowledge however according to legend she also knows the true name of god lilith then went on to mate with asmodai and various other demons she found beside the red sea creating countless lilin adam urged god to bring lilith back so three angels were dispatched after her when the angels senoy sansenoy and semangelof made threats to kill one hundred of lilith s demonic children for each day she stayed away she countered that she would prey eternally upon the descendants of adam and eve who could be saved only by invoking the names of the three angels she did not return to adam the background and purpose of the alphabet of ben sira is unclear it is a collection of stories about heroes of the bible and talmud it may have been a collection of folk tales a refutation of christian karaite or other separatist movements its content seems so offensive to contemporary jews that it was even suggested that it could be an anti je |
wish satire although in any case the text was accepted by the jewish mystics of medieval germany the alphabet of ben sira is the earliest surviving source of the story and the conception that lilith was adam s first wife became only widely known with the one seven th century lexicon talmudicum of johannes buxtorf in the late one nine th century the scottish christian author george macdonald incorporated the story of lilith as adam s first wife and predator of eve s children into a mythopoeic fantasy novel in the romantic style the role of lilith as adam s faithless wife has parallels with the ideas about eve herself in the unification theology of sun myung moon modern magic an one eight th or one nine th century persian amulet a protective charm for a newborn boy kept in the israel museum jerusalem depicts lilith in chains with bind lilith in chains written under each arm lilith appears as a succubus in aleister crowley s de arte magica lilith in popular culture the title of the lilith fair was taken from the |
legend of lilith as adam s first wife honoring her modern image as a feminist icon george macdonald s seminal fantasy lilith one eight nine five builds upon the notion of lilith as both adam s first wife and the epitome of a creature in need of divine redemption in c s lewis s the lion the witch and the wardrobe the central antagonist the white witch is said to be a descendant of lilith in the roleplaying game vampire the masquerade lilith is said to be the sister and lover of both abel and cain and the impetus for cain s murder of abel lilith appears as a character in the night owl written and directed by steven shea see lilith disambiguation see also goddess ishtar korrigan kubaba succubus vampire lamia naamah references talmudic references b erubin one eight b b erubin one zero zero b b nidda two four b b shab one five one b b baba bathra seven three a b kabbalist references zohar three seven six b seven seven a zohar sitrei torah one one four seven b one four eight b zohar two two six seven b bacharach e |
meq hamelekh one nine c zohar three one nine a bacharach emeq hamelekh one zero two d one zero three a zohar one five four b five five a dead sea scroll references four qsongs of the sage four qshir four q five one zero frag one one four six a frag one zero one f one one qpsap an overview of the lilith mythos including analysis of the burney relief kramer s translation of the gilgamesh prologue kramer samuel noah gilgamesh and the huluppu tree a reconstructed sumerian text assyriological studies of the oriental institute of the university of chicago one zero chicago one nine three eight external links jewish encyclopedia lilith lilith by alan humm international standard bible encyclopedia night monster a criticism of the lilith myth in jewish feminism demons goddesses jewish demons sumerian mythology in physics the lorentz force is the force exerted on a charged particle in an electromagnetic field the particle will experience a force due to electric field of q e and due to the magnetic field q v b combined t |
hey give the lorentz force equation or law mathbf q mathbf mathbf times mathbf where f is the force in newtons e is the electric field in volts per meter b is the magnetic field in webers per square meter or equivalently teslas q is the electric charge of the particle in coulombs v is the instantaneous velocity of the particle in meters per second and is the cross product thus a positively charged particle will be accelerated in the same linear orientation as the e field but will curve perpendicularly to the b field according to the right hand rule alternative form equivalently we can express the lorentz force law in terms of the electric charge density and current density j as mathbf int v rho mathbf mathbf times mathbf cdot dv applications the lorentz force is a principle exploited in many devices including cyclotrons and other circular path particle accelerators homopolar generators magnetrons magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters mass spectrometers railguns generators motors see also hendrik lorentz electromagne |
tism maxwell s equations reference electromagnetism introductory physics the exact same full name was also carried by his grandson lorenzo one four nine two one five one nine duke of urbino with whom he is sometimes confused lorenzo di piero de medici january one one four four nine florence eight april one four nine two carregio was an italian statesman and ruler of the florentine republic during the italian renaissance known as lorenzo the magnificent il magnifico by contemporary florentines he was the most remarkable public figure of his time accomplished in the manly arts of jousting and the hunt as well as a wily diplomat and the head of a brilliant group of scholars and poets he was charismatic tough passionate and energetic equally devoted to his city his family the church and the pursuit of art and learning his life coincided with the high point of the early italian renaissance and his premature death marked the end of the golden age of florence the tenuous peace that he helped to maintain between the |
various italian states collapsed with his death and the french invasion of one four nine four two years after his death began nearly four zero zero years of foreign occupation of the italian pennisula though the medici remained in power in florence for several centuries as well as producing three popes and two queens of france none of his successors ever approached his range of interests and accomplishments or the generosity of his vision lorenzo and politics lorenzo was born into the leading family in florence owners of an international bank with branches throughout europe his grandfather cosimo de medici became the first of the medici to combine running the bank with leading the republic in both government and philanthropy spending an enormous portion of his fortune he was one of the wealthiest men in europe on art and public works lorenzo s father piero piero the gouty de medici was also at the center of florentine life and extremely active as a patron and collector lorenzo groomed for power assumed a lead |
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