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ing role in the state upon the death of his father in one four six nine when lorenzo was just twenty ironically it was in the running of the bank that lorenzo had the least success and its assets contracted seriously during the course of his lifetime lorenzo like his father and grandfather ruled florence indirectly through surrogates in the city councils through threats payoffs strategic marriages all the tools of autocracy it was inevitable that rival families should harbor resentments as to medici dominance and enemies of the medici remained a factor in florentine life long after lorenzo s passing on april two six one four seven eight in an incident called the pazzi conspiracy a group including members of pazzi family backed by the archbishop of pisa and his patron pope sixtus iv attacked lorenzo and his brother and co ruler giuliano in the cathedral of florence lorennzo was stabbed but escaped however the attackers managed to kill giuliano the conspiracy was brutally put down against the express request of |
lorenzo including the lynching of the archbishop in the aftermath of the pazzi conspiracy and the punishment of the pope s supporters the medici and florence suffered from the wrath of the pope he seized all the medici assets he could find excommunicated lorenzo and the entire government of florence and finally put the city under interdict when that had little effect the pope formed a military alliance with king ferrante of naples to attack florence the king s son alfonso duke of calabria promptly invaded the florentines promptly excommunicated the pope and lorenzo rallied the citizens however with little help being provided by traditional medici allies in bologna and milan the latter being convulsed by power struggles among the sforza the war dragged on and only deft diplomacy by lorenzo who personally travelled to naples saved the day this further increased his popularity with the florentines and enabled him to secure constitutional changes that enhanced his power thereafter lorenzo like his grandfather co |
simo de medici pursued a policy of maintaining both peace and a balance of power between the northern italian states and keeping other states out of italy he also tried to create a more unified italy but with little success a pucci lorenzo de medici and f sassetti lorenzo and the renaissance another of lorenzo s successes was in the fields of art and learning he gathered at his court the leading artists and intellectuals of his day his support for artists such as leonardo da vinci donatello sandro botticelli domenico ghirlandaio andrea del verrocchio and michelangelo buonarroti was instrumental in the development of florence as the epicenter of one five th century renaissance europe although his financial straits made it impossible for him to commission many works himself he saw to it that they received commissions from other patrons he was an artist of some note himself writing poetry in his native tuscan michelangelo actually lived with lorenzo and his family for several years and he was permitted to both d |
ine at the family table and sit in on meetings of the neo platonic academy michelangelo never forgot his indebtedness to lorenzo and biographers like irving stone consider his early years with the medici circle as crucial to his later development lorenzo also started the collection of books which became the medici library and his agents retrieved from the east large numbers of previously unknown classical works and he employed a large workshop to copy his books and diffuse their content across europe he supported the development of humanism through his circle of scholarly friends who studied greek philosophers and attempted to merge the ideas of plato with christianity among this group were the philosophers marsilio ficino and giovanni pico della mirandola and the humanist poet angelo poliziano later years one area in which he was not successful was business during his tenure several branches of the family bank collapsed because of bad loans and in later years he got into financial difficulties himself and re |
sorted to mis appropriating trust and state funds for his own needs toward the end of lorenzo s life florence came under the spell of savonarola who believed that christians had strayed too far into greco roman culture oddly enough lorenzo played a role in bringing savonarola to florence even though savonarola disliked popular art and music two things that lorenzo admired two of his sons later became powerful popes his second son giovanni became pope leo x and his adopted son giulio who was the illegitimate son of his slain brother giuliano became pope clement vii unfortunately his first son and his political heir piero the unfortunate squandered his father s patrimony and brought down his father s dynasty in florence another medici his brother giovanni restored it but it was only made wholly secure again on the accession of a distant relative from a branch line of the family cosimo i de medici lorenzo de medici died peacefully during the night of april eight th nine th one four nine two at the long time fami |
ly villa of careggi florentine reckoning considers days to begin at sunset so his death date is the nine th in that reckoning savonarola visited lorenzo on his death bed probably on account of the pity he had for the dying man the rumor that savonarola damned lorenzo on his deathbed has been refuted by roberto ridolfi in his book vita di girolamo savonarola letters written by witnesses to lorenzo s death report that lorenzo died a consoled man on account of the blessing savonarola gave him as lorenzo died the tower of the church of santa reparata was allegedly struck by lightning he and his brother giuliano are buried together in a non descript tomb in the medici chapel in the church of san lorenzo the chapel is ornamented with spectacular and famous sculptures by michelangelo which actually adorn the tombs of two other much less well known medici he died at the dawn of the age of exploration christopher columbus would reach the new world only six months later with his death the center of the renaissance shif |
ted from florence to rome where it would remain for the next century and beyond see also medici family renaissance further reading christopher hibbert the house of medici its rise and fall morrow quill one nine eight zero is an excellent and highly readable overall history of the family and covers lorenzo s life in some detail niccolo machiavelli history of florence and of the affairs of italy from the earliest times to the death of lorenzo the magnificent niccolo machiavelli one five two one two five is one of machiavelli s most important works medici one four four nine births one four nine two deaths rulers of florence in mathematics a lemma is a proven proposition which is used as a stepping stone to a larger result rather than an independent statement in and of itself a good stepping stone leads to many others so some of the most powerful results in mathematics are known as lemmata zorn s lemma b zout s lemma gauss lemma fatou s lemma nakayama lemma etc there is no inherent distinction between a lemma and |
a theorem the greek word lemma itself means anything which is received such as a gift profit or a bribe according to one the plural lemmas is commonly used the correct greek plural of lemma however is lemmata both forms are used in english although users of lemmas should be aware that classical purists will consider their usage wrong and users of lemmata should be aware that many readers may be unfamiliar with the term or consider its use unnecessarily pedantic see also list of lemmas references n higham handbook of writing for the mathematical sciences society for industrial and applied mathematics one nine nine eight p one six mathematical terminology lemmas this article is about the historical person lucrezia borgia is also the name buffalo bill gave to his gun portrait of a woman by bartolomeo veneziano assumed to be lucrezia borgia lucrezia or lucrecia borgia april one four or april one eight one four eight zero june two four one five one nine was the daughter of rodrigo borgia the powerful renaissance |
valencian who would later become pope alexander vi and vannozza dei cattani her brother was the notorious despot cesare borgia lucrezia s family later came to epitomise the ruthless machiavellian politics and sexual corruption alleged to be characteristic of the renaissance papacy in this story lucrezia was cast as a femme fatale a role she has played in many artworks novels and films no authentic portrait of lucrezia is known though several paintings such as bartolomeo veneziano s fanciful portrait see illustration have been said to depict her often these images are simply part of lucrezia s myth not enough is known about the historical lucrezia to be certain whether any of the stories about her active involvement in her father s and brother s crimes are true her father and or brother certainly arranged several marriages for her to important or powerful men in order to advance their own political ambitions lucrezia was married to giovanni sforza lord of pesaro alfonso of aragon duke of bisceglie and alphonso |
d este prince of ferrara tradition has it that the middle of those husbands was an illegitimate son of the king of naples and that cesare may have had him murdered after his political value waned marriages first marriage giovanni sforza by the time she was eleven she had been betrothed twice but both times her father had called off the engagements after rodrigo became pope alexander vi he had lucrezia marry giovanni sforza in order to establish an alliance with that powerful milanese family the wedding was a scandalous event but was not much more extravagant than many other renaissance celebrations before long the borgia family no longer needed the sforzas and the presence of giovanni sforza in the papal court was superfluous the pope needed new more advantageous political alliances so he may have covertly ordered the execution of giovanni the generally accepted version is that lucrezia was informed of this by her brother cesare and she warned her husband who then fled rome possibly pope alexander never made |
such an order and it was a plot on the part of cesare and lucrezia to drive her boring husband away whichever way it was alexander and cesare were pleased with the chance of arranging another advantageous marriage for lucrezia but before that could occur they needed to get rid of giovanni sforza alexander asked giovanni s uncle cardinal ascanio sforza to persuade giovanni to agree to a divorce giovanni refused and accused lucrezia of paternal and fraternal incest since the marriage had supposedly not been consummated the pope said that the marriage was not valid and he offered giovanni all of lucrezia s dowry to agree the sforza family threatened to withdraw their protection of giovanni if he refused alexander s offer having no choice giovanni sforza signed both a confession of impotence and the documents of annulment before witnesses affair with perotto there has been speculation that during the prolonged process of the annulment lucrezia consummated a relationship with someone probably alexander s messenge |
r perotto the result was that she was actually pregnant when her marriage was annulled for not having been consummated and this is one of the facts her detractors have cited to support their derogatory view of her character the child named giovanni borgia but who is known to historians as the roman infante was born in secret before lucrezia s marriage to the one seven year old alfonso v of aragon some believe the child was her brother cesare s but that perotto due to his fondness for lucrezia claimed that it was his during her pregnancy she stayed away from rome at a convent so no one would know of her state and perotto would bring her messages from her father in rome according to this theory lucrezia was worried that if news of her pregnancy reached the citizens of rome they would surely know it was cesare s child cesare at the time was a cardinal of the holy church if he had been sharing an illicit sexual relationship with his sister during her marriage to giovanni it would have to be concealed from everyon |
e especially their father the pope in one five zero one two papal bulls were issued concerned giovanni borgia in the first he was recognized as cesare s child from an affair before his marriage the second bull recognized him as the son of alexander vi lucrezia s name is not mentioned in either and rumours that she was his mother have never been proven the second bull was kept a secret for many years and giovanni was presumed to be cesare s son this is supported by the fact that in one five zero two he became duke of camerino one of cesare s recent conquests hence the natural inheritance of the duke of romagna s oldest son however some time after alexander s death giovanni went to stay with lucrezia in ferrara where he was accepted as her half brother second marriage alfonso of aragon duke of bisceglie though at his first meeting with alfonso before the marriage took place cesare was very impressed by his good looks and nature it soon changed to jealousy and hatred it was said that cesare did not like alfonso |
because lucrezia was very happy with him and had since her marriage to him stopped giving cesare as much attention also cesare himself had a bout of the french pox and a lot of scars remained on his face even after recovery this made him very conscious of his appearance and so he started wearing masks and dressing in black his own condition is said to have made him hate alfonso of aragon all the more and once when the prince was paying them a visit in rome cesare s men had attacked him during the night to retaliate alfonso s men shot arrows at cesare one day while he strolled in the garden this infuriated cesare and he had his servant s strangle alfonso while in the recovery room lucrezia and alfonso had only one child rodrigo who was destined to die before his mother in august one five one two at the age of thirteen while the reason of this murder might have also been jealousy it did have a political background just like lucrezia s first marriage the second one soon became a useless alliance and a reason for |
embarrassment for the pope and his son cesare who had just allied himself with the king of france who claimed the duchy of naples at the time in the hands of alfonso s family whatever the reasons for his murder lucrezia was genuinely fond of her husband and broken hearted upon his death third marriage alphonso d este prince of ferrara as stated in mario puzo s novel the family after the death of her second husband lucrezia s father pope alexander vi wanted to arrange a third marriage she was then married to her third husband alphonso d este prince of ferrara she gave her third husband a number of children and proved to be a respectable and accomplished renaissance duchess effectively rising above her questionable past and surviving the fall of the borgias following her father s death during her marriage to alphonso she embarked on a most likely platonic love affair with the poet pietro bembo she died on two four th june one five one nine after a difficult pregnancy issue lucretia was mother to eight children |
giovanni borgia infans romanus child of rome c one four nine eight one five four eight illegitimate acknowledged by perotto alexander and cesare also suspected as fathers rodrigo borgia of aragon november one one four nine nine august one five one two son by alfonso of aragon ercole ii d este duke of ferrara april five one five zero eight october three one five five nine ippolito ii d este august two five one five zero eight december one one five seven two archbishop of milan and later cardinal alessando d este one five one four one five one six leonora d este july three one five one five july one five one five seven five a nun fransesco d este marchese di massalombarda november one one five one six february two one five seven eight isabella maria d este born and deceased on june one four one five one nine complications at birth caused the death of lucrezia ten days later legends and rumors several legends and rumors have persisted throughout the years primarily speculating as to the nature of the extravagan |
t parties thrown by the borgia family it is rumored that lucrezia was in possession of a hollow ring that she used frequently to poison drinks there has been much speculation of an incestuous relationship between lucrezia and her father and brothers the rumours were started by her first husband in an attempt to clean his image after being declared impotent by the pope the fact that the borgias were very close to each other was taken as a proof to support the rumours but it doesn t prove anything either way biographies lucrezia borgia life love and death in renaissance italy by sarah bradford viking two zero zero four isbn zero six seven zero zero three three five three seven lucrezia borgia a biography one nine seven eight by rachel erlanger isbn zero eight zero one five four seven two five three external link to on line biography the borgias one nine seven one by michael mallett plays operas films and novels victor hugo s tragedy loosely based on lucretia s myth was transformed into a libretto by felice roma |
ni for donizetti s opera lucrezia borgia one eight three four first performed at la scala milan two six december one eight three four when it was produced in paris in one eight four zero hugo obtained an injunction against further productions the libretto was then rewritten and retitled la rinegata with the italian characters changed to turks and the performances were resumed the first english language production was in london on three zero december one eight four three the one nine four nine film bride of vengeance or mask for lucretia starred paulette goddard as lucretia and macdonald carey as cesare in a fictionalized portrayal of her as her brother s tool who went straight once she had the chance a view many historians endorse there is also a one nine five two movie with martine carol there is also a one nine two six silent movie entitled lucrezia borgia see photo there is also the historical novel prince of foxes made into a movie starring orson welles and tyrone powers rafael sabatini s novel the shame |
of motley features lucrezia and cesare borgia as supporting characters gregory maguire s newest book mirror mirror is a retelling of the classic snow white story using the borgia family lucrezia is set as the evil step mother who poisons the protagonist jeanne kalogridis s book the borgia bride tells the story of sancha of aragon sister of alfonso who later married lucrezia married to jofre borgia about her life in rome and her involvement with cesare and lucrezia the latter is depicted as having an incestuous relationship with her father and brother but not as a vicious person she s mostly manipulated by her family jean plaidy s two novels madonna of the seven hills and light on lucrezia follow the story of lucrezia and her entanglement with her father and brothers plaidy s writing is well supported by research and her extensive knowledge of european history based on her understanding plaidy portrays lucrezia as a pawn of her father and brother cesare a film named borgia directed by neil jordan which will be |
starring scarlett johansson as lucrezia borgia and colin farrell as cesare borgia a novel titled the family written by mario puzo was centered around the borgia family although this novel was started early in his career it was his last novel to be completed puzo called the borgias the first crime family and incorporated many of their exploits and characteristics into his blockbuster novel the godfather most prominently the notion that family loyalty was of primary importance above all else one four eight zero births one five one nine deaths italian nobility apple macintosh models grouped by cpu type motorola six eight k motorola six eight zero zero zero macintosh after introduction of five one two k apple began calling this macintosh one two eight k macintosh five one two k nicknamed fat mac macintosh xl macintosh five one two ke macintosh plus macintosh se macintosh classic macintosh portable powerbook one zero zero motorola six eight zero two zero macintosh ii macintosh lc motorola six eight zero three zer |
o macintosh se three zero macintosh classic ii macintosh color classic macintosh tv macintosh ii series macintosh iix macintosh iicx macintosh iici macintosh iisi macintosh iifx macintosh iivi macintosh iivx powerbook series powerbook one four zero powerbook one four five powerbook one five zero powerbook one six zero powerbook one six five powerbook one six five c powerbook one seven zero powerbook one eight zero powerbook one eight zero c powerbook duo series powerbook duo two one zero powerbook duo two three zero powerbook duo two five zero powerbook duo two seven zero motorola six eight zero four zero or six eight lc zero four zero workgroup server eight zero macintosh centris series centris six one zero centris six five zero centris six six zero av macintosh lc series lc five seven five lc five eight zero lc ii lc iii lc five two zero lc five five zero macintosh quadra series note some of these were also marketed under the performa and macintosh lc brands for home and education markets respectively quadr |
a six zero five quadra six one zero quadra six three zero quadra six five zero quadra six six zero av quadra seven zero zero quadra eight zero zero quadra eight four zero av quadra nine zero zero quadra nine five zero powerbook series powerbook one nine zero powerbook one nine zero cs powerbook five two zero powerbook five two zero c powerbook five four zero powerbook five four zero c powerbook duo series powerbook duo two eight zero powerbook duo two eight zero c powerpc powerpc six zero one workgroup server nine one five zero power macintosh series power macintosh six one zero zero power macintosh seven one zero zero power macintosh seven two zero zero power macintosh seven five zero zero power macintosh eight one zero zero power macintosh eight two zero zero powerpc six zero three power macintosh series power macintosh five two zero zero lc power macintosh five three zero zero lc power macintosh six two zero zero powerpc six zero three e twentieth anniversary macintosh power macintosh series power macintos |
h four four zero zero power macintosh five two six zero lc power macintosh five four zero zero lc power macintosh five five zero zero sold as power macintosh one two two five in uk education market power macintosh six three zero zero power macintosh six four zero zero power macintosh six five zero zero powerbook series powerbook five three zero zero powerbook one four zero zero powerbook duo two three zero zero c powerbook two four zero zero c powerbook three four zero zero c powerpc six zero four power macintosh series power macintosh eight five zero zero power macintosh nine five zero zero powerpc six zero four e power macintosh series power macintosh seven three zero zero power macintosh seven six zero zero power macintosh eight six zero zero power macintosh nine six zero zero powerpc g three powerpc seven five zero ibook ibook se one nine nine nine two zero zero one power macintosh g three series power macintosh g three desktop tower beige g three power macintosh g three tower blue and white power macinto |
sh g three all in one imac series imac original imac two six six three three three original five colors imac dv dv dv se slot loading powerbook series powerbook g three three four zero zero case powerbook g three series wallstreet powerbook g three lombard bronze keyboard powerbook pismo powerpc seven five zero e seven five zero cx ibook two zero zero one two zero zero three powerpc g four power mac g four power mac g four cube powerbook g four imac flat panel g four emac xserve ibook g four mac mini powerpc g five powerpc ibm nine seven zero power macintosh g five two zero zero three two zero zero four powerpc ibm nine seven zero fx xserve g five xserve g five cluster node power macintosh g five two zero zero four pres imac g five powerpc ibm nine seven zero mp power macintosh g five nov two zero zero five pres intel intel core duo imac macbook pro mac mini intel core solo mac mini external links apple provides a full list of macintosh models and specifications apple history com apple hardware liquid len bor |
n jonathan smeeton is a british lighting designer smeeton was the creator of liquid len and the lensmen who provided spectacular lightshows for the band hawkwind in the one nine seven zero s he has also provided lighting design for groups such as the rolling stones and pink floyd and more recently the deftones see also barney bubbles lighting designers hawkwind ian lemmy kilmister born ian fraser kilmister december two four one nine four five also known as ian fraser willis is an english welsh bass player and singer he is known primarily as the founding member and leader of the heavy metal band mot rhead his unmistakable appearance with his facial moles lank hair and gravelly voice have made him a cult figure known well beyond the world of rock music lemmy was born in stoke on trent staffordshire and raised in anglesey wales his father a clergyman left the family when lemmy was three months old the experience helped to imbue a deep hatred of religion in lemmy and this is reflected in a number of his songs alt |
hough the nickname lemmy is supposed to come from his days as a roadie when he would ask people to lemmy lend me a fiver kilmister s autobiography maintains that he has been known as lemmy since he was around ten career lemmy spent the sixties in a number of small time bands including opal butterfly sam gopal s dream and the rocking vicars as well as working as a roadie for jimi hendrix in one nine six seven for about six months and as a roadie for the nice in one nine seven one he joined archetypal space rock uk underground outfit hawkwind who were centred around the very in ladbroke grove his distinctive style of bass playing involving the use of chords rather than the single notes preferred by most players was a fundamental part of the hawkwind sound during his tenure he also provided lead vocals on a number of songs including the band s only uk chart single silver machine which reached no three in one nine seven two by one nine seven five lemmy s forceful personality and propensity for ingesting copious q |
uantities of amphetamines were leading to conflict with other members and this culminated with his sacking after being arrested for drug possession while on tour with the band in canada lemmy went on to form a new band with guitarist larry wallis and drummer lucas fox wallis s former bands included the pink fairies steve took s shagrat and ufo lemmy s connection with took formerly of t rex was not limited to wallis as they were personal friends and took was the step father to lemmy s son paul this new band was named mot rhead after a short period both wallis and fox were replaced with guitarist fast eddie clarke and drummer phil philthy animal taylor and with this line up the band began to achieve success the uncompromisingly intense nature of their sound appealed to both lemmy s original metal rock constituency as well as the new punk fans intrigued perhaps by lemmy s brief stint in the damned and lemmy s guttural vocals were unique in the world of rock at that time the band s success peaked in one nine eigh |
t zero with a number of u k chart hits including the classic ace of spades still a crowd favourite today mot rhead have since gone on to become one of the most influential bands on the heavy metal scene and although lemmy is the only constant in a changing line up are still performing and releasing records to this day despite motorhead s many member changes over their three zero year history the current lineup of lemmy phil campbell and mikkey dee has remained constant since one nine nine two lemmy has also worked with a number of other musicians over his career and occasionally guests with hawkwind he has made a number of appearances in film and television including the one nine nine zero science fiction film hardware and the one nine eight seven comedy eat the rich for which mot rhead also recorded the soundtracks in the one nine nine four comedy airheads in which he is credited as lemmy von motorhead he shouts truthfully about being the editor of his high school newspaper he has also appeared in several mo |
vies from the troma studio having a predilection for self deprecating parody he once appeared in an advertisement for kit kat chocolate bars miming a piece of chamber music on the violin in an upper class tea room mot rhead performed the entrance theme song the game for wwe s triple h as well as line in the sand for his now defunct wrestling stable evolution lemmy collects nazi memorabilia and has an iron cross encrusted on his bass which has led to accusations of right wing extremist tendencies however lemmy considers himself to be an anarchist according to keith emerson as written in his autobiography two of lemmy s hitlerjugend knives were gifted to keith emerson himself during lemmy s time spent as a roadie for the nice emerson used these knives many times as keyholders during his famous wrestling sessions with the hammond organ during the shows with the nice and emerson lake i have never had heroin but since i moved to london from north wales in six seven i have mixed with junkies on a casual and almost |
daily basis he said i also lived with a young woman who tried heroin just to see what it was like it killed her three years later i hate the idea even as i say it but i do believe the only way to treat heroin is to legalise it he stated that legalization would eradicate the drug dealer from society blabbermouth article sexuality in an article for bravewords com lemmy claimed to have engaged in bisexual behaviour the article was entirely removed from the website shortly after its appearance it was reportedly a hoax by blabbermouth net who say the article which credited vh one com as its original source is thought to have started in a may two zero two zero zero five posting on the band s official forum but regained strength when it was republished on several other sites including a dutch metal webzine blabbermouth credit themselves with being the informants of the article s inauthenticity blabbermouth article appearing in a channel four documentary called motorhead live fast die old broadcast on august two two |
two zero zero five it was claimed that lemmy had bedded in excess of two zero zero zero women in the documentary lemmy also explained that while in school at the end of term he noticed a lad who had brought a guitar to school and had been surrounded by chicks lemmy s mother had a guitar which he then took to school even though he couldn t play and was himself surrounded by girls in those days just having a guitar was enough and from then on that was it discography one nine six five the rockin vicars zing went the strings of my heart seven one nine six five the rockin vicars it s alright seven one nine six six the rockin vicars dandy seven one nine six nine sam gopal escalator one nine seven zero opal butterfly groupie girl seven one nine seven two hawkwind silver machine seven one nine seven two hawkwind doremi fasol latido one nine seven three hawkwind lord of light seven one nine seven three hawkwind urban guerilla seven one nine seven three hawkwind space ritual one nine seven four hawkwind hall of the mou |
ntain grill one nine seven four hawkwind psychedelic warlords seven one nine seven four robert calvert captain lockheed and the starfighters one nine seven five hawkwind kings of speed seven one nine seven five hawkwind warrior on the edge of time one nine seven seven hawkwind masters of the universe compilation one nine seven seven mot rhead mot rhead one nine seven nine mot rhead overkill one nine seven nine mot rhead on parole recorded in one nine seven five one nine seven nine the damned i just can t be happy today seven one nine seven nine the damned machine gun etiquette one nine seven nine mot rhead bomber one nine eight zero mot rhead ace of spades one nine eight zero the young one nine eight one mot rhead no sleep til hammersmith one nine eight one headgirl mot rhead you d better swim two zero zero four five various numbers from the beast an all star salute to iron maiden trooper videography vhs one nine eight two live in toronto castle hendering one nine eight four another perfect day ep one nine ei |
ght five birthday party one nine eight six deaf not blind one nine eight eight ep one nine nine one everything louder than everything else dvd two zero zero one two five alive boneshaker steamhammer spv two zero zero two mot rhead ep two zero zero two the best of mot rhead two zero zero three the special edition ep two zero zero four everything louder than everything else two zero zero five stage fright books two zero zero two white line fever authors lemmy kilmister and janiss garza published by simon schuster isbn zero six eight four eight five eight six eight one two zero zero two lemmy in his own words author harry shaw published by omnibus press isbn zero seven one one nine nine one zero nine x two zero zero four la fi vre de la ligne blanche authors lemmy kilmister and janiss garza published by camion blanc isbn two nine one zero one nine six three four eight french version of white line fever video game link lemmy koopa one of the koopa kids in the super mario gaming series is named after him external |
links mot rhead official website rocking vicars site mot rhead official forum imdb list of film appearances mot rhead one nine four five births living people british bassists english male singers bass guitarists hawkwind heavy metal singers image lactose lac png lactose is a disaccharide that makes up around two eight of the solids in milk the name comes from the latin word for milk plus the ose ending used to name sugars lactose is a disaccharide consisting of two subunits a galactose and a glucose linked together its empirical formula is c one two h two two o one one and its molecular weight is three four two three in the young of mammals an enzyme called lactase is secreted by the intestinal villi and this enzyme cleaves the molecule into its two subunits for absorption chemistry the polysaccharides of lactose consist of d galactose and d glucose molecules bonded through one four glycosidic linkage lactase normally as the young grow up production of lactase gradually ceases and they are then unable to meta |
bolise lactose this is perhaps an evolutionary mechanism to enforce weaning of the young this loss of lactase on maturation is also the default pattern in most adult humans many adults with ancestry in europe the middle east india and the maasai of east africa have a version of the gene for lactase that is not disabled after infancy this adaptation has led to the milking of sheep cattle goats and water buffalo the process of retaining infant characteristics into adulthood is one of the simplest routes of evolutionary adaptation and is known as neoteny the observation that at least some humans have made adaptations to lactose in the adult diet may cast doubt on some arguments by proponents of the paleolithic diet who argue that human metabolic needs have not changed since the last ice age see also lactose intolerance lac operon disaccharides l d five zero is also an album by mudvayne an ld five zero test being administered in toxicology the ld five zero or colloquially semilethal dose of a particular substance |
is a measure of how much constitutes a lethal dose the test was created by j w trevan in one nine two seven in animal testing studies and those of other organisms the dose administered that kills half the test population is referred to as the ld five zero for lethal dose five zero animal rights and animal welfare groups have campaigned against ld five zero testing on animals in particular citing it as cruel and unnecessary and in the case of some substances causing the animals to die slow painful deaths several countries including the uk have taken steps to ban the oral ld five zero and the organization for economic co operation and development oecd abolished the requirement for the oral test in two zero zero one see test guideline four zero one trends in pharmacological sciences vol two two february two two two zero zero one toc background the usual terms for expressing the ld five zero are in units of mass of substance per mass of body mass eg grams of substance per kilogram of body mass stating it this wa |
y allows the relative toxicity of different substances to be compared and allows one to scale for the different size of the animals exposed the choice of the five zero mark avoids the potential for ambiguity of making measurements in the extremes the related units of an ld five zero three zero or an ld five zero six zero are used to refer to a dose that without treatment will be lethal to five zero of the population within respectively three zero or six zero days these measures are used more commonly within radiation health physics as survival beyond six zero days usually results in recovery a comparable measurement is lct five zero which relates to lethal dosage from exposure where c is concentration and t is time it is often expressed in terms of mg min m ict five zero is the dose which will cause incapacitation rather than death these measures are commonly used to indicate the comparative efficacy of chemical warfare agents these dosages are typically qualified by rates of breathing e g resting one zero l |
min for inhalation or degree of clothing for skin penetration the concept of ct was first proposed by fritz haber and is sometimes referred to as haber s law which assumes that exposure to one minute of one zero zero mg m three is equivalent to one zero minutes of one zero mg m three one x one zero zero one zero zero as does one zero x one zero one zero zero some chemicals such as hydrogen cyanide are rapidly detoxified by the human body and do not follow haber s law in these cases the lethal dosage is qualified by a duration of exposure e g one zero minutes in environmental studies lct can also refer to the concentration in water instead of air for disease causing organisms there is also a measure known as the median infective dose and dosage the median infective dose id five zero is the number of organisms received by a person or test animal qualified by the route of administration e g one two zero zero org man per oral because of the difficulties in counting actual organisms in a dose infective doses may b |
e expressed in terms of biological assay such as the number of ld five zero s to some test animal in biological warfare infective dosage is the number of infective doses per minute for a cubic meter e g ict five zero is one zero zero medium doses min m three substances of extreme toxicity g kg in the case of neurotoxins such as batrachotoxin a poison found in the skins of certain species of central american and south american frogs and one of the most deadly venoms known the ld five zero is properly and best expressed in terms of micrograms per kilogram g kg or billionths of body mass the ld five zero of batrachotoxin in humans is estimated to be one to two g kg this could be more awkwardly expressed as zero zero zero one to zero zero zero two mg kg but the simpler form of g kg is preferred it means that merely zero one mg of this substance equivalent to the mass of a couple of grains of ordinary fine table salt would quickly lead to paralysis cardiac arrest and death in a six eight kg man see also animal tes |
ting vivisection other measures of toxicity lowest published toxic concentration tclo lowest published lethal dose ldlo ic five zero five zero inhibitory concentration draize test related measures tcid five zero tissue culture infective dosage eid five zero egg infective dosage eld five zero egg lethal dosage plaque forming units pfu toxicology units of measure animal liberation movement lactase lct a member of the galactosidase family of enzyme is involved in the hydrolysis of lactose in to constituent galactose and glucose monomers in humans lactase is present predominantly along the brush border membrane of the differentiated enterocytes lining the villi of the small intestine lactase is essential for digestive hydrolysis of lactose in milk deficiency of the enzyme causes lactose intolerance and most humans are normally lactose intolerant as adults function center characteristics lactase has an optimum temperature of about four eight c for its activity and an optimum ph of six five in humans the gene is lo |
calised on the second chromosome two q two one bacterial and archaea lactase lack a membrane binding domain and free float around the cell these also tend to be more general galactosidase that will cleave more then just lactose gene lactase persistence the genetic trait in which intestinal lactase activity persists at childhood levels into adulthood varies in frequency in different human populations being most frequent in northern europeans and certain african and arabian nomadic tribes who have a history of drinking fresh milk lactase persistence is not due to mutations within the lactase gene lct but to mutations outside the gene in control regions that regulate its expression they are two intronic variations c t and g a in the mcm six gene mcm six located approximately one four kb one three nine one zero and two two kb two two zero one eight upstream of lct respectively one c t one three nine one zero variant has been shown that can function in vitro as a cis element capable of enhancing differential trans |
criptional activation of lct promoter two industrial use lactase produced commercially can be extracted from yeast fungi such as kluyveromyces fragilis its primary commercial use is to break down lactose in milk to make it suitable for people with lactose intolerance lactase is also used in the manufacture of ice cream because glucose and galactose are sweeter than lactose lactase produces a more pleasant taste lactose also crystallises at the low temperatures of ice cream however its constituent products stay liquid and contribute to a smoother texture lactase is used in the conversion of whey into syrup also used to screen for blue white colonies into the mcs of various plasmid vectors in e coli or other bacteria as the lacz gene is destroyed external links e coli galactosidase references identification of a variant associated with adult type hypolactasia nat genet two zero zero two feb three zero two two three three seven free text lactase persistence dna variant enhances lactase promoter activity in vitro |
functional role as a cis regulatory element hum mol genet two zero zero three sep one five one two one eight two three three three four zero free text food additives ec three two one linkin park is a nu metal rapcore band from los angeles california currently signed to warner brothers records band members chester bennington lead vocals rob bourdon drums brad delson guitar dave phoenix farrell bass guitar joseph hahn turntablist samples mike shinoda vocals sampling rap emcee keyboardist rhythm guitarist linkin park is from left to right joe mr hahn hahn mike shinoda dave phoenix farrell chester bennington brad delson and rob bourdon two zero zero three band history one nine nine four nine nine from xero to hybrid theory hybrid theory ep album cover one nine nine nine upon graduating from washington high school in phoenix arizona in one nine nine four vocalist chester bennington joined a band called grey daze the band released two albums no sun today and wake me however due to personal conflicts within the ban |
d bennington decided to leave meanwhile in one nine nine six and two states away guitarist brad delson and emcee mike shinoda graduated from agoura high school in the los angeles suburb of agoura hills california upon graduation the two men formed a band with their friend drummer rob bourdon under the moniker superxero previously delson and bourdon were in a band together for about a year called relative degree the three played archaic forms of their music together while at college delson attended the university of california los angeles in westwood california shinoda went to the art center college of design in pasadena california while at ucla delson met bassist dave farrell delson and farrell were roommates and often practiced and played together previously farrell used to play in a band called tasty snax with mark fiore who later changed their name to the snax fiore later became linkin park s cinematographer while at the art center college shinoda met joe hahn farrell and hahn joined superxero and the name |
of the band was shortened to just xero the five men were joined by vocalist mark wakefield and together they recorded their first self titled demo tape the tape was sent out to various record labels but it was never considered and the band was never signed shortly thereafter wakefield left the band shinoda advertised for a new vocalist and delson began interning for a warner brothers records a one step closer from the hybrid theory album the band was subsequently signed to warner brothers in one nine nine nine thanks to blue however they were forced to change their name due to a copyright issue with a british electronic group called hybrid there were several suggestions for the band s new name including clear probing lagers ten p m stocker an inside joke for the band since they were always recording and practicing material late at night and platinum lotus foundation bennington eventually suggested the use of lincoln park because he would drive by lincoln park in santa monica california now known as christine |
reed park on his way to the recording studio every day when the band was recording demos for its debut album bennington thought that it would be a good name for the band because there are lincoln parks all over the country he figured that the band would be recognized as a local band no matter where they went however since the domain name lincolnpark com was already taken and the band couldn t afford to purchase it they changed the spelling from lincoln to linkin so they could purchase the domain name linkinpark com two zero zero zero zero two from hybrid theory to reanimation hybrid theory album cover two zero zero zero on october two four two zero zero zero linkin park s debut album hybrid theory was released in the united states only one song was cut from the album a hip hop song entitled high voltage a remake of a song that appeared on the band s ep several songs from the ep were re recorded as demos for hybrid theory but it is unknown whether the tracks will ever appear as official b sides or not the rec |
ord s first single one step closer was a rock anthem on mtv the band performed in its first nationally recognized concert on december one seven th two zero zero zero as a part of kroq radio s almost acoustic christmas concert special shinoda wrote a brand new song entitled my december for the occasion the song was not featured on hybrid theory and is often mistaken as a b side it was later featured on a christmas album released by kroq djs kevin and bean in early two zero zero one farrell joined linkin park once again and the band s second single crawling was released and won the band a grammy award for the best hard rock performance the band embarked on its first ever national festival tour the ozzfest with other acts such as black sabbath marilyn manson slipknot papa roach disturbed crazy town and zakk wylde s black label society in mid two zero zero one the band released its third single in the end the song would prove to be the band s biggest hit and was one of the most spun songs of two zero zero one the |
video for the song was directed by nathan karma cox and hahn and featured the band playing atop a massive statue in the rain the video had a massive amount of cgi compared to most music videos at the time on september two two zero zero one the band released its first dvd humorously titled frat party at the pankake festival the dvd featured all of the band s videos up to this point in their career and featured a documentary of the band touring in support of hybrid theory there are also a lot of hidden easter eggs allowing viewers to access hidden videos on the dvd including a studio performance of a demo of a place for my head from one nine nine nine in november a friend of the band jessica bardas suggested forming a fan club the band thought that it was a good idea and the linkin park underground lpu was born members of the fan club receive a package every year assuming that they renew their membership containing a t shirt a cd and several odds and ends including guitar picks stickers and posters the first c |
d featured was a re issue of the band s hybrid theory ep with new artwork in early two zero zero two the band put together its first headlining tour called projekt revolution the first leg of the tour featured adema cypress hill and dj z trip during the course of the tour shinoda and hahn collaborated with the x ecutioners on the song it s goin down shortly after the tour ended the band headed back to the studio for the first time since early two zero zero zero after being sent several remixes of linkin park songs shinoda decided to release a remix album initially shinoda only wanted to remix a couple of songs and release an ep however thanks to encouragement from his bandmates delson and hahn especially shinoda decided to take the project a step further reanimation album cover two zero zero two the project which would take on the name reanimation featured one remix for each song from hybrid theory as well as remixes of the songs my december and high voltage each song was remixed by a different artist and the |
re were rumors that there were over fifty remixes that shinoda received during the course of the project shinoda went through and listened to each remix hand picking the best ones only two of the remixes that didn t make the album were ever released those being the crystal method s remix of points of authority featuring on the cd of the second installment of the lpu and marilyn manson s remix of by myself the only other confirmed remix was of my december by team sleep the remix was turned away because it made the song even darker shinoda went with the version on the cd because it made the song seem more up beat and happier some of the artists featuring on the album included chali two na of jurassic five stephen richards of taproot kelli ali of sneaker pimps aaron lewis of staind the humble brothers jonathan davis of korn aceyalone the x ecutioners black thought and jay gordon of orgy pts of athrty jay gordon two zero zero two the project was released on july three zero two zero zero two and its first and only |
single was pts of athrty points of authority remixed by orgy s jay gordon the video for the song was a technological achievement as it was the first ever music video to feature full on cgi the video was reminiscent of square pictures final fantasy film the spirits within in november the second edition of the lpu launched as underground two zero and the second package was revealed the new fan club only ep featured the crystal method s remix of points of authority and a song called dedicated which has been speculated as being cut from the band s ep before it was pressed there s also a fifty second instrumental track entitled a zero six which showcases a harder side of the band this instrumental gave fans a new hope allowing them to believe that the band s second album would be harder than hybrid theory it also elevated hype for the band s follow up two zero zero three zero five from meteora to collision course meteora album cover two zero zero three the band headed back to the studio in late two zero zero two |
to record their follow up to hybrid theory the name of the album was kept a secret until december where it was revealed to be named after meteora a series of monasteries high atop rock formations in greece which they learned about from looking at pictures in a travel magazine it s this really spiritual mythical place delson said just looking at those pictures was inspirational to us in terms of how epic it felt i think some of the guys hadn t even seen the pictures when they heard the name meteora and they just really responded to the energy of the name we think that suitably matches the spirit we tried to create with the record the album s first single somewhere i belong was released in february of two zero zero three to critical acclaim on march two five two zero zero three meteora was released and debuted at number one on billboard s music chart after selling eight one zero zero zero zero copies in its first week following the release of the album the band embarked on its second projekt revolution tour wit |
h blindside mudvayne and xzibit faint was released as a single toward the end of the tour following pr zero two the band joined metallica on their summer sanitarium tour two zero zero three with limp bizkit deftones and once again mudvayne shortly after the sanitarium tour came to a close the band released numb as a single they shot a video for the single in prague czech republic simultaneously the band shot a video for the song from the inside oddly enough the video for from the inside was shot before the video for numb bennington became ill before the video for numb could be completed so the remainder was filmed in a church in los angeles live in texas album cover two zero zero three on november one eight two zero zero three linkin park released a brand new dvd cd live set entitled live in texas the footage was shot while on the sanitarium tour in dallas and houston texas the dvd was unique because it combined two live shows together the video from both shows were used as well as the audio for both shows bu |
t they were all edited together because of this the band had to wear the same clothing for both shows on consecutive days if one pays attention one shot early in the video shows bennington with a back soaked with sweat but later in the video his back is dry another thing that you may notice are the white bands around the end of chester s mic sometimes there ll be one and sometimes two the dvd featured seventeen songs and the cd featured a selection of twelve of those in november the third edition of the lpu launched the package s cd contained the five tracks that were cut from the live in texas dvd for its cd this did not sit well with many fan club members who claimed that the band should have placed rare songs on the cd as with year two instead of the live tracks at the end of two zero zero three the band performed at its second kroq almost acoustic christmas concert they headlined night two and played a seventeen song set at the end of linkin park s set they played one step closer and were joined on stage |
by p o d s frontman sonny sandoval at the beginning of two zero zero four the band set off on its meteora world tour with p o d hoobastank and story of the year the band claimed that this was the final leg of the world wide tour that the band had been on since meteora was released during the tour the band s video for from the inside was released internationally following the meteora world tour the band began work on their most ambitious music video to date the video which was to be based around the song breaking the habit featured japanese style animation by the same studio that created the animated scenes in kill bill production i g and was directed by kazuto nakazawa and hahn the video featured bennington s soul travelling through an old apartment building visiting various people struggling with various habits that they were trying to break some of the habits included were drug and sexual abuse prior to the release of breaking the habit as a single lying from you was released to radios to serve as a radio o |
nly single linkin park then set off on its third projekt revolution tour it would prove to be the band s most ambitious tour as it included two stages and what the band called the revolution village the tour was very similar to the ozzfest and the vans warped tour the main stage featured linkin park korn snoop dogg the used and less than jake while the second stage featured ghostface funeral for a friend m o p downset no warning instruction and autopilot off dj z trip also travelled with the tour serving as the between sets entertainment during the hip hop sets ivan the urban action figure danced on stage the revolution village featured lots of entertainment including video game kiosks miniature skate parks batting cages remixing stages and more projekt revolution two zero zero four was the biggest selling tour of the year collision course album cover two zero zero four at the end of two zero zero four linkin park announced a collaboration with jay z at the request of mtv the resulting lp collision course was |
released on november three zero it featured mashups of seven linkin park songs and six jay z songs the ep s first single numb encore peaked at number one on the charts and remained in the charts for six months going on to win a grammy the album itself debuted at number one on the charts the fourth edition of the lpu launched in november the cd that shipped with the package featured two new songs one was a roughly two minute long instrumental piece called sold my soul to yo mama by mr hahn and the other a song called standing in the middle a collaboration with motion man standing in the middle was originally recorded in two zero zero one as a practice song for reanimation motion man was eventually featured on kutmasta kurt s reinterpretation of in the end enth e nd two zero zero five from the rising tied to the future the year two zero zero five marked a rather quiet year for linkin park the band established music for relief an organization dedicated to helping those affected by the boxing day tsunami it has |
since expanded to become a program dedicated to helping those affected by a number of natural disasters including hurricanes katrina and rita the band played two shows in two zero zero five one in california for music for relief and one during the live eight series of concerts in may the band demanded to be released from its contract with warner brothers on the grounds of a lack of confidence the band was recently in negotiations with the label over a new record contract linkin park had four albums left outstanding on its two zero zero zero record contract in december two zero zero five the band announced that they had finally reached a settlement with warner brother records the settlement came from a new agreement signed by both parties that warner brothers will pay one five million advance for their new album along with an increase of royalty payments to two zero of total revenue generated from units sold the length of the new contract is five releases bringing the total number of releases under linkin park |
s contract since two zero zero zero to an eventual eleven one more than the previously agreed upon ten in july shinoda announced a hip hop side project fort minor shinoda explained that fort minor was a way for him to return to his hip hop roots he wanted the record to feature some of his best and closest friends in the business including styles of beyond black thought of the roots and common some of whom also helped produce the reanimation album about a month and a half before fort minor s album was set to be released a song called remember the name was leaked onto the internet because of this warner brothers threatened a website completely unrelated to the cause resulting in others stepping in through constant perseverance warner were forced to back down whilst other sites complied and removed the song from their servers on october three zero two zero zero five a fort minor mixtape entitled dj green lantern presents fort minor we major was released onto the internet fans of the project were sent searching |
all over the web trying to find the mixtape before it was finally made public on rap basement on november two two two zero zero five the rising tied fort minor s first album was released the album s first single petrified has yet to receive much airplay though the album has been praised by many hip hop fans it failed to do well on the charts bennington is also working on his own solo album with amir derakh and ryan shuck of orgy who also play guitar on the album little is known about bennington s side project other than its name snow white tan one of snow white tan s songs the morning after is a remake of a song that bennington wrote before he joined linkin park bennington is also involved with julien k a side project of derakh and shuck it is unknown as to how exactly bennington is involved bennington also has a cover band called bucket of weenies during some shows that the band played they covered snow white tan s the morning after snow white tan s debut album is speculated to be released after linkin park |
s third studio effort because of shinoda s and bennington s projects rumours began to circulate that the band was splitting up a rumour that both shinoda and bennington denied shinoda added recently that he has a demo of some new linkin park songs i m not making that up either i have to pull my cd changer magazine out when i get out of my car in case it gets stolen i couldn t let the lp stuff leak we are glad to go back to the studio says guitarist brad delson we re ready to put out a new album the band expects to release their new album some time in the summer of two zero zero six though shinoda states that new music could come sooner the band s fifth installment of the lpu fan club launched on november two one two zero zero five the cd shipped with the fifth fan club package featured live tracks from the band s performance during live eight in november it was revealed by dave phoenix farrell that linkin park had recorded a new song for the machine shop mixtape series the song has still to be publically hear |
d mike shinoda was confirmed as the co producer for the next linkin park album in december two zero zero five shinoda produced the hybrid theory ep during the grammy award ceremony two zero zero six linkin park peformed with jay z and paul mccartney collaborating on the song yesterday on february eight two zero zero six linkin park annouced the producer for their third studio album would be rick rubin who has worked with weezer metallica audioslave slipknot rage against the machine red hot chili peppers system of a down and countless others in a recent interview chester bennington stated that the new album will be different from their previous albums he described it as dark and poppy unlike their other albums which fused hard rock and rap mike shinoda has also stated that he and bennington have been throwing around titles but they have yet to come up with a working title for the next album see also linkin park discography external links linkin park s official site collision course official site projekt revolu |
tion linkin park underground fort minor fort minor militia bth livedesktop linkin park times two zero zero zero s music groups active musical groups american musical groups linkin park the flipper is the name of a particular bowling delivery used in cricket generally by a leg spin bowler squeezed out of the front of the hand with the thumb and first and second fingers it keeps deceptively low after pitching and can accordingly be very difficult to play it was reputedly invented by the australian leg spinner clarrie grimmett grimmett became so enamoured with the delivery that at times he bowled it almost as frequently as his stock leg break the great don bradman once remarked to grimmett that he must have forgotten how to bowl a leg break as he bowled so many flippers ironically bradman was bowled shortly thereafter at a memorial match by grimmett who produced a perfectly pitched stock ball that turned just enough to remove bradman s off bail there y are don i told you i could bowl a leg break was grimmett s a |
lleged response the flipper comes out underneath the hand at delivery there must be sufficient tension in the wrist and fingers to impart a good helping of backspin or underspin in doing so the flipper will float on towards the batsman and land on a fuller length than he anticipated often leaving him caught on the back foot when he wrongly assumes it to be a pullable or a cuttable ball the back spin or underspin will cause the ball to hurry on at great pace with very little bounce though this may be harder to achieve on softer wickets a series of normal leg spinners or topspinners with their dropping looping flight will have the batsman used to the ball pitching on a shorter length the batsman may wrongly assume that the flipper will drop and loop like a normal overspinning delivery shane warne in his earlier days dismissed robin smith with a beauty after giving him three or four legbreaks with overspin he produced a flipper on off stump when smith went back to cut to his dismay he found it landing fuller tha |
n he expected and it skidded through rapping him on the pads plumb in front of off stump leg before wicket shane warne s flipper is bowled with the seam coming down like an inswinger bowling in this way disguises it and creates the tension in the wrist fingers mentioned earlier the flipper will cause problems for a batsman who cannot read a legspinner out of the hand or who is not quick enough to adjust once the difference in flight is detected sachin tendulkar is a classic example of a batsman who can read them out of the hand very well he is seldom troubled by warne s flipper although he has such amazing eyesight reflexes and footwork that he might be able to adjust his shot anyway occasionally the term flipper has been used to describe other types of deliveries the australian leg spinner bob holland employed a back spinning ball that he simply pushed backwards with the heel of his palm akin to what would now be referred to as a zooter much of the effectiveness of the flipper is attributable to the pop that |
is the extra pace and change in trajectory that is imparted to the ball when it is squeezed out of the bowler s hand see also cricket terminology leg spin googly topspinner cricket deliveries cricket terminology the law of treaties is that part of international law which deals with legally binding agreements between states generally referred to as treaties mykola lysenko ukrainian composer trofim lysenko soviet biologist see also lysenkoism lake nicaragua spanish lago de nicaragua or lake cocibolca lago cocibolca is a freshwater lake in nicaragua and it is of tectonic origin with an area of eight six two four km it is the second largest lake in latin america the one zero th largest freshwater lake in the world and only slightly smaller than lake titicaca with an elevation of one zero five feet three two m above sea level the lake reaches a depth of eight four ft two six m these numbers vary widely depending on the source the nicaraguans call it lago cocibolca or lago dulce the sweet lake in fact it has every |
thing it needs to be a sea except that the water is not salty like any other sea it has sizeable waves driven by the easterly winds blowing west to the pacific ocean it also has archipelagos of islands such as ometepe and the solentiname islands along with freshwater sharks now mostly found in the r o san juan it has also built a reputation of having periodic powerful and impassable storms nicaragua lake the lake is connected with the caribbean sea by the navigable san juan river historically making the lakeside city of granada nicaragua an atlantic port the lake even had a history of caribbean pirates however despite draining into the caribbean sea the pacific ocean is near enough to be easily seen from the mountains on the lake s island of ometepe before construction of the panama canal a stagecoach line connected the lake with the pacific across the low hills of this narrow isthmus plans were made to take advantage of this route to build an interoceanic canal the nicaragua canal but the panama canal was bu |
ilt instead in order to quell competition with the panama canal the u s secured all rights to a canal along this route in the bryan chamorro treaty of one nine one six however the idea of another canal in nicaragua still periodically resurfaces lakes of nicaragua lopster is a free peer to peer p two p file sharing program which supports napster like servers such as opennap or slavanap it was developed by markus lausser for unix like systems using the gtk programming libraries it is released under the gnu general public license lopster has also been ported to microsoft windows as with other p two p programs the shared files stay on the client machine and do not pass through servers the server provides the ability to search for particular files and initiate a direct transfer between the clients lopster also supports chat forums similar to irc it used to have wpnp two support although it was locked out with the arrival of wpnp three external links lopster homepage windows port of lopster rama lopster unofficial |
windows port of lopster italian file sharing programs labour law or employment law is the body of laws administrative rulings and precedents which addresses the legal rights of and restrictions on workers and their organisations as such it mediates many aspects of the relationship between trade unions employers and employees in some countries such as canada employment laws related to unionised workplaces are differentiated from those relating to particular individuals in most countries however no such distinction is made the function and origins of labour law labour law arose due to the demands of workers for better conditions and the right to organise and the simultaneous demands of employers to restrict the powers of workers organisations and keep labour costs low employers costs can increase due to workers organising to win better wages or by laws emposing costly requirements such as health and safety or equal opprtunities conditions workers organisations such as trade unions can also transcend purely indu |
strial disputes and gain political power certain interests in society may be opposed to this the state of labour law at any one time is therefore both the product of and a component of the conditions for struggles between different interests in society for example workers and trade union legal rights in the usa are relatively restricted compared to most european countries but relatively liberal compared to totalitarian regimes many of which ban trade unions altogether important issues in labour law there are two broad categories of labour law that relating to employees rights at work and that governing the activity of trade unions and other workers organisations matters relating to employees rights and obligations in relations to trade unions are best dealt with in the second category trade unions and workers organisations trade unions or labour unions are the form of workers organisation most commonly defined and legislated on in labour law however they are not the only variety in the usa for example workers |
centres are associations not bound by all of the law relating to trade unions strikes strike action is the weapon of the workers most associated with industrial disputes and certainly among the most powerful in most countries strikes are legal under a circumscribed set of conditions among them may be that the strike is decided on by a proscribed democratic process hence wildcat strikes are illegal sympathy strikes against a company by which workers are not directly employed may be prohibited general strikes may be forbidden under pretext of public order certain categories of person may be forbidden to strike airport personnel health personnel police or firemen etc strikes may be pursuied by people continuing to work as in japan or in hospitals pickets picketing is a tactic which is often used by workers during strikes they may congregate outside the business which they are striking against in order to make their presence felt increase worker participatoin and dissuade or prevent strike breakers from entering |
the place of work in many countries this activity will be restricted both by labour law by more general law restricting demonstrations or sometimes by injunctions on particular pickets for example labour law may restrict secondary picketing or flying pickets there may be laws against obstructing others from going about their lawful business scabing for example is lawful making obstructive pickets illegal and in some counries such as britain there may be court orders made from time to time against pickets being in particular places or behaving in particular ways shouting abuse for example boycotts a boycott is a refusal to buy sell or otherwise trade with an individual or business who is generally believed by the participants in the boycott to be doing something morally wrong unofficial industrial action throughout history workers have used tactics such as the go slow sabotage or just not turning up en masse in order to gain more control over the workplace environment or simply have to work less one some labo |
ur law explicitly bans such activity none explicitly allows it trade unions and their members the law of some countries place requirements on unions to follow particular procedures before certain courses of action are adopted for example the requirement to ballot the membership before a strike or in order to take a portion of members dues for political projects laws may guarantee the right to join a union banning employer discrimination or remain silent in this respect some legal codes may allow unions to place a set of obligations on their members including the requirement to follow a majority decision in a strike vote some restrict this such as the right to work legislation in some of the united states rights at work equal opportunities in recruitment pay and treatment minimum wages there may be law stating the minimum amount that a worker can be paid per hour both britain and the usa have a law of this kind though the figure provided for in the usa is so low as to sometimes be insufficient for the means of |
a worker s subsistence in response to this living wage ordinances have been passed by many city authorities in the united states which define a minimum wage for employees of those authorities and sometimes for the employees of companies with which the authority contracts these therefore constitute law albeit not law whch restricts businesses in general rights to consultation fair treatment and against unfair dismissal hours of labour and holidays before the industrial revolution the workday varied between one one and one four hours with the growth of capitalism and the introduction of machinery longer hours became far more common with one four one five hours being the norm and one six not at all uncommon use of child labour was commonplace often in factories in england and scotland in one seven eight eight about two thirds of person working in the new water powered textile factories were children the first law on the length of a working day was passed in one eight three three in england limiting miners to on |
e two hours and children to eight hours the one zero hour day was established in one eight four eight and shorter hours with the same pay were gradually accepted thereafter after england germany was the first european country to pass labor laws chancellor bismarck s main goal being to undermine the social democratic party of germany spd in one eight seven eight bismarck instituted a variety of anti socialist measures but despite this socialists continued gaining seat in the reichstag the chancellor then adopted a different approach to tackling socialism in order to appease the working class he enacted a variety of paternalistic social reforms which became the first type of social security the year one eight eight three saw the passage of the health insurance act which entitled workers to health insurance the worker paid two thirds and the employer one third of the premiums accident insurance was provided in one eight eight four whilst old age pensions and disability insurance were established in one eight eig |
ht nine other laws restricted the employment of women and children these efforts however were not entirely successful the working class largely remained unreconciled with bismarck s conservative government in france the first labor law was voted in one eight four one however it only limited under age miners hours and it was not until the third republic that labor law was effectively enforced in particular after waldeck rousseau one eight eight four law legalizing trade unions health and safety other labor laws involve safety concerning workers the earliest english factory law was drafted in one eight zero two and dealt with the safety and health of child textile workers for discussion of modern workplace safety laws see occupational safety and health international labour law and the international labour organisation see the article international labour law or the whole globalization and workers rights section at the actrav distance learning project of the international labour organization australian labour la |
w labour law in australia british labour law canadian labour law in canadian law labour law refers to matters connected with unionised workplaces while employment law deals with non unionised employees mexican labour law united states labour law in the united states employers generally accepted the eight hour day as of one nine one two the wages and hours act of one nine three eight set the maximum standard work week to four four hours and in one nine five zero this was reduced to four zero hours see also social security three five hour workweek australian labour law united states labor law vicarious liability master and servant act external links employment law information network overview article on austrian labor law summary of dutch labour law in english other articles on austrian labor law mainly in german language employment law resources labor and worklife program at harvard law school repression against the iww organizational studies and human resource management labour relations socialism social prog |
rams law business law left wing tactics and strategies louis riel louis david riel october two two one eight four four november one six one eight eight five was a canadian politician a founder of the province of manitoba and leader of the m tis people of the canadian prairies he led two resistance movements against the canadian government that sought to preserve m tis rights and culture as their homelands in the northwest territories came progressively under the canadian sphere of influence the first such resistance was the red river rebellion of one eight six nine one eight seven zero the provisional government established by riel ultimately negotiated the terms under which the modern province of manitoba entered the canadian confederation riel was forced into exile in the united states as a result of the controversial execution of thomas scott during the rebellion despite this he is frequently referred to as the father of manitoba while a fugitive he was elected three times to the canadian house of commons |
although he never assumed his seat during these years he suffered from bouts of mental illness including the delusion that he was a divinely chosen leader and prophet this conviction later resurfaced and influenced his later actions he married in one eight eight one while in exile in montana and fathered three children in one eight eight four riel returned to what is now the province of saskatchewan to represent m tis grievances to the canadian government this resistance escalated into a military confrontation known as the north west rebellion of one eight eight five it ended in his arrest trial and eventual execution for treason riel was viewed sympathetically in francophone regions of canada and his execution had a lasting influence on relations between the province of quebec and english speaking canada whether seen as a father of confederation or a traitor he remains one of the most complex controversial and ultimately tragic figures in the history of canada early life louis riel age one four the red river |
settlement was a community in rupert s land nominally administered by the hudson s bay company hbc and largely inhabited by first nations tribes and the m tis an ethnic group of mixed cree ojibway saulteaux french canadian scottish and english descent louis riel was born there in one eight four four near modern winnipeg manitoba to louis riel sr and julie lagimodi re riel was the eldest of eleven children in a locally well respected french canadian m tis family his father had gained prominence in this community by organising a group that supported guillaume sayer a m tis imprisoned for challenging the hbc s historical trade monopoly sayer s eventual release as a result of agitations by louis sr s group is credited with ending the monopoly and the name riel was therefore well known in the red river his mother was the daughter of jean baptiste lagimodi re and marie anne gaboury one of the earliest white families to settle in the red river settlement in one eight one two the riels were noted for their devout ca |
tholicism and strong family ties he was first educated by roman catholic priests at st boniface at age one three he came to the attention of alexandre tach then suffragan bishop of st boniface who was eagerly promoting the priesthood for talented young m tis in one eight five eight tach arranged for riel to attend the petit s minaire of the coll ge de montr al in montreal quebec under the direction of the sulpician order descriptions of him at this time indicate that he was a fine scholar of languages science and philosophy but exhibited a frequent and unpredictable moodiness following news of his father s premature death in one eight six four riel lost interest in the priesthood and he withdrew from the college in march one eight six five for a time he continued his studies as a day student in the convent of the grey nuns but was soon asked to leave following several breaches of discipline for a period he remained in montreal living at the home of his aunt lucie riel impoverished by the death of his father r |
iel took employment as a law clerk in the montreal office of rodolphe laflamme during this time he was involved in a failed romance with a young woman named marie julie guernon this progressed to the point of riel having signed a contract of marriage but his fianc e s family opposed her involvement with a m tis and the engagement was soon broken compounding this disappointment riel found legal work unpleasant and perhaps as early as one eight six six he had resolved to leave quebec he is believed to have worked odd jobs in chicago illinois while staying with poet louis honor fr chette and was then for a time employed as a clerk in st paul minnesota prior to returning to the red river on july two six one eight six eight red river rebellion background the majority population of the red river had historically been m tis and first nations people but upon his return riel found that religious nationalistic and racial tensions were being exacerbated by an influx of anglophone protestant settlers from ontario the pol |
itical situation was also uncertain as ongoing negotiations for the transfer of rupert s land from the hbc to canada had not addressed the political terms of transfer finally despite warnings to the macdonald government from bishop tach and the hbc governor william mactavish that any such activity would precipitate unrest the canadian minister of public works william mcdougall ordered a survey of the area the arrival on august two zero one eight six nine of a survey party headed by colonel john stoughton dennis increased anxiety among the m tis many of whom did not possess title to their land which was in any case laid out according to the seigneurial system rather than in english style square lots riel emerges as a leader in late august riel denounced the survey in a speech and on october one one one eight six nine the survey s work was disrupted by a group of m tis that included riel this group organised itself as the m tis national committee on october one six with riel as secretary and john bruce as presi |
dent when summoned by the hbc controlled council of assiniboia to explain his actions riel declared that any attempt by canada to assume authority would be contested unless ottawa had first negotiated terms with the m tis nevertheless the non bilingual mcdougall was appointed the lieutenant governor designate and attempted to enter the settlement on november two mcdougall s party was turned back near the american border and on the same day m tis led by riel seized fort garry without bloodshed on november six riel invited anglophones to attend a convention alongside m tis representatives to discuss a course of action and on december one he proposed to this convention a list of rights to be demanded as a condition of union much of the settlement came to accept the m tis point of view but a passionately pro canadian minority began organising in opposition loosely constituted as the canadian party this group was led by john christian schultz charles mair colonel dennis and a more reticent major charles boulton mc |
dougall attempted to assert his authority by authorizing dennis to raise a contingent of armed men but the anglophone settlers largely ignored this call to arms schultz however attracted some fifty recruits and fortified his house and store riel ordered schultz s home surrounded and the outnumbered canadians soon surrendered and were imprisoned in upper fort garry provisional government the m tis provisional government hearing of the unrest ottawa sent three emissaries to the red river including hbc representative donald alexander smith while they were en route the m tis national committee declared a provisional government on december eight with riel becoming its president on december two seven meetings between riel and the ottawa delegation took place on january five and six one eight seven zero but when these proved fruitless smith chose to present his case in a public forum smith assured large audiences of the government s goodwill in meetings on january one nine and january two zero leading riel to propos |
e the formation of a new convention split evenly between french and english settlers to consider smith s instructions on february seven a new list of rights was presented to the ottawa delegation and smith and riel agreed to send representatives to ottawa to engage in direct negotiations on that basis canadian resistance and the execution of scott despite the apparent progress on the political front the canadian party continued to plot against the provisional government however they suffered a setback on february one seven when four eight men including boulton and thomas scott were apprehended near fort garry the execution of scott boulton was tried by a tribunal headed by ambroise dydime l pine and sentenced to death for his interference with the provisional government he was pardoned but scott interpreted this as weakness on the part of the m tis whom he regarded with open contempt after repeatedly quarrelling with his guards they insisted that scott be tried for insubordination at his trial he was found gu |
ilty of defying the authority of the provisional government and was sentenced to death riel was repeatedly entreatied to commute the sentence but donald smith reported that riel responded to his pleas by saying i have done three good things since i have commenced i have spared boulton s life at your instance i pardoned gaddy and now i shall shoot scott scott was executed by firing squad on march four riel s motivations for allowing the execution have been the cause of much speculation but his own justification was that he felt it necessary to demonstrate to the canadians that the m tis must be taken seriously creation of manitoba and the wolseley expedition the delegates representing the provisional government departed for ottawa in march although they initially met with legal difficulties arising from the execution of scott they were soon able to enter into direct talks with macdonald and george tienne cartier an agreement enshrining many of the demands in the list of rights was quickly reached and this form |
ed the basis for the manitoba act of may one two one eight seven zero which formally admitted manitoba into the canadian confederation however the negotiatiors were unable to secure a general amnesty for the provisional government as a means of exercising canadian authority in the settlement and dissuading american expansionists a canadian military expedition under colonel garnet wolseley was dispatched to the red river although the government described it as an errand of peace riel learned that canadian militia elements in the expedition meant to lynch him and he fled as the expedition approached the red river the arrival of the expedition on august two four marked the effective end of the red river rebellion the intervening years the amnesty question it was not until september two that the new lieutenant governor adams george archibald arrived and set about the establishment of civil government in the absence of an amnesty and with the canadian militia beating and intimidating his sympathisers riel fled to |
the safety of the st joseph s mission across the border in the dakota territory however the results of the first provincial election in december one eight seven zero were promising for riel as many of his supporters came to power nevertheless stress and financial troubles precipitated a serious illness perhaps a harbinger of his future mental afflictions that prevented his return to manitoba until may of one eight seven one louis riel circa one eight seven five the settlement now faced another threat this time from cross border fenian raids co rdinated by his former associate william bernard o donoghue while the threat proved overstated archibald proclaimed a general call to arms on october four companies of armed horsemen were raised including one led by riel when archibald reviewed the troops in st boniface he made the significant gesture of publicly shaking riel s hand signalling that a rapprochement had been effected but this was not to be when this news reached ontario mair and members of the canada firs |
t movement whipped up a significant resurgence of anti riel and anti archibald sentiment with federal elections coming in one eight seven two macdonald could ill afford any further rift in quebec ontario relations he therefore quietly arranged for tach to offer riel what amounted to a bribe of one zero zero zero to enter voluntary exile this was supplemented by an additional six zero zero from smith for the care of riel s family with few other options riel accepted arriving in st paul on march two one eight seven two however by late june riel was back in manitoba and was soon thereafter convinced to run as a member of parliament for the electoral district of provencher however following the early september defeat of cartier in his home riding in quebec riel stood aside so that cartier on record as being in favour of amnesty for riel might secure a seat cartier won by acclamation but riel s hopes for a swift resolution to the amnesty question were dashed following cartier s death on may two zero one eight seve |
n three in the ensuing by election in october one eight seven three riel ran unopposed although he had once again fled a warrant having been issued for his arrest in september l pine was not so lucky he was captured and faced trial riel made his way to montreal and fearing arrest or assassination vacillated as to whether he should attempt to take up his seat in the house of commons edward blake the premier of ontario had announced a bounty of five zero zero zero for his arrest famously riel was the only member of parliament who was not present for the great pacific scandal debate of one eight seven three that led to the resignation of the macdonald government in november liberal leader alexander mackenzie became the interim prime minister and a general election was held in january one eight seven four although the liberals under mackenzie formed the new government riel easily retained his seat formally riel had to sign a register book at least once upon being elected and he did so under disguise in late janua |
ry he was nevertheless stricken from the rolls following a motion supported by schultz who had become the member for the electoral district of lisgar undeterred riel prevailed once again in the resulting by election and although once again expelled his symbolic point had been made and public opinion in quebec was strongly tipped in his favour exile and mental illness during this period riel had been staying near plattsburg new york in the french canadian village of keesville it was here that he received news of l pine s fate following his trial for the murder of scott which had begun on october one three of one eight seven four l pine was found guilty and sentenced to die this sparked outrage in the sympathetic quebec press and calls for amnesty for both l pine and riel were renewed this presented a severe political difficulty for mackenzie who was hopelessly caught between the demands of quebec and ontario however a solution was forthcoming when acting on his own initiative the governor general lord dufferin |
commuted l pine s sentence in january one eight seven five this opened the door for mackenzie to secure from parliament an amnesty for riel on that the condition that he remain in exile for five years jean louis and marie ang lique riel children of louis riel during his time of exile he was primarily concerned with religious rather than political matters spurred on by a sympathetic roman catholic priest in quebec he was increasingly influenced by his belief that he was a divinely chosen leader of the m tis modern biographers have speculated that he may have suffered from the psychological condition megalomania his mental state deteriorated and following a violent outburst he was taken to montreal where he was for a period of some months under the care of his uncle john lee but after riel disrupted a religious service lee arranged to have him committed in an asylum in longue pointe on march six one eight seven six under the assumed name louis r david fearing discovery his doctors soon transferred him to the b |
eauport asylum near quebec city under the name louis larochelle while he suffered from sporadic irrational outbursts he continued his religious writing composing theological tracts with an admixture of christian and judaic ideas he consequently began calling himself louis david riel prophet of the new world nevertheless he slowly recovered and was released from the asylum on january two three one eight seven eight with an admonition to lead a quiet life he returned for a time to keesville where he became involved in a passionate romance with evelina martin dit barnab sister of his friend the oblate father fabien barnab but with insufficient means to propose marriage riel returned to the west hoping that she might follow however she decided that she would be unsuited to prairie life and their correspondence soon ended montana and family life in the fall of one eight seven eight riel returned to st paul and briefly visited his friends and family this was a time of rapid change for the m tis of the red river the |
buffalo on which they depended were becoming increasingly scarce the influx of settlers was ever increasing and many had sold their land to unscrupulous land speculators like many other red river m tis who had left manitoba riel headed further west in order to start a new life travelling to the montana territory he became a trader and interpreter in the area surrounding fort benton observing rampant alcoholism and its detrimental impact on the native american and m tis people he engaged in an unsuccessful attempt to curtail the whisky trade in one eight eight one he married marguerite monet dit bellehumeur one eight six one one eight eight six a young m tis in the fashion of the country on april two eight an arrangement that was solemnized on march nine one eight eight two they were to have three children jean louis one eight eight two one nine zero eight marie ang lique one eight eight three one eight nine seven and a boy that was born and died on october two one one eight eight five less than one month bef |
ore riel was hanged riel soon became involved in the politics of montana and in one eight eight two actively campaigned on behalf of the republican party he went so far as to bring suit against a democrat for allegedly rigging a vote but was then himself accused of fraudulently inducing british subjects to take part in the election in response riel applied for united states citizenship and was naturalized on march one six one eight eight three with two young children he had by one eight eight four settled down and was teaching school at the st peter s jesuit mission in the sun river district of montana the north west rebellion see main article north west rebellion grievances in the saskatchewan territory following the red river rebellion large numbers of m tis travelled west and settled in the saskatchewan valley especially along the south branch of the river in the country surrounding the saint laurent mission near modern grandin saskatchewan but by the one eight eight zero s it had become clear that westwar |
d migration was no panacea for the troubles of the m tis and the plains indians the rapid collapse of the buffalo herd was causing near starvation among the plains cree and blackfoot first nations this was exacerbated by a reduction in government assistance in one eight eight three and by a general failure of ottawa to live up to its treaty obligations the m tis were likewise obliged to give up the hunt and take up agriculture but this transition was accompanied by complex issues surrounding land claims similar to those that had previously arisen in manitoba moreover settlers from europe and the eastern provinces were also moving into the saskatchewan territories and they too had complaints related to the administration of the territories virtually all parties therefore had grievances and by one eight eight four english settlers anglo m tis and m tis communities were holding meetings and petitioning a largely unresponsive government for redress in the electoral district of lorne a meeting of the south branch |
m tis was held in the village of batoche on march two four and thirty representatives voted to ask riel to return and represent their cause on may six a joint settler s union meeting was attended by both the m tis and english speaking representatives from prince albert including william henry jackson an ontario settler sympathetic to the m tis and known to them as honor jackson and james isbister of the anglo m tis it was here resolved to send a delegation to ask riel s assistance in presenting their grievances to the canadian government the return of riel the head of the delegation to riel was gabriel dumont a respected buffalo hunter and leader of the saint laurent m tis who had known riel in manitoba riel was easily swayed to support their cause which was perhaps unsurprising in view of riel s continuing conviction that he was the divinely selected leader of the m tis and the prophet of a new form of christianity riel also intended to use any new position of influence to pursue his own land claims in manit |
oba in any case the party departed june four and arrived back at batoche on july five upon his arrival m tis and english settlers alike formed an initially favourable impression of riel following a series of speeches in which he advocated moderation and a reasoned approach during june one eight eight four the plains cree leaders big bear and poundmaker were independently formulating their complaints and subsequently held meetings with riel however the indian s grievances were quite different from those of the settlers and nothing was then resolved inspired by riel honor jackson and representatives of other communities set about drafting a petition and jackson on july two eight released a manifesto detailing grievances and the settler s objectives for several months a joint english m tis central committee with jackson acting as secretary worked to reconcile proposals from different communities in the interim riel s support from some quarters began to waver as riel s religious pronouncements became increasingly |
removed from roman catholicism the clergy began to distance themselves and father alexis andr cautioned riel against mixing religion and politics also in response to bribes by territorial lieutenant governor and indian commissioner edgar dewdney local english language newspapers adopted an editorial stance critical of riel nevertheless the work continued and on december one six riel forwarded the committee s petition to the government along with the suggestion that delegates be sent to ottawa to engage in direct negotiation receipt of the petition was acknowledged by joseph adolphe chapleau macdonald s secretary of state although macdonald himself would later deny having ever seen it break with the church while riel awaited news from ottawa he considered returning to montana but had by february resolved to stay in the absence of a productive course of action riel began to engage in obsessive prayer and was in fact experiencing a significant relapse of his mental agitations this led to a deterioration in his |
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