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expansion the sorceress was a reasonably popular character class the announcement of timers on some of the more powerful spells elemental immunities the weakening of static field and the introduction of the blood mana monster curse for the expansion pack caused some players a lot of grief lord of destruction when the expansion was released it became clear that the abundance of to skills items and the increasing returns on spell damage more than made up for the skill timers the damage a well built sorceress could put out rivaled other classes enough to kill some monsters in only a few seconds the layout of the bloody foothills caused the spell firewall to work particularly well against monsters in that area when the attention shifted to the cow level as the main hunting ground sorceress players adjusted and used the area effect nova spell with as many faster cast rate items as possible when patch one one zero arrived the exploitation of the cow level and the nova spell became a thing of the past the seemingly |
random implementation of synergy bonuses rendered many old builds useless and greatly boosted other sometimes fairly odd builds the lowly fireball skill became the weapon of choice for many contemporary sorceresses thanks to its large damage synergy from meteor blizzard turned out to become the most powerful cold skill though many fireball users got frozen orb instead because it worked well even without synergies a highly specialized melee subclass also emerged using the zeal skill granted by the runeword passion in conjunction with the improved enchant skill which added fire damage to melee attacks another variant exploits the fact that lightning mastery on a sorceress affects all lightning skills when the runeword dream is used in both a helm and a shield the effect is a level thirty holy shock aura combined with high levels of lightning mastery this dual dream enchantress is the highest damaging melee class in the game reaching well over one hundred thousand damage the class as it stands is still very for |
midable and the skill set is very counter intuitive due to the seemingly random synergy bonuses weaker low level skills such as fireball lightning and ice blast can become immensely powerful after synergies while some of the higher level skills have no synergies or bad synergies and are ignored the sorceress does not have a complicated skill set and players typically pick one or two main skills and max them she has a few defensive skills to offer such as chilling armor energy shield and teleport however some sorceresses prefer to pay more attention to their offensive spells rather than putting points into defensive abilities trainers mastadex hero editor is the most powerful and compatible diablo two and diablo two lord of destruction trainer in ever released it is compatible with the latest patches and has the most options online play external links arreat summit official site rune word recipes diablo wiki diablo wiki diablo ii net fansite diablo ii lord of destruction at mobygames diablo games apple macinto |
sh games windows games two zero zero one computer and video games this list includes continental european countries and regions that were part of the roman empire or that were given latin place names in historical references background until the modern era latin was the common language for scholarship and mapmaking during the one nine th and two zero th centuries german scholars in particular have made significant contributions to the study of historical place names or ortsnamenkunde these studies have in turn contributed to the study of genealogy for genealogists and historians of pre modern europe knowing alternate names of places is vital to extracting information from both public and private records even specialists in this field point out however that the information can be easily taken out of context since there is a great deal of repetition of place names throughout europe reliance purely on apparent connections should therefore be tempered with valid historical methodology caveats and notes latin plac |
e names are not always exclusive to one place for example there were several roman cities whose names began with colonia and then a more descriptive term during the middle ages these were often shortened to just colonia one of these colonia agrippinensis retains the name today in the form of cologne early sources for roman names show numerous variants and spellings of the latin names the modern canonical name is listed first sources are listed chronologically in general only the earliest source is shown for each name although many of the names are recorded in more than one of the sources where the source differs in spelling or has other alternatives these are listed following the source as an aid to searching variants are spelled completely and listed in most likely chronology superscripts indicate latinized form of the greek derived name latinized form of the asian derived name via greek altered latinized form of the greek derived name cities and towns in austria cities and towns in belgium cities and towns |
in czech republic cities and towns in denmark cities and towns in finland cities and towns in france cities and towns in germany cities and towns in hungary cities and towns in latvia cities and towns in malta cities and towns in monaco cities and towns in netherlands cities and towns in norway cities and towns in poland cities and towns in portugal cities and towns in russia cities and towns in slovakia cities and towns in sweden cities and towns in switzerland cities and towns in ukraine references in order of likely publication pnh pliny gaius plinius secundus naturalis historia book pnh chapter that is three seven pnh eight one instead of the usual n h xxxvii eight one pg ptolemy claudius ptolemaeus geographia book pg chapter that is two pg three instead of the usual ii three ptolemy wrote in greek so names are transliterated back into latin to reveal the original form hlu hofmann johann jacob one six three five one seven zero six lexicon universale gol the standard reference to latin placenames with thei |
r modern equivalents is dr j g th graesse orbis latinus lexikon lateinischer geographischer namen des mittelalters und der neuzeit one nine zero nine an exhaustive work of meticulous german scholarship that is available on line to use it one must understand german names of countries as they were in one nine zero nine the original was re edited and expanded in a multi volume edition in one nine seven two see also chemical elements named after places several element names employ latin place names external links graesse orbis latinus hofmann lexicon universale place names of europe pliny the elder the natural history ptolemy the geography alternative names of european places latin names of places lists of cities lists of place names roman toponymy lodovico ferrari february two one five two two october five one five six five was an italian mathematician he began his career as the servant of gerolamo cardano he was extremely bright so cardano started teaching him mathematics ferrari aided cardano on his solutions |
for quadratic equation and cubic equations and was mainly responsible for the solution of quartic equations that cardano published while still in his teens ferrari was able to obtain a prestigious teaching post after cardano resigned from it and recommended him ferrari eventually retired young only four two and quite rich he then moved back to his home town to take up a professorship of mathematics in one five six five shortly thereafter he died of white arsenic poisoning allegedly murdered by his sister external links one five two two births one five six five deaths italian mathematicians one six th century mathematicians lymphedema or lymphoedema lymphatic obstruction is a condition of localized fluid retention caused by a compromised lymphatic system the lymphatic system often referred to as the body s second circulatory system collects and filters the interstitial fluid of the body lymphedema has been barely recognized as being a serious health problem however this is slowly changing due to education and |
awareness still doctors and medical staff who practice in fields where this disease is uncommon may fail to correctly diagnose the condition due to the apparent lack of information regarding this disease causes lymphedema may be inherited primary or caused by injury to the lymphatic vessels secondary it was most frequently seen after surgery and radiation therapy which may cause unintended damage to the lymphatic drainage system it was especially common after surgery or radiation therapy were used in combination to treat breast cancer lymphedema may also be associated with accidents or certain diseases or problems that may inhibit the lymphatic system from proper function many cancer patients find this condition may develop after their therapy has concluded the symptoms of primary lymphedema may not become apparent for many years in the lower extremity it will be unilateral or bilateral lymphedema affects both men and women in women it was most prevalent in the upper limbs after breast cancer surgery and lymp |
h node dissection occurring in the arm on the side of the body in which the surgery is performed and in the lower limbs or groin after hysterectomy surgery in men lower limb lymphedema is most common occurring in one or both legs or occasionally in the groin aircraft flight has been linked to the onset of secondary lymphedema in patients who have had post cancer surgery likely due to decreased cabin pressure some cases of lower limb lymphedema have been associated with the use of tamoxifen which can also cause blood clots and deep vein thrombosis dvt symptoms when the lymphatic impairment becomes so great that the lymph fluid exceeds the lymphatic system s ability to transport it an abnormal amount of protein rich fluid collects in the tissues of the affected area left untreated this stagnant protein rich fluid causes tissue channels to increase in size and number reducing the availability of oxygen this interferes with wound healing and provides a rich culture medium for bacterial growth that can result in l |
ymphangitis infection symptoms may include severe fatigue a heavy swollen limb or localized fluid accumulation in other body areas deformity elephantiasis discoloration of the skin overlying the lymphedema recurrent episodes of cellulitis and in severe cases skin ulcers and infections each case is different in certain exceptionally severe cases prolonged untreated lymphedema can lead to a form of cancer known as lymphangiosarcoma lymphedema may also result in psychological distress the normal daily living lifestyle can become severely limited lymphedema should not be confused with edema arising from venous insufficiency which is not lymphedema however untreated venous insufficiency can progress into a combined venous lymphatic disorder which is treated the same way as lymphedema see treatment below staging and severity whether primary or secondary lymphedema develops in a number of stages from mild to severe stage zero latent the lymphatic vessels have sustained some damage which is not yet apparent transport |
capacity is still sufficient for the amount of lymph being removed lymphedema is not present stage one spontaneously reversible tissue is still at the pitting stage when pressed by the fingertips the affected area indents and holds the indentation usually upon waking in the morning the limb or affected area is normal or almost normal in size stage two spontaneously irreversible the tissue now has a spongy consistency and is non pitting when pressed by the fingertips the tissue bounces back without any indentation fibrosis found in stage two lymphedema marks the beginning of the hardening of the limbs and increasing size stage three lymphostatic elephantiasis at this stage the swelling is irreversible and usually the limb s or affected area is very large the tissue is hard fibrotic and unresponsive some patients consider undergoing reconstructive surgery called debulking lymphedema can also be categorized by its severity usually referenced to a healthy extremity grade one mild edema lymphedema involves the di |
stal parts such as a forearm and hand or a lower leg and foot the difference in circumference is less than four centimeters and other tissue changes are not yet present grade two moderate edema lymphedema involves an entire limb or corresponding quadrant of the trunk difference in circumference is more than four but less than six centimeters tissue changes such as pitting are apparent the patient may experience erysipelas grade three a severe edema lymphedema is present in one limb and its associated trunk quadrant the difference in circumference is greater than six centimeters significant skin alterations such as cornification or keratosis cysts and or fistulae are present additionally the patient may experience repeated attacks of erysipelas grade three b massive edema the same symptoms as stage three a except that two or more extremities are affected grade four gigantic edema also known as elephantiasis in this stage of lymphedema the affected extremities are huge due to almost complete blockage of the lym |
ph channels elephantiasis may also affect the head and face illustration presented here is a case of unilateral herediatary lymphedema which had been present for two five years without treatment image zero four jan two zero zero three nine jpg comparison of normal and swollen limb image zero four jan two zero zero three one zero jpg size of swollen foot toes underneath image zero four jan two zero zero three one one jpg another view of lymphedemic foot image zero four jan two zero zero three one two jpg foot and leg held vertically treatment treatment of lymphedema can include the use of pneumatic sequential compression pumps compression sleeves and bandaging some physical therapists or other practitioners of manipulative therapy are trained to perform what is known as a lymphatic release or manual lymph drainage mld by massaging areas of the body where lymph is found to be flowing irregularly such releases are intended to unblock poorly circulating lymph fluid by stimulating the lymph nodes thereby increasin |
g the flow of lymph the massage technique was pioneered in the one nine three zero s by dr emil vodder and is now recognized as a primary tool in lymphedema management therapists can receive certification in manual lymph drainage massage through special classes conducted by the academy of lymphatic studies and the lymphology association of north america increasingly sequential compression pumps are being used to treat lymphedema the system consists of an air pump and an appliance sleeve which fits over the extremity air pressure is applied to the appliance which in turn applies pressure in a preset sequence to the extremity the better devices consist of a pump and appliance with three or more segments which sequentially apply pressure along the extremity distally to proximally several reputable manufactuers provide multichambered pneumatic lymphedema pumps bio compression systems lympha press medmark gs one two eight since lymphatic pressure is greater distally than proximally the preferred method of compress |
ion therapy would be to mimic the lymphatic system this is accomplished by means of a pump that applies gradient pressure to the segmented appliance this system mimics the lymphatic system wherein it applies gradual gradient pressure distally to proximally moving the accumulated fluid from the affected extremities back into the body where it can be naturally eliminated it simulates a gentle massaging action pressure and the subsequent effectiveness can be gradually increased as the patient becomes more tolerant these devices are expensive although most medical plans will cover the cost if the device is medically necessary the pumps are generally comfortable and easy to use for home therapy it should be noted that these devices are not the same as devices that have been advertised on television commercials for every day use such as walking or performing basic tasks compression sleeves and stockings are available for use while these garments provide only minimal compression they are ideal for daily activities a |
nd may be used along with other therapies a phrase popular with lymphedema therapists is a little compression is better than no compression sources national lymphedema network what is lymphedema schingale franz josef lymphoedema lipoedema diagnosis and therapy a guide for those affected two zero zero three hannover schl tersche gmbh co kg external links msu national lymphedema network lymphacare lymphedema product resource lymphedema pump insurance reimbursement lymphedema products comparison surgery dermatology statue of laurens janszoon coster on the grote markt in haarlem where he was born laurens janszoon coster b ca one three seven zero haarlem the netherlands d ca one four four zero was one of the early european printers some claim he was the first european to invent the printing press although the little evidence there is about this matter seems to show that johann gutenberg preceded him either way he is somewhat of a local hero and next to a statue on the grote markt his name can be found in many plac |
es in the city his last name coster is sometimes written as koster the middle name meaning son of jan is sometimes abbreviated to jansz dutch inventors haarlem one three seven zero births one four four zero deaths land rover logo land rover is the name of one of the first civilian all terrain utility vehicles first produced by rover in one nine four eight eventually the land rover division was split off from rover and produced an expanding range of four wheel drive vehicles under a succession of owners including british leyland british aerospace bmw and from two zero zero zero ford in their premier automotive group land rovers are manufactured in solihull england near birmingham and halewood england near liverpool and are exported around the world land rover defender one one zero history the first land rover was designed in one nine four seven in wales in the united kingdom by maurice wilks the chief designer at the british car company rover as a farm vehicle that could be used for everything from ploughing f |
ields to driving in town it is said that he was inspired by an american world war ii jeep that he used on his estate the first land rover prototype centre steer was built on a jeep chassis a distinctive feature has been their bodies constructed of a lightweight rustproof proprietary alloy of aluminium and magnesium called birmabright this material was used owing to post war steel shortages and a plentiful supply of post war aircraft aluminium this metal s resistance to corrosion was one of the factors that allowed the vehicle to build up a reputation for longevity in the toughest conditions the early choice of colour was dictated by army surplus supplies of paint so early vehicles only came in various shades of green all models until recently feature sturdy box section ladder frame chassis now the freelander and the range rover use a more usual monocoque body construction the early vehicles such as the series one were designed to be field serviced advertisements for rovers have bragged about vehicles driven t |
housands of miles on banana oil now with more complex service requirements this is less of an option the british army maintains the use of the three zero zero tdi engined versions rather than the td five to retain some servicing simplicity this engine also continued in use in some export markets a mired land rover of the one st armoured division being extracted during the gulf war land rovers particularly the commercial and military models became ubiquitous throughout rural areas and in the developing world the land rover featured in the south african movie the gods must be crazy illustrates the love hate relationship many owners feel with the earlier series one two and three vehicles land rovers have competed in the paris dakar rally as well as being the vehicle used for the camel trophy as part of a sponsorship deal the land rover defender is also used by military forces throughout the world in the uk armed forces the very expensive pinzgauer now built in the uk is increasingly common in roles previously th |
e preserve of the land rover defender such as ambulances artillery tractor and weapons platform with one eight eight pinzgauers in service and one five zero zero zero land rovers since the one nine seven zero s in most remote areas of africa south america asia and in the australian outback the toyota land cruiser has overtaken the land rover as the utility four x four of choice probably because of the cheaper purchase costs and better parts network offered by japanese competitors in britain the land rover fell from favour with the farming community with the arrival of less expensive japanese alternatives with diahatsu fourtracks and isuzu troopers becoming a common sight on farms around the country until rust eventually ended their working lives however with subtle improvements to the defender in the early one nine nine zero s and with the introduction of better more reliable engines in the form of the tdi especially the three zero zero tdi and the new five cylinder td five most farms once again have a land r |
over defender in their yard one nine eight six land rover defender nine zero image gwr certificate zero one two jpg company timeline one nine four eight land rover is designed by the wilks brothers and is manufactured by the rover company one nine six seven rover becomes part of leyland motors ltd later british leyland one nine seven zero introduction of the range rover one nine seven five bl collapses and is nationalised publication of the ryder report recommends that land rover be split from rover and be treated as a separate company within bl one nine eight zero rover car production ends at solihull which is now exclusively for land rover manufacture five door range rover introduced one nine eight six bl now known as the rover group is privatised and becomes part of british aerospace one nine eight seven range rover is introduced to the u s market one nine eight nine introduction of the discovery disco i to enthusiasts one nine nine four rover group is taken over by bmw introduction of second generation ra |
nge rover one nine nine eight introduction of the freelander one nine nine nine midyear introduction of the second generation of discovery disco ii two zero zero zero bmw breaks up the rover group and sells land rover to ford two zero zero two introduction of third generation range rover two zero zero five introduction of the third generation discovery lr three two zero zero five introduction of range rover sport two zero zero five adoption of the jaguar aj v eight engine to replace the bmw m six two v eight in the range rover models series i ii and iii the original off roader defender updated series line with a move from extreme utilitarianism freelander compact crossover four x four discovery lr three mid size off roader range rover full size luxury off roader range rover sport full size luxury crossover four x four there have also been models developed for the british army one zero one forward control also known as the land rover one tonne one two ton lightweight airportable military short wheelbase from t |
he series two a land rover wolf an uprated military defender at the two zero zero four north american international auto show land rover introduced its first concept the range stormer gritzinger two zero zero four the armoured police vehicle the shorland was not a land rover produced model but was built from land rover parts by shorts of belfast these were used by the royal ulster constabulary and ulster defence regiment until the one nine seven zero s when a more conventional armoured land rover tangi was built abilities the use of land rovers by the uk and commonwealth military as well as on long term civilian projects and expeditions is mainly due to the superior off road performance of the marque for example the short wheelbase version of the land rover defender is capable of tackling a gradient of four five degrees an approach angle of up to five zero degrees a departure angle of five three degrees and a ramp break over of up to one five five degrees greatly superior not just to urban four x four s but t |
o military vehicles such as the hmmwv and pinzgauer high mobility all terrain vehicle safety road accident statistics on a model by model basis from the uk department of transport show that the land rover defender and land rover discovery are the safest cars on the uk roads measured in terms of chance of death in an accident between three times safer than the safest volvo models twice as safe half the death rate per accident compared with the jeep cherokee and toyota land cruiser and only matched by the mercedes benz s class and jaguar xj quality problems recently the land rover has built a somewhat negative reputation for reliability and build quality and this is reflected in its showing in various industry quality and dependability related surveys as detailed below us j d power and associates vehicle dependability survey for two zero zero three published eight th july two zero zero three places the land rover marque second to last kia last this study was based on responses from more than five five zero zero |
zero us based original owners of two zero zero zero model year cars and light trucks at three years of ownership in two zero zero four it narrowly dethroned kia as the least reliable nameplate but swapped places in two zero zero five kia last land rover two nd last land rover discovery six th from the bottom of one zero zero models for reliability in an auto express uk two zero zero two survey joint one six th from the bottom in one four four car two zero zero two j d power s what car uk magazine customer satisfaction survey land rover had joint highest average cost in warranty claims for cars up to one zero years old in two zero zero two uk warranty direct index based on full maintenance leasing claims land rover discovery was joint second to last in two zero zero two which uk magazine reliability survey of cars up to two years old however only three five land rovers were in the sample land rover was three rd least reliable of three one makes of car in two zero zero two which uk magazine reliability survey |
of two zero zero zero two zero zero two model year cars least reliable of three two makes built one nine nine seven one nine nine nine spate of engine power gearbox and exploding clutch problems which land rover reportedly has refused to repair under eight nine of land rovers were reported breakdown free in two zero zero three which uk magazine j d power s survey beginning with the discovery series iii lr three in the us model one of the replacement power plants for the new model will be a four two l v eight engine developed by jaguar jaguar is also part of the ford group some of the service problems in us specification land rover defender and discovery models are related to the rover v eight petrol engine as land rover increased the displacement and otherwise modernized the engine which was designed in the late one nine five zero s by general motors for buick the same engine has powered a variety of other british cars including the rover three five zero zero and triumph tr eight most european south african a |
nd australian specification defenders and discovery models are now equipped with the td five diesel engine and reliability has still proven a problem as detailed in the surveys above land rover still makes heavy use of the british leyland parts bin on its older models the defender and freelander in particular and this as well as its parts sharing scheme often cited as the cause of many malfunctions it now appears that ford is attempting to legitimately address the land rover quality issues it was reported in the birmingham post on two seven th may two zero zero four that ford s senior management have given the land rover plant eight weeks to come up with a road map to address the quality issues at land rover and bring its competitiveness up to global standards in five years ford has threatened solihull with closure unless significant improvements are realised and with no replacement for the jaguar x type on the cards it seems likely that there will be sufficient extra capacity at halewood in the coming years |
to accommodate the entire land rover range land rover s ceo described this as crunch time for land rover despite the recent drops in quality it is rumored that seven five of all land rovers produced since one nine five five are still on the road this figure may be misleading due to the wider range of vehicles and much higher production of recent years the longevity of individual vehicles may also tend to hide any improvements in production quality as assembly faults once fixed may stay fixed and so may only matter to the first buyer see also land rover vin codes external links land rover official website the land rover faq land rover repair forums lrrforums swedish land rover club land rover world magazine land rover land rover car owners land rovers only website not affiliated with ford lr largest lr owners website only landies landy listings web site discoweb land rover discovery web site muddy oval land rover forums land rover enthusiast site all wheel drive vehicles british automobile manufacturers land r |
over off road vehicles prestige vehicles the following is a list of food additives as organized by the codex alimentarius committee the international numbering system numbers below ins are assigned by the committee to allow each food additive to be uniquely identified in the european union approved food additives are written with a prefix of e australia and new zealand have their own set of approved additives which are not written with a prefix letter in the table below food additives approved for europe are listed with an e see list of e number and those approved for australia and new zealand with an a see also federal food drug and cosmetic act e number sources codex alimentarius food standards australia new zealand food additives and ingredients association northern allergy centre s guide to food additives usfda food color facts food additives lists of foods lists of abbreviations wilhelm ostwald s dilution law is a relationship between the dissociation constant and the degree of dissociation of a weak ele |
ctrolyte acids bases la seu vella the romanesque gothic old cathedral of lleida la seu vella lleida catalan spanish l rida although officially referred as lleida is a city in the west of catalonia spain it is the capital of the spanish province of the same name and has one one nine nine three five inhabitants as of two zero zero four its main industries are agriculture and tourism it is a catalan speaking town and province with a characteristic dialect known as western or more specifically north western catalan with features such as lo and los for the definite article or final a pronounced as some of these features however are nowadays more common among older people and in the province rather than in the town of lleida where only the phonetic aspects of the dialect are preserved castilian spanish is spoken by everyone as well in ancient times it was named iltrida and ilerda after the ilergets an iberian tribe the battle of ilerda one of the most important battles of the roman civil war fought between julius c |
aesar and pompeius took place in four nine bc it was conquered from the moors by the count ramon berenguer iv of barcelona in one one four eight it was the seat of a major university until one seven one seven lleida served as a key defense point for barcelona during the spanish civil war and fell to the insurgents in one nine three eight lleida is currently the eastern terminus of the spanish state railway s ave high speed rail line serving zaragoza calatayud guadalajara and madrid the line is expected to be extended to barcelona in the next few years a latin american cinema festival is held yearly in the town and an animation film festival called animac also takes place there every may some interesting sights of the town are the seu vella a cathedral built in a blend of romanesque and gothic styles over the time and made a military fortress in the one eight th century and the older palau de la suda both over the so called tur de la seu a medium sized hill the seu nova the new cathedral used since bourbon rul |
e it was burnt during the spanish civil war by the anarchists commanded by durruti institut d estudis ilerdencs used to be a hospital antic hospital de santa maria built in a gothic style but nowadays it is an historical museum and research centre open to visitors la paeria the city council and also a historical site with remains and pieces of art from roman times to the moorish rule to mediaeval and modern times the castle of gardeny a fortress used by the knights templar in the middle ages the gardens known as camps elisis already used by the romans the bishop s palace also serves as an art museum showing pieces included in the styles spanning from romanesque to baroque external links official web site of the city council of lleida website of the university of lleida tourism information of lleida internet portal of the town uni esportiva lleida cities and towns in catalonia municipalities in spain statue honoring wilbur wright on the place des jacobins le mans pronounced in french is a city in france locate |
d on the sarthe river it is the pr fecture capital of the sarthe d partement history first mentioned by ptolemy geography two eight eight the roman city vindinium was the capital of the aulerci a client tribe of the aedui their city lay in the territory of the province of gallia lugdunensis an amphitheatre built in the three rd century ce is still visible gregory of tours mentions a frankish sub king rigomer who was killed by clovis in his campaign to unite the frankish territories as the principal city of maine le mans was the stage for struggles in the one one th century between the counts of anjou and the dukes of normandy when the normans had control of maine this allowed william the conqueror to successfully invade england however in one zero six nine the citizens revolted and expelled the normans which led to hugh v being proclaimed count of maine during world war ii le mans was captured by the us five th armored division on august eight one nine four four following their breakout from the normandy beac |
hheads sights le mans has a well preserved old town vieux mans and a cathedral cath drale st julien there are remnants of a roman wall in the old town and roman baths by the river demographics at the one nine nine nine french census there were two nine three one five nine inhabitants in the metropolitan area aire urbaine of le mans with one four six one zero five of these living in the city proper commune source http www insee fr fr ffc docs ffc psdc htm miscellaneous motorsports the city is best known for its connection with motorsports there are actually two separate racing tracks at le mans though they share certain portions the smaller is the bugatti circuit named after ettore bugatti founder of the car company bearing his name a relatively short permanent circuit which is used for racing throughout the year the longer and more famous le mans circuit de la sarthe is composed partly of public roads which are closed to the public when the track is in use for racing and has been host to the famous two four h |
ours of le mans sports car race since one nine two three births le mans was the birthplace of henry ii of england born one one three three geoffroy v d anjou others the culinary specialty of le mans is rillettes a shredded pork pat near le mans at mayet there is one of the tallest radio masts in france height three four two metres external links visiting le mans maps and aerial pictures communes of sarthe cities in france luis airton barroso oliveira born two four march one nine six nine in s o luis maranh o brazil is a brazilian belgian football soccer player who spent most of his playing career in italy oliveira played for anderlecht in belgium before moving to italy where ha has played for cagliari fiorentina bologna como catania foggia and venezia he is currently playing for lucchese of serie c one b a naturalized belgian citizen he has earned three one caps for belgium and played for his adopted country in the one nine nine eight world cup one nine six nine births living people belgian footballers brazil |
ian footballers r s c anderlecht players fiorentina players lois mcmaster bujold november two one nine four nine columbus ohio is an american author of science fiction and fantasy works lois mcmaster bujold bujold is best known for her series of novels featuring miles vorkosigan a severely disabled interstellar spy and mercenary admiral from the planet barrayar set approximately one zero zero zero years in our future the series demonstrates bujold s mastery of various science fiction genres and sub genres earlier titles are generally firmly in the space opera tradition with no shortage of battles conspiracies and wild twists while in more recent volumes miles becomes a detective in a civil campaign bujold explores yet another genre a high society romance with a plot that pays tribute to georgette heyer as acknowleged in the dedication it centers on a catastrophic dinner party with misunderstandings and dialogue justifying the subtitle a comedy of biology and manners her psychological insights and creation of |
complex characters are particularly appreciated by many readers there is considerable debate among readers as the best order to read the vorkosigan series some favor reading in publication order some in order of internal chronology and some other orders this illustrates the widely held view that this series consists of a set of independent works which none the less gain from their inter relations the author has stated that her miles naismith vorkorsigan series structure is modeled after the horatio hornblower books documenting the life of a single person in themes and echoes they also reflect dorothy l sayers mystery character lord peter wimsey bujold has also said that part of the challenge of writing a series is that many readers will encounter the stories in utterly random order so she must provide sufficient background in each of them without being excessively repetitious most recent printings of her vorksosigan tales do include an appendix at the end summarizing the internal chronology of the series bujo |
ld is a highly successful writer having won the prestigious hugo award for best novel four times a record matched only by robert a heinlein she has also won the nebula award for best novel twice and her novella the mountains of mourning won both prizes in the fantasy sphere the curse of chalion won the mythopoeic award for adult literature and was nominated for the two zero zero two world fantasy award for best novel and her fourth hugo for a novel was for paladin of souls bujold currently lives in minnesota she is divorced and has two children major writings the vorkosigan saga listed in series order dreamweaver s dilemma set in the vorkosigan universe long before the rest of the series one nine nine five included in collection dreamweaver s dilemma nesfa press falling free set approximately two zero zero years before the birth of miles vorkosigan one nine eight eight nebula award shards of honor set approximately one year before the birth of miles vorkosigan one nine eight six barrayar one nine nine one hug |
o award the warrior s apprentice one nine eight six the mountains of mourning one nine eight nine included in borders of infinity hugo award nebula award first published in analog magazine available online via the baen free library the vor game one nine nine zero hugo award cetaganda one nine nine five ethan of athos miles vorkosigan is referred to but does not actually appear in this novel one nine eight six labyrinth one nine eight nine included in borders of infinity first published in analog magazine borders of infinity one nine eight nine collection of three short stories novellas tied together with an original frame story interspliced between them also the title of one of the three short stories the borders of infinity one nine eight seven included in borders of infinity first published in freelancers brothers in arms one nine eight nine mirror dance one nine nine four hugo award memory one nine nine six komarr one nine nine eight a civil campaign two zero zero zero winterfair gifts two zero zero three |
in croatian and russian two zero zero four in english first published in irresistible forces a science fiction romance genre crossover anthology edited by catherine asaro the winterfair gifts shortstory novella is also availible as a standalone ebook from fictionwise diplomatic immunity two zero zero two omnibus volumes cordelia s honor contains shards of honor barrayar young miles contains the warrior s apprentice the mountains of mourning the vor game miles mystery and mayhem contains cetaganda ethan of athos labyrinth miles errant the borders of infinity brothers in arms mirror dance audiobooks books on tape cd versions of falling free shards of honor barrayar the warrior s apprentice the vor game cetaganda ethan of athos borders of infinity and brothers in arms are produced by the reader s chair fantasy novels the spirit ring one nine nine three in the chalion universe the curse of chalion two zero zero one paladin of souls two zero zero three sequel to the curse of chalion hugo award nebula award the hal |
lowed hunt two zero zero five the sharing knife beguilement two zero zero six forthcoming legacy two zero zero seven forthcoming see also the fivefold pathway of the soul one of the fictional primary religious texts for the southern cultures in the curse of chalion and paladin of souls external links the bujold nexus one nine four nine births american fantasy writers american science fiction writers hugo award winning authors vorkosigan saga living people lycopene molecular formula c four zero h five six is a bright red carotenoid pigment a phytochemical found in tomatoes and other red fruits lycopene is the most common carotenoid in the human body and is one of the most potent carotenoid antioxidants its name is derived from the tomato s species classification solanum lycopersicum ironically the highest natural concentrations of lycopene in food are found not in tomatoes but in watermelon almost all dietary lycopene comes from tomato products however there is evidence that frequent intake of such products is |
associated with reduced prostate cancer risk structure lycopene structure lycopene is a terpene assembled from eight isoprene units the color of lycopene is due to its many conjugated carbon double bonds each double bond reduces the energy required for electrons to transition to higher energy states allowing the molecule to absorb visible light of progressively shorter wavelengths lycopene absorbs most of the visible spectrum so it appears red if lycopene is oxidized for example by reacting with bleaches or acids the double bonds between carbon atoms will be broken cleaving the molecule into smaller molecules each double bonded to an oxygen atom although c o bonds are also chromophoric the much shorter molecules are unable to absorb enough light to appear colorful a similar effect occurs if lycopene is reduced reduction may saturate convert the double bonds to single bonds the lycopene molecule diminishing its ability to absorb light food coloring due to its ubiquity lycopene has been licensed for use as a f |
ood coloring because lycopene is so insoluble in water and is so tightly bound to vegetable fiber the bioavailablity of lycopene is increased by food processing for example cooking and crushing tomatoes as in the canning process and serving in oil rich dishes such as spaghetti sauce or pizza greatly increases assimilation from the digestive tract into the bloodstream lycopene is not water soluble and instantly stains any sufficiently porous material including most plastics while a tomato stain can be fairly easily removed from fabric provided the stain is fresh discolored plastic defies all efforts to drive out the lycopene with hot water soap or detergent bleach will destroy lycopene however plastics are especially susceptible to staining if heated scratched oiled or pitted by acids such as those found in tomatoes external links lycopene isomers lycopene cas number five zero two six five eight lycopene may help prostate cancer patients review of studies on lycopene and various cancers printed in the journal |
of the national cancer institute in one nine nine nine carotenoid terpenoids antioxidants food additives carotenoids terpenes and terpenoids landau or landau in der pfalz pop four one eight two one is an autonomous kreisfrei city surrounded by the s dliche weinstra e southern wineroute district of southern rhineland palatinate germany it is a university town since one nine nine zero a long standing cultural centre and a market and shopping town surrounded by vineyards and wine growing villages landau lies east of the pf lzer wald europe s largest contiguous forest landau was first mentioned as a settlement in one one zero six it was in the possession of the counts of leiningen dagsburg landeck whose arms differenced by an escutcheon of the imperial eagle served as the arms of landau illustration at right until one nine five five the city was granted a charter in one two seven four by rudolf i von habsburg king of germany who declared the city an imperial free city in one two nine one nevertheless the bishop o |
f speyer a major landowner in the district seized the city in one three two four the city did not regain its ancient rights until one five one one through the offices of maximilian i court house in landau an augustinian monastery was founded in one two seven six landau was later occupied by the french from one six eight zero to one eight one five when it was one of the d capole the ten free cities of alsace and received its modern fortifications by louis xiv s military architect vauban one six eight eight nine nine making the little city population in one seven eight nine was still only approximately five zero zero zero one of europe s strongest citadels after napoleon s hundred days following his escape from elba landau which had remained french was granted to bavaria in one eight one six and became the capital of one of the thirteen bezirks mter counties of the bavarian rheinpfalz following world war ii landau was an important barracks city for the french occupation wine making continues to be an important |
industry landau s giant main square rathausplatz is dominated by the city hall rathaus and the market hall altes kaufhaus landau s main square the former fortifications gave way in the one nine th century to a hauptring that encircles the old town centre from which the old industrial buildings have been excluded a convention hall the festhalle was built in art nouveau style one nine zero five zero seven on a rise overlooking the city park and facing the modernist bundesamt the regional government building the familiar luxury open carriage called the landau was indeed invented in the city other city sights deutsches tor galereenturm external links official website towns in rhineland palatinate liv ullmann at cannes in two zero zero zero liv johanne ullmann born december one six one nine three eight is a norwegian actress author and film director she played lead roles in nine films by ingmar bergman with whom she had a daughter norwegian swedish author linn ullmann liv ullman was born in tokyo where her enginee |
r father was working at the time and grew up in trondheim norway her work with bergman especially in the powerful scenes from a marriage turned her into a one nine seven zero s feminist and cultural icon as well as one of the most respected actresses of her time she was nominated twice for an academy award for the emigrants and face to face and published two successful biographies changing and choices she has been living in new york city for many years with her second husband u s citizen donald saunders whom she married in one nine eight five she is multi lingual speaking norwegian swedish english and other european languages she is also a committed unicef goodwill ambassador and has travelled widely for the organisation selected filmography as actress saraband two zero zero three tv zorn one nine nine four tv dr mspel one nine nine four the long shadow one nine nine two sadako and the thousand paper cranes one nine nine one voice mindwalk one nine nine zero the rose garden one nine eight nine gaby a true sto |
ry one nine eight seven autumn sonata one nine seven eight a bridge too far one nine seven seven the serpent s egg one nine seven seven face to face one nine seven six scenes from a marriage one nine seven three cries and whispers one nine seven two the emigrants one nine seven one shame one nine six eight persona one nine six six as director faithless two zero zero zero private confessions one nine nine eight kristin lavransdatter from the novel by sigrid undset one nine nine five sofie one nine nine two quote it s better to wake up alone knowing that you re alone than waking up with someone and still be lonely external links the guardian nft interview with shane danielson january two three two zero zero one peter bradshaw review of trol sa the guardian february nine two zero zero one one nine three eight births living people norwegian actors best actress oscar nominee order of st olav female film directors norwegian film directors laika shown here in a harness died from stress and overheating several hours |
after being launched into space laika from russian barker was one of the russian space dogs and the first living creature to enter orbit she was launched into space on sputnik two a soviet spacecraft on november three one nine five seven like many other animals in space she died during the mission though earlier than intended she was found as a stray wandering the streets of moscow a mongrel female weighing approximately six kg one three lb and about three years old laika is in fact the russian name for several breeds of dogs similar to the husky her name was changed from kudryavka russian for little curly and she was also nicknamed zhuchka little bug and limonchik little lemon the american press dubbed her muttnik mutt suffix nik and some animal rights activists at the time called her curly her true ancestry can never be known although it is generally accepted that she was part husky or other nordic breed and possibly part terrier laika died a few hours after launch from stress and overheating her true cause |
of death was not made public until decades after the flight with officials stating that she was either euthanized by poisoned food or died when the oxygen ran out some former soviet scientists have since expressed regret for allowing laika to die although laika did not survive the trip the experiment proved that a living passenger could survive being launched into orbit and endure weightlessness it paved the way for human spaceflight and provided scientists with some of the first data on how living organisms react to spaceflight environments sputnik two main article sputnik two a model of sputnik two laika s space vehicle after the success of sputnik one nikita khrushchev the soviet leader wanted a second spacecraft launched on november seven the four zero th anniversary of the bolshevik revolution there was a much more sophisticated satellite already under construction but it would not be ready until december this satellite would later become sputnik three in order to meet the november deadline a new less s |
ophisticated design had to be built according to russian sources the official decision to launch sputnik two was made on october one zero or one two leaving the team only four weeks to design and build the space craft sputnik two therefore was something of a rushed job with most elements of the space craft being constructed from rough sketches aside from the primary mission of sending a living passenger into space sputnik two also contained instrumentation for measuring solar radiation and cosmic rays after reaching orbit the nose cone was jettisoned successfully but the blok a core did not separate as planned preventing the thermal control system from operating correctly some of the thermal insulation also tore loose consequently the temperature in the cabin rose to four zero c one zero four f laika s voyage the soviet union and the united states had previously sent animals only on sub orbital flights three dogs were trained for the sputnik two flight albina mushka and laika laika was selected and trained by |
the russian space life scientist oleg gazenko albina flew twice on a high altitude test rocket while mushka was used to test instrumentation and life support to adapt the dogs to the confines of the tiny cabin of sputnik two they were kept in progressively smaller cages for periods up to one five to two zero days the extensive close confinement caused them to stop urinating or defecating making them restless and causing their general condition to deteriorate laxatives did not improve their condition only long periods of training could they were also placed in centrifuges that simulated the acceleration of a rocket launch and placed in simulators that simulated the noises of the spacecraft this would cause their pulses to double and their blood pressure to increase by three zero six five torr the dogs were trained to eat a special high nutrition gel that would be their food in space laika could stand or lie down in her padded space capsule according to a nasa document laika was placed in the satellite on octo |
ber three one one nine five seven three days before the start of the mission the temperatures at the launch site were extremely cold at that time of year so a hose connected to an air conditioner was used to keep her container warm two assistants were assigned to keep a constant watch on laika before launch just prior to launch on november three one nine five seven from baikonur cosmodrome laika s fur was sponged in a weak alcohol solution and then carefully groomed iodine was painted onto areas where sensors would be placed to monitor her bodily functions the pressurized cabin on sputnik two allowed enough room for her to lie down or stand and was padded an air regeneration system provided oxygen and a cooling fan was set to activate whenever cabin temperature exceeded one five c food and water were dispensed in a gelatinised form laika was fitted with a harness a bag to collect waste and electrodes to monitor vital signs the early telemetry indicated laika was agitated but eating her food the sensors showed |
that during launch her pulse rate rose to three times its resting level after reaching weightlessness her pulse rate decreased but it took three times longer than it had during earlier ground tests an indication of stress approximately five to seven hours into the flight no further life signs were received from the spacecraft it had been planned that laika would be euthanized with a poisoned serving of food after one zero days for many years the soviet union gave conflicting statements that she had either died from oxygen starvation when the batteries failed or that she had been euthanized there were many rumours circulated about the exact manner of her passing in one nine nine nine several russian sources said that she died after four days when the cabin overheated in october two zero zero two it was revealed by dr dimitri malashenkov one of the scientists behind the sputnik two mission that laika had died between five and seven hours after launch from overheating and stress according to a paper he presente |
d to the world space congress in houston texas it was practically impossible to create a reliable system of a temperature control in such small sic term sputnik two was finally destroyed during reentry on april one four one nine five eight after two five seven zero orbits controversy sputnik two was not designed to be retrievable so laika was doomed to die from the beginning it sparked a debate across the globe on the mistreatment of animals and animal testing to advance science the mission was viewed by many including some soviet citizens as a propaganda stunt in the united kingdom the national canine defence league called on all dog owners to observe a minute s silence while the royal society for the prevention of cruelty to animals rspca received protests even before the soviet union had finished announcing the mission s success animal rights groups at the time called on members of the public to protest at soviet embassies however these protests were politically motivated at least in part in the soviet uni |
on there was no controversy as the soviet people perceived exploits and personal sacrifices as normal and neither the media nor books in the following years nor the public questioned the decision to send the dog into space to ultimately die however in one nine nine eight oleg gazenko one of the leading scientists responsible for sending laika into space did express regret for allowing her to die the more time passes the more i am sorry about it we did not learn enough from the mission to justify the death of the dog laika in popular culture nasa named this soil target on mars after laika during the mars exploration rover mission laika s pioneering journey made her one of the most famous dogs in the world a plaque commemorating fallen cosmonauts was unveiled at the institute for aviation and space medicine in star city moscow in november one nine nine seven and in one corner of the plaque there is an image of laika she has been pictured on several postage stamps in different countries around the world brands o |
f chocolate and cigarettes were named in her honour as well as a large collection of memorabilia that continues to be sold at auctions today on march nine two zero zero five a patch of soil on mars was unofficially named laika by mission controllers it is located near vostok crater in meridiani planum it was examined by the mars exploration rover opportunity s microscopic imager on sol four zero zero literature sputnik sweetheart by haruki murakami references laika both in the title and several times throughout the novel star wreck seven the fido frontier by leah rowlinski is a star trek parody in which it is discovered that laika survived and made alien allies the doctor who novel alien bodies by lawrence miles tells of laika s funeral on the planet quiescia the novel habitus by james flint features laika as one of its protagonists based on the premise that she survives and continues to orbit the earth having learned to draw sustenance from the world s radio transmissions the novel intervention by julian may |
mentions laika s rescue by a sympathetic alien race called the simbiari in the story storming the cosmos by rudy rucker and bruce sterling laika leads the protagonists to an alien artifact at the tunguska event site in the novel red square by martin cruz smith one of the characters named their dog after laika in the novel weight the myth of atlas and heracles by jeanette winterson the ancient greek titan atlas finds laika s capsule in orbit and adopts the dog a short story in the second volume of the comic anthology flight features a story by doug holgate based on laika in which she lands on another planet music domenico modugno s volare later remade by the gipsy kings among other bands is centered around laika s exploits a number of bands have taken inspiration from laika for their names including laika dog laika and the cosmonauts and the eponymous laika whose first three albums all feature the canine cosmonaut in their cover art the spanish pop group mecano wrote a biographical song titled laika on their |
one nine eight seven album descanso dominical the band moxy fr vous wrote a song titled laika on their one nine nine three album bargainville the swedish band the cardigans included a song titled laika on their one nine nine four ep sick and tired another swedish band blipp has a song called laika on their two zero zero five album impulser the one nine nine six cccp release cosmos an album of mostly paeans to the soviet space program featured the song laika laika complete with russian military men s chorus the japanese singer akino arai wrote a song called sputnik on her two zero zero zero album furu platinum raining platinum about laika the song also seems to confuse laika with kloka a russian space dog that was invented by the spanish artist joan fontcuberta the reggae dub group spacemonkeyz in two zero zero two released an album entitled laika come home an album of remixes of the music performed by damon albarn s gorillaz norwegian singer songwriter ge aleksandersen released the album laika in one nine nin |
e one with the dog being remembered in the title track the album flopped the divine comedy s two zero zero four album absent friends mourns laika in the title track and features an instrumental laika s theme the arcade fire wrote a song called neighbourhood two laika on their debut lp funeral in two zero zero four laika and the cosmonauts is a finnish pop band that has gained some national fame the band polaris dedicated their album music from the adventures of pete my dog is an astronaut though on their rock collection album the argentinian band massacre has a song titled laika se va on their one nine nine eight album aerial the calypso artist slinger francisco also known as the mighty sparrow wrote a song reflecting on the soviet space program and the cruelity of poisoning laika called russian satellite cinema and tv in the one nine eight five swedish film my life as a dog mitt liv som hund the protagonist a contemporary boy who feels powerless over his own fate poignantly compares himself to laika the movi |
e was nominated for an academy award for writing adapted screenplay in one nine eight nine the lost in space episode one of our dogs is missing involves a dog coming out of a crashed spaceship judy confirms with maureen that early ships did take up dogs not mentioning laika by name but the origin of this dog is almost as unbelievable as the fact that it never appeared after the episode see also sputnik program russian space dogs animals in space references angliss sarah and uttley colin science in the dock the man who trained the space dogs retrieved january two eight two zero zero five anon an internet memorial to laika retrieved september one two zero zero four chase robin muttnik a tribute to laika retrieved january two eight two zero zero five grahn sven sputnik two more news from distant history retrieved september one two zero zero four nssdc master catalog sputnik two two zero zero three one one two six retrieved september one two zero zero four on this day november three one nine five seven russians l |
aunch dog into space bbc news retrieved september one two zero zero four soviet fires new satellite carrying dog half ton sphere is reported nine zero zero miles up november three one nine five seven new york times whitehouse david october two eight two zero zero two first dog in space died within hours bbc news online zak anatoly november three one nine nine nine the true story of laika the dog space com mars exploration rover mission opportunity arrives at vostok retrieved march two four two zero zero five animals in space famous dogs sputnik programme master of puppets is also the name of a novel by fredic brown master of puppets is metallica s third album released february two one one nine eight six by elektra records the album reached no two nine on the billboard magazine two zero zero chart to date it has sold over six million copies in the u s alone it was the last album the band recorded with bass player cliff burton and is considered a landmark in the history of heavy metal interpretation the album i |
s almost a concept album in that the theme of people as puppets runs through most of the songs on the album many of the songs deal with a particular master anger in battery addiction in master of puppets madness in welcome home sanitarium and religion in leper messiah in addition the notion of soldiers as cannon fodder is explored in disposable heroes and to stretch the point somewhat even the reference to the cthulhu mythos in the thing that should not be brings to mind the followers of a cult orion the hunter of greek myth was killed by artemis after he became her follower damage inc the album s final track is a call of non conformity to cut the strings of the puppet master the album s cover gives hint to some of the threads of the album the cover shows a military cemetery with crosses as grave stones bringing to mind both the dead soldiers of disposable heroes as well as the followers of the corrupt preacher of leper messiah the grave stones are attached by strings to a pair of controlling puppet master li |
ke hands reaching down from above note that the leftmost cross in the front has a helmet hanging on it and the dog tags on the cross in the middle these are clearer references to disposable heroes historical significance master of puppets occupies the central position in the recorded output of metallica s career and is also regarded as one of the most important albums in the history of the metal genre for many metallica fans particularly those fans who first experienced the album in the late one nine eight zero s master of puppets represents a kind of golden age in the band s history demonstrating now classic approaches to speed thrash metal songwriting and precision ensemble performance as well as showcasing the classic line up of james hetfield lars ulrich kirk hammett and cliff burton indeed a significant part of how the album is remembered stems from the fact that it was the last album burton recorded he was killed in a tour bus accident during the tour to support the album master of puppets is also notew |
orthy for the way it seemed to speak to real issues instead of simply wallowing in shocking occultism fantasy and mysticism or escaping into hedonistic male lust as such many commentators see the album as the second in a trilogy of albums coming between ride the lightning one nine eight four and and justice for all one nine eight eight which are credited with injecting a distinct level of seriousness into heavy metal in terms of both musical technique and industry marketing master of puppets provided many metal fans with a clear alternative to the commercially visible and increasingly pop oriented sounds of groups like poison m tley cr e and quiet riot not only was the music on master of puppets complex virtuosic and very heavy but metallica also emphasized a decidedly normal visual presentation of themselves sporting a costume of ripped jeans t shirts and unteased long hair that contrasted the spectacular androgyny of poison et al it was in this construction of the real that metallica found success real musi |
c played by real musicians who looked like real people master of puppets features one of metallica s most famous songs master of puppets clocking in at over eight minutes the song s complex structure serves as a kind of metaphor for the topic of control that runs throughout the song and the entire album the lyrics topically refer to drug addiction evidenced by lines such as chop your breakfast on a mirror as a source for the loss of personal independence and control however metallica refrained from using the song for an explicitly anti drug message instead of saying drugs are bad don t do them the music offers up a compelling and more nuanced argument drugs are bad because you will lose all self control and independence moreover the song implies that the level of ensemble precision required to write and perform the music in master of puppets cannot be accomplished if one is a slave to a drug addiction in addition to physically intense metal riffs the song features a lengthy interlude comprised of clean guitar |
s plaintive melodic figuration and a clear cut presentation of diatonic harmony this type of quiet repose while ultimately traceable to songs like fade to black from ride the lightning also appears in orion and signals the representation of musical interiority avoided initially though later adopted by other thrash bands such as slayer and megadeth and typically understood as antithetical to the musical image of the thrash metal style still in a broader sense these quieter sections operated as a type of musical complexity that was highly valued by metallica fans as such the song presents competing experiences of personal control precise ensemble playing across a lengthy and complicated musical structure serve as powerful metaphors for staying in control whereas the lyrics topic of drug abuse represents but one means of complete submission and the loss of control nevertheless the lack of an explicit anti drug message in master of puppets was a somewhat controversial move in the mid one nine eight zero s not onl |
y had the u s war on drugs received renewed attention due to the efforts of first lady nancy reagan s just say no campaign begun in one nine eight four but the pmrc s hearings in one nine eight five had helped to create a crisis atmosphere with respect to adolescents and the media as such the entire master of puppets album was designated as non compliant by the pmrc who specifically pointed to the song master of puppets as an example of harmful content not only do the songs on master of puppets serve as the foundation for the repertoire of most metallica tribute bands but in february two zero zero two the american progressive metal group dream theater performed the entire album as homage to metallica master of puppets has reached its twentieth anniversary as of february two one st two zero zero six and its stature in the metal world is continually being reinforced track listing battery hetfield ulrich five one two master of puppets burton hammett hetfield ulrich eight three six the thing that should not be ha |
mmett hetfield ulrich six three seven welcome home sanitarium hammett hetfield ulrich six two seven disposable heroes hammett hetfield ulrich eight one six leper messiah hetfield ulrich five four zero orion instrumental burton hetfield ulrich eight two eight damage inc burton hammett hetfield ulrich five two nine megadeth guitarist dave mustaine has claimed over the years in interviews to have written riffs ultimately used by hetfield and ulrich in leper messiah and master of puppets while such claims may or may not be true neither hetfield nor ulrich have ever publicly addressed the issue but in the january two zero zero six edition of guitar world featuring kirk hammett hammett states that mustaine hadn t worked on either master of puppets or leper messiah personnel don brautigam illustrations cliff burton bass vocals background lead bass on orion rob ellis photography ross halfin photography kirk hammett guitar james hetfield guitar arranger vocals george marino remastering metallica producer cover art con |
cept flemming rasmussen producer engineer lars ulrich arranger drums michael wagener mixing metallica albums one nine eight six albums elektra records albums major label debuts for the album by marshmallow coast see ride the lightning ride the lightning is metallica s second album released november one six one nine eight four on elektra records impact and acclaim though often overshadowed by its groundbreaking predecessor kill em all and classic follow up master of puppets ride the lightning was the vital bridge between these two albums pushing the thrash metal of the debut into progressive territory more fully realised on master of puppets and and justice for all as such metallica fans generally consider this the first undisputed classic by the band though that does not diminish the breakthroughs made with the debut release kill em all ride the lightning retains the furious speed of kill em all on songs like trapped under ice but also contains longer more symphonically arranged tracks such as the nine minute |
closing instrumental the call of ktulu the diverse sound displayed here and on future releases gave metallica more critical respect than any other metal band at the time and ride the lightning was essential to that success ride the lightning is also noticeably more serious and focused than kill em all although the band would further tighten their sound on the classic master of puppets ride the lightning is the first of the unofficial trilogy of metallica albums that show obvious similarities in concept the trilogy is considered instrumental in making metal more serious and focused on real issues and are metallica s most respected works ride the lightning s basic concept of death and the tighter more professional mentality would provide the blueprint for the classic master of puppets and progressive and justice for all more connections are detailed below concept as is the case with master of puppets and and justice for all ride the lightning is partly conceptual the tracks don t follow a story but they all de |
al with the same theme in this case death for example fight fire with fire is a commentary on nuclear warfare ride the lightning is about the electric chair for whom the bell tolls is about dying in a war trapped under ice could be seen as referring to either drowning or freezing to death and creeping death details the plagues of the bible though the theme of death is widely seen as clich in the genre it was executed more professionally here than on almost all contemporaries with an actual understanding of death and suffering especially on the suicide lament fade to black note ride the lightning only mentions the electric chair while many believe that it is a song about drugs like speed controversy however with increased critical and commercial attention for the album the band received their first accusations of selling out because of the slower quieter parts in the song fade to black although many more fans argue that the diversifying of sound shown on ride the lightning is what makes metallica such an impor |
tant band to the genre these accusations were certainly nowhere near the magtitude of claims the band would face over their one nine nine six album load fade to black was also controversial among cultural conservatives for its stark portrayal of suicide however that same starkness resonated very strongly with fans as a kind of honesty rarely found in other forms of popular music moreover metallica was quick to point out that fans had often told them how fade to black had actually kept them from committing suicide track listing fight fire with fire burton hetfield ulrich four four five ride the lightning burton hetfield mustaine ulrich six four one for whom the bell tolls burton hetfield ulrich five zero nine fade to black burton hammett hetfield ulrich six five nine trapped under ice hammett hetfield ulrich four zero eight escape hammett hetfield ulrich four two four creeping death burton hammett hetfield ulrich six three five the call of ktulu burton hetfield mustaine ulrich eight five five singles fade to b |
lack was released as a promo in one nine eight four for whom the bell tolls was released as a promo single with two versions of the song an edited version on side a and the album version on side b the flipside to creeping death was the original garage days revisited featuring am i evil diamond head and blitzkrieg blitzkrieg miscellaneous information ride the lightning was the first of three consecutive metallica albums master of puppets and and justice for all being the other two to feature similar track orderings track one blistering speed metal starting with a slower part track two album title song track four slower more introspective song with a heavy chorus track eight lengthy instrumental song their most recent album st anger also has a similar track ordering although the fourth track dirty window could still be considered a speed metal song and there are no instrumental tracks on it both master of puppets and and justice for all include long instrumental tracks just before closing with another blisterin |
g speed metal song the call of ktulu a reference to h p lovecraft s fictional character cthulhu features a riff which was written by dave mustaine while he was a member of metallica which he later used in the megadeth song hangar one eight from rust in peace when hetfield wrote fade to black he said his inspiration was frustration and sorrow he experienced after someone stole his favorite marshall amplifier he was reported as saying i know it seems like an overdramatic thing to write a song like that on but it was my favorite amp man metallica albums one nine eight four albums second albums elektra records albums concept albums and justice for all may mean and justice for all the last line of the pledge of allegiance of the united states of america and justice for all film a one nine seven nine film directed by norman jewison and starring al pacino and justice for all album a one nine eight eight musical thrash metal album by the band metallica all in the family as a draft working title for this television se |
ries metallica was the band metallica s fifth album released august one two one nine nine one through elektra records it is also called the black album because of its largely black and featureless cover with only the band s logo and a barely visible coiled snake derived from the gadsden flag don t tread on me which also depicts the main point of the song of the same name featured on the album controversy the black album was a controversial album amongst fans of the band while the album and the band were critically and commercially praised many fans expressed disappointment and outrage at the new direction taken by metallica gone for the most part were the searing riffs intense speeds and lyrical themes of such the first four albums the black album presented a more radio friendly commercially accessible metallica evidenced by the ballad nothing else matters considering that in their early days the band vowed never to make a ballad which they did and never to release a video following the success of one the bre |
akaway single from their and justice for all album five singles were released from the black album enter sandman nothing else matters sad but true wherever i may roam and the unforgiven many longtime fans viewed this as a betrayal by the band that used the lyric living on your knees conformity or dying on your feet for honesty from the song damage inc on one nine eight six s master of puppets as an anthem the black album stands as a dividing point for many metallica fans and fans of heavy metal in general its supporters claim that it is still a heavy album with such songs as enter sandman sad but true of wolf and man and holier than thou proving that metallica still had what it took to remain true to the genre s very strict limitations on what is metal and what is not just because the songs received popularity they claimed did not automatically mean they were sub standard songs prior to the black album heavy metal was almost religiously devoted to remaining underground detractors pointed at the ballads nothin |
g else matters and the unforgiven as signs that metallica were more interested in commercial gain than they were catering exclusively to their hitherto underground fanbase to further their argument they pointed at the intense radio and mtv coverage the black album received and that even though enter sandman and sad but true were heavy they were catchy enough to garner radio play and instant popularity also while the lyrics of metallica s first four albums dealt with the standard topics in heavy metal death nuclear warfare war in general political and governmental corruption insanity etc the lyrics of the black album written primarily by james hetfield were much more personal and introspective in nature a trait that would be seen on every subsequent metallica album the god that failed dealt with his mother s death from cancer and her christian science beliefs holding her back from seeking treatment nothing else matters about the connection he felt with his soulmate while out on the road and wherever i may roam |
an ode to life on the road with this album ended a long tradition of having at least one instrumental jason planned my friend of misery to be that instrumental but lars was against it saying that instrumentals are filler material the cover to the album is very similar to the smell the glove album from the mock band spinal tap another source of controversy bob rock produced by bob rock who had also worked with bon jovi m tley cr e and aerosmith another criticism of the step metallica had taken the black album s sound was a marked difference from the stripped down production of the previous album one nine eight eight s and justice for all rock so altered the band s working schedule and routine that they swore never to work with him again the animosity and tension between band and producer was documented in the dvds a year and a half in the life of metallica and classic albums the black album both explore and document the intense and merciless recording process that resulted in the black album despite the initi |
al friction between metallica and bob rock rock has been at the controls for every release the band has made since one nine nine one following jason newsted s departure in two zero zero zero two zero zero one rock was even asked to play bass grammy success metallica won their third grammy award for the black album many felt the band should have won a grammy for their and justice for all album the band was nominated in the best hard rock heavy metal category but lost to jethro tull when accepting the grammy for the black album drummer lars ulrich made it a point to thank jethro tull for not putting out an album that year the tour the world tour for the black album called the nowhere else to roam tour saw metallica on the road for the next three years the tour was in part documented on the a year and a half in the life of metallica dvd as well as the three cd two dvd boxset live shit binge enter sandman hammett hetfield ulrich five two nine sad but true hetfield ulrich five two four holier than thou hetfield ul |
rich three four seven the unforgiven hammett hetfield ulrich six two six wherever i may roam hetfield ulrich six four two don t tread on me hetfield ulrich three five nine through the never hammett hetfield ulrich four zero one nothing else matters hetfield ulrich six two nine of wolf and man hammett hetfield ulrich four one six the god that failed hetfield ulrich five zero five my friend of misery newsted hetfield ulrich six four seven the struggle within hetfield ulrich three five one japanese version of the black album includes a one three th track so what anti nowhere league cover charting singles see also list of songs in triple meter one nine nine zero one nine nine nine metallica albums one nine nine one albums eponymous albums elektra records albums rolling stone s five zero zero greatest albums load is the sixth album by american heavy metal band metallica released in one nine nine six see one nine nine six in music for many longtime fans of the band load as well as its one nine nine seven companion |
reload marked the end of metallica it was felt that the songs were not in fact heavy metal songs but instead resembled the then popular grunge and alternative styles of rock metallica s decision to participate in the one nine nine six lollapalooza tour arguably the symbol of alternative rock during the one nine nine zero s only solidified those opinions the album also marked the first appearance of a new metallica logo rounding off the stabbing eight zero s edges of the band s earlier logo all members of the band had cut their heavy metal long hair prior to the release of the album adding to this was a series of calvin klein style photographs in the album s booklet showing the band swilling brandy and smoking cigars while fashionably dressed all in a dramatic departure from their usual street image due to the stylistic changes and the songs structures one could understand the disappointment of fans who had hoped for some return to the style of songs written before the black album of one nine nine one hetfield |
s riffs dispense almost entirely with most of the sonic markers that characterized metallica s sound in the one nine eight zero s and he actively incorporates a more traditional bluesy feel foregrounding components such as pentatonicism and double stopped bends and doing away with things such as phrygian or locrian modalities more generally the songs incorporate a much greater range of mood and feel than had their previous offerings many written to capitalize on the contrast between clean melodic almost pleasant sections on the one hand and grinding mid tempo alternative metal on the other whereas hetfield s vocals had previously been distorted high pitched barks load mixes in equal parts bluesy wailing as well as not insignificant moments of soft and clean the cover of the album is original artwork entitled semen and blood iii it is one of three photographic studies by andres serrano created in one nine nine zero by mingling the artist s own semen and bovine blood between two sheets of plexiglas while this |
album stands as the symbolic point of departure from metallica s roots and will forever be the album that killed the band in the eyes of many fans it also simultaneously forged a replacement fan base that has been just as faithful or fanatical in the years since many of the converts who were attracted by the new style preferred it and while many came to respect and even love the older music of the band some remained as distasteful of that music as much as old fans could be distasteful of the new if one were to seek out opinions of metallica in the mid to late one nine nine zero s more often than not one would enjoy a scathing critique of the heroes who had sold out but as time passed numbers equalized and proponents of alternative metal became just as common as if not more common than disappointed headbangers in completing the aesthetic changes initiated by the black album load represents for many fans metallica s worst and saddest offering for others though it is their best track listing ain t my bitch hetfi |
eld ulrich five zero four two x four hammett hetfield ulrich five two eight the house jack built hammett hetfield ulrich six three nine until it sleeps hetfield ulrich four two nine king nothing hammett hetfield ulrich five two eight hero of the day hammett hetfield ulrich four two one bleeding me hammett hetfield ulrich eight one eight cure hammett hetfield ulrich four five four poor twisted me hetfield ulrich four zero zero wasting my hate hammett hetfield ulrich three five seven mama said hetfield ulrich five one nine thorn within hammett hetfield ulrich five five one ronnie hetfield ulrich five one seven the outlaw torn hetfield ulrich nine four eight personnel kirk hammett guitar james hetfield guitar vocals jason newsted bass lars ulrich drums production producers bob rock james hetfield lars ulrich engineers brian dobbs randy staub assistant engineers brian dobbs jason goldstein kent matcke mixing mike rew randy staub mixing assistant curry mastering george marino digital editing paul decarli digital e |
diting assistants mike gillies chris vrenna programming chris vrenna design andie airfix cover design andres serrano photography anton corbijn charts album singles metallica albums one nine nine six albums heavy metal albums elektra records albums garage inc is the eighth album by american heavy metal band metallica released in one nine nine eight see one nine nine eight in music it includes cover versions of their other songs and the material from two of their earlier ep s which were released in the eight zero s mercyful fate is a medley of five mercyful fate songs satan s fall curse of the pharaohs a corpse without soul into the coven evil although only listed as sabbra cadabra the track is actually a combination of sabbra cadabra and another black sabbath track a national acrobat also turn the page is a cover song that originated from bob seger s album with the silver bullet band called live bullet track listing disc one these tracks were recorded in one nine nine seven one nine nine eight for the album fr |
ee speech for the dumb maloney morris roberts wainwright two three five discharge it s electric harris tatler three three three diamond head sabbra cadabra black sabbath six two zero black sabbath turn the page seger six zero six bob seger die die my darling danzig two two nine the misfits loverman cave seven five two nick cave and the bad seeds mercyful fate diamond shermann one one one one mercyful fate astronomy bouchard bouchard pearlman six three seven blue yster cult whiskey in the jar traditional five zero four thin lizzy tuesday s gone collins vanzant nine zero five lynyrd skynyrd the more i see molaney morris roberts wainwright four four eight discharge disc two these tracks are a collection of b sides from artists metallica were inspired by throughout the early years of the band helpless harris tatler six three eight diamond head the small hours holocaust six four three holocaust the wait killing joke four five five killing joke crash course in brain surgery bourge phillips shelley three one zero bu |
dgie last caress green hell danzig three two nine the misfits am i evil harris tatler seven five zero diamond head blitzkrieg jones sirotto smith three three six blitzkrieg breadfan bourge phillips shelley five four one budgie the prince harris tatler four two five diamond head stone cold crazy deacon may mercury taylor two one seven queen so what anti nowhere league three zero eight anti nowhere league killing time sweet savage three zero three sweet savage overkill clarke kilmister taylor four zero four mot rhead damage case clarke farren kilmister taylor three four zero mot rhead stone dead forever clarke kilmister taylor four five one mot rhead too late too late clarke kilmister taylor three one two mot rhead other info featured at the end of their cover of the misfits last caress green hell is a mock parody of metal legends iron maiden s classic hit run to the hills iron maiden responded to this on a b side cover of the montrose song entitled space station no five also at the end of their cover of discha |
rge s the more i see in about the same time structure as run to the hills can be heard is a cover of robin trower s song bridge of sighs personnel kirk hammett guitar james hetfield guitar vocals jason newsted bass lars ulrich drums cliff burton bass blitzkrieg and am i evil additional personnel john popper harmonica tuesday s gone jerry cantrell special guest tuesday s gone sean kinney special guest tuesday s gone les claypool banjo tuesday s gone pepper keenan special guest tuesday s gone big jim martin special guest tuesday s gone gary rossington additional guitar tuesday s gone production producers bob rock james hetfield lars ulrich engineers mike clink brian dobbs jeffrey norman csaba petocz randy staub toby wright assistant engineers leff lefferts chris manning kent matcke mixing michael fraser flemming rasmussen randy staub mastering george marino remastering george marino digital editing paul decarli mike gillies design andie airfix cover design ross halfin photography anton corbijn ross halfin mark |
leialoha liner notes david fricke charts album singles awards grammy awards metallica albums one nine nine eight albums heavy metal albums elektra records albums s human and no leaf clover human has never been performed without the symphony but no leaf clover has been played live with a tape of the orchestral prelude the album s title is a play on words the s ostensibly for symphony is formed from a treble clef while the m ostensibly for metallica is taken from the band s classic logo s the ecstasy of gold morricone two three zero the call of ktulu burton hetfield mustaine ulrich nine three four master of puppets burton hammett hetfield ulrich eight five four of wolf and man hammett hetfield ulrich four one eight the thing that should not be hammett hetfield ulrich seven two six fuel hammett hetfield ulrich four three five the memory remains hetfield ulrich four four two no leaf clover hetfield ulrich five four three hero of the day hammett hetfield ulrich four four four devil s dance hetfield ulrich five two |
six bleeding me hammett hetfield ulrich nine zero one disc two nothing else matters hetfield ulrich six four seven until it sleeps hetfield ulrich four two nine for whom the bell tolls burton hetfield ulrich four five two human hetfield ulrich four one nine wherever i may roam hetfield ulrich seven zero one outlaw torn hetfield ulrich nine five eight sad but true hetfield ulrich five four six one hetfield ulrich seven five three enter sandman hammett hetfield ulrich seven three nine battery hetfield ulrich seven two four personnel metallica kirk hammett guitar james hetfield guitar vocals jason newsted bass lars ulrich drums san francisco symphony michael kamen conductor eric achen horn richard andaya cello daniel banner violin luis beez clarinet enrique bocedi violin barara bogatin cello chris bogios trumpet paul brancato violin steven braunstein bassoon jill rachuy brindel cello jeff budin trombone charles chandler bass anthony j cirone percussion jeremy constant violin concert master catherine down violin |
don ehrlich viola john engelkes trombone laurence epstein bass gina feinauer viola glenn fischthal trumpet bruce freifeld violin ray froelich percussion connie gantsweg violin joshua garrett horn david gaudry viola michael gerling violin julie ann giacobassi oboe chris gilbert bass david goldblatt cello yasuko hattori violin thomas hemphill percussion david herbert tympani tom hornig trombone douglas hull horn eugene izotov oboe frances jeffrey violin judiyaba violin yukiko kamei violin naomi kazama violin kum mo kim violin christina king viola melissa kleinbart violin chumming mo kobialka violin daniel kobialka violin rudolph kremer violin kelly leon pearce violin yun jie liu viola linda lukas flute seth mausner viola andrew mccandless trumpet craig morris trumpet diane nicholeris violin florin parvulescu violin stephen paulson bassoon catherine payne flute anne pinsker violin sheryl renk clarinet paul renzi flute jonathan ring horn douglas rioth harp william ritchen bass bruce roberts horn victor romasevic |
h violin philip santos violin nanci severance viola marc shapiro keyboards peter shelton violin james smelser horn pamela smith oboe artie storch percussion anthony striplen clarinet david teie violin stephen tramontozzi bass peter wahrhaftig tuba geraldine walther viola robert ward horn rob weir bassoon paul welcomer trombone s mark wright bass production producers bob rock james hetfield lars ulrich michael kamen engineers bob rock randy staub mixing randy staub mastering george marino digital editing billy bowers paul decarli mike gillies darren grahn recording stephen mclaughlin technical assistance john vrtacic assistants james brett darren grahn billy konkel leff lefferts kent matcke stephen mclaughlin orchestration geoffrey alexander ted allen pete anthony bruce babcock chris boardman bob elhai michael kamen blake neely jonathan sacks brad warnaar music preparation james brett blake neely michael price music copyist vic fraser blake neely arranger michael kamen design andie airfix photography anton cor |
bijn liner notes michael kamen charts album singles awards grammy awards metallica albums one nine nine nine albums live albums elektra records albums double albums metallica is an american heavy metal band formed in october one nine eight one with five seven million albums sold in the united states according to riaa figures and about four zero million albums sold worldwide the total number of album sales estimates somewhere around one zero zero million total with the release of their most successful album yet one nine nine one s metallica they have become the most commercially successful heavy metal act in history as well as the one eight th biggest selling act in american music history riaa total sales after building a following through its role in the development of modern heavy metal especially thrash metal being considered along with megadeth slayer and anthrax to be one of the big four of thrash in the mid one nine eight zero s the band broadened its audience in the early one nine nine zero s accordingl |
y the band stood as the most commercially visible example of the metal genre for most of that decade in contrast metallica s vastly increased commercial success was accompanied by stylistic changes that fostered accusations of selling out in two zero zero three metallica released their eight th studio album entitled st anger a collection of the most aggressive music they had written in a decade to deeply divided critical reviews though their two zero zero four madly in anger with the world tour in support of the album remained very successful metallica has confirmed that they are working on what will be their nine th studio album the release date is expected to be around either late two zero zero six or early two zero zero seven the album will be produced by the legendary rick rubin metallica is listed at five on vh one s one zero zero greatest artists of hard rock history the early days metallica was formed in downey california in one nine eight one by drummer and former tennis prodigy lars ulrich and guitar |
ist and vocalist james hetfield who met after each had separately placed classified advertisements in the american publication the recycler james hetfield responded to lars ulrich s call bassist ron mcgovney was an original member and the band used a few transient guitar players such as brad parker and jeff warner their first session played was in lars ulrich s garage at that time there were only three members lars ulrich james hetfield and dave mustaine ron mcgovney joined a few days later metallica got its name when drummer lars ulrich was helping san francisco area metal promoter ron quintana pick out a name for a new magazine to promote metal and the new wave of british heavy metal bands quintana came up with a suggestion metallica but lars quickly suggested another and decided to use that name for the band he and james hetfield had just started the classic line up kirk hammett lars ulrich james hetfield and cliff burton in early one nine eight two metallica recorded hit the lights for the first metal mas |
sacre compilation guitarist lloyd grant was brought in to do the solos on the track but was never a full member of the band desperate for a full time lead guitarist ulrich posted an ad in the local newspapers dave mustaine from huntington beach california a guitarist from the band panic responded and upon arrival started a sound check ulrich and hetfield were so impressed with mustaine s warm up and equipment that they asked him to join before actually auditioning a few months later the band recorded a full demo no life till leather which quickly drew attention on the underground tape trading circuit conflicts with mustaine eventually caused to mcgovney to leave the band and he was replaced by cliff burton from castro valley california lured from his band trauma in exchange for the other members of metallica relocating to the san francisco area upon arriving in el cerrito california the group quickly built a healthy local following in the bay area thrash scene via word of mouth and live performances metallica |
then traveled to new york in one nine eight three at the urging of local promoters jon and marsha zazula and after a few gigs the band signed with the zazulas brand new label megaforce records megaforce released metallica s first two albums shortly after arriving in new york mustaine was fired due to various disruptive unproductive behaviors all related to alcoholism and other addictions kirk hammett was drafted from exodus to replace him mustaine would go on to create the thrash metal band megadeth a pupil of joe satriani hammett brought to the band a considerably more technically proficient melodic and progressive lead guitar play style than that of mustaine s although this would not become apparent until ride the lightning the first album to feature hammett s songwriting in this way he greatly changed the band s style and made it much more progressive metallica s first album kill em all set the template that they would follow throughout the one nine eight zero s prominently featuring the heavy vocals and |
aggressive rhythm guitar of james hetfield a year later the next album ride the lightning expanded their form with longer songs that featured both instrumental pyrotechnics and lyrics that rose above some of the more puerile songs on kill em all perhaps the most significant feature of ride the lightning was the inclusion of fade to black a slower more introspective song that mused on the thoughts of someone contemplating suicide indeed fade to black is the first such song in a tradition that would come to include welcome home sanitarium and one the inclusion of these slower introspective songs distinguished metallica from most other thrash metal bands such as anthrax slayer and megadeth some fans saw metallica s formation as a direct reaction to the prevalent rock and roll music of the early one nine eight zero s inspired by bands such as mot rhead diamond head comparing themselves and their sound to a combination of the epicness of diamond head with the sound of mot rhead in the sleeve notes of one nine nine |
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