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eight s garage inc humorously citing that two heads were better than one and saxon the so called new wave of british heavy metal as well as hardcore punk like the misfits and discharge metallica was single minded in their desire to break the grip of soft metal on heavy metal fans mainstream success metallica damage inc tour after signing a major label deal with elektra records in one nine eight four metallica went on to produce another album master of puppets released on february two one one nine eight six and regarded by many of their fans as their best work and despite the fact no singles were ever released for the album gained the band minor airplay with the title track and welcome home sanitarium both of which are classics today the supporting damage inc tour was very successful as well and the album charted at number two nine on the billboard top album charts it was clear from this point that metallica was on their way to great success on september two seven one nine eight six during a european leg of s |
hows bassist cliff burton was killed in ljungby sweden when metallica s tour bus skidded off an icy road and flipped over burton was thrown out of the window and the bus fell on top of him it is uncertain if burton was dead at this point or not because the winch that was lifting the bus off of him snapped resulting in the bus crushing him a second time this incident had adverse effects on the members of the band and they resorted to excessive consumption and abuse of alcohol auditions began very quickly after the death of burton among the most promising of the auditioneers was a young les claypool a childhood friend of hammett s the band liked claypool but claimed his style was too funky claypool would go on to form the highly successful funk metal group primus three weeks after burton s funeral jason newsted formerly of flotsam and jetsam joined the band on october two eight one nine eight six with newsted the band finished the damage inc tour in the early months of one nine eight seven before recording the |
five nine eight ep garage days re revisited in july that year this ep continued metallica s fascination with covering songs by relatively obscure to american audiences british metal and hardcore bands in one nine eight eight they recorded and justice for all an album full of some of the band s most structurally complex music this was the first studio album to be released following the death of cliff burton the band s iconoclastic bassist and touchstone responsible for much of the band s early sound and music arrangement jason newsted filled in the role of bass player although this cannot be told from just listening to the album as the other three band members admitted to turning the bass sounds down to an almost undetectable level it is often speculated that this was done intentionally by the original members of the band as a reaction to the death of cliff burton and also as a way to haze newsted others state that this was because newsted wasn t present in the mixing sessions and as such wasn t able to input |
his thoughts and justice for all was a milestone in the history of metal noting its intense focus on topics related to personal control and independence importantly many writers also celebrated this album and by extension metallica itself for the way it appeared to divorce hard rock from the blues in ways bands such as m tley cr e or poison resisted also the production of this album was heavily criticised as lars ulrich s drums clicked more than thudded and the guitars had a thin sound james hetfield excelled himself however with some of the best riffery heard in metal music kirk hammett s solos were innovative and lars drumming incredibly complex because of the complexity and length of the songs in fact the band would later in the mid nine zero s cease to play most of them live metallica s first music video appeared for the morbid but accessible world war i themed one featuring clips from the film johnny got his gun by dalton trumbo it was popular on mtv and gained the band considerable additional exposure t |
he album also contained their last instrumental to date to live is to die it was a sort of tribute to cliff burton and contained unused riffs written by him and a poem also written by him and read by hetfield importantly metallica never lost interest in always providing fans with a sensational live act they retained their original humility and sense of humor and occasionally gave the fans a band switch treat that is the song am i evil would be played with james on drums kirk on bass jason on guitar and lars doing the singing in one nine nine one the self titled album metallica popularly known as the black album broadened the band s horizon again the record was co produced with bob rock whose resume included work on albums by such pop metal acts as bon jovi and m tley cr e to create a more commercially viable product the album featured a black cover that evoked humorous comparisons to spinal tap the majority of the making of the metallica album and the following tour was recorded of which around four hours wer |
e used in the documentary a year and a half in the life of metallica the album featured the hit enter sandman which exemplified the radically pared down style of songwriting across the album it became metallica s best known song and has been used by wrestlers and baseball players as their theme music another hit was nothing else matters a more plaintive acoustic ballad that outraged some of their more hardcore fans the album was a massive crossover hit bringing metallica firmly into the mainstream and it was with this album that the band first encountered significant accusations of having sold out this album had been preceded by a cover of queen s stone cold crazy which was contributed to a special album commemorating elektra s two zero th anniversary and which james hetfield together with queen s remaining band members performed live at the the freddie mercury tribute concert metallica also played a set at the concert charges of selling out would follow metallica throughout the one nine nine zero s to which |
the band often joked that they did indeed sell out each and every date of the tour indeed the tour following the black album was especially successful and eventful many dates were held with no opening act instead showing an introductory film that included interview footage filmed during a year and a half not included in the film and other footage of band members antics backstage the best known incident during this tour was a pyrotechnics accident in one nine nine two in montr al while metallica was performing a series of joint shows with guns n roses hetfield suffered severe second and third degree burns to his left arm during the opening of fade to black leaving him unable to play guitar for a portion of the tour subsequently former metallica roadie and metal church guitarist john marshall filled in while hetfield continued to sing guns n roses played three songs after the incident but lead singer axl rose s throat was in severe pain after the short set unable even to hear himself axl left the stage the prem |
ature end to the show provoked widespread rioting the alternative era after almost three years of touring to support the black album metallica took a respite until late one nine nine five on december one three they recorded during their rehearsal for lemmy s five zero th birthday party the track hero of the day and four mot rhead covers were later released as a two part limited edition cd single the band spent around a year writing and recording new songs resulting in load one nine nine six due to limitations of cd run time and the band s reluctance to release a double album of original material reload was released in one nine nine seven some songs written during load were changed by the time they were recorded for reload in particular fuel had different lyrics than the version played during the load tour as evidenced by the version played on the cunning stunts concert film the song was then titled fuel for fire these albums represented a significant musical change for metallica the band s breakneck metal tem |
pos and layered guitar compositions had largely been replaced by bluesy rock songs full of bent notes warm guitar tones slide guitar as well as shuffle rhythms hetfield s vocals took a larger role than ever before and several songs such as mama said and low man s lyric broadened hetfield and the rest of the band s willingness to experiment with various sounds and instruments these changes included the use of the steel guitar most commonly use in country muisc in mama said as well as the use of the hurdy gurdy and violin in low man s lyric some fans felt that the intricacy and intelligence of metallica s songwriting had not necessarily been watered down but that it had been presented in a radically different or perhaps a simply more varied stylistic package hetfield noted later in the documentary film some kind of monster that many songs on these two albums were initially thought by the band to be of only average quality and polished and re worked repeatedly until judged to be releasable by one nine nine six a |
ll of the band members had cut their hair although hammett eventually regrew it which was made the point of ridicule by many people including band friends alice in chains whose edition of mtv s unplugged featured on mike inez s bass the words friends don t let friends get friends haircuts metallica were in the audience for the taping of the show their hair seemed to overshadow their music in press coverage many of the changes on load and reload had been anticipated by earlier experiments especially on the black album but listeners generally regard the two albums as the band s turning point sales were lower than sales of the previous three albums previously rabid fans began to sarcastically refer to the band as poptallica or alternica in light of the band s apparent conformity to more mainstream styles of pop or alternative rock music indeed perhaps because of these musical changes many songs from load and reload received extensive radio play including until it sleeps hero of the day king nothing the memory re |
mains the unforgiven ii and fuel metallica circa one nine nine nine in one nine nine eight metallica returned briefly to its role as a cover band and compiled a double cd called garage inc the first cd contained newly recorded tracks ranging from obvious metallica influences such as the misfits thin lizzy and black sabbath to more unexpected choices like nick cave and bob seger the band s cover of seger s turn the page garnered extensive radio airplay the second cd gathered together previously released covers including the complete garage days re revisited ep which had at that point become a scarce collectors item the cd also collected b side covers going as far back as one nine eight four on march seven one nine nine nine metallica were inducted into san francisco walk of fame the mayor of san francisco willie brown proclaimed the day official metallica day in san francisco a month later on april two one two two one nine nine nine metallica recorded two performances with the san francisco symphony orchestra |
then conducted by michael kamen kamen who had previously worked with bob rock on nothing else matters approached the band with the idea of pairing metallica s music with a symphony orchestra kamen and his staff composed additional orchestral material for a number of metallica songs and the concerts featured a collection of songs dating as far back as ride the lightning metallica also wrote two brand new kamen scored songs for the event no leaf clover and human the audio recording and concert footage were released later that year as the album concert film s m in november one nine nine nine on cd vhs vcd and dvd napster controversy in two zero zero zero metallica discovered that a demo of their song i disappear was being distributed via the napster p two p file sharing network not only was the song unfinished it was supposed to be released in combination with the mission impossible two soundtrack they soon discovered that in addition to the demo their entire catalogue was also freely available the band immediat |
ely set out to sue napster and in the process asked that three zero zero zero zero zero napster users found to be trading metallica songs be banned from the network they also sued yale university university of southern california and indiana university for not blocking napster from their campuses in two zero zero one metallica and napster agreed to an out of court settlement which led to many napster user accounts being locked out the band did not take action to sue any individuals for copyright infringement nevertheless the controversy created a public relations nightmare throughout the controversy many websites including newgrounds hosted flash cartoons parodying lars ulrich and james hetfield as selfish and stupid rock stars completely out of touch with their fans the most popular of these was napster bad by camp chaos which spawned an entire series what followed was a huge fan backlash that thinned out the fanbase for a time m tley cr e provided their voices for a flash that simultaneously supported napst |
er and file sharing in general and shamed metallica s supposed greed some critics have since mocked lars ulrich by spelling his first name as lar lars has also made a valid point concerning the fans that backlashed as a result of this case if you won t be a fan of metallica because we won t let you download our music for free then fine we don t want you as a fan an interesting comment given metallica got their start via underground trading of bootleg recordings of their performances however the issue with napster was strictly regarding their back catalogue and not live bootleg recordings metallica like many bands have always encouraged bootleg recordings of their live shows evidence of this is the specially provided tapers sections at past concerts and the more recent introduction of a metallica run website dedicated to downloadable live recordings of any show on a current tour newsted leaves before they went into the studio to record their next album in two zero zero one jason newsted left the band ostensibl |
y due to the physical damage i have done to myself over the years while playing the music that i love however subsequent interviews with newsted and the remaining members revealed that newsted s desire to release and tour with his echobrain side project and hetfield s intense resistance to such an idea was the primary cause of newsted s departure as hetfield believed a release by an individual band member would somehow weaken the band this began a low point in recent metallica history as hetfield soon entered rehab due to alcoholism and other addictions in july two zero zero one for nearly a year metallica ceased to function in any meaningful way ulrich and hammett for the first time seriously considered the possibility that metallica might be finished upon hetfield s return though the band slowly and cautiously continued as an incomplete three piece throughout the writing and recording of their next album longtime producer bob rock handled bass duties for the sessions metallica eventually found a new member |
in early two zero zero three bassist rob trujillo ex suicidal tendencies who was then playing with ozzy osbourne s band and touring with zakk wylde in black label society he appears in black label society s dvd boozed broozed and broken boned in an interesting turn of events jason newsted who had joined canadian heavy metal band voivod filled rob s shoes by playing bass for ozzy during the ozzfest two zero zero three tour which voivod also supported a new beginning on may six two zero zero three metallica played their first show with the new lineup at mtvicon metallica a nine zero minute tribute show dedicated to the band along with several renditions of older songs performed by various bands sum four one performed a medley of metallica songs including for whom the bell tolls enter sandman and master of puppets staind performed nothing else matters avril lavigne performed fuel snoop dogg performed sad but true korn performed one and limp bizkit performed welcome home sanitarium the show had several clips of i |
nterviews with the band broadcasting the past history of the band newsted provided commentary on certain aspects and a performance by metallica to close metallica s performance was a montage of songs as well loosely chronicling their history beginning with hit the lights and continuing with enter sandman blackened creeping death and battery after a brief speech the band ended with the debut of frantic in june two zero zero three metallica released their eighth full length studio album st anger the album debuted at number one on the album charts heralded as the band s most aggressive album in over a decade metallica seemed to have recorded an intentionally raw and unpolished album as a response to critics complaints that they had lost their edge harsh criticism from fans followed however for the record s underproduced sound notably hetfield s flexible sense of pitch ulrich s new signature steel snare drum overwrought songs and no guitar solos whatsoever a rarity for metallica despite the criticism metallica wo |
n a grammy in two zero zero four for st anger this being the band s seventh such award the documentary some kind of monster followed the album and offered an inside view into the daily affairs of metallica as never before while the film focused on the growing tensions within the band it fulfilled its actual purpose in that it forced an album to be made the film also exposed to fans that metallica had sought the guidance of a psychiatrist to deal with a vast amount of the band s inner turmoil metallica abruptly and unfeelingly ditched the psychiatrist near the end of the documentary having toured extensively for two years in support of st anger on the madly in anger with the world tour in which nearly every performance was professionally recorded and sold on livemetallica com metallica took a break from performing and spent most of two zero zero five amongst their friends and families on september two zero two zero zero five metallica went to the studio to record their voice parts for their appearance in an up |
coming episode of the simpsons the episode will air in may two zero zero six metallica played two shows with the rolling stones in their hometown of san francisco on november one three two zero zero five and november one five two zero zero five metallica opened both nights and the concert was held at sbc park at these gigs the band played orion which was last played in full back in one nine eight six at cliff burton s funeral recently on their website metallica announced they are working on new material for their new album which should be out around two zero zero six two zero zero seven on january one one th two zero zero six metallica officially stated that they will be playing their very first shows in south africa on march one eight two five two zero zero six this marks the first time they will play on the african continent metallica will be side by side with such international hit artists as collective soul seether simple plan fat boy slim and others the band themselves will make an appearance in the inde |
pendent film the darwin awards starring joseph fiennes winona ryder david arquette julianna margulies tim blake nelson juliette lewis the late chris penn and others metallica also played at a private party for the premier of the darwin awards at the sundance film festival on january two five th two zero zero six according to metontour com metallica will be performing a number of shows this spring summer as part of their escape from the studio tour zero six an event that hasn t taken place since its very first time back in one nine nine five during the recording and songwriting sessions of the load reload era the current escape from the studio schedule is march one eight centurion south africa supersport park coca cola colab massive mix festival march two one durbin south africa absa stadium coca cola colab massive mix festival march two five cape town south africa green point stadium coca cola colab massive mix festival june three nurburgring germany rock am ring festival june four nurnberg germany rock im pa |
rk festival june six berlin germany waldebuhne june eight arnhem holland gelredome june one zero donnington park england download festival june one one dublin ireland download festival june one five pannonia fields austria nova rock festival june one seven imola italy heineken jammin festival august one two tokyo japan summer sonic festival august one three osaka japan summer sonic festival additional dates are being added every few days on thursday february one six th two zero zero six metallica announced on their official website that after an over one five year relationship bob rock will not be recording the next metallica album rock has produced every metallica release since one nine nine one beginning with their smash hit album metallica his place will be taken by legendary producer rick rubin who has collaborated with famous artists such as red hot chili peppers weezer audioslave slipknot system of a down johnny cash and slayer in june metallica will be headlining the download festival at donington park |
england along with guns n roses tool korn deftones lacuna coil cradle of filth archenemy among others more bands are to be announced soon line ups one nine eight one first recording line up version of hit the lights for metal massacre compliation lars ulrich drums percussion james hetfield vocals rhythm and bass guitars lloyd grant lead guitar one nine eight two early line up one no life till leather demo james hetfield vocals rhythm guitar dave mustaine lead guitar vocals ron mcgovney bass guitar lars ulrich drums percussion one nine eight two one nine eight three early line up two no studio recordings but wrote various tracks and contributions which subsequently appeared on kill em all and ride the lightning james hetfield vocals rhythm guitar dave mustaine lead guitar vocals cliff burton bass guitar lars ulrich drums percussion the writing of this lineup is scattered throughout metallica s early works dave mustaine wrote many of the lead guitar parts in several songs on kill em all which hammett later exp |
anded upon one nine eight three one nine eight six kill em all ride the lightning master of puppets james hetfield vocals rhythm guitar lars ulrich drums percussion cliff burton bass guitar kirk hammett lead guitar one nine eight six two zero zero one garage days re revisited and justice for all metallica load reload garage inc s m james hetfield vocals rhythm guitar lars ulrich drums percussion kirk hammett lead guitar jason newsted bass guitar two zero zero one two zero zero three st anger james hetfield vocals rhythm guitar lars ulrich drums percussion kirk hammett lead guitar bob rock bass guitar also the band s producer two zero zero three present st anger live bonus disc james hetfield vocals rhythm guitar lars ulrich drums percussion kirk hammett lead guitar robert trujillo bass guitar temporary live members one nine eight two damien philips jeff warner second guitarist for one gig in one nine eight two when james only sang one nine eight six and one nine nine two john marshall kirk hammett s guitar te |
chnician who also played for metal church second guitarist for gigs whilst james was recovering from injuries one nine eight six broken wrist from skateboarding accident one nine nine two burns from pyrotechnics when james only sang two zero zero four temporary drummers when lars ulrich was unable to perform at two zero zero four s download festival dave lombardo of slayer joey jordison of slipknot flemming larsen ulrich s drum technician notable people who almost joined john bush anthrax armored saint was suggested by hetfield to be the band s new lead singer but declined the offer les claypool primus auditioned to replace cliff burton in one nine eight six pepper keenan corrosion of conformity auditioned to replace jason newsted in two zero zero three but lost out to rob trujillo scott reeder kyuss auditioned to replace newsted as well discography main albums all album sales are based on u s totals worldwide metallica have sold about one zero zero million albums outside of the usa and canada metallica s rec |
orded works are released by vertigo universal individual songs i disappear for the mission impossible ii soundtrack mca we did it again ft rapper ja rule for the biker boyz soundtrack five three rd and three rd commando both ramones covers for we re a happy family a tribute to the ramones metallica chose between these two songs five three rd and three rd was chosen for whom the bell tolls the irony of it all with dj spooky for the spawn soundtrack trinity kirk hammett with robert randolph and santana for the santana album all that i am don t you think this outlaw bit s done gone out of hand james hetfield for i ve always been crazy a tribute to waylon jennings little boy you re going to hell south park bigger larger and uncut dvds and videos cliff em all release date december four one nine eight seven two of one release date june two zero one nine eight nine a year and a half in the life of metallica release date november one seven one nine nine two live shit binge purge release date november two three one ni |
ne nine three vhs dvd was released in late two zero zero three cunning stunts release date december eight one nine nine eight s release dates differ in other countries chart singles audio download sample of seek destroy from kill em all download sample of fade to black from ride the lightning download sample of master of puppets from master of puppets download sample of one from and justice for all download sample of enter sandman from metallica download sample of nothing else matters from metallica awards metallica has won seven grammy awards one nine eight nine best metal performance one one nine nine one best metal performance stone cold crazy one nine nine two best metal performance with vocal metallica one nine nine nine best metal performance better than you two zero zero zero best hard rock performance whiskey in the jar two zero zero one best rock instrumental performance the call of ktulu two zero zero four best metal performance st anger kerrang awards two zero zero three best band on the planet two |
zero zero four best band on the planet two zero zero five best band on the planet other info trivia ennio morricone is the composer of the song the ecstasy of gold which metallica uses on its intro tape to open their live shows the song is from the sergio leone movie the good the bad and the ugly it is performed in its own right on s m symphony metallica their song st anger was the official theme song of wwe s summerslam pay per view event in august two zero zero three bay area metallibangers are metallica fans from the bay area california the term was originated by the band and the bay area metallibangers were thanked in the liner notes in the albums kill em all ride the lightning and master of puppets the song distributed on the internet called the real st anger is in fact a song called the wanderer by manditory the cartoon character butt head from beavis and butt head wears a shirt with the ac dc logo across the front beavis wears a metallica shirt metallica will become elgible for the rock for whom the b |
ell tolls was the last song played on nine four seven the zone a chicago based hard rock station before the station switched to wzzn an oldies station in two zero zero five metallica was interested in contributing a track to the album heavily armed a punk rock tribute to goro but drive thru records did not think that metallica qualified as a punk band and they were refused name usage victoria s secret was sued in one nine nine nine for selling a lip liner bearing the name metallica guerlain was sued in two zero zero zero in a similar case for selling a perfume line named metallica metallica resources is a canadian based mining company see also damaged justice list of rock instrumentals napster external links metallica com the official metallica website metallica fansite metclub com the official fan club s website livemetallica com official website for sale of live recordings of metallica s performances on the madly in anger with the world tour metallibash official website official fan convention encyclopedia |
metallica more than you ever wanted to know detailed history of the band with lots of pictures metallipromo definitive discography save metallica metallica on aol music listen to all metallica on aol radio references metallica all lyrics by alphabetical order napster users metallica has your name may two zero zero zero mp three newswire article on metallica s napster controversy editorial facing the music metallica timeline metallica lyrics searchable index of all their songs metallica tabs metallica guitar tabs and other useful resources aceshowbiz metallica metallica thrash metal musical groups american heavy metal musical groups one nine eight zero s music groups one nine nine zero s music groups two zero zero zero s music groups active musical groups salle des illustres ceiling painting by jean andr rixens le capitole toulouse france a mural by brightens the walls of this air raid shelters in south london today it is quite common for urban murals to be painted by a guiding artist with the help of pupils f |
rom a local school in this case brian barnes with help from stockwell park school a mural is a painting on a wall ceiling or other large permanent surface murals of sorts date to prehistoric times such as the paintings on the caves of lascaux in southern france but the term became famous with the mexican muralista art movement diego rivera david siqueiros jos orozco or rufino tamayo there are many techniques the most well known is probably fresco which uses water soluble paints with a damp lime wash a rapid use of the resulting mixture over a large surface and often in parts but with a sense of the whole the colors lighten when dried the mission district of san francisco california has numerous murals murals today may be painted in a variety of ways using oil or water based media the styles can vary from abstract to trompe l oeil a french term for fool or trick the eye famous murals and artists the most famous contemporary mural is probably guernica by pablo picasso picasso s painting commemorates a small bas |
que village bombed by the german luftwaffe in april one nine three seven during the spanish civil war in support of francisco franco s nationalist army picasso depicts a nightmarish scene of men women children and animals under bombardment art historian herbert read described the work as a cry of outrage and horror amplified by a great genius the second most famous mural is probably the eight panel water lilies one nine two six by the impressionist claude monet among the world s most famous muralists are diego rivera david alfaro siqueiros jos clemente orozco bogside artists and gert neuhaus in the united states during the opening decades of the two zero th century murals were popular in many buildings including the ornate theatres contstructed at the time one of the most famous of these muralists was the dutch born painter anthony heinsbergen significance of murals murals are a relatively effective tool of social emancipation or achieving a political goal murals have sometimes been created against the law or |
have been commissioned by local bars and coffeeshops often the visual effects are an enticement to attract public attention to social issues like the legalization of soft drugs racial integration and social security or an attempt to break social and historic taboos and provoke the open discussion about issues like the haringoproer an anti monarchist uprising in one nine th century amsterdam or the theory of new world order this is achieved by installing what are seen as provocative murals at strategic locations in amsterdam s city centre world famous are the murals in belfast and los angeles which have functioned as an important means of communication for members of socially ethnically and racially divided communities in times of conflict they also proved to be an effective tool in establishing a dialogue and hence solving the cleavage in the long run state sponsored public art expressions particularly murals are often used by totalitarian regimes as a tool of mass control and propaganda however despite the |
propagandist character of that works some of them still have an artistic value northern ireland murals a republican mural by the bogside artists in derry s bogside depicting bernadette devlin mcaliskey northern ireland contains arguably the most famous political murals almost two zero zero zero murals have been documented in northern ireland since the one nine seven zero s although the murals more often than not represent violence or intolerance they are renowned for their professional nature and the notable level of skill of the artists creating them almost all of the northern ireland murals promote either republican or unionist political beliefs often glorifying paramilitary groups such as the provisional irish republican army and the ulster volunteer force while others commemorate people who have lost their lives in terrorist attacks many loyalist artists incorporate messages of politically driven murals the most famous of the murals in northern ireland may well be free derry corner where the slogan you ar |
e now entering free derry was painted in one nine six nine shortly after the battle of the bogside however some do not consider free derry corner to be a true mural as it is only words and not images free derry corner has been used as a model for other murals in northern ireland including the you are now entering loyalist sandy row mural in belfast which was a response to the republican message of free derry corner and the you are now entering derry journal country mural which is an advertisement for a derry publication not all murals in northern ireland are political or religious in nature with some commemorating events such as the great famine and other moments in irish history many portray events from irish mythology though images from irish myths are often incorporated into political murals a few murals avoid the subject of ireland altogether instead focusing on such neutral subjects as litter prevention and the c s lewis novel the lion the witch and the wardrobe murals representing peace and tolerance ar |
e becoming increasingly popular with school groups who have children either design or actually paint murals in areas around their schools additionally with many paramilitaries now involved in community work there has been a move to decommission many of the hard edged loyalist murals in east belfast some of the warlike murals have been replaced with iconic figures portrayed as the sons of ulster for example george best see also bogside artists graffiti public art propaganda socialist realism tiled printing anamorphosis trompe de l oeil external links a number of photos of murals descriptions of many murals how to prepare a mural wall and protect the mural political wall murals in northern ireland extensive archive painting landscapes the place of murals in the symbolic neil jarman murals of germany the work of gert neuhaus one nine seven nine two zero zero five troubles gallery a bbc website bbc website story on the softening of some murals in loyalist areas of belfast murals in los angeles by susan krieg mura |
ls by toronto artist bill wrigley murals and anamorphosis more than four zero zero pictures of the french muralist dominique antony and a section on anamorphosis murals and street art of san francisco old and new oddwall com murals in the john hunter children s hospital newcastle by australian artist ric woods a close study of kerala mural paintings a look at murals on vehicles murals by andrew crummy murals in prestonpans scotland murals by joseph belisle further reading painting art media murals metawiki should not be confused with wikipedia s meta wiki metawiki is a search engine that allows one to search all of the page titles over the space of listed wikis for one or more keywords external links the metawiki search engine http sunir org apps meta pl discussion of the concept http www usemod com cgi bin mb pl metawiki tech support and discussion http www bendigo tech com au wiki microeconomics literally very small economics is a social science which involves study of the economic distribution of productio |
n and income among individual consumers firms and industries contrast macroeconomics it considers individuals both as suppliers of labour and capital and as the ultimate consumers of the final product it analyzes firms both as suppliers of products and as consumers of labour and capital it is the study of the behavior of individuals and firms that are using scarce resources scarcity refers to the situtation that none of us as individuals or companies can have it all unlimited land capital labour etc one of the goals of the field of microeconomics is to analyze mechanisms such as market forces that establish relative prices amongst goods and services and or allocates society s resources amongst their many alternative uses taxonomy of microeconomics fundamental concepts in microeconomics elasticity consumer and producer surplus aggregation of individual demand to total or market demand consumer theory preference indifference curve utility marginal utility income production and pricing theory production theory b |
asics x efficiency factors of production production possibility frontier production function economies of scale economies of scope profit maximization price discrimination transfer pricing joint product pricing price points welfare economics welfare economics pareto efficiency kaldor hicks efficiency edgeworth box social welfare function income inequality metrics lorenz curve gini coefficient poverty level dead weight loss industrial organization market form perfect competition monopoly monopolistic competition oligopoly concentration ratio herfindahl index market failure collective action information asymmetry externality social cost free goods taxes tragedy of the commons tragedy of the anticommons coase s penguin financial economics efficient markets theory financial economics finance risk international trade international trade terms of trade tariff list of international trade topics methodology general equilibrium game theory institutional economics neoclassical economics austrian economics assumptions a |
nd definitions the theory of supply and demand usually assumes that markets are perfectly competitive this implies that there are many buyers and sellers in the market and none of them have the capacity to influence the price of the good in many real life transactions the assumption fails because some individual buyers or sellers or groups of buyers or sellers do have enough ability to influence prices quite often a sophisticated analysis is required to understand the demand supply equation of a good however the theory works well in simple situations mainstream economics does not assume a priori that markets are preferable to other forms of social organization in fact much analysis is devoted to cases where so called market failures lead to resource allocation that is suboptimal by some standard in such cases economists may attempt to find policies that will avoid waste directly by government control indirectly by regulation that induces market participants to act in a manner consistent with optimal welfare o |
r by creating missing markets to enable efficient trading where none had previously existed this is studied in the field of collective action this page deals with the various forms of economic surplus including producer consumer government and social total surplus for information about a budget surplus see budget deficit if the government intervenes using for example a tax or a subsidy then the graph of supply and demand becomes more complicated and will also include an area that represents government surplus combined the consumer surplus the producer surplus and the government surplus if present make up the social surplus or the total surplus total surplus is the primary measure used in welfare economics to evaluate the efficiency of a proposed policy a basic technique of bargaining for both parties is to pretend that their surplus is less than it really is sellers may argue that the price they asks hardly leaves them any profit while customers may play down how eager they are to have the article in national |
accounts operating surplus is roughly equal to distributed and undistributed pre tax profit income net of depreciation in heterodox economics the economic surplus denotes the total income which the ruling class derives from its ownership of society s productive assets which is either reinvested or spent on consumption in marxian economics the term surplus may also refer to surplus value and surplus labour the demand for various commodities by individuals is generally thought of as the outcome of a utility maximizing process the interpretation of this relationship between price and quantity demanded of a given good is that given all the other goods and constraints this set of choices is that one which makes the consumer happiest aggregate or market demand curves represent the sum of these individual demand curves an important question is whether market demand curves can also be thought of as being generated by a utility maximization process does the aggregated demand curve show how to optimise the total utili |
ty happiness of society does it show how to optimise something else the answer to these questions is no market demand curves generally have no utility interpretation moreover even if market demand curves could mathematically be rationalized by a utility function they still cannot be economically rationalized as generating an overall welfare index there are several reasons for this each person s individual total utility gleaned from purchases depends on the size of his or her budget but the distribution of wealth and thus her budget is a separate free variable in the aggregation in other words changing the distribution of wealth such as giving needy people more resources will produce a different total for society s utility each person s demand curve is a function of his or her budget so that if the distribution of wealth changes by changing the distribution of prices and thus salaries and so on all of the individual demand curves change the aggregate effect of such a change is not simple unless all the consume |
rs have wealth independent consumption patterns that is unless the pauper and the billionaire spend the same fraction of their budgets on each item markets cannot be claimed to select an optimum in the sense of the greatest total utility of society indeed there is not even general agreement on how total utility should be defined however under strictly competitive conditions market outcomes do represent a pareto optimum it has been known since at least one nine five three gorman w m community preference fields econometrica two one six three eight zero and one nine eight two shafer w and sonnenschein h market demand and excess demand functions in k j arrow and m d intriligator eds handbook of mathematical economics vol ii north holland amsterdam that no reasonable assumptions can circumvent these problems income generally defined is the money that is received as a result of the normal business activities of an individual or a business for example most individuals income is the money they receive from their regu |
lar paychecks in business and accounting income also known as profit or earnings is more specifically the amount of money that a company earns after paying for all its costs to calculate a company s income it starts with its amount of revenue deducts all costs including such things as employees salaries and depreciation and the number that results is its income which may be a negative number this money is typically reinvested in the business paid in corporate tax and used to pay the owners the shareholders a dividend all public companies are required to provide financial statements on a quarterly basis the statement of income is an important part of this some companies also provide a more rosy financial report of their income with pro forma reporting or ebitda reporting pro forma income is an estimate of how much the company would have earned without including the negative effect of exceptional one time events supposedly in order to show investors how much money the company would have made under normal circum |
stances if these exceptional one time events had not occurred critics charge that in most cases the one time events are normal business events such as an acquisition of another company or a write off of a cancelled project or division and that pro forma reporting is an attempt to mislead investors by painting a rosy financial picture besides that when discussing results with analysts and shareholders ceos and cfos have a tendency to do even more hypothetical accounting ebitda stands for earnings before interest taxes depreciation and amortisation and is also criticised for being an attempt to mislead investors warren buffett has criticised ebitda reporting famously asking does management think the tooth fairy pays for capital expenditures it is common for some other companies such as real estate investment trusts to present reports using a standard called ffo or funds from operations like ebitda reporting ffo ignores depreciation and amortization this is widely accepted in the industry as real estate values t |
end to increase rather than decrease over time and many data sites report earnings per share data using ffo in economics income is the constraint to unlimited consumer purchases consumers can purchase a limited number of goods the basic equation for this is i px x py y where px is the price of good x x is the quantity of good x and i is the income py and y are similar to px and x if you need to examine more than two goods you can add more on this equation tells us two things first if you buy one more of good x you get px py less of good y here px py is known as the rate of substitution secondly if the price of x changes then the rate of substitution changes this causes demand curves to slope down the distribution of income within a society can be measured by the lorenz curve and the gini coefficient national income measured by statistics such as the net national income nni measures the total income of all individuals in the economy for more information see measures of national income and output in economics p |
rofit maximization is the process by which a firm determines the price and output level that returns the greatest profit there are several approaches to this problem the total revenue total cost method relies on the fact that profit equals revenue minus cost and the marginal revenue marginal cost method is based on the fact that total profit in a perfectly competitive market reaches its maximum point where marginal revenue equals marginal cost basic definitions any costs incurred by a firm may be classed into two groups fixed cost and variable cost fixed costs are incurred by the business at any level of output including none these may include equipment maintenance rent wages and general upkeep variable costs change with the level of output increasing as more product is generated materials consumed during production often have the largest impact on this category fixed cost and variable cost combined equal total cost revenue is the total amount of money that flows into the firm this can be from any source incl |
uding product sales government subsidies venture capital and personal funds average cost and revenue are defined as the total cost or revenue divided by the amount of units output for instance if a firm produced four zero zero units at a cost of two zero zero zero zero usd the average cost would be five zero usd marginal cost and revenue depending on whether the calculus approach is taken or not are defined as either the change in cost or revenue as each additional unit is produced or the derivative of cost or revenue with respect to quantity output for instance taking the first definition if it costs a firm four zero zero usd to produce five units and four eight zero usd to produce six the marginal cost of the sixth unit is approximately eight zero dollars although this is more accurately stated as the marginal cost of the five five th unit due to linear interpolation calculus is capable of providing more accurate answers if regression equations can be provided total cost total revenue method to obtain the p |
rofit maximizing output quantity we start by recognizing that profit is equal to total revenue minus total cost given a table of costs and revenues at each quantity we can either compute equations or plot the data directly on a graph finding the profit maximizing output is as simple as finding the output at which profit reaches its maximum that is represented by output q in the diagram alt text profit maximization the totals approach there are two graphical ways of determining that q is optimal firstly we see that the profit curve is at its maximum at this point a secondly we see that at the point b that the tangent on the total cost curve tc is parallel to the total revenue curve tr the surplus of revenue net of costs b c is the greatest because total revenue minus total costs is equal to profit the line segment c b is equal in length to the line segment a q computing the price at which to sell the product requires knowledge of the firm s demand curve the price at which quantity demanded equals profit maximi |
zing output is the optimum price to sell the product marginal cost marginal revenue method if total revenue and total cost figures are difficult to procure this method may also be used for each unit sold marginal profit equals marginal revenue minus marginal cost then if marginal revenue is greater than marginal cost marginal profit is positive and if marginal revenue is less than marginal cost marginal profit is negative when marginal revenue equals marginal cost marginal profit is zero since total profit increases when marginal profit is positive and total profit decreases when marginal profit is negative it must reach a maximum where marginal profit is zero or where marginal cost equals marginal revenue this intersection of marginal revenue mr with marginal costs mc is shown in the next diagram as point a if the industry is competitive as is assumed in the diagram the firm faces a demand curve d that is identical to its marginal revenue curve mr and this is a horizontal line at a price determined by indust |
ry supply and demand average total costs are reprsented by curve atc total economic profits are represented by area p a b c the optimum quantity q is the same as the optimum quantity q in the first diagram alt text profit maximization the marginal approach if the firm is operating in a non competitive market minor changes would have to be made to the diagrams modes of operation it is assumed that all firms are following rational decision making and will produce at the profit maximizing output given this assumption there are four categories in which a firm s profit may be considered a firm is said to be making an economic profit when its average total cost is less than the price of the product at the profit maximizing output the economic profit is equal to the quantity output multiplied by the difference between the average total cost and the price a firm is said to be making a normal profit when its economic profit equals zero this occurs where average total cost equals price at the profit maximizing output i |
f the price is between average total cost and average variable cost at the profit maximizing output then the firm is said to be in a loss minimizing condition the firm should still continue to produce however since its loss would be larger if it was to stop producing by continuing production the firm can offset its variable cost and at least part of its fixed cost but by stopping completely it would lose equivalent of its entire fixed cost if the price is below average variable cost at the profit maximizing output the firm is said to be in shutdown losses are minimized by not producing at all since any production would not generate returns significant enough to offset any fixed cost and part of the variable cost by not producing the firm loses only its fixed cost in economics a market failure is a situation in which markets do not efficiently organize production or allocate goods and services to consumers for example a failure to allocate goods in a way some see as socially or morally preferable to economists |
the term would normally be applied to situations where the inefficiency is particularly dramatic or when it is suggested that non market institutions would provide a more desirable result on the other hand to many market failures are situations where market forces do not serve the perceived public interest here the focus is on the economists theories of market failure economists use model like theorems to explain or understand such cases the two main reasons that markets fail are the inadequate expression of costs or benefits in prices and thus into microeconomic decision making in markets sub optimal market structures in economics information asymmetry occurs when one party to a transaction has more or better information than the other party it has also been called asymmetrical information and markets with asymmetrical information typically it is the seller that knows more about the product than the buyer however it is possible for the reverse to be true for the buyer to know more than the seller examples o |
f situations where the seller usually has better information than the buyer are numerous but include used car salespeople stockbrokers real estate agents and life insurance transactions examples of situations where the buyer usually has better information than the seller include estate sales as specified in a last will and testament this situation was first described by kenneth j arrow in a seminal article on health care in one nine six three entitled uncertainty and the welfare economics of medical care in the american economic review george akerlof later used the term asymmetric information in his one nine seven zero work the market for lemons he also noticed that in such a market the average value of the commodity tends to go down even for those of perfectly good quality it is even possible for the market to decay to the point of nonexistence because of information asymmetry unscrupulous sellers can spoof items like software or computer games and defraud the buyer as a result many people not willing to ris |
k getting ripped off will avoid certain types of purchases or will not spend as much for a given item cost of taking an opportunity the simplest way to estimate the opportunity cost of any single economic decision is to consider what is the next best alternative choice that could be made this is even though most economic decisions involve multiple alternatives the opportunity cost of paying for college this semester could be the ability to make car payments the opportunity cost of a vacation in the bahamas could be the down payment money for a house note that opportunity cost is not the sum of the available alternatives but rather of benefit of the best alternative of them the opportunity cost of the city s decision to build the hospital on its vacant land is the loss of the land for a sporting center or the inability to use the land for a parking lot or the money that could have been made from selling the land or the loss of any of the various other possible uses but not all of these in aggregate it is impor |
tant as individuals and as societies to compare the opportunity costs associated with various courses of action however some opportunities may be difficult to compare along all relevant dimensions economists often try to use the market price of each alternative to measure opportunity cost this method however presents a considerable difficulty since many alternatives do not have a market price it is very difficult to agree on a way to place a dollar value on a wide variety of intangible assets how does one calculate the cost in dollars pounds euros or yen for the loss of clean air or the loss of seaside views or the loss of pedestrian access to a shopping center or the loss of an untouched virgin forest since their costs are difficult to quantify intangible values associated with opportunity cost can easily be overlooked or ignored to overcome this difficulty economists have identified certain opportunity costs as spillover costs or external costs if a chemical producer dumps its waste products into a river th |
e company has effectively shifted part of the cost of its production onto those living downstream who like to fish if a billboard company blocks the seaside view of passers by some of its gain in advertising revenue is being paid by the passers by who enjoy natural vistas instead of by the company s advertisers typically spillover costs are imposed by a narrower group often called a special interest group which benefits more quantifiably and more concretely and they are borne by a wider group perhaps even the public at large which pays less quantifiably and less concretely for this reason spillover costs are most often controlled by politics and government regulation rather than by markets regulations against pollution and building codes restricting billboard locations are examples special interest groups with a particular political or financial gain in mind usually find incentives to underestimate or ignore the opportunity costs associated with their activities or agendas especially when the opportunity cost |
s are spillover costs that can be imposed upon others but at times such groups find incentives to overestimate them another difficulty in fixing opportunity cost exists on the macroeconomic level and is empirical in nature discovering the real effect of a change in production of butter specific to the production of guns in an economy as large and multifarious as say that of the united states would be nightmarishly complex for that reason opportunity cost is usually figured within some specific budget of resources for example if the state spends two zero zero million more on highways it will have two zero zero million less to spend on schools or if our company invests one zero million in r d it can t give a one million christmas bonus to each of its top ten executives or if i buy fifty lottery tickets i won t have these two twenties and one ten left in my wallet for groceries although opportunity cost can be hard to quantify its effect is universal and very real on the individual level the principle behind the |
economic concept of opportunity cost applies to all decisions not just economic ones the word decide comes from the latin decidere meaning to cut off being the prefix de plus the root caedere to cut by definition any decision that is made cuts off other decisions that could have been made if one makes a right turn at an intersection she or he precludes the possibility of having made a left turn and so forth since the work of the austrian economist friedrich von wieser opportunity cost has been seen as the foundation of the marginal theory of value the supply and demand model describes how prices vary as a result of a balance between product availability at each price supply and the desires of those with purchasing power at each price demand the graph depicts an increase in demand from d one to d two along with the consequent increase in price and quantity required to reach a new market clearing equilibrium point on the supply curve s economics macroeconomics is the economics sub field of study that considers |
aggregate behavior i e the study of the sum of individual economic decisions this is in contrast to microeconomics which is the study of the economic behaviour of individual consumers firms and industries macroeconomics can be used to analyze how best to influence government policy goals such as economic growth price stability full employment and the attainment of a sustainable balance of payments origins until the one nine three zero s most economic analysis did not separate out individual economics behavior from aggregate behavior with the great depression of the one nine three zero s suffered throughout the developed world at the time and the development of the concept of national income and product statistics the field of macroeconomics began to expand particularly influential were the ideas of john maynard keynes who formulated theories to try to explain the great depression one of the challenges of economics has been a struggle to reconcile macroeconomic and microeconomic models starting in the one nin |
e five zero s macroeconomists developed micro based models of macroeconomic behavior such as the consumption function dutch economist jan tinbergen developed the first comprehensive national macroeconomic model which he first built for the netherlands and later applied to the united states and the united kingdom after world war ii the first global macroeconomic model wharton econometric forecasting associates link project was initiated by lawrence klein and was mentioned in his citation for the bank of sweden prize in economic sciences in memory of alfred nobel in one nine eight zero theorists such as robert lucas jr suggested in the one nine seven zero s that at least some traditional keynesian after british economist john maynard keynes macroeconomic models were questionable as they were not derived from assumptions about individual behavior however new keynesian macroeconomics has generally presented microeconomic models to shore up their macroeconomic theorizing and some keynesians have contested the idea |
that microeconomic foundations are essential if the model is analytically useful the various schools of thought are not always in direct competition with one another even though they sometimes reach differing conclusions macroeconomics is an ever evolving area of research the goal of economic research is not to be right but rather to be accurate it is likely that none of the current schools of economic thought perfectly capture the workings of the economy they do however each contribute a small piece of the overall puzzle as one learns more about each school of thought it is possible to combine aspects of each in order to reach an informed synthesis analytical approaches the traditional distinction is between two different approaches to economics keynesian economics focusing on demand and supply side or neo classical economics focusing on supply neither of course can completely neglect the other aspect it is a question of emphasis most schools are fairly clearly based on one or the other approach keynesian e |
conomics focuses on aggregate demand to explain levels of unemployment and the business cycle that is business cycle fluctuations should be reduced through fiscal policy the government spends more or less depending on the situation and monetary policy early keynesian macroeconomics was activist calling for regular use of policy to stabilize the capitalist economy while some keynesians called for the use of incomes policies supply side economics delineates quite clearly the roles of monetary policy and fiscal policy the focus for monetary policy should be purely on the price of money as determined by the supply of money and the demand for money it advocates a monetary policy that directly targets the value of money and does not target interest rates at all typically the value of money is measured by reference to gold or some other reference the focus of fiscal policy is to raise revenue for worthy government investments with a clear recognition of the impact that taxation has on domestic trade it places heavy |
emphasis on say s law schools monetarism led by milton friedman which holds that inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon it rejects fiscal policy because it leads to crowding out of the private sector further it does not wish to combat inflation or deflation by means of active demand management as in keynesian economics but by means of monetary policy rules such as keeping the rate of growth of the money supply constant over time new keynesian economics which developed partly in response to new classical economics strives to provide microeconomic foundations to keynesian economics by showing how imperfect markets can justify demand management austrian economics is another laissez faire school of macroeconomics it focuses on the business cycle that arises from government or central bank interference that leads to deviations from the natural rate of interest post keynesian economics represents a dissent from mainstream keynesian economics emphasizing the role of uncertainty and the historical p |
rocess in macroeconomics new classical economics the original theoretical impetus was the charge that keynesian economics lacks microeconomic foundations i e its assertions are not founded in basic economic theory this school emerged during the one nine seven zero s this school asserts that it does not make sense to claim that the economy at any time might be out of equilibrium fluctuations in aggregate variables follow from the individuals in the society continuously re optimizing as new information on the state of the world is revealed later yielded an explicit school which argued that macro economics does not have micro economic foundations but is instead the tool of studying economic systems at equilibrium policy conclusions different analytical approaches lead to different policy conclusions for example a keynesian approach would have governments run a surplus during the boom period of business cycles and run a deficit during recession on the other hand classical economists would prefer not to attempt to |
smooth business cycles as they believe this will distort the true market some argue that using taxation as a method of macroeconomic control has no effect anyway because of ricardian equivalence rational individuals will save when they receive tax cuts because they know taxes will have to be raised in the future to pay off the deficit see also macroeconomic concepts adaptive expectations balance of payments central bank currency gold standard gresham s law inflation is lm model money measures of national income and output monetary policy national income and product accounts purchasing power parity rational expectations reaganomics recession stockholm school unemployment macroeconomic schools austrian economics keynesian economics monetarism new classical economics new keynesian economics supply side economics welfare economics the firm macroeconomists milton friedman john maynard keynes robert lucas jr robert mundell finn e kydland edward c prescott thomas j sargent related topics development economics econo |
mics political economy list of economics topics list of economic geography topics list of international trade topics important publications in macroeconomics macroeconomics economics mary pickford mary pickford april eight one eight nine two may two nine one nine seven nine was a canadian born motion picture star and co founder of united artists known as america s sweetheart and the girl with the curls she was one of the canadian pioneers in early moving images the first great modern celebrity early life pickford was born gladys louise smith in toronto ontario canada her father john charles smith was the son of british methodist immigrants and worked at a variety of odd jobs her mother charlotte hennessy descended from an irish catholic family to please the relatives pickford s mother baptized gladys in both the methodist and catholic churches and used the opportunity to change her middle name to marie gladys s father an alcoholic left his family in one eight nine five and died three years later of a cerebral |
hemorrhage charlotte who had worked as a seamstress throughout the separation began taking in boarders and through one of these lodgers gladys aged seven gained a part at toronto s princess theatre in a stock company production the silver king she subsequently played in many melodramas and became a popular child actress in toronto beginning of career to stardom acting soon became a family enterprise as charlotte gladys and her two younger siblings jack and lottie toured the united states by rail in rag tag melodramas after six impoverished years of touring gladys gave herself a single summer to land a leading role on broadway she planned to quit acting if she failed she landed a supporting role in a one nine zero seven broadway play the warrens of virginia the play was written by william c demille whose brother the then unknown cecil b demille also appeared in the cast and later altered the spelling of his last name david belasco the producer of the play insisted that gladys smith assume the stage name mary |
pickford but after completing the broadway run and touring the play pickford was once again out of work on april one nine one nine zero nine the biograph company director d w griffith screen tested her at the company s new york studio for a role in the nickeloden film pippa passes the role went to someone else but griffith was immediately taken with pickford and within a few days agreed to pay her an astronomical one zero a day against a guarantee of four zero a week keep it to yourself he advised her there will be a riot if it leaks out most biograph actors earned five a day soon pickford s comic blend of sweetness and temper had made her not only biograph s most important player but the most popular star of the nickelodeon era in january one nine one zero she traveled with a biograph crew to los angeles many other companies wintered on the west coast escaping the weak light and short days that hampered winter shooting in the east pickford added to her east coast biographs simple charity an arcadian maid wil |
ful peggy and the new york hat to name a few with films from california including my baby the one she loved and the mender of nets the advent of feature film sent her fame into the stratosphere her appearance in one nine one four s tess of the storm country represents the major turning point in her career her effect in this and similar roles was perfectly summed up by photoplay magazine luminous tenderness in a steel band of gutter ferocity pickford would go on to become hollywood s biggest female star earning the right to not only act in her own movies but produce them and supervise their distribution she was also the first female actor to receive more than a million dollars per year the first male actor who made a million dollar deal was charlie chaplin but the arrival of sound was her undoing she made alot of cheese and cut it one nine two nine for which she received the academy award but the public failed to respond to her work in roles that reflected her own age in the silents pickford played adolescents |
and women in their early two zero s with a celebrated sideline in children s roles then in her four zero s pickford was unable to play the teenage spitfires so adored by her silent film fans nor could she play the soigne heroines of early sound she retired from acting in one nine three three though she continued to produce films for others including sleep my love one nine four eight an update of gaslight with claudette colbert relationships pickford married three times she first married owen moore one eight eight six one nine three nine an irish born silent film actor on january seven one nine one one the couple had numerous marital problems notably moore s insecurity about living in the shadow of pickford s fame unable to cope with his alcoholism and emotional abuse pickford became secretly involved in a romantic relationship with douglas fairbanks a broadway actor who lent his humourous acrobatic presence to a series of film satires between one nine one six and one nine two zero the phrase by the clock bec |
ame a secret message of their love during their courtship the couple was driving as fairbanks discussed his mother s recent death when he finished the story the car clock stopped pickford finally divorced moore on march two one nine two zero and married fairbanks on march two eight of the same year the tone of their european honeymoon was set by a riot in london as fans tried to touch pickford s hair and clothes she was badly trampled in paris a similar riot erupted at an outdoor market with pickford pulled to safety through an open window the couple s triumphant return to hollywood was witnessed by vast crowds who turned out to hail them at railway stations across the united states the mask of zorro one nine two zero and a series of other swashbucklers gave the popular fairbanks a more romantic heroic image and pickford continued to epitomise the spunky girl next door together they seemed to be the ultimate symbols of optimistic american values even at private parties people instinctively stood up when pickf |
ord entered a room she and her husband were often referred to as hollywood royalty european heads of state and dignitaries visited the white house then asked to visit pickfair the couple s mansion in beverly hills dinners there were legendary guests ranged from george bernard shaw to albert einstein to elinor glyn pickford and fairbanks were the first actors to leave their handprints in the courtyard cement at the chinese theater pickford also left her footprints nonetheless the public nature of pickford s second marriage strained it to the breaking point both she and fairbanks had little time off from producing and acting in their films when they weren t acting or attending to their company united artists they were constantly on display as america s unofficial ambassadors to the world leading parades cutting ribbons making speeches finally fairbanks affair with lady sylvia ashley led to their divorce on january one zero one nine three six on june two four one nine three seven mary pickford married her last h |
usband actor and bandleader charles buddy rogers they had two adopted children roxanne and ronald they stayed together for over four decades until pickford s death from a cerebral hemorrhage at the age of eight seven the film industry pickford used her stature in the movie industry to promote a variety of causes during world war i she was the most prominent film star to promote the sale of liberty bonds an exhausting series of fundraising speeches that kicked off in washington d c where she sold bonds alongside charles chaplin douglas fairbanks and marie dressler five days later she spoke on wall street to an estimated five zero zero zero zero people though canadian born she was a powerful symbol of americana kissing the american flag for cameras and auctioning one of her world famous curls for one five zero zero zero in a single speech in chicago she sold an estimated five million dollars worth of bonds she was christened the the u s navy s official little sister the army named two cannons after her and made |
her an honorary colonel at the end of world war i pickford conceived of the motion picture relief fund an organization to help financially needy actors leftover funds from her work selling liberty bonds were put toward its creation and in one nine two one the motion picture relief fund mprf was officially incorporated with joseph schenck voted its first president and mary pickford as its vice president in one nine three two pickford spearheaded the payroll pledge program a payroll deduction plan for studio workers who gave one half of one percent of their earnings to the mprf as a result in one nine four zero the fund was able to purchase the land and build the motion picture country house and hospital within three years of her start in features mary pickford became one of the film industry s most successful producers according to her foundation she oversaw every aspect of the making of her films from hiring talent and crew to overseeing the script the shooting the editing to the final release and promotion |
of each project she first demanded and received these powers in one nine one six when she was under contract to adolph zukor s famous players in famous plays later paramount he also acquiesced to her refusal to participate in block booking the widespread practice of forcing an exhibitor to show a bad film of the studio s choosing in order to also show a pickford film in one nine one six pickford s films were distributed singly through a special distribution unit called artcraft an astute business person in one nine one nine she co founded united artists ua with charlie chaplin d w griffith and her soon to be husband douglas fairbanks at the time the hollywood studios were vertically integrated not only producing films but forming chains of theatres in which to show them filmmakers relied on the studios for bookings in return they put up with what many considered creative interference united artists did not produce films it was solely a distribution company offering producers access to its own screens as well |
as the rental of temporarily unbooked cinemas owned by other companies the producers who signed with ua were true independents producing creating and controlling their work to an unprecedented degree as a co founder as well as the producer and star of her own films pickford became the most powerful woman who has ever worked in hollywood when she retired from acting in one nine three three pickford continued to produce films for united artists and she and charlie chaplin remained partners in the company for decades chaplin left the company in one nine five five and pickford followed suit in one nine five six selling her remaining shares for three million dollars later years after retiring from the screen pickford suffered from alcoholism which also afflicted her first husband both of her parents and her siblings lottie and jack she became somewhat of a recluse remaining at pickfair in her final decades allowing visits only from lillian gish her stepson douglas fairbanks jr and a few select others by the mid on |
e nine six zero s she often received callers at pickfair only by telephone speaking to them from her bedroom buddy rogers often gave guests tours of pickfair including views of a genuine western bar she had bought for douglas fairbanks and a portrait of pickford in the drawing room painted at the height of her fame it emphasizes her spun gold curls a print of this image now hangs in the the library of congress the pickford center for motion picture study at one three one three vine street in hollywood constructed by the academy of motion picture arts and sciences opened in one nine four eight as a radio and television studio facility the mary pickford theater at the united states library of congress was named in her honor mary pickford received an academy honorary award for a lifetime of achievements the academy sent a tv crew to her house to record her reaction to the award her frail doll like appearance and her nearly unintelligible speech shocked the general public who had remembered pickford as she was fr |
om the movies she had made in her prime fifty years earlier before her death pickford petitioned the canadian government to restore her canadian citizenship which she believed had been lost when she became a u s citizen on her marriage to fairbanks in one nine two zero due to the byzantine immigration laws of the two zero s the canadian government wasn t sure she had ever lost her citizenship nevertheless they officially declared her to be a canadian thus long before it became fashionable to do so pickford became a dual citizen she died on may two nine one nine seven nine at the age of eight seven and was buried in the garden of memory of the forest lawn memorial park cemetery in glendale california buried alongside her in the pickford private family plot are her mother charlotte her siblings lottie and jack pickford and the family of elizabeth watson charlotte s sister who had helped raise mary in toronto mary pickford received a posthumous star on canada s walk of fame in toronto in one nine nine nine parti |
al chronology one nine zero nine discovered by david wark griffith at biograph worked for five a day which he quickly increased to four zero a week one nine one zero i m p one seven five a week with the employment of her mother and siblings guaranteed unhappy with the quality of i m p films pickford sued to be released from her contract and won one nine one one majestic film corp two two five a week with the employment of her husband owen moore as an actor and director guaranteed one nine one two back to biograph one seven five a week a pay cut she justified with the belief that the key to a great careeer was to get yourself with the right associates this period featured some of pickford s most mature and varied work owen moore signed with victor films and an unpublicized marital separation began one nine one three appeared as the star with lillian gish in a small role in belasco s broadway production a good little devil for one seven five a week raised to two zero zero a week one nine one three pickford move |
d to feature film by signing with adolph zukor s famous players in famous plays for five zero zero week d w griffith had balked at paying more than three zero zero one nine one four pickford became an international phenomenon through her roles as barefoot adolescents and urchins in the features hearts adrift and tess of the storm country within the u s she was called america s sweetheart in the country of her birth she was canada s sweetheart and she became the world s sweetheart overseas pickford asked zukor for double her previous salary and receives it one zero zero zero wk one nine one five at her request her salary at famous players was again doubled to two zero zero zero a week plus half the profits of her films the movie rags contained one of pickford s seminal roles as a self described hellcat one nine one six pickford formed her own producing unit the pickford film corporation within famous players and installed her mother as treasurer she had a voice in the selection of her roles and the film s fina |
l cut she chose her own directors and approved the supporting cast and the advertising she was required to make only six films a year a saner quota that earlier years in which she made nine or more she was paid annually one zero zero zero zero a week plus half the profits in her films or half a million dollars whichever was greater as the contract s duration was two years pickford was guaranteed at least a milion dollars famous players also created a special unit called artcraft to distribute pickford s features rather than blockbooking them a practice pickford vehemently opposed one nine one seven pickford toured the united states with fairbanks and chaplin supporting u s involvement in world war i and promoting liberty bonds she played three of her legendary roles as children in the poor little rich girl rebecca of sunnybrook farm and a little princess on the other hand she was thoroughly adult in an anti german propaganda picture the little american and the western a romance of the redwoods both directed b |
y cecil b demille one nine one eight she signed a contract with first national to make three films for six seven five zero zero zero about one zero million in two zero zero five terms pickford also received five zero of all profits and complete creative control ranging from script to the final cut meanwhile famous players released one of her greatest films the tragedy stella maris in which she played a double role as well as m liss another ragged spitfire and the war comedy johanna enlists one nine one nine pickford co founded united artists with charles chaplin douglas fairbanks and d w griffith during u a s start up pickford s films for first national were released including daddy long legs from the book by jean webster and the violent melodrama the heart o the hills one nine two three hoping to expand her image pickford convinced ernst lubitsch to direct her next film after considering faust they settled on rosita the story of a spanish street singer who attracts the attention of the lecherous king though |
the role catered to pickford s gift for playing sweet but fiery women in rags it introduced a note of sexual sophistication which many of her fans loathed plans for future films with lubitsch were abandoned for the next few years she appeared in a series of superlative productions culminating in sparrows one nine two six which blended german expressionism to hollywood production values one nine two seven united artists under pickford s direction opened their flagship spanish gothic movie theatre in downtown los angeles pickford became deeply involved in the design of the theatre and two anthony heinsbergen murals in the auditorium feature her theatre architect howard crane opened two other ua theatres in the same year in chicago and detroit the los angeles theatre has become known as the university cathedral of dr eugene scott pickford s last silent film my best girl was released with her future husband charles rogers as her romantic opposite the romantic comedy is still considered one of the finest american |
silents ever made one nine two nine pickford starred in a sound film coquette a production that did well at the box office earning one four million pickford used the break from silent film to established a more flirtatious and sophisticated adult character her performance earned her an oscar in the same year pickford appeared with her husband douglas fairbanks in a sound version of the taming of the shrew one nine three three pickford starred with the young leslie howard in secrets a money losing film which proved her last one nine three seven pickford founded mary pickford cosmetics a beauty company one nine four one pickford charlie chaplin walt disney orson welles samuel goldwyn david o selznick alexander korda and walter wanger founded the society of independent motion picture producers one nine four nine pickford and her husband charles buddy rogers formed pickford rogers boyd a radio and television production company one nine seven six pickford received an academy honorary award for a lifetime of achiev |
ements mary pickford has a star on the hollywood walk of fame at six two eight zero hollywood boulevard her hand and footprints can be seen in the courtyard of grauman s chinese theater in hollywood filmography one reels one the violin maker of cremona six seven zero nine two the lonely villa six one zero zero nine three the son s return six one four zero nine four faded lilies six one four zero nine five her first biscuits six one seven zero nine six the peach basket hat six two four zero nine seven the way of man six two eight zero nine eight the necklace seven one zero nine nine the country doctor seven eight zero nine one zero the cardinal s conspiracy seven one two zero nine one one the renunciation seven one nine zero nine one two sweet and twenty seven two two zero nine one three the slave seven two nine zero nine one four a strange meeting eight two zero nine one five they would elope eight nine zero nine one six his wife s visitor eight one nine zero nine one seven the indian runner s romance eight t |
wo three zero nine one eight oh uncle eight two six zero nine one nine the seventh day eight two six zero nine two zero the little darling nine two zero nine two one the sealed room nine two zero nine two two one seven seven six or the hessian renegades nine six zero nine two three getting even nine one three zero nine two four the broken locket nine one six zero nine two five in old kentucky nine two zero zero nine two six the awakening nine three zero zero nine two seven the little teacher one zero one one zero nine two eight his lost love one zero one eight zero nine two nine in the watches of the night one zero two five zero nine three zero what s your hurry one one one zero nine three one the gibson goddess one one two zero nine three two the restoration one one eight zero nine three three the light that came one one one one zero nine three four a midnight adventure one one one eight zero nine three five the mountaineer s honor one one two five zero nine three six the trick that failed one one two nine z |
ero nine three seven the test one two one six zero nine three eight to save her soul one two two seven zero nine three nine all on account of the milk one one five one zero four zero the woman from mellon s two three one zero four one the englishman and the girl two one seven one zero four two the newlyweds three three one zero four three the thread of destiny three seven one zero four four the twisted trail three two four one zero four five the smoker three three one one zero four six as it is in life four four one zero four seven a rich revenge four seven one zero four eight a romance of the western hills four one one one zero four nine the unchanging sea five five one zero five zero love among the roses five nine one zero five one the two brothers five one four one zero five two ramona five two three one zero five three in the season of buds six two one zero five four a victim of jealousy six nine one zero five five a child s impulse six two seven one zero five six may and december six three zero one zero |
five seven muggsy s first sweetheart six three zero one zero five eight never again six three zero one zero five nine what the daisy said seven one one one zero six zero the call to arms seven two five one zero six one an arcadian maid eight one one zero six two when we were in our teens eight one five one zero six three the sorrows of the unfaithful eight two two one zero six four wilful peggy eight two five one zero six five muggsy becomes a hero nine one one zero six six a gold necklace one zero six one zero six seven the masher one zero one three one zero six eight a lucky toothache one zero one four one zero six nine waiter no five one one five one zero seven zero simple charity one one one four one zero seven one song of the wildwood flute one one two one one zero seven two a plain song one one two eight one zero seven three white roses one two two two one zero seven four when a man loves one five one one seven five the italian barber one nine one one seven six three sisters two two one one seven seven |
a decree of destiny three six one one seven eight their first misunderstanding one nine one one seven nine the dream one two three one one eight zero maid or man one three zero one one eight one at the duke s command two six one one eight two the mirror two nine one one eight three while the cat s away two nine one one eight four her darkest hour two one three one one eight five artful kate two two three one one eight six a manly man two two seven one one eight seven the message in the bottle three nine one one eight eight the fisher maid three one six one one eight nine in old madrid three two zero one one nine zero sweet memories three two seven one one nine one the stampede four one seven one one nine two second sight five one one one nine three the fair dentist five eight one one nine four for her brother s sake five one one one one nine five the master and the man five one five one one nine six the lighthouse keeper five one eight one one nine seven back to the soil six eight one one nine eight in the su |
ltan s garden seven three one one nine nine for the queen s honor seven six one one one zero zero a gasoline engagement seven one zero one one one zero one at a quarter of two seven one three one one one zero two science seven two four one one one zero three the skating bug seven three one one one one zero four the call of the song eight one three one one one zero five the toss of a coin eight three one one one one zero six tween two loves nine two eight one one one zero seven the rose s story one zero two one one one zero eight the sentinel asleep one zero nine one one one zero nine the better way one zero one two one one one one zero his dress shirt one zero three zero one one one one one from the bottom of the sea one one two zero one one one one two the courting of mary one one two six one one one one three love heeds not the showers one two three one one one one four little red riding hood one two one seven one one one one five the caddy s dream one two three one one one one one six honor thy father two |
nine one two one one seven the mender of nets two one five one two one one eight iola s promise three one four one two one one nine fate s interception four eight one two one two zero the female of the species four one five one two one two one just like a woman four one eight one two one two two won by a fish four two two one two one two three the old actor five six one two one two four a lodging for the night five nine one two one two five a beast at bay five two seven one two one two six home folks six six one two one two seven lena and the geese six one seven one two one two eight the school teacher and the waif six two seven one two one two nine an indian summer seven eight one two one three zero the narrow road eight one one two one three one the inner circle eight one two one two one three two with the enemy s help eight one nine one two one three three a pueblo legend eight two nine one two one three four friends nine two three one two one three five so near yet so far nine three zero one two one three |
six a feud in the kentucky hills one zero three one two one three seven the one she loved one zero two one one two one three eight my baby one one one four one two one three nine the informer one one two one one two one four zero the new york hat one two six one two one four one the unwelcome guest three one five one three feature length one in the bishop s carriage nine one zero one three two caprice one one one zero one three three hearts adrift two one zero one four four a good little devil three one one four five tess of the storm country three three zero one four six the eagle s mate seven one one four seven such a little queen nine two one one four eight behind the scenes eight two six one four nine cinderella one two two eight one four one zero mistress nell two one one five one one fanchon the cricket five one zero one five one two the dawn of a tomorrow six seven one five one three little pal seven one one five one four rags eight two one five one five esmeralda nine six one five one six a girl of y |
esterday one zero seven one five one seven madame butterfly one one eight one five one eight the foundling one two one six one nine poor little peppina three two one six two zero the eternal grind four one seven one six two one hulda from holland seven three one one six two two less than the dust one one two one six two three the pride of the clan one eight one seven two four the poor little rich girl three five one seven two five a romance of the redwoods five one four one seven two six the little american seven two one seven two seven rebecca of sunnybrook farm nine three one seven two eight the little princess one one one two one seven two nine stella maris one two one one eight three zero amarilly of clothes line alley three one zero one eight three one m liss five one two one eight three two how could you jean six two three one eight three three johanna enlists five reels nine one five one eight three four captain kidd jr four two one one nine three five daddy long legs five one two one nine three six th |
e hoodlum nine one one nine three seven the heart o the hills one two one one nine three eight pollyanna one one eight two zero three nine suds six two seven two zero four zero the love light one nine two one four one through the back door five one seven two one four two little lord fauntleroy nine one six two one four three tess of the storm country one one one two two two four four rosita nine three two three four five dorothy vernon of haddon hall five two five two four four six little annie rooney nine one eight two five four seven sparrows nine two six two six four eight my best girl one one one three two seven talkies four nine coquette three three zero two nine five zero the taming of the shrew one zero two six two nine five one kiki three one four three one five two secrets three one six three three external links mary pickford at classic actresses mary pickford photo galleries about mary pickford from the website of the mary pickford institute for film education mary pickford from american experience |
one eight nine two births one nine seven nine deaths american silent film actors best actress oscar canada s walk of fame canadian actors english americans american film actors hollywood walk of fame methodists irish american actors roman catholics torontonians burials at forest lawn memorial park cemetery ontario actors mack sennett one eight eight zero one nine six zero mack sennett january one seven one eight eight zero november five one nine six zero was an innovator of slapstick comedy in film during his lifetime he was known as the king of comedy keystone studios born michael sinnott in richmond quebec canada sennett was a son of irish catholic immigrant farmers his father was a blacksmith in the small eastern townships village at age seventeen his family moved to connecticut in new york city sennett became a singer dancer clown actor mostly playing low comedy parts usually oafish rural types set designer and director for biograph with financial backing from adam kessel and charles o bauman of the new |
york motion picture company in one nine one two sennett founded keystone studios in glendale california many important actors started their careers at keystone including charlie chaplin raymond griffith gloria swanson george o hara ford sterling the keystone kops plus he hired and trained f richard jones who would become a brilliant director producer sennett s slapstick comedies were noted for their wild car chases and custard pie warfare his films featured a bevy of girls known as the sennett bathing beauties which included juanita hansen and phyllis haver as well as mabel normand who became a major star and with whom he embarked on a tumultuous personal relationship sennett also developed the kid komedies a forerunner of the our gang films and in a short time his name became synonymous with screen comedy in one nine one five keystone studios became an autonomous production unit of the triangle pictures corporation with d w griffith and thomas ince in one nine one seven sennett gave up the keystone trademark |
and organized his own company mack sennett comedies corporation producing longer comedy short films and a few feature length films during the one nine two zero s his short subjects were in much demand with stars like billy bevan harry gribbon vernon dent alice day ralph graves charley murray and harry langdon he produced several features with his brightest stars such as ben turpin and mabel normand move to path in the mid one nine two zero s he moved over to path distributors which had a huge market share but made bad decisions such as attempting to sell too many comedies including sennett s main competitor hal roach at once in one nine two seven paramount and mgm hollywood s two top studios noting the profits being made by companies like path and educational both re entered the production and distribution of short subjects after several years roach signed with mgm but sennett found himself and path in hard times because the hundreds of exhibitors who had previously rented their shorts had switched to the ne |
w mgm or paramount products experiments awards and bankruptcy sennett occasionally experimented with color and was the first to get a talkie short subject on the market in one nine two eight in one nine three two he was nominated for the academy award for live action short film in the comedy division for producing the loud mouth and won in the novelty division for wrestling swordfish less successful films such as hypnotized with blackface comedians mack and moran were produced in the early one nine three zero s near the end of his career when he sold his catalog of films to warner brothers as moviegoers tastes changed warner used these for occasional stock footage but eventually destroyed them to save storage space as a result many sennett films especially those from his most productive and creative period no longer exist due to heavy losses in the one nine two nine stock market crash distribution problems changes in public taste and the advent of sound films sennett was forced into bankruptcy in november one |
nine three three he retired two years later at the age of five five having produced more than a thousand silent films and several dozen talkies during a two five year career death he died in woodland hills california at the age of eight zero and was interred in the holy cross cemetery in culver city california legacy in march one nine three eight mack sennett was presented with an academy honorary award for his lasting contribution to the comedy technique of the screen the basic principles of which are as important today as when they were first put into practice the academy presents a special award to that master of fun discoverer of stars sympathetic kindly understanding comedy genius mack sennett for his contribution to the motion picture industry sennett was given a star on the hollywood walk of fame at six seven one two hollywood blvd today his name is still highly recognizable even to those who have no contact with his films and the term keystone kops has become part of the language describing incompete |
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