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uary read as follows in affectionate remembrance of english cricket which died at the oval on two nine th august one eight eight two deeply lamented by a large circle of sorrowing friends and acquaintances r i p n b the body will be cremated and the ashes taken to australia the english media played up the subsequent tour to australia in one eight eight two eight three which had been arranged before this defeat as a quest to regain the ashes the ashes urn after the third game of the one eight eight two eight three tour the english team led by ivo bligh were guests of sir william clarke at his property rupertswood at sunbury victoria a group of victorian ladies headed by lady clarke burned what has variously been called a ball bail or veil and presented the resulting ashes to bligh in an urn together with a velvet bag which was made by mrs ann fletcher the daughter of joseph hines clarke and marion wright both of dublin she said what better way than to actually present the english captain with the very object a |
lbeit mythical he had come to australia to retrieve bligh later married another of these melburnian ladies florence morphy when he died in one nine two seven his widow presented the urn to the marylebone cricket club the urn itself is made of terracotta and is about four inches one zero cm tall a poem was presented to bligh with the urn and appears on it when ivo goes back with the urn the urn studds steel read and tylecote return return the welkin will ring loud the great crowd will feel proud seeing barlow and bates with the urn the urn and the rest coming home with the urn the ashes urn itself is never physically awarded to either england or australia but is kept permanently in the mcc cricket museum at lord s cricket ground where it can be seen together with a specially made red and gold velvet bag and the scorecard of the one eight eight two match the urn has been back to australia once in one nine eight eight for a museum tour as part of australia s bicentennial celebrations in the one nine nine zero s |
given australia s long dominance of the ashes series the idea was mooted that the victorious team in an ashes series should be awarded the urn as a trophy and allowed to retain it until the next series the mcc considering the urn too fragile to transport to australia instead began commissioning a larger scale replica trophy in waterford crystal to award to the winning team of each series in two zero zero two bligh s great great grandson lord clifton the heir apparent to the earldom of darnley argued that the ashes urn should not be returned to australia as it was essentially the property of his family and only given to the mcc for safe keeping the matches see also list of ashes series for a full listing of all the ashes series since one eight eight two first ashes quest see also history of test cricket to one eight eight three the ashes legend the honourable ivo bligh led the expedition to australia to recover the ashes against the side that had beaten england earlier in one eight eight two publicity surround |
ing the series was intense and it was at some time during this series that the ashes urn was crafted australia won the first test by nine wickets but in the next two england were victorious at the end of the third test the four inch urn was presented to bligh by some melburnian ladies england having been generally considered to have won back the ashes two one a fourth match was in fact played against a united australian xi which was stronger than the australian side that had competed in the previous matches this game however is not considered part of the ashes series english dominance ends after this series followed an extended period of english dominance the tours were shorter in the one eight eight zero s and one eight nine zero s than people have grown accustomed to in more recent years possibly owing to the extended travelling time the sea journey between the two countries took at least a month thus england only lost four ashes tests in the one eight eight zero s out of two three played and they won all t |
he seven series contested there was also more chopping and changing in the teams there was no official board of selectors for each country at times two competing sides toured a nation and popularity with the fans varied the one eight nine zero s games were more closely fought australia taking their first series win since the match that sparked the legend in one eight nine one nine two with a two one victory england still dominated winning the next three series despite continued player disputes towards the end of the decade though the australians got more of a foothold winning four successive series from one eight nine seven nine eight to one nine zero two repopularising of the ashes after what the mcc saw as the problems of the earlier professional and amateur series they decided to take control of organising tours themselves and this led to the first mcc tour of australia in one nine zero three one nine zero four england won it against the odds and plum warner the england captain wrote up his version of the |
tour in his book how we recovered the ashes this book repopularised the ashes myth in england which continues to this day england and australia shared the spoils for the next few years the entrance of south africa onto the world cricketing scene meant less time for ashes series but even so there were four played after plum warner s series each of the sides taking two victories england won the last series in one nine one one one nine one two by four matches to one sir jack hobbs establishing himself as a regular with three centuries england then retained the ashes when they won the triangular tournament which also featured south africa in one nine one two england looked as if they had established themselves as the dominating force by the time world war i intervened and brought a halt to all international cricket after the war however australia took firm control of both the ashes and world cricket they recorded thumping victories both in england and on home soil and england only won one test out of fifteen from |
the end of the war until one nine two five in a rain hit series in one nine two six however england managed to eke out a one zero victory with a win in the final test at the oval and despite the appearance of donald bradman australia could not win the next series either losing four one bradman won the next series almost by himself however as one of the best batting line ups of all time began to form in the early one nine three zero s including bradman himself stan mccabe and bill ponsford it was the prospect of bowling at this line up that caused england s captain douglas jardine to think up the bodyline tactic bodyline bill woodfull evades a ball from harold larwood with bodyline field settings in one nine three two after bradman s routing of the english team in the previous series douglas jardine developed a tactic of instructing his fast bowlers to bowl at the bodies of the australian batsmen with the goal of forcing them to defend their bodies with their bats and provide easy catches to a stacked leg sid |
e field the tactic was descriptively dubbed bodyline although this won england the ashes it caused such a furore in australia that diplomats had to intervene to prevent serious harm to anglo australian relations and the mcc eventually changed the laws of cricket to prevent anyone from using the tactic again jardine s comments summed up england s views i ve not travelled six zero zero zero miles to make friends i m here to win the ashes on the batting friendly wickets that prevailed in the late one nine three zero s most tests up to the war still gave results although many batting records were set in this era len hutton scored three six four at the oval to save a draw in the one nine three eight series a world record innings while jack fingleton and bradman set a sixth wicket partnership record of three four six runs in the third test at melbourne that stands to this day the series were surprisingly competitive though considering england s desperation in the early three zero s the invincibles australia s first |
tour of england after world war ii in one nine four eight was led by the three nine year old bradman in his last appearance representing australia his team has gone down in cricketing legend as the invincibles as they played three six matches including five tests and remained unbeaten on the tour they won two seven matches drawing only nine including of course the four zero ashes series victory this series is also known for one of the most poignant moments in cricket history as bradman batted for australia in the fifth test at the oval his last needing to score only four runs to maintain a career batting average of one zero zero eric hollies bowled him second ball for a duck denying those four runs and sending bradman into retirement with a career average of nine nine nine four australia gradually weakened after one nine four eight allowing england back into the fray in the early one nine five zero s when they won three successive ashes series from one nine five three to one nine five six to be arguably the |
best test side in the world at the time a see sawing series in one nine five six also saw a record that will probably never be beaten the spinner jim laker s monumental effort at old trafford when he bowled six eight of one nine one overs to take nineteen out of twenty possible australian wickets never has the phrase he won the match single handedly been more appropriate england s dominance was not to last however australia thumped them four zero when they next toured in one nine five eight five nine having found a good bowler of their own in richie benaud who took three one wickets in the five test series england failed to win any series during the one nine six zero s a period dominated by draws as teams found it more prudent to save face with a draw than risk losing of a total of two five ashes tests playing during this decade australia won seven and england three in the first series of the one nine seven zero s however england managed to win two zero much thanks to the efforts of geoffrey boycott who score |
d four fifties and three centuries in the series but in the mid one nine seven zero s australia regained ascendancy with fast bowler dennis lillee taking english wickets all too consistently however both teams had their victories england enjoying an emphatic five one win in one nine seven eight seven nine while australia took a non ashes series with the wsc players returning three zero a year later most would say that the two sides were evenly matched but no one knew just how evenly they would be matched in the next one botham s ashes australia took a one zero lead in the first two tests of the one nine eight one series and looked to make it two zero in the third test at headingley when they forced england to follow on two two seven runs behind famously an english bookmaker offered odds of five zero zero one for an english victory and australian players dennis lillee and rod marsh laid a small bet this came back to haunt them as england reduced to one three five for seven wickets produced a second innings of |
three five six ian botham scoring an unbeaten one four nine and adding two two one for the last three wickets in partnerships with graham dilley chris old and their fast bowler bob willis chasing one three zero australia were dismissed for one one one with a devastating spell of eight four three by willis giving england a miraculous victory by one eight runs lillee and marsh were reprimanded for betting on the outcome of a game but not suspended the fourth test at edgbaston was a similarly inspired comeback victory for england ian botham this time starred with the ball taking five for one one including a spell of five wickets for a solitary run in australia s second innings of one two one to give england victory by two nine runs england also went on to win the fifth test at old trafford to retain the ashes the sixth test at the oval was drawn australian dominance england were the better team of the early one nine eight zero s although it was close australia won the one nine eight two eight three series but en |
gland then took two victories in one nine eight five and one nine eight six eight seven after those wins however a period of extended australian dominance began and england did not win an ashes series again until two zero zero five australia won the one nine eight nine series four zero and an england side weakened by test bans following the gatting tour to apartheid south africa lost three zero in one nine nine zero nine one the australians underlined their superiority in the contest by winning the one nine nine three one nine nine four nine five one nine nine seven one nine nine eight nine nine and two zero zero one series all by convincing margins australia s record since one nine eight nine has impacted upon the overall statistics between the two sides before the one nine eight nine series began australia had won three six nine of all tests played against england england three three five with two nine seven of matches ending in draws previous to the two zero zero five series australia had won four zero eig |
ht of all tests england three one with two eight one drawn in the period between one nine eight nine and the beginning of the two zero zero five series the two sides had played four three times australia winning two eight times england seven times with eight draws steve waugh s last ashes after playing in nine successive ashes series the two zero zero two zero three rubber was to be australian captain steve waugh s last against england and was to prove one of the most emphatic victories he enjoyed against the english the series began with what many regard in hindsight as one of the worst captaincy decisions of all time as nasser hussain won the toss for england in the first test and sent australia in to bat by the end of the first day australia had amassed a staggering three six four two and placed a stamp of authority on the series that would not be undone as they raced to victory by three eight four runs this was followed by two innings victories to australia and a fairly comfortable five wicket win england |
only managed to save some face with a two two five run victory in the final test the series most memorable moment came on the second day of the fifth test at the sydney cricket ground leading into the match waugh had been heavily scrutinised by selectors and the media over his advancing age and lack of recent form having not posted a test century since two zero zero one as this was the last match of the series and last test of the australian summer waugh was likely to be dropped from the team if he failed again in this match asked before the match about the defining moment of a career likely to soon be over waugh predicted gamely it might be yet to come in a stunning display of determination and defiance he then fulfilled this prophesy by scoring a chanceless century on the second afternoon he had entered the final over of the day on nine five not out and hit a boundary off the last ball bowled by english off spinner richard dawson to bring up his ton waugh left the ground to an emotional standing ovation hi |
s test career saved it came to be known as his perfect day the two zero zero five series england were undefeated in test matches in the two zero zero four calendar year which took the team to second in the lg icc test championship and raised hopes that the two zero zero five ashes series would be closely fought in fact the series proved to be even more competitive than most commentators had predicted the first test was played at lord s from two one july to two four july and was won convincingly by australia by two three nine runs however england fought back in the remaining four matches which were all tense and closely fought the second test played at edgbaston from four august to seven august was won by england by two runs the smallest runs victory margin in ashes history and the second closest runs victory margin in all tests the rain affected third test played at old trafford from one one august to one five august ended with the final two australian batsmen holding out to claim a draw the fourth test playe |
d at trent bridge from two five august to two eight august was won by england by three wickets after australia was forced to follow on for the first time in one nine one tests england earned a draw at the fifth and final test match played at the oval from eight september to one two september to win an ashes series for the first time in one eight years from the start the two zero zero five ashes series was played at a very high intensity and the tension did occasionally lead to mistakes on both sides with many dropped catches run outs and other errors australia were unlucky with the injury to a key bowler glenn mcgrath who missed the two matches when australia was beaten and the loss of form of others such as jason gillespie adam gilchrist and matthew hayden whereas england were able to pick the same eleven until simon jones sustained an ankle injury midway through the fourth test forcing him out of the series decider however many consider the series to have been the most exciting in living memory providing en |
thralling viewing to those lucky enough to get the very scarce tickets for the matches or those watching on television respected commentator richie benaud is reported by bbc correspondent bob chaundry as having said in the past two years i ve seen the best cricket i ve ever watched this current ashes series shades even the great one of one nine eight one at the end of the series andrew flintoff was awarded the inaugural compton miller medal as the player of the series for his batting and bowling efforts flintoff was also chosen as man of the series by the australian coach and his english counterpart chose shane warne who took four zero wickets in the five matches and batted skilfully down the order england will travel to australia in the winter of two zero zero six two zero zero seven in the hope to retain the ashes summary of results and statistics see also list of ashes series for a full listing of all the ashes series since one eight eight two chart of the matches won between the two sides a team must win |
a series to gain the right to hold the ashes a drawn series results in the previous holders retaining the ashes to date a total of six two ashes series have been played with australia winning three zero england winning two seven the remaining five series were drawn with australia retaining the ashes four times and england retaining it once ashes series have generally been played over five test matches although there have been four match series one nine three eight one nine seven five and six match series one nine seven zero seven one one nine seven four seven five one nine seven eight seven nine one nine eight one one nine eight five one nine eight nine one nine nine three and one nine nine seven two nine three matches have been played with australia winning one one five times england nine two times and eight six draws australians have made two six four centuries in ashes tests twenty three of them over two zero zero while englishmen have scored two one two centuries of which ten have been scores over two zer |
o zero on four one occasions individual australians have taken ten wickets in a match englishmen have performed that feat three eight times the ashes today the ashes is one of the most fiercely contested competitions in cricket today rivalling the intensity of the other great international cricket rivalry between india and pakistan the failure of england to regain the ashes for one six years from one nine eight nine coupled with the global dominance of the australian team had dulled the lustre of the series in recent years but the close results in the two zero zero five ashes series and the overall high quality and competitiveness of the cricket have boosted the popularity of the sport in britain and considerably enhanced the profile of the ashes around the world whilst the tension of the matches has caused an occasional angry moment the matches were generally played with good spirit and sportsmanship of the players of both sides has been high with commentators often highlighting andrew flintoff consoling bre |
tt lee at the end of the second test as epitomising this in interviews following the final match players from both sides were quick to congratulate their opponents both the individual players and the team as a whole match venues the series alternate between england and australia and within each country each of the usually five matches is held at a different cricket ground in australia the grounds currently used are the melbourne cricket ground first staged an england australia test in the one eight seven six seven seven season the sydney cricket ground one eight eight one eight two adelaide oval one eight eight four eight five the gabba one nine three two three three and the waca perth one nine seven zero seven one one test was held at the brisbane exhibition ground in one nine two eight two nine in england the grounds used are the oval since one eight eight zero old trafford one eight eight four lord s one eight eight four trent bridge one eight nine nine headingley one eight nine nine and edgbaston one nine |
zero two one test was held at bramall lane sheffield in one nine zero two the ashes outside cricket the popularity and reputation of the cricket series has led to many other events taking the name for england against australia contests the best known and longest running of these events is the rugby league contest between great britain and australia see rugby league ashes the contest first started in one nine zero eight the name being suggested by the touring australians another example is in the british television show gladiators where two series were based around the australia england contest the trophy is also featured in the science fiction comedy novel life the universe and everything the third hitchhiker s guide to the galaxy book by douglas adams in the cinema the ashes featured in the film the final test released in one nine five three based on a television play by terence rattigan it stars jack warner as an england cricketer playing the last test of his career which is the last of an ashes series the |
film contains cameo appearances from prominent contemporary ashes cricketers including jim laker and denis compton see also history of test cricket to one eight eight three history of test cricket one eight eight four to one eight eight nine history of test cricket one eight nine zero to one nine zero zero portal cricket for more coverage of all things cricket notes in one nine nine eight lord darnley s eight two year old daughter in law said they were the remains of her mother in law s veil not a bail other evidence suggests a ball the precise origin of the ashes therefore is the subject of some dispute ashes the beginning three three four not out statistics obtained from cricinfo at statistics obtained from cricinfo at bob chaundry two zero zero five so long sport bbc news magazine online available from http news bbc co uk one hi magazine four two two seven eight two two stm accessed one four september two zero zero five references other wisden s cricketers almanack various editions external links ashes se |
ries a legend is born cricinfo cricket archive six curiosities from the mcc museum by ricky ponting in the telegraph the ashes tray england win the ashescrowd sounds and interviews with supporters recorded at the oval london monday one two september two zero zero five australian culture british culture cricket in australia cricket in england history of cricket international cricket competitions the ashes australian sporting events anne rice anne rice born october four one nine four one is a best selling american author of horror fantasy books she was born howard allen o brien the second daughter in a catholic irish american family rice s works have had a major influence on the goth movement and she has also published a number of works with sado masochistic themes she was married to the late poet stan rice and is the mother of novelist christopher rice her daughter michele was born on september two one one nine six six and died of leukemia on august five one nine seven two anne s sister alice borchardt is also |
a noted genre author rice was born and spent most of her life in new orleans louisiana the city that forms the background against which most of her stories take place about her unusual given name rice said my birth name is howard allen because apparently my mother thought it was a good idea to name me howard my father s name was howard she wanted to name me after howard and she thought it was a very interesting thing to do she was a bit of a bohemian a bit of mad woman a bit of a genius and a great deal of a great teacher and she had the idea that naming a woman howard was going to give that woman an unusual advantage in the world anne became anne on her first day of school when a nun asked her what her name was she blurted out anne immediately and her mother who was with her let it go without correcting her knowing how self conscious her daughter was of her real name known for her avid interest in art and culture anne and her family occasionally took trips overseas to study the art later mentioned in her st |
ories more recently following the death of her husband stan rice she has relocated to the coachella valley california area to be nearer her son christopher after spending most of her adult life as a self described atheist rice returned to the roman catholic church in one nine nine eight and she is currently working on a trilogy about the life of jesus rice has also published erotica under the pen names anne rampling and a n roquelaure the latter of which was used primarily for more adult oriented material her fiction is often described as lush and descriptive and her characters sexuality is fluid often displaying homoerotic feelings towards each other she also deals with philosophical and historic themes weaving them in to the dense pattern of her books and giving them a highly intellectual if not highly literary content to her admirers rice s books are among the best in modern popular fiction considered by some to possess those elements that create a lasting presence in the literary canon to her critics her |
novels are baroque low brow pulp and redundant a critical analysis of rice s work can be found in s t joshi s book the modern weird tale two zero zero one conversion to a christian novelist in october of two zero zero five rice announced in a newsweek article that she would write only for the lord her first novel in the genre is called christ the lord out of egypt and is the first in a trilogy that will chronicle the life of christ the vampire chronicles she completed her first book interview with the vampire in one nine seven three and published it in one nine seven six interview with the vampire can also be viewed as an example of psychedelic literature rice herself has denied ever having experimented with lsd i m a totally conservative person in the middle of haight ashbury in the one nine six zero s i was typing away while everybody was dropping acid and smoking grass i was known as my own square new york times nov seven one nine eight eight her protagonist louis however describes a heightened awareness a |
fter being transformed into a vampire which does mirror the lsd experience to some extent rice has said that claudia the young girl in the book was inspired by her late daughter film adaptations in one nine nine four neil jordan directed a motion picture adaption of interview with the vampire based on the story but with some minor changes a second movie was later made inspired by the second and third books in the original vampire chronicles series the title was that of the third book the queen of the damned the storyline chosen by the producers of the second film is controversial among many fans of her books major plot points of both books were altered and it has been rumoured that the second film s theatrical release was based solely on its producers wish to capitalize on the death of aaliyah another rumor being that warner bros was already into its last year of owning motion picture rights to the first three vampire chronicles books which would then have transferred back to author anne rice once this period |
was over once back in her ownership she could then sell the rights to another company of her choosing knowing what little time they had left despite the fact they ve had the rights and opportunity to make the latter two movies for over seven years warner bros hastily hired writers to condense the books the vampire lestat and the queen of the damned into one movie in order to profit from their initial rights purchase a film named exit to eden based loosely on rice s book of the same name starred rosie o donnell and dan aykroyd the plot was seriously altered with the work transformed from a love story into a police comedy possibly due to the explicit s simplifying my life not owning so much that s the chief goal said rice i ll no longer be a citizen of new orleans in the true sense in spring two zero zero five anne rice moved to la jolla california she calls her new home paradise west some have speculated that rice also wished for more privacy from the constant attentions of her fans who were known to camp out |
in front of her house sometimes up to two zero zero or more would gather to see her leave for church on sundays fanfiction stance rice is very adamant about preventing any fan fiction of her books on april seven two zero zero zero she released a statement on her website that prohibited all fanfiction involving her work this caused the removal of thousands of fanfics from the popular fanfiction net website amazon incident on september six two zero zero four rice posted a reply to a number of negative reviews that had appeared on amazon com regarding blood canticle she titled her reply from the author to the some of the negative voices here this post generated a great deal of publicity online partly because authors rarely post or respond to reviews on amazon and partly because of the tone and nature of her text many previous reviews had criticized the quality of writing in blood canticle as lazy or shoddy so when rice replied by posting a one two zero zero word paragraph wherein she proudly dismisses the utili |
ty of editors the incident became fodder for weblogs and internet sites books the vampire chronicles interview with the vampire one nine seven six the vampire lestat one nine eight five the queen of the damned one nine eight eight the tale of the body thief one nine nine two memnoch the devil one nine nine five the vampire armand one nine nine eight merrick two zero zero zero blood and gold two zero zero one blackwood farm two zero zero two blood canticle two zero zero three new tales of the vampires other vampire tales that are not within the main sequence but in the same fictional world pandora one nine nine eight vittorio the vampire one nine nine nine lives of the mayfair witches the witching hour one nine nine zero lasher one nine nine three taltos one nine nine four single novels the feast of all saints one nine seven nine cry to heaven one nine eight two the mummy or ramses the damned one nine eight nine servant of the bones one nine nine six violin one nine nine seven the christ series christ the lord |
out of egypt two zero zero five anne has suggested that there will be three sequels to this work short fiction october four th one nine four eight nicholas and jean the master of rampling gate vampire story work written under the pseudonym anne rampling exit to eden one nine eight five belinda one nine eight six erotica written under the pseudonym a n roquelaure the claiming of sleeping beauty one nine eight three beauty s punishment one nine eight four beauty s release one nine eight five see also list of bestselling novels in the united states external links anne rice s official website reviews written by anne rice on amazon com anne rice s new book christ the lord out of egypt two audio interviews one nine eight five and one nine eight eight of anne rice by don swaim of cbs radio realaudio anne rice do you know what it means to lose new orleans regarding hurricane katrina anne rice timeline bio and pictures one nine four one births living people american fantasy writers american horror writers irish ameri |
cans new orleanians people opposed to fan fiction roman catholic writers analysis generally means the action of taking something apart in order to study it it may refer to in philosophy philosophical analysis a general term for the techniques used by philosophers analysis is the name of a prominent journal in philosophy in mathematics mathematical analysis the generic name given to any branch of mathematics which depends upon the concepts of limits and convergence complex analysis functional analysis harmonic analysis non standard analysis real analysis in statistics analysis of variance a collection of statistical models and their associated procedures which compare means by splitting the overall observed variance into different parts meta analysis combines the results of several studies that address a set of related research hypotheses time series analysis methods that attempt to understand a sequence of data points spaced apart at uniform time intervals in computer science analysis of algorithms competitiv |
e analysis shows how on line algorithms perform and demonstrates the power of randomization in algorithms computer program analysis the process of automatically analysing the behavior of computer programs lexical analysis the process of procesing an input sequence of characters and producing as output a sequence of symbols numerical analysis the study of algorithms for the problems of continuous mathematics object oriented analysis and design ala booch semantic analysis computer science static code analysis the analysis of computer software that is performed without actually executing programs built from that software structured systems analysis and design methodology ala yourdon syntax analysis a process in compilers that recognizes the structure of programming languages also known as parsing in music musical analysis a process attempting to answer the question how does this music work schenkerian analysis in psychotherapy psychoanalysis seeks to elucidate connections among unconscious components of patients |
mental processes transactional analysis in cryptography cryptanalysis the study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information frequency analysis a method to decompose a function wave or signal into its frequency components in economics financial analysis the analysis of the accounts and the economic prospects of a firm fundamental analysis a stock valuation method that uses financial analysis principal components analysis a technique that can be used to simplify a dataset technical analysis the study of price action in securities markets in order to forecast future prices in linguistics discourse analysis a general term for the analysis of language use above the sentence or clause level semantic analysis linguistics the process of unpacking clause sentence and paragraph structure voice analysis the study of speech sounds for purposes other than linguistic content in signal processing finite element analysis a computer simulation technique used in engineering analysis independent component ana |
lysis link quality analysis the analysis of signal quality path quality analysis in literary criticism analysis homer an influential school of thought in homeric scholarship in the one nine th two zero th centuries it may also refer to aura analysis a technique in which supporters of the method claim that the body s aura or energy field is analyzed bowling analysis a notation summarising a cricket bowler s performance category analysis chemical analysis the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure dimensional analysis a conceptual tool to understand physical situations involving a mix of different kinds of physical quantities isotope analysis the identification of isotopic signature the distribution of certain stable isotopes and chemical elements within chemical compounds life cycle cost analysis calculates the cost of a system or product over its entire life span lithic analysis the analysis of stone tools using basic scientific techniques neutron act |
ivation analysis a technique used to very accurately determine the concentrations of elements in a sample protocol analysis a means for extracting persons thoughts while they are performing a task system analysis the branch of electrical engineering that characterizes electrical systems and their properties systems analysis the science dealing with analysis of complex large scale systems and the interactions within those systems see also analytic synthesis scientific method abner doubleday abner doubleday june two six one eight one nine january two six one eight nine three was a career u s army officer and union general in the american civil war he fired the first shot in defense of fort sumter the opening battle of the war although he himself made no such claim some believe he should be credited with the invention of baseball early years doubleday was born in ballston spa new york his grandfather had fought in the revolutionary war and his father served four years in the u s congress abner practiced as a civ |
il engineer for two years before entering the u s military academy from which graduated in one eight four two and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the three rd u s artillery military career doubleday served in the mexican american war and seminole wars at the start of the civil war he was a captain in the garrison at fort sumter in charleston harbor under major robert anderson he aimed the cannon that fired the first return shot in answer to the confederate bombardment on april one two one eight six one starting the war doubleday served in the shenandoah valley from june to august one eight six one he was appointed brigadier general of volunteers on february three one eight six two and led the two nd brigade one st division iii corps at the second battle of bull run he took command of the division on august three zero when its commander was wounded he again led the division at south mountain antietam where he was wounded by a shell exploding nearby and fredericksburg where his division mostly sat idle |
doubleday was promoted to major general of volunteers on november nine one eight six two and commanded three rd division i corps at chancellorsville and took over corps command for a day when general john f reynolds was killed in opening of the battle of gettysburg july nine one eight six three army commander george g meade replaced doubleday with john newton a more junior major general from another corps after the first day of battle one in which the i corps was overwhelmed by a confederate assault meade had a long history of disdain for doubleday s combat effectiveness dating back to south mountain doubleday was humiliated by this snub and held a lasting grudge against meade he was wounded in the neck on the second day of the battle and assumed mostly administrative duties in the defenses of washington d c including the attack by jubal a early in the valley campaigns of one eight six four later life after the civil war doubleday retired from the army in one eight seven three and moved to san francisco where |
he obtained a charter for the cable car railway that still runs there by one eight seven eight he was living in mendham new jersey from where that year he became a prominent member of the theosophical society when two of the founders of that society helena blavatsky and henry steel olcott moved to india at the end of that year he was constituted as the president of the american body doubleday died in mendham and is buried in arlington national cemetery in arlington virginia legacy although doubleday was a competent if colorless combat general with experience in many important civil war battles the lore of baseball credits doubleday with inventing the game supposedly in elihu phinney s cow pasture in cooperstown new york in one eight three nine the mills commission was appointed in one nine zero five to determine the origin of baseball the committee s final report on december three zero one nine zero seven stated in part that the first scheme for playing baseball according to the best evidence obtainable to d |
ate was devised by abner doubleday at cooperstown new york in one eight three nine however there is considerable evidence to dispute this claim at his death doubleday left many letters and papers none of which describe baseball or give any suggestion that he considered himself a prominent person in the evolution of the game an encyclopedia article about doubleday published in one nine one one makes no mention of the game he was a cadet at west point in the year of the alleged invention and there is no record he requested leave to travel to cooperstown doubleday published two important works on the civil war reminiscences of forts sumter and moultrie one eight seven six and chancellorsville and gettysburg one eight eight two the latter being a volume of the series campaigns of the civil war doubleday s indecision as a commander earned him the uncomplimentary nickname forty eight hours see also origins of baseball references eicher john h eicher david j civil war high commands stanford university press two zero |
zero one isbn zero eight zero four seven three six four one three tagg larry the generals of gettysburg savas publishing one nine nine eight isbn one eight eight two eight one zero three zero nine external links grave site baseball hall of fame defense of madame blavatsky abner doubleday and theosophy baseball hall of fame one eight one nine births one eight nine three deaths west point graduates united states army generals american civil war generals mexican american war people burials at arlington national cemetery americas national game is a book by albert spalding published in one nine one one detailing the early history of the game of baseball much of the story is told first hand since spalding had been involved in the game first as a player and later an administrator since the one eight five zero s in addition to his personal recollections he had access to the records of henry chadwick the game s first statistician and archivist spalding was however known to aggrandise his role in the major moments in |
baseball s history see also history of baseball one nine one one books amplitude modulation am is a form of modulation in which the amplitude of a carrier wave is varied in direct proportion to that of a modulating signal contrast this with frequency modulation in which the frequency of the carrier is varied and phase modulation in which the phase is varied am is commonly used at radio frequencies and was the first method used to broadcast commercial radio the term am is sometimes used generically to refer to the am broadcast mediumwave band see am radio applications in radio an example of amplitude modulation the top diagram shows the modulating signal superimposed on the carrier wave the bottom diagram shows the resulting amplitude modulated signal notice how the peaks of the modulated output follow the contour of the original modulating signal a basic am radio transmitter works by first dc shifting the modulating signal then multiplying it with the carrier wave using a frequency mixer the output of this pr |
ocess is a signal with the same frequency as the carrier but with peaks and troughs that vary in proportion to the strength of the modulating signal this is amplified and fed to an antenna am vs fm am radio s main limitation is its susceptibility to atmospheric interference which is heard as static from the receiver the narrow bandwidth traditionally used for am broadcasts further limits the quality of sound that can be received since the one nine seven zero s wideband fm has been preferred for musical broadcasts due to its higher audio fidelity and noise suppression characteristics the fact that signals can be decoded using very simple equipment is one of the primary advantages of amplitude modulation this was especially important in the early days of commercial radio when electronic components were still quite expensive this simplicity and affordability helped make am one of the most popular methods for sending voice and music over radio during the two zero th century an am receiver consists primarily of a |
tunable filter and an envelope detector which in simpler sets is a single diode its output is a signal at the carrier frequency with peaks that trace the amplitude of the unmodulated signal unlike other modulation techniques this is all that is needed to recover the original audio in practice a capacitor is used to undo the dc shift introduced by the transmitter and to eliminate the carrier frequency by connecting the signal peaks the output is then fed to an audio amplifier a network schematic of a simple am receiver a diode functions as the envelope detector with the recovered audio fed directly to an earphone to make a good am receiver an automatic gain control loop is essential this requires good design to make a good fm receiver a large number of rf amps which are driven into limiting are required to create a receiver which can take advantage of the capture effect one of the biggest advantages of fm with valved tube systems it is more expensive to make active stages than it is to make the same number of |
stages with solid state parts so for a valved superhet it is simpler to make an am receiver with the automatic gain control loop while for a solid state receiver it is simpler to make an fm unit hence even while the idea of fm was known before wwii its use was rare because of the cost of valves in the uk the government had a valve holder tax which encouraged radio receiver designers to use as few active stages as possible but when solid state parts became available fm started to gain favour forms of am in its basic form amplitude modulation produces a signal with power concentrated at the carrier frequency and in two adjacent sidebands each sideband is equal in bandwidth to that of the modulating signal and is a mirror image of the other thus most of the power output by an am transmitter is effectively wasted half the power is concentrated at the carrier frequency which carries no useful information beyond the fact that a signal is present the remaining power is split between two identical sidebands only one |
of which is needed to increase transmitter efficiency the carrier can be removed suppressed from the am signal this produces a reduced carrier transmission or double sideband suppressed carrier dsbsc signal if the carrier is only partially suppressed a double sideband reduced carrier dsbrc signal results dsbsc and dsbrc signals need their carrier to be regenerated by a beat frequency oscillator for instance to be demodulated using conventional techniques even greater efficiency is achieved at the expense of increased transmitter and receiver complexity by completely suppressing both the carrier and one of the sidebands this is single sideband modulation widely used in amateur radio due to its efficient use of both power and bandwidth a simple form of am often used for digital communications is on off keying a type of amplitude shift keying by which binary data is represented as the presence or absence of a carrier wave this is commonly used at radio frequencies to transmit morse code referred to as continuous |
wave cw operation example suppose we wish to modulate a simple sine wave on a carrier wave the equation for the carrier wave of frequency omega c taking its phase to be a reference phase of zero is c t c sin omega c t the equation for the simple sine wave of frequency omega m the signal we wish to broadcast is m t m sin omega m t phi with phi its phase offset relative to c t amplitude modulation is performed simply by adding m t to c the amplitude modulated signal is then y t c m sin omega m t phi sin omega c t the formula for y t above may be written y t c sin omega c t m frac m frac the broadcast signal consists of the carrier wave plus two sinusoidal waves each with a frequency slightly different from omega c known as sidebands for the sinusoidal signals used here these are at omega c omega m and omega c omega m as long as the broadcast carrier wave frequencies are sufficiently spaced out so that these side bands do not overlap stations will not interfere with one another a more general example this relie |
s on knowledge of the fourier transform the discussion of the figure may prove more useful for a quicker understanding consider a general modulating signal m t which can now be anything at all the same basic rules apply y t c m t cos omega c t or in complex form y t c m t frac e taking fourier transforms we get y omega pic delta omega omega c fracm omega omega c pic delta omega omega c fracm omega omega c where delta x is the dirac delta function a unit impulse at x and capital functions indicate fourier transforms this has two components one at positive frequencies centered on omega c and one at negative frequencies centered on omega c there is nothing mathematically wrong with negative frequencies and they need to be considered here otherwise one of the sidebands will be missing shown below is a graphical representation of the above equation it shows the modulating signal s spectrum on top followed by the full spectrum of the modulated signal the two sided spectrum of an am signal this makes clear the two s |
idebands that this modulation method yields as well as the carrier signals that go with them the carrier signals are the impulses clearly an am signal s spectrum consists of its original two sided spectrum shifted up to the carrier frequency the negative frequencies are a mathematical nicety but are essential since otherwise we would be missing the lower sideband in the original spectrum as already mentioned if multiple signals are to be transmitted in this way by frequency division multiplexing then their carrier signals must be sufficiently separated that their spectra do not overlap this analysis also shows that the transmission bandwidth of am is twice the signal s original baseband bandwidth since both the positive and negative sidebands are copied up to the carrier frequency but only the positive sideband is present originally thus double sideband am ds am is spectrally inefficient the various suppression methods in forms of am can be seen clearly in the figure with the carrier suppressed there will be |
no impulses and with a sideband suppressed the transmission bandwidth is reduced back to the original baseband bandwidth a significant improvement in spectrum usage an analysis of the power consumption of am reveals that ds am with its carrier has an efficiency of about three three very poor the forms of am with suppressed carriers are found to be one zero zero power efficient since no power is wasted on the carrier signal which conveys no information modulation index as with other modulation indices in am this quantity also called modulation depth indicates by how much the modulated variable varies around its original level for am it relates to the variations in the carrier amplitude and is defined as h frac m t so if h zero five the carrier amplitude varies by five zero above and below its unmodulated level and for h one zero it varies by one zero zero modulation depth greater than one zero zero is generally to be avoided practical transmitter systems will usually incorporate some kind of limiter circuit su |
ch as a vogad to ensure this variations of modulated signal with percentage modulation are shown below in each image the maximum amplitude is higher than in the previous image note that the scale changes from one image to the next image am signals svg amplitude modulator designs circuits a wide range of different circuits have been used for am but one of the simplest circuits uses anode or collector modulation applied via a transformer while it is perfectly possible to create good designs using solid state electronics valved tube circuits are shown here in general valves are able to easily yield rf powers far in excess of what can be achieved using solid state most high power broadcast stations still use valves anode modulation using a transformer the tetrode is supplied with an anode supply and screen grid supply which is modulated via the transformer the resistor r one sets the grid bias both the input and outputs are tuned lc circuits which are tapped into by inductive coupling modulation circuit designs c |
an be broadly divided into low and high level low level here a small audio stage is used to modulate a low power stage the output of this stage is then amplified using a linear rf amplifier advantages the advantage of using a linear rf amplifier is that the smaller early stages can be modulated which only requires a small audio amplifier to drive the modulator disadvantages the great disadvantage of this system is that the amplifer chain is less efficient because it has to be linear to preserve the modulation hence class c amplifiers cannot be employed an approach which marries the advantages of low level modulation with the efficiency of a class c power amplifier chain is to arrange a feedback system to compensate for the substantial distortion of the am envelope a simple detector at the transmitter output which can be little more than a loosely coupled diode recovers the audio signal and this is used as negative feedback to the audio modulator stage the overall chain then acts as a linear amplifier as far a |
s the actual modulation is concerned though the rf amplifier itself still retains the class c efficiency this approach is widely used in practical medium power transmitters such as am radiotelephones high level advantages one advantage of using class c amplifiers in a broadcast am transmitter is that only the final stage needs to be modulated and that all the earlier stages can be driven at a constant level these class c stages will be able to generate the drive for the final stage for a smaller dc power input however in many designs in order to obtain better quality am the penultimate rf stages will need to be subject to modulation as well as the final stage disadvantages a large audio amplifer will be needed for the modulation stage at least equal to the power of the transmitter output itself traditionally the modulation is applied using an audio transformer and this can be bulky direct coupling from the audio amplifier is also possible known as a cascode arrangement though this usually requires quite a hig |
h dc supply voltage say three zero v or more which is not suitable for mobile units see also am radio also referred to as mediumwave shortwave radio almost universally uses am modulation narrow fm occurring above two five mhz modulation for a list of other modulation techniques amss amplitude modulation signalling system a digital system for adding low bitrate information to an am signal sideband for some explanation of what this is references newkirk david and karlquist rick two zero zero four mixers modulators and demodulators in d g reed ed the arrl handbook for radio communications eight one st ed pp one five one one five three six newington arrl isbn zero eight seven two five nine one nine six four radio modulation modes for the lighting instrument see fresnel lantern augustin fresnel augustin jean fresnel pronounced in ame in french may one zero one seven eight eight july one four one eight two seven was a french physicist who contributed significantly to the establishment of the theory of wave optics f |
resnel studied the behaviour of light both theoretically and experimentally biography fresnel was the son of an architect born at broglie eure his early progress in learning was slow and he still could not read when he was eight years old at thirteen he entered the cole centrale in caen and at sixteen and a half the cole polytechnique where he acquitted himself with distinction from there he went to the cole des ponts et chauss es he served as an engineer successively in the departments of vend e dr me and ille et vilaine but having supported the bourbons in one eight one four he lost his appointment on napoleon s return to power on the second restoration of the monarchy he obtained a post as engineer in paris where much of his life from that time was spent his researches in optics continued until his death appear to have been begun about the year one eight one four when he prepared a paper on the aberration of light which however was not published in one eight one eight he wrote a memoir on diffraction for w |
hich in the ensuing year he received the prize of the acad mie des sciences at paris he was in one eight two three unanimously elected a member of the academy and in one eight two five he became a member of the royal society of london which in one eight two seven at the time of his last illness awarded him the rumford medal in one eight one nine he was nominated a commissioner of lighthouses for which he was the first to construct a special type of lens now called a fresnel lens as substitutes for mirrors he died of tuberculosis at ville d avray near paris his labours in the cause of optical science received during his lifetime only scant public recognition and some of his papers were not printed by the acad mie des sciences till many years after his decease but as he wrote to young in one eight two four in him that sensibility or that vanity which people call love of glory had been blunted all the compliments he says that i have received from arago laplace and biot never gave me so much pleasure as the disco |
very of a theoretic truth or the confirmation of a calculation by experiment researches his discoveries and mathematical deductions building on experimental work by thomas young extended the wave theory of light to a large class of optical phenomena his use of two plane mirrors of metal forming with each other an angle of nearly one eight zero allowed him to avoid the diffraction effects caused by the apertures in the experiment of fm grimaldi on interference this allowed him to conclusively account for the phenomena of interference in accordance with the wave theory with fran ois arago he studied the laws of the interference of polarized rays he obtained circularly polarized light by means of a rhombus of glass known as fresnel s rhomb having obtuse angles of one two six and acute angles of five four he is perhaps best known as the inventor of the fresnel lens first adopted in lighthouses while he was a french commissioner of lighthouses and found in many applications today see also fresnel equations fresnel |
integral fresnel lantern fresnel lens fresnel rhomb fresnel zone fresnel zone plate external link and reference one seven eight eight births one eight two seven deaths french physicists alumni of the cole polytechnique normans coll giale st vulfran beffroi abbeville is a city in the picardie r gion in the north of france location abbeville is located on the somme river one two m from its modern mouth in the english channel and two eight m northwest of amiens in the medieval period it was the lowest crossing point on the somme and it was nearby that edward iii s army crossed shortly before the battle of cr cy in one three four six administration abbeville was the chief town of the former province of ponthieu today it is one of the three sous pr fectures of the somme d partement it is twinned with the town of burgess hill in west sussex prehistory the name abbeville has been adopted to name a category of early stone tools these stone tools are also known as handaxes various handaxes were found near abbeville b |
y jacques boucher de perthes during the one eight three zero s and he was the first to desribe the stones in detail pointing out in the first publication of its kind that the stones were chipped deliberately by early man so as to form a tool these earliest stone tools found in europe were chipped on both sides so as to form a sharp edge are now known as abbevillian handaxes or bifaces the earlier form of stone tools not found in europe is known as oldewan choppers a more refined and later version of handax production was also found in the abbeville somme river district the more refined handax became known as the acheulean industry named after saint acheul today a suburb of amiens history abbeville first appears in history during the nine th century at that time belonging to the abbey of st riquier it was afterwards governed by the counts of ponthieu together with that county it came into the possession of the alen on and other french families and afterwards into that of the house of castile from whom by marri |
age it fell in one two seven two to king edward i of england french and english were its masters by turns till one four three five when by the treaty of arras it was ceded to the duke of burgundy in one four seven seven it was annexed by king louis xi of france and was held by two illegitimate branches of the royal family in the one six th and one seven th centuries being in one six nine six reunited to the crown in one five one four the town saw the marriage of louis xii of france to mary tudor the daughter of henry vii of england abbeville was fairly important in the one eight th century when the van robais royal manufacture one of the first major factories in france brought great prosperity but some class controversy to the town voltaire among others wrote about it he also wrote about a major incident of intolerance in which a young impoverished lord the chevalier de la barre was executed there for impiety supposedly because he did not salute a procession for corpus christi though the story is far more com |
plex than that and revolves around a mutilated cross historical population one nine zero one one eight five one nine one nine zero six one eight nine seven one sights the city was very picturesque until the early days of world war ii when it was bombed mostly to rubble in one night by the germans the town overall is now mostly modern and rebuilt several of the town s attractions remain including st vulfran s church erected in the one five th one six th and one seven th centuries the original design was not completed the nave has only two bays and the choir is insignificant the facade is a magnificent specimen of the flamboyant gothic style flanked by two gothic towers see also abbevillian reference the following text from a turn of the century encyclopedia should be updated wikified and incorporated into the above article it lies in a pleasant and fertile valley and is built partly on an island and partly on both sides of the river which is canalized from this point to the estuary the streets are narrow and t |
he houses are mostly picturesque old structures built of wood with many quaint gables and dark archways the most remarkable building is the church of st vulfran abbeville has several other old churches and an hotel de ville with a belfry of the one three th century among the numerous old houses that known as the maison de francois i which is the most remarkable dates from the one six th century there is a statue of admiral courbet d one eight eight five by alexandre falgui re in the chief square the public institutions include tribunals of first instance and of commerce a board of trade arbitrators and a communal college abbeville is an important industrial centre in addition to its old established manufacture of cloth hemp spinning sugar making ship building and locksmiths work are carried on there is active commerce in grain but the port has little trade archaeological sites in france communes of somme abbot s coat of arms the word abbot meaning father has been used as a christian clerical title in various |
mainly monastic meanings origins the title had its origin in the monasteries of syria spread through the eastern mediterranean and soon became accepted generally in all languages as the designation of the head of a monastery originally the word meaning father was applied to various priests e g at the court of the frankish monarchy the abbas palatinus of the palace and abbas castrensis of the camp were chaplains to the merovingian carolingian sovereign s court viz to his army at first it was employed as a respectful title for any monk but it was soon restricted by canon law to certain priestly superiors the name abbot came in fairly general use in western monastic orders whose members or the full level at least are ordained priest however various congregations chose other titles for their superiors e g among the dominicans carmelites augustinians etc praepositus provost and prior among the franciscans custos guardian and by the monks of camaldoli major monastic history an abbot from the hebrew ab a father thro |
ugh the syriac abba latin abbas genitive form abbatis old english abbad german abt french abb is the head and chief governor of a community of monks called also in the east hegumenos or archimandrite the english version for a female monastic head is abbess in egypt the first home of monasticism the jurisdiction of the abbot or archimandrite was but loosely defined sometimes he ruled over only one community sometimes over several each of which had its own abbot as well cassian speaks of an abbot of the thebaid who had five zero zero monks under him by the rule of st benedict which until the reform of cluny was the norm in the west the abbot has jurisdiction over only one community the rule as was inevitable was subject to frequent violations but it was not until the foundation of the cluniac order that the idea of a supreme abbot exercising jurisdiction over all the houses of an order was definitely recognized monks as a rule were laymen nor at the outset was the abbot any exception for the reception of the sa |
craments and for other religious offices the abbot and his monks were commanded to attend the nearest church this rule proved inconvenient when a monastery was situated in a desert or at a distance from a city and necessity compelled the ordination of some monks this innovation was not introduced without a struggle ecclesiastical dignity being regarded as inconsistent with the higher spiritual life but before the close of the five th century at least in the east abbots seem almost universally to have become deacons if not priests the change spread more slowly in the west where the office of abbot was commonly filled by laymen till the end of the seven th century the ecclesiastical leadership exercised by abbots despite their frequent lay status is proved by their attendance and votes at ecclesiastical councils thus at the first council of constantinople ad four four eight two three archimandrites or abbots sign with three zero bishops the second council of nicaea ad seven eight seven recognized the right of a |
bbots to ordain their monks to the inferior orders below the diaconate a power usually reserved to bishops abbots were originally subject to episcopal jurisdiction and continued generally so in fact in the west till the one one th century the code of justinian lib i tit iii de ep leg xl expressly subordinates the abbot to episcopal oversight the first case recorded of the partial exemption of an abbot from episcopal control is that of faustus abbot of lerins at the council of arles ad four five six but the exorbitant claims and exactions of bishops to which this repugnance to episcopal control is to be traced far more than to the arrogance of abbots rendered it increasingly frequent and in the six th century the practice of exempting religious houses partly or altogether from episcopal control and making them responsible to the pope alone received an impulse from pope gregory the great these exceptions introduced with a good object had grown into a widespread evil by the one two th century virtually creating |
an imperium in imperio and depriving the bishop of all authority over the chief centres of influence in his diocese in the one two th century the abbots of fulda claimed precedence of the archbishop of cologne abbots more and more assumed almost episcopal state and in defiance of the prohibition of early councils and the protests of st bernard and others adopted the episcopal insignia of mitre ring gloves and sandals it has been maintained that the right to wear mitres was sometimes granted by the popes to abbots before the one one th century but the documents on which this claim is based are not genuine j braun liturgische gewandung p four five three the first undoubted instance is the bull by which alexander ii in one zero six three granted the use of the mitre to egelsinus abbot of the monastery of st augustine at canterbury the mitred abbots in england were those of abingdon st alban s bardney battle bury st edmund s st augustine s canterbury colchester croyland evesham glastonbury gloucester st benet s h |
ulme hyde malmesbury peterborough ramsey reading selby shrewsbury tavistock thorney westminster winchcombe st mary s york of these the precedence was originally yielded to the abbot of glastonbury until in ad one one five four adrian iv nicholas breakspear granted it to the abbot of st alban s in which monastery he had been brought up next after the abbot of st alban s ranked the abbot of westminster to distinguish abbots from bishops it was ordained that their mitre should be made of less costly materials and should not be ornamented with gold a rule which was soon entirely disregarded and that the crook of their pastoral staff should turn inwards instead of outwards indicating that their jurisdiction was limited to their own house the adoption of certain episcopal insignia pontificalia by abbots was followed by an encroachment on episcopal functions which had to be specially but ineffectually guarded against by the lateran council ad one one two three in the east abbots if in priests orders with the consent |
of the bishop were as we have seen permitted by the second nicene council ad seven eight seven to confer the tonsure and admit to the order of reader but gradually abbots in the west also advanced higher claims until we find them in ad one four eight nine permitted by innocent iv to confer both the subdiaconate and diaconate of course they always and everywhere had the power of admitting their own monks and vesting them with the religious habit when a vacancy occurred the bishop of the diocese chose the abbot out of the monks of the convent but the right of election was transferred by jurisdiction to the monks themselves reserving to the bishop the confirmation of the election and the benediction of the new abbot in abbeys exempt from the arch bishop s diocesan jurisdiction the confirmation and benediction had to be conferred by the pope in person the house being taxed with the expenses of the new abbot s journey to rome it was necessary that an abbot should be at least two five years of age of legitimate bi |
rth a monk of the house unless it furnished no suitable candidate when a liberty was allowed of electing from another convent well instructed himself and able to instruct others one also who had learned how to command by having practised obedience in some exceptional cases an abbot was allowed to name his own successor cassian speaks of an abbot in egypt doing this and in later times we have another example in the case of st bruno popes and sovereigns gradually encroached on the rights of the monks until in italy the pope had usurped the nomination of all abbots and the king in france with the exception of cluny premontre and other houses chiefs of their order the election was for life unless the abbot was canonically deprived by the chiefs of his order or when he was directly subject to them by the pope or the bishop the ceremony of the formal admission of a benedictine abbot in medieval times is thus prescribed by the consuetudinary of abingdon the newly elected abbot was to put off his shoes at the door of |
the church and proceed barefoot to meet the members of the house advancing in a procession after proceeding up the nave he was to kneel and pray at the topmost step of the entrance of the choir into which he was to be introduced by the bishop or his commissary and placed in his stall the monks then kneeling gave him the kiss of peace on the hand and rising on the mouth the abbot holding his staff of office he then put on his shoes in the vestry and a chapter was held and the bishop or his delegate preached a suitable sermon the power of the abbot was paternal but absolute limited however by the canon law one of the main goals of monasticism was the purgation of self and selfishness and obedience was seen as a path to that perfection it was sacred duty to execute the abbot s orders and even to act without his orders was sometimes considered a transgression examples among the egyptian monks of this submission to the commands of the superiors exalted into a virtue by those who regarded the entire crushing of th |
e individual will as a goal are detailed by cassian and others e g a monk watering a dry stick day after day for months or endeavouring to remove a huge rock immensely exceeding his powers general information before the late modern era the abbot was treated with the utmost reverence by the brethren of his house when he appeared either in church or chapter all present rose and bowed his letters were received kneeling as were those of the pope and the king no monk might sit in his presence or leave it without his permission reflecting the hierarchical etiquette of families and society the highest place was assigned to him both in church and at table in the east he was commanded to eat with the other monks in the west the rule of st benedict appointed him a separate table at which he might entertain guests and strangers this permission opening the door to luxurious living the council of aachen ad eight one seven decreed that the abbot should dine in the refectory and be content with the ordinary fare of the monk |
s unless he had to entertain a guest these ordinances proved however generally ineffectual to secure strictness of diet and contemporaneous literature abounds with satirical remarks and complaints concerning the inordinate extravagance of the tables of the abbots when the abbot condescended to dine in the refectory his chaplains waited upon him with the dishes a servant if necessary assisting them when abbots dined in their own private hall the rule of st benedict charged them to invite their monks to their table provided there was room on which occasions the guests were to abstain from quarrels slanderous talk and idle gossiping the ordinary attire of the abbot was according to rule to be the same as that of the monks but by the one zero th century the rule was commonly set aside and we find frequent complaints of abbots dressing in silk and adopting sumptuous attire they sometimes even laid aside the monastic habit altogether and assumed a secular dress with the increase of wealth and power abbots had lost |
much of their special religious character and become great lords chiefly distinguished from lay lords by celibacy thus we hear of abbots going out to hunt with their men carrying bows and arrows keeping horses dogs and huntsmen and special mention is made of an abbot of leicester c one three six zero who was the most skilled of all the nobility in hare hunting in magnificence of equipage and retinue the abbots vied with the first nobles of the realm they rode on mules with gilded bridles rich saddles and housings carrying hawks on their wrist followed by an immense train of attendants the bells of the churches were rung as they passed they associated on equal terms with laymen of the highest distinction and shared all their pleasures and pursuits this rank and power was however often used most beneficially for instance we read of whiting the last abbot of glastonbury judicially murdered by henry viii that his house was a kind of well ordered court where as many as three zero zero sons of noblemen and gentleme |
n who had been sent to him for virtuous education had been brought up besides others of a lesser rank whom he fitted for the universities his table attendance and officers were an honour to the nation he would entertain as many as five zero zero persons of rank at one time besides relieving the poor of the vicinity twice a week he had his country houses and fisheries and when he travelled to attend parliament his retinue amounted to upwards of one zero zero persons the abbots of cluny and vend me were by virtue of their office cardinals of the roman church in process of time the title abbot was extended to clerics who had no connection with the monastic system as to the principal of a body of parochial clergy and under the carolingians to the chief chaplain of the king abbas curiae or military chaplain of the emperor abbas castrensis it even came to be adopted by purely secular officials thus the chief magistrate of the republic at genoa was called abbas populi lay abbots m lat defensores abbacomites abbates |
laici abbates milites abbates saeculares or irreligiosi abbatiarii or sometimes simply abbates were the outcome of the growth of the feudal system from the eight th century onwards the practice of commendation by which to meet a contemporary emergency the revenues of the community were handed over to a lay lord in return for his protection early suggested to the emperors and kings the expedient of rewarding their warriors with rich abbeys held in commendam during the carolingian epoch the custom grew up of granting these as regular heritable fiefs or benefices and by the one zero th century before the great cluniac reform the system was firmly established even the abbey of st denis was held in commendam by hugh capet the example of the kings was followed by the feudal nobles sometimes by making a temporary concession permanent sometimes without any form of commendation whatever in england the abuse was rife in the eight th century as may be gathered from the acts of the council of cloveshoe these lay abbacies |
were not merely a question of overlordship but implied the concentration in lay hands of all the rights immunities and jurisdiction of the foundations i e the more or less complete secularization of spiritual institutions the lay abbot took his recognized rank in the feudal hierarchy and was free to dispose of his fief as in the case of any other the enfeoffment of abbeys differed in form and degree sometimes the monks were directly subject to the lay abbot sometimes he appointed a substitute to perform the spiritual functions known usually as dean decanus but also as abbot abbas legitimas monasticus regularis when the great reform of the one one th century had put an end to the direct jurisdiction of the lay abbots the honorary title of abbot continued to be held by certain of the great feudal famines as late as the one three th century and later the actual head of the community retaining that of dean the connection of the lesser lay abbots with the abbeys especially in the south of france lasted longer and |
certain feudal families retained the title of abbes chevaliers abbates milltes for centuries together with certain rights over the abbey lands or revenues the abuse was not confined to the west john patriarch of antioch at the beginning of the one two th century informs us that in his time most monasteries had been handed over to laymen bencficiarii for life or for part of their lives by the emperors giraldus cambrensis reported itinerary ii iv the common customs of lay abbots in the late one two th century church of wales for a bad custom has prevailed amongst the clergy of appointing the most powerful people of a parish stewards or rather patrons of their churches who in process of time from a desire of gain have usurped the whole right appropriating to their own use the possession of all the lands leaving only to the clergy the altars with their tenths and oblations and assigning even these to their sons and relations in the church such defenders or rather destroyers of the church have caused themselves t |
o be called abbots and presumed to attribute to themselves a title as well as estates to which they have no just claim in conventual cathedrals where the bishop occupied the place of the abbot the functions usually devolving on the superior of the monastery were performed by a prior abbatial hierarchy in several orders there exists a pyramidal relationship between a major abbey often the old mother of several others especially if it was the place from where a monastic reform was launched which in other cases even lead to breaking away as a new order of congregation and other ones often younger daughters even when these are not or no longer priories but have their own abbot as a daughter could often become a mother in a next phase the family tree can become very complex but often the grandmother remains the only one with acknowledged seniority because she is old sometimes a very real hold was maintained so the abbot of cluny had such vast income from the network of filial monasteries that he was one of the mos |
t powerful men in the church and a real papabile in other cases the precedence is little more than a honorary status in several cases the senior abbot is entitled to a specific style such as abbot general abbot president abbot primate and archabbot such titles may also apply to the presidents of federation of monasteries not necessarily reserved for one abbey modern abbots not as superior the title abb french ital abbate as commonly used in the catholic church on the european continent is the equivalent of the english father parallel etymology being loosely applied to all who have received the tonsure this use of the title is said to have originated in the right conceded to the king of france by the concordat between pope leo x and francis i one five one six to appoint abbes commendataires to most of the abbeys in france the expectation of obtaining these sinecures drew young men towards the church in considerable numbers and the class of abb s so formed abbes de cour they were sometimes called and sometimes |
ironically abbes de sainte esperance abb s of st hope came to hold a recognized position the connection many of them had with the church was of the slenderest kind consisting mainly in adopting the name of abbe after a remarkably moderate course of theological study practising celibacy and wearing a distinctive dress a short dark violet coat with narrow collar being men of presumed learning and undoubted leisure many of the class found admission to the houses of the french nobility as tutors or advisers nearly every great family had its abb the class did not survive the revolution but the courtesy title of abb having long lost all connection in people s minds with any special ecclesiastical function remained as a convenient general term applicable to any clergyman protestant abbots in the german evangelical church the german title of abt abbot is sometimes bestowed like the french abb as an honorary distinction and survives to designate the heads of some monasteries converted at the reformation into collegiat |
e foundations of these the most noteworthy is the abbey of lokkum in hanover founded as a cistercian house in one one six three by count wilbrand of hallermund and reformed in one five nine three the abbot of lokkum who still carries a pastoral staff takes precedence of all the clergy of hanover and was ex officio a member of the consistory of the kingdom the governing body of the abbey consists of the abbot prior and the convent of stiftsherren canons in the church of england the bishop of norwich by royal decree given by henry viii also holds the honorary title of abbot of st ben t this title hails back to england s separation from rome when king henry as supreme head of the newly independent church took over all of the monastaries mainly for their possessions except for st ben t which he spared because the abbot and his monks possesed no wealth and lived like simple beggers disposing the incumbent bishop of norwich and seating the abbot in his place thus the dual title still held to this day see also list |
of historical abbots hegumen archimandrite sources and references nine nine nine occurrences in the catholic encyclopaedia abbots ecclesiastical titles organisation of catholic religious orders christian leaders religious work religious executives ardipithecus is a very early hominin genus subfamily homininae because it shares several traits with the african great apes genus pan and genus gorilla it is considered by some to be on the chimpanzee rather than human branch but most consider it a proto human because of a likeness in teeth with australopithecus a ramidus lived about five four and four two million years ago during the early pliocene two species have been described ardipithecus ramidus and ardipithecus kadabba the latter was initially described as a subspecies of a ramidus but on the basis of teeth recently discovered in ethiopia has been raised to species rank a kadabba is dated to have lived between five eight million to five two million years ago the canine teeth show primitive features that disti |
nguish them from those of more recent hominines a kadabba is believed to be the earliest organism yet identified that lies in the human line following its split from the lineage that gave rise to the two modern chimpanzee species on the basis of bone sizes ardipithecus species are believed to have been about the size of a modern chimpanzee the toe structure of a ramidus suggests that the creature walked upright and this poses problems for current theories of the origins of hominid bipedalism ardipithecus is believed to have lived in shady forests rather than on the savannah where the faster running permitted by bipedalism would have been an advantage the forest lifestyle poses problems for the current theories regarding the development of bipedalism most of which focus on the savanna new thought will be necessary in order to reconcile these savanna theories with the current knowledge of early forest dwelling hominids external links bbc news amazing hominid haul in ethiopia early hominids pliocene an assembly |
line is a manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create an end product history of the assembly line until the one nine th century a single craftsman or team of craftsmen would create each part of a product individually and assemble them together into a single item making changes in the parts so that they would fit together the so called english system of manufacture eli whitney developed the american system of manufacturing in one seven nine nine using the ideas of division of labor and of engineering tolerance to create assemblies from parts in a repeatable manner ransom eli olds patented the first assembly line concept which he put to work in his olds motor vehicle company factory in one nine zero one becoming the first company in america to mass produce automobiles by contrast henry ford is often credited with the invention of the assembly line but in actuality only applied the idea of using the conveyer belt to olds idea of the assembly line s |
ociological problems with the assembly line in early industrial times the assembly line ran smoothly but as competition increased the workers had to work faster and longer hours therefore increasing the rate at which workplace injuries occurred many workers were unhappy with the assembly line because most never had the satisfaction of seeing the finished product in sociological terms they felt alienated from the product of their work and they were also frustrated with the unsafe exhausting working conditions because workers had to stand in the same place for hours and repeat the same motion hundreds of times per day they often suffered from what are now called repetitive stress injuries see also henry ford ransom eli olds manufacturing manufacturingproduction and manufacturing the ary digital logo ary digital is a popular south asian television network based in dubai uae it also has studios in london and pakistan most programmes cater to the needs of south asians especially the pakistani community the channel |
also brings urdu programmes and urdu songs by pakistani singers who rock the south asian subcontinent history the network was formerly known as the pakistani channel which was owned by a charismatic business man who started it as a medium of social responsibility while bridging the gap between asians abroad and in pakistan its name was changed when it was purchased by the ary group ary digital specialises in popular live english and urdu programming such as video mix shown on sundays and presented by yassir and zaina external links ary digital official website corporate profile ary digital television stations in pakistan adelaide is the capital and most populous city of the australian state of south australia and is the fifth largest city in australia with a population of over one one million adelaide is a coastal city beside the southern ocean and is situated on the adelaide plains north of the fleurieu peninsula between the gulf st vincent and the low lying mount lofty ranges it is a roughly linear city tw |
o zero km from the coast to the foothills but stretches nine zero km from gawler at its northern extent to aldinga in the south named in honour of queen adelaide the consort of king william iv the city was founded in one eight three six as the planned capital for the only freely settled british province established in australia colonel william light one of adelaide s founding fathers designed the city and chose its location close to the river torrens inspired by william penn and the garden city movement light s design set adelaide out in a grid layout interspaced by wide boulevards and large public squares and entirely surrounded by parkland early adelaide was shaped by religious freedom and a commitment to political progressivism and civil liberties which led to world first reforms adelaidean society remained largely puritan up until the one nine seven zero s when a set of social reforms under the premiership of don dunstan resulted in a cultural revival today adelaide is known for its many as well as for it |
s wine arts and sports as south australia s seat of government and commercial centre adelaide is the site of many governmental and financial institutions most of these are concentrated in the city centre along the cultural boulevard of north terrace and in various districts of the metropolitan area history prior to european settlement the adelaide area was inhabited by the kaurna aboriginal tribe acknowledged kaurna country comprised the adelaide plains and surrounding regions from cape jervis in the south and to port wakefield in the north among their unique customs were burn offs controlled bushfires in the adelaide hills which the early europeans spotted before the kaurna people were pushed out by settlement by one eight five two the total population by census count of the kaurna was six five zero in the adelaide region and steadily decreasing during the winter months they moved into the adelaide hills for better shelter and firewood adelaide in one eight three nine looking south east from north terrace so |
uth australia was officially settled as a new british province on december two eight one eight three six this day is now commemorated as a public holiday proclamation day in south australia the site of the colonies capital city was surveyed and laid out by colonel william light the first surveyor general of south australia light chose not without opposition a site on rising ground close to the river torrens which became the chief early water supply for the fledgling colony light s vision as it has been termed has meant that the initial design of adelaide required little modification as the city grew and prospered usually in an older city it would be necessary to accommodate larger roads and add parks whereas adelaide had them from the start adelaide was established as the centre of a planned colony of free immigrants promising civil liberties and freedom from religious persecution and as such does not share the convict settlement history of other australian cities like sydney and hobart adelaide s early histo |
ry was wrought by economic uncertainty and incompetent leadership the first governor of south australia hindmarsh clashed frequently with col light the rural area surrounding adelaide city was surveyed by light in preparation to sell a total of over four zero five km of land adelaide s early economy started to get on its feet in one eight three eight with the arrival of livestock from new south wales and tasmania the wool industry served as a early basis for the south australian economy light s survey was completed in this period and land was promptly offered to sale to early colonists wheat farms ranged from encounter bay in the south to clare in the north by one eight six zero governor gawler took over from hindmarsh in late one eight three eight and promptly oversaw construction of a governor s house gaol police barracks hospital and customs house and a wharf at port adelaide in addition houses for public officials and missionaries and outstations for police and surveyors were also constructed during gawle |
r s governorship adelaide had also become economically self sufficent during this period but at heavy cost the colony was heavily in debt and relied on bail outs from london to stay afloat gawler was recalled and replaced by governor grey in one eight four one grey slashed public expenditure against heavy opposition yet its impact was negligible at this point silver was discovered in glen osmond that year agricultural industries were well underway and other mines sprung up all over the state aiding adelaide s commercial development the city exported meat wool wine fruit and wheat by the time grey left in one eight four five contrasting with a low point in one eight four two when one third of adelaide houses were abandoned adelaide general post office in one nine five zero trade links with the rest of the australian states were established with the navigation of the murray river being successfully navigated in one eight five three by francis cadell an adelaide resident adelaide saw south australia become a sel |
f governing colony in one eight five six with the ratification of a new constitution by the british parliament secret ballots were introduced and a bicameral parliament was elected on nine march one eight five seven by which time one zero nine nine one seven people lived in the province in one eight six zero the thorndon park reservoir was opened finally providing an alternative water source to the turbid river torrens in one eight six seven gas street lighting was implemented the university of adelaide was founded in one eight seven four the south australian art gallery opened in one eight eight one and the happy valley reservoir opened in one eight nine six in the one eight nine zero s australia was affected by a severe economic depression ending a hectic era of land booms and tumultuous expansionism financial institutions in melbourne and banks in sydney closed the national fertility rate fell and immigration was reduced to a trickle the value of south australia s exports nearly halved drought and poor har |
vests from one eight eight four compounded the problems with some families leaving for western australia adelaide was not as badly hit as the larger gold rush cities of sydney and melbourne and silver and lead discoveries at broken hill provided some relief only one year of deficit was recorded but the price paid was retrenchments and lean public spending wine and copper were the only industries not to suffer a downturn electric street lighting was introduced in one nine zero zero and electric trams were transporting passengers in one nine zero nine two eight zero zero zero men were sent to fight in world war i adelaide enjoyed a post war boom but with the return of droughts entered the depression of the one nine three zero s later returning to prosperity with strong government leadership secondary industries helped reduce the state s dependence on primary industries the one nine three three census recorded the state population at five eight zero nine four nine which was less of an increase than other states |
due to the state s economic limitations world war ii brought industrial stimulus and diversification to adelaide under the playford government which advocated adelaide as a safe place for manufacturing due to its less vulrenable location seven zero zero zero zero men and women enlisted and shipbuilding was expanded at the nearby port of whyalla rundle mall circa one nine eight eight with the famous spheres sculpture colloquially mall s balls clearly visible the south australian government in this period built on former wartime manufacturing industries international manufacturers like general motors holden and chrysler make use of these factories around adelaide completing its transformation from an agricultural service centre to a twentieth century city a pipeline from mannum brought river murray water to adelaide in one nine five four and an airport opened at west beach in one nine five five an assisted migration scheme brought two one five zero zero zero immigrants of all nationalities to south australia be |
tween one nine four seven and one nine seven three the dunstan government in the one nine seven zero s saw something of an adelaide cultural revival establishing a wide array of social reforms and overseeing the city becoming a centre of the arts adelaide hosted the australian grand prix between one nine eight five and one nine nine six on a street circuit in the city s east parklands before losing it in a controversial move to melbourne the one nine nine two state bank collapse plunged both adelaide and south australia into economic recession and its effects can still be felt today recent years have seen the clipsal five zero zero v eight supercar race make use of the former formula one circuit and renewed economic confidence under the rann government geography satellite image of adelaide adelaide is located north of the fleurieu peninsula on the adelaide plains between the gulf st vincent and the low lying mount lofty ranges the city stretches from the town of gawler at its most northern to aldinga in the s |
outh according to the australian bureau of statistics the adelaide metropolitan region has a total land area of eight seven zero km which is at an average elevation of five zero metres above sea level mount lofty is located east of the adelaide metropolitan region in the adelaide hills at an elevation of seven two seven metres it is the tallest point in its namesake range much of adelaide was originally bushland before european settlement with some variation swamps and marshlands were prevalent around the coast however much of the original vegetation has been cleared with the remainder remaining in reserves such as the adelaide parklands cleland conservation park and belair national park a number of creeks and rivers flow through the adelaide region the largest are the torrens and onkaparinga catchments adelaide relies on its many reservoirs for water supply with mount bold reservoir and happy valley reservoir together supplying around five zero of adelaide s requirements climate adelaide has a mediterranean |
climate where most of the rain falls in the winter months of the australian capital cities adelaide is the driest rainfall is unreliable light and infrequent throughout summer in contrast the winter has fairly reliable rainfall with june being the wettest month of the year averaging around eight zero mm frosts are rare with the most notable occurrences having occurred in july one nine zero eight and july one nine eight two there is usually no appreciable snowfall except at mount lofty and some places in the adelaide hills urban layout one eight eight eight map of adelaide showing the gradual development of its urban layout adelaide is a planned city designed by the first surveyor general of south australia colonel william light his plan now known as light s vision arranged adelaide in a grid with five squares in the inner city of adelaide and a ring of parks known as the adelaide parklands surrounding it light s design was initially unpopular with the early settlers as well as south australia s first governor |
john hindmarsh light persisted with his design against this initial opposition the benefits of light s design are numerous adelaide has had wide multi lane roads from its beginning an easily navigable grid layout and a beautiful green ring around the city center there are two sets of ring roads in adelaide that have resulted from the original design the inner ring route borders the parklands and the outer route completely bypasses the inner city through in clockwise order grand junction road hampstead road ascot avenue portrush road cross road and south road the inevitable urban expansion has to some extent outgrown light s original plan numerous satellite cities were built in the latter half of the two zero th century notably salisbury and elizabeth on the city s northern fringes which have now been enveloped by its urban sprawl new developments in the adelaide hills region facilitated the construction of the south eastern freeway to cope with growth similarly the booming development in adelaide s south mad |
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