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production while baltic porter and bi re de garde may be produced by either lager or ale methods or a combination of both however lager is commonly perceived to be cleaner tasting drier and lighter in the mouth than ale in a number of u s states especially in the western united states ale is the term mandated by state law for any beverage fermented from grain with an alcoholic strength above that which can legally be named beer without regard to the method of fermentation or the yeast used this distinction is not obsolete but it is idiosyncratic in former times the welsh and scots had two distinct kinds of ale called common and spiced ales the relative values of which compared to mead were appraised by law in the following terms if a farmer have no mead he shall pay two casks of spiced ale or four casks of common ale for one cask of mead ales are very common in britain germany the united states and belgium however lager but please see the discussion page about the term lager is the dominant style of beer in a |
lmost all countries worldwide varieties of ale british irish american ales british and irish ales are worldwide the most popular variety of beer fermented with top fermented yeast most beers in this region typically are made with yeast strains that leave some esters behind producing flavors often described as fruity or buttery earthy english hops are added adding to the complexity within this region a wide variety of substyles can be found ranging from roasted malt ales porter stout to highly hopped ales india pale ale to malt balanced ales alcohol ranges from the very low e g the english mild beer to the very high e g the english barley wine american style ales rose out of the microbrewery craft brewing revolution that began in the early one nine eight zero s typically these ales are very similar to their british counterparts but have cleaner yeast strains and often have higher hop rates dominated by american varieties such as the citrusy cascade hop any of these styles when cask conditioned can be termed ca |
sk ale and when unfiltered in the bottle can be termed bottle conditioned camra is a british organization that promotes real ale amber red ale barleywine bitter pale ale india pale ale or imperial pale ale or strong pale ale light ale summer ale blonde golden ale brown ale cream ale mild ale or just mild old ale irish red ale scotch ale porter robust porter brown porter stout irish stout or dry stout imperial stout milk stout or sweet stout oatmeal stout chocolate stout oyster stout coffee stout belgian ales belgium produces a wide variety of specialty ales that elude easy classification in addition to making a variety of blonde ale common classifications for these specialty beers may be dubbel malty complex with a red hue and tripel a high alcohol lightly gold colored beer some specialty beers are based on monastic brewing recipes the best known among them are the trappist beers which are brewed under direct control of the monks themselves only six trappist monasteries in belgium and one in the netherlands b |
rew this beer similar styled ales brewed by commercial breweries sometimes under licence of an actual monastery are called abbey beer german barley ales these are old style ales fermented in germany a long cold conditioning period yields a cleaner style free of the esters that one finds in uk ales altbier k lsch wheat beer wheat beer is found mostly in germany but examples can also be found in the united states and belgium german wheat beers are typically fermented with a yeast that yields esters with banana and clovelike flavours in contrast to most styles these beers are typically served unfiltered with the suspended yeast clouding the beverage thus the german name heffe for yeast in american microbreweries wheat beer is usually fermented with a clean yeast and filtered often this beer is combined with fruit flavors e g raspberry wheat beers to create a light refreshing drink belgian witbier bi re blanche weissbier hefeweizen and dunkelweizen specialty ales lambic a sour ale fermented by wild yeast sometime |
s flavored with fruit berliner weisse a low strength sour wheat ale originating in berlin flanders ale saison oud bruin bi re de garde a unique farmhouse style sour ale produced primarily in the flanders region of belgium and france rauchbier a style of beer made with smoked malt while beers called rauchbier may be ale the classic examples are technically lagers beer the word amateur has at least two connotations in the first more widely used manner it means someone performing some task without pay in contrast to a professional who would be paid for the same task in this sense labeling someone an amateur can have a negative connotation for example amateur athletes in sports such as basketball or football would not be regarded as having ability on par with professional athletes in those sports where this can be interesting is in the case of the olympic games most olympic events required that the athletes be amateurs or non professionals to receive pay to perform the sport could have disqualified an athlete fro |
m an event as in the case of jim thorpe such regulations are now nonexistent for all olympic sports with the exception of boxing also in the areas of computer programming and open source as well as astronomy and ornithology many amateurs make very meaningful contributions equivalent to or exceeding those of the professionals to many description as an amateur is losing its negative meaning and actually carries a badge of honor the other perhaps somewhat obsolescent usage stems from the french form of the latin root of the word meaning a lover of see amateurism in this sense retaining its french inflexion am a teur an amateur may be as competent as a paid professional yet is motivated by a love or passion for the activity like a connoisseur in the one seven th and one eight th centuries virtuoso had similar connotations of passionate involvement indeed another thriving example of such work is amateur dramatics whether plays or musical theater often performed to high standards but lacking the budgets of the prof |
essional west end theatre broadway theatreversions and with an intense passion for the scene it has been suggested that the crude all or nothing categories of professional or amateur should be reconsidered a historical shift is occurring with the rise of pro ams a new category of people that are pursuing amateur activities to professional standards see also volunteer hobby particularly for amateur radio also known as ham radio occupations ambrose gwinnett bierce june two four one eight four two one nine one four was an american satirist critic poet short story writer editor and journalist a portrait of ambrose bierce date unknown his clear style and lack of sentimentality have kept him popular when many of his contemporaries have become obscure his dark sardonic views and vehemence as a critic earned him the nickname bitter bierce such was bierce s venerable reputation that it was feared that his judgment on any contemporary fiction of the day could make or break a writer s career early life and military care |
er born in a rural area of meigs county ohio bierce resided during his adolescence in the town of elkhart indiana at the outset of the american civil war bierce enlisted in the ninth regiment indiana volunteers as part of the union army in february one eight six two he was commissioned as a first lieutenant and served on the staff of gen william babcock hazen as a topographical engineer making maps of likely battlefields he fought bravely in several of the war s most important battles at one point receiving newspaper attention for his daring rescue under fire of a gravely wounded comrade at the battle of girard hill west virginia in june one eight six four he received a serious head wound at the battle of kennesaw mountain and spent the rest of the summer on furlough but returned to active duty in september and was ultimately discharged from the army in january one eight six five his military career however resumed when in the summer of one eight six six he rejoined gen hazen as part of the latter s expeditio |
n to inspect military outposts across the western plains the expedition proceeded by horseback and wagon from omaha nebraska arriving in san francisco near the end of the year journalism in san francisco bierce resigned from the army and received the rank of brevet major he remained there for many years eventually becoming famous as a contributor and or editor for a number of local newspapers and periodicals including the san francisco news letter the argonaut and the wasp bierce lived and wrote in england from one eight seven two to one eight seven five returning to the united states he again took up residence in san francisco in one eight seven nine one eight eight zero he went to rockerville and deadwood south dakota in the dakota territory to try his hand as local manager for a new york mining company but when the company failed he returned to san francisco and resumed his career in journalism in one eight eight seven he became one of the first regular columnists and editorialists to be employed on willia |
m randolph hearst s newspaper the san francisco examiner eventually becoming one of the most prominent and influential among the writers and journalists of the west coast in december one eight nine nine he moved to washington d c but continued his association with the hearst newspapers until one nine zero six the mckinley accusation because of his penchant for biting social criticism and satire bierce s long newspaper career was often steeped in controversy on several occasions his columns stirred up a storm of hostile reaction which created difficulties for hearst one of the most notable of these incidents occurred following the assassination of president william mckinley when hearst s political opponents turned a satirical poem bierce had written in one nine zero zero into a cause c l bre bierce meant his poem written on the occasion of the assassination of governor elect william goebel of kentucky to express a national mood of dismay and fear but after mckinley was shot in one nine zero one it seemed to fo |
reshadow the crime the bullet that pierced goebel s breast can not be found in all the west good reason it is speeding here to stretch mckinley on his bier hearst was presumably falsely accused by rival newspapers and by then secretary of state elihu root of having called for mckinley s assassination despite a national uproar that ended his ambitions for the presidency and even his membership in the bohemian club hearst neither revealed bierce as the author of the poem nor fired him literary works his short stories are considered among the best of the one nine th century he wrote realistically of the terrible things he had seen in the war in such stories as an occurrence at owl creek bridge killed at resaca and chickamauga bierce was reckoned a master of pure english by his contemporaries and virtually everything that came from his pen was notable for its judicious wording and economy of style he wrote skillfully in a variety of literary genres and in addition to his celebrated ghost and war stories he publis |
hed several volumes of poetry and verse his fantastic fables anticipated the ironic style of grotesquerie that turned into a genre in the two zero th century one of bierce s most famous works is his much quoted book the devil s dictionary originally a newspaper serialization which was first published in book form in one nine zero six as the cynic s word book it offers an interesting reinterpretation of the english language in which cant and political double talk are neatly lampooned bierce s twelve volume collected works were published in one nine zero nine the seventh volume of which consists solely of the devil s dictionary the title bierce himself preferred to the cynic s word book disappearance in october one nine one three the septuagenarian bierce departed washington on a tour to revisit his old civil war battlefields by december he had proceeded on through louisiana and texas crossing by way of el paso into mexico which was then in the throes of revolution in ciudad ju rez he joined the army of pancho |
villa as an observer in which role he participated in the battle of tierra blanca he is known to have accompanied villa s army as far as the city of chihuahua chihuahua after a last letter to a close friend sent from that city on december two six one nine one three he vanished without a trace becoming one of the most famous disappearances in american literary history subsequent investigations to ascertain his fate were fruitless and despite many decades of speculation his disappearance remains a mystery in one of his last letters bierce wrote good by if you hear of my being stood up against a mexican stone wall and shot to rags please know that i think that a pretty good way to depart this life it beats old age disease or falling down the cellar stairs to be a gringo in mexico ah that is euthanasia bierce in popular culture robert w chambers borrowed several terms and fictional locations including for instance carcosa and hastur from bierce for use in his book of horror short stories the king in yellow the ho |
rror writer h p lovecraft later incorporated these into his own work as did other authors who later extended lovecraft s characters and themes collectively creating the cthulhu mythos robert bloch s short story i like blondes published in playboy one nine five six is constructed around a group of alien bodysnatchers frequenting earth the narrator s host body s name was beers ambrose beers i believe he picked it up in mexico a long time ago at least three films have been made of bierce s story an occurrence at owl creek bridge a silent movie version was made in the one nine two zero s a french version called la rivi re du hibou directed by robert enrico was released in one nine six two available as of two zero zero five this is a black and white film faithfully recounting the original narrative using voice over another version directed by brian james egan was released in two zero zero five the story was also used for an episode of the television series the twilight zone an occurrence at owl creek bridge a copy |
of an occurrence at owl creek bridge appeared in the abc television series lost ep the long con airdate february eight two zero zero six mexican novelist carlos fuentes wrote gringo viejo the old gringo a fictionalized account of bierce s disappearance fuentes s keenly observed novel was later adapted as a motion picture with gregory peck in the title role bierce appears as a character in the two zero zero zero movie from dusk till dawn three the hangman s daughter set in one nine one three a prequel to the original from dusk till dawn while traveling to join up with villa bierce is first attacked by bandits and then trapped in a bar filled with vampires bent on killing all the humans inside this clearly fictional adventure also portrayed bierce as an alcoholic in that movie ambrose bierce was played by michael parks bierce appears as a character in robert a heinlein s novella lost legacy published in the short story collection assignment in eternity in the story bierce is one of a league of humans who have |
learned to use the unused portions of their brains and have advanced mental powers bierce appears as the main character and narrator in the story the oxoxoco bottle by gerald kersh the bulk of the story purports to be a manuscript written by bierce on his last journey in mexico and relates a very strange adventure the manner of his death however remains a mystery at the end bierce is depicted as a detective in series of mystery novels by oakley hall including ambrose bierce and the queen of spades and ambrose bierce and the death of kings in dc comics s miniseries stanley and his monster bierce or at least a character claiming to be bierce appears as a sardonic trenchcoat clad adventurer into the supernatual very similar to john constantine although bierce derides constantine as a clown he admits that he and constantine are but two of several trenchcoated occult adventurers at large in the world perhaps an implication by the writer that the archetype of the sarcastic commentator on the occult exemplified by c |
onstantine can be traced back to bierce as narrator of his own horror stories when the comic book bierce learns that the boy stanley s friend the nameless monster is a demon he considers vanquishing him but soon realizes that the monster is a benevolent demon and instead helps stanley and his friend against other demons primary books tales of soldiers and civilians a k a in the midst of life one eight nine two can such things be one eight nine three collected works one nine zero nine external links the ambrose bierce site the ambrose bierce appreciation society the ambrose bierce project ambrose bierce the old gringo fact fiction and fantasy one of bierce s last letters biography and quotes of ambrose bierce waking ambrose modern adjustments of the devil s dictionary ambrose bierce free audiobook of the parenticide club from librivox free audiobook of present at a hanging and other ghost stories from librivox free audiobook of baby tramp from librivox the malignancy of nature in bierce s horror stories a read |
ing of an occurrence at owl creek bridge and a discussion of the life and writing of ambrose bierce realaudio essay on bierce s short stories alan gulette s bierce page one eight four two births american poets american journalists american columnists american satirists american horror writers american short story writers disappeared people hearst corporation people people from ohio alexis carrel alexis carrel june two eight one eight seven three november five one nine four four was a french surgeon and biologist he was awarded the nobel prize in physiology or medicine in one nine one two born and educated in lyon france he practiced in france and the united states university of chicago and the rockefeller institute he developed new techniques in vascular sutures and was a pioneer in transplantology and thoracic surgery he was a member of learned societies in the united states of america spain russia sweden the netherlands belgium france vatican city germany italy and greece and received honorary doctorates fr |
om the universities of belfast princeton california new york brown and columbia contributions to science on january one seven one nine one two he placed a part of chicken s embryo heart in fresh nutrient medium in a stoppered pyrex flask of his design every forty eight hours the tissue doubled in size and was transferred to a new flask the tissue was still growing two zero years later longer than life of the chicken itself carrel was honored in one nine one two with a nobel prize in medicine in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs during the first world war carrel and the english chemist henry drysdale dakin developed the carrel dakin method of treating wounds with sutures which prior to the development of widespread antibiotics was responsible for saving many lives for this carrel was awarded the l gion d honneur he co authored a book with charles a lindbergh the culture of organs and worked with lindbergh in the mid one nine three zero s to create th |
e perfusion pump which allowed living organs to exist outside of the body during surgery the advance is said to have been a crucial step in the development of open heart surgery and organ transplants and to have laid the groundwork for the artificial heart which became a reality decades later some critics of lindbergh claimed that carrel overstated lindbergh s role to gain media attention wallace american axis p one zero one both lindbergh and carrel appeared on the cover of time magazine on june one three one nine three eight in one nine seven two the swedish post office honored carrel with a stamp that was part of its nobel stamp series in one nine seven nine the lunar crater carrel was named after him as a tribute to his scientific breakthroughs relation to eugenics and fascism in one nine three five carrel published a best selling book titled l homme cet inconnu man the unknown which advocated in part that mankind could better itself by following the guidance of an elite group intellectuals and by impleme |
nting a regime of enforced eugenics roger callois writing in the edge of surrealism quotes and paraphrases l homme cet inconnu as follows p resent day proletarians owe their status to inherited intellectual and physical defects sancta simplicitas and he suggests that this state of affairs should be accenetuated through appropriate measures so as to correlate social and biological inequalities more precisely society would then be directed by a hereditary aristocracy composed of descendants from the crusaders the heroes of the revolution the great criminals the financial and industrial magnates p three six zero carrel advocated the use of gas chambers to rid humanity of inferior stock his endorsement of this idea began in the mid one nine three zero s prior to nazi implementation of such practices in the one nine three six german introduction of his book at the publishers request he added the following praise of the nazi regime which did not appear in the editions in other languages t he german government has t |
aken energetic measures against the propagation of the defective the mentally diseased and the criminal the ideal solution would be the suppression of each of these individuals as soon as he has proven himself to be dangerous quoted in reggiani p three three nine he also wrote t he conditioning of petty criminals with the whip or some more scientific procedure followed by a short stay in hospital would probably suffice to insure order those who have murdered robbed while armed with automatic pistol or machine gun kidnapped children despoiled the poor of their savings misled the public in important matters should be humanely and economically disposed of in small euthanasic institutions supplied with proper gasses a similar treatment could be advantageously applied to the insane guilty of criminal acts quoted in szasz in one nine three seven carrel joined jean coutrot s centre d etudes des probl mes humains coutrot s aim was to develop what he called an economic humanism through collective thinking in one nine |
four one through connections to the petain cabinet specifically french industrial physicians andr gros and jacques m n trier he went on to advocate for the creation of fondation fran aise pour l etude des probl mes humains french foundation for the study of human problems which was created by decree of the collaborationist vichy regime in one nine four one and where he served as regent see andr s horacio reggiani alexis carrel the unknown eugenics and population research under vichy as well as callois p one zero seven the foundation was chartered as a public institution under the joint supervision of the ministries of finance and public health it was given financial autonomy and a budget of forty million francs roughly one franc per inhabitant a true luxury considering the burdens imposed by the german occupation on the nation s resources by way of comparison the whole centre national de la recherche scientifique cnrs was given a budget of fifty million francs reggiani according to par gwen terrenoire writing |
in eugenics in france one nine one three one nine four one a review of research findings joint programmatic commission unesco ong science and ethics two zero zero three the foundation was a puridisciplinary centre that employed around three zero zero researchers mainly statisticians psychologists physicians from the summer of one nine four two to the end of the autumn of one nine four four after the liberation of paris carrel was suspended by the minister of health he died in november one nine four four but the foundation itself was purged only to reappear in a short time as the institut national d tudes d mographiques ined that is still active scholars including lucien bonnaf patrick tort and max lafont have accused carrel of responsibility for the execution of thousands of mentally ill or impaired patients under vichy they argue that this policy was inspired by carrel s advocacy other scholars state that carrel merely provided intellectual cover for policies that would have been undertaken with or without |
his advocacy all this eventually led many in france to accuse him of collaboration with the nazis this association with vichy and the harshness of his advocacy for eugenics has led to his descent from fame to obscurity in recent years jean marie le pen the french neo fascist politician has become an advocate for carrel referring to him as the first environmentalist or if you will the first modern ecologist precisely because he committed himself to defining the relationships of natural harmony le pen l espoir one three three one three four cited in golson fascism s return his writings on eugenics are studied avidly in the training camps of the national front lucien bonnaf and patrick tort l homme cet inconnu alexis carrel jean marie le pen et les chambres a gaz in the one nine nine zero s the attention the national front s support brought to carrel s fascist associations and advocacy for forced euthenasia created a series of controversies with respect to streets and institutions named in honor of carrel over t |
wo zero french cities and towns including paris renamed streets previously named for carrel the controvery came to a head in lyon his birhtplace where a medical school was named in his honor lyon lib ration questioned the wisdom of this in response to this i n may one nine nine five the palais des congr s of lyon hosted a conference on carrel and scientific racism at which several of the participants accused the inquiry commission of whitewashing the controversial scientist in early one nine nine six after five years of embarrassing publicity the governing board of the university of lyon decided to rename its school of medicine after ren la nnec inventor of the stethoscope in the united states as well as france the one nine nine zero s were not kind to carrel s reputation in an interview for pbs the american experience historian arthur schlesinger jr blamed carrel for charles lindbergh s increasing racism in the one nine three zero s schlesinger states in response to a question concerning the source of lindbe |
rgh s beliefs on this subject i suppose he got a lot of it from alexis carrel the french biologist who had a kind of racial mysticism of a sort alleged influence on the rise of islamism carrel s eugenic ideas are alleged by some scholars to have had superficial commonalities with the thought of such early advocates of islamism as ali shariati and muslim brotherhood propagandist sayyed qutb qutb in fact cites carrel more than any other author qutb was one of the key philosophers in the muslim brotherhood movement after the death of its founder in one nine four nine and qutb s brother was bin laden s intellectual mentor at king abdul aziz university in jeddah along with abdullah azzam for more on the carrel islamist connection see tariq ali clash of fundamentalisms p two seven four youssef choueiri islamic fundamentalism london one nine nine zero and rudolph walther die seltsamen lehren des doktor carrel die zeit three one zero seven two zero zero three nr three two tariq ali youssef choueiri abu rabi and aziz |
al azmeh as well as other scholars of islamism see carrel as a primary if unwitting influence on the origin of islamism quoting from rudolf walther s article in die zeit t he superficial commonalities between carrel and qutb are plain we meet the medical man s elite in a scientific monastery as qutb s avant garde and the carrel s biological classes are qutb s belief classes whether civilization carrel or barbarism qutb neither are worthy of us because they contradict our true nature carrel or qutb s good healthy nature both are in agreement in their goal to reconcile knowledge and belief qutb follows carrel in making human nature the condition and measure of all thought and action because human nature is simultaneously posited as god given both immunize human nature against criticism because god answers queries as little as nature does objections the core of qutb s supposed middle eastern islamism is formed by a naturalistic logical error that is deeply rooted in european philosophy carrel writes the goal of |
life is to follow the laws of life we decipher these laws from our bodies and our souls not from philosophical systems and concepts thus ethical norms laws of life are derived directly from biological facts and psychological diagnoses translated to qutb s language human freedom and thus a free varied society are not possible only obedience to the law of god what qutb calls the islamic method the integration of education ethics economics and politics to a unified system of divine uniqueness matches carrel s unification of all capabilities and their coordination to a single belief the super science in every detail this influence is ironic given that carrel himself was a devoted roman catholic and christian mystic he mentions islam in man the unknown just once and not in a complimentary manner he notes of european christian civilization that a t the cost of immense efforts we succeeded in thrusting back the sleep of islamism throughout his book he refers to european civilization as christendom moreover he believ |
ed in the racial superiority of northern europeans these ideas would have been anathema to qutb external links web page about alexis carrel nobel prize presentation speech to dr carrel nobel prize biography of dr carrel alexis carrel and sayyid qutb sayyid qutb s french connection monday august one eight two zero zero three sources carrel alexis man the unknown new york and london harper and brothers one nine three five andr s horacio reggiani alexis carrel the unknown eugenics and population research under vichy french historical studies two five two spring two zero zero two wallace max the american axis henry ford charles lindbergh and the rise of the third reich st martin s press new york two zero zero three szasz ts the theology of medicine new york syracuse university press one nine seven seven ali tariq clash of fundamentalisms verso london two zero zero two choueiri youssef islamic fundamentalism continuum international publishing group london two zero zero two walther rudolph die seltsamen lehren des |
doktor carrel die zeit three one zero seven two zero zero three nr three two bonnaf lucien and tort patrick l homme cet inconnu alexis carrel jean marie le pen et les chambres a gaz editions syllepse one nine nine six abu rabi ibrahim m intellectual origins of islamic resurgence suny press albany one nine nine six azmeh aziz aziz al azmeh islams and modernities verso london one nine nine three berman paul terror and liberalism w w norton two zero zero three mairowitz david zane fascism a la mode in france the far right presses for national purity harper s magazine one zero one one nine nine seven pioneers of islamic revival edited by ali rahnema zed books london one nine nine four schneider william quality and quantity the quest for biological regeneration in twentieth century france cambridge studies in the history of medicine chap seven french eugenics in the thirties and one zero vichy and after terrenoire par gwen cnrs eugenics in france one nine one three one nine four one a review of research findings j |
oint programmatic commission unesco ong science and ethics march two four two zero zero three one eight seven three births one nine four four deaths nobel prize in physiology or medicine winners members of the pontifical academy of sciences american physicians robert anthony eden one st earl of avon kg mc pc june one two one eight nine seven january one four one nine seven seven british politician was foreign secretary during world war ii and prime minister of the united kingdom during the one nine five zero s he is remembered mainly for his role in the disastrous suez crisis of one nine five six in a two zero zero four poll of one three nine political science academics organised by mori eden was voted the least successful british prime minister of the two zero th century this echoed the outcome of an earlier survey by bbc radio s the westminster hour ranking the british prime ministers of the two zero th century winston churchill came top eden bottom early career eden was born in durham into a very conservat |
ive landowner family his mother sybil grey was a member of the famous grey family of northumberland see below he studied at eton and christ church oxford where he graduated in oriental languages he was fluent in french german and persian he also spoke russian and arabic following a military career during the first world war during which he received a military cross eden entered politics in one nine two three when he was elected member of parliament for warwick and leamington as a conservative in that year also he married beatrice beckett they had two sons but the marriage was not a success and broke up under the strain of eden s political career eden became parliamentary private secretary at the foreign office in one nine two six in one nine three one he was promoted to under secretary for foreign affairs in one nine three four he was appointed lord privy seal and minister for the league of nations in stanley baldwin s government like many of his generation who had served in the first world war eden was stron |
gly anti war and strove to work through the league of nations to preserve european peace he was however among the first to recognise that peace could not be maintained by appeasement of nazi germany and fascist italy he privately opposed the policy of the foreign secretary sir samuel hoare of trying to appease italy during its invasion of abyssinia ethiopia in one nine three five when hoare resigned after the failure of the hoare laval pact eden succeeded him as foreign secretary at this stage in his career eden was considered as something of a leader of fashion he regularly wore a homburg hat similar to a bowler hat but with an upturned brim which became forever known in britain by his name he had an elder brother called timothy and a younger brother nicholas who had been killed when the indefatigable had been sunk at the battle of jutland in one nine one six foreign secretary eden became foreign secretary at a time when britain was having to adjust its foreign policy to face the rise of the fascist powers h |
e supported the policy of non interference in the spanish civil war and supported neville chamberlain in his efforts to preserve peace through reasonable concessions to germany he did not protest when britain and france failed to oppose hitler s reoccupation of the rhineland in one nine three six but in february one nine three eight he resigned because he could not accept chamberlain s opening of negotiations with italy this made him an ally of winston churchill then a rebel backbench conservative mp and leading critic of appeasement there was much speculation that eden would become a rallying point for all the disparate opponents of chamberlain but instead he maintained a low profile avoiding confrontation though he opposed the munich agreement as a result eden s position declined heavily amongst politicians though he remained popular in the country at large in september one nine three nine on the outbreak of war eden returned to chamberlain s government as secretary of state for dominion affairs but was not |
in the war cabinet as a result he was not considered a candidate for the premiership when chamberlain resigned after germany invaded france in may one nine four zero and churchill became prime minister he appointed eden secretary of state for war later in one nine four zero he returned to the foreign office and in this role became a member of the executive committee of the political warfare executive in one nine four one although he was one of churchill s closest confidents his role in wartime was restricted because churchill conducted the most important negotiations with franklin d roosevelt and joseph stalin himself but eden served loyally as churchill s lieutenant nevertheless he was in charge of handling much of the relations between britain and de gaulle during the last years of the war in one nine four two he was given the additional job of leader of the house of commons after the labour party won the one nine four five elections eden went into opposition as deputy leader of the conservative party many |
felt that churchill should have retired and allowed eden to become party leader but churchill refused to consider this and eden was too loyal to press him he was in any case depressed during this period by the break up of his first marriage and the death of his eldest son simon eden in the last days of the war in one nine five one the conservatives returned to office and eden became foreign secretary for a third time churchill was largely a figurehead in this government and eden had effective control of british foreign policy for the first time as the cold war grew more intense he dealt effectively with the various crises of the period although britain was no longer the world power it had been before the war in one nine five zero he and beatrice eden were finally divorced and in one nine five two he married churchill s niece lady clarissa spencer churchill b one nine two zero a nominal roman catholic who was fiercely criticized by catholic writer evelyn waugh for marrying a divorced man a marriage much more |
successful than his first had been in one nine five three eden underwent a series of operations at boston s lahey clinic to correct a minor gall bladder complaint unfortunately eden s health never fully recovered this was to undermine his subsequent career in one nine five four he was made a knight of the garter prime minister arms of anthony eden in april one nine five five churchill finally retired and sir anthony succeeded him as prime minister eden was a very popular figure as a result of his long wartime service and also his famous good looks and charm on taking office he immediately called a general election at which the conservatives were returned with an increased majority but sir anthony had never held a domestic portfolio and had little experience in economic matters he left these areas to his lieutenants such as rab butler and concentrated largely on foreign policy forming a close alliance with u s president dwight eisenhower his famous words peace comes first always added to his already substantia |
l popularity this alliance proved illusory however when in one nine five six sir anthony in conjunction with france tried to prevent gamal abdel nasser president of egypt nationalising the suez canal which had been owned since the one nine th century by british and french shareholders in the suez canal company sir anthony drawing on his experience in the one nine three zero s saw nasser as another mussolini sir anthony considered the two men aggressive nationalist socialists determined to invade other countries others believed that nasser was acting from legitimate patriotic concerns in october one nine five six after months of negotiation and attempts at mediation had failed to dissuade nasser britain and france in conjunction with israel invaded egypt and occupied the suez canal zone but eisenhower immediately and strongly opposed the invasion the u s president was an advocate of decolonisation because it would liberate colonies strengthen u s interests and presumably make other arab and african leaders mor |
e sympathetic to the united states eden had ignored britain s financial dependence on the u s in the wake of world war ii and was forced to bow to american pressure to withdraw the suez crisis is widely taken as marking the end of britain along with france as a world power the suez fiasco ruined sir anthony s reputation for statesmanship and led to a breakdown in his health his chancellor harold macmillan despite having been one of the architects of suez manoeuvred eden into resignation and succeeded him as prime minister in january one nine five seven eden retained his personal popularity and was made earl of avon in one nine six one retirement in retirement he lived quietly in wiltshire with his second wife and published a highly acclaimed personal memoir another world as well as several volumes of political memoirs on a trip to the united states in one nine seven seven his health rapidly deteriorated at his request james callaghan sent the raf to fly him home to die the earl of avon died from liver cancer |
in salisbury in one nine seven seven at the age of seven nine from one nine four five one nine seven three eden was chancellor of the university of birmingham england he was recently voted the least effective british prime minister of the twentieth century by a bbc poll which was topped by rival clement attlee eden s surviving son nicholas eden one nine three zero one nine eight five known as viscount eden until one nine seven seven was also a politician and was a minister in the thatcher government until his premature death from aids at the age of five four the papers of eden are housed at the university of birmingham special collections the eden government anthony eden prime minister lord kilmuir lord chancellor lord salisbury lord president of the council harry crookshank lord privy seal and leader of the house of commons rab butler chancellor of the exchequer harold macmillan secretary of state for foreign affairs gwilym lloyd george secretary of state for the home department alan lennox boyd secretary of |
state for the colonies lord home secretary of state for commonwealth relations peter thorneycroft president of the board of trade lord woolton chancellor of the duchy of lancaster sir david eccles minister of education james stuart secretary of state for scotland derick heathcoat amory minister of agriculture sir walter turner monckton minister of labour and national service selwyn lloyd minister of defence duncan sandys minister of housing and local government osbert peake minister of pensions and national insurance changes december one nine five five rab butler succeeds harry crookshank as lord privy seal and leader of the house of commons harold macmillan succeeds butler as chancellor of the exchequer selwyn lloyd succeeds macmillan as foreign secretary sir walter monckton succeeds lloyd as minister of defence iain macleod succeeds monckton as minister of labour and national service lord selkirk succeeds lord woolton as chancellor of the duchy of lancaster the minister of public works patrick buchan hepbu |
rn enters the cabinet the minister of pensions and national insurance leaves the cabinet upon peake s retirement october one nine five six sir walter monckton becomes paymaster general anthony henry head succeeds monckton as minister of defence the grey eden connection charles grey one st earl grey elizabeth grey charles grey two nd earl grey william grey prime minister maria shireff georgina plowden sir william grey sir william eden sybil grey anthony eden prime minister external links http www discoverychannel co uk alteredstatesmen feature three shtml one eight nine seven births one nine seven seven deaths british army officers british mps british secretaries of state earls in the peerage of the united kingdom former students of christ church oxford knights of the garter leaders of the british conservative party lords privy seal members of the privy council old etonians prime ministers of the united kingdom world war ii political leaders all souls day by william bouguereau all souls day formally commemorat |
io omnium fidelium defunctorum or commemoration of all the faithful departed also called defuncts day in mexico and belgium is the day set apart in the roman catholic church for the commemoration of the faithful departed the celebration is based on the doctrine that the souls of the faithful which at death have not been cleansed from venial sins or have not atoned for past transgressions cannot attain the beatific vision and that they may be helped to do so by prayer and by the sacrifice of the mass the feast falls on november two traditionally because requiem masses could not be celebrated on sundays before vatican ii the feast was transferred to november three if november two is a sunday but this is no longer observed in the novus ordo christian origin the practice of setting apart a special day for intercession for certain of the faithful departed is very old but the first feast of general intercession was first established by odilo abbot of cluny d one zero four eight the legend is given by peter damiani |
in his life of st odilo according to this a pilgrim returning from the holy land was cast by a storm on a desolate island a hermit living there told him that amid the rocks was a chasm communicating with purgatory from which perpetually rose the groans of tortured souls the hermit also claimed he had heard the demons complaining of the efficacy of the prayers of the faithful and especially the monks of cluny in rescuing their victims upon returning home the pilgrim hastened to inform the abbot of cluny who then set two november as a day of intercession on the part of his community for all the souls in purgatory the decree ordaining the celebration is printed in the bollandist acta sanctorum saec vi pt i p five eight five from cluny the custom spread to the other houses of the cluniac order was soon adopted in several dioceses in france and spread throughout the western church in time the entire month of november became associated with prayer for the departed in the western catholic tradition nonetheless the t |
wo november retained a special status as a day set apart for that purpose protestantism at the reformation the celebration of all souls day was abolished in the church of england though it was renewed in certain churches in connection with the catholic revival of the one nine th century the observance was restored with the publication of the one nine eight zero alternative service book and it features in common worship among continental protestants its tradition has been more tenaciously maintained even luther s influence was not sufficient to abolish its celebration in saxony during his lifetime and though its ecclesiastical sanction soon lapsed even in the lutheran church its memory survives strong in popular custom just as it is the custom of french people of all ranks and creeds to decorate the graves of their dead on the jour des morts so german people stream to the graveyards once a year with offerings of flowers pagan roots certain popular beliefs connected with all souls day are of pagan origin and im |
memorial antiquity thus the dead are believed by the peasantry of many catholic countries to return to their former homes on all souls night and partake of the food of the living in tyrol cakes are left for them on the table and the room kept warm for their comfort in brittany people flock to the cemeteries at nightfall to kneel bare headed at the graves of their loved ones and to toll the hollow of the tombstone with holy water or to pour libations of milk on it and at bedtime the supper is left on the table for the souls this tradition though certainly does not make catholicism a pagan religion at all since it is the first christian church and denomination for over a one zero zero zero years see also office of the dead samhain halloween day of the dead zaduszki external links catholic encyclopedia all souls day american catholic saints faqs all saints and all souls days liturgical calendar anatole france april one six one eight four four october one two one nine two four was the pen name of french author ja |
cques anatole fran ois thibault he was born in paris france and died in tours indre et loire france in addition to being a celebrated author anatole was also documented to have a brain volume just two thirds the normal size in one eight nine six he was made a member of the acad mie fran aise in the one nine two zero s france s writings were put on the index of forbidden books of the roman catholic church he was awarded the nobel prize in literature in one nine two one works partial list penguin island l le des pingouins the crime of sylvestre bonnard le crime de sylvester bonnard tha s the human tragedy l humaine tragedie the queen pedauque la rotisserie de la reine pedauque the red lily le lys rouge the revolt of the angels la revolte des anges crainquebille putois riquet et plusieurs autres recits profitables les sept femmes de la barbe bleue et autres contes merveilleux monsieur bergeret a paris sur la pierre blanche the man who married a dumb wife play the gods will have blood the gods are a thirst the li |
fe of joan of arc two volumes mother of pearl famous sayings the law in its majestic equality forbids the rich as well as the poor to sleep under bridges to beg in the streets and to steal bread i prefer the errors of enthusiasm to the indifference of wisdom if fifty million people say a foolish thing it is still a foolish thing when a thing has been said and said well have no scruple take it and copy it let us give to men irony and pity as witnesses and judges make hatred hated never lend books for no one ever returns them the only books i have in my library are those that other people have lent me to accomplish great things we must not only act but also dream not only plan but also believe without the utopians of other times men would still live in caves miserable and naked utopia is the principle of all progress adn the essay into a better world external links the seven wives of bluebeard english by anatole france the story of the duchess of cicogne and of monsieur de boulingrin english by anatole france a |
natole france biography one eight four four births one nine two four deaths members of the acad mie fran aise nobel prize in literature winners french novelists french satirists andr paul guillaume gide november two two one eight six nine february one nine one nine five one was a french author and winner of the nobel prize in literature in one nine four seven gide s career spanned from the symbolist movement to the advent of anticolonialism in between the two world wars gide s work can be seen as an investigation of freedom and empowerment in the face of moralistic and puritan constraints and gravitates around his continuous effort to achieve intellectual honesty his self exploratory texts reflect his search of how to be fully oneself even to the point of owning one s sexual nature without at the same time betraying one s values his political activity is informed by the same ethos as suggested by his repudiation of communism after his one nine three six voyage to the ussr known for his fiction as well as his |
autobiographical works gide exposes to public view the conflict and eventual reconciliation between the two sides of his personality split apart by a straightlaced education and a narrow social moralism as he perceives himself the austere and refined protestant and the divinely inspired and no longer blushing pederast early life gide was born in paris france on november two two one eight six nine his father was a paris university professor of law and died one eight eight zero his uncle was the political economist charles gide gide was brought up in isolated conditions in normandy and became a prolific writer at an early age publishing in one eight nine one his first novel the notebooks of andre walter french les cahiers d andr walter in one eight nine three and one eight nine four gide traveled in northern africa he befriended oscar wilde in algiers and there clearly recognized his own pederastic orientation but how can i describe my delirium at holding in my naked arms that perfect savage little brown body e |
ager lacivious i spent a long time after mohammed had left me in a state of trembling exaltation and although i had reached the peak of pleasure five times with him i re lived my ecstasy again and again and back at my room at the hotel prolonged the memories until dawn at the first pale light i got up and ran yes really ran in sandals far beyond mustapha a kind of lightness of the body and soul did not leave me all day si le grain ne meurt though sympathetic to the plight of homosexuals in his day he never saw himself as one of them claiming that i was never homosexual in the sense of finding men attractive the middle years in one eight nine five after his mother s death he married his cousin madeleine rondeaux but the marriage remained unconsummated in one eight nine six he was mayor of la roque baignard a commune in normandy in one nine zero eight gide helped found the literary magazine nouvelle revue fran aise the new french review in one nine one six marc all gret one six becomes his lover he was the son |
of elie allegret best man at gide s wedding of allegret s five children andre gide adopted marc the two elope to london in retribution for which his wife burns all his correspondence the best part of myself as he was later to comment in one nine one eight he met dorothy bussy who was his friend for over thirty years and who would translate all his works into english in the one nine two zero s gide became an inspiration for writers like albert camus and jean paul sartre in one nine two three he published a book on fyodor dostoyevsky however when he defended homosexuality in the public edition of corydon one nine two four he received widespread condemnation he later considered this his most important work in one nine two three he conceived a daughter named catherine with another woman elisabeth van rysselberghe daughter of his friend the belgian neo impressionist painter th o van rysselberghe his wife madeleine died in one nine three eight later he used the background of his unconsummated marriage in his novel |
et nunc manet in te the novel included passages about ponies and bananas these works were unconventional at the time and became instant classics one nine five one after one nine two five he began to demand more humane conditions for criminals in one nine two six he published an autobiography if it die french si le grain ne meurt africa from july one nine two six to may one nine two seven he travelled through the french equatorial africa colony with his lover marc all gret he went successively in middle congo now the republic of the congo in oubangui chari now the central african republic briefly in chad and then in cameroun before returning to france he related his peregrinations in a journal called travels in the congo french voyage au congo and return from chad french retour du tchad in this published journal he criticized the behavior of french business interests in the congo and inspired reform in particular he strongly criticized the large concessions regime french r gime des grandes concessions i e a re |
gime according to which part of the colony was conceded to french companies and where these companies could exploit all area s natural resources in particular rubber he related for instance how natives were forced to leave their village during several weeks to collect rubber in the forest and went as far as comparing their exploitation to slavery russia during the one nine three zero s he briefly became a communist but became disillusioned after his visit to soviet union his criticism of communism caused him to lose many of his socialist friends especially when he made a clean break with it in retour de l u r s s in one nine three six he was also a contributor to the god that failed the one nine four zero s gide left france for africa in one nine four two and lived in tunis until the end of world war ii in one nine four seven he received the nobel prize in literature gide died on february one nine one nine five one partial list of works les cahiers d andr walter one eight nine one le trait du narcisse one eig |
ht nine one les po sies d andr walter one eight nine two le voyage d urien one eight nine three la tentative amoureuse one eight nine three paludes one eight nine five r flexions sur quelques points de litt rature one eight nine seven les nourritures terrestres one eight nine seven feuilles de route one eight nine five one eight nine six one eight nine seven el hadj le prom th e mal encha n one eight nine nine philoct te one eight nine nine lettres ang le one nine zero zero de l influence en litt rature one nine zero zero le roi candaule one nine zero one les limites de l art one nine zero one l immoraliste one nine zero two sa l one nine zero three de l importance du public one nine zero three pr textes one nine zero three amyntas one nine zero six le retour de l enfant prodigue one nine zero seven dosto evsky d apr s sa correspondance one nine zero eight la porte troite one nine zero nine oscar wilde one nine one zero nouveaux pr textes one nine one one charles louis philippe one nine one one c r d n one ni |
ne one one isabelle one nine one one bethsab one nine one two souvenirs de la cour d assises one nine one four les caves du vatican one nine one four la symphonie pastorale one nine one nine corydon one nine two zero numquid et tu one nine two two dosto evsky one nine two three incidences one nine two four caract res one nine two five les faux monnayeurs one nine two five si le grain ne meurt one nine two six le journal des faux monnayeurs one nine two six dindiki one nine two seven voyage au congo one nine two seven le retour de tchad one nine two eight l cole des femmes one nine two nine essai sur montaigne one nine two nine un esprit non pr venu one nine two nine robert one nine three zero la s questr e de poitiers one nine three zero l affaire redureau one nine three zero dipe one nine three one pers phone one nine three four les nouvelles nourritures one nine three five genevi ve one nine three six retour de l u r s s one nine three six retouches mon retour de l u r s s one nine three seven notes sur cho |
pin one nine three eight journal one eight eight nine one nine three nine one nine three nine d couvrons henri michaux one nine four one th s e one nine four six le retour one nine four six paul val ry one nine four seven le proc s one nine four seven l arbitraire one nine four seven eloges one nine four eight litt rature engag e one nine five zero the catholic church placed his works on the index of forbidden books in one nine five two see also historical pederastic couples external links center for gidian studies amis d andr gide in french alphabet soup one eight six nine births one nine five one deaths parisians nobel prize in literature winners french novelists french essayists french travel writers pederastic lovers gay writers lgbt rights activists applied statistics is the use of statistics and statistical theory in real life situations anyone committed to empirical observation as a means of knowing the universe about us can apply statistics as a research tool this obviously includes science but includ |
es history and the arts as well for example econometrics makes heavy use of applied statistics to study the economy in each of these areas we need to observe recognize the potential for error in our observations and plan our research to control the observational error see also important publications in applied statistics external links some applets about applied statistics statistics algorithms for calculating variance play a minor role in statistical computing a key problem in the design of good algorithms for this problem is that formulas for the variance may involve sums of squares which can lead to numerical instability as well as to arithmetic overflow when dealing with large values algorithm i a formula for calculating the variance of a population of size n is sigma two frac x i two sum x i two n a formula for calculating an unbiased estimate of the population variance from a finite sample of n observations is s two frac x i two sum x i two n therefore a naive algorithm to calculate the estimated varian |
ce is given by the following pseudocode long n zero double sum zero double sum sqr zero foreach x in data n one sum x sum sqr x x end for double mean sum n double variance sum sqr sum mean n one this algorithm can easily be adapted to compute the variance of a finite population simply divide by n instead of n one on the last line algorithm ii the following formulas can be used to update the mean and estimated variance of the sequence for an additional element x here m denotes the estimate of the population mean s two the estimate of the population variance and n the number of elements in the sequence before the addition m frac x m frac m s two frac x m x m a numerically stable algorithm is given below it also computes the mean this algorithm is due to knuth who cites welford long n zero double mean zero double s zero foreach x in data n one double delta x mean mean delta n s delta x mean this expression uses the new value of mean end for double variance s n one example assume that all floating point operation |
s use the standard ieee seven five four double precision arithmetic consider the sample four seven one three one six from an infinite population based on this sample the estimated population mean is one zero and the estimated population variance is three zero both algorithms compute these values correctly next consider the sample one zero eight four one zero eight seven one zero eight one three one zero eight one six which gives rise to the same estimated variance as the first sample algorithm ii computes this variance estimate correctly but algorithm i returns two nine three three three three three three three three three three three three three three two instead of three zero while this loss of precision may be tolerable and viewed as a minor flaw of algorithm i it is easy to find data that reveal a major flaw in the naive algorithm take the sample to be one zero nine four one zero nine seven one zero nine one three one zero nine one six again the estimated population variance of three zero is computed corr |
ectly by algorithm ii but the naive algorithm now computes it as one seven zero six six six six six six six six six six six six six six this is a serious problem with algorithm i since the variance can by definition never be negative references external links statistics the almond prunus dulcis syn prunus amygdalus or amygdalus communis is a small deciduous tree belonging to the subfamily prunoideae of the family rosaceae an almond is also the fruit of this tree it is classified with the peach in the subgenus amygdalus within prunus distinguished from the other subgenera by the corrugated seed shell the fruit lacks the sweet fleshy outer covering of other members of prunus such as the plum and cherry this being replaced by a leathery coat called a hull which contains the edible kernel commonly called a nut inside a hard shell in botanical parlance the reticulated hard stony shell is called an endocarp and the fruit or exocarp is a drupe having a downy outer coat the tree is probably a native of southwest asia |
and north africa but has been so extensively cultivated for so long over the warm temperate regions of the old world that its original natural distribution is obscure it can ripen fruit as far north as the british isles it is a tree of moderate size the leaves are lanceolate and serrated at the edges and it flowers early in spring production global production of almonds is around one five million tonnes with a low of one million tonnes in one nine nine five and a peak of one eight five million tonnes in two zero zero two fao figures pdf file major producers include greece iran italy morocco portugal spain syria turkey and the united states in spain numerous commercial cultivars of sweet almond are produced most notably the jordan almond imported from m laga and the valencia almond in the united states production is concentrated in california with almonds being california s sixth leading argicultrual product and its top agricultural export california exported almonds valued at one zero eight billion dollars i |
n two zero zero three about seven zero of total california almond crop pollination the pollination of california s almonds is the largest annual managed pollination event in the world with close to one million hives nearly half of all beehives in the usa being trucked in february to the almond groves much of the pollination is managed by pollination brokers who contract with migratory beekeepers from at least three eight states for the event sweet and bitter almond there are two forms of the plant one often with white flowers producing sweet almonds and the other often with pink flowers producing bitter almonds the kernel of the former contains a fixed oil and emulsion as late as the early two zero th century the oil was used internally in medicine with the stipulation that it must not be adulterated with that of the bitter almond it remains fairly popular in alternative medicine particularly as a carrier oil in aromatherapy but has fallen out of prescription among doctors the bitter almond is rather broader |
and shorter than the sweet almond and contains about five zero of the fixed oil which also occurs in sweet almonds it also contains a ferment emulsion which in the presence of water acts on a soluble glucoside amygdalin yielding glucose cyanide and the essential oil of bitter almonds or benzaldehyde bitter almonds may yield from six to eight of prussic acid also known as hydrogen cyanide extract of bitter almond was once used medicinally but even in small doses effects are severe and in larger doses can be deadly the prussic acid must be removed before consumption almond oil oleum amygdalae the fixed oil is prepared from either variety of almond and is a glyceryl oleate with slight odour and a nutty taste it is almost insoluble in alcohol but readily soluble in chloroform or ether it may be used as a substitute for olive oil the sweet almond oil is obtained from the dried kernel of the plant this oil has been traditionally used by massage therapists to lubricate the skin during a massage session being conside |
red by many to be an effective emollient culinary uses while the almond is most often eaten raw it is used in some dishes it along with other nuts is often sprinkled over desserts particularly sundaes and other ice cream based dishes it is also used in baklava there is also almond butter a spread similar to peanut butter popular with peanut allergy sufferers and for its less salty taste the sweet almond itself contains practically no starch and may therefore be made into flour for cakes and biscuits for patients suffering from diabetes mellitus or any other form of glycosuria almond extract is also a popular substitute for vanilla extract among people with diabetes sweet almonds are used in marzipan nougat and macaroons as well as other desserts almonds are a rich source of vitamin e containing two four mg per one zero zero grammes they are also rich in monounsaturated fat one of the two good fats responsible for lowering ldl cholesterol in china almonds are used in a popular dessert when it is mixed with mil |
k and then served hot cultural aspects the almond is highly revered in some cultures among the hebrews it was a symbol of watchfulness and promise due to its early flowering while the chinese consider it a symbol of enduring sadness and female beauty in india consumption of almonds is considered to be good for the brain christian symbolism often uses almond branches as a symbol of the virgin birth of jesus paintings often include almonds encircling the baby jesus and as a symbol of mary in the bible numbers one seven aaron is chosen among the other tribes of israel by a rod that brought forth almond flowers today jews still carry rods of almond blossom to the synagogues on great festival days the fruit of the almond supplied a model for certain kinds of ornamental carved work exodus two five three three three four three seven one nine two zero in a similar legend pope urban once declared that a man named tannh user would not receive forgiveness until his wooden staff bloomed again this occurred after three da |
ys but tannhauser could not be found the nut of the tree has also been used as a preventative for alcohol intoxication folklore claims that almonds are poisonous for foxes the tree grows in syria and israel and is referred to in the bible under the name of shaked meaning hasten the word luz which occurs in genisis three zero three seven and which some translations have as hazel is supposed to be another name for the almond in israel the tree flowers in january the application of shaked or hasten to the almond is similar to the use of the name may for the hawthorn which usually flowers in that month in britain etymology the word almond comes from the old french almande or alemande late latin amandola derived through a form amingdola from the greek amugdale an almond the al for a may be due to a confusion with the arabic article al the word having first dropped the a as in the italian form mandorla the british pronunciation ar mond and the modern french amande show the true form of the word in parts of northern |
california where almonds are a main crop the word is often pronounced with a unique regional accent rather than the usual american pronunciation of ahl mond with the soft a and l it is pronounced with a hard a and nearly silent h as in aah men this method of pronunciation is particularly prevalent near the city of chico in butte county but it is also heard in nearby glenn colusa and tehama counties see also almond milk a milky drink made from ground almonds similar to soy milk almond joy a candy bar fruit trees fruit tree forms pruning fruit trees fruit tree propagation list of edible seeds external links the almond board of california the almond board of california fact sheet almonds are in health and nutrition site the almond board of california rosaceae nuts and seeds pollination management antigua and barbuda s economy is service based with tourism and government services representing the key sources of employment and income tourism accounts directly or indirectly for more than half of gdp and is also th |
e principal earner of foreign exchange in antigua and barbuda however a series of violent hurricanes since one nine nine five resulted in serious damage to tourist infrastructure and periods of sharp reductions in visitor numbers in one nine nine nine the budding offshore financial sector was seriously hurt by financial sanctions imposed by the united states and united kingdom as a result of the loosening of its money laundering controls the government has made efforts to comply with international demands in order to get the sanctions lifted the dual island nation s agricultural production is mainly directed to the domestic market the sector is constrained by the limited water supply and labor shortages that reflect the pull of higher wages in tourism and construction manufacturing comprises enclave type assembly for export with major products being bedding handicrafts and electronic components prospects for economic growth in the medium term will continue to depend on income growth in the industrialized worl |
d especially in the us which accounts for about one third of all tourist arrivals estimated overall economic growth for two zero zero zero was two five inflation has trended down going from above two percent in the one nine nine five nine nine period and estimated at zero percent in two zero zero zero to lessen its vulnerability to natural disasters antigua has been diversifying its economy transportation communications and financial services are becoming important antigua is a member of the eastern caribbean currency union eccu the eastern caribbean central bank eccb issues a common currency the east caribbean dollar for all members of the eccu the eccb also manages monetary policy and regulates and supervises commercial banking activities in its member countries antigua and barbuda is a beneficiary of the u s caribbean basin initiative its one nine nine eight exports to the u s were valued at aboutus three million and its u s imports totaled about us eight four million it also belongs to the predominantly e |
nglish speaking caribbean community caricom gdp purchasing power parity five two four million one nine nine nine est gdp real growth rate two eight one nine nine nine est gdp per capita purchasing power parity eight two zero zero one nine nine nine est gdp composition by sector agriculture four industry one two five services eight three five one nine nine six est population below poverty line na household income or consumption by percentage share lowest one zero na highest one zero na inflation rate consumer prices one six one nine nine nine est labor force three zero zero zero zero labor force by occupation commerce and services eight two agriculture one one industry seven one nine eight three unemployment rate seven one nine nine nine est budget revenues one two two six million expenditures one four one two million including capital expenditures of one seven three million one nine nine seven est industries tourism construction light manufacturing clothing alcohol household appliances industrial production g |
rowth rate six one nine nine seven est electricity production nine zero gwh one nine nine eight electricity production by source fossil fuel one zero zero hydro zero nuclear zero other zero one nine nine eight electricity consumption eight four gwh one nine nine eight electricity exports zero kwh one nine nine eight electricity imports zero kwh one nine nine eight agriculture products cotton fruits vegetables bananas coconuts cucumbers mangoes sugarcane livestock exports three eight million one nine nine eight exports commodities petroleum products four eight manufactures two three food and live animals four machinery and transport equipment one seven exports partners oecs two six barbados one five guyana four trinidad and tobago two us zero three imports three three zero million one nine nine eight imports commodities food and live animals machinery and transport equipment manufactures chemicals petroleum imports partners us two seven uk one six canada four oecs three debt external three five seven million o |
ne nine nine eight economic aid recipient two three million one nine nine five currency one east caribbean dollar ec one zero zero cents exchange rates east caribbean dollars ec per us one two seven zero zero zero fixed rate since one nine seven six fiscal year one april three one march references economy of antigua and barbuda economies by country wto members antigua and barbuda maintains diplomatic relations with the united states canada the united kingdom and the people s republic of china as well as with many latin american countries and neighboring eastern caribbean states it is a member of the united nations the commonwealth of nations the organization of american states the organisation of eastern caribbean states and the eastern caribbean s regional security system rss as a member of caricom antigua and barbuda supported efforts by the united states to implement un security council resolution nine four zero designed to facilitate the departure of haiti s de facto authorities from power the country agr |
eed to contribute personnel to the multinational force which restored the democratically elected government of haiti in october one nine nine four in may one nine nine seven prime minister bird joined one four other caribbean leaders and president clinton for the first ever u s regional summit in bridgetown barbados the summit strengthened the basis for regional cooperation on justice and counter narcotics issues finance and development and trade disputes international none illicit drugs considered a minor transshipment point for narcotics bound for the us and europe more significant as a drug money laundering center reference much of the material in this article comes from the cia world factbook two zero zero zero and the two zero zero three u s department of state website antigua and barbuda foreign relations by country the eternal jew one nine three seven german poster in his hands are zuckerbrot und peitsche or cookies and knout an allusion to a saying similar to that of carrot and stick anti semitism alt |
ernatively spelled antisemitism is hostility toward or prejudice against jews as a religious ethnic or racial group which can range from individual hatred to institutionalized violent persecution the highly explicit ideology of adolf hitler s nazism was the most extreme example of this phenomenon leading to a genocide of the european jewry anti semitism has historically taken different forms religious anti semitism or anti judaism before the one nine th century most anti semitism was primarily religious in nature based on christian or islamic interactions with and interpretations of judaism since judaism was generally the largest minority religion in christian europe and much of the islamic world jews were often the primary targets of religiously motivated violence and persecution from christian and to a lesser degree islamic rulers unlike anti semitism in general this form of prejudice is directed at the religion itself and so generally does not affect those of jewish ancestry who have converted to another r |
eligion although the case of conversos in spain was a notable exception laws banning jewish religious practices may be rooted in religious anti semitism as were the expulsions of the jews that happened throughout the middle ages racial anti semitism with its origins in the anthropological ideas of race that started during the enlightenment racial anti semitism became the dominant form of anti semitism from the late one nine th century through today racial anti semitism replaced the hatred of judaism as a religion with the idea that the jews themselves were a racially distinct group regardless of their religious practice and that they were inferior or worthy of animosity with the rise of racial anti semitism conspiracy theories about jewish plots in which jews were somehow acting in concert to dominate the world became a popular form of anti semitic expression some analysts and jewish groups believe that there is a distinctly new form of late two zero th century anti semitism often called new anti semitism whi |
ch borrows language and concepts from anti zionism but which attacks jews as a group rather than zionism as a movement a second group of observers controversially identify anti zionism itself with anti semitism arguing that anti zionism advocates denial of the right to self determination of the jewish people matas two zero zero five p three one etymology and usage cover page of marr s the way to victory of germanicism over judaism one eight eight zero edition the word antisemitic in german was probably first used in one eight six zero by the jewish scholar moritz steinschneider in the phrase antisemitic prejudices steinschneider used this phrase to characterize ernest renan s ideas about how semitic races were inferior to aryan races these pseudo scientific theories had become quite widespread in europe in the second half of the one nine th century especially as prussian nationalistic historian heinrich von treitschke did much to promote this form of racism in treitschke s writings semitic was practically syn |
onymous with jewish german political agitator wilhelm marr coined the related german word antisemitismus in his book the way to victory of germanicism over judaism in one eight seven nine marr used the phrase to mean jew hatred or judenhass and he used the new word antisemitism to make hatred of the jews seem rational and sanctioned by scientific knowledge marr s book became very popular and in the same year he founded the league of anti semites antisemiten liga the first german organization committed specifically to combatting the alleged threat to germany posed by the jews and advocating their forced removal from the country so far as can be ascertained the word was first widely printed in one eight eight one when marr published zwanglose antisemitische hefte and wilhelm scherer used the term antisemiten in the neue freie presse of january the related word semitism was coined around one eight eight five see also the coinage of the term palestinian by germans to refer to the nation or people known as jews as |
distinct from the religion of judaism despite the use of the prefix anti the terms semitic and anti semitic are not antonyms to avoid the confusion of the misnomer many scholars on the subject such as emil fackenheim of the hebrew university now favor the unhyphenated term antisemitism yehuda bauer articulated this view in his writings and lectures the term antisemitism especially in its hyphenated spelling is inane nonsense because there is no semitism that you can be anti to also in his a history of the holocaust p five two the term anti semitism has historically referred to prejudice towards jews alone and this was the only use of this word for more than a century it does not traditionally refer to prejudice toward other people who speak semitic languages e g arabs or syriacs bernard lewis professor of near eastern studies emeritus at princeton university says that anti semitism has never anywhere been concerned with anyone but jews in recent decades some groups have argued that the term should be extende |
d to include prejudice against arabs anti arabism in the context of accusations of arab anti semitism further some including the islamic association of palestine have argued that this implies that arabs can not by definition be anti semitic despite the acknowledged high level of arab anti semitism the argument for such extension comes out of the claim that since the semitic language family includes arabic hebrew and aramaic languages and the historical term semite refers to all those who consider themselves descendants of the biblical shem anti semitism should be likewise inclusive this usage is not generally accepted definitions of the term anti semitic caricature france one eight nine eight though the general definition of anti semitism is hostility or prejudice towards jews a number of authorities have developed more formal definitions holocaust scholar and city university of new york professor helen fein s definition has been particularly influential she defines anti semitism as a persisting latent struct |
ure of hostile beliefs towards jews as a collective manifested in individuals as attitudes and in culture as myth ideology folklore and imagery and in actions social or legal discrimination political mobilisation against the jews and collective or state violence which results in and or is designed to distance displace or destroy jews as jews professor dietz bering of the university of cologne further expanded on professor fein s definition by describing the structure of anti semitic beliefs to anti semites jews are not only partially but totally bad by nature that is their bad traits are incorrigible because of this bad nature one jews have to be seen not as individuals but as a collective two jews remain essentially alien in the surrounding societies three jews bring disaster on their host societies or on the whole world they are doing it secretly therefore the anti semites feel obliged to unmask the conspiratorial bad jewish character there have been a number of efforts by international and governmental bod |
ies to formally define anti semitism the united states department of state defines anti semitism in its two zero zero five report on global anti semitism as hatred toward jews individually and as a group that can be attributed to the jewish religion and or ethnicity in two zero zero five the european monitoring centre on racism and xenophobia eumc a body of the european union developed a more detailed working definition antisemitism is a certain perception of jews which may be expressed as hatred toward jews rhetorical and physical manifestations of antisemitism are directed toward jewish or non jewish individuals and or their property toward jewish community institutions and religious facilities in addition such manifestations could also target the state of israel conceived as a jewish collectivity antisemitism frequently charges jews with conspiring to harm humanity and it is often used to blame jews for why things go wrong the eumc then listed contemporary examples of anti semitism in public life the media |
schools the workplace and in the religious sphere these included making mendacious dehumanizing demonizing or stereotypical allegations about jews accusing jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single jewish person or group denying the holocaust and accusing jewish citizens of being more loyal to israel or to the alleged priorities of jews worldwide than to the interests of their own nations the eumc also discussed ways in which attacking israel could be anti semitic depending on the context see anti zionism below earliest antisemitism the earliest occurrence of antisemitism has been the subject of debate among scholars professor peter schafer of the freie university of berlin has argued that antisemitism was first spread by the greek retelling of ancient egyptian prejudices in view of the anti jewish writings of the egyptian priest manetho schafer suggests that anti semitism may have emerged in egypt alone the hostility commonly faced by jews in the diaspora ha |
s been extensively described by john m g barclay of the university of durham the ancient jewish philosopher philo of alexandria described an attack on jews in alexandria in three eight ce in flaccus in which thousands of jews died in the analysis of pieter w van der horst the cause of the violence in alexandria was that jews had been portrayed as misanthropes gideon bohak has argued that early animosity against jews was not anti judaism unless it arose from attitudes held against jews alone using this stricter definition bohak says that many greeks had animosity toward any group they regarded as barbarians the one five zero bce suppression of jewish religious practice by use of deadly force against civilians as recounted in one maccabees then qualifies as anti judaism in a broader sense of the term than is used by bohak there are other examples of ancient animosity towards jews that are not considered by all to fall within the definition of anti semitism religious antisemitism anti judaism in the new testamen |
t the new testament is a collection of books written by various authors most of this collection was written by the end of the first century the majority of the new testament was written by jews who became followers of jesus and all but two books luke and acts are traditionally attributed to such jewish followers nevertheless there are a number of passages in the new testament that some see as anti semitic or have been used for anti semitic purposes most notably jesus speaking to a group of pharisees i know that you are descendants of abraham yet you seek to kill me because my word finds no place in you i speak of what i have seen with my father and you do what you have heard from your father they answered him abraham is our father jesus said to them if you were abraham s children you would do what abraham did you are of your father the devil and your will is to do your father s desires he was a murderer from the beginning and has nothing to do with the truth because there is no truth in him when he lies he sp |
eaks according to his own nature for he is a liar and the father of lies but because i tell the truth you do not believe me which of you convicts me of sin if i tell the truth why do you not believe me he who is of god hears the words of god the reason why you do not hear them is you are not of god john eight three seven three nine four four four seven rsv stephen speaking before a synagogue council just before his execution you stiff necked people uncircumcised in heart and ears you always resist the holy spirit as your fathers did so do you which of the prophets did not your fathers persecute and they killed those who announced beforehand the coming of the righteous one whom you have now betrayed and murdered you who received the law as delivered by angels and did not keep it acts seven five one five three rsv behold i will make those of the synagogue of satan who say that they are jews and are not but lie behold i will make them come and bow down before your feet and learn that i have loved you revelation |
three nine rsv some biblical scholars point out that jesus and stephen are presented as jews speaking to other jews and that their use of broad accusation against israel is borrowed from moses and the later jewish prophets e g deut nine one three one four three one two seven two nine three two five two zero two one two kings one seven one three one four is one four hos one nine one zero nine jesus once calls his own disciple peter satan mk eight three three other scholars hold that verses like these reflect the jewish christian tensions that were emerging in the late first or early second century and do not originate with jesus today nearly all christian denominations de emphasize verses such as these and reject their use and misuse by anti semites drawing from the jewish prophet jeremiah jer three one three one three four the new testament taught that with the death of jesus a new covenant was established which rendered obsolete and in many respects superseded the first covenant established by moses heb eigh |
t seven one three lk two two two zero observance of the earlier covenant traditionally characterizes judaism this new testament teaching and later variations to it are part of what is called supersessionism however the early jewish followers of jesus continued to practice circumcision and observe dietary laws which is why the failure to observe these laws by the first gentile christians became a matter of controversy and dispute some years after jesus death acts one one three one five one ff one six three the new testament holds that jesus jewish disciple judas iscariot mk one four four three four six the roman governor pontius pilate along with roman forces jn one nine one one acts four two seven and jewish leaders and people of jerusalem were to varying degrees responsible for the death of jesus acts one three two seven diaspora jews are not blamed for events which were clearly outside their control after jesus death the new testament portrays the jewish religious authorities in jerusalem as hostile to jesu |
s followers and as occasionally using force against them stephen is executed by stoning acts seven five eight before his conversion saul puts followers of jesus in prison acts eight three gal one one three one four one tim one one three after his conversion saul is whipped at various times by jewish authorities two cor one one two four and is accused by jewish authorities before roman courts e g acts two five six seven however opposition from gentiles is also cited repeatedly two cor one one two six acts one six one nine ff one nine two three ff more generally there are widespread references in the new testament to suffering experienced by jesus followers at the hands of others rom eight three five one cor four one one ff gal three four two thess one five heb one zero three two one pet four one six rev two zero four early christianity a number of early and influential church works such as the dialogues of justin martyr the homilies of john chrysostom and the testimonies of church father cyprian are strongly a |
nti jewish during a discussion on the celebration of easter during the first council of nicaea in ad three two five roman emperor constantine said it appeared an unworthy thing that in the celebration of this most holy feast we should follow the practice of the jews who have impiously defiled their hands with enormous sin and are therefore deservedly afflicted with blindness of soul let us then have nothing in common with the detestable jewish crowd for we have received from our saviour a different way prejudice against jews in the roman empire was formalized in four three eight when the code of theodosius ii established roman catholic christianity as the only legal religion in the roman empire the justinian code a century later stripped jews of many of their rights and church councils throughout the sixth and seventh century including the council of orleans further enforced anti jewish provisions these restrictions began as early as three zero five when in elvira now granada a spanish town in andalusia the f |
irst known laws of any church council against jews appeared christian women were forbidden to marry jews unless the jew first converted to catholicism jews were forbidden to extend hospitality to catholics jews could not keep catholic christian concubines and were forbidden to bless the fields of catholics in five eight nine in catholic spain the third council of toledo ordered that children born of marriage between jews and catholic be baptized by force by the twelfth council of toledo six eight one a policy of forced conversion of all jews was initiated liber judicum ii two as given in roth thousands fled and thousands of others converted to roman catholicism anti semitism in the middle ages one two three nine in the course of a disputation pope gregory ix ordered the talmud burned note a non heretical book floating above the fire a one five th century painting by pedro berruguete in the middle ages a main justification of prejudice against jews in europe was religious though not part of catholic dogma many |
christians including members of the clergy have held the jewish people collectively responsible for killing jesus see deicide a practice originated by melito of sardis as stated in the boston college guide to passion plays over the course of time christians began to accept that the jewish people as a whole were responsible for killing jesus according to this interpretation both the jews present at jesus death and the jewish people collectively and for all time have committed the sin of deicide or god killing for one nine zero zero years of christian jewish history the charge of deicide has led to hatred violence against and murder of jews in europe and america this accusation was repudiated in one nine six four when the catholic church under pope paul vi issued the document nostra aetate as a part of vatican ii as the black death epidemics devastated europe in the mid one four th century rumors spread that jews caused it by deliberately poisoning wells hundreds of jewish communities were destroyed by violenc |
e never mind that jews were not immune from the ravages of the plague they were tortured until they confessed to crimes that they could not possibly have committed in one such case a man named agimet was coerced to say that rabbi peyret of chambery near geneva had ordered him to poison the wells in venice toulouse and elsewhere in the aftermath of agimet s confession the jews of strasbourg were burned alive on february one four one three four nine source jews the essence and character of a people by arthur hertzberg and aron hirt manheimer p eight four among socio economic factors were restrictions by the authorities local rulers and frequently church officials who closed many professions to the jews pushing them into marginal occupations considered socially inferior such as local tax and rent collecting or moneylending a necessary evil due to the increasing population and urbanization during the high middle ages catholic doctrine of the time held that moneylending for interest was a sin and as such jews tend |
ed to dominate this business this provided support for claims that jews are insolent greedy engaged in usury and in itself contributed to a negative image natural tensions between creditors typically jews and debtors typically christians were added to social political religious and economic strains peasants who were forced to pay their taxes to jews could personify them as the people taking their earnings while remaining loyal to the lords on whose behalf the jews worked the demonizing of the jews from around the one two th century through the one nine th there were christians who believed that some or all jews possessed magical powers some believed that they had gained these magical powers from making a deal with the devil see also judensau judeophobia blood libels main articles blood libel list of blood libels against jews on many occasions jews were accused of a blood libel the supposed drinking of blood of christian children in mockery of the christian eucharist according to the authors of these blood lib |
els the procedure for the alleged sacrifice was something like this a child who had not yet reached puberty was kidnapped and taken to a hidden place the child would be tortured by jews and a crowd would gather at the place of execution in some accounts the synagogue itself and engage in a mock tribunal to try the child the child would be presented to the tribunal naked and tied and eventually be condemned to death in the end the child would be crowned with thorns and tied or nailed to a wooden cross the cross would be raised and the blood dripping from the child s wounds would be caught in bowls or glasses finally the child would be killed with a thrust through the heart from a spear sword or dagger its dead body would be removed from the cross and concealed or disposed of but in some instances rituals of black magic would be performed on it this method with some variations can be found in all the alleged christian descriptions of ritual murder by jews the story of william of norwich d one one four four is t |
he first known case of ritual murder being alleged by a christian monk while the story of little saint hugh of lincoln d one two five five said that after the boy was dead his body was removed from the cross and laid on a table his belly was cut open and his entrails removed for some occult purpose such as a divination ritual the story of simon of trent d one four seven five emphasized how the boy was held over a large bowl so all his blood could be collected simon was regarded as a saint and was canonized by pope sixtus v in one five eight eight the cult of simon was disbanded in one nine six five by pope paul vi and the shrine erected to him was dismantled he was removed from the calendar and his future veneration was forbidden though a handful of extremists still promote the narrative as a fact in the two zero th century the beilis trial in russia and the kielce pogrom represented incidents of blood libel in europe while more recently blood libel stories have appeared a number of times in the state sponsor |
ed media of a number of arab nations in arab television shows and on websites host desecration a one five th century german woodcut showing an alleged host desecration in the first panel the hosts are stolen in the second the hosts bleed when pierced by a jew in the third the jews are arrested and in the fourth they are burned alive jews were falsely accused of torturing consecrated host wafers in a reenactment of the crucifixion this accusation was known as host desecration disabilities and restrictions the yellow badge jews were forced to wear can be seen in this marginal illustration from an english manuscript jews were subject to a wide range of legal restrictions throughout the middle ages some of which lasted until the end of the one nine th century jews were excluded from many trades the list of excluded occupations varying in different communities and being determined largely by the political influence of various non jewish competing interests frequently all occupations were barred against jews except |
money lending and peddling even these at times being prohibited the number of jews or jewish families permitted to reside in different places was limited they were concentrated in ghettos and were not allowed to own land and they were subjected to discriminatory taxes on entering cities or districts other than their own forced to swear special jewish oaths and a variety of other measures including restrictions on dress clothing main article yellow badge judenhut the fourth lateran council in one two one five was the first to proclaim the requirement for jews to wear something that distinguished them as jews it could be a colored piece of cloth in the shape of a star or circle or square a hat judenhut or a robe in many localities members of the medieval society wore badges to distinguish their social status some badges such as guild members were prestigious while others ostracized outcasts such as lepers reformed heretics and prostitutes jews sought to evade the badges by paying what amounted to bribes in the |
form of temporary exemptions to kings which were revoked and re paid whenever the king needed to raise funds the crusades the crusades were a series of several military campaigns sanctioned by the papacy that took place during the one one th through one three th centuries they began as catholic endeavors to capture jerusalem from the muslims but developed into territorial wars the mobs accompanying the first three crusades attacked the jewish communities in germany france and england and put many jews to death entire communities like those of treves speyer worms mayence and cologne were slain during the first crusade by a mob army about one two zero zero zero jews are said to have perished in the rhenish cities alone between may and july one zero nine six before the crusades the jews had practically a monopoly of trade in eastern products but the closer connection between europe and the east brought about by the crusades raised up a class of merchant traders among the christians and from this time onward res |
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