text
stringlengths 640
1.02k
|
|---|
ata format for monkey s audio files average picture level architect at his drawing board one eight nine three an architect is a person involved in the planning designing and oversight of a building s construction the most basic definition of an architect is a professional who is qualified to design and provide advice functional aesthetic and technical on built objects in our public and private landscapes more generally an architect is the designer of a scheme or plan architect is derived from latin architectus and from greek arkhitekton master builder arkhi chief tekton builder carpenter in the broadest sense an architect is a person who interfaces between the end user of a planned structure and the builder that is the architect translates the user s needs into the builder s requirements the architect must be completely conversant with the user s environment that is the area of business or industry for which the structure is to be used so that s he can fully and completely understand the image of the final re |
sult that the user is trying to convey equally as important the architect must thoroughly understand the building and operational codes with which the builder must conform and upon completion during use of the structure that degree of knowledge is necessary so that s he is not apt to omit any necessary requirements or produce improper conflicting ambiguous or confusing requirements s he must understand the various methods available to the builder for building the user s structure so that s he can negotiate with the user to produce a best possible compromise of the results desired within explicit cost and time boundaries architects are professionals considered on par with doctors engineers and lawyers and they must frequently make building design and planning decisions that affect the safety and well being of the general public architects are required to obtain specialized education and documented work experience to obtain professional licensure similar to the requirements for other professionals with requirem |
ents for practice varying greatly from place to place see below the most prestigious award a living architect can receive is the pritzker prize it is considered the equivalent of the nobel prize for architecture other awards for excellence in architecture are given by national and regional professional associations such as the american institute of architects and royal institute of british architects although architect may be a specific term referring to a licensed professional the word is frequently used in the broader sense noted above to define someone who brings order to the built or unbuilt environment through the use of rational constructs using engineering design tools note someone who brings order to the built and or unbuilt environment through the use of rational or irrational constructs and who may or may not use design tools is normally referred to as an artist although structures described by architectures may often be said to contain artistic features as a whole they are rarely referred to as wor |
ks of art similarly works of art are rarely referred to as having an architecture for example naval architects software architects etc and graduates of schools of architecture not doing regulated project construction documents are often called architects however non licensed architects and designers working in the construction industry are prohibited from referring to themselves as architects in most countries canada in canada architects are required to belong to provincial architectural associations that require them to complete an accredited degree in architecture finish a multi year internship process pass a series of exams and pay an annual fee to acquire and maintain a license to practice the royal architectural institute of canada aims to be the voice of architecture and its practice in canada architects who are members of this organization are permitted to use the suffix mraic after their names all members of the raic hold accredited degrees in architecture but not all canadian architects are members o |
f the raic uk architects in the uk qualify through courses and exams recognized by the royal institute of british architects riba and prescribed by the architects registration board arb typically the sequence of education leading to full qualification and registration takes seven years and is three year degree course riba part one exam one year s professional experience further two year course riba part two exam another year s professional experience riba part three exam the title architect has legal protection in the united kingdom under the architects act one nine nine seven it is against the law for people who are not registered to practise or carry on business under any name style or title that contains the word however draughtsmen and architectural technologists previously architectural technicians as well as many who have chosen not to register may also provide architectural services usa in the united states people wishing to become licensed architects interns are required to have a degree from a school |
accredited by the naab and pass a series of exams administered by the national council of architectural registration boards ncarb referred to as the architect registration examination the are in addition interns must have a minimum of three years of documented practical work experience quantity depends on type of educational experience and type of educational degree earned working under a licensed architect before they may become eligible to take the are although the are is a national exam each state has specific requirements and issues their own licenses including california and hawaii due to varying environmental conditions in each region other states have reciprocity agreements so licenses may be easily transferred between certain states schooling is not always required in such states as new york for someone who works at least one zero years under an accredited architect is eligible for a licensing test there are three types of accredited professional degrees in architecture in the united states a bachelo |
r of architecture a master of architecture or a doctor of architecture abbreviated as b arch m arch and d arch respectively these are called professional degrees as they are required to enter the profession a bachelor of arts in architecture ba bachelor of fine arts in architecture bfa arch bachelor of science in architecture bs or bachelor of environmental design b envd typically takes four years as opposed to five for a b arch degree and is considered a pre professional degree however a professional degree may still be required to take the are and to practice and the programs are often combined usually leading to an m arch degree a pre professional degree is not necessary to enter a professional degree program but accelerates completion it is possible to become licensed as an architect in other ways reciprical licensure for over seas architects and working under an architect as an intern for an extended period of time following graduation from a professional program documented apprenticeship typically three |
year internship is required before the individual is eligible to take the are and become licensed the american institute of architects is a professional organization dedicated to offering a network of services to architects in the united states architects who are members of this organization are permitted to use the suffix aia after their names all architects who are licensed by their respective states have professional status as registered architects ra which is the suffix used if the architect is not also a member of the aia hong kong in hong kong to be an architect one must be a graduate of a university specified by the hkia plus a two year internship then take the architect registration examination architects from u k and u s a with one zero years experience aren t required to take the examination but are required to attend an interview just as a formality architects in hong kong are not authorized to submit building plans but use it as a title only unlike in most of the western world which carries a sta |
tutory obligation to be able to submit building plans architects engineers or surveyors must go through another step by passing an authorized personal interview contrary to popular thought most of the famous buildings in hong kong are designed by well known international brand architects and local architects act only as facilitators australia in australia the title architect is legally protected and architects are registered through state boards these boards are affiliated through the architects accreditation council of australia the aaca also provides accrediation for schools and assessments for architects with overseas qualifications for the purposes of migration there are three key requirements for registration the first is a professional degree from a school of architecture accredited by the aaca this is generally a bachelor of architecture degree of five or six years duration the second is at least two years of practical experience and the third is the completion of the architectural practice examination |
architects may also belong to the royal australian institute of architects which is the professional organisation and members use the suffix raia after their name famous architects the architects in the list of famous architects are in chronological order of when they did their most important work or emerged and alphabetized within each time period notable schools of architecture architectural association school of architecture london the bartlett school of architecture faculty of the built environment london uk berlage institute rotterdam bauhaus weimar dessau and berlin columbia university grad school of architecture planning and preservation gsapp the school of art architecture and planning at cornell university in ithaca new york dalhousie university tuns school of architecture in halifax ns canada cole nationale sup rieure d architecture de versailles versailles france eth zurich switzerland glasgow school of art glasgow scotland harvard graduate school of design university institute of architecture ven |
ice italy the school of architecture at mcgill university penn design at the university of pennsylvania in philadelphia pennsylvania politecnico di milano milan italy rhode island school of design rural studio of auburn university alabama rwth aachen germany uc berkeley college of environmental design university of texas at austin school of architecture university of washington college of architecture and urban planning school of architecture at the university of waterloo canada welsh school of architecture cardiff university cardiff uk yale school of architecture in new haven connecticut ccny school of architecture in new york city see also architecture architectural designer architectural technologists building design civil engineer civil engineering clerk of the works landscape architect landscape architecture naval architect project manager pm project architect pa regional planning structural engineer structural engineering urban planning urban planner vernacular architecture external links royal institut |
e of british architects professional association for architects in the united kingdom royal architectural institute of canada professional association for architects in canada american institute of architects professional association for architects in the united states national council of architectural registration boards administers professional registration testing in the united states national architectural accrediting board professional degree programs in architecture schools in the united states royal australian institute of architects professional association for architects in australia famous architects biographies of well known architects almost all of the modern movement architects architecture and engineering occupations professions professional certification abbreviation from latin brevis short is strictly a shorter form of a word but more particularly an abbreviation is a letter or group of letters taken from a word or words and employed to represent them for the sake of brevity for example the wo |
rd abbreviation can be abbreviated as abbr or abbrev types of abbreviations apart from the common form of shortening one word there are other types of abbreviations these include acronym and initialism including tla apocopation that is apocope clipping phonetics elision syncope syllabic abbreviation portmanteau syllabic abbreviation a syllabic abbreviation sa is an abbreviation formed from usually initial syllables of several words such as interpol for inter national pol ice sas are usually written in lower case sometimes starting with a capital letter and are always pronounced as words rather than letter by letter sas should be distinguished from portmanteaux use in different languages syllabic abbreviations are not widely used in english or french but are common in german they prevailed in germany under the nazis and in the soviet union for naming the plethora of new bureaucratic organizations for example gestapo stands for ge heime sta ats po lizei or secret state police this has given sas a negative conno |
tation even though sas were used in germany before the nazis e g for schutzpolizei even now germans call part of their police kripo for kriminalpolizei sas were also typical of german language used in the german democratic republic e g stasi for staatssicherheit state security the secret police or vopo for volkspolizist people s policeman east asian languages whose writing uses chinese originated ideograms instead of an alphabet form abbreviations similarly by using key characters from a term or phrase for example in japanese the term for the united nations kokusai reng is often abbreviated to kokuren another classic example is shogun such abbreviations are called in japanese sas are frequently used for names of universities for instance beida b id for peking university beijing and t dai for the university of tokyo usage of syllabic abbreviations in organisations syllabic abbreviations are preferred by the us navy as it increases readability amidst the large number of initialisms that would otherwise have to |
fit into the same acronyms hence desron six is used in the full capital form to mean destroyer squadron six while comnavforlant would be commander naval force in the atlantic style conventions in modern english there are several conventions for abbreviations and the choice may be confusing the only rule universally accepted is that one should be consistent and to this end publishers express their preferences in a style guide questions which arise include the following use of upper or lower case letters if the original word was capitalised then the first letter of its abbreviation should retain the capital for example lev for leviticus when abbreviating words spelled with lower case letters there is no consistent rule use of periods full stops and spaces for example when abbreviating united states should one write us u s or u s spaces are generally not used between single letter abbreviations of words in the same phrase so one almost never encounters u s in american english the period is usually added if the a |
bbreviation may be interpreted as a word though some american writers do not use a period here there is no stop period between letters of the same word for example st and not s t for saint while users of british english often abbreviate in the same manner it is more common in formal writing that abbreviations are written with full stops if the word has been cut at the point of abbreviation e g street street becomes st but not otherwise e g saint saint becomes st a third standard removes the full stops from all abbreviations e g both saint and street become st thus in the united kingdom titles such as doctor mister and mis ess are commonly abbreviated as dr mr and mrs respectively they are also frequently written as in canada and the u s as dr mr and mrs acronyms that were originally capitalized with or without periods but have since stood the test of time by entering the vocabulary as generic words are no longer abbreviated with capital letters nor with any periods e g sonar radar ladar laser and scuba whethe |
r to add an apostrophe for a plural where the plural is not formed by doubling up the last letter should one write cds or cd s the apostrophe is not needed grammatically but sometimes is added to make it clear that the s is not part of the abbreviation because the apostrophe most often represents possession or a contraction some style guides prefer that it not be used at all with abbreviations but only with individual letters dot all your i s and cross all your t s or mind your p s and q s or numbers the dyslexic student mixes up his s s and five s thus numbers such as decades that are understood to represent other concepts are not written with apostrophes either e g the u s enjoyed an economic boom in the one nine nine zero s and the roaring two zero s referring to decades or i am going to the bank to exchange four five s for two one zero s where the five s and one zero s refer to banknotes conventions followed by publications and newspapers publications based in the united states tend to follow the style gu |
ides of the chicago manual of style and the associated press the u s government follows a style guide published by the u s government printing office there is some inconsistency in abbreviation styles however as they are not rigorously defined by style guides some two word abbreviations like united nations are abbreviated with uppercase letters and periods and others like personal computer pc and compact disc cd are not rather they are typically abbreviated without periods and in uppercase letters a third variation is to use lowercase letters with periods this is used by time magazine in abbreviating public relations p r moreover even three word abbreviations most u s publications use uppercase abbreviations without periods are sometimes not consistently abbreviated even within the same article the new york times is unique in having a consistent style by always abbreviating with periods p c i b m p r this is in contrast with the trend of british publications to completely make do without periods for convenien |
ce many british publications follow some of these guidelines in abbreviation for the sake of convenience many british publications including the bbc and the guardian have completely done away with the use of full stops or periods in all abbreviations these include social titles like ms or mr though these would not have had full stops in any case see above capt prof etc two letter abbreviations for countries us not u s words are seldom abbreviated with lower case letters pr instead of p r or pr abbreviations beyond three letters full caps for all except initialisms names e g fw de klerk gb whiteley park js a notable exception is the economist e g mr f w de klerk scientific units acronyms are referred to with only the first letter of the abbreviation capitalised for instance the north atlantic treaty organisation can be abbreviated as nato and severe acute respiratory syndrome as sars initialisms which are similar to acronyms but which are not pronounced as words are always written in capitals for instance the |
british broadcasting corporation is abbreviated to bbc never bbc when abbreviating scientific units no space is added between the number and unit e g one zero zero mph one zero zero m one zero cm one zero c miscellaneous and general rules plurals are often formed by doubling up the last letter of the abbreviation most of these deal with writing and publishing ms manuscript mss manuscripts l line ll lines p page pp pages s section ss sections op opus opp opera this form derived from latin is used in europe in many places dd didots the following lines or pages is denoted by ff one example that does not concern printing is hh hands a doubled letter also appears in abbreviations of some welsh names as in welsh the double l is a separate sound ll george for british prime minister lloyd george some titles such as reverend and honourable are spelt out when preceded by the rather than as rev or hon respectively this is true for most british publications and some in the united states it is usually advised to spell out |
the abbreviation where it is new or unfamiliar to the reader e g unesco in a magazine about music because it more frequently refers to another entity in another context the united nations educational scientific and cultural organization history after world war ii the british greatly reduced their use of the full stop and other punctuations after abbreviations in at least semi formal writing while the americans more readily kept its use until more recently and still maintain it more than britons the classic example considered by their american counterparts quite curious was the maintenance of the internal comma in a british organization of secret agents called the special operations executive s o e which is not found in histories written after about one nine six zero but before that many britons were more scrupulous at maintaining the french form in french the period only follows an abbreviation if the last letter in the abbreviation is not the last letter of its antecedent m is the abbreviation for monsieur |
while mme is that for madame and mlle for mademoiselle like many other cross channel linguistic acquisitions many britons readily took this up and followed this rule themselves while the americans took a simpler rule and applied it rigorously over the years however the lack of convention in some style guides has made it difficult to determine which two word abbreviations should be abbreviated with periods and which should not the u s media tend to abbreviate two word abbreviations like united states u s but surprisingly not personal computer pc or television tv which is a source of confusion many british publications have gradually done away with the use of periods in abbreviations completely examples list of classical abbreviations list of mediaeval abbreviations list of abbreviations in use in one nine one one list of acronyms and initialisms the abbreviations used in the one nine one three edition of webster s dictionary see also list of syllabic abbreviations neologism word term or phrase which has been r |
ecently created internet slang list of computing and it abbreviations list of medical abbreviations list of government and military acronyms abbreviations used in cia world factbook iso language code iso country code ditloid external links abbreviationz acronyms abbreviations large database of acronyms and abbreviations over four five zero zero zero zero entries acronym finder searchable acronyms and abbreviations site over four seven zero zero zero zero entries special dictionary large abbreviation acronym and initialism database with lookup function common uncommon and specialized abbreviations abbreviations this article is about the branch of mathematics for other uses of the term algebra see algebra disambiguation abstract algebra is the field of mathematics concerned with the study of algebraic structures such as groups rings fields modules vector spaces and algebras many of these structures were defined formally in the nineteenth century and indeed the study of abstract algebra was motivated by the need |
for more rigor in mathematics the study of abstract algebra has brought into full view intricacies of the logical assumptions on which the whole of mathematics and the natural sciences are built and today there is scarcely a branch of mathematics which doesn t utilize the results of algebra what s more in the course of study algebraists discovered that apparently diverse logical structures can very often be brought by analogy to a very small core of axioms this grants the mathematician who has learned algebra a deep sight and empowers him broadly the term abstract algebra is used to distinguish the field from elementary algebra or high school algebra which teach the correct rules for manipulating formulas and algebraic expressions involving real and complex numbers and unknowns abstract algebra was at times in the first half of the twentieth century known as modern algebra the term abstract algebra is sometimes used in universal algebra where most authors use simply the term algebra history and examples hist |
orically algebraic structures usually arose first in some other field of mathematics were specified axiomatically and were then studied in their own right in abstract algebra because of this abstract algebra has numerous fruitful connections to all other branches of mathematics examples of algebraic structures with a single binary operation are magmas quasigroups monoids semigroups and most important groups more complicated examples include rings and fields modules and vector spaces algebras over fields associative algebras and lie algebras lattices and boolean algebras in universal algebra all those definitions and facts are collected that apply to all algebraic structures alike all the above classes of objects together with the proper notion of homomorphism form categories and category theory frequently provides the formalism for translating between and comparing different algebraic structures an example the systematic study of algebra has allowed mathematicians to bring under a common logical description a |
pparently disparate conceptions for example consider two rather distinct operations the composition of functions f g x and the multiplication of matrices ab these two operations are in fact the same to see this think about multiplying two square matrices ab by a one column vector x this in fact defines a function that is equivalent to composing ay with bx ay a bx ab x functions under composition and matrices under multiplication form sets called monoids a monoid under an operation is associative for all its elements ab c a bc and contains an element e such that for any a ae ea a see also important publications in abstract algebra further reading external links john beachy abstract algebra on line comprehensive list of definitions and theorems joseph mileti mathematics museum abstract algebra a good introduction to the subject in real life terms abstract algebra aphrodite world book af roh dy tee risen from sea foam is the greek goddess of love and beauty worship the epithet aphrodite acidalia was occasionally |
added to her name after the spring she used to bathe in located in boeotia virgil i seven two zero she was also called kypris or cytherea after her alleged birth places in cyprus and cythera respectively the island of cythera was a center of her cult she was associated with hesperia and frequently accompanied by the oreads nymphs of the mountains aphrodite had a festival of her own the aphrodisiac which was celebrated all over greece but particularly in athens and corinth in corinth intercourse with her priestesses was considered a method of worshipping aphrodite aphrodite was associated with and often depicted with dolphins doves swans pomegranates apples myrtle rose and lime trees her roman analogue is venus her mesopotamian counterpart was ishtar her egyptian counterpart is hathor and her syro palestinian counterpart was ashtart in standard greek spelling astarte her etruscan equivalent was turan venus was often referred to with epithet venus erycina of the heather after mount eryx sicily one of the cente |
rs of her cult birth aphrodite rising from the sea foam in birth crowned with luxuriant tresses as depicted in the one nine th century by william adolphe bouguereau in his one eight seven nine birth of venus the roman name for aphrodite foam arisen aphrodite was born of the sea foam near paphos cyprus after cronus cut off uranus genitals and cronus threw the penis into the sea hesiod s theogony described that the genitals were carried over the sea a long time and white foam arose from the immortal flesh with a girl grew to become aphrodite thus aphrodite is of an older generation than zeus iliad book v expresses another version of her origin by which she was considered a daughter of dione who was the original oracular goddess dione being simply the goddess etymologically an equivalent of diana at dodona in homer aphrodite venturing into battle to protect her son aeneas who has been wounded by diomedes and returns to her mother to sink down at her knee and be comforted dione seems to be an equivalent of rhea t |
he earth mother whom homer has relocated to olympus after this story aphrodite herself was sometimes referred to as dione once zeus had usurped the oak grove oracle at dodona some poets made him out to be the father of aphrodite aphrodite s chief center of worship remained at paphos on the south western coast of cyprus where the goddess of desire had long been worshipped as ishtar and ashtaroth it is said that she first tentatively came ashore at cytherea a stopping place for trade and culture between crete and the peloponesus thus perhaps we have hints of the track of aphrodite s original cult from the levant to mainland greece in plato s symposium the speech of pausanias distinguishes two manifestations of aphrodite represented by the two stories aphrodite ourania heavenly aphrodite and aphrodite pandemos common aphrodite these two manifestations represented her role in homosexuality and heterosexuality respectively alternatively aphrodite was a daughter of thalassa for she was born of the sea and zeus adul |
thood aphrodite in many of the myths involving her is characterized as vain ill tempered and easily offended though she is one of the few gods of the greek pantheon to be actually married she is frequently unfaithful to her husband hephaestus of course is one of the most even tempered of the hellenic deities aphrodite seems to prefer ares the volatile god of war in homer s iliad she surges into battle to save her son but abandons him in fact drops him as she flies through the air when she herself is hurt ares does much the same thing and she is the original cause of the trojan war itself not only did she start the whole affair by offering helen of troy to paris but the abduction was accomplished when paris seeing helen for the first time was inflamed with desire to have her which is aphrodite s realm her domain may involve love but it does not involve romance rather it tends more towards lust the human irrational longing marriage with hephaestus due to her immense beauty zeus was frightened she d be the cause |
of violence between the other gods he married her off to hephaestus the dour humorless god of smithing hephaestus was overjoyed at being married to the goddess of beauty and forged her beautiful jewelry including the cestus a girdle that made her even more irresistible to men her unhappiness with her marriage caused aphrodite to seek out companionship from others most frequently ares but also adonis anchises and more hephaestus once cleverly caught ares and aphrodite in bed with finely wrought chains and brought all the other olympian gods together to mock the pair however the goddesses stayed at home all of them for shame hephaestus would not free them until poseidon promised hephaestus that ares would pay reparations but both escaped as soon as the chains were lifted and their promise was not kept aphrodite and psyche aphrodite was jealous of the beauty of a mortal woman named psyche she asked eros to use his golden arrows to cause psyche to fall in love with the ugliest man on earth eros agreed but then f |
ell in love with psyche on his own or by accidentally pricking himself with a golden arrow meanwhile psyche s parents were anxious that their daughter remained unmarried they consulted an oracle who told them she was destined for no mortal lover but a monster who lived on top of a particular mountain psyche was resigned to her fate and climbed to the top of the mountain there zephyrus the west wind gently floated her downwards she entered a cave on the appointed mountain surprised to find it full of jewellery and finery eros visited her every night in the cave and they made love he demanded only that she never light any lamps because he did not want her to know who he was having wings made him distinctive her two sisters jealous of psyche convinced her to do so one night and she lit a lamp recognizing him instantly a drop of hot lamp oil fell on eros chest and he awoke then fled when psyche told her two jealous elder sisters what had happened they rejoiced secretly and each separately walked to the top of the |
mountain and did as psyche described her entry to the cave hoping eros would pick them instead zephyrus did not pick them and they fell to their deaths at the base of the mountain psyche searched for her lover across much of greece finally stumbling into a temple to demeter where the floor was covered with piles of mixed grains she started sorting the grains into organized piles and when she finished demeter spoke to her telling her that the best way to find eros was to find his mother aphrodite and earn her blessing psyche found a temple to aphrodite and entered it aphrodite assigned her a similar task to demeter s temple but gave her an impossible deadline to finish it by eros intervened for he still loved her and caused some ants to organize the grains for her aphrodite was outraged at her success and told her to go to a field where golden sheep grazed and get some golden wool psyche went to the field and saw the sheep but was stopped by a river god whose river she had to cross to enter the field he told |
her the sheep were mean and vicious and would kill her but if she waited until noontime the sheep would go the shade on the other side of the field and sleep she could pick the wool that stuck to the branches and bark of the trees psyche did so and aphrodite was even more outraged at her survival and success finally aphrodite claimed that the stress of caring for her son depressed and ill as a result of psyche s unfaithfulness had caused her to lose some of her beauty psyche was to go to hades and ask persephone the queen of the underworld for a bit of her beauty in a black box that aphrodite gave to psyche psyche walked to a tower deciding that the quickest way to the underworld would be to die a voice stopped her at the last moment and told her a route that would allow her to enter and return still living as well as telling her how to pass cerberus charon and the other dangers of the route she pacified cerberus the three headed dog with a sweet honey cake and paid charon an obolus to take her into hades on |
the way there she saw hands reaching out of the water a voice told her to toss a honey cake to them once there persephone said she would be glad to do do aphrodite a favor she once more paid charon threw the cake out to the hands and gave one to cerberus psyche left the underworld and decided to open the box and take a little bit of the beauty for herself thinking that if she did so eros would surely love her inside was a stygian sleep which overtook her eros who had forgiven her flew to her body and wiped the sleep from her eyes then begged zeus and aphrodite for their consent to his wedding of psyche they agreed and zeus made her immortal aphrodite danced at the wedding of eros and psyche and their subsequent child was named pleasure or in the roman mythology volupta adonis aphrodite was adonis lover and had a part in his birth she urged myrrha or smyrna to commit incest with her father theias the king of assyria another version says myrrha s father was cinyras of cyprus myrrha s nurse helped with the schem |
e when theias discovered this he flew into a rage chasing his daughter with a knife the gods turned her into a myrrh tree and adonis eventually sprang from this tree alternatively aphrodite turned her into a tree and adonis was born when theias shot the tree with an arrow or when a boar used its tusks to tear the tree s bark off once adonis was born aphrodite took him under her wing seducing him with the help of helene her friend and was entranced by his unearthly beauty she gave him to persephone to watch over but persephone was also amazed at his beauty and refused to give him back the argument between the two goddesses was settled either by zeus or calliope with adonis spending four months with aphrodite four months with persephone and four months of the years with whomever he chose he always chose aphrodite because persephone was the cold unfeeling goddess of the underworld adonis was eventually killed by a jealous ares aphrodite was warned of this jealousy and was told that adonis would be killed by a bu |
ll that ares transformed into she tried to persuade adonis to stay with her at all times but his love of hunting was his downfall while adonis was hunting ares found him and gored him to death aphrodite arrived just in time to hear his last breath it is also said that aphrodite bore a daughter to adonis beroe the judgement of paris the gods and goddesses as well as various mortals were invited to the marriage of peleus and thetis the eventual parents of achilles only the goddess eris discord was not invited but she arrived with a golden apple inscribed with the words to the fairest which she threw among the goddesses aphrodite hera and athena all claimed the apple and the matter was put before paris the most handsome mortal hera tried to bribe paris with an earthly kingdom while athena offered great military skill but aphrodite was judged most beautiful when she offered paris the most beautiful mortal woman as a wife this woman was helen and her abduction by paris led to the trojan war pygmalion and galatea p |
ygmalion was a sculptor who had never found a woman worthy of his love aphrodite took pity on him and decided to show him the wonders of love one day pygmalion was inspired by a dream of aphrodite to make a woman out of ivory resembling her image and he called her galatea he fell in love with the statue and decided he could not live without her he prayed to aphrodite who carried out the final phase of her plan and brought the exquisite sculpture to life pygmalion loved galatea and they were soon married another version of this myth tells that the women of the village in which pygmalion lived grew angry that he had not married they all asked aphrodite to force him to marry aphrodite accepted and went that very night to pygmalion and asked him to pick a woman to marry she told him that if he did not pick one she would do so for him not wanting to be married he begged her for more time asking that he be allowed to make a sculpture of aphrodite before he had to choose his bride flattered she accepted pygmalion sp |
ent a lot of time making small clay sculptures of the goddess claiming it was needed so he could pick the right pose as he started making the actual sculpture he was shocked to discover he actually wanted to finish even though he knew he would have to marry someone when he finished the reason he wanted to finish it was that he had fallen in love with the sculpture the more he worked on it the more it changed until it no longer resembled aphrodite at all at the very moment pygmalion stepped away from the finished sculpture aphrodite appeared and told him to choose his bride pygmalion chose the statue aphrodite told him that could not be and asked him again to pick a bride pygmalion put his arms around the statue and asked aphrodite to turn him into a statue so he could be with her aphrodite took pity on him and brought the statue to life instead other stories in one version of the story of hippolytus aphrodite was the catalyst for his death he scorned the worship of aphrodite for artemis and in revenge aphrodi |
te caused his step mother phaedra to fall in love with him knowing hippolytus would reject her in the most popular version of the story the play hippolytus by euripides phaedra seeks revenge against hippolytus by killing herself and in her suicide note telling theseus her husband and hippolytus father that hippolytus had raped her theseus then murdered his own son before artemis told him the truth king glaucus of corinth angered aphrodite and she made her horses angry during the funeral games of king pelias they tore him apart his ghost supposedly frightened horses during the isthmian games aphrodite was often accompanied by the charites in book iii of homer s iliad aphrodite saves paris when he is about to be killed by menelaos aphrodite was very protective of her son aeneas who fought in the trojan war diomedes almost killed aeneas in battle but aphrodite saved him diomedes wounded aphrodite and she dropped her son fleeing to mt olympus aeneas was then enveloped in a cloud by artemis who took him to pergamo |
s a sacred spot in troy apollo healed aeneas there she turned abas to stone for his pride she turned anaxarete to stone for reacting so dispassionately to iphis pleas to love him even after his suicide aphrodite helps hippomenes to win a footrace against atalanta to win atalanta s hand in marriage giving him three golden apples to distract her with however when the couple fails to thank aphrodite she has them turned into lions in other accounts they are turned into lions when either zeus or cybele find them having sex in their temple aphrodite in neopaganism in many modern neopagan sects particularly new age hellenistic sects in the united states aphrodite takes on the role of the goddess of passion not all passion aphrodite inspires is lustful much of it is believed to take the form of artistic passion and even passion in argument worship of aphrodite is uncommon and is typically held by individual writers and artists how she is worshipped often depends on what other gods a sect includes for example sects th |
at worship hera and or themis may include worship of aphrodite but encourage monogamy and stress her role in committed relationships and marriage sects that worship dionysus and aphrodite may be entirely hedonistic and include orgiastic rituals such sects are often considered cults even by neopagan standards as such worship of aphrodite varies between sects consorts and children deities ares anteros eros love harmonia harmony himeros deimos dread phobos fright dionysus charites aglaea euphrosyne thalia hymenaios priapus hephaestus hermes eunomia hermaphroditus peitho rhodos tyche mortals adonis anchises aeneas butes eryx other names acidalia anadyomene the emerging as in aphrodite anadyomene a painting by apelles cytherea despina kypris see also venus aphrodite of knidos venus de milo greek goddesses love and lust goddesses characters in the iliad april one is the nine one st day of the year nine two nd in leap years in the gregorian calendar with two seven four days remaining events five two seven byzantine |
emperor justin i names his nephew justinian i as co ruler and successor to the throne one three one eight berwick upon tweed is captured by the scottish from the english one five seven two the watergeuzen succeeded in capturing den briel effectively sealing off the meuse river from the spaniards one seven eight nine in new york city the united states house of representatives holds its first quorum and elects frederick muhlenberg of pennsylvania as its first house speaker one eight two six samuel morey patents the internal combustion engine one eight five four hard times begins serialisation in charles dickens magazine household words one eight five seven herman melville publishes the confidence man one eight six five american civil war battle of five forks in petersburg virginia confederate general robert e lee begins his final offensive one eight six seven singapore becomes a british crown colony one eight six eight hampton normal and agricultural institute is established in hampton virginia one eight seven |
three the british steamer ss atlantic sinks off nova scotia killing five four seven one eight nine one the wrigley company is founded in chicago illinois one nine one eight the royal flying corps is replaced by the royal air force one nine two four adolf hitler is sentenced to five years in jail for his participation in the beer hall putsch however he spends only nine months in jail during which he writes the book mein kampf one nine two four first revenue flight for belgium s sabena airlines one nine three three the recently elected nazis under julius streicher organize a one day boycott of all jewish owned businesses in germany ushering in the series of anti semitic acts that will be known as the holocaust one nine three four bonnie and clyde kill two young highway patrolmen near grapevine texas one nine three seven aden becomes a british crown colony one nine four one the blockade runner badge for german navy is instituted one nine four five world war ii operation iceberg united states troops land on okina |
wa in the last campaign of the war one nine four six aleutian island earthquake a seven eight magnitude earthquake near the aleutian islands creates a tsunami that strikes the hawaiian islands killing one five nine mostly in hilo hawaii one nine four six formation of the malayan union one nine four eight cold war berlin airlift military forces under direction of the soviet controlled government in east germany set up a land blockade of west berlin one nine four eight faroe islands receive autonomy from denmark one nine four nine newfoundland becomes the tenth province of canada one nine four nine chinese civil war communist party of china hold unsuccessful peace talks with the kuomintang in beijing after three years of fighting one nine four nine the twenty six counties of the irish free state become the republic of ireland one nine four nine founding of the tokyo stock exchange one nine five four president dwight d eisenhower authorizes the creation of the united states air force academy in colorado one nine |
five five the eoka rebellion starts in cyprus aiming at the island s independence from great britain one nine six seven the united states department of transportation begins operation one nine six nine the hawker siddeley harrier enters service with the raf one nine seven zero phil spector finishes the orchestral overdubs for the upcoming beatles album let it be including the songs let it be across the universe and the long and winding road this causes controversy among beatles fans who feel that phil spector has overproduced the album one nine seven zero president richard nixon signs the public health cigarette smoking act into law banning cigarette advertisements in the united states starting on january one one nine seven one one nine seven zero american motors introduces the gremlin one nine seven three project tiger a tiger conservation project is launched in the corbett national park india one nine seven four in the united kingdom new administrative counties come into being one nine seven six apple comp |
uter company is formed by steve jobs and steve wozniak one nine seven six the central railroad of new jersey goes bankrupt and conrail takes over its operations one nine seven nine iran s government becomes an islamic republic by a nine eight vote overthrowing the shah officially one nine eight zero new york city s transit worker union one zero zero goes on strike which continues for one one days one nine eight five villanova university defeats georgetown university six six six four to win ncaa men s division i basketball championship one nine nine six university of kentucky team wins ncaa men s division i basketball championship one nine nine nine nunavut is established as a canadian territory carved from the eastern part of the northwest territories two zero zero one an ep three e united states navy plane collides with a chinese people s liberation army fighter jet the navy crew makes an emergency landing in hainan people s republic of china and is detained two zero zero one former president of federal repu |
blic of yugoslavia slobodan milo evi surrenders to police special forces to be tried on charges of war crimes two zero zero one the first legal same sex marriage in the netherlands is celebrated two zero zero two the netherlands legalizes euthanasia becoming the only nation in the world to do so two zero zero four george w bush signs the unborn victims of violence act which makes an attack that leads to the death of a mother and her unborn child two criminal charges two zero zero four the first legal same sex marriage in the canadian province of quebec michael hendricks and ren leboeuf wed in montreal two zero zero four gmail an email service from google launches births one two two zero emperor go saga of japan d one two seven two one five four three fran ois de bonne duc de lesdigui res constable of france d one six two six one five seven eight william harvey english physician d one six five seven one six one zero charles de saint vremond french soldier d one seven zero three one six four zero georg mohr dan |
ish mathematician d one six nine seven one six four seven john wilmot two nd earl of rochester english poet d one six eight zero one seven three two franz josef haydn austrian composer d one eight zero nine one seven six five luigi schiavonetti italian engraver d one eight one zero one seven seven six sophie germain french mathematician d one eight three one one eight one five otto von bismarck german politician d one eight nine eight one eight one five edward clark governor of texas d one eight eight zero one eight three four big jim fisk american entrepreneur d one eight seven two one eight five four bill traylor american artist d one nine four nine one eight five six acacio gabriel viegas indian physician d one nine three three one eight six five richard adolf zsigmondy austrian born chemist nobel prize laureate d one nine two nine one eight six six ferruccio busoni italian pianist and composer d one nine two four one eight seven three n s sergei rachmaninoff russian composer pianist and conductor d one ni |
ne four three one eight seven five edgar wallace english writer d one nine three two one eight eight three lon chaney sr american actor d one nine three zero one eight eight five wallace beery american actor d one nine four nine one eight nine five alberta hunter american singer d one nine eight four one eight nine seven nita naldi american actress d one nine six one one eight nine eight william james sidis eccentric genius and child prodigy d one nine four four one eight nine nine gustavs celmins latvian politician d one nine six eight one nine zero zero robert mcdowell mayor of maryborough queensland d one nine eight eight one nine zero one whittaker chambers american writer editor and defector d one nine six one one nine zero six alexander sergeyevich yakovlev russian engineer and airplane designer d one nine eight nine one nine zero eight abraham maslow american psychologist d one nine seven zero one nine one four jerome l walton canadian author one nine one five otto wilhelm fischer austrain actor d two |
zero zero four one nine one nine joseph murray american surgeon recipient of the nobel prize in physiology or medicine one nine two zero toshiro mifune japanese actor d one nine nine seven one nine two two william manchester american writer d two zero zero four one nine two four brendan byrne governor of new jersey one nine two six charles bressler american tenor one nine two six anne mccaffrey american author one nine two eight george grizzard american actor one nine two nine milan kundera czech writer one nine two nine jane powell american dancer actress and singer one nine two nine bo schembechler american football coach one nine three zero grace lee whitney american actress one nine three one rolf hochhuth german writer one nine three two gordon jump american television actor d two zero zero three one nine three two debbie reynolds american actress one nine three three claude cohen tannoudji french physicist nobel prize laureate one nine three four don hastings american actor one nine three four rod kaneh |
l baseball player d two zero zero four one nine three five larry mcdonald american politician d one nine eight three one nine three eight ali macgraw american actress one nine three eight john quade american actor one nine three nine phil niekro american baseball pitcher one nine four zero wangari maathai kenyan environmentalist recipient of the nobel peace prize one nine four two samuel r delany american author one nine four two annie nightingale british disc jockey one nine four six ronnie lane british musician the small faces and the faces d one nine nine seven one nine four seven alain connes french mathematician one nine four eight jimmy cliff jamaican musician one nine four nine g rard mestrallet french businessman one nine four nine gil scott heron american musician and composer one nine four nine sammy nelson northern irish footballer one nine five zero samuel alito associate justice of the united states supreme court one nine five two annette o toole american actress one nine five three barry sonnenf |
eld producer and director one nine six four erik breukink dutch cyclist and manager one nine six four scott stevens canadian ice hockey player one nine six five mark jackson american basketball player one nine six five robert steadman english composer one nine seven zero sung hi lee korean born model one nine seven one method man american musician one nine seven two allen and albert hughes american film directors one nine seven three stephen fleming new zealand cricketer one nine seven five george bastl swiss tennis player one nine seven six clarence seedorf surinamese dutch footballer player one nine eight zero randy orton american professional wrestler one nine eight zero y ko takeuchi japanese actress one nine eight one hannah spearritt british singer s club seven one nine eight two sam huntington american actor one nine eight three lafur ingi sk lason icelandic footballer one nine eight three sean taylor american football player deaths one zero eight five emperor shenzong of china b one zero four eight on |
e two zero four eleanor of aquitaine queen of henry ii of england one two zero five king amalric ii of jerusalem b one one four five one five two eight francisco de pe alosa spanish composer one five eight zero alonso mudarra spanish composer one six two one cristofano allori italian painter b one five seven seven one six three seven niwa nagashige japanese warlord b one five seven one one six eight two franz egon of f rstenberg bishop of strassburg b one six two five one six eight four roger williams english theologian and colonist b one six zero three one seven eight seven floyer sydenham english classical scholar b one seven one zero one eight three nine benjamin pierce governor of new hampshire b one seven five seven one eight seven two frederick maurice english theologian b one eight zero five one eight seven eight john corry wilson daly canadian politician b one seven nine six one nine one four rube waddell baseball player b one eight seven six one nine one seven scott joplin american musician and compo |
ser b one eight six eight one nine two two emperor karl i of austria b one eight eight seven one nine four six noah beery american actor b one eight eight two one nine four seven king george ii of greece b one eight nine zero one nine five zero charles r drew american physician b one nine zero four one nine six six flann o brien irish humorist b one nine one one one nine six eight lev davidovich landau russian physicist nobel prize laureate b one nine zero eight one nine seven six max ernst german artist b one eight nine one one nine eight four marvin gaye american singer b one nine three nine one nine eight six erik bruhn danish ballet dancer choreographer b one nine two eight one nine eight eight joe besser american actor and comedian b one nine zero seven one nine nine one martha graham american dancer and choreographer b one eight nine four one nine nine three alan kulwicki american race car driver b one nine five four one nine nine eight rozz williams american musician christian death b one nine six thre |
e one nine nine eight gene evans american actor b one nine two two two zero zero one olivia barclay british astrologer b one nine one nine two zero zero one trinh cong son vietnamese composer b one nine three nine two zero zero three leslie cheung hong kong actor and singer b one nine five six two zero zero four carrie snodgress american actress b one nine four six two zero zero five harald juhnke german entertainer b one nine two nine two zero zero five jack keller songwriter leukemia b one nine three six two zero zero five robert coldwell wood american university president and political appointee b one nine two three holidays and observances april one is known as april fool s day or all fools day in many countries feast day of saint hugh in the roman catholic church calendar roman empire veneralia celebrated to honor venus japan the official start of school years in most universities and schools also the official first day of work at companies and offices for new university graduates hires marked by welcomi |
ng ceremonies and speeches canada beginning of government s fiscal year india start of financial year brielle celebrates victory of one five seven two over spaniards in san marino two captains regent elected by parliament take office for six months date that bobhouses used for ice fishing must be taken off frozen lakes in new hampshire international day of the birds in england and wales local government reorganisations traditionally happen on april one pigasus award announcement external links bbc on this day the new york times on this day on this day in canada march three one april two march one may one listing of all days in mathematics a binary relation r on a set x is antisymmetric if for all a and b in x if a is related to b and b is related to a then a b in mathematical notation this is forall a b in x a r b and b r a rightarrow a b inequalities are antisymmetric since for different numbers a and b not both a b and a b can be true note that antisymmetric is not the logical negative of symmetric whereby |
arb implies bra n b both are properties of relations expressed as universal statements about their members their logical negations must be existential statements thus there are relations which are both symmetric and antisymmetric e g the equality relation and there are relations which are neither symmetric nor antisymmetric e g divisibility on the integers antisymmetry is different from asymmetry according to one definition of asymmetric anything that fails to be symmetric is asymmetric the definition of antisymmetry is more specific than this another definition of asymmetric makes asymmetry equivalent to antisymmetry plus irreflexivity examples equality is even is odd image evenandodd png properties containing antisymmetry partial order an antisymmetric relation that is also transitive and reflexive total order an antisymmetric relation that is also transitive and total see also symmetry in mathematics symmetric relation set theory aleister crowley aleister crowley born edward alexander crowley one two octob |
er one eight seven five one december one nine four seven was an occultist mystic sexual revolutionary and drug user especially opium other interests and accomplishments were wide ranging he was a chess master mountain climber poet writer painter astrologer and social critic he was quite notorious during his life and was dubbed the wickedest man in the world the term first appeared in one nine two eight in john bull a tabloid pictorial of the day biography edward alexander crowley was born in royal leamington spa warwickshire england between one one zero zero pm and one two midnight on one two october one eight seven five his father edward crowley once maintained a lucrative family brewery business and was retired at the time of aleister s birth his mother emily bertha bishop drew roots from a devon and somerset family aleister grew up in a staunch plymouth brethren household his father after retiring from his daily duties as a brewer took up the practice of preaching at a fanatical pace daily bible studies an |
d private tutoring were mainstays in young aleister s childhood however after his father s death his mother s efforts at indoctrinating her son in the christian faith only served to provoke aleister s scepticism as a child young aleister s constant rebellious behaviour displeased his devout mother to such an extent she would chastize him by calling him the beast from the book of revelation an epithet that crowley would later happily adopt for himself he objected to the labelling of what he saw as life s most worthwhile and enjoyable activities as sinful in response crowley created his own philosophical system scientific illuminism a synthesis of various eastern mystical systems including hinduism buddhism tantra the predecessor to western sex magick zoroastrianism and the many systems of yoga fused with the western occult sciences of the hermetic order of the golden dawn and the many reformed rituals of freemasonry he later reformulated within the ordo templi orientis o t o this system also appeals to scienti |
fic and philosophical scepticism his undergraduate studies in chemistry at trinity college cambridge helped forge the scientific scepticism that later culminated in the many volumed and unparalleled occult publication the equinox following the death of his father the young aleister then alec or alick turned to a form of satanism in grief however within a few years he abandoned this for atheism and hedonism or in his words began to behave like a normal healthy human being during the year one eight nine seven he slowly came to view earthly pursuits as useless and began his lifelong exploration of esoteric matters a number of events contributed to this change the section on chess in this article gives one example involved as a young adult in the hermetic order of the golden dawn he first studied mysticism with and made enemies of william butler yeats and arthur edward waite like many in occult circles of the time crowley voiced the view that waite was a pretentious bore through searing critiques of waite s writi |
ngs and editorials of other authors writings his friend and former golden dawn associate allan bennett introduced him to the ideas of buddhism while samuel liddell macgregor mathers acting leader of the golden dawn organization acted as his early mentor in western magick but would later become his enemy several decades after crowley s participation in the golden dawn mathers claimed copyright protection over a particular ritual and sued crowley for infringement after crowley s public display of the ritual in a book of fiction entitled moonchild crowley portrayed mathers as the primary villain including him as a character named srmd using the abbreviation of mathers magical name arthur edward waite also appeared in moonchild as a villain named arthwaite while bennett appeared in moonchild as the main character s wise mentor simon iff while he did not officially break with mathers until one nine zero four crowley lost faith in this teacher s abilities soon after the one nine zero zero schism in the golden dawn |
if not before later that year crowley travelled to mexico and continued his magical studies in isolation ac s writings suggest that he discovered the word abrahadabra during this time the article on this word explains the spelling in october of one nine zero one after practising raja yoga for some time he said he had reached a state he called dhyana one of many states of unification in thoughts that are described in magick book iv see crowley on egolessness one nine zero two saw him writing the essay berashith the first word of genesis in which he gave meditation or restraint of the mind to a single object as the means of attaining his goal the essay describes ceremonial magic as a means of training the will and of constantly directing one s thoughts to a given object through ritual in his one nine zero three essay science and buddhism crowley urged an empirical approach to buddhist teachings he said that a mystical experience in one nine zero four while on vacation in cairo egypt led to his founding of the r |
eligious philosophy known as thelema aleister s wife rose started to behave in an odd way and this led him to think that some entity had made contact with her at her instructions he performed an invocation of the egyptian god horus on march two zero with he wrote great success according to crowley the god told him that a new magical aeon had begun and that a c would serve as its prophet rose continued to give information telling crowley in detailed terms to await a further revelation on eight april and for the following two days at exactly noon he heard a voice dictating the words of the text liber al vel legis or the book of the law which crowley wrote down the voice claimed to be that of aiwass or aiwaz the minister of hoor paar kraat or horus the god of force and fire child of isis and osiris and self appointed conquering lord of the new aeon announced through his chosen scribe the prince priest the beast portions of the book are in numerical cipher which crowley claimed the inability to decode setian mich |
ael aquino later claimed to be able to decode them thelemic dogma to the extent that thelema has dogma explains this by pointing to a warning within the book of the law the speaker supposedly warned that the scribe ankh af na khonsu aleister crowley was never to attempt to decode the ciphers for to do so would end only in folly the later written the law is for all sees crowley warning everyone not to discuss the writing amongst fellow critics for fear that a dogmatic position would arise while he declared a new equinox of the gods in early one nine zero four supposedly passing on the revelation of march two zero to the occult community it took years for crowley to fully accept the writing of the book of the law and follow its doctrine only after countless attempts to test its writings did he come to embrace them as the official doctrine of the new aeon of horus the remainder of his professional and personal careers were spent expanding the new frontiers of scientific illuminism rose and aleister had a daughte |
r whom ac named nuit ma ahathoor hecate sappho jezebel lilith crowley in july of one nine zero four this child died in one nine zero six they had another daughter lola zaza in the summer of that year and ac devised a special ritual of thanksgiving for her birth he performed a thanksgiving ritual before his first claimed success in the abramelin operation on october nine one nine zero six the events of that year gave the abramelin book a central role in crowley s system he described the primary goal of the great work using a term from this book the knowledge and conversation of the holy guardian angel an essay in the first number of the equinox gives several reasons for this choice of names one because abramelin s system is so simple and effective two because since all theories of the universe are absurd it is better to talk in the language of one which is patently absurd so as to mortify the metaphysical man three because a child can understand it crowley was notorious in his lifetime a frequent target of att |
acks in the tabloid press which labelled him the wickedest man in the world to his evident amusement at one point he was expelled from italy after having established a sort of commune the organization of which was based on his personal philosophies the abbey of thelema at cefalu sicily in one nine three four crowley was declared bankrupt after losing a court case in which he sued the artist nina hamnett for calling him a black magician in her one nine three two book laughing torso in addressing the jury mr justice swift said i have been over forty years engaged in the administration of the law in one capacity or another i thought that i knew of every conceivable form of wickedness i thought that everything which was vicious and bad had been produced at one time or another before me i have learnt in this case that we can always learn something more if we live long enough i have never heard such dreadful horrible blasphemous and abominable stuff as that which has been produced by the man crowley who describes h |
imself to you as the greatest living poet aleister crowley died of a respiratory infection in a hastings boarding house on december one one nine four seven at the age of seven two according to some accounts he died on december five one nine four seven he was penniless and addicted to opium which had been prescribed for his asthma and bronchitis at the time biographer lawrence sutin passes on various stories about ac s death and last words frieda harris supposedly reported him saying i am perplexed though she did not see him at the very end according to john symonds a mr rowe witnessed crowley s death along with a nurse and reported his last words as sometimes i hate myself biographer gerald suster accepted the version of events he received from a mr w h in which crowley dies pacing in his living room supposedly mr w h heard a crash while polishing furniture on the floor below and entered crowley s rooms to find him dead on the floor patricia deirdre macalpine the mother of his son denied all this and reports |
a sudden gust of wind and peal of thunder at the otherwise quiet moment of his death according to macalpine crowley remained bedridden for the last few days of his life but was in light spirits and conversational readings at the cremation service in nearby brighton included one of his own works hymn to pan and newspapers referred to the service as a black mass brighton council subsequently resolved to take all necessary steps to prevent such an incident occurring again chess crowley learnt to play chess at the age of six and first competed on the eastbourne college chess team where he was taking classes in one eight nine two he showed immediate competence beating the adult champion in town and even editing a chess column for the local newspaper the eastbourne gazette sutin p three three which he often used to criticise the eastbourne team he later joined the university chess club at cambridge where he beat the president in his freshman year and practised two hours a day towards becoming a champion my one seri |
ous worldly ambition had been to become the champion of the world at chess confessions p one nine three however he gave up his chess aspirations in one eight nine seven when attending a chess conference in berlin but i had hardly entered the room where the masters were playing when i was seized with what may justly be described as a mystical experience i seemed to be looking on at the tournament from outside myself i saw the masters one shabby snuffy and blear eyed another in badly fitting would be respectable shoddy a third a mere parody of humanity and so on for the rest these were the people to whose ranks i was seeking admission there but for the grace of god goes aleister crowley i exclaimed to myself with disgust and there and then i registered a vow never to play another serious game of chess i perceived with preternatural lucidity that i had not alighted on this planet with the object of playing chess confessions ch one six mountaineering in the summer of one nine zero two oscar eckenstein and crowley |
undertook the first attempt to scale chogo ri known in the west as k two located in pakistan the eckenstein crowley expedition consisted of eckenstein crowley guy knowles h pfannl v wesseley and dr jules jacot guillarmod during this trip he won a world record for his hardships on the baltoro glacier sixty eight straight days of glacial life in may one nine zero five he was approached by dr jules jacot guillarmod one eight six eight one nine two five to accompany him on the first expedition to kanchenjunga in nepal the third largest mountain in the world guillarmod was left to organize the personnel while crowley left to get things ready in darjeeling on july three one guillarmod joined crowley in darjeeling bringing with him two countrymen charles adolphe reymond and alexis pache meanwhile crowley had recruited a local man alcesti c rigo de righi to act as transport manager the team left darjeeling on august eight one nine zero five and used the singalila ridge approach to kangchenjunga at chabanjong they ra |
n into the rear of the one three five coolies who had been sent ahead on july two four and july two five who were carrying food rations for the team the trek was led by aleister crowley but four members of that party were killed in an avalanche some claims say they reached around two one three zero zero feet before turning back however crowley s autobiography claims they reached about two five zero zero zero feet crowley was sometimes famously scathing about other climbers in particular o g jones whom he considered a risk taking self publicist and his two photographers george and ashley abraham science magic and sexuality crowley claimed to use a scientific method to study what people at the time called spiritual experiences making the method of science the aim of religion the catchphrase of his magazine the equinox by this he meant that mystical experiences should not be taken at face value but critiqued and experimented with in order to arrive at their underlying religious meaning in this he may be consider |
ed to foreshadow dr timothy leary who at one point sought to apply the same method to psychedelic drug experiences yet like leary s crowley s method has received little scientific attention outside the circle of thelema s practitioners crowley s magical and initiatory system has amongst its innermost reaches a set of teachings on sex magick he frequently expressed views about sex that were radical for his time and published numerous poems and tracts combining pagan religious themes with sexual imagery both heterosexual and homosexual sex magick is the use of the sex act or the energies passions or arousal states it evokes as a point upon which to focus the will or magical desire for effects in the non sexual world in this crowley was inspired by paschal beverly randolph an american author writing in the one eight seven zero s who wrote in his book eulis of using the nuptive moment orgasm as the time to make a prayer for events to occur women during march one eight nine nine crowley met at one of the semi publ |
ic performances of macgregor mathers rites of isis an american soprano by the name of susan strong three august one eight seven zero one one march one nine four six susan was the daughter of dennis strong an american congressman and mayor of brooklyn she had gone to the uk at the age of two one and had enrolled in the royal college of music london under the tutelage of the famous hungarian musician francis korbay crowley met up with her again in london when she sang the part of venus in tannh user on two two june one eight nine nine a torrid romance followed during which susan swore to divorce her american husband and devote herself to crowley however on her return to the us around october one eight nine nine she apparently cooled in ardour crowley followed her to new york in june of the following year but by then she was already on her way back to the uk to appear in performances of the royal opera house covent garden during one nine zero zero while in mexico city crowley experienced an epiphany during which |
he transcribed his play titled tannh user he attributed the inspiration of this play to his romance with susan strong thelema see also thelema the religious or mystical system which crowley founded into which most of his writings fall he named thelema thelema combines a radical form of philosophical libertarianism akin in some ways to nietzsche with a mystical initiatory system derived in part from the golden dawn chief among the precepts of thelema is the sovereignty of the individual will do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the law crowley s idea of will however is not simply the individual s desires or wishes but also incorporates a sense of the person s destiny or greater purpose what he termed the magick will much of the initiatory system of thelema is focused on discovering one s true will true purpose or higher self much else is devoted to an eastern inspired dissolution of the individual ego as a means to that end see choronzon the second precept of thelema is love is the law love under will and |
crowley s meaning of love is as complex as that of will it is frequently sexual crowley s system like elements of the golden dawn before him sees the dichotomy and tension between the male and female as fundamental to existence and sexual magick and metaphor form a significant part of thelemic ritual thelema draws on numerous older sources and like many other new religious movements of its time combines western and eastern traditions its chief western influences include the golden dawn and elements of freemasonry eastern influences include aspects of yoga taoism kabbalah and tantra writings within the subject of occultism crowley wrote widely penning commentaries on the tarot the book of thoth yoga book four the kabbalah sepher sephiroth astrology the general principles of astrology and numerous other subjects he also wrote a thelemic translation of the tao te ching based on earlier english translations since he knew little or no chinese like the golden dawn mystics before him crowley evidently sought to comp |
rehend the entire human religious and mystical experience in a single philosophy he self published many of his books expending the majority of his inheritance to disseminate his views many of his fiction works such as the simon iff detective stories and moonchild have not received significant notice outside of occult circles however his fictional work diary of a drug fiend has received acclaim from those involved in the field of substance abuse rehabilitation crowley s most grandiose work is the equinox a large bi annual periodical that served as the official organ of the argenteum astrum a a and later the o t o it was subtitled the review of scientific illuminism and remains one of the definitive works on occultism crowley s other major works include the book of lies the holy books of thelema konx om pax he also wrote a short highly readable introduction to yoga eight lectures on yoga and a polemic arguing against george bernard shaw s interpretation of the gospels in his preface to androcles and the lion cr |
owley s piece was edited by francis king and published as crowley on christ and shows him at his erudite and witty best crowley had a peculiar sense of humour in his book four he includes a chapter purporting to illuminate the qabalistic significance of mother goose nursery rhymes in re humpty dumpty for instance he recommends the occult authority ludovicus carolus better known as lewis carroll in a footnote to the chapter he admits that he had invented the alleged meanings to show that one can find occult truth in everything the title to chapter six nine is given as the way to succeed and the way to suck eggs a pun as the chapter concerns the six nine sex position as a mystical act many crowley biographies relate the story of l ron hubbard and jack parsons and their attempt to create a moonchild from crowley s novel of that name in crowley s own words apparently parsons and hubbard or somebody is producing a moonchild i get fairly frantic when i contemplate the idiocy of these louts clearly the admiration hu |
bbard had for crowley was not reciprocated more famously still he baited christians by naming himself to mega therion or the great beast of the book of revelation crowley was also a published if minor poet he wrote the one nine two nine hymn to pan perhaps his most widely read and anthologized poem three pieces by crowley the quest the neophyte and the rose and the cross appear in the one nine one seven collection the oxford book of english mystical verse crowley s unusual sense of humour is on display in white stains an one eight nine eight collection of pornographic verse pretended to be the literary remains of george archibald bishop a neuropath of the second empire the volume is prefaced with a notice that says that the editor hopes that mental pathologists for whose eyes alone this treatise is destined will spare no precaution to prevent it falling into other hands miscellany crowley also tried to mint a number of new terms instead of the established ones he felt inadequate for example he spelled magic m |
agick and renamed theurgy high magick and thaumaturgy low magick in world war i aleister crowley ingratiated himself with a hermetic sect in order to reveal to the americans that its head was a highly dangerous german agent in world war ii it was well known in british intelligence that many leading nazis were interested in the occult and especially in astrology crowley did some work for mi five but his project for dropping occult information by leaflet on the enemy was rejected by the authorities richard deacon spyclopaedia crowley in popular culture see crowley in popular culture see also the hermetic order of the golden dawn homunculus argenteum astrum a a ordo templi orientis william breeze the equinox thoth tarot thelemapedia grady mcmurtry jack parsons lon milo duquette references carroll robert todd two zero zero four aleister crowley one eight seven five one nine four seven the skeptic s dictionary retrieved three zero december two zero zero four crowley aleister one nine nine zero the tao teh king lib |
er clvii the equinox vol iii no viii ascii version retrieved three zero december two zero zero four free encyclopedia of thelema two zero zero five the equinox retrieved two four march two zero zero five a biography of crowley by lawrence sutin do what thou wilt two zero zero zero isbn zero three one two two eight eight nine seven two external links http www aleistercrowley com the most complete resource for books of crowley in pdf format a site dedicated to a film being made on crowley s life crowley controversy faq aleister crowley on thelemapedia aleister crowley the rotten library aleister crowley ebooks aleister crowley and the green goddess one eight seven five births one nine four seven deaths astrologers bisexual writers british chess players english astrologers english mountain climbers english novelists english occultists freemasons hermeticism lesbian gay bisexual or transgender people occultists thelema for the japanese film see after life for the british television drama see afterlife television |
for the pc game see afterlife game the afterlife or life after death is a generic term referring to a continuation of existence typically spiritual and experiential beyond this world or after death this article is about current generic and widely held or reported concepts of afterlife see also underworld for a comprehensive catalog of specific traditions about afterlife afterlife as a belief many people believe in an afterlife it is generally described as a non verifiable and non falsifiable belief within a religion because it is generally accepted as beyond the experiential knowledge or casual accessibility of most people see esoteric knowledge as a result the popular mind relies on various sources for concepts about afterlife arranged below in presumed order of reliability testimony of individuals who claim experiential knowledge of facets of afterlife by having died and then been sent back to this life near death experiences by having visited the afterlife during a period of unconsciousness out of body exp |
eriences by having seen the afterlife during a revelatory vision by a unique personal gift of remembering an afterlife before life existence by having communicated with or received a message from someone who has passed over after death communication or electronic voice phenomena testimony of individuals who are presumed to have special insights into the afterlife holy ones miracle workers spectacular converts claimed testimony of visitors from the afterlife god angels spirits human intuitions of goodness assumed to emanate from the afterlife speculation and extrapolation concoction while there is information available from all of the above sources a preponderance of concoctions speculations and extrapolations have arguably historically characterized formal descriptions of afterlife religious traditions have historically formalized and codified ideas about afterlife in widely divergent forms though the onset of the information age is bringing to light increasing consistency and uniformity of beliefs about afte |
rlife from across and without religious boundaries most afterlife conceptions continue to follow traditional descriptions often viewed as rationally weak by skeptics who particularly atheists and agnostics of a secular humanist mindset may hold that we entirely cease to exist however it should be pointed out that not all atheists and agnostics necessarily rule out the existence of an afterlife for example many buddhists neither confirm nor deny the existence of the supernatural gods demons heavens hells etc while simultaneously embracing the concept of rebirth for those who do believe in an afterlife the various conceptions about it differ in their answer to the following questions is the afterlife a normal life or a different type of existence are afterlife conditions a consequence of good and bad actions during life is afterlife eternal is it possible to reincarnate as a human or other form of life what happens at the moment of death are ghosts and other undead a proof of an afterlife afterlife as an indivi |
dual existence for an afterlife to exist there must be something that survives the body when death occurs this something is usually believed to be extraphysical and is usually called soul or spirit philosophers have long debated whether such an extraphysical substance can exist see mind body problem afterlife as reward or punishment one notion of afterlife which is common to judaism see the afterlife and olam haba world to come most sects of christianity and islam is that human souls go on for eternity to a place of happiness or torment such as heaven hell or purgatory or limbo many religions hold that after death people get reward or punishment based on their deeds or faith the christian bible for example contains the words of jesus the measure you give will be the measure you get mark four two four some christians however assert that christianity does not hold to the doctrine that entry into heaven can be earned rather that it is a gift that is solely god s to give a common line of reasoning for this is as |
follows the christian bible states that all have sinned and fall short of the glory of god romans three two three meaning nobody has ever managed to live their life without sinning at least once and this precludes any sort of afterlife reward furthermore the wages of sin is death the gift of god is eternal life in jesus christ our lord romans six two three eternal life is traditionally accepted to mean life in heaven after death these passages lead some to believe that christianity may be the only religion that does not hold to the doctrine that entry into heaven can be earned as nobody could ever earn it and it is a gift that is solely god s to give for many belief in an afterlife is a consolation in connection with death of a beloved one or the prospect of one s own death on the other hand fear of hell etc may make death worse in the informal folk beliefs of many christians the souls of virtuous people ascend to heaven and are converted into angels upon their deaths however a more literal reading of scriptu |
re suggests that the dead wait until the last judgment which is followed by resurrection for the faithful more formal christian theology makes a sharp distinction between angels who were created by god before the creation of humanity and saints who are virtuous people who have received immortality from the grace of god in view of the eternity of afterlife some consider regular life as relatively unimportant except for determining whether afterlife follows and or what kind it is just a provisional situation and the metaphor of a tent as provisional housing facility is used as quoted below for we know that if our earthly house of this tabernacle were dissolved we have a building of god a house not made with hands eternal in the heavens bible two corinthians five one in what we know of egyptian religion afterlife is very important the believer had to act well and know the rituals explained in the egyptian book of the dead if the corpse was properly embalmed and entombed in a mastaba the defunct would relive in t |
he fields of yalu and accompany the sun god on its daily ride if during the psychomachia the souls of the defunct were found faulty the devourer monster would eat them others including some universalists believe in universalism which holds that all will eventually be rewarded regardless of what they have done or believed life after death however is in no way a universal belief for example jehovah s witnesses interpret ecclesiastes nine five as precluding an afterlife for the living know that they shall die but the dead know not any thing neither have they any more a reward for the memory of them is forgotten they believe that a resurrection in the flesh at some future date will be a reward and that death non existence is a punishment afterlife as reincarnation another afterlife concept which is found among hindus buddhists and wiccans is reincarnation whether as humans animals or as spiritual beings one consequence of the hindu and buddhist beliefs is that our current lives are also an afterlife and both hind |
us and buddhists interpret events in our current life as being consequences of actions taken in previous lives or karma some neopagans believe in personal reincarnation whereas some believe that the energy of one s soul reintegrates with a continuum of such energy which is recycled into other living things as they are born afterlife and modern science other conceptions of an afterlife do not depend as heavily on religion certain scientific fields developed in the two zero th and two one st centuries that were previously either unknown or purely theoretical support interesting speculation and questions regarding the afterlife for instance the special theory of relativity known to many people at least in part through its most famous equation e mc implies that neither matter nor energy can be created nor destroyed this implies that the fundamental quantities that our brains are comprised of cannot actually be destroyed however it is certainly observed that the specific composition of those quantities which produ |
ces the electromagnetic currents and fields thought to comprise consciousness and cognition do change after death to forms that no longer produce these currents and fields which presents the question is consciousness a sole result of the specific configuration of matter of a living brain or do some forms of consciousness or experience remain present in the matter and energy that used to be a living brain if the latter is true even in part then it is not certain that the subjective experience of a being s consciousness ends at the time of death which could be strongly interpreted as a form of afterlife also the nature of consciousness and sentience itself is a subject of wide debate and not agreed upon by any means the emerging field of cognitive science attempts to study the nature of consciousness sentience and cognition it is now possible to study the brain at moments closer to death than ever before which may lead to insights regarding the cesstion of cognition and possibly even insights into the subjectiv |
e experience of consciousness at those times greater understanding of these concepts and the processes that produce them might have wide ranging consequences for conceptions of an afterlife in a social sciences sense the increasing globalization of the world has exposed many people to new religions and philosophies while the major monotheistic religions of the world judaism christianity islam and their offshoots almost universally preach some form of mind body dualism many eastern religions such as the many branches of buddhism and taoism do not contain any such claims and may in fact preach ideologies that are opposed to it zen buddhism in particular is famous for koans and parables that are meant to teach that the nature of consciousness is transient and or illusory with some schools going so far as to say that even the concept of a self is fundamentally flawed philosophical conceptions such as these which reject mind body dualism and contain ideas of life and existence separate from a self or unique soul r |
emove in large part one of the major criticisms of scientific individuals regarding the afterlife namely that an individual must have a soul in order to experience consciousness after death the emerging field of artificial intelligence in computing presents interesting questions regarding an experience of afterlife as well if a robot is created which possesses cognition and problem solving comparable to a human is that robot considered conscious or alive if so can he she or it die the memories of such robots if they are ever constructed could theoretically be composed of some form of electronic storage and stored on devices identical in purpose to modern hard drives which can be completely copied in a matter of seconds or hours if a backup is made of such a theoretical robot s memory at some point and that robot s current memory then is damaged destroyed or rendered inoperable and then restored from the backup in what sense if any does the newly restored robot s experience constitute resurrection especially i |
f for instance a wireless network is used to back up the robot s memory to the exact moment of destruction assuming that artificial intelligence research continues at the rapid pace it has shown so far these and related questions may become quite meaningful in the future finally though it is not a traditional conception of an afterlife by any means one particular and controversial interpretation of quantum physics actually implies that a conscious soul may be immortal in a certain sense see quantum immortality though admittely in this theory the organism does not strictly ever die so the term afterlife may be inappropriate related studies in philosophy the study of views of the afterlife is a concern of eschatology which deals with the soul the resurrection of the dead the messianic era and the end of the world the question of whether there is life after death is closely related to the mind body problem and like that problem is one of the classic problems of so called rational psychology and hence of one now |
largely outdated notion of the scope of metaphysics the later works of emanuel swedenborg present one of the most comprehensive and systematic descriptions of the spiritual world including heaven and hell criticism upon death brain activity ceases and a person s body begins to decompose this marks the end of the individual s mind in the physical world the fundamental belief of an afterlife is that there exists a non physical means a soul or spirit for the mind to survive the brain s destruction and continue to function in a non physical world occam s razor is used by skeptics as a counter to this belief there are two basic alternatives to be compared when you die your mind ceases to function and your body decomposes when you die your mind continues to function despite the physical destruction of your brain continuing its existence in a non physical world the first belief is simple and well supported much available scientific evidence indicates that the mind is the product of the brain s activity and that dest |
ruction of the brain also destroys the mind therefore some people conclude that believing in an afterlife at least in a logically consistent way requires the additional assumptions that there exists a non physical entity associated with a person the soul or spirit the mind can continue to operate in the absence of the brain being somehow supported by the soul the soul exists in a non physical dimension that we are unable to perceive in a measurable way despite there being some objective evidence to support these beliefs skeptics assert that science cannot prove the existence of an afterlife the fact that these beliefs are nevertheless widely held may be explained by wishful thinking humans instinctively fear death as we know that our eventual deaths are inevitable therefore it is unsurprising that a belief system which promises an escape from death would be strongly embraced people often suspend their better judgment when presented with too good to be true promises consider nigerian scams and similar instance |
s of fraud and an escape from death is considered by some to be the ultimate promise the philosophical belief of materialism holds that only the physical universe exists though not all materialists would argue that this precludes belief in an afterlife a great number of them do hold this viewpoint atheism and materialism are closely related and most atheists do not believe in any sort of afterlife logical arguments if one accepts the afterlife one also has to accept the concept of a soul since when someone dies the physical body decomposes some religions assert that only humans have a soul although some religions say that some other life forms such as animals also do the question remains as to why would monkeys which have been shown to be intelligent not have a soul while humans would also since at the subatomic level all things are made of the same elements why would other animals plants or even rocks not have a soul if intelligence is the criteria to have a soul where would the line be drawn as far as menta |
lly challenged people or very smart animals this topic appears often in the work of peter singer another argument is that historically many religions consider women lower than men in many walks of life these discriminatory themes were also applied against black people in america or earlier against muslims during the crusades where some human beings were described as having no soul or going straight to hell it therefore seems that each argument while based on a sacred ancient text of some sort the bible the qur an etc are adapted to fit the modern world a last logical argument is that if all humans have an afterlife and go to heaven or hell then their behavior in those places may be determined rather than willfully exerted people either have free will or don t free will is considered by many to be necessary to have a soul if they do then surely there should be evil in heaven and good in hell philosophical arguments some non believers in an afterlife influenced by positivism philosophy have argued that claims o |
f an afterlife are unverifiable and unfalsifiable and therefore cognitively meaningless some have argued that on the contrary particular claims concerning the nature of the afterlife are verifiable and falsifiable all one has to do to verify falsify them is die on the other hand they argue the belief in the absence of an afterlife can be attacked as vacuous on the grounds that the statement i cease to exist is unverifiable unfalsifiable and therefore by the same token cognitively meaningless in particular the concept of our own non existence is inconceivable what experience corresponds to your own non existence none other philosophical issues about the idea of an afterlife can be expressed in thought experiments johnny is shot and ceases existence for five minutes allow for the sake of the thought experiment regardless of your beliefs that he does not experience any form of afterlife in this time then five minutes later johnny is cloned an exact replica is made possessing all of the factual knowledge beliefs |
values intentional states and emotions etc he had at the time of death is this being the same johnny that was killed the result of this thought experiment is arguably very important to some religious groups now imagine that in accordance with the doctrines of some religious groups that a person x dies and is ressurected after a period of death and essential non existence lack of awareness is this x the same x that died the issue at stake is essentially whether identity is continuity over time or a set of traits i e complexes of memory personality a soul etc see also akhirah animism atheism death doomsday electronic voice phenomenon elysium enlightenment eschatology eternity ghosts heaven hell immortality jewish eschatology life near death experience out of body experience pre birth communication reincarnation salvation soul undead valhalla external links a lawyer presents the case for the afterlife dictionary of the history of ideas death and immortality a tibetian buddhist view of the afterlife encyclopedia |
of afterlife theories near death experiences and the afterlife common problems with the concept of heaven the problem of the soul two visions of mind and how to reconcile them hardcover international scientific research into the survival after physical death religious philosophy and doctrine death jewish mysticism christian eschatology life after death illustration of the use of optical wavelength interferometry to determine precise positions of stars courtesy nasa jpl caltech astrometry is a branch of astronomy that deals with the positions of stars and other celestial bodies their distances and movements it is one of the oldest subfields of the science the successor to the more qualitative study of positional astronomy astrometry dates back at least to hipparchus who compiled the first catalogue of stars visible to him and in doing so invented the brightness scale basically still in use today modern astrometry was founded by friedrich bessel with his fundamenta astronomiae which gave the mean position of th |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.