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e the construction of the southern expressway a necessity new roads have not only been used to cope with the urban growth however the adelaide o bahn is an example of a unique solution to tea tree gully s transport woes in the one nine eight zero s the development of the nearby suburb of golden grove in the late one nine eight zero s is possibly an example of well though out urban planning the newer urban areas as a whole however are not as integrated into the urban layout as much as older areas and therefore place more stress on adelaide s transportation system although not on a level comparable with melbourne or sydney panoramic view over the adelaide parklands of the square mile central business district from montefiore hill in north adelaide the historic adelaide oval is visible in the centre foreground governance parliament house adelaide on north terrace houses the parliament of south australia the city of adelaide is responsible only for the square mile which is the central business district cbd north |
adelaide and the surrounding adelaide parklands it is the oldest municipal authority in australia and was established in one eight four zero when adelaide and australia s first mayor james hurtle fisher was elected from one nine one nine onwards the city has had a lord mayor the current being lord mayor michael harbison the city of adelaide has a population of approximately one eight zero zero zero people in an area of one five five seven km the population of the inner city has dwindled from its peak of about two five zero zero zero zero as the metropolitan area has expanded the entire metropolitan region including the city proper has a population of one zero eight zero nine nine zero people two zero zero one census in an area of eight seven zero km and is divided into one eight autonomous local government areas however as south australia s capital and most populous city the state government co operates extensively with the city of adelaide a relationship manifest in the capital city committee which is primar |
ily concerned with the planning of adelaide s urban development and growth demographics rundle mall adelaide s main shopping street adelaide skyline from the river torrens as of june two zero zero four adelaide had a metropolitan population of more than one one two four three one five making it australia s fifth largest city in the two zero zero two two zero zero three period the population grew by zero six while the national average was one two some seven zero three of the population of south australia is resident within the metropolitan area making south australia one of the most centralised states major areas of population growth in recent years were in outer suburbs such as mawson lakes and golden grove adelaide s inhabitants occupy three two five zero zero zero houses five seven zero zero zero detached row terrace or town houses and four nine zero zero zero flats apartments and caravans major areas of population growth in recent years were in outer suburbs such as mawson lakes and golden grove overseas b |
orn adelaideans composed two four six two four two zero nine two of the total population the north eastern suburbs such as golden grove and salisbury and suburbs close to the cbd had a higher ratio of overseas born residents wealthier and more well educated adelaideans are concentrated on the coastal suburbs such as brighton and hallett cove and south eastern suburbs such as burnside and waterfall gully almost a fifth one seven nine of the population had university qualifications the number of adelaideans with vocational qualifications such as tradespersons fell from six two one of the labour force in the one nine nine one census to five two four in the two zero zero one census overall adelaide is ageing much more rapidly than other australian capital cities just under a quarter two four one of adelaide s population is aged five five years or older in comparison to the national average of one nine nine to further compound the situation adelaide has the lowest number of children under one five year olds which |
composed one eight seven of the population compared to the national average of two zero four in regards to three highest ancestries three eight of the population identified themselves as english three four as australian which is most likely primarily of anglo celtic background and eight four as irish the three most spoken languages other than english were three five for italian two three for greek and one two for vietnamese economy adelaide s economy is primarily based around manufacturing defence technology and research commodity export and corresponding service industries it has large manufacturing defence and research zones they contain car manufacturing plants for general motors holden and mitsubishi and plants for medical equipment and electronic component production almost half of all cars produced in australia are made in adelaide the global media conglomerate news corporation was founded in and until two zero zero four incorporated in adelaide and is still considered its spiritual home by rupert murdo |
ch australia s largest oil company santos south australia northern territory oil search and the prominent south australian brewery coopers calls adelaide their home the collapse of the state bank in one nine nine two resulted in large levels of state debt as much as a four billion the collapse had meant that successive governments had enacted lean budgets cutting spending which had been a setback to the further development of the city and state the debt has recently been reduced with the state government once again receiving a aaa credit rating the south australian economy very closely tied to adelaide s still enjoys a trade surplus and has higher per capita growth than australia as a whole the adelaide built collins class submarine hmas rankin adelaide is home to a large proportion of australia s defence industries which contribute over aud one billion to south australia s gross state product seven zero of australian defence companies are located in adelaide the principal government military research institu |
tion the defence science and technology organisation and other defence technology organisations such as tenix are located in salisbury near raaf base edinburgh and others near technology park the australian submarine corporation based in the industrial suburb of osborne was charged with constructing australia s collins class submarines and recently won a aud six billion contract to construct the royal australian navy s new air warfare destroyers there are four six six eight two nine employed people in adelaide with six two three employed full time and three five one employed part time in recent years there has been a growing trend towards part time which includes casual employment increasing from only one one six of the workplace in one nine nine one to over a third today one five of workers are employed in manufacturing five in construction one five in retail trade one one in business services seven in education and one two in health and community services the median weekly individual income for people aged |
one five years and over is three zero zero three nine nine per week the median family income is eight zero zero nine nine nine per week adelaide s housing and living costs are substantially lower than that of other australian cities with housing being notably cheaper the median adelaide house price is half that of sydney and two thirds that of melbourne the unemployment rate as of october two zero zero five was four eight education main article education in south australia art gallery of south australia adelaide is home to campuses of all three of south australia s universities the university of adelaide is a member of the group of eight and was founded in one eight seven four making it the third oldest university in australia it has five campuses in the adelaide area one being its primary campus on north terrace and another being the national wine centre the university of south australia was formed in one nine nine one from a merger between the south australian institute of technology and the south australia |
n colleges of advanced education four of its six campuses are located in adelaide with two in the cbd itself flinders university located in bedford park is named after british navigator and explorer matthew flinders and was founded in one nine six six it is a mid sized institution with a medical school at the adjacent flinders medical centre leading us private university carnegie mellon is to establish two adelaide campuses offering both australian and us degrees in two zero zero six the heinz school will specialise in it and government management and be based in victoria square while another campus at light square will specialise in new media and entertainment these institutions attract students from across australia and around the world earning adelaide s international recognition as a city of education school education in adelaide is provided by a variety of public and private schools which are the responsibility of the state government these schools operate under the south australian certificate of educat |
ion sace with international baccalaureates ib offered at many as well the tertiary education system in adelaide is extensive with five out of eight centres of tafe south australia in the city itself including the douglas mawson institute of technology they specialise in non university higher education offering a viable alternative culture adelaide convention centre situated next to the river torrens st peters cathedral adelaide adelaide is sometimes referred to as the city of churches although this is a reflection more on adelaide s past than its present rumour has it that for every church that was built in adelaide a pub was also built to serve the less pious from its earliest adelaide attracted immigrants from many countries particularly german migrants escaping religious persecution they brought with them the vine cuttings that founded the acclaimed wineries of the barossa valley after the second world war italians greeks dutch polish and possibly every other european nationality came to make a new start a |
n influx of asian immigrants following the vietnam war added to the mix these new arrivals have blended to form a rich and diverse cuisine and vibrant restaurant culture adelaide s arts scene flourished in the one nine seven zero s under the leadership of premier don dunstan removing some of the more puritanical restrictions on cultural activities then prevalent around australia now the city is home to events such as the barossa music festival the adelaide festival of arts adelaide film festival adelaide festival of ideas come out youth arts festival the fringe festival among others womadelaide australia s premier world music event is now annually held in the scenic surrounds of botanic park emphasising adelaide s dedication to the arts which has prevailed since the days of don dunstan the annual royal adelaide show first held in one eight four zero began as a simple event for the state s farmers to show off their produce over time it grew into a more general commercial fair held in early september in the inn |
er suburb of wayville with carnival rides food and entertainment surrounding the more traditional agricultural exhibitions and competitions the music of adelaide has produced various musicians who have achieved both national and worldwide fame notably the adelaide symphony orchestra the adelaide youth orchestra the mark of cain the superjesus testeagles cold chisel and eric bogle american artist ben folds considers adelaide his second home epitomised in his song adelaide and resides here with his adelaide born wife for a number of months each year the first australian idol winner guy sebastian hails from the adelaide suburb of golden grove and the popular australian hip hop outfit hilltop hoods reside in o halloran hill media newspapers in adelaide are dominated by news corp tabloid publications the only south australian daily newspaper is the advertiser published by news six days per week while the sunday paper is the sunday mail there are eleven suburban community newspapers published weekly known collectiv |
ely as the messenger newspapers also published by a subsidiary of news corp a recent addition to the print medium in the city is the independent weekly providing one alternative view two national daily newspapers are circulated in the city the australian monday friday and its weekend publication the weekend australian saturday also published by news corp and the australian financial review published by fairfax the adelaide review is a free paper published fortnightly and other independent magazine style papers are published but are not as widely available all of the five australian national networks broadcast both analogue pal and widescreen digital services in adelaide they share three transmission towers on the ridge near the summit of mount lofty the two government funded stations are abc and sbs the seven network and network ten both own their adelaide stations sas seven and ads one zero respectively adelaide s nws nine is affiliated with the nine network but is actually owned by southern cross broadcasti |
ng adelaide also has a community television station channel three one the foxtel pay tv service is available as cable television in a few areas as is satellite television to the entire metropolitan area it is resold by a number of other brands mostly telephone companies sport the annual adelaide clipsal five zero zero race adelaide hosted the formula one australian grand prix from one nine eight five to one nine nine five on a street circuit in the city s eastern parklands the grand prix became a source of pride and losing the grand prix to melbourne in a surprise announcement left a void that has since been filled with the highly successful clipsal five zero zero v eight supercar race event held on a modified version of the same street circuit adelaide is the home of two australian football league teams the adelaide crows and the port adelaide football club a local australian rules football league the sanfl is made up of nine teams from around adelaide adelaide s professional soccer team adelaide united play |
in the a league at hindmarsh stadium one of the few purpose built football stadiums in australia the adelaide three six ers and the adelaide fellas play in national basketball competitions with home games at the distinctive homes dome and the adelaide thunderbirds play in the national netball competition with home games at etsa park most large sporting events take place at either aami stadium formerly football park or the historic adelaide oval home of the southern redbacks cricket team adelaide hosts an international cricket test every summer along with a number of one day international cricket matches adelaide has hosted the annual tour down under bicycle race since one nine nine nine an event which has gradually built an international reputation with each successive year it has been held it is also host to the popular bay to birdwood run featuring vintage and veteran cars from around the world infrastructure health adelaide s first hospital was the royal adelaide hospital rah founded in one eight four zer |
o it is one of the major hospitals in adelaide and is a teaching hospital of the university of adelaide it has a capacity of five zero zero beds two other rah campuses specialising in specific patient services located in the suburbs of adelaide the hampstead rehabilitation centre in northfield and the glenside campus mental health service the other two largest hospitals in the adelaide area are the the women s and children s hospital three zero five beds which is located on king william road in north adelaide and the flinders medical centre five zero zero beds which is located in bedford park south australia these hospitals are also associated with medical schools the women and children s with the university of south australia s adelaide campus and the flinders medical centre with flinders university transport the mount osmond interchange on the south eastern freeway being centrally located on the australian mainland adelaide forms something of a strategic transport hub for east west and north south routes th |
e city itself has a limited public transport system which is managed by and known as the adelaide metro the adelaide metro consists of a contracted bus system including the adelaide o bahn a guided busway metropolitan railways and the historic adelaide glenelg tram road transport in adelaide has historically been comparatively easier than many of the other australian cities with a well defined city layout and wide multiple lane roads from the beginning of its development historically adelaide was known as a twenty minute city with commuters having being able to travel from metropolitan outskirts to the city proper in roughly twenty minutes however these roads are now inadequate to cope with adelaide s growing road traffic the adelaide international airport located at west beach is australia s newest and most advanced airport terminal and is designed to serve in excess of five four million passengers annually the new dual international domestic terminal was to replace the old and ageing terminals known locally |
as the tin sheds and incorporates new state of the art features such as glass aerobridges and the ability to cater for the new airbus a three eight zero the airport is designed to handle two seven aircraft simultaneously and it is capable of processing three zero zero zero passengers per hour utilities adelaide has three major energy companies which provide gas and electricity to the population etsa utilities is the former government owned company sold off by the olsen government in the one nine nine zero s and the major player in the adelaide electicity market there are other smaller providers agl energy australia and origin energy who provide services in electricity and natural gas there has been substantial criticism in recent years of the suburban electricity network due to its inability to cope with high usage periods adelaide derives its electricity from a coal fired plant at torrens island and connections to the national grid adelaide s water supply is gained from its reservoirs mount bold happy valle |
y myponga millbrook hope valley little para and south para further water demands result in the pumping of water from the river murray the provider of water services is by the government owned sa water notes and references adelaide council naming practices courtesy catholic university south australian place names courtesy government of south australia adelaide s inner and outer ring routes courtesy south australian department of transport adelaide s freeways a history from mats to the port river expressway courtesy ozroads capital city committee adelaide statistical division courtesy australian bureau of statistics south australia fact sheet automotive courtesy business south australia pdf south australia s credit rating the highest courtesy business south australia south australia s economic performance update courtesy business south australia pdf south australia the defence industry choice courtesy defence sa adelaide cost of living courtesy business south australia metro malcontent the twenty minute city no |
more courtesy raa pdf sister cities adelaide has several sister cities they are see also tallest buildings in adelaide people of adelaide list of adelaide railway stations list of adelaide suburbs list of churches in adelaide list of sports clubs in adelaide further reading kathryn gargett susan marsden adelaide a brief history adelaide state history centre history trust of south australia in association with adelaide city council one nine five two isbn zero seven three zero eight zero one one six zero derek whitelock et al adelaide a sense of difference melbourne arcadia two zero zero zero isbn zero eight seven five six zero six five seven one external links city of adelaide sa central city highlights metropolitan highlights sensational adelaide adelaide australian capital cities cities in south australia coastal cities in australia this is a page about the national league in australian rules football for information about the rules and history of the game see the australian rules football page the australi |
an football league is the national competition in australian rules football it was formed through the expansion of the victorian football league during the one nine eight zero s and one nine nine zero s in two zero zero five it had a total regular season attendance of six two eight three seven eight eight and the average attendance of three five seven zero three was the third highest of any professional sports league in the world administration afl ceo andrew demetriou general manager broadcasting strategy home matches at alternate grounds former teams vfl afl records highest score geelong three seven one seven two three nine carrara oval may three one nine nine two highest winning margin fitzroy one nine zero pointswaverley park july two eight one nine seven nine largest crowd carlton v collingwood one two one six nine six mcg september two six one nine seven zero grand final largest home feral also richmond and collingwood were both highly successful in the late one nine two zero s to the early one nine thr |
ee zero s meeting each other in several grand finals melbourne v collingwood as per richmond vs collingwood but additionally fuelled by a narrow loss to collingwood which stopped melbourne from winning a fourth flag in a row in one nine five eight and the fact that melbourne played half their premierships against them essendon v collingwoodarising from the inaugural anzac day clash and essendon s loss to collingwood in the one nine nine zero grand final games between these sides draw large crowds essendon v carlton as is the case with two successful sides in any competition fans of each club love to defeat the other local derbies adelaide v port adelaide known as the showdown west coast v fremantle known as the western derby more recent rivals brisbane v sydney two frontier states for the afl the afl uses the rugby league state of origin rivalry between queensland and new south wales to draw crowds to games between these teams melbourne v geelong the first two clubs in the league melbourne ceo steve harris on |
ce made comments about how melbourne people never like to travel to geelong with this rivalry being manufactured by the afl in the recent afl rivalry round concept essendon v hawthorn the clubs contested the grand final on several occasions in the one nine eight zero s brisbane v essendon the two sides who clashed in the two zero zero one grand final has since developed into a great rivalry thanks to respective coaches leigh matthews brisbane and kevin sheedy essendon with several famous clashes already brisbane v collingwood the brisbane lions defeated collingwood in the two zero zero two and two zero zero three grand final which caused grand final rematches and great rivalry between the two teams this continued onwards with many lions fans disliking collingwood and their president eddie mcguire brisbane v port adelaide the two sides who dominated the afl from two zero zero one two zero zero four they had identical winning percentages over the four years the lions won three consecutive titles two zero zero o |
ne two zero zero three while port developed a reputation as chokers in big matches until they won the two zero zero four title defeating brisbane in that decieder matches between the two are always hard fought encounters the two sides have also drawn on two occasions in one nine nine seven and one nine nine eight west coast v essendon the rivalry started when essendon coach kevin sheedy celebrated a victory by running down from the coaches box to the ground waving his jacket around his head now the fans of the victorious team in these clashes celebrate the victory by waving their jackets st kilda v geelong currently victoria s two best teams both have reasonably young teams making their mark in afl past rivals st kilda v south melbourne these clubs shared the same geographical area until the swans moved to sydney these teams played for the lake trophy collingwood v fitzroy as with st kilda and south melbourne these clubs shared the same geographical area until fitzroy folded and was absorbed by brisbane and b |
egan a new rivalry with collingwood from successive grand final encounters rivalries which remain untapped richmond v fremantle richmond was fremantle s first opponent in one nine nine five and later in the season became the first team to play the dockers twice comedian trevor marmalade joked at the time that this made the two teams traditional rivals interestingly many matches between the two teams have been close contests but neither side seems to consider the other a closely matched rival future several areas have been discussed as expansion possibilities most often tasmania western sydney north queensland the gold coast canberra darwin and even new zealand or south africa but the afl have an aim to keep the competition to one six teams it is generally thought that if the afl expands into a new area one of the less financially well off victorian clubs will re locate rather than an entirely new club being formed the western bulldogs and kangaroos are most often considered candidates for re location and some |
theorise that their respective name changes in the one nine nine zero s were in anticipation of such a move having experimented with home games in western sydney the kangaroos play regular premiership season games at manuka oval in canberra and the bulldogs have played in cairns and darwin leading to more speculation that they are attempting to build a supporter base in those areas for future re location mergers have also been an option for the afl as was seen with the brisbane bears and the defunct fitzroy lions in one nine nine six if two victorian teams merge then it makes room for a one six th team to come from an interstate city the likely candidates for this are the southport sharks or a tasmanian team based in hobart or launceston however that since the one nine nine six melbourne hawks merger attempt the afl has been less willing to actively persue the amalgamation of two victorian based clubs as an option hall of fame for the centenary of the vfl afl in one nine nine six the australian football hall |
of fame was formed its members not only consist of those who have contributed to the vfl afl but from australian football in general in such leagues as the sanfl and wafl that year one three six australian rules identities were inducted including one zero zero players one zero coaches one zero umpires one zero administrators and six media representatives legends of the game in one nine nine six thirteen hall of fame members were declared legends of the game now each year another member of the hall of fame is declared a legend the following is a list of legends of the game ron barassi junior added one nine nine six haydn bunton senior added one nine nine six roy cazaly added one nine nine six john coleman added one nine nine six gordon coventry added one nine nine six jack dyer added one nine nine six graham farmer added one nine nine six leigh matthews added one nine nine six john nicholls added one nine nine six bob pratt added one nine nine six dick reynolds added one nine nine six bob skilton added one ni |
ne nine six ted whitten senior added one nine nine six ian stewart added one nine nine seven gordon coventry added one nine nine eight peter hudson added one nine nine nine kevin bartlett added two zero zero zero barry robran added two zero zero one bill hutchison added two zero zero three jock mchale added two zero zero five team of the century to celebrate the one zero zero th season of the afl the afl team of the century was named in one nine nine six jim elder was declared the umpire of the century was to coincide with the team of the century since the naming of this side all afl clubs have nominated their own teams of the century an indigenous team of the century was also selected in two zero zero five featuring the best aboriginal players of the previous one zero zero years corporate relations membership the afl sells membership that entitle subscribers to reserve seats for matches at the telstra dome and melbourne cricket ground in melbourne and priority access to finals afl members can nominate a club |
to get priority grand final tickets broadcasting television the official television broadcast partners of the afl are nine network network ten and foxtel fox footy channel as of two zero zero seven the official free to air television brodcast partners will be the seven network and network ten the pay tv partner if any is yet to be confirmed before two zero zero one the seven network had broadcast the afl for four five years the only year they didn t hold the rights was one nine eight seven when the rights were bought by sportsplay a satellite channel who then onsold the rights to the australian broadcasting corporation in one nine nine seven the seven network s main rivals created a consortium to snatch the rights from the network seven however did purchase a guaranteed last rights bid which in the future proved to be handy for the network in january two zero zero six shortly after the death of media magnate kerry packer a seven ten alliance used seven s last rights bid to match nine s offer of aud seven eig |
ht zero million for broadcast rights in what was the biggest sport broadcasting deal in australian history international broadcasting abc asia pacific currently broadcasts the full afl premiership season to more than three nine countries afl is broadcast in the united states and canada but not free to air in the one nine eight zero s espn played a highlights package called fosters australian rules the afana is an organisation aimed at increasing coverage in north america currently fox soccer channel in the usa and fox sports world canada show a game of the week and a weekly one hour recap show the afl grand final is broadcast live the recap show also airs on various regional affiliates of fox sports net although australian rules is not shown in ireland setanta airs international rules matches radio the official radio broacast partners of the afl are triple m three aw abc local radio fiveaa six pr k rock and the national indigenous radio service publishing and print the official print broadcast partner of the |
afl is news limited the afl record is a print publication that is read by around two two five zero zero zero people each week internet the official internet three g broadcast partner of the afl is bigpond the afl also provides exclusive broadband content including streaming video for international fans via its website merchandising the afl run a chain of stores that sell various merchandise from all teams and the merchandise is also available from other retailers hall of fame and sensation a modern museum called the hall of fame and sensation opened in melbourne in two zero zero three to celebrate the culture of the afl and the australian football hall of fame the museum a licenced spin off of the afl was originally touted for the mcg the hall of fame failed to get support of the melbourne cricket club so the new qv shopping centre on swanston street was chosen as the location next to one of the busiest afl shops later controversy surrounded the appoint meant of an administration as the museum began running a |
t a loss many blamed high entry prices which were subsequently reduced and the museum remains open to the public hall of fame and sensation features various honour boards and artefacts as well as a range of innovative interactive displays designed to emerse fans and visitors in the experience of elite aussie rules video games main article list of australian rules football computer games these are computer video games that were licensed to use the afl australian football sports brand australian rules one nine eight seven c six four aussie rules footy one nine nine one nes afl finals fever one nine nine six pc afl nine eight one nine nine nine pc psx pal afl nine nine two zero zero zero pc psx pal aussie rules coach two zero zero one pc kevin sheedy coach two zero zero two pc afl live two zero zero three two zero zero three pc ps two xbox pal afl live two zero zero four two zero zero four pc ps two xbox pal afl premiership two zero zero five two zero zero five pc ps two xbox pal gambling the afl is the subject |
of footy tipping and betting competitions around australia run by individuals syndicates workplaces and bookmakers see also australian rules football afl premiers brownlow medal coleman medal leigh matthews trophy sports attendances list of celebrity supporters of afl clubs wikiproject afl external links afl official site afl publishing afl online forum history of afl vfl jumpers season two zero zero six interactive fixture complete vfl afl results afl fan forum afl premiership two zero zero five review ps two game aussie rules international the french footy teams site footystats diary herald sun footy news allthestats world footy news australian football league australian rules football competitions sports governing bodies in australia australian rules football grounds alan garner born congleton october one seven one nine three four is an english writer whose work is firmly rooted in his local cheshire his very early writing was marketed mainly for children and could be described as fantasy though he himself |
rejects the label of children s writer i do not write for children but for myself adolescents read my books by adolescence i mean an arbitrary age somewhere between one zero and one eight this group of people is the most important of all his more recent work strandloper thursbitch is more specifically intended for adult readers while the earlier the stone book quartet which received the phoenix award in one nine nine six is poetic in style and inspiration garner pays particular attention to language and strives to render the cadence of the cheshire tongue in modern english this he explains by the sense of anger he felt on reading sir gawain and the green knight the footnotes would not have been needed by his father this and other aspects of his writing are the subject of neil philip s a fine anger collins one nine eight one which offers a detailed analysis of his work his most recent novel is thursbitch other works have won the guardian award the carnegie medal and the lewis carroll shelf award as well as th |
e chicago international film festival one st prize for his educational film images his collection of essays and public talks the voice that thunders contains much autobiographical material as well as critical reflection upon folklore and language literature and education the nature of myth and time garner is an accomplished public speaker the author philip pullman is a strong admirer and the weirdstone of brisingamen is an acknowledged classic of children s literature he was awarded the obe for services to literature in the two zero zero one new year s honours list works his best known works are the weirdstone of brisingamen the moon of gomrath elidor the owl service red shift the stone book quartet the voice that thunders strandloper thursbitch he has also edited a collection of stories about fools the guizer one nine seven five one nine three four births living people british short story writers british children s writers english fantasy writers guardian award winners officers of the british empire august t |
wo is the two one four th day of the year in the gregorian calendar two one five th in leap years with one five one days remaining events three three eight bc rise of macedon philip ii of macedon crushes athens and thebes in the battle of chaeronea two one six bc punic wars in the battle of cannae hannibal destroys the roman army of lucius aemilius paullus and gaius terentius varro in what is considered one of the great masterpieces of the tactical art four six one majorian resigns as western roman emperor shortly afterwards libius severus is declared western roman emperor by ricimer one six one zero henry hudson sails into what it is now known as hudson bay thinking he had made it through the northwest passage and reached the pacific ocean one seven seven six delegates to the continental congress begin signing the united states declaration of independence one seven nine zero the first us census is conducted one seven nine eight second coalition the battle of the nile between french and british navies ends wi |
th a british victory one eight six nine japan s samurai farmer artisan merchant class system is abolished as part of the meiji restoration reforms traditional japanese date june two five one eight six nine one eight seven zero tower subway the world s first underground tube railway opens in london one nine zero three fall of the ottoman empire unsuccessful uprising of the bulgarians against ottoman turkey also known as the ilinden uprising one nine one six world war i austrian sabotage causes the sinking of the italian battleship leonardo da vinci in taranto one nine one eight japan announces that it is deploying troops to siberia in the aftermath of world war i one nine three four gleichschaltung adolf hitler becomes f hrer of germany one nine four three pt one zero nine with future president of the united states lieutenant john f kennedy aboard sinks one nine four five world war ii potsdam conference in which the allied powers discuss the future of defeated germany concludes one nine five zero the new world |
translation of the christian greek scriptures is released in a public event held in yankee stadium in new york city one nine five five velcro is patented one nine six four north vietnam allegedly fires on a us destroyer in the gulf of tonkin incident one nine six seven the second blackwall tunnel opens in greenwich london one nine seven five in new orleans louisiana the superdome officially opens with an nfl football game between the new orleans saints and houston oilers one nine seven six an intruder breaks into priscilla davis mansion in fort worth texas and kills andrea wilborn and stan farr one nine seven nine new york yankees catcher thurman munson dies in a plane crash an avid pilot he was practicing takeoffs and landings in his new cessna citation jet the official cause of the crash was determined to be pilot error one nine eight zero a bomb explodes at the railway station in bologna italy killing eight five people and wounding more than two zero zero one nine eight five a delta air lines lockheed l o |
ne zero one one tristar crashes at dallas fort worth international airport in texas killing one three seven one nine nine zero iraq invades kuwait eventually leading to the gulf war one nine nine four popular japanese television and movie actor beat takeshi is seriously injured in a motorcycle accident two zero zero four monday demonstrations against social cutbacks began in germany two zero zero five air france flight three five eight skids off the runway at toronto pearson international airport outside toronto canada destroying the plane but resulting in no loss of life births one five three three theodor zwinger swiss scholar d one five eight eight one six seven two johann jakob scheuchzer swiss scholar d one seven three three one six seven four philip ii duke of orl ans regent of france d one seven two three one six nine six mahmud i ottoman sultan d one seven five four one seven zero three lorenzo ricci italian jesuit leader d one seven seven five one seven five four pierre charles l enfant french born a |
rchitect and city planner d one eight two five one seven eight eight leopold gmelin german chemist d one eight five three one eight one five adolf friedrich von schack german writer d one eight nine four one eight three four fr d ric bartholdi french sculptor d one nine zero four one eight three five elisha gray american inventor and entrepreneur d one nine zero one one eight five four milan i king of serbia d one nine zero one one eight six five irving babbitt american literary critic d one nine three three one eight six eight king constantine i of greece d one nine two three one eight seven one john french sloan american artist d one nine five one one eight nine two jack warner canadian film producer d one nine seven eight one eight nine seven max weber swiss federal councilor d one nine seven four one nine zero zero helen morgan american actress d one nine four one one nine zero five karl amadeus hartmann german composer d one nine six three one nine zero five myrna loy american actress d one nine nine thr |
ee one nine one two vladimir zerjavic croatian statistician d two zero zero one one nine one four beatrice straight american actress d two zero zero one one nine one five gary merrill american actor d one nine nine zero one nine two four james baldwin american author d one nine eight seven one nine two four carroll o connor american actor d two zero zero one one nine two five jorge rafael videla argentinian dictator one nine two five alan whicker british journalist and broadcaster whicker s world one nine three zero vali myers artist d two zero zero three one nine three two peter o toole irish born actor one nine three four valery bykovsky cosmonaut one nine three five hank cochran country music singer and songwriter one nine three seven garth hudson canadian musician the band one nine three nine wes craven american film director one nine four one doris coley american singer shirelles d two zero zero zero one nine four two isabel allende chilean author one nine four five alex jesaulenko australian rules footb |
aller one nine four seven massiel spanish singer and eurovision song contest winner one nine four eight dennis prager american radio talk show host and author one nine five zero lance ito american judge one nine five one andrew gold american singer musician and songwriter one nine five three butch patrick american actor one nine five four sammy mcilroy northern irish footballer and football manager one nine five seven mojo nixon american musician and actor one nine five nine apollonia kotero american singer and actress one nine six one linda fratianne american figure skater one nine six four mary louise parker american actress one nine six nine fernando couto portuguese footballer one nine six nine richard hallebeek dutch guitarist one nine seven zero tony amonte american hockey player one nine seven zero kevin smith american actor director and screenwriter one nine seven one michael hughes northern irish footballer one nine seven two justyna steczkowska polish singer one nine seven four jeremy castle america |
n singer and songwriter one nine seven five xu huaiwen chinese born badminton player one nine seven seven edward furlong american actor one nine seven seven dave farrel american musician one nine eight two h lder postiga portuguese footballer one nine eight five jeff healy canadian musician one nine nine two hallie kate eisenberg american actress deaths six eight six pope john v one one zero zero king william ii of england one two two two count raymond vi of toulouse b one one five six one five one one andrew barton scottish naval leader one five eight nine king henry iii of france b one five five one one six one one kato kiyomasa japanese warlord and samurai b one five six two one six nine six robert campbell of glenlyon scottish military commander at the massacre of glencoe b one six three zero one seven six nine daniel finch eight th earl of winchilsea english politician b one six eight nine one seven seven six louis fran ois i prince of conti french military leader b one seven one seven one seven eight ei |
ght thomas gainsborough english artist b one seven two seven one eight one five guillaume marie anne brune french marshal murdered b one seven six three one eight five nine horace mann american educator and abolitionist b one seven nine six one eight seven six james butler wild bill hickok american gunfighter b one eight three seven one eight nine zero louise victorine ackermann french poet b one eight one three one nine zero three edmond nocard french veterinarian b one eight five zero one nine two one enrico caruso italian tenor b one eight seven three one nine two two alexander graham bell scottish born inventor b one eight four seven one nine two three warren g harding two nine th president of the united states b one eight six five one nine three four paul von hindenburg german general and politician b one eight four seven one nine three six louis bl riot french aviation pioneer b one eight seven two one nine three nine harvey spencer lewis american rosacrucian mystic b one eight eight three one nine four |
five pietro mascagni italian composer b one eight six three one nine seven six fritz lang austrian film director b one eight nine zero one nine seven eight carlos ch vez mexican composer b one eight nine nine one nine seven nine thurman munson baseball player b one nine four seven one nine eight six roy cohn american politician b one nine two seven one nine eight eight raymond carver american writer b one nine three eight one nine nine zero norman mclean american writer b one nine zero two one nine nine seven william s burroughs american writer b one nine one four one nine nine eight shari lewis american puppeteer b one nine three three two zero zero three don estelle british actor b one nine three three two zero zero three mike levey american television personality b one nine four eight two zero zero four don tosti musician b one nine two three holidays and observances costa rica our lady of the angels bulgaria republic of macedonia ilinden st ilya day a day of remembrance of the ilinden uprising feast day |
of ilya the prophet in russian orthodox church feast day of st peter julian eymard roman catholic church day of airborne forces in russia external links bbc on this day the new york times on this day this day in history history channel august one august three july two september two listing of all days atlantic may mean the atlantic ocean a major ocean in the world atlantic canada consisting of the four canadian provinces on the atlantic ocean atlantic iowa atlantic pennsylvania atlantic virginia atlantic city new jersey atlantic county new jersey atlantic beach florida atlantic beach north carolina atlantic beach new york atlantic records a rock and r b music label rms atlantic a steamship that sank off halifax in one eight seven three killing five four six people the atlantic monthly a monthly magazine published in the united states atlantic a steam locomotive with a four four two wheel arrangement the atlantic passenger train a named passenger train operated by canadian pacific railway and later via rail th |
e atlantic alliance another name for nato the atlantic revolutions included the american and french revolutions the atlantic period of palaeoclimatology in mathematics an algebraic number relative to a field f is any element x of a given field k containing f such that x is a solution of a polynomial equation of the form a n x n a n one x n one a one x a zero zero where n is a positive integer called the degree of the polynomial every coefficient a i is an element of f and a n is nonzero if the field f is the field q of rational numbers and k is an algebraically closed field then the algebraic numbers relative to q are simply called algebraic numbers the algebraically closed field in which these numbers lie can be the complex numbers c but sometimes other fields are used any such algebraic closure is unique up to field isomorphism but may differ in topological properties considered purely as a field it is unique and it is either this abstract field devoid of topology or the closure of the rationals in the comp |
lex numbers which is most often called the field of algebraic numbers all rationals are algebraic a real number that is not rational may or may not be algebraic for example irrational numbers such as two one two the square root of two and three one three two half the cube root of three are also algebraic because they are the solutions of x two two zero and eight x three three zero respectively but most real numbers are not algebraic examples of this are and e if a complex number is not an algebraic number then it is called a transcendental number so for instance i the imaginary unit is an algebraic number since it satisfies x two one zero however i i is transcendental by the gelfond schneider theorem one branch of this number is e two which shows that e is also transcendental if an algebraic number satisfies such an equation as given above with a polynomial of degree n and not such an equation with a lower degree then the number is said to be an algebraic number of degree n the field of algebraic numbers the |
sum difference product and quotient of two algebraic numbers is again algebraic and the algebraic numbers therefore form a field it can be shown that if we allow the coefficients a i to be any algebraic numbers then every solution of the equation will again be an algebraic number this can be rephrased by saying that the field of algebraic numbers is algebraically closed in fact it is the smallest algebraically closed field containing the rationals and is therefore called the algebraic closure of the rationals numbers defined by radicals all numbers which can be obtained from the integers using a finite number of additions subtractions multiplications divisions and n th roots where n is a positive integer are algebraic the converse however is not true there are algebraic numbers which cannot be written in this manner all of these numbers are solutions to polynomials of degree five see quintic equations and the abel ruffini theorem this is a result of galois theory an example of such a number would be the uniqu |
e real root of x five x one zero algebraic integers an algebraic number which satisfies a polynomial equation of degree n with leading coefficient a n one that is a monic polynomial and all other coefficients a i belonging to the set z of integers is called an algebraic integer examples of algebraic integers are three five and six i two the sum difference and product of algebraic integers are again algebraic integers which means that the algebraic integers form a ring the name algebraic integer comes from the fact that the only rational numbers which are algebraic integers are the integers and because the algebraic integers in any number field are in many ways analogous to the integers if k is a number field its ring of integers is the subring of algebraic integers in k and is frequently denoted as o k special classes of algebraic number gaussian integer eisenstein integer quadratic irrational fundamental unit root of unity gaussian period pisot vijayaraghavan number salem number abstract algebra algebra alge |
braic numbers number theory ankh morpork is a fictional city state which features in terry pratchett s discworld series of fantasy novels as cities go it is on the far side of corrupt and polluted and is subject to outbreaks of comedic violence and brou ha ha on a fairly regular basis it is home to the unseen university a centre of magical learning ankh morpork is also the mercantile capital of the discworld and the books give an excellent flavour of a working quasi medieval city even when it is under attack from a dragon the vegetable carts still have to come in in the art of discworld pratchett explains that the city is similar to tallinn and central prague but adds that it has elements of one eight th century london one nine th century seattle and modern new york he also states that since the creation of the streets of ankh morpork he has tried to ensure that the descriptions of character movements and locations in the books match the ankh morpork map this has allowed him and fans of the series to visualis |
e the story more clearly ankh morpork is also referred to as the big oyster or the big wahooni on occasions further increasing the bond with the big apple new york geography ankh morpork lies on the river ankh the most polluted waterway on the discworld where the fertile loam of the sto plains similar to western europe meets the circle sea the discworld s version of the mediterranean this naturally puts it in an excellent trading position lying approximately equidistant from the cold hub and tropical rim ankh morpork is in the discworld s equivalent of the temperate zone the name ankh morpork refers to both the city itself a walled city about a mile one six km across and the surrounding suburbs and farms of its fiefdom the central city divides more or less into ankh the posh part and morpork the humble part which includes the slum area known as the shades which are separated by the river ankh ankh morpork is built on black loam broadly but mostly what it is built on is more ankh morpork because of the nature |
of the ankh morpork citizenry and the flooding of the river ankh they figured it was simply easier to build on top of the existing buildings when the sediment grew too high rather than excavate them out this has resulted in two things firstly many people own basements and have no idea they do secondly there is a cave network below ankh morpork made up of old streets and abandoned sewers these unknown basements allow people to get around relatively unimpeded the city s dwarf population have extended this into a complex network of tunnels which has recently been made municipal property the river ankh even before it enters ankh morpork the river ankh is full of silt from the plains by the time it gets to the seaward side of the city even an agnostic could walk across it the citizens of the city are strangely proud of this fact even going so far as to say that it is easier to suffocate than drown in the ankh they also claim it to be the purest water on the disc as anything that s passed through so many kidneys ha |
s to be very pure indeed owing to the build up of centuries the bed of the river is higher than some parts of the city when winter snows swell the flow the low rent areas of morpork flood in spring some parts catch fire and others sprout small trees in the times when the city catches fire the river gates are closed and the river rises and smothers the flames in both men at arms and the computer game discworld noir the ankh is described as the only river in the world on which you could draw a chalk outline history according to legend the first city of ankh morpork was founded thousands of years ago by twin brothers who were raised by a hippopotamus an allusion to the myth of romulus and remus it is in memory of this that the hippo is the royal animal of ankh the original city was little more than a walled keep surrounding the tower of art a building of mysterious origin at one point it had an empire similar to the roman empire that covered half the continent including the neighbouring country of klatch these w |
ere the days of the pax morporkia another reference to rome and their pax romana the empire was largely the creation of general tacticus an obvious pun or play on words the greatest military mind in history tacticus refused to accept that the empire was growing too big to control and was finally shipped off to be king of genua as king he decided that the greatest threat to genua was the empire and declared war on it this was a golden age ruled by the kings of ankh who are recalled in legend as wise noble and fair the line died out approximately two zero zero zero years before the present giving way to real kings who were realistically corrupt and peverse and ultimately leading to the collapse of the empire shortly before this however the mage alberto malich had founded unseen university in the tower of art and ankh morpork continued as a service town for the wizards royalty became extremely debased and the later kings of ankh morpork are recalled in history as power mad and corrupt or just mad some are mentio |
ned by name in men at arms queen alguinna iv king artorollo a contemporary of alberto malich king cirone iv queen coanna king loyala the aaargh had a one one three second rule from coronation to assassination the discworld companion king ludwig the tree known to issue royal proclamations on the need to develop a new type of frog and similar important matters and also responsible for the city motto quanti canicula ille in fenestra the discworld companion king paragore king tyrril ruled circa am nine zero seven king veltrick iii webblethorpe the unconscious the last and worst the euphemistically remembered lorenzo the kind the full extent of whose infamy is not revealed save that he was said to be very fond of children and had in his dungeons machines for was overthrown in the ankh morpork civil war of one six eight eight dating from the founding of uu the question of what to do with the deposed king no judge would try him was settled when he was executed by the then commander of the city watch suffer not injus |
tice vimes known as old stoneface his regicide resulted in his being banned from bearing arms these events parallel the english civil war of the one six four zero s and the execution of charles i by oliver cromwell afterwards old stoneface an ancestor of the current city watch commander samuel vimes and his ironheads a play on roundheads attempted to introduce democracy but the people voted against it after old stoneface himself was overthrown ankh morpork reverted to a non hereditary oligarchic system where the leaders are still ruthless tyrants but don t have the audacity to invoke divine right it is however rumoured that the royal blood line continued and that the true king ironfoundersson walks the streets of the city on a nightly basis the patrician rules the city and operates a specialised form of one man one vote democracy the patrician is the man and he has the vote under the patricians the city has become the mercantile and political capital of the discworld so much so that the sto plains operates un |
der a new pax morporkia which operates not on the principle of if you fight we will kill you but on the principle of if you fight we will call in your mortgages the current patrician has opened the city to dwarfs trolls gnomes humans from across the disc and even the undead making a truly multicultural society with both the advantages and problems that suggests the current patrician s own typically pragmatic view on multiculturalism is alloys are stronger in recent years the city has seen numerous changes most notable are the rise of the semaphore network the clacks the invention of the newspaper with the help of the iconograph and the revitalisation of the city watch and the ankh morpork post office civic symbols include morporkia a woman in a cabbage spangled cloak and an old fashioned helmet carrying a shield with the civic coat of arms and a toasting fork symbolising something or other compare britannia columbia politics the succession of the patrician is normally either by assassination or revolution it |
has been known for patricians to resign but it is very much the exception power is to some degree shared with the many guilds of ankh morpork including legalised thieves assassins and seamstresses and the surviving nobility they form a sort of city council but the patrician has the only vote at meetings the current office holder is lord havelock vetinari a former assassin the nearest surviving relative of the former royal family seems to be captain carrot ironfoundersson technically a dwarf however he has gone to some effort to keep this as quiet as possible the origin of corporal nobby nobbs remains shrouded in mystery at one point he was identified as being a descendant of the earl of ankh and therefore the next in line but this was probably a deliberate deception a patrician has almost absolute power over the affairs of the city and works together with the leaders of the city s guilds who are the ones who unofficially elect him in the first place eligible for election are members of rich and influential fa |
milies unfortunately almost all of the people who have held the post through the years proved once in office to be little different from a king except that power did not pass automatically to their descendants they were despotic oppressive and fairly often mad past patricians have included mad lord snapcase preceded vetinari homicidal lord winder preceded snapcase deranged lord harmoni laughing lord scapula frenzied earl hargath nersh the lunatic giggling lord smince olaf quimby ii public holidays external links the l space web possibly the definitive discworld web site when dragons belch and hippos flee an ankh morpork roleplaying site where you can be your favorite character real world connections ankh morpork is twinned with the town of wincanton in somerset in the south west united kingdom on the spherical planet earth also known as roundworld the town is home to a discworld shop called the cunning artificer which is named after a street in ankh morpork the fact that witches wizards and even the luggage h |
ave been seen in the vicinity of the shop suggests that it may be one of the wandering shops encountered in the light fantastic and soul music references pratchett terry one nine eight three the colour of magic colin smythe pratchett terry one nine eight nine guards guards gollancz pratchett terry one nine nine three men at arms gollancz pratchett terry one nine nine six feet of clay gollancz pratchett terry one nine nine seven jingo gollancz pratchett terry two zero zero zero the truth gollancz pratchett terry two zero zero two night watch gollancz pratchett terry briggs stephen one nine nine three the streets of ankh morpork corgi pratchett terry briggs stephen two zero zero three the discworld companion three rd ed gollancz pratchett terry pearson bernard two zero zero four the discworld almanak doubleday pratchett terry kidby paul two zero zero four the art of discworld isbn zero five seven five zero seven five one one two gollancz discworld locations fictional towns and cities in mathematics an automorph |
ism is an isomorphism from a mathematical object to itself it is in some sense a symmetry of the object and a way of mapping the object to itself while preserving all of its structure the set of all automorphisms of an object forms a group called the automorphism group it is loosely speaking the symmetry group of the object definition the exact definition of an automorphism depends on the type of mathematical object in question and what precisely constitutes an isomorphism of that object the most general setting in which these words have meaning is an abstract branch of mathematics called category theory category theory deals with abstract objects and morphisms between those objects in category theory an automorphism is an endomorphism i e a morphism from an object to itself which is also an isomorphism in the categorical sense of the word this is a very abstract definition since in category theory morphisms aren t necessarily functions and objects aren t necessarily sets in most concrete settings however the |
objects will be sets with some additional structure and the morphisms will be functions preserving that structure in the context of abstract algebra for example a mathematical object is an algebraic structure such as a group ring or vector space an isomorphism is simply a bijective homomorphism of course the definition of a homomorphism depends on the type of algebraic structure see for example group homomorphism ring homomorphism and linear operator automorphism group the set of automorphisms of an object x form a group under composition of morphisms this group is called the automorphism group of x that this is indeed a group is simple to see closure composition of two endomorphisms is another endomorphism associativity morphism composition is associative by definition identity the identity is the identity morphism from an object to itself which exists by definition inverses by definition every isomorphism has an inverse which is also an isomorphism and since the inverse is also an endomorphism of the same |
object it is an automorphism the automorphism group of an object x in a category c is denoted aut c x or simply aut x if the category is clear from context examples in set theory an automorphism of a set x is an arbitrary permutation of the elements of x the automorphism group of x is also called the symmetric group on x a group automorphism is a group isomorphism from a group to itself informally it is a permutation of the group elements such that the structure remains unchanged for every group g there is a natural group homomorphism g aut g whose kernel is the center of g thus if g is centerless it can be embedded into its own automorphism group see the discussion on inner automorphisms below in linear algebra an endomorphism of a vector space v is a linear operator v v an automorphism is an invertible linear operator on v the automorphism group of v is just the general linear group gl v a field automorphism is a bijective ring homomorphism from a field to itself in the case of the rational numbers q or the |
real numbers r there are no nontrivial field automorphisms this follows from the fact that such automorphisms are order preserving in the case of the complex numbers c there is a unique nontrivial automorphism that sends r into r complex conjugation but there are infinitely many wild automorphisms see the paper by yale cited below field automorphisms are important to the theory of field extensions in particular galois extensions in the case of a galois extension l k the subgroup of all automorphisms of l fixing k pointwise is called the galois group of the extension the set of integers z considered as a group under addition has a unique nontrivial automorphism negation considered as a ring however it has only the trivial automorphism generally speaking negation is an automorphism of any abelian group but not of a ring or field in graph theory an automorphism of a graph is a permutation of the nodes that preserves edges and non edges in particular if two nodes are joined by an edge so are their images under t |
he permutation in order theory see order automorphism an automorphism of a differentiable manifold m is a diffeomorphism from m to itself the automorphism group is sometimes denoted diff m in riemannian geometry an automorphism is a self isometry the automorphism group is also called the isometry group in the category of riemann surfaces an automorphism is a bijective holomorphic map also called a conformal map from a surface to itself for example the automorphisms of the riemann sphere are m bius transformations inner and outer automorphisms in some categories notably groups rings and lie algebras it is possible to separate automorphisms into two classes in the case of groups the inner automorphisms are the conjugations by the elements of the group itself for each element a of a group g conjugation by a is the operation a g g given by a g aga one one can easily check that conjugation by a is actually a group automorphism they form a normal subgroup of aut g denoted by inn g the other automorphisms are called |
outer automorphisms the quotient group aut g inn g is usually denoted by out g the non trivial elements are the cosets containing the outer automorphisms the same definition holds in any unital ring or algebra where a is any invertible element for lie algebras the definition is slightly different see also endomorphism endomorphism ring antiautomorphism frobenius automorphism reference yale paul b mathematics magazine automorphisms of the complex numbers vol three nine num three may one nine six six pp one three five one four one available via http www jstor org abstract algebra algebra category theory symmetry a button accordionan accordion is a musical instrument of the handheld bellows driven free reed aerophone family sometimes referred to as squeezeboxes the accordion is played by compression and expansion of a bellows which generates air flow across reeds a keyboard controls which reeds receive air flow and therefore the tones produced for a full description of the sound producing mechanism see free ree |
d aerophone physical description modern accordions consists of a body in two parts each generally rectangular in shape separated by a bellows on each part of the body is a keyboard containing buttons levers or piano style keys when pressed the buttons travel in a direction perpendicular to the motion of the bellows towards the performer most but not all modern accordions also have buttons capable of producing entire chords whereas concertinas buttons produce only single notes the related concertina differs in that its buttons never produce chords and travel parallel to the travel of the bellows towards the opposite end of the instrument there are also differences in the internal materials construction mechanics and tone color but the basic principles of sound production are identical history the accordion is one of several european inventions of the early one nine th century that used free reeds driven by a bellows notable among them were the aeoline by german bernhard eschenbach and his cousin caspar schlimb |
ach one eight one zero was a piano with added aeoline register aeoline harmonika and pysharmonika are very similar names at that time aeoline and aura ware first without bellows or keyboard the hand physhamonika anton haeckel one eight one eight hand type mentioned in music newspaper one eight two one the flutina by pichenot jeune ca one eight three one the concertina patented in two forms perhaps independently carl friedrich uhlig one eight three four sir charles wheatstone examples built after one eight two nine but not patented until one eight four four an instrument called accordion was first patented in one eight two nine by cyrill demian in vienna interestingly the original patent shows the name eoline crossed out and replaced with accordion in different handwriting demian s instrument bore little resemblance to modern instruments it only had a left hand keyboard the right hand simply operated the bellows one key feature for which damian sought the patent was the sounding of an entire chord by depressin |
g one key his instrument also could sound two different chords with the same key one for each bellows direction press draw this is called a bisonoric action at that time in vienna mouth harmonicas with kanzellen chambers had already been available for many years along with bigger instruments driven by hand bellows the diatonic key arrangement was also already in use on mouth blown instruments demian s patent thus covered an accompanying instrument an accordion played with the left hand opposite to the way that comtemporary chromatic hand harmonicas were played small and light enough to for travellers to take with them and use to accompany singing the patent also described instruments with both bass and treble sections although demian preferred the bass only instrument owing to its cost and weight advantages the musician adolph m ller described a great variety of instruments in his one eight three three schule f r accordion at the time vienna and london had a close musical relationship with musicians often per |
forming in both cities in the same year so it is possible that wheatstone was aware of this type of instrument and may have used them to put his key arrangement ideas into practice jeune s flutina resembles wheatstone s concertina in internal construction and tone color but it appears to complement demian s accordion functionally the flutina is a one sided bisonoric melody only instrument whose keys are operated with the right hand while the bellows is operated with the left when the two instruments are combined the result is quite similar to diatonic button accordions still manufactured today further innovations followed and continue to the present various keyboard systems have been developed voicings the combination of multiple tones at different octaves have been developed with mechanisms to switch between different voices during performance different methods of internal construction to improve tone stability and durability and so on piano accordions a piano accordion the piano accordion is the instrument |
most often indicated by the term accordion but it is one of the most recent inventions among accordion types appearing late in the one nine th century and not accepted worldwide until the early two zero th century it has a right hand keyboard similar to a piano this facilitates learning for musicians already familiar or proficient on the piano the left hand keyboard is usually configured in the stradella system a combination of chords and single notes arranged in a uniform series by harmonic relationship occasionally a free bass left hand is used which has a series of single buttons in an arrangement similar to the chromatic button accordion the free bass system facilitates the playing of bass melodies and counterpoint it also allows for chord inversion and invention of chords not present in the stradella system converter bass systems allow an instrument to be readily converted from a stradella system to a free bass system with a switch the instrument was popularized in the united states by count guido deiro |
who was the first piano accordionist to perform in vaudeville he is credited with making the first recordings of the instrument in one nine zero eight making the first radio broadcast of the accordion in one nine two one and the first sound motion picture featuring the accordion for vitaphone in one nine two eight button accordions chromatic button system type c chromatic button system type b on button accordions the melody side keyboard consists of a series of buttons rather than piano style keys there exists a wide variation in keyboard systems tuning action and construction of these instruments diatonic button accordions have a melody side keyboard that is limited to the notes of diatonic scales in a small number of keys sometimes only one the bass side usually contains the principal chords of the instrument s key and the root notes of those chords garmon playeralmost all diatonic button accordions e g melodeon are bisonoric meaning each button produces two notes one when the bellows is compressed another |
while it is expanded a few instruments e g garmon are unisonoric with each button producing the same note regardless of bellows direction still others have a combination of the two types of action see hybrids below a chromatic button accordion is a type of button accordion where the melody side keyboard consists of uniform rows of buttons arranged so that the pitch increases chromatically along diagonals the bass side keyboard is usually the stradella system one of the various free bass systems or a converter system included among chromatic button accordions is the russian bayan sometimes an instrument of this class is simply called a chromatic accordion although other types including the piano accordion are fully chromatic as well there can be three to five rows of treble buttons in a five row chromatic two additional rows repeat the first two rows to facilitate options in fingering chromatic button accordions are preferred by many classical music performers since the treble keyboard with diagonally arranged |
buttons allows a greater range than a piano keyboard configuration various cultures have made their own versions of the accordion adapted to suit their own music russia alone has several including the bayan garmon livenka and saratovskaya garmonika various hybrids have been created between instruments of different keyboards and actions many remain curiosities only a few have remained in use some notable examples are the schrammel accordion used in viennese chamber music and klezmer which has the treble keyboard of a chromatic button accordion and a bisonoric bass keyboard similar to an expanded diatonic button accordion the schwyzer rgeli or swiss organ which has a usually three row diatonic treble and one eight unisonoric bass buttons in a bass chord arrangement actually a subset of the stradella system that travel parallel to the bellows motion the trikitixa of the basque people has a two row diatonic bisonoric treble and a one two button diatonic unisonoric bass in scotland the favoured diatonic accordion |
is paradoxically the instrument known as the british chromatic accordion while the right hand is bisonoric the left hand follows the stradella system the elite form of this instrument is generally considered to be the german manufactured shand morino produced by hohner with the input of the late sir jimmy shand stradella bass system stradella bass layout the stradella bass system uses rows of buttons arranged in a circle of fifths this places the principal major chords of a key in three adjacent rows each row contains in order a major third the counter bass note the root note the major chord the minor chord the seventh chord and the diminished seventh chord depending on the price size or origin of the instrument some rows may be missing completely or in different positions in most russian layouts the diminished seventh chord row is moved by one button so that the c diminished seventh chord is where the f diminished seventh chord would be in a standard stradella layout this is done in order to achieve a bette |
r reachability with the forefinger common configurations are one two bass accordion fundamental bass goes from b to a the third to eighth column in the picture above and only has fundamental bass and major chords two four bass goes from a to a and has fundamental bass major and minor chords three two bass goes from e to e and has fb major minor and seventh chords four eight bass goes from e to e and has all six rows seven two bass goes from d to f and has all six rows eight zero bass goes from c to g and has everything except diminished nine six bass is as eight zero bass but with all six rows one two zero bass goes from a i e low g to a that s two zero columns with all six rows free bass systems there are various free bass systems in use most consist of a rotated version or mirror image of one of the melody layouts used in chromatic button accordions one notable exception is the titano line of converter bass which repeats the first two bass rows of the stradella system one and two octaves higher moving outwa |
rd from the bellows skillfull use of the free bass system enabled the performance of classical piano music rather than music arranged specifically for the accordion s standard chorded capability beginning in the one nine six zero s competitive performance on the accordion of classical piano compositions by the great masters of music occurred although never mainstreamed in the larger musical scene this convergence with traditional classical music propelled young accordionists to an ultimate involvement with classical music heretofore not experienced many modern and avant garde composers such as sofia gubaidulina luciano berio and magnus lindberg have written for the free bass accordion and the instrument is becoming more frequently integrated into new music chamber and improvisation groups audio samples related instruments squeezeboxes concertina bandoneon flutina other free reeds harmonica harmonium melodica sheng khene trivia despite the popularity of the accordion especially in polka music by artists such a |
s lawrence welk myron floren frankie yankovic and weird al yankovic no relation the instrument does have its critics an oft reprinted cartoon in the far side is a split panel in which the upper half is captioned welcome to heaven here s your harp while the lower panel is captioned welcome to hell here s your accordion references p nine eight howard rob two zero zero three an a to z of the accordion and related instruments stockport robaccord publications isbn zero nine five four six seven one one zero four external links accordion synth software for reaktor free reed aerophones keyboard instruments sets of free reeds honda s intelligent humanoid robot artificial intelligence ai is defined as intelligence exhibited by an artificial entity such a system is generally assumed to be a computer although ai has a strong science fiction connotation it forms a vital branch of computer science dealing with intelligent behavior learning and adaptation in machines research in ai is concerned with producing machines to au |
tomate tasks requiring intelligent behavior examples include control planning and scheduling the ability to answer diagnostic and consumer questions handwriting speech and facial recognition as such it has become a scientific discipline focused on providing solutions to real life problems ai systems are now in routine use in economics medicine engineering and the military as well as being built into many common home computer software applications traditional strategy games like computer chess and other video games schools of thought ai divides roughly into two schools of thought conventional ai and computational intelligence ci conventional ai mostly involves methods now classified as machine learning characterized by formalism and statistical analysis this is also known as symbolic ai logical ai neat ai and good old fashioned artificial intelligence gofai also see semantics methods include expert systems apply reasoning capabilities to reach a conclusion an expert system can process large amounts of known in |
formation and provide conclusions based on them case based reasoning bayesian networks behavior based ai a modular method of building ai systems by hand computational intelligence involves iterative development or learning e g parameter tuning e g in connectionist systems learning is based on empirical data and is associated with non symbolic ai scruffy ai and soft computing methods mainly include neural networks systems with very strong pattern recognition capabilities fuzzy systems techniques for reasoning under uncertainty has been widely used in modern industrial and consumer product control systems evolutionary computation applies biologically inspired concepts such as populations mutation and survival of the fittest to generate increasingly better solutions to the problem these methods most notably divide into evolutionary algorithms e g genetic algorithms and swarm intelligence e g ant algorithms with hybrid intelligent systems attempts are made to combine these two groups expert inference rules can be |
generated through neural network or production rules from statistical learning such as in act r history early in the one seven th century ren descartes proposed that bodies of animals are nothing more than complex machines blaise pascal created the first mechanical digital calculating machine in one six four two in the one nine th century charles babbage and ada lovelace worked on programmable mechanical calculating machines bertrand russell and alfred north whitehead published principia mathematica which revolutionized formal logic warren mcculloch and walter pitts published a logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity in one nine four three laying foundations for neural networks the one nine five zero s were a period of active efforts in ai the first working ai programs were written in one nine five one to run on the ferranti mark i machine of the university of manchester uk a draughts playing program written by christopher strachey and a chess playing program written by dietrich prinz john |
mccarthy coined the term artificial intelligence in the first conference devoted to the subject in one nine five six he also invented the lisp programming language alan turing introduced the turing test as a way of operationalizing a test of intelligent behavior joseph weizenbaum built eliza a chatterbot implementing rogerian psychotherapy during the one nine six zero s and one nine seven zero s joel moses demonstrated the power of symbolic reasoning for integration problems in the macsyma program the first successful knowledge based program in mathematics marvin minsky and seymour papert publish perceptrons demonstrating limits of simple neural nets and alain colmerauer developed the prolog computer language ted shortliffe demonstrated the power of rule based systems for knowledge representation and inference in medical diagnosis and therapy in what is sometimes called the first expert system hans moravec developed the first computer controlled vehicle to autonomously negotiate cluttered obstacle courses in |
the one nine eight zero s neural networks became widely used with the backpropagation algorithm first described by paul john werbos in one nine seven four the one nine nine zero s marked major achievements in many areas of ai and demonstrations of various applications most notably deep blue a chess playing computer beat garry kasparov in a famous six game match in one nine nine seven darpa stated that the costs saved by implementing ai methods for scheduling units in the first gulf war have repaid the us government s entire investment in ai research since the one nine five zero s philosophy main article philosophy of artificial intelligence the strong ai vs weak ai debate is still a hot topic amongst ai philosophers this involves philosophy of mind and the mind body problem most notably roger penrose in his book the emperor s new mind and john searle with his chinese room thought experiment argue that true consciousness can not be achieved by formal logic systems while douglas hofstadter in g del escher bach |
and daniel dennett in consciousness explained argue in favour of functionalism in many strong ai supporters opinion artificial consciousness is considered as the holy grail of artificial intelligence science fiction in science fiction ai is commonly portrayed as an upcoming power trying to overthrow human authority as in hal nine zero zero zero skynet colossus and the matrix or as service humanoids like c three po data the bicentennial man the mechas in a i or sonny in i robot the inevitability of ai world domination sometimes called the singularity is also argued by some science writers like isaac asimov vernor vinge and kevin warwick in works such as the japanese manga ghost in the shell the existence of intelligent machines questions the definition of life as organisms rather than a broader category of autonomous entities establishing a notional concept of systemic intelligence see list of fictional computers and list of fictional robots and androids see also philosophy of artificial intelligence strong a |
rtificial intelligence functionalism a philosophical theory of mind which allows for artificial intelligence typical problems to which ai methods are applied pattern recognition optical character recognition handwriting recognition speech recognition face recognition natural language processing translation and chatterbots non linear control and robotics computer vision virtual reality and image processing game theory and strategic planning game ai and computer game bot artificial creativity other fields in which ai methods are implemented automation bio inspired computing cybernetics hybrid intelligent system intelligent agent intelligent control automated reasoning data mining behavior based robotics cognitive robotics developmental robotics evolutionary robotics chatbot knowledge representation links to researchers projects institutions list of ai projects list of important ai publications external links american association for artificial intelligence agiri artificial general intelligence research institut |
e european coordinating committee for artificial intelligence german research center for artificial intelligence dfki center for computational intelligence learning and discovery iowa state university artificial intelligence news association for uncertainty in artificial intelligence singularity institute for artificial intelligence the society for the study of ai and simulation of behaviour university of california at berkeley ai resources links to eight six eight ai resource pages loebner prize website openmind commonsense sourceforge open source ai projects one one three nine projects ethical and social implications of ai en computerization a tutorial on ai programming language lisp marvin minsky s homepage mit s computer science and artificial intelligence lab ai research group at information sciences institute what is artificial intelligence artificial and biological intelligence stanford encyclopedia of philosophy entry on logic and artificial intelligence ai junkie genetic algorithm and neural network |
tutorials artificial intelligence group university of dortmund germany artificial intelligence computer science the afro celt sound system is a musical group which fuses modern dance rhythms trip hop techno etc with celtic and african influences it was formed by grammy nominated producer guitarist simon emmerson and is considered to be somewhat of a world music supergroup often having a wide range of guest artists on their albums their albums have been released through peter gabriel s real world records and they are also reportedly the best selling band on the label only exceeded in sales by gabriel himself and their striking live performances have often become the highlights of the womad concert festivals they signed a contract with real world obliged to release five albums of which the two zero zero five release anatomic is the last at this writing it is unclear what path the band will take in the future in two zero zero three they changed their name to the simpler afro celts however two of their latest alb |
ums pod a compilation of new mixes of songs from the first four albums and their fifth studio album anatomic uses the long and familiar form this decision is apparently affected by the fact that they seem much more well known as afro celt sound system around the world band members when afro celts began their musical journey in the mid one nine nine zero s during the real world recording week the difference between a guest artist and a band member was virtually non existent though as time has passed a following combination of people is most often associated with the name afro celt sound system please note that the new release anatomic only lists simon james iarla and martin as regulars simon emmerson guitar producing n faly kouyate kora balaphon n goma vocals moussa sissokho djembe talking drum james mcnally ex pogues bodhr n accordion whistle johnny kalsi the dhol drum iarla lion ird vocals emer maycock tin whistle flute uillean pipes martin russell keyboards producing engineering programming discography volu |
me one sound magic one nine nine six volume two release one nine nine nine volume three further in time two zero zero one seed two zero zero three pod two zero zero four volume five anatomic two zero zero five related links afro celts on real world records an afro celts fan website world music groups this page lists some links to ancient philosophy although for western thinkers prior to socrates see pre socratic philosophy in europe the spread of christianity through the roman world marked the end of hellenistic philosophy and ushered in the beginnings of medieval philosophy classical greek pericles four nine five four two nine aspasia four six nine four zero six socrates four six nine three nine nine euclid of megara four five zero three eight zero antisthenes four four five three six zero aristippus four three five three five six plato four two nine three four seven xenophon four two nine three five five speusippus four zero seven three three nine diogenes of sinope four zero zero three two five xenocrates |
three nine six three one four aristotle three eight four three two two stilpo three eight zero three zero zero theophrastus three seven zero two eight eight pyrrho three six five two seven five epicurus three four one two seven zero zeno of citium three six five two six three cleanthes three three one two three two timon three two zero two three zero arcesilaus three one six two three two menippus three rd century bc archimedes circa two eight seven bc two one two bc chrysippus two eight zero two zero seven carneades two one four one two nine philo of larissa one six zero eight zero posidonius one three five five one aenesidemus one st century bc philo of alexandria three zero bc four five ad plutarch four five one two zero roman cicero one zero six four three lucretius nine four five five bc seneca four bc six five ad musonius rufus three zero ad one zero zero epictetus five five one three five marcus aurelius one two one one eight zero clement of alexandria one five zero two one five alcinous two nd century |
ad sextus empiricus three rd century ad alexander of aphrodisias three rd century ad ammonius saccas three rd century ad plotinus two zero five two seven zero porphyry two three two three zero four iamblichus two four two three two seven themistius three one seven three eight eight augustine of hippo three five four four three zero proclus four one one four eight five damascius four six two five four zero boethius four seven two five two four simplicius of cilicia four nine zero five six zero schools of thought in the hellenistic period cynicism epicureanism hedonism eclecticism neo platonism skepticism stoicism vedic philosophy in the east indian philosophy begins with the vedas where questions related to laws of nature the origin of the universe and the place of man in it are asked in the famous rigvedic hymn of creation the poet says whence all creation had its origin he whether he fashioned it or whether he did not he who surveys it all from highest heaven he knows or maybe even he does not know in the v |
edic view creation is ascribed to the self consciousness of the primeval being purusha this leads to the inquiry into the one being that underlies the diversity of empirical phenomena and the origin of all things cosmic order is termed rta and causal law by karma nature prakriti is taken to have three qualities sattva rajas and tamas vedas upanishads hinduism classical indian philosophy in classical times these inquiries were systematized in six schools of philosophy the questions asked were what is the ontological nature of consciousness how is cognition itself experienced is mind chit intentional or not does cognition have its own structure the six schools of indian philosophy are mimamsa samkhya yoga vaisheshika nyaya vedanta old iranian philosophy while there are ancient relations between the indian vedas and the iranian avesta the two main families of the indo iranian philosophical traditions were characterized by fundamental differences in their implications for the human being s position in society and |
their view on the role of man in the universe the first charter of human rights by cyrus the great is widely seen as a reflection of the questions and thoughts expressed by zarathustra and developed in zoroastrian schools of thought avesta gathas zarathustra zoroastrianism mazdakism manichaeism chinese philosophy in china less emphasis was put upon materialism as a basis for reflecting upon the world and more on conduct manners and social behaviour as evidenced by taoism and confucianism chinese philosophy confucianism taoism legalism buddhist philosophy arose in india but contributions to it were made in china japan and korea also eastern philosophy external links internet sources ancient philosophy anaximander anaximander greek c six one zero bc c five four six bc also known as aniximander was the second of the physical philosophers of ionia a citizen of miletus a companion or pupil of thales and teacher of anaximenes of miletus little is known of his life and work aelian makes him the leader of the milesi |
an colony to amphipolis and hence some have inferred that he was a prominent citizen the computations of apollodorus of athens have fixed his birth in six one one and his death shortly after five four seven b c ancient sources represent him as a successful student of astronomy and geography and an early proponent of exact science he has also been said to have introduced such astronomical instruments as the sundial and the gnomon to ancient greece furthermore he is credited with having created the first map of the world which was circular in form and showed the known lands of the world grouped around the aegean sea at the center and all of this was surrounded by the ocean cosmology and the apeiron anaximander s reputation is due mainly to a cosmological work little of which remains from the few extant fragments we learn that he believed the beginning or first principle arche a word first found in anaximander s writings and which he probably invented is an endless unlimited mass apeiron subject to neither old a |
ge nor decay which perpetually yields fresh materials from which everything we can perceive is derived he never defined this principle precisely and it has generally e g by aristotle and augustine been understood as a sort of primal chaos it embraced the opposites of hot and cold wet and dry and directed the movement of things by which there grew up all of the host of shapes and differences which are found in all the worlds as he believed there were many out of the vague and limitless body there sprang a central mass this earth of ours cylindrical in shape poised equidistant from surrounding orbs of fire which had originally clung to it like the bark round a tree until their continuity was severed and they parted into several wheel shaped and fire filled bubbles of air man himself and the animals had come into being by like transmutations mankind was supposed by anaximander to have sprung from some other species of animals probably aquatic for he thought man with his extended infancy could not have survived o |
riginally in the manner he does presently for this even though he had no theory of natural selection some people consider him to be evolutionary theory s most ancient proponent anaximander offered up the theory of the apeiron in direct response to the earlier theory of his teacher thales who had claimed that the primary substance was water anaximander reasoned that water cannot embrace all of the opposites found in nature for example water can only be wet never dry and therefore it can not be the one primary substance nor could any of the other candidates so anaximander postulated the apeiron as a substance that although it could not be perceived directly could explain the opposites he could clearly see around him the one surviving fragment of anaximander was transmitted as a quote by simplicius and could be translated as whence things have their origin thence also their destruction happens as is the order of things for they execute the sentence upon one another the condemnation for the crime in conformity wi |
th the ordinance of time interpretations bertrand russell in the history of western philosophy interprets the above quote as an assertion of the necessity of an appropriate balance between earth fire and water elements all of which may be independently seeking to aggrandize their proportions relative to the others anaximander seems to express his belief that a natural order ensures balance between these elements that where there was fire ashes earth now exist anaximander s greek peers echoed this sentiment with their belief of natural boundaries that not even their gods could operate beyond nietzsche in his philosophy in the tragic age of the greeks claimed that anaximander was a pessimist anaximander asserted that the primal being of the world was state of indefiniteness in accordance with this anything definite has to eventually pass back into indefiniteness in other words anaximander viewed all coming to be as though it were an illegitimate emancipation from eternal being a wrong for which destruction is t |
he only penance ibid four the world of individual objects in this way of thinking has no worth and should perish known works on nature circa subject philosophy referenced in simplicius in phys p two four one three sq authenticity likely map circa lost subject first map of his known world referenced in agathemerus geographie informatio authenticity likely some of anaximander s ideas were also preserved in theophrastus s lost history of philosophy and re quoted by later authors honors anaximander crater on the moon at six six n four eight w is named after him for a picture see http www dirkcouprie nl anaximander html the asteroid six zero zero six anaximandros is also named after him references dirk l couprie roobert hahn and gerard naddaf two zero zero three anaximander in context new studies in the origins of greek philosophy albany n y state university of new york press see also milesian school external links http www utm edu research iep a anaximan htm anaximander from the internet encyclopedia of philosoph |
y http www dirkcouprie nl anaximander bibliography htm for an extensive bibliography six one zero bc births six zero nine bc births five four seven bc deaths ancient greek philosophers presocratic philosophers apl is an abbreviation acronym or initialism that may refer to acute promyelocytic leukemia a subtype of acute myelogenous leukemia american president lines a singapore based container transportation and shipping company american protective league a wwi era pro war organization association of pension lawyers apl programming language an array programming language invented in one nine six two the adaptive public license the apple public license the aros public license applied physics letters a journal published by american institute of physics website the applied physics laboratory at johns hopkins university the applied physics laboratory at the university of washington the united states navy hull classification symbol for barracks craft australian pork limited the rap singer allan pineda lindo the metad |
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