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์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ์ด ํ
๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ๋ผ๋ฉด ์๋
๊ฐ ์คํ์ค์ ๋ฐํ ์ฐ๊ตฌํด์ผ ํ๊ณ ๋ ์ฑ๊ณตํ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋ ๋ณด์ฅ๋ ์๋ ์์ฒญ ํ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ์๊ฒ ์ด์? | So if you're a terrorist and have to choose that will require years of meticulous lab work and still might not pan out, or just blowing stuff up? | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์๋๋ฉด ๊ทธ์ ํญํ์์ผ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์ด์? | You'll probably choose the later. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์๋ง๋ ํญํ์ํค๊ฒ ์ฃ . ์ด๋ก ์์ผ๋ก ์ญ ์ ์ ์ ๋๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋ฅผ | This is especially true because at least in theory, it should be pretty easy to build what's called a reversal drive. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ๋ ์ฝ๊ฑฐ๋ ์. ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ ์ ์ ๋๋ผ์ด๋ธ๊ฐ ๋ณํํ ์ ์ ์ ํ์ง์ ๋ฎ์ด์ฐ๋ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . | That's one that basically overwrites the change made by the first gene drive. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๊ทธ๋์ ์ ์ ํ์ง ๋ณํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ง์ ๋ค์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ทจ์์ํค๋ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ ์ ์ ๋๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ํค๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋๋ค. ์ ์ด๋ ์ด๋ก ์์ผ๋ก๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅํด์. | So if you don't like the effects of a change, you can just release a second drive that will cancel it out, at least in theory. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๊ทธ๋ ๋ค๋ฉด ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋ ๊น์? | OK, so where does this leave us? | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ด์ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๋ป๋๋ก ์๋ฌผ ์ข
์ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ฟ ์ ์๋ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์์ต๋๋ค. | We now have the ability to change entire species at will. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๊ทธ๋์ผ ํ ๊น์? | Should we? | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ด์ ์ ์ ์์ญ์ ๋๋ฌํ ๊ฒ์ผ๊น์? | Are we gods now? | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ ๋ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๊น์ง๋ ์ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ต๋๋ค๋ง | I'm not sure I'd say that. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ด ์ ์ ๋ง์ ๋๋ฆด ์ ์์ด์. ์ผ๋ถ ๋๋ํ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์ ์ ์ ๋๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋ฅผ ๊ท์ ํ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋
ผ์ ์ค์ด๊ณ | But I would say this: first, some very smart people are even now debating how to regulate gene drives. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋๋ํ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ ์ ์ ๋๋ผ์ด๋ธ๊ฐ ์๋ํ๊ณ ๋ช ์ธ๋ ํ์ ์๊ธฐ๊ท์ ๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ์๋ฉธ๋ ์ ์๋ ์์ ์ฅ์น๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ค์ด์ง์. | At the same time, some other very smart people are working hard to create safeguards, like gene drives that self-regulate or peter out after a few generations. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
ํ๋ฅญํ ์ผ์
๋๋ค. | That's great. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
ํ์ง๋ง ์ด ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ํด ๋ ๋ง์ด ๋
ผ์ํด์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค. | But this technology still requires a conversation. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ ์ ์ ๋๋ผ์ด๋ธ์ ํน์ฑ์ ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋
ผ์๊ฐ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ ธ์ผ ํด์. | And given the nature of gene drives, that conversation has to be global. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ผ๋๋ ์ ์ ์ ๋๋ผ์ด๋ธ์ ์ฐฌ์ฑํ๋๋ฐ ํ์๋์๋ ๋ฐ๋ํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ | What if Kenya wants to use a drive but Tanzania doesn't? | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๋ฐฉ์ฌํ ์ง ๋ง์ง ๋๊ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ ๊น์? | Who decides whether to release a gene drive that can fly? | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ ๋ ๊ทธ์ ๋ํ ๋ต์ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ต๋๋ค. | I don't have the answer to that question. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ํ ์ผ์ ์ํ์์์ ํํ์ ๋ํด ์์งํ ์๊ธฐํ๊ณ ์ ํ์ ๋ํ ์ฑ
์์ ํจ๊ป ์ง๋ ๊ฒ์
๋๋ค. | All we can do going forward, I think, is talk honestly about the risks and benefits and take responsibility for our choices. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๊ทธ ์ ํ์ ์ ์ ์ ๋๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ ์ ํ ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ง ์์ ์ ํ๋ ์๋ฏธํ์ง์. | By that I mean, not just the choice to use a gene drive, but also the choice not to use one. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ธ๊ฐ์ ํ์์ ์ง๋ฅผ ์ํด ๊ฐ์ฅ ์์ ํ ์ ํ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ด ์์ต๋๋ค๋ง ํญ์ ๊ทธ๋ฐ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋๋ค. | Humans have a tendency to assume that the safest option is to preserve the status quo. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ ์ ์ ๋๋ผ์ด๋ธ์๋ ์ํ์์๊ฐ ์๊ณ ์ด ์ ์ ๋
ผ์ํ ํ์๋ ์์ต๋๋ค. | But that's not always the case. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
ํ์ง๋ง ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์๋ ํ์ฌ ๋งค์ผ ์ฒ ๋ช
์ ์๋ช
์ ์์๊ฐ๊ณ ์์ด์. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์๋ฅผ ํด์นํ๋ ค๊ณ ๋ฟ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ด์ถฉ์ ๋ | Gene drives have risks, and those need to be discussed, but malaria exists now and kills 1,000 people a day. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์์๋ฅ, ์กฐ๋ฅ ๋ฑ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์๋ฌผ ์ข
์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ํผํด๋ฅผ ์ค๋๋ค. ์์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ์ ์ ์ ์ ๋๋ผ์ด๋ธ์ ๋ํ ์์์ | To combat it, we spray pesticides that do grave damage to other species, including amphibians and birds. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๋ถ๋ช
ํ ๋ฃ๊ฒ ๋์ค ๊ฑฐ์์. ๊ทธ ๋ ์ด ๋ง์ ๊ธฐ์ตํด ์ฃผ์๊ธฐ ๋ฐ๋๋๋ค. | So when you hear about gene drives in the coming months, and trust me, you will be hearing about them, remember that. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
โํ๋ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋๋ ค์ธ ์ ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋๋๋ก ํ๋ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํ๋ํ์ง ์๋ ๊ฒ๋ณด๋ค ๋ซ๋ค.โ | It can be frightening to act, but sometimes, not acting is worse. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ์ด ์ด๋ค ์ฅ์น๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ช
ํ๋๋ฐ ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ต๊ณผ ๊ฟ, ์๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํด์ ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ์ ๋๋ก ๋ณด๋ผ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ์์ํด ๋ณด์ธ์. | Imagine that you invented a device that can record my memories, my dreams, my ideas, and transmit them to your brain. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ ๋ง ํ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ ๊ฑฐ์์. | That would be a game-changing technology, right? | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ด๋ฐ ์ฅ์น๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์ต๋๋ค. ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์์ฌ์ํต ์ฒด๊ณ์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์คํ ๋ฆฌํ
๋ง์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ ๊ฒ์
๋๋ค. | But in fact, we already possess this device, and it's called human communication system and effective storytelling. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ด ์ฅ์น์ ์๋ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ดํดํ๋ ค๋ฉด ๋จผ์ ๋ ์์ ๋ด์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค. | To understand how this device works, we have to look into our brains. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ง๋ฌธ์ ์ด์ง ๋ฐ๊ฟ์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค. | And we have to formulate the question in a slightly different manner. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ถ์ต๊ณผ ์์ด๋์ด์ ์ฐ๊ด๋ ๋ ์์ ๋ด๋ฐ ํจํด์ด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋๋ก ์ ๋ฌ๋๋์ง ๋ฌผ์ด์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์์ฌ์ํต์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ํ๋ ๋ฐ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์์๊ฐ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ด
๋๋ค. | Now we have to ask how these neuron patterns in my brain that are associated with my memories and ideas And we think there are two factors that enable us to communicate. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ฒซ์งธ๋ก, ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ์ ๋๋ ์ง๊ธ ์ ๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ์ ๋๋ก ๋ณด๋ด๋ ์ํ์ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฐํฉ๋์ด ์์ต๋๋ค. | First, your brain is now physically coupled to the sound wave that I'm transmitting to your brain. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๋์งธ๋ก, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์๋ก ์ํตํ ์ ์๊ฒ ํด์ฃผ๋ ๊ณตํต์ ์ ๊ฒฝ ์กฐ์ฝ์ ๋งบ์์ต๋๋ค. | And second, we developed a common neural protocol that enabled us to communicate. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์๋๊ณ ์? | So how do we know that? | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
ํ๋ฆฐ์คํด์ ์๋ ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ค์์ MRI๋ก ์คํ๋ฅผ ๋ฃ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋งํ๋ ๋์์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋๋ฅผ ์ค์บํฉ๋๋ค. | In my lab in Princeton, we bring people to the fMRI scanner and we scan their brains while they are either telling or listening to real-life stories. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ ํฌ๊ฐ ์ฐ๋ ์๊ทน์ ๊ฐ ์ด๋ค ๊ฒ์ธ์ง ๋ณด์ฌ๋๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ ํฌ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ์ธ, ์ ๋ฅํ ๋ํ ๊ตฌ์ฐ๊ฐ ์ง ์ค๊ทธ๋ ์ด๋๊ฐ ๊ตฌ์ฐํ๋ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ 20์ด๊ฐ ๋ค๋ ค๋๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์ต๋๋ค. ์ง ์ค๊ทธ๋ ์ด๋: ๋ด๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ฏธ์๋ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ ค์ฃผ๊ณ ์์๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ค๊ฐ ์ด์ ์ข ๋ถ์ด๊ธฐ ์์ํ์ด. ์ข ๋ ๊พธ๋ฉฐ์ ๋ง์ด์ผ. | And to give you a sense of the stimulus we are using, let me play 20 seconds from a story that we used, told by a very talented storyteller, Jim O'Grady: So I'm banging out my story and I know it's good, and then I start to make it better -- by adding an element of embellishment. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๊ธฐ์๋ค์ ์ด๊ฑธ "ํ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง์ด๋ธ๋ค"๊ณ ํ๋๋ผ๊ณ . | Reporters call this "making shit up." | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๊ทธ ์ ์ ๋์ง ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ง์ด์ผ. | And they recommend against crossing that line. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ง ์ ์ ๋ด๊ฐ ๊ถ์์๋ ํ์ฅ์ด ํจ์คํธ๋ฆฌ๋ก ๋๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฑธ ๋ดค์ด. | But I had just seen the line crossed between a high-powered dean and assault with a pastry. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ ๊ฝค ์ฌ๋ฏธ์๋๋ผ๊ณ . | And I kinda liked it." | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ฐ๋ฆฌ ํ์จ: ์ด์ ์ด๋ฐ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ค์ ๋ ๋์์ ๋ฌด์จ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์ด๋๋์ง ๋ค์ฌ๋ค๋ด
์๋ค. | Uri Hasson: OK, so now let's look into your brain and see what's happening when you listen to these kinds of stories. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ฒญ์ ํ ๋ช
๊ณผ ๋๋ ํ ๋ถ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋จํ๊ฒ ์์ํด๋ด์. ๊ท๋ก ๋ค์ด์ค๋ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ๋ ์ฒญ๊ฐ ํผ์ง๋ถํฐ์. | And let's start simple -- let's start with one listener and one brain area: the auditory cortex that processes the sounds that come from the ear. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ ๋์ ์ด ์์ญ์์ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฃ๋ ๋์ ๋ฐ์์ด ์์๋๋ก ์์ง์
๋๋ค. | And as you can see, in this particular brain area, the responses are going up and down as the story is unfolding. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ด ๋ฐ์์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฒญ์์ ๋์ผํ ๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์์ ์ผ์ด๋๋ ๋ฐ์๊ณผ ๋น๊ตํด ๋ณผ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค. | Now we can take these responses and compare them to the responses in other listeners in the same brain area. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฒญ์๋ค ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ์์ด ์ผ๋ง๋ ์ ์ฌํ์ง ๋ฌผ์ ์ ์์ฃ . | And we can ask: How similar are the responses across all listeners? | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ฌ๊ธฐ 5๋ช
์ ์ฒญ์๊ฐ ์์ต๋๋ค. | So here you can see five listeners. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๊น๊นํ ๊ณณ์ ๋์ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์์๋๊ธฐ๋ง์ ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์์ ๋๋ถํฐ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋๋ฅผ ์ค์บํ๊ธฐ ์์ํฉ๋๋ค. | And we start to scan their brains before the story starts, when they're simply lying in the dark and waiting for the story to begin. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ ๋ชจ๋์ ๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ฐ์์ด ์์๋๋ก ์์ง์
๋๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋ฐ์๋ค์ ๋งค์ฐ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ณ ์ผ์นํ์ง ์์ฃ . | As you can see, the brain area is going up and down in each one of them, but the responses are very different, and not in sync. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
ํ์ง๋ง ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์์๋์๋ง์ ๋๋ผ์ด ์ผ์ด ์ผ์ด๋ฌ์ต๋๋ค. | However, immediately as the story is starting, something amazing is happening. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ง: ๋ด๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ฏธ์๋ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ ค์ฃผ๊ณ ์์๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ค๊ฐ ๋ด๊ฐ- ์ฐ๋ฆฌ: ๊ฐ์๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฒญ์๋ค์ ๋ฐ์์ด ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฝํ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฒญ์๋ค์ ๋ฐ์์ด ์ ์ฌํ ๋ชจ์์ผ๋ก ์์๋๋ก ์์ง์ด๋ ๊ฑธ ๋ณผ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค. | JO: So I'm banging out my story and I know it's good, and then I start to make it -- UH: Suddenly, you can see that the responses in all of the subjects lock to the story, and now they are going up and down in a very similar way across all listeners. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ ๊ฐ ๋งํ๋ ๊ฑธ ๋ค์ ๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ์ ๋์๋ ๋๊ฐ์ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์ด๋๊ณ ์์ต๋๋ค. | And in fact, this is exactly what is happening now in your brains when you listen to my sound speaking. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ฐ๋ฆฐ ์ด๊ฑธ "์ ๊ฒฝ ๋์กฐํ"๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฆ
๋๋ค. | We call this effect "neural entrainment." | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ ๊ฒฝ ๋์กฐํ๊ฐ ๋ญ์ง ์ค๋ช
๋๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋์กฐํ์ ๋ํด ๋จผ์ ์ค๋ช
๋๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์ต๋๋ค. | And to explain to you what is neural entrainment, let me first explain what is physical entrainment. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฉํธ๋ก๋์ด 5๊ฐ ์์ต๋๋ค. | So, we'll look and see five metronomes. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ด ๋ฉํธ๋ก๋์ ๋ 5๊ฐ๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐํ์ธ์. | Think of these five metronomes as five brains. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ ค์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ์ฒญ์๋ค์ฒ๋ผ ๋ฉํธ๋ก๋์ ๋๋ฑ๊ฑฐ๋ฆด ๊ฒ๋๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋๋ฑ๊ฑฐ๋ฆด ๊ฑฐ์์. | And similar to the listeners before the story starts, these metronomes are going to click, but they're going to click out of phase. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ด์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ํต ์์ ๋ฉํธ๋ก๋์ ์ฌ๋ ค๋์์ ๋ ์ด๋ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์ด๋๋์ง ๋ณด์ธ์. | Now see what will happen when I connect them together by placing them on these two cylinders. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ด์ ์ํต์ด ๋๊ธฐ ์์ํฉ๋๋ค. | Now these two cylinders start to rotate. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ์ง๋์ ๋๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ ํด์ ธ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฉํธ๋ก๋์ ํ๋๋ก ๋ง๋ค ๊ฒ๋๋ค. | This rotation vibration is going through the wood and is going to couple all the metronomes together. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ด์ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด๋ณด์ธ์. | And now listen to the click. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ด๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ก ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋์กฐํ์
๋๋ค. | This is what you call physical entrainment. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ด์ ๋ค์ ๋๋ก ๋์๊ฐ๋ด
์๋ค. ์ ๊ฒฝ ๋์กฐํ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ผํค๋ ๊ฑด ๋ฌด์์ผ๊น์? | Now let's go back to the brain and ask: What's driving this neural entrainment? | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๋จ์ํ ํ์๊ฐ ๋ด๋ ์๋ฆฌ์ผ๊น์? | Is it simply the sounds that the speaker is producing? | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๋จ์ด๋ค ๋๋ฌธ์ผ ์๋ ์๊ฒ ์ฃ . | Or maybe it's the words. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์๋๋ฉด ํ์๊ฐ ์ ํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ ์๋ฏธ์ผ ์๋ ์์ด์. | Or maybe it's the meaning that the speaker is trying to convey. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ํํด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ์ด ์คํ์ ํ์ต๋๋ค. | So to test it, we did the following experiment. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๋จผ์ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋ก ํ์ด์คฌ์ด์. | First, we took the story and played it backwards. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ด ์คํ์์ ์๋์ ์ฒญ๊ฐ์ ํน์ง์ ๋ง์ด ๋ณด์กด๋์์ง๋ง ์๋ฏธ๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋์์ฃ . | And that preserved many of the original auditory features, but removed the meaning. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ด๋ฐ ์์ผ๋ก ๋ค๋ ธ์ต๋๋ค. | And it sounds something like that. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ง: ์ฌ๋๋ค ์ฌ์ด์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ ์ฌํ๊ฒ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๋์ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ํ์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์์ ์น ํ์ต๋๋ค. | JO: And we flashed colors in the two brains to indicate brain areas that respond very similarly across people. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ ๋ค๋ ค์ฃผ๋ ์๋ฆฌ๋ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฒญ๊ฐ ํผ์ง์์ ๋์กฐํ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฐํ์ต๋๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋ ์์ผ๋ก ๋ ๊น๊ฒ ํผ์ง์ง ์์์ต๋๋ค. | And as you can see, this incoming sound induced entrainment or alignment in all of the brains in auditory cortices that process the sounds, but it didn't spread deeper into the brain. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ด๋ฒ์ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ธ๋ค๊ฐ ๋จ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์ด ๋ด
์๋ค. | Now we can take these sounds and build words out of it. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ง์ด ๋งํ ๋จ์ด๋ค์ ๋ค์ฃฝ๋ฐ์ฃฝ์ผ๋ก ์์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๋จ์ด๋ฅผ ๋์ดํ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฉ๋๋ค. | So if we take Jim O'Grady and scramble the words, we'll get a list of words. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ง: ๋๋ฌผ... ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ง ์ฌ์ค๋ค... | JO: ... an animal ... assorted facts ... | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๋ง์... ํ์ด... ๋จ์... ์ ์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก... ๋ด ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ... ์ฐ๋ฆฌ: ๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ ์ด ๋จ์ด๋ค์ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ธ์ด์ ์์ญ๋ค์๋ง ๊ตญํ๋ ๋์กฐํ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ผํต๋๋ค. | and right on ... pie man ... potentially ... my stories UH: And you can see that these words start to induce alignment in early language areas, but not more than that. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ด์ ๋จ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ธ๋ค๊ฐ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ๋ง๋ค์ด ๋ด
์๋ค. | Now we can take the words and start to build sentences out of them. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ง: ๊ทธ ์ ์ ๋์ง ๋ง๋ผ๋๊ตฐ. | JO: And they recommend against crossing that line. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๊ทธ๊ฐ ๋งํ๊ธธ, "์ง, ์ฌ๋ฐ๋ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ์ผ. ์ธ๋ถ์ฌํญ๋ ์ ์ด๋ ธ๊ณ . | He says: "Dear Jim, Good story. Nice details. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ๋๋ฅผ ํตํด์๋ง ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฑฐ ์๋์๋?" | Didn't she only know about him through me?" | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ฐ๋ฆฌ: ๋ค์ด์ค๋ ์ธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ธ์ด ์์ญ์ ๋ฐ์์ด ๋ชจ๋ ์ฒญ์๋ค ์ฌ์ด์ ๋น์ทํด์ง๋ ๊ฑธ ๋ณผ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค. | UH: Now you can see that the responses in all the language areas that process the incoming language become aligned or similar across all listeners. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
ํ์ง๋ง, ์ฌ๋ฏธ์๊ณ ์ผ๊ด์ฑ ์๋ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ ์ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ค ๋ค๋ ค์ค ๋๋ง ๋ฐ์์ ๋์ ๋ ๊น์ ๊ณณ์ผ๋ก ํผ์ ธ์ ๋ ๊ณ ์ฐจ์์ ์ธ ๋ถ๋ถ๊น์ง ๊ฐ๋๋ค. ์ ๋์ฝ๊ณผ ๋์ ์ฝ์ ํฌํจํ๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋น์ทํ ๋ฐ์์ ๋ณด์ด๋๋ก ๋ง๋ญ๋๋ค. | However, only when we use the full, engaging, coherent story do the responses spread deeper into the brain into higher-order areas, which include the frontal cortex and the parietal cortex, and make all of them respond very similarly. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ ํฌ๋ ๊ณ ์ฐจ์์ ์ธ ์์ต์ ์ด๋ฐ ๋ฐ์์ด ๋ํ๋๊ฑฐ๋ ์ฒญ์๋ค ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ์์ด ๋น์ทํด์ง๋ ์ด์ ๊ฐ ํ์๊ฐ ์ ๋ฌํ๋ ์๋ฏธ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐํฉ๋๋ค. ๋จ์ด๋ ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ์. | And we believe that these responses in higher-order areas are induced or become similar across listeners because of the meaning conveyed by the speaker, and not by words or sound. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค๋ฉด ์ ๊ฐ ๋๊ฐ์ ๋ด์ฉ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ๊ป ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋จ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํด์ ๋ค๋ ค์ฃผ์ด๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ์ ๋์ ๋ฐ์์ ๋๊ฐ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ์์ธก์ ํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค. | And if we are right, there's a strong prediction over here if I tell you the exact same ideas using two very different sets of words, your brain responses will still be similar. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ํํด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ค์์ ์คํ์ ํ์ต๋๋ค. | And to test it, we did the following experiment in my lab. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์์ด๋ก ๋ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ธ๋ค๊ฐ ๋ฌ์์์ด๋ก ๋ฒ์ญํ์ต๋๋ค. | We took the English story and translated it to Russian. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๊ทธ๋ผ ์๋ฒฝํ ๋๊ฐ์ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฌํ๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ์ด ์ฒด๊ณ๊ฐ ๋์ต๋๋ค. | Now you have two different sounds and linguistic systems that convey the exact same meaning. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์์ด ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์์๊ฒ ๋ค๋ ค์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฌ์์์ด ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ์์์ธ์๊ฒ ๋ค๋ ค์ค๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ ์ง๋จ์ ๋ฐ์์ ๋น๊ตํฉ๋๋ค. | And you play the English story to the English listeners and the Russian story to the Russian listeners, and we can compare their responses across the groups. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ด ์คํ์ ํ์ ๋, ์ธ์ด์ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ฒญ๊ฐ ํผ์ง์์ ์ ์ฌํ ๋ฐ์์ด ๋ํ๋๋ ๊ฑธ ๋ณด์ง ๋ชปํ์ต๋๋ค. ์ธ์ด์ ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋งค์ฐ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ . | And when we did that, we didn't see responses that are similar in auditory cortices in language, because the language and sound are very different. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
ํ์ง๋ง ๋ ๊ณ ์ฐจ์์ ์ธ ๋ถ๋ถ์์๋ ์ฌ์ ํ ๋ ์ง๋จ์ด ๋น์ทํ ๋ฐ์์ ๋ณด์ด๋ ๊ฑธ ๋ณผ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค. | However, you can see that the responses in high-order areas were still similar across these two groups. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ ํฌ๋ ๊ทธ ์ด์ ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งค์ฐ ๋น์ทํ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์ดํดํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๊ณ ํ
์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ฆ๋ช
๋์์ต๋๋ค. | We believe this is because they understood the story in a very similar way, as we confirmed, using a test after the story ended. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ ํฌ๋ ์ด ๋์กฐํ๊ฐ ์์ฌ์ํต์ ํ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํฉ๋๋ค. | And we think that this alignment is necessary for communication. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด, ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ๋ ์์๊ฒ ์ง๋ง ์ ๋ ์์ด๊ฐ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์ด๊ฐ ์๋๋๋ค. | For example, as you can tell, I am not a native English speaker. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๋ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋ฉด์ ์๋์ฃ . ์ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ๋ค ์ค์๋ ๊ทธ๋ฐ ๋ถ์ด ๋ง์ด ์์ ๊ฑฐ์์. | I grew up with another language, and the same might be for many of you in the audience. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ๋ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ํตํ ์ ์์ฃ . | And still, we can communicate. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ด์งธ์์ฃ ? | How come? | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ด๋ ๊ณตํต๋ ์ํธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์์ด์ ์ํตํ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํฉ๋๋ค. | We think we can communicate because we have this common code that presents meaning. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ฌํ๊น์ง ์ ๋ ์ฒญ์์ ๋์์ ๋ฌด์จ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์ด๋๋์ง๋ง ๋งํ์ต๋๋ค. ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ค์ ๋์ ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ์ ๋๋ง์. | So far, I've only talked about what's happening in the listener's brain, in your brain, when you're listening to talks. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ๋ค๊ป ๋ง์ ํ ๋ ํ์์ธ ์ ์ ๋์๋ ๋ฌด์จ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์ด๋๊ณ ์์๊น์? | But what's happening in the speaker's brain, in my brain, when I'm speaking to you? | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
์ ํฌ๋ ํ์์ ๋ ์์ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ํ์๋ฅผ ์ค์บ๋ ์์ ๋ฃ์์ต๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ์์ ๋๋ฅผ ์ค์บํด์ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฃ๋ ์ฒญ์์ ๋ ๋ฐ์๊ณผ ๊ทธ์ ๋ ๋ฐ์์ ๋น๊ตํ์ต๋๋ค. | To look in the speaker's brain, we asked the speaker to go into the scanner, we scan his brain and then compare his brain responses to the brain responses of the listeners listening to the story. | IWSLT2017 | null | null | null |
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