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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด ๊ฟˆ์„ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ด๋ฆ„ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ๋•Œ๋ก  ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์ž„์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
You know, looking at the name tags to see who can help me with my dream, sometimes looking right through one another's humanity.
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๋„ˆํ•œํ…Œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์“ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์—†์–ด. ๋‚œ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ.
I can't be bothered with you right now. I have an idea for saving the world.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
Right?
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์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „ ์ œ๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๋™๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธด ์—ฌ์ •์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์ฃ .
Years ago, once upon a time, I had this beautiful company that created these long journeys for heroic civic engagement.
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋˜๋‡Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์ธ๊ฐ„, ์˜จ์ •, ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค"
And we had this mantra: "Human. Kind. Be Both."
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜จ์ •์„ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์„ค๋“ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And we encouraged people to experiment outrageously with kindness.
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'๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ํ…ํŠธ ์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋„์™€์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.'
Like, "Go help everybody set up their tents."
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ํ…ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ๋งŽ์•˜์ฃ .
And there were a lot of tents.
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'๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์•„์ด์Šคํฌ๋ฆผ์„ ์‚ฌ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.'
"Go buy everybody Popsicles."
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'๋ฐ”ํ€ด๊ฐ€ ํŽ‘ํฌ๋‚œ ์ด๋“ค์„ ๋„์™€์ฃผ์„ธ์š”. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค ์ €๋… ๋ฐฐ์‹ ์ค„์ด ๋” ๊ธธ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค ํ•ด๋„์š”.'
"Go help people fix their flat tires even though you know the dinner line is going to get longer."
IWSLT2017
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๋ง์„ ์ •๋ง ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. AIDS ๋•๊ธฐ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด์— ํŽ‘ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋А๋ƒ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž๊พธ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ด์„œ ๊ณ ์น  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ์š”.
And people really took us up on this, so much so that if you got a flat tire on the AIDS ride, you had trouble fixing it, because there were so many people there asking you if you needed help.
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๊ทธ ๋ฉฐ์น  ๋™์•ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฟˆ๊ฟ”์™”๋˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
For a few days, for tens of thousands of people, we created these worlds that everybody said were the way they wish the world could always be.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉฐ์น  ๋™์•ˆ ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
What if we experimented with creating that kind of world these next few days?
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ง์—…์ด ๋ญ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌป๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
And instead of going up to someone and asking them, "What do you do?"
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๊ฟˆ์ด ๋ญ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌป๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
ask them, "So what are your dreams?"
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์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๊ฟˆ์ด ๋ญ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์œผ์„ธ์š”.
or "What are your broken dreams?"
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์„œ๋กœ์˜ ๊ฟˆ์„ ์ฑ™๊ฒจ๋ผ, ์ค„์—ฌ์„œ TED๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
You know, "TED." Tend to Each other's Dreams.
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๊ทธ ๊ฟˆ์€ '์ˆ ์„ ๋Š๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์š”.'์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ '์•„์ด์™€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์œ„์— ์ง‘์„ ์ง“๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์š”.'์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Maybe it's "I want to stay sober" or "I want to build a tree house with my kid."
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ํ™€๋กœ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์„œ ์ปคํ”ผ ํ•œ ์ž” ์–ด๋– ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์œผ์„ธ์š”.
You know, instead of going up to the person everybody wants to meet, go up to the person who is all alone and ask them if they want to grab a cup of coffee.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ฑ„์šธ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋บ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฟˆ ๊พธ๋ ค ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์–ป์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ฑ„ ์ฃฝ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
I think what we fear most is that we will be denied the opportunity to fulfill our true potential, that we are born to dream and we might die without ever having the chance.
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์กด์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊นŠ์€ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์„ ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋ด์ฃผ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์„ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด๋ž€ ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ธฐ์— ์„œ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‹ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
Imagine living in a world where we simply recognize that deep, existential fear in one another and love one another boldly because we know that to be human is to live with that fear.
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊ฟ€ ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดˆ์›”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
It's time for us to dream in multiple dimensions simultaneously, and somewhere that transcends all of the wondrous things we can and will and must do lies the domain of all the unbelievable things we could be.
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์ด์ œ ๊ทธ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋ฐœ์„ ๋“ค์ด๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฟˆ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ผ ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
It's time we set foot into that dimension and came out about the fact that we have dreams there, too.
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๋‹ฌ์ด ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋‹ฌ์˜ ๊ฟˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
If the Moon could dream, I think that would be its dream for us.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์•ž์— ์„œ์„œ ์˜๊ด‘์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ง ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
It's an honor to be with you. Thank you very much.
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์˜ˆ์ „์— ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ 10์–ต ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In the space that used to house one transistor, we can now fit one billion.
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๋ฐฉ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒํผ ํฌ๋˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ๋งŒํผ ์ž‘์•„์กŒ์ง€์š”.
That made it so that a computer the size of an entire room now fits in your pocket.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์€ ์ž‘๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
You might say the future is small.
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์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋กœ์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์†Œํ˜•ํ™”๋œ ์ ์ด ์ธ์ƒ๊นŠ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
As an engineer, I'm inspired by this miniaturization revolution in computers.
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๋‚ด๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ์žƒ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•”.
As a physician, I wonder whether we could use it to reduce the number of lives lost due to one of the fastest-growing diseases on Earth: cancer.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•”์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋“ค ์•”์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๋กœ ์•Œ์ฃ .
Now when I say that, what most people hear me say is that we're working on curing cancer.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And we are.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•”์„ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์‚ด๋ฆด ๊ธฐํšŒ๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
But it turns out that there's an incredible opportunity to save lives through the early detection and prevention of cancer.
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์•” ์‚ฌ๋ง์˜ 2/3 ์ด์ƒ์€ ์š”์ฆ˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ๋„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Worldwide, over two-thirds of deaths due to cancer are fully preventable using methods that we already have in hand today.
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด๋‚˜ ์ ์‹œ ๊ฒ€์ง„๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ . ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ธˆ์—ฐ๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋˜๊ตฌ์š”.
Things like vaccination, timely screening and of course, stopping smoking.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์จ๋„ ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…์–‘์€ 10๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ž๋ผ๋‚˜ 5์ฒœ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์•”์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
But even with the best tools and technologies that we have today, some tumors can't be detected until 10 years after they've started growing, when they are 50 million cancer cells strong.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ์•”์„ ๋” ์ผ์ฐ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”? ์•”์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
What if we had better technologies to detect some of these more deadly cancers sooner, when they could be removed, when they were just getting started?
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์†Œํ˜•ํ™” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Let me tell you about how miniaturization might get us there.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ณดํ†ต ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์ธ๋ฐ์š”. ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒ€์ด๋‚˜ ํŒน ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์กฐ์ง ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์“ฐ์ง€์š”.
This is a microscope in a typical lab that a pathologist would use for looking at a tissue specimen, like a biopsy or a pap smear.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ „๋ฌธ ์ˆ˜๋ จ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  700๋งŒ์›์งœ๋ฆฌ ์ด ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์•”์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
This $7,000 microscope would be used by somebody with years of specialized training to spot cancer cells.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ผ์ด์Šค ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ์ธ ๋ ˆ๋ฒ ์นด ๋ฆฌ์ฐจ๋“œ ์ฝ”ํ…€์ด ๋ณด๋‚ด์ค€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
This is an image from a colleague of mine at Rice University, Rebecca Richards-Kortum.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ ํŒ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ถ•์†Œํ•ด์„œ ๊ด‘์„ฌ์œ  ๋์— ๋‹ฌ๊ธฐ ์ข‹์€ ๋งŒ์› ์งœ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์€ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
What she and her team have done is miniaturize that whole microscope into this $10 part, and it fits on the end of an optical fiber.
IWSLT2017
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์ด์ œ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•ด ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์„ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
Now what that means is instead of taking a sample from a patient and sending it to the microscope, you can bring the microscope to the patient.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œ์ผœ ์ •์ƒ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ์•”์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And then, instead of requiring a specialist to look at the images, you can train the computer to score normal versus cancerous cells.
IWSLT2017
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์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . ์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์‹œ๊ณจ ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋™ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•ด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ๋ชจ์•„ ๋ณ‘์› ๋ณธ๋ถ€์— ๋ถ„์„์„ ์˜๋ขฐํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ๋ฉฐ์น  ํ›„ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๋ณด๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๋ณ‘์›์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๋ผ๋Š” ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ์ฃ .
Now this is important, because what they found working in rural communities, is that even when they have a mobile screening van that can go out into the community and perform exams and collect samples and send them to the central hospital for analysis, that days later, women get a call with an abnormal test result and they're asked to come in.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜์€ ํ˜•ํŽธ์ด ์•ˆ๋˜์„œ ๋ณ‘์›์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Fully half of them don't turn up because they can't afford the trip.
IWSLT2017
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ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„์ด ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ๋ ˆ๋ฒ ์นด์™€ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€ ์ง„๋‹จ๊ณผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
With the integrated microscope and computer analysis, Rebecca and her colleagues have been able to create a van that has both a diagnostic setup and a treatment setup.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„œ ํ›„์† ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋†“์น˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—†์ฃ .
And what that means is that they can do a diagnosis and perform therapy on the spot, so no one is lost to follow up.
IWSLT2017
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์†Œํ˜•ํ™” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
That's just one example of how miniaturization can save lives.
IWSLT2017
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ๊ณตํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ '๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์†Œํ˜•ํ™”'๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Now as engineers, we think of this as straight-up miniaturization.
IWSLT2017
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์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ฃ .
You took a big thing and you made it little.
IWSLT2017
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์„œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋””๋กœ๋“  ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐˆ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ๋ช…๋„ ๊ตฌํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ์ง€์š”.
But what I told you before about computers was that they transformed our lives when they became small enough for us to take them everywhere.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์˜์•ฝ์—์„œ ์ด์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”?
So what is the transformational equivalent like that in medicine?
IWSLT2017
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์ž, ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์„ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ข…์–‘์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์™ธ๋ถ€์— ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
Well, what if you had a detector that was so small that it could circulate in your body, find the tumor all by itself and send a signal to the outside world?
IWSLT2017
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๊ณต์ƒ ๊ณผํ•™์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์‹œ์ฃ .
It sounds a little bit like science fiction.
IWSLT2017
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
But actually, nanotechnology allows us to do just that.
IWSLT2017
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๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜๋งŒํผ ์ค„์ด๋ฉด 100 ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋ก ์ด ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฑธ ์ฒœ ๋ฐฐ ๋” ์ค„์ด๋ฉด 100 ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Nanotechnology allows us to shrink the parts that make up the detector from the width of a human hair, which is 100 microns, to a thousand times smaller, which is 100 nanometers.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ผ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ ธ์š”.
And that has profound implications.
IWSLT2017
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๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋‹จ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด ์†์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
It turns out that materials actually change their properties at the nanoscale.
IWSLT2017
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๊ธˆ์„ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ฉด ๋จผ์ง€๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์•„์„œ ๊ธˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ž…์ž๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ถ‰๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์ง€์š”.
You take a common material like gold, and you grind it into dust, into gold nanoparticles, and it changes from looking gold to looking red.
IWSLT2017
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์…€๋ Œํ™” ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด๊ฐ™์€ ์ข€ ๋” ๋‚ฏ์„  ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”. ์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ์›๋ž˜ ํฐ ๊ฒ€์€ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์•ก์ฒด์— ๋„ฃ์œผ๋ฉด ๋น›๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋น›์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
If you take a more exotic material like cadmium selenide -- forms a big, black crystal -- if you make nanocrystals out of this material and you put it in a liquid, and you shine light on it, they glow.
IWSLT2017
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ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŒŒ๋ž‘, ์ดˆ๋ก, ๋…ธ๋ž‘, ์ฃผํ™ฉ, ๋นจ๊ฐ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And they glow blue, green, yellow, orange, red, depending only on their size.
IWSLT2017
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๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜์ฃ ! ๋งคํฌ๋กœ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
It's wild! Can you imagine an object like that in the macro world?
IWSLT2017
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๋‚ด ์˜ท์žฅ์˜ ์ฒญ๋ฐ”์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฉด ์†Œ์žฌ์ธ๋ฐ๋„ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ƒ‰์ƒ๋„ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ตฌ์š”.
It would be like all the denim jeans in your closet are all made of cotton, but they are different colors depending only on their size.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ƒ‰์ƒ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ชธ ์†์„ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๋„ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So as a physician, what's just as interesting to me is that it's not just the color of materials that changes at the nanoscale; the way they travel in your body also changes.
IWSLT2017
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์•” ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And this is the kind of observation that we're going to use to make a better cancer detector.
IWSLT2017
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So let me show you what I mean.
IWSLT2017
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ชธ ์†์˜ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
This is a blood vessel in the body.
IWSLT2017
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ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์„ ์ข…์–‘์ด ๊ฐ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
Surrounding the blood vessel is a tumor.
IWSLT2017
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๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์— ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ข…์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
We're going to inject nanoparticles into the blood vessel and watch how they travel from the bloodstream into the tumor.
IWSLT2017
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์ข…์–‘์˜ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์—๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ž…์ž๋Š” ์ด ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜์™€ ์ข…์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Now it turns out that the blood vessels of many tumors are leaky, and so nanoparticles can leak out from the bloodstream into the tumor.
IWSLT2017
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๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜์˜ฌ์ง€ ๋ง์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์ฃ .
Whether they leak out depends on their size.
IWSLT2017
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์ด ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ํŒŒ๋ž‘์ƒ‰์ธ 100 ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์งœ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ์–ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰์ธ 500 ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์งœ๋ฆฌ ํฐ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ž…์ž๋Š” ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜์— ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
So in this image, the smaller, hundred-nanometer, blue nanoparticles are leaking out, and the larger, 500-nanometer, red nanoparticles are stuck in the bloodstream.
IWSLT2017
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๊ณตํ•™์ž์˜ ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ค ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋А๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ชธ์˜ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ผ์ง€ ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋”๋ผ๊ตฌ์š”.
So that means as an engineer, depending on how big or small I make a material, I can change where it goes in your body.
IWSLT2017
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์•” ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์•„์„œ ๋ชธ ์†์„ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ์ข…์–‘์„ ์ฐพ์•„์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In my lab, we recently made a cancer nanodetector that is so small that it could travel into the body and look for tumors.
IWSLT2017
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์ข…์–‘์ด ์ฆ์‹ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”. ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด, ์ข…์–‘์ด ์ฆ์‹๋  ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ค์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
We designed it to listen for tumor invasion: the orchestra of chemical signals that tumors need to make to spread.
IWSLT2017
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์ข…์–‘์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ์ปค์ ธ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ทผ์œก์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ž˜๊ฒŒ ๋œฏ์–ด์„œ ๋‚˜์™€์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ๋•Œ ํšจ์†Œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
For a tumor to break out of the tissue that it's born in, it has to make chemicals called enzymes to chew through the scaffolding of tissues.
IWSLT2017
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์ด ํšจ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋™์‹œํ‚ค๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๊ฑฐ์ง€์š”.
We designed these nanoparticles to be activated by these enzymes.
IWSLT2017
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ํšจ์†Œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ฒœ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
One enzyme can activate a thousand of these chemical reactions in an hour.
IWSLT2017
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๊ณตํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ 1 ๋Œ€ 1000๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆํญ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ดˆ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋„ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Now in engineering, we call that one-to-a-thousand ratio a form of amplification, and it makes something ultrasensitive.
IWSLT2017
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋„ ์•” ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ตฌ์š”.
So we've made an ultrasensitive cancer detector.
IWSLT2017
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์ž ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์™ธ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์น˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
OK, but how do I get this activated signal to the outside world, where I can act on it?
IWSLT2017
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๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝฉํŒฅ์€ ํ•„ํ„ฐ์ฃ .
For this, we're going to use one more piece of nanoscale biology, The kidney is a filter.
IWSLT2017
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋‚จ์€ ์ฐŒ๊บผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Its job is to filter out the blood and put waste into the urine.
IWSLT2017
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์ฝฉํŒฅ์€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
It turns out that what the kidney filters is also dependent on size.
IWSLT2017
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์ด ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋“ฏ์ด ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ด ์ฝฉํŒฅ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด 5 ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์€ ๊ฑด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์†Œ๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ๊ฑด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‚จ์ง€์š”.
So in this image, what you can see is that everything smaller than five nanometers is going from the blood, through the kidney, into the urine, and everything else that's bigger is retained.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ 100 ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์งœ๋ฆฌ ์•” ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์— ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ข…์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์นจํˆฌํ•ด์„œ ์ข…์–‘ ํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜์–ด ์ฝฉํŒฅ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์†Œ๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
OK, so if I make a 100-nanometer cancer detector, I inject it in the bloodstream, it can leak into the tumor where it's activated by tumor enzymes to release a small signal that is small enough to be filtered out of the kidney and put into the urine, I have a signal in the outside world that I can detect.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
OK, but there's one more problem.
IWSLT2017
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์ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€๋ฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜์ฃ ?
This is a tiny little signal, so how do I detect it?
IWSLT2017
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์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ด์•ผ ๋ถ„์ž ํ•˜๋‚˜์ผ ๋ฟ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
Well, the signal is just a molecule.
IWSLT2017
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๊ณตํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ๋ถ„์ž์˜ˆ์š”.
They're molecules that we designed as engineers.
IWSLT2017
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์™„์ „ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฉ๋„๋Œ€๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
They're completely synthetic, and we can design them so they are compatible with our tool of choice.
IWSLT2017
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์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ณ  ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์“ด๋‹ค๋ฉด ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
If we want to use a really sensitive, fancy instrument called a mass spectrometer, then we make a molecule with a unique mass.
IWSLT2017
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋” ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๊ณ  ํœด๋Œ€ํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ข‹๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
Or maybe we want make something that's more inexpensive and portable.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ์ž„์‹  ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ™์€ ์ข…์ด๋กœ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Then we make molecules that we can trap on paper, like a pregnancy test.
IWSLT2017
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ์ง€ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In fact, there's a whole world of paper tests that are becoming available in a field called paper diagnostics.
IWSLT2017
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์ž, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ๋กœ ๋ญ˜ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
Alright, where are we going with this?
IWSLT2017
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ‰์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
What I'm going to tell you next, as a lifelong researcher, represents a dream of mine.
IWSLT2017
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์•ฝ์†์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๊ณ  ๊ฟˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
I can't say that's it's a promise; it's a dream.
IWSLT2017
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•  ๊ฟˆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์•” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์ผ์ง€๋ผ๋„์š”. ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์•” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋” ๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผํ•˜์ฃ .
But I think we all have to have dreams to keep us pushing forward, even -- and maybe especially -- cancer researchers.
IWSLT2017
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