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말을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 것과 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 것은 맀우 λ‹€λ₯Έ κ³Όμ •μ΄λΌλŠ” κ±Έ μ•„μ…”μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
You have to remember that producing speech and comprehending speech are very different processes.
IWSLT2017
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 두 λ°˜μ‘μ΄ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ‹€λ₯Έμ§€μ— μ˜λ¬Έμ„ κ°€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Here we're asking: How similar are they?
IWSLT2017
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λ†€λžκ²Œλ„ μ²­μžμ—κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” λ³΅μž‘ν•œ νŒ¨ν„΄λ“€μ΄ 사싀은 ν™”μžμ˜ λ‡Œμ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜¨ κ²ƒμž„μ„ 보게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
To our surprise, we saw that all these complex patterns within the listeners actually came from the speaker brain.
IWSLT2017
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ μž‘ν™”μ™€ μ΄ν•΄λŠ” μœ μ‚¬ν•œ 과정에 κΈ°λ°˜ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 것이죠.
So production and comprehension rely on very similar processes.
IWSLT2017
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ°œκ²¬ν•œ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 사싀은 ν™”μžμ™€ 청자의 λ‡Œ 사이에 μœ μ‚¬ν•œ 정도가 λ†’μ„μˆ˜λ‘ μ†Œν†΅μ΄ 더 잘 λœλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And we also found the stronger the similarity between the listener's brain the better the communication.
IWSLT2017
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그렇기에 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ μ§€κΈˆ μ™„μ „νžˆ ν˜Όλž€μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ μƒνƒœλΌλ©΄ 그런 μƒνƒœκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆκΈΈ λ°”λΌμ§€λ§Œ λ§Œμ•½ κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ‡Œ λ°˜μ‘μ€ 저와 μ™„μ „νžˆ λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So I know that if you are completely confused now, and I do hope that this is not the case, your brain responses are very different than mine.
IWSLT2017
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ§€κΈˆ 제 말을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  κ³„μ‹œλ‹€λ©΄ λ‹Ήμ‹ μ˜ λ‡Œμ™€, λ‹Ήμ‹ μ˜ λ‡Œμ™€, λ‹Ήμ‹ μ˜ λ‡ŒλŠ” 제 λ‡Œμ™€ 맀우 λΉ„μŠ·ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
But I also know that if you really understand me now, then your brain ... and your brain ... and your brain are really similar to mine.
IWSLT2017
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이 정보듀을 ν•œλ° λͺ¨μ•„λ‹€κ°€ μ§ˆλ¬Έν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€. 제 λ‡Œμ— μžˆλŠ” 기얡을 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λ‡Œλ‘œ λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ” 데 이걸 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ΄μš©ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ?
Now, let's take all this information together and ask: How can we use it to transmit a memory that I have from my brain to your brains?
IWSLT2017
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ‹€μŒ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So we did the following experiment.
IWSLT2017
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ BBCμ—μ„œ λ°©μ˜ν•˜λŠ” λ“œλΌλ§ˆ "μ…œλ‘"을 λ‚œμƒ 처음으둜 보게 λ§Œλ“€κ³ λŠ” λ‡Œλ₯Ό μŠ€μΊ”ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
We let people watch, for the first time in their life, a TV episode from the BBC series "Sherlock," while we scanned their brains.
IWSLT2017
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κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λŠ” μŠ€μΊλ„ˆ μ•ˆμ— λ‹€μ‹œ λ“€μ–΄κ°€μ„œ ν•œ λ²ˆλ„ λ“œλΌλ§ˆλ₯Ό λ³Έ 적 μ—†λŠ” νƒ€μΈμ—κ²Œ 이야기λ₯Ό 듀렀주라고 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And then we asked them to go back to the scanner and tell the story to another person that never watched the movie.
IWSLT2017
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μžμ„Έν•˜κ²Œ μ–˜κΈ°ν•΄ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
So let's be specific.
IWSLT2017
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이 μž₯면을 μ •ν™•νžˆ λ– μ˜¬λ €λ³΄μ„Έμš”. μ…œλ‘μ΄ λŸ°λ˜μ—μ„œ μžμ‹ μ΄ μ°ΎλŠ” μ‚΄μΈμžκ°€ μš΄μ „ν•˜λŠ” νƒμ‹œμ— μ˜¬λΌνƒ€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Think about this exact scene, when Sherlock is entering the cab in London driven by the murderer he is looking for.
IWSLT2017
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μ‹œμ²­μžλ‘œμ„œ μ €λŠ” 이 μž₯면을 λ³Ό λ•Œ νŠΉμ •ν•œ λ‡Œμ˜ νŒ¨ν„΄μ΄ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
With me, as a viewer, there is a specific brain pattern in my brain when I watch it.
IWSLT2017
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μ €λŠ” μ…œλ‘, 런던, μ‚΄μΈμž 단어λ₯Ό λ§ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ μ •ν™•νžˆ λ™μΌν•œ νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ λ‡Œμ— μž¬μƒμ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Now, the exact same pattern, I can reactivate in my brain again by telling the world: Sherlock, London, murderer.
IWSLT2017
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μ œκ°€ 이 단어듀을 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ‡Œλ‘œ 전달할 λ•Œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ λ¨Έλ¦Ώμ†μ—μ„œ μž¬κ΅¬μ„±ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And when I'm transmitting these words to your brains now, you have to reconstruct it in your mind.
IWSLT2017
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 νŒ¨ν„΄μ΄ 이제 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ‡Œμ—λ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” κ±Έ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
In fact, we see that pattern emerging now in your brains.
IWSLT2017
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이런 μž₯면듀을 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•  λ•Œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ‡Œμ— λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” νŒ¨ν„΄λ“€μ΄ μ œκ°€ λͺ‡ 달 μ „ μŠ€μΊλ„ˆ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ λ“œλΌλ§ˆλ₯Ό 봀을 λ•Œ λ³΄μ˜€λ˜ νŒ¨ν„΄κ³Ό 맀우 μœ μ‚¬ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ–΄ μ €ν¬λŠ” 맀우 λ†€λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And we were really surprised to see that the pattern you have now in your brains when I'm describing to you these scenes would be very similar to the pattern I had when I watched this movie a few months ago in the scanner.
IWSLT2017
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이 사싀은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이야기λ₯Ό λ“€λ €μ£Όκ³  정보λ₯Ό μ „μ†‘ν•˜λŠ” κΈ°μ œμ— κ΄€ν•œ κ±Έ μ•Œλ €μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
This starts to tell you about the mechanism by which we can tell stories and transmit information.
IWSLT2017
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μ§€κΈˆ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ œκ°€ ν•˜λŠ” 말에 κ·€λ₯Ό 기울이고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Because, for example, now you're listening really hard and trying to understand what I'm saying.
IWSLT2017
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μ‰¬μš΄ 일이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλŠ” κ±Έ μ•Œμ•„μš”.
And I know that it's not easy.
IWSLT2017
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–΄λŠ ν•œ μˆœκ°„μ— μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ €λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν–ˆκΈ°λ₯Ό λ°”λž˜μš”.
But I hope that at one point in the talk we clicked, and you got me.
IWSLT2017
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그리고 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ λͺ‡ μ‹œκ°„, λ©°μΉ , λͺ‡ 달 뒀에 νŒŒν‹°μ—μ„œ λˆ„κ΅°κ°€λ₯Ό λ§Œλ‚˜μ„œ κ·Έμ—κ²Œ 이 강연에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜κ² μ£ . 그럼 κ·Έκ°€ 이 μžλ¦¬μ— μš°λ¦¬μ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ μžˆλŠ” λ“―ν•œ λŠλ‚Œμ΄ λ“€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And I think that in a few hours, a few days, a few months, you're going to meet someone at a party, and you're going to tell him about this lecture, and suddenly it will be as if he is standing now here with us.
IWSLT2017
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이제 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이 기제λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€ 사이에 κΈ°μ–΅κ³Ό 지식을 전솑할 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•„μ‹œκ² μ£ ? 맀우 λ©‹μ§„ 일 μ•„λ‹Œκ°€μš”?
Now you can see how we can take this mechanism and try to transmit memories and knowledge across people, which is wonderful, right?
IWSLT2017
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 우리의 μ†Œν†΅ λŠ₯λ ₯은 곡톡점을 κ°–λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯에 λ‹¬λ €μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
But our ability to communicate relies on our ability to have common ground.
IWSLT2017
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μ œκ°€ 영ꡭ μ˜μ–΄ "ν•΄ν¬λ‹ˆ 마차"λ₯Ό "νƒμ‹œ" λŒ€μ‹ μ— μ“΄λ‹€λ©΄ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ΄ 저와 μ–΄κΈ‹λ‚  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Because, for example, if I'm going to use the British synonym "hackney carriage" instead of "cab," I know that I'm going to be misaligned with most of you in the audience.
IWSLT2017
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λ™μ‘°ν™”λŠ” κΈ°λ³Έ κ°œλ…μ„ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯μ—λ§Œ 달린 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 곡톡점과 κ³΅ν†΅λœ 이해, 그리고 κ³΅ν†΅λœ 신념체계λ₯Ό λ°œλ‹¬μ‹œν‚€λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯에도 달렀 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
This alignment depends not only on our ability to understand the basic concept; it also depends on our ability to develop common ground and understanding and shared belief systems.
IWSLT2017
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬λ„ μ•Œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ λ§Žμ€ κ²½μš°μ— λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 이야기λ₯Ό λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
Because we know that in many cases, people understand the exact same story in very different ways.
IWSLT2017
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이걸 μ‹œν—˜ν•΄λ³΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ λ‹€μŒ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So to test it in the lab, we did the following experiment.
IWSLT2017
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J.D 샐린저가 μ“΄ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λ‘œμš”. μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μ—μ„œ λ‚¨νŽΈμ€ νŒŒν‹° 쀑간에 μ•„λ‚΄λ₯Ό λ†“μΉ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μΉœν•œ 친ꡬλ₯Ό λΆˆλŸ¬μ„œ 자기 μ•„λ‚΄λ₯Ό λ΄€λŠ”μ§€ 묻죠.
We took a story by J.D. Salinger, in which a husband lost track of his wife in the middle of a party, and he's calling his best friend, asking, "Did you see my wife?"
IWSLT2017
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μ‹€ν—˜ λŒ€μƒμž μ ˆλ°˜μ—κ²ŒλŠ” μ•„λ‚΄κ°€ κ·Έ μΉœν•œ μΉœκ΅¬μ™€ 뢈λ₯œμ„ μ €μ§€λ₯΄κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
For half of the subjects, we said that the wife was having an affair with the best friend.
IWSLT2017
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λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ μ ˆλ°˜μ—κ²ŒλŠ” μ•„λ‚΄κ°€ λ‚¨νŽΈμ—κ²Œ μΆ©μ‹€ν•˜κ³ , λ‚¨νŽΈμ΄ μ§ˆνˆ¬μ‹¬μ΄ κ°•ν•˜λ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμ£ .
For the other half, we said that the wife is loyal and the husband is very jealous.
IWSLT2017
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이야기 μ‹œμž‘ 전에 λ“€λ €μ€€ 이 ν•œ λ¬Έμž₯λ§ŒμœΌλ‘œλ„ μ•„λ‚΄κ°€ 뢈λ₯œμ„ μ €μ§€λ₯΄κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ―ΏλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 고차원적인 λ‡Œμ˜ μ˜μ—­μ—μ„œ 맀우 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ λ‡Œ λ°˜μ‘μ„ 보이고 κ·Έλ ‡μ§€ μ•Šμ€ μ§‘λ‹¨κ³ΌλŠ” 맀우 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°˜μ‘μ„ λ³΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
This one sentence before the story started was enough to make the brain responses of all the people that believed the wife was having an affair be very similar in these high-order areas and different than the other group.
IWSLT2017
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ³Ό λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ‡Œλ₯Ό λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€κ³  μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ³Ό λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό λ‡Œλ₯Ό 맀우 λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 게 λ¬Έμž₯ ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œλ„ μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜λ‹€λ©΄ μ‹€μƒν™œμ—μ„œλŠ” 이 영ν–₯이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ ν™•λŒ€λ  μ§€ μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”. ν˜„μ‹€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 맀우 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‹œκ°μ„ κ°–κ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 폭슀 λ‰΄μŠ€λ‚˜ λ‰΄μš• νƒ€μž„μŠ€κ°™μ€ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 언둠사에 맀일맀일 λ…ΈμΆœλ˜μ—ˆλ˜ μ±„λ‘œ 우리 λͺ¨λ‘ λ™μΌν•œ λ‰΄μŠ€λ₯Ό 듀을 λ•Œ λ§μ΄μ—μš”.
And if one sentence is enough to make your brain similar to people that think like you and very different than people that think differently than you, think how this effect is going to be amplified in real life, when we are all listening to the exact same news item after being exposed day after day after day to different media channels, like Fox News or The New York Times, that give us very different perspectives on reality.
IWSLT2017
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μš”μ•½ν•˜μžλ©΄
So let me summarize.
IWSLT2017
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였늘 λͺ¨λ“  게 κ³„νšν–ˆλ˜ λŒ€λ‘œ 됐닀면 μ €λŠ” 제 λ°œμ„±ν•˜λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯을 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ‡Œμ™€ κ²°ν•©μ‹œν‚¨ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
If everything worked as planned tonight, I used my ability to vocalize sound to be coupled to your brains.
IWSLT2017
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μ €λŠ” 이 결합을 μ΄μš©ν•΄ 제 κΈ°μ–΅κ³Ό 아이디어에 μ—°κ΄€λœ λ‡Œμ˜ νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ‡Œλ‘œ μ „μ†‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And I used this coupling to transmit my brain patterns associated with my memories and ideas into your brains.
IWSLT2017
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이λ₯Ό 톡해 μ €λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ†Œν†΅μ— μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ” μˆ¨κ²¨μ§„ μ‹ κ²½ 기제λ₯Ό 밝히기 μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
In this, I start to reveal the hidden neural mechanism by which we communicate.
IWSLT2017
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이 κΈ°μ œκ°€ λ―Έλž˜μ— μ†Œν†΅μ„ μš©μ΄ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜κ³  κ°œμ„ μ‹œν‚€λŠ” κ±Έ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And we know that in the future it will enable us to improve and facilitate communication.
IWSLT2017
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 연ꡬ가 λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 사싀은 μ†Œν†΅μ΄ 곡톡점에 κΈ°λ°˜ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
But these studies also reveal that communication relies on a common ground.
IWSLT2017
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 곡톡점과, μš°λ¦¬μ™€λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 타인과 λŒ€ν™”ν•˜λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯을 μžƒμ–΄λ²„λ¦°λ‹€λ©΄ μ‚¬νšŒ 전체가 μš°λ €ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ†Œμˆ˜μ˜ κ°•λ ₯ν•œ μ–Έλ‘  채널이 마이크λ₯Ό μž₯μ•…ν•΄μ„œ 우리의 사고방식을 μ‘°μž‘ν•˜κ³  ν†΅μ œν•˜λ„λ‘ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ μ£Όλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
And we have to be really worried as a society if we lose this common ground and our ability to speak with people that are slightly different than us because we let a few very strong media channels take control of the mic, and manipulate and control the way we all think.
IWSLT2017
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μ €λŠ” κ³Όν•™μžμ΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 이걸 κ³ μΉ˜λŠ” 방법은 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And I'm not sure how to fix it because I'm only a scientist.
IWSLT2017
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν•œ κ°€μ§€ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ 더 μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅ 방법인 λŒ€ν™”λ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°€λŠ” 게 μžˆμ„μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€. λŒ€ν™”λŠ” μ € 혼자 λ§ν•˜λŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 더 μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œ λ§ν•˜λŠ” λ°©λ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ œκ°€ λ§ν•˜λ©΄μ„œλ„ 또 λ“£λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그리고 ν•¨κ»˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 아이디어와 곡톡점에 λ„λ‹¬ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
But maybe one way to do it is to go back to the more natural way of communication, which is a dialogue, in which it's not only me speaking to you now, but a more natural way of talking, in which I am speaking and I am listening, and together we are trying to come to a common ground and new ideas.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ κ²°κ΅­ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λˆ„κ΅¬μΈμ§€ μ •μ˜ν•˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
Because after all, the people we are coupled to define who we are.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‡Œμ™€ μ—°κ²°λ˜κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ν•˜λŠ” μš•κ΅¬λŠ” 맀우 κΈ°λ³Έμ μ΄μ–΄μ„œ μ•„μ£Ό 어릴 λ•ŒλΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And our desire to be coupled to another brain is something very basic that starts at a very early age.
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제 개인적인 κ²½ν—˜μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜¨ μ‚¬λ‘€λ‘œ λλ§Ίκ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό μ—°κ²°λ˜λŠ” 것이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 우리λ₯Ό μ •μ˜λ‚΄λ¦¬λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 쒋은 예라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So let me finish with an example from my own private life that I think is a good example of how coupling to other people is really going to define who we are.
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제 μ•„λ“€ μ‘°λ‚˜λ‹¨μ΄ 어릴 λ•Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
This my son Jonathan at a very early age.
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제 아내와 μ†Œλ¦¬λ‚΄λŠ” κ²Œμž„μ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒˆλŠ”μ§€ λ³΄μ„Έμš”. μš•κ΅¬μ™€, λ‹€λ₯Έ 인간과 μ—°κ²°λ˜λŠ” μˆœμˆ˜ν•œ μ¦κ±°μ›€μ—μ„œ μš°λŸ¬λ‚˜μ˜¨ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
See how he developed a vocal game together with my wife, only from the desire and pure joy of being coupled to another human being.
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제 아듀이 저희 뢀뢀와 μ•„λ“€ 인생에 μžˆλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό 연결을 λ§ΊλŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ―Έλž˜μ— κ·Έλ₯Ό μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒμœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ€„ μ§€λ₯Ό μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
Now, think how the ability of my son to be coupled to us and other people in his life is going to shape the man he is going to become.
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그리고 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μΈμƒμ—μ„œ 맀일 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό μ—°κ²°λ˜κ³  μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ³€ν•  수 μžˆμ„μ§€ μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
And think how you change on a daily basis from the interaction and coupling to other people in your life.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό 자꾸 μ—°κ²°ν•˜μ„Έμš”.
So keep being coupled to other people.
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자꾸 아이디어λ₯Ό νΌλœ¨λ¦¬μ„Έμš”. μ—°κ²°λœ 우리 λͺ¨λ‘μ˜ 합이 우리의 λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 합보닀 훨씬 더 ν¬λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
Keep spreading your ideas, because the sum of all of us together, coupled, is greater than our parts.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Thank you.
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κΏˆμ„ μƒκ°ν•˜λ©΄ 저도 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ²˜λŸΌ 이 사진을 λ– μ˜¬λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
When I think about dreams, like many of you, I think about this picture.
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μ €λŠ” μ΄λ•Œ 8μ‚΄μ΄μ—ˆλŠ”λ° 닐 μ•”μŠ€νŠΈλ‘±μ΄ 달 μ°©λ₯™μ„ μ—μ„œ λ‚΄λ¦¬λŠ” κ±Έ λ΄€μ£ .
I was eight when I watched Neil Armstrong step off the Lunar Module onto the surface of the Moon.
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처음 λ³΄λŠ” κ΄‘κ²½μ΄μ—ˆκ³  μ΄ν›„λ‘œλ„ 보지 λͺ»ν–ˆμ£ .
I had never seen anything like it before, and I've never seen anything like it since.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‹¨μˆœν•œ 이유 ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ 달에 κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ‘΄ μΌ€λ„€λ””κ°€ κΈ°ν•œμ„ μ•½μ†ν–ˆκ±°λ“ μš”.
We got to the Moon for one simple reason: John Kennedy committed us to a deadline.
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κ·Έ κΈ°ν•œμ΄ μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€λ©΄ 우린 계속 꿈만 꿨을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And in the absence of that deadline, we would still be dreaming about it.
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λ ˆλ„ˆλ“œ λ²ˆμŠ€νƒ€μΈμ€ 큰 업적을 μœ„ν•΄ 두 κ°€μ§€κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ³„νšκ³Ό λΆ€μ‘±ν•œ μ‹œκ°„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Leonard Bernstein said two things are necessary for great achievement: a plan and not quite enough time.
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κΈ°ν•œκ³Ό 결심은 μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ©΄μ„œλ„ μžŠν˜€μ Έκ°€λŠ” μ•„ν΄λ‘œμ˜ κ΅ν›ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Deadlines and commitments are the great and fading lessons of Apollo.
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'ν˜μ‹ μ  λ°œμ „'μ΄λž€ 말이 κ±°κΈ°μ„œ 유래됐죠.
And they are what give the word "moonshot" its meaning.
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μ§€κΈˆ 우리 μ„Έμƒμ—λŠ” μ•„ν΄λ‘œμ²˜λŸΌ λŒ€λ‹΄ν•œ κΏˆμ„ μœ„ν•΄ κ³Όκ°ν•œ κΈ°ν•œμ„ μ„€μ •ν•΄ 쀄 μ •μΉ˜μ  μ§€λ„μžλ“€μ΄ μ ˆμ‹€νžˆ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And our world is in desperate need of political leaders willing to set bold deadlines for the achievement of daring dreams on the scale of Apollo again.
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μ „ κΏˆμ„ μƒκ°ν•˜λ©΄ LA와 μŠ€ν†€μ›”μ˜ μ—¬μž₯λ‚¨μžλ“€κ³Ό 컀밍아웃이 맀우 μœ„ν—˜ν–ˆλ˜ μ‹œκΈ°μ— λͺ¨λ“  κ±Έ κ±Έκ³  μ»€λ°μ•„μ›ƒν•œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 수백만 λͺ…κ³Ό λ¬΄μ§€κ°œμƒ‰ λΆˆλΉ›μ„ 밝힌 λ°±μ•…κ΄€μ˜ 이 사진이 λ– μ˜€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έλ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ―Έκ΅­ 남녀 λ™μ„±μ• μžμ˜ κ²°ν˜Όν•  ꢌ리λ₯Ό κΈ°λ…ν–ˆμ£ .
When I think about dreams, I think about the drag queens of LA and Stonewall and millions of other people risking everything to come out when that was really dangerous, and of this picture of the White House lit up in rainbow colors, yes -- -- celebrating America's gay and lesbian citizens' right to marry.
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κΏˆμ—λ„ μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆλ˜ μ‚¬μ§„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 18μ‚΄ λ•Œ, μ œκ°€ λ™μ„±μ• μžλž€ κ±Έ κΉ¨λ‹«κ³  κ·Έ λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λ‚΄ λ‚˜λΌμ™€ λ‚΄ κΏˆμ—μ„œ μ†Œμ™Έλœλ‹€κ³  λŠκΌˆμ„ λ•ŒλŠ”μš”.
It is a picture that in my wildest dreams I could never have imagined when I was 18 and figuring out that I was gay and feeling estranged from my country and my dreams because of it.
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μ „μ—λŠ” κΏˆμ—λ„ μƒμƒν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆλ˜ μ €μ˜ κ°€μ‘± 사진을 λ– μ˜¬λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€. 또 κΏˆμ—λ„ 생각 λͺ»ν•œ λŒ€λ²•μ› 판결 기사λ₯Ό 제 아이듀이 λ“  λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
I think about this picture of my family that I never dreamed I could ever have -- -- and of our children holding this headline I never dreamed could ever be printed about the Supreme Court ruling.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ—¬μž₯λ‚¨μžμ™€ μš°μ£ΌμΈλ“€μ˜ μš©κΈ°κ°€ 더 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
We need more of the courage of drag queens and astronauts.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ „ 일차원 μ΄μƒμœΌλ‘œ κΏˆκΏ”μ•Ό ν•  μ΄μœ μ— λŒ€ν•΄ λ§ν•˜κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ œκ°€ 8μ‚΄ λ•Œ μ•„ν΄λ‘œμ— λŒ€ν•΄ λͺ°λžλ˜ 것이 μžˆμ—ˆκ³  λ¬΄μ§€κ°œ μ‘°λͺ… 행사에도 λͺ°λžλ˜ 것이 μžˆμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
But I want to talk about the need for us to dream in more than one dimension, because there was something about Apollo that I didn't know when I was 8, and something about organizing that the rainbow colors over.
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머큐리, μ œλ―Έλ‹ˆ, μ•„ν΄λ‘œ κ³„νšμ— μ°Έμ—¬ν•œ 우주인 30λͺ… 쀑에 7λͺ…λ§Œμ΄ κ²°ν˜Όμƒν™œμ„ μ§€μ†ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Of the 30 astronauts in the original Mercury, Gemini and Apollo programs, only seven marriages survived.
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λ‹¬μ—μ„œ 우주인이 λ›°μ–΄λ‹€λ‹ˆλŠ” 유λͺ…ν•œ 사진듀은 μ§€κ΅¬μ—μ„œμ˜ μ•Œμ½œ 쀑독과 μš°μšΈμ¦μ„ 가렀버렸죠.
Those iconic images of the astronauts bouncing on the Moon obscure the alcoholism and depression on Earth.
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νŠΈλΌν”ΌμŠ€νŠΈ μˆ˜λ„νšŒμ˜ ν† λ§ˆμŠ€ 머튼이 μ•„ν΄λ‘œ μ‹œλŒ€μ— λ¬Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. "우리λ₯Ό μžμ‹ μ—κ²Œμ„œ κ°ˆλΌλ†“λŠ” 심연을 κ±΄λ„ˆμ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λŠ”λ° 달에 κ°€μ„œ 뭘 μ–»κ² λŠ”κ°€?"
Thomas Merton, the Trappist monk, asked during the time of Apollo, "What can we gain by sailing to the moon if we are not able to cross the abyss that separates us from ourselves?"
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우리λ₯Ό μ‚¬λž‘μ—μ„œ λ©€μ–΄μ§€κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” μ‹ λž„ν•¨κ³Ό μ •μ„œμ  거리감을 λ„˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λŠ”λ° κ²°ν˜Όν•  ꢌ리λ₯Ό μ–»μ–΄μ„œ 뭐 ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
And what can we gain by the right to marry if we are not able to cross the acrimony and emotional distance that so often separates us from our love?
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κ²°ν˜Όμ—μ„œλ§Œμ΄ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And not just in marriage.
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μ „ λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜λ„ μƒμ²˜μ£Όκ³ , 파괴적이고 비극적인 내뢄을 μ„±μ†Œμˆ˜μžμ™€, μ—μ΄μ¦ˆ μœ λ°©μ•”κ³Ό λΉ„μ˜λ¦¬ ν™œλ™μ—μ„œ λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λͺ¨λ‘ μ‚¬λž‘μ΄λž€ 이름 μ•„λž˜μ—μ„œμš”.
I have seen the most hurtful, destructive, tragic infighting in LGBT and AIDS and breast cancer and non-profit activism, all in the name of love.
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ν† λ§ˆνŠΈ λ¨ΈνŠΌμ€ λ˜ν•œ 성인듀 κ°„ 싸움에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ“°λ©΄μ„œ "μ΄μƒμ£Όμ˜μžλ“€μ€ 곳곳에 λ§Œμ—°ν•œ ν˜„λŒ€ 폭λ ₯의 ν–‰νƒœμ— μ‰½κ²Œ κ΅΄λ³΅ν•˜λŠ”λ° 그것은 ν–‰λ™μ£Όμ˜μ™€ μ§€λ‚˜μΉœ λ…Έλ ₯이닀.
Thomas Merton also wrote about wars among saints and that "there is a pervasive form of contemporary violence to which the idealist most easily succumbs: activism and overwork.
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ν–‰λ™μ£Όμ˜μ˜ κ΄‘λž€μ€ 평화λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ ν™œλ™μ„ μƒμ‡„μ‹œν‚€κ³ 
The frenzy of our activism neutralizes our work for peace.
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평화에 λŒ€ν•œ 수용λ ₯을 νŒŒκ΄΄ν•œλ‹€."κ³  μΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
It destroys our own inner capacity for peace."
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우리의 κΏˆμ€ ν”νžˆ ν˜„μž¬ 삢에 μ‘΄μž¬ν•  λŠ₯λ ₯을 λ§κ°€λœ¨λ¦¬λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ λ―Έλž˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ ꡬ쑰적 집착이 λ˜μ–΄ λ²„λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Too often our dreams become these compartmentalized fixations on some future that destroy our ability to be present for our lives right now.
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미래의 인λ₯˜λ‚˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‚˜λΌ, λ‹€λ₯Έ λ―Όμ‘±μ—κ²Œ 더 λ‚˜μ€ 삢을 μ£Όκ² λ‹€λŠ” κΏˆμ€ λ°”λ‘œ 이 μˆœκ°„ λ‚΄ μ˜†μ— 앉은 μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ μ‘΄μž¬μ—κ²Œμ„œ 우릴 λ–Όμ–΄λ†“μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Our dreams of a better life for some future humanity or some other humanity in another country alienate us from the beautiful human beings sitting next to us at this very moment.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이게 μ§„λ³΄μ˜ λŒ€κ°€μΌ 뿐이라고 λ§ν•˜μ£ .
Well, that's just the price of progress, we say.
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달에 κ°€κ±°λ‚˜ κ°€μ •μ˜ μ•ˆμ • 쀑에 골라야 ν•˜λŠ” κ²Œμš”.
You can go to the Moon or you can have stability in your family life.
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두 κ°€μ§€ μ˜μ—­μ„ λ™μ‹œμ— κΏˆκΎΈλŠ” κ±Έ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μƒμƒν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And we can't conceive of dreaming in both dimensions at the same time.
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μ•ˆμ •ν•˜κΈ°λ§Œ ν•˜λ©΄ λœλ‹€κ³  기쀀을 작죠.
when it comes to our emotional life.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ„œλ‘œμ™€ λŒ€ν™”ν•˜λŠ” 데 μ“°μ΄λŠ” κΈ°μˆ μ€ 수직적으둜 λ°œμ „ν–ˆλŠ”λ° μ„œλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄μ£Όκ³  μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯은 사라져 λ²„λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Which is why our technology for talking to one another has gone vertical, our ability to listen and understand one another has gone nowhere.
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정보에 λŒ€ν•œ 접근성은 ν•˜λŠ˜μ„ λš«μ„ κΈ°μ„Έμ΄μ§€λ§Œ 기쁨에 λŒ€ν•œ 접근성은 λ°”λ‹₯에 λΆ™μ–΄μžˆμ–΄μš”.
Our access to information is through the roof, our access to joy, grounded.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 우리의 ν˜„μž¬μ™€ λ―Έλž˜κ°€ μƒν˜Έλ°°νƒ€μ μ΄κ³  μ‹€ν–‰λ ₯을 높이기 μœ„ν•΄ μ‹¬μ˜€ν•œ 쑴재λ ₯을 져버렀야 ν•˜λ©° 회둜의 νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„° μˆ«μžκ°€ 두 λ°°μ”© 증가해도 μ—°λ―Ό, 인간애, κ³ μš”ν•¨, μ‚¬λž‘μ˜ ν¬κΈ°λŠ” μ—¬μ „νžˆ μ œν•œμ μ΄λΌλŠ” 생각은 일과 μƒν™œμ— κ· ν˜•μ„ λ§žμΆ”λΌλŠ”
But this idea, that our present and our future are mutually exclusive, that to fulfill our potential for doing we have to surrender our profound potential for being, that the number of transistors on a circuit can be doubled and doubled, but our capacity for compassion and humanity and serenity and love is a false and suffocating choice.
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μ‹œμ‹œν•œ 생각을 λ‚΄μ„Έμš°λ €λŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€. 제 마음이 항상 λ”΄ 데 μžˆλŠ”λ°
Now, I'm not suggesting simply the uninspiring idea of more work-life balance.
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μ§‘μ—μ„œ 아이듀과 μ‹œκ°„μ„ 더 λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ” 게 무슨 μ†Œμš©μ΄κ² μ–΄μš”? '마음 μ±™κΉ€'에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ§ν•˜λŠ” 것도 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
What good is it for me to spend more time with my kids at home if my mind is always somewhere else while I'm doing it? I'm not even talking about mindfulness.
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그건 μ–΄λŠλ‚  생산성 ν–₯μƒμ˜ 방법이 λ˜μ–΄λ²„λ Έμ£ .
Mindfulness is all of a sudden becoming a tool for improving productivity.
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κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ?
Right?
IWSLT2017
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μ €λŠ” κΏˆκΎΈλŠ” κ±Έ λ§ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€. μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚°μ—…κ³Ό κΈ°μˆ μ—μ„œμ²˜λŸΌ κ³Όκ°ν•˜κ²Œ 우리 쑴재의 κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ κΏˆκΎΈλŠ” κ±Έ λ§ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
I'm talking about dreaming as boldly in the dimension of our being as we do about industry and technology.
IWSLT2017
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 이와 ν•¨κ»˜ 울 수 있게 ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€λ‹΄ν•œ μ§„μ •μ„± 가면을 λ²—κ³  μ§„μ‹€λ˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” μ˜μ›…μ  겸손에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ§ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
I'm talking about an audacious authenticity that allows us to cry with one another, a heroic humility that allows us to remove our masks and be real.
IWSLT2017
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 이와 ν•¨κ»˜ ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” 우리의 무λŠ₯λ ₯κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ μš°λŠ” 데 λŒ€ν•œ 두렀움이 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•΄κ²°ν•˜λ €κ³  λ‚œλ¦¬μΉ˜λŠ” λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ˜ κ·Όλ³Έ μ›μΈμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. ꡭ회의 ꡐ착 μƒνƒœμ—μ„œ 경제적 λΉ„μΈκ°„μ„±κΉŒμ§€μš”.
It is our inability to be with one another, our fear of crying with one another, that gives rise to so many of the problems we are frantically trying to solve in the first place, from Congressional gridlock to economic inhumanity.
IWSLT2017
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이것이 μ‘°λ‚˜μŠ€ 섀크가 'B μ‹œλŒ€'라고 λΆˆλ €λ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 기술의 λ°œμ „μ— λŒ€ν•΄ ν₯λΆ„ν•˜κ³ , ν˜ΈκΈ°μ‹¬ κ°–κ³  κ³Όν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„μ„ν•˜λ˜ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μΈκ°„μ„±μ˜ λ°œμ „μ„ λ°”λΌλ³΄λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‹œλŒ€μš”.
I'm talking about what Jonas Salk called an Epoch B, a new epoch in which we become as excited about and curious about and scientific about the development of our humanity as we are about the development of our technology.
IWSLT2017
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단지 잘 이해할 수 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 이유둜 이 기회λ₯Ό ν”Όν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ•ˆ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
We should not shrink from this opportunity simply because we don't really understand it.
IWSLT2017
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 우주λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λ˜ μ‹œμ ˆλ„ μžˆμ—ˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
There was a time when we didn't understand space.
IWSLT2017
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기술과 ν–‰λ™μ£Όμ˜μ— μ΅μˆ™ν•΄μ„œ ν”Όν•˜λŠ” 것도 μ•ˆ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Or because we're more used to technology and activism.
IWSLT2017
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그것이 λ°”λ‘œ μ•ˆμ „ μ§€λŒ€μ— μ•ˆμ£Όν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
That is the very definition of being stuck in a comfort zone.
IWSLT2017
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μ§€κΈˆ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ†€λΌμš΄ 기술 λ°œμ „μ„ μƒμƒν•˜λŠ” 데 μ΅μˆ™ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
We are now very comfortable imagining unimaginable technological achievement.
IWSLT2017
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2016년에 우리 쑴재의 관점은 우리 μƒμƒμ—μ„œ κ³΅ν‰ν•œ λΆ„λŸ‰μ„ 내달라고 μ•„μš°μ„±μΉ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
In 2016, it is the dimension of our being itself that cries out for its fair share of our imagination.
IWSLT2017
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κΏˆμ„ μœ„ν•΄ μ—¬κΈ° λͺ¨μ˜€μ§€λ§Œ μ†”μ§νžˆ 말해 각자 본인의 κΏˆμ„ μœ„ν•œ κ±°μ£ .
Now, we're all here to dream, but maybe if we're honest about it, each of us chasing our own dream.
IWSLT2017
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