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์ž‘๊ฐ€, ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€, ์ฒ ํ•™๊ฐ€, ์ •์น˜์ธ์ด ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•จ๊ป˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
We need to interact with creatives, with artists, with philosophers, Everyone is involved, because it's the future of our species.
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๋‘๋ ค์›€์„ ๋–จ์ณ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ์„ ํƒ์ด ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์˜์›ํžˆ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ž€ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ์„ ๋А๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Without fear, but with the understanding that the decisions that we make in the next year will change the course of history forever.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Thank you.
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋‹จ ์งง์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
So this is a talk about gene drives, but I'm going to start by telling you a brief story.
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20๋…„ ์ „, ์•ˆํ† ๋‹ˆ ์ œ์ž„์Šค๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๋น ์ ธ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
20 years ago, a biologist named Anthony James got obsessed with the idea of making mosquitos that didn't transmit malaria.
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๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ฒ˜์ฐธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
It was a great idea, and pretty much a complete failure.
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ํž˜๋“ค์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
For one thing, it turned out to be really hard to make a malaria-resistant mosquito.
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์ œ์ž„์Šค๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „, ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์›์ถฉ์ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ ์ฒด๋‚ด์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
James managed it, finally, just a few years ago, by adding some genes that make it impossible for the malaria parasite to survive inside the mosquito.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ณผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
But that just created another problem.
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋๊ณ ์š”. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ด์ œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
Now that you've got a malaria-resistant mosquito, how do you get it to replace all the malaria-carrying mosquitos?
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๊ธด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ฒˆ์‹์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์•ผ์ƒ์— ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ•ด์„œ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ํผ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
There are a couple options, but plan A was basically to breed up a bunch of the new genetically-engineered mosquitos release them into the wild and hope that they pass on their genes.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด ์›๋ž˜ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ด ๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
The problem was that you'd have to release literally 10 times the number of native mosquitos to work.
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1๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งˆ์„์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์‹ญ๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ’€์–ด์š”.
So in a village with 10,000 mosquitos, you release an extra 100,000.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์ง์ž‘ํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด ๋งˆ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์ข‹์•„ํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ „๋žต์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
As you might guess, this was not a very popular strategy with the villagers.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ 1์›” ์•ˆํ† ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ด๋“  ๋น„์–ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ ํ•œ ํ†ต์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Then, last January, Anthony James got an email from a biologist named Ethan Bier.
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๋น„์–ด๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ฐœ๋ Œํ‹ฐ๋…ธ ๊ฐ„์ธ ๋ผ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํŠน์ • ์œ ์ „ ํ˜•์งˆ์„ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ๋ ค์ค„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์—„์ฒญ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํผ๋œจ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Bier said that he and his grad student Valentino Gantz had stumbled on a tool that could not only guarantee that a particular genetic trait would be inherited, but that it would spread incredibly quickly.
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๋น„์–ด์™€ ๊ฐ„์ธ ์˜ ๋ง๋Œ€๋กœ๋ผ๋ฉด ์ง€๋‚œ 20๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋น„์–ด์™€ ์ œ์ž„์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ’€์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด์ฃ .
If they were right, it would basically solve the problem that he and James had been working on for 20 years.
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๋น„์–ด์™€ ์ œ์ž„์Šค๋Š” ์‹œํ—˜์‚ผ์•„ ํ•ญ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”. ์ž ์‹œ ํ›„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
As a test, they engineered two mosquitos to carry the anti-malaria gene and also this new tool, a gene drive, which I'll explain in a minute.
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๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ ํฐ ๋ˆˆ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
Finally, they set it up so that any mosquitos that had inherited the anti-malaria gene wouldn't have the usual white eyes, but would instead have red eyes.
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ํ•œ ๋ˆˆ์— ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํŽธ์˜์ƒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
That was pretty much just for convenience so they could tell just at a glance which was which.
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๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ•ญ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ํฐ ๋ˆˆ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ 30๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ์ž์— ๋„ฃ๊ณ  ๋ฒˆ์‹์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ๊ณผ 2์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋งŒ์— ์†์ž 3,800 ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
So they took their two anti-malarial, red-eyed mosquitos and put them in a box with 30 ordinary white-eyed ones, In two generations, those had produced 3,800 grandchildren.
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๊นœ์ง ๋†€๋ž„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
That is not the surprising part.
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๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๋ˆˆ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์™€ ํฐ ๋ˆˆ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ 30 ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํฐ ๋ˆˆ ํ›„์†์ผ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ƒ์ด ๋˜์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ œ์ž„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ์—ด์–ด๋ณด๋‹ˆ
This is the surprising part: given that you started with just two red-eyed mosquitos and 30 white-eyed ones, you expect mostly white-eyed descendants.
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3,800๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๋ˆˆ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์–ด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์–ด๋• ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ดค๋”๋‹ˆ
Instead, when James opened the box, all 3,800 mosquitos had red eyes.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ํฅ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ „ํ™”๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๋ˆˆ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
When I asked Ethan Bier about this moment, he became so excited that he was literally shouting into the phone.
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์˜ ํ† ๋Œ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฒ•์น™ ์ฆ‰, ๋ฉ˜๋ธ์˜ ์œ ์ „๋ฒ•์น™์„ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—์š”. ์งง๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
That's because getting only red-eyed mosquitos violates a rule that is the absolute cornerstone of biology, Mendelian genetics.
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๋ฉ˜๋ธ์˜ ์œ ์ „๋ฒ•์น™์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ปท๊ณผ ์•”์ปท์ด ๊ต๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž์†์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ DNA ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์”ฉ์„ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์›๋ž˜ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ aa, ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ aB๋ผ๋ฉด B๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ณ ์š”. ์ž์†๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์™€์•ผ ์ •์ƒ์ด์—์š”. aa, aB, aa, Ba ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š”
I'll keep this quick, but Mendelian genetics says when a male and a female mate, their baby inherits half of its DNA from each parent. So if our original mosquito was aa and our new mosquito is aB, where B is the anti-malarial gene, the babies should come out in four permutations: aa, aB, aa, Ba.
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์ž์†๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ aB ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ . ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ๋ฐ
Instead, with the new gene drive, they all came out aB.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
So what happened?
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง„ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” 2012๋…„, ์œ ์ „์ž ํŽธ์ง‘ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ธ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The first thing that happened was the arrival of a gene-editing tool known as CRISPR in 2012.
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์•„๋งˆ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์…จ์„ํ…๋ฐ์š”. ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด ๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‰ฝ๊ณ , ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
Many of you have probably heard about CRISPR, so I'll just say briefly that CRISPR is a tool that allows researchers to edit genes very precisely, easily and quickly.
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๊ฐ€์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ DNA๋ฅผ ์ž๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”. ์ด ๊ฐ€์œ„๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” RNA ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์˜ ์–ด๋А ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ž๋ฅผ์ง€ ์ง€์‹œํ•ด์š”.
Basically, there's a protein that acts like a scissors and cuts the DNA, and there's an RNA molecule that directs the scissors to any point on the genome you want.
IWSLT2017
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์ฆ‰, ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์›Œ๋“œ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ์ธ ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .
The result is basically a word processor for genes.
IWSLT2017
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์œ ์ „์ž ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ž๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
You can take an entire gene out, put one in, or even edit just a single letter within a gene.
IWSLT2017
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And you can do it in nearly any species.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์—๋Š” ์• ์ดˆ์— ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”?
OK, remember how I said that gene drives originally had two problems?
IWSLT2017
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
The first was that it was hard to engineer a mosquito to be malaria-resistant.
IWSLT2017
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋๊ณ ์š”.
That's basically gone now, thanks to CRISPR.
IWSLT2017
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
But the other problem was logistical.
IWSLT2017
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ญ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ˜•์งˆ์„ ์ „ํŒŒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€์ฃ .
How do you get your trait to spread?
IWSLT2017
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ฐœํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ์ง€์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
This is where it gets clever.
IWSLT2017
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๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „, ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ๋Œ€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž์ธ ์ผ€๋นˆ ์—์Šค๋ฒจํŠธ๋Š” ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ž๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์—๋„ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
A couple years ago, a biologist at Harvard named Kevin Esvelt wondered what would happen if you made it so that CRISPR inserted not only your new gene but also the machinery that does the cutting and pasting.
IWSLT2017
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์ฆ‰, ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ™์ด๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ ํ•œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
In other words, what if CRISPR also copied and pasted itself.
IWSLT2017
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์•„๋งˆ ์œ ์ „์ž ํŽธ์ง‘์ด ๋์—†์ด ์ž‘๋™๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
You'd end up with a perpetual motion machine for gene editing.
IWSLT2017
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋œ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And that's exactly what happened.
IWSLT2017
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์—์Šค๋ฒจํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Š” ์œ ์ „ํ˜•์งˆ์„ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ƒ์‹์„ธํฌ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์‚ฌํ•ด์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐœ์ฒด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์— ๋ถ™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
This CRISPR gene drive that Esvelt created not only guarantees that a trait will get passed on, but if it's used in the germline cells, it will automatically copy and paste your new gene into both chromosomes of every single individual.
IWSLT2017
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์ „์ฒด ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ฃ . ๊ณผํ•™์šฉ์–ด๋กœ๋Š” ์ดํ˜•์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๋™ํ˜•์„ฑ์งˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
It's like a global search and replace, or in science terms, it makes a heterozygous trait homozygous.
IWSLT2017
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์˜๋ฏธ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
So, what does this mean?
IWSLT2017
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์œ„๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•, ๋™์‹œ์— ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋‘๋ ค์šด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
For one thing, it means we have a very powerful, but also somewhat alarming new tool.
IWSLT2017
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ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ ์–ด๋А ์ •๋„ ์•ˆ๋„๊ฐ์ด ๋А๊ปด์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
Up until now, the fact that gene drives didn't work very well was actually kind of a relief.
IWSLT2017
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Normally when we mess around with an organism's genes, we make that thing less evolutionarily fit.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ์ดˆํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So biologists can make all the mutant fruit flies they want without worrying about it.
IWSLT2017
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๋ช‡ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒˆ์ถœํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ž์—ฐ๋„ํƒœ ๋  ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
If some escape, natural selection just takes care of them.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ง‰๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‘๋ ค์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
What's remarkable and powerful and frightening about gene drives is that that will no longer be true.
IWSLT2017
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๋‚ ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ง„ํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์œ ์ „ ํ˜•์งˆ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด ๋ณผ๊ฒŒ์š”. ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ง‘์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ด ํ˜•์งˆ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ˆ์งˆ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ํผ๋œจ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Assuming that your trait does not have a big evolutionary handicap, like a mosquito that can't fly, the CRISPR-based gene drive will spread the change relentlessly until it is in every single individual in the population.
IWSLT2017
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ๊ทธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ž˜ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ์ž„์Šค์™€ ์—์Šค๋ฒจํŠธ๋Š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์š”.
Now, it isn't easy to make a gene drive that works that well, but James and Esvelt think that we can.
IWSLT2017
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์ข‹์€ ์ ์€, ์ด์ œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The good news is that this opens the door to some remarkable things.
IWSLT2017
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์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ญ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ 1%์— ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ „์ฒด ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋กœ ํผ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ 1๋…„๋„ ์•ˆ ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
If you put an anti-malarial gene drive in just 1 percent of Anopheles mosquitoes, the species that transmits malaria, researchers estimate that it would spread to the entire population in a year.
IWSLT2017
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1๋…„ ์•ˆ์— ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์—†์•จ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So in a year, you could virtually eliminate malaria.
IWSLT2017
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์•„์ง ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ช‡ ๋…„์ด ๋” ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ๋งค์ผ ์ฒœ ๋ช…์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ ์ฃฝ์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
In practice, we're still a few years out from being able to do that, but still, a 1,000 children a day die of malaria.
IWSLT2017
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1๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 0์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In a year, that number could be almost zero.
IWSLT2017
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๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด, ์น˜์ฟค๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ์•ผ, ํ™ฉ์—ด๋ณ‘๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ˆ์š”.
The same goes for dengue fever, chikungunya, yellow fever.
IWSLT2017
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์ ์  ์ข‹์•„์ง€์ฃ .
And it gets better.
IWSLT2017
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์˜ค๋Œ€ํ˜ธ์˜ ํฌ์‹์ž์ธ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ž‰์–ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์—†์• ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์™ธ๋ž˜์ข…์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ณผ๊ฒŒ์š”.
Say you want to get rid of an invasive species, like get Asian carp out of the Great Lakes.
IWSLT2017
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ•  ์ผ์€ ์ˆ˜์ปท ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋งŒ ๋‚ณ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
All you have to do is release a gene drive that makes the fish produce only male offspring.
IWSLT2017
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๋ช‡ ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์•ˆ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์•”์ปท์€ ์—†์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ž‰์–ด๋„ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
In a few generations, there'll be no females left, no more carp.
IWSLT2017
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์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉธ์ข… ์œ„๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ† ์ฐฉ์ข…์„ ๋ณต์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In theory, this means we could restore hundreds of native species that have been pushed to the brink.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์€ ์ ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ ์š”. ์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋‚˜์œ ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
OK, that's the good news, this is the bad news.
IWSLT2017
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์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋‹ค ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ ์ข… ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—„์ฒญ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ์š”.
Gene drives are so effective that even an accidental release could change an entire species, and often very quickly.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•ˆํ† ๋‹ˆ ์ œ์ž„์Šค๋Š” ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Anthony James took good precautions.
IWSLT2017
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๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ๋œ ์ƒํ™”ํ•™ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ์ข…์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์™ธ๋ž˜์ข…์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ต๋ฏธํ•  ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ์—†์œผ๋‹ˆ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
He bred his mosquitos in a bio-containment lab and he also used a species that's not native to the US so that even if some did escape, they'd just die off, there'd be nothing for them to mate with.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ˆ˜์ปท ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ž‰์–ด๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ๊ธฐ์น˜ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ์˜ค๋Œ€ํ˜ธ์—์„œ ์•„์‹œ์•„๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ž‰์–ด ๊ณ ์œ ์ข… ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฉธ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
But it's also true that if a dozen Asian carp with the all-male gene drive accidentally got carried from the Great Lakes back to Asia, they could potentially wipe out the native Asian carp population.
IWSLT2017
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ˆ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And that's not so unlikely, given how connected our world is.
IWSLT2017
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด์ ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™ธ๋ž˜์ข… ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
In fact, it's why we have an invasive species problem.
IWSLT2017
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์–ด๋ฅ˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด ์ •๋„์ฃ .
And that's fish.
IWSLT2017
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์ดˆํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ์–ด๋”” ๊ฐ€๋‘ฌ ๋†“์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†์–ด์š”.
Things like mosquitos and fruit flies, there's literally no way to contain them.
IWSLT2017
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์–˜๋“ค์€ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ๋„ ๋„˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋„ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
They cross borders and oceans all the time.
IWSLT2017
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๋‚˜์œ ์ ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ข…์—๋งŒ ๊ตญํ•œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
OK, the other piece of bad news is that a gene drive might not stay confined to what we call the target species.
IWSLT2017
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์ด๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ํ๋ฆ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์‚ฌ ์ข…๊ณผ์˜ ์ด์ข… ๊ต๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ปซ๋Š” ๋ง์ธ๋ฐ ์œ ์ „์ž ํ๋ฆ„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด
That's because of gene flow, which is a fancy way of saying that neighboring species sometimes interbreed.
IWSLT2017
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์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ž‰์–ด ์ข…์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž‰์–ด ์ข…์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋“ฏ์ด ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋„ ๊ต์ฐจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
If that happens, it's possible a gene drive could cross over, like Asian carp could infect some other kind of carp.
IWSLT2017
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๋ˆˆ๋™์ž ์ƒ‰๊น”๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜•์งˆ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋ผ๋ฉด ๋‚˜์œ ์ •๋„๋Š” ์•„๋‹Œ๋ฐ
That's not so bad if your drive just promotes a trait, like eye color.
IWSLT2017
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์–ผ๋งˆ ์•ˆ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ดด์ƒํ•œ ์ดˆํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํ•ด์š”.
In fact, there's a decent chance that we'll see a wave of very weird fruit flies in the near future.
IWSLT2017
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…์„ ์ „๋ฉธ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ํŒŒ์žฅ์€ ์–ด๋งˆ์–ด๋งˆํ•  ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
But it could be a disaster if your drive is deigned to eliminate the species entirely.
IWSLT2017
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ ค๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์œ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Š” ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ์–ด๋А ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ๋„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
The last worrisome thing is that the technology to do this, to genetically engineer an organism and include a gene drive, is something that basically any lab in the world can do.
IWSLT2017
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ํ•™๋ถ€์ƒ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
An undergraduate can do it.
IWSLT2017
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์žฅ๋น„๋งŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์žฌ๋Šฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
A talented high schooler with some equipment can do it.
IWSLT2017
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์Šฌ์Šฌ ๋‘๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋А๋ผ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ์š”.
Now, I'm guessing that this sounds terrifying.
IWSLT2017
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ๊ณผํ•™์ž ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์„ญ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Interestingly though, nearly every scientist I talk to seemed to think that gene drives were not actually that frightening or dangerous.
IWSLT2017
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฑ…์ž„ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
Partly because they believe that scientists will be very cautious and responsible about using them.
IWSLT2017
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So far, that's been true.
IWSLT2017
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์—๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
But gene drives also have some actual limitations.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์œ ์„ฑ๋ฒˆ์‹ ์ข…์—์„œ๋งŒ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So for one thing, they work only in sexually reproducing species.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ •๋ง ๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„, ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋‚˜ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด์š”.
So thank goodness, they can't be used to engineer viruses or bacteria.
IWSLT2017
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์œ ์ „ํ˜•์งˆ๋„ ๊ฐ ์„ธ๋Œ€์— ์—ฐ์ด์–ด ์ „ํŒŒ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
Also, the trait spreads only with each successive generation.
IWSLT2017
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์ „์ฒด ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๊ณค์ถฉ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฅ, ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ์‹์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์งง์€ ๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So changing or eliminating a population is practical only if that species has a fast reproductive cycle, like insects or maybe small vertebrates like mice or fish.
IWSLT2017
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์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ•œ ์œ ์ „ํ˜•์งˆ์ด ํผ์ง€๋ ค๋ฉด ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
In elephants or people, it would take centuries for a trait to spread widely enough to matter.
IWSLT2017
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๋˜, ์ œ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋ผ๋„ ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ ํ˜•์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Also, even with CRISPR, it's not that easy to engineer a truly devastating trait.
IWSLT2017
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋†์—…์‚ฐ์—…์„ ๋งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฉ์€ ๊ณผ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ •์ƒ๊ณผ์ผ์„ ๋จน๋Š” ์ดˆํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด๋ณผ๊ฒŒ์š”. ๋จผ์ €, ์ดˆํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ฃผ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
Say you wanted to make a fruit fly that feeds on ordinary fruit instead of rotting fruit, First, you'd have to figure out which genes control what the fly wants to eat, which is already a very long and complicated project.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š”๋Œ€๋กœ ์ดˆํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๊นŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
Then you'd have to alter those genes to change the fly's behavior to whatever you'd want it to be, which is an even longer and more complicated project.
IWSLT2017
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๋œป๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž˜ ์•ˆ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ํ–‰๋™์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
And it might not even work, because the genes that control behavior are complex.
IWSLT2017
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