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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이 λͺ¨λ“  것이 κ³΅κ°œν† λ‘ μ„ μ΄λŒμ–΄ λ‚΄κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. ꡭ민을 μœ„ν•œ ν™”νλ°œν–‰μ€ 곡개적으둜 λ…Όμ˜λ˜κ³  있으며 κΈˆμœ΅λ―Έλ””μ–΄λ‚˜ 심지어 μ •μΉ˜κ³΅μ•½μ—λ„ λ“±μž₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
But all of this is moving the public debate forward, so much so, that money printing for the people is now discussed openly in the financial media, and even in some political manifestos.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜, ν™”νλ°œν–‰μ— κ΄€ν•œ λ…Όμ˜κ°€ μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ λ©ˆμΆ”μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 게 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ κΈ°ν›„ λ³€ν™”λŠ” μ „ 세계적인 문제이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ°•λ ₯ν•œ μ΄μœ λ“€μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. IMFμ—μ„œ λ°œν–‰ν•˜λŠ” κ΅­μ œν†΅ν™”λ₯Ό μ™œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ°μ–΄λ‚΄μ„œ κΈ°ν›„ κΈ°κΈˆμ„ λŒ€μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. νŠΉλ³„μΈμΆœκΆŒ, SDR은
But it's important the debate doesn't stop here, Because climate change is a shared global problem, there are some really compelling reasons why we should be printing that international currency that's issued by the IMF, to fund it.
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IMF의 μ „μž 계산 ν™”νμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각ꡭ μ •λΆ€κ°€ μ„œλ‘œ κ°„μ˜ μžκΈˆμ„ μ΄λ™μ‹œν‚¬ λ•Œ μ”λ‹ˆλ‹€.
The Special Drawing Right, or SDR, that governments use to transfer funds amongst each other.
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κ°œμΈκ°„ μ†‘κΈˆ μ„œλΉ„μŠ€μ²˜λŸΌ μƒκ°ν•˜λ©΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„νŠΈμ½”μΈκ°™μ§€λ§Œ 정뢀듀을 μœ„ν•œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Think of it as a peer-to-peer payment network, like Bitcoin, but for governments.
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SDR은 μ§„μ • μ„Έκ³„μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And it's truly global.
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IMF의 188개 νšŒμ›κ΅­μ€ 각자 SDR ν•œλ„κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각자의 μ™Έν™˜λ³΄μœ κ³  역할을 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Each of the 188 members of the IMF hold SDR quotas as part of their foreign exchange reserves.
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μž¬μ •μœ„κΈ°λ₯Ό 막기 μœ„ν•΄ κ΅­κ°€κ°€ μ§€λ‹ˆλŠ” ν˜„κΈˆμ°½κ³ κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
that countries keep to protect themselves against currency crises.
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그런 성격을 띄고 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ 2009λ…„ κΈˆμœ΅μœ„κΈ°κ°€ ν•œμ°½μΌ λ•Œ IMFλŠ” 2천 5λ°±μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό μΆ”κ°€ λ°œν–‰ν•΄μ„œ 세계적인 λ°©μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œμ¨ 일거에 크고 μž‘μ€ λ‚˜λΌλ“€μ„ λ³΄ν˜Έν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And that global nature is why, at the height of the financial crisis in 2009, the IMF issued those extra 250 billion dollars -- because it served as a collective global action that safeguarded countries large and small in one fell swoop.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 여기에 ν₯미둜운 뢀뢄이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
But here -- here's the intriguing part.
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2009년에 μΆ”κ°€ λ°œν–‰λœ SDR의 절반 이상이 1천 5λ°±μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬μ— μ΄λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€λ§Œ μ„ μ§„κ΅­μœΌλ‘œ ν˜λŸ¬λ“€μ–΄ κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€. λŒ€κ°œλŠ” μΆ”κ°€ μ™Έν™˜λ³΄μœ κ³ κ°€ κ·Έλ‹€μ§€ ν•„μš”ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ λ‚˜λΌλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 그듀은 λ³€λ™ν™˜μœ¨μ„ μ§€λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
More than half of those extra SDRs that were printed in 2009 -- 150 billion dollars' worth -- went to developed market countries who, for the most part, have a modest need for these foreign exchange reserves, because they have flexible exchange rates.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 2009년에 λ°œν–‰λœ μΆ”κ°€ μ™Έν™˜μ€ κ²°κ΅­, 적어도 μ„ μ§„κ΅­μ—κ²ŒλŠ” ν•„μš”μΉ˜ μ•Šκ²Œ 돼 λ²„λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ§€κΈˆλ„ κ³ μŠ€λž€νžˆ λ‚¨μ•„μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So those extra reserves that were printed in 2009, in the end, for developed market countries at least, weren't really needed. And they remain unused today.
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μ—¬κΈ° 아이디어가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So here's an idea.
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첫 λ‹¨κ³„λ‘œ 이 μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 2009년에 λ°œν–‰λœ μΆ”κ°€ SDR을 κΈ°ν›„λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό λ§‰λŠ”λ° μ“°λŠ” 건 μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
As a first step, why don't we start spending those unused, those extra SDRs that were printed in 2009, to combat climate change?
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κ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ°€λ Ή, UN의 λ…Ήμƒ‰κΈ°ν›„κΈ°κΈˆμ—μ„œ λ°œν–‰ν•œ μ±„κΆŒμ„ μ‚¬λŠ” 데 μ“Έ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
They could, for example, be used to buy bonds issued by the UN's Green Climate Fund.
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λ…Ήμƒ‰κΈ°ν›„κΈ°κΈˆμ€ 2009년에 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ 기금으둜 μ½”νŽœν•˜κ² κΈ°ν›„ν˜‘μ •μ— λ”°λ₯Έ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
This was a fund created in 2009, following that climate agreement in Copenhagen.
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이것은 κ°œλ°œλ„μƒκ΅­μœΌλ‘œ μžκΈˆμ„ 보내도둝 μ„€κ³„λ˜μ–΄ 그듀이 κΈ°ν›„ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈλ₯Ό μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And it was designed to channel funds towards developing countries to meet their climate projects.
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이런 μ’…λ₯˜λ‘œλŠ” κ°€μž₯ μ„±κ³΅ν•œ κΈ°κΈˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 100μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό λͺ¨μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
It's been one of the most successful funds of its type, raising almost 10 billion dollars.
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그런데 λ§Œμ•½ μΆ”κ°€ λ°œν–‰λœ SDR을 μ‚¬μš©ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ 정뢀듀을 μ›λž˜ κ³„νšμœΌλ‘œ λŒλ €λ†“λŠ”λ° 도움을 쀄 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€. κΈˆμœ΅μœ„κΈ°λ‘œ μ–΄κΈ‹λ‚˜ 버린 μ—°κ°„ 천 μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬μ˜ 약속을 μ§€ν‚€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그리고 λ˜ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜μ μΈ 사둀가 될 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
But if we use those extra SDRs that were issued, it helps governments get back on track, to meet that promise of 100 billion dollars a year It could also -- it could also serve as a test case.
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이런 μ‹μœΌλ‘œ SDR을 μ‚¬μš©ν•΄ 보고 μΈν”Œλ ˆμ΄μ…˜μ΄ μ™„λ§Œν•˜λ‹€λ©΄ 5λ…„λ§ˆλ‹€ 좔가적인 SDR λ°œν–‰μ΄ 정당화될 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€. 선진ꡭ이 μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ™Έν™˜λ³΄μœ κ³  지뢄을 λ…Ήμƒ‰κΈ°ν›„κΈ°κΈˆμœΌλ‘œ λ³΄λ‚΄κ² λ‹€λŠ” 약속과 ν•¨κ»˜ 말이죠. 이런 μ‹μ˜ κ΅­μ œν†΅ν™” λ°œν–‰μ€ κ΅­λ‚΄ ν†΅ν™”λ°œν–‰μ— λΉ„ν•΄
If the inflationary consequences of using SDRs in this way are benign, the additional, extra issuance of SDRs, say, every five years, again, with the commitment that developed-market countries would direct their share of the new reserves to the Green Climate Fund.
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μ—¬λŸ¬ μž₯점이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μš°μ„  μ†μ‰¬μš΄ μ£Όμž₯은
Printing international money in this way has several advantages over printing national currencies.
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κΈ°ν›„λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ™„ν™”ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ“°λŠ” λˆμ€ λͺ¨λ‘λ₯Ό 이둭게 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
that spending money to mitigate climate change benefits everyone.
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μ‚¬νšŒ 곳곳에 ν˜œνƒμ„ 주기에 μΈμ‡„κΈ°λ§Œν•œ 것도 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
No one section of society benefits from the printing press over another.
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μƒμΆ©λ˜λŠ” μš”κ΅¬λ“€μ˜ λ¬Έμ œλŠ” μ™„ν™”λ˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
That problem of competing claims is mitigated.
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νƒ€λ‹Ήν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°λ˜λŠ” 것은 λ§Žμ€ λ‚˜λΌλ“€μ΄ 좔가적인 SDR λ°œν–‰μ— λ™μ˜ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— ν™”νλ°œν–‰μ΄ ν†΅μ œλΆˆλŠ₯이 λ˜μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ„ κ±°λΌλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
It's also fair to say that because it takes so many countries to agree to issue these extra SDRs, it's highly unlikely that money printing would get out of control.
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κ²°κ΅­ 우리의 집단적, 세계적 λ°©μ•ˆμ€ ν†΅μ œλœ 세계적 λ°©μ•ˆμΌν…λ° 세계적 곡읡을 μœ„ν•¨μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
What you end up with is a collective, global action aimed -- and it's controlled global action -- aimed at a global good.
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν™”νλ°œν–‰ κ³„νšμ„ 톡해 배웠듯이 우리의 μ–΄λ– ν•œ 걱정도 κ·œμΉ™μœΌλ‘œ κ°€λΌμ•‰νž 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And, as we've learned with the money-printing schemes, whatever concerns we have can be allayed by rules.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ 5λ…„λ§ˆλ‹€ 좔가적인 SDR을 λ°œν–‰ν•  λ•Œ ν•œλ„λ₯Ό λ‘˜ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이런 κ΅­μ œν†΅ν™”λŠ” ꡭ제 μ™Έν™˜λ³΄μœ κ³ μ˜ 5%λ₯Ό λ„˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” μ‹μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So, for example, the issuance of these extra SDRs every five years could be capped, such that this international currency is never more than five percent of global foreign exchange reserves.
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μ™„ν™”μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 게 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 미ꡭ이 κ°€μ§€λŠ” ν„°λ¬΄λ‹ˆμ—†λŠ” 걱정은 SDR이 κ΅­μ œκΈˆμœ΅μ—μ„œ λ‹¬λŸ¬μ˜ ꡭ제적 μœ„μƒμ— λ§žμ„œκ²Œ 될 κ±°λΌλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
That's important because it would allay well, let's say, the ridiculous concerns that the US might have that the SDR could ever challenge the dollar's dominant role in international finance.
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사싀은 제 생각은 이 κ³„νš ν•˜μ—μ„œ SDR이 λ‹¬λŸ¬λ‘œλΆ€ν„° λΉΌμ•—μ•„ μ˜€λŠ” 것은 λ‹¬λŸ¬μ˜ 별λͺ… "녹색지폐"μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And in fact, I think the only thing that the SDR would likely steal from the dollar under this scheme is its nickname, the "greenback."
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ ν•œλ„λ₯Ό 둔닀해도 IMFλŠ” 2009λ…„μ˜ λ§‰λŒ€ν•œ SDR λ°œν–‰μ— μ΄μ–΄μ„œ μΆ”κ°€λ‘œ 2014년에 2μ²œμ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬μ˜ SDR λ°œν–‰μ΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Because even with that cap in place, the IMF could have followed up its issuance -- its massive issuance of SDRs in 2009 -- with a further 200 billion dollars of SDRs in 2014.
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κ°€μ •ν•΄ 보자면 선진ꡭ이 3μ²œμ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬μ˜ SDR을 λ…Ήμƒ‰κΈ°ν›„κΈ°κΈˆμ— κΈ°μ—¬ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ—ˆμ„ 것을 μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν˜„μž¬ λ…Ήμƒ‰κΈ°ν›„κΈ°κΈˆμ˜ 30λ°°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€..
So hypothetically, that would mean that developed countries could have contributed up to 300 billion dollars' worth of SDRs to the Green Climate Fund.
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μ—„μ²­ κ±°μ°½ν•˜κ²Œ λ“€λ¦¬μ§€λ§Œ "무슨 수λ₯Ό 쓰더라도"의 첫 κ±ΈμŒμ— λΆˆκ³Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And you know, as spectacular as that sounds, it's only just beginning to look like "whatever it takes."
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κ·Έ 돈으둜 μ–΄λ–€ λ†€λΌμš΄ 일을 ν•  수 μžˆμ„μ§€ 생각해 λ³΄λŠ” λ‹¨κ³„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 생각해 λ³΄μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€. 2009년에 λ…Έλ₯΄μ›¨μ΄λŠ” λΈŒλΌμ§ˆμ—κ²Œ 10μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬ μ œκ³΅μ„ μ•½μ†ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 브라질이 μ‚Όλ¦ΌνŒŒκ΄΄λ₯Ό λ§‰λŠ” λͺ©ν‘œλ₯Ό μ™„μˆ˜ν•œλ‹€λŠ” μ‘°κ±΄μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And just to think what amazing things could be done with that money, consider this: in 2009, Norway promised one billion dollars of its reserves to Brazil if they followed through on their goals on deforestation.
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κ·Έ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ΄ μ§€λ‚œ 10λ…„κ°„ μ‚Όλ¦ΌνŒŒκ΄΄μ˜ 70% 감좕을 이루어 λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
That program has since delivered a 70 percent reduction in deforestation in the past decade.
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32μ–΅ν†€μ˜ μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œ λ°°μΆœμ„ μ€„μ—¬μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 미ꡭ의 전체 μžλ™μ°¨λ₯Ό λ„λ‘œμ—μ„œ 치운 것과 λ§žλ¨ΉλŠ” νš¨κ³Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 3λ…„ λ™μ•ˆμ΄λ‚˜μš”.
That's saving 3.2 billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions, which is the equivalent of taking all American cars off the roads for three whole years.
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 세계적인 규λͺ¨λ‘œ μ‘°μ§ν™”λœ μ„±κ³Όλ³„λ‘œ μ§€κΈ‰ν•˜λŠ” κΈ°ν›„ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈ 300κ°œλ‘œλŠ” μ–΄λ””κΉŒμ§€ ν•΄λ‚ΌκΉŒμš”?
So what could we do with 300 other pay-for-performance climate projects like that, organized on a global scale?
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν•œ μ„ΈλŒ€λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ λ„λ‘œμ—μ„œ 차듀을 μΉ˜μ›Œλ²„λ¦΄ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
We could take cars off the roads for a generation.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ 기후변화에 κΈ°κΈˆμ„ 댈 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ˜₯μ‹ κ°μ‹ ν•˜μ§€λŠ” λ§™μ‹œλ‹€.
So, let's not quibble about whether we can afford to fund climate change.
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μ§„μ§œ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ―Έλž˜μ„ΈλŒ€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ§„μ •μœΌλ‘œ κ±±μ •ν•˜λŠ”κ°€ 이며 κΈˆμœ΅μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ κ΅¬μ œν•˜λ €κ³  썼던 정책적 μœ„ν—˜μ„ λ˜‘κ°™μ΄ κ°μˆ˜ν• κΉŒ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
The real question is: Do we care enough about future generations to take the very same policy risks we took to save the financial system?
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κ²°κ΅­ μš°λ¦¬λ„ ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμ„ 것이고 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν–ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμ΄λ©΄μ„œ μ§€κΈˆλ„ ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
After all, we could do it, we did do it and we are doing it today.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ "무슨 수λ₯Ό 쓰더라도" ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
We must, must, must do "whatever it takes."
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Thank you.
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μ•žμœΌλ‘œ 16λΆ„ λ™μ•ˆ μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ 인λ₯˜μ˜ κ°€μž₯ 큰 μ†Œμ›μ„ ν–₯ν•œ 여행을 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 생λͺ…μ˜ μ•”ν˜Έλ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
For the next 16 minutes, I'm going to take you on a journey that is probably the biggest dream of humanity: to understand the code of life.
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λͺ¨λ“  κ²ƒμ˜ μ‹œμž‘μ€ μ•„μ£Ό μ•„μ£Ό μ˜€λž˜μ „ 졜초의 3D ν”„λ¦°ν„°λ₯Ό λ³Έ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So for me, everything started many, many years ago when I met the first 3D printer.
IWSLT2017
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제겐 이 μž₯μΉ˜κ°€ λ†€λΌμ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
The concept was fascinating.
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3D ν”„λ¦°ν„°μ—” μ„Έ κ°€μ§€κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λŒ€μƒμ˜ 정보, 좜λ ₯을 μœ„ν•œ 재료, 그리고 μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ§Œ 있으면 μ΄μ „μ—λŠ” μ—†μ—ˆλ˜ 것을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
A 3D printer needs three elements: a bit of information, some raw material, some energy, and it can produce any object that was not there before.
IWSLT2017
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물리λ₯Ό κ³΅λΆ€ν•˜λ˜ μ €λŠ” μ§‘μœΌλ‘œ μ˜€λŠ” 길에 제 주변에 3D ν”„λ¦°ν„°κ°€ μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 κΉ¨λ‹¬μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
I was doing physics, I was coming back home and I realized that I actually always knew a 3D printer.
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λͺ¨λ‘ μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And everyone does.
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λ°”λ‘œ μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
It was my mom.
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μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆλ„ μ„Έ κ°€μ§€κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ¨Όμ € λŒ€μƒμ˜ μ •λ³΄λŠ” λΆ€λͺ¨λ‹˜μ΄ ν•¨κ»˜ μ£Όμ‹œκ³  좜λ ₯ μž¬λ£Œμ™€ μ—λ„ˆμ§€λŠ” μŒμ‹μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜€μ£ . 그리고 λͺ‡ 달을 거쳐 μ œκ°€ νƒœμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
My mom takes three elements: a bit of information, which is between my father and my mom in this case, raw elements and energy in the same media, that is food, and after several months, produces me.
IWSLT2017
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μ €λŠ” μ΄μ „κΉŒμ§„ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μ£ .
And I was not existent before.
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제 μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆκ°€ μ•Œκ³  λ³΄λ‹ˆ 3D ν”„λ¦°ν„°λΌλŠ” 좩격은 λ‘˜μ§Έ μΉ˜κ³ μš”. μ €λŠ” μ„Έ κ°€μ§€ μš”μ†Œ 쀑 첫 번째인 λŒ€μƒμ˜ 정보에 λ§€ν˜ΉλμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So apart from the shock of my mom discovering that she was a 3D printer, I immediately got mesmerized by that piece, the first one, the information.
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μ‚¬λžŒ ν•œ λͺ…을 λ§Œλ“€λ €λ©΄ 정보가 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ ν•„μš”ν• κΉŒμš”?
What amount of information does it take to build and assemble a human?
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많이? 적게?
Is it much? Is it little?
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USB λ©”λͺ¨λ¦¬λ‘  λͺ‡ κ°œμΌκΉŒμš”?
How many thumb drives can you fill?
IWSLT2017
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물리λ₯Ό μ „κ³΅ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμœΌλ‘œμ„œ μ €λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ„ κ±°λŒ€ν•œ 레고 μž‘ν’ˆμ΄λΌκ³  κ°€μ •ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Well, I was studying physics at the beginning and I took this approximation of a human as a gigantic Lego piece.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ 블둝듀을 μž‘μ€ μ›μžλΌκ³  μƒκ°ν•˜μ„Έμš”. μ—¬κΈ°μ—” μˆ˜μ†Œκ°€ 있고, νƒ„μ†Œκ°€ 있고, μ§ˆμ†Œλ„ 있겠죠.
So, imagine that the building blocks are little atoms and there is a hydrogen here, a carbon here, a nitrogen here.
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가정에 μ˜ν•˜λ©΄ μ œκ°€ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ” μ›μžλ“€μ„ λ‚˜μ—΄ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ λ§Œλ“€ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆκ² μ§€μš”.
So in the first approximation, if I can list the number of atoms that compose a human being, I can build it.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μ•½κ°„ 계산을 해보면 μ²œλ¬Έν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ 큰 μˆ˜κ°€ λ‚˜μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Now, you can run some numbers and that happens to be quite an astonishing number.
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μ•„κΈ° ν•œ λͺ…을 λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ ν•„μš”ν•œ μ›μžμ˜ 수λ₯Ό USB λ“œλΌμ΄λΈŒμ— μ €μž₯ν•˜λ©΄ λ“œλΌμ΄λΈŒλ“€λ‘œ 타이타닉 ν•œ 척을 μ±„μš°κ³  2,000척을 더 μ±„μšΈ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So the number of atoms, the file that I will save in my thumb drive to assemble a little baby, will actually fill an entire Titanic of thumb drives -- multiplied 2,000 times.
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이것이 생λͺ…μ˜ μ‹ λΉ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
This is the miracle of life.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ μ•žμœΌλ‘œ μž„μ‚°λΆ€λ₯Ό λ³Ό λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 평생 λ³Ό μ΅œλŒ€μ˜ 정보λ₯Ό κ·Έλ…€κ°€ μ²˜λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” 것을 보게 λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Every time you see from now on a pregnant lady, she's assembling the biggest amount of information that you will ever encounter.
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λΉ…λ°μ΄ν„°λ‚˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ 것듀은 λͺ¨λ‘ μžŠμœΌμ„Έμš”.
Forget big data, forget anything you heard of.
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이것은 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” κ°€μž₯ λ§Žμ€ μ–‘μ˜ μ •λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
This is the biggest amount of information that exists.
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λ‹€ν–‰νžˆ μžμ—°μ€ μ € 같은 λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžλ³΄λ‹¨ 훨씬 ν˜„λͺ…ν•΄μ„œ 40μ–΅ λ…„μ˜ μ‹œκ°„μ„ λ“€μ—¬ 이 정보듀을 DNA라 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” μž‘μ€ κ²°μ •μœΌλ‘œ μ••μΆ•ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
But nature, fortunately, is much smarter than a young physicist, and in four billion years, managed to pack this information in a small crystal we call DNA.
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처음으둜 DNAκ°€ μ•Œλ €μ§„ 것은 1950λ…„ λ†€λΌμš΄ κ³Όν•™μžμ΄μž μ—¬μ„±μ΄μ—ˆλ˜ 둜잘린 ν”„λž­ν΄λ¦°μ΄ 사진을 μ°μ–΄μ„œμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
We met it for the first time in 1950 when Rosalind Franklin, an amazing scientist, a woman, took a picture of it.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 40년이 λ„˜λŠ” μ‹œκ°„μ΄ μ§€λ‚˜μ„œμ•Ό μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 인체 μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ 이 결정을 λΆ„λ¦¬ν•˜κ³  λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ—¬ λ‚΄μš©μ„ 읽을 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
But it took us more than 40 years to finally poke inside a human cell, take out this crystal, unroll it, and read it for the first time.
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μ•”ν˜ΈλŠ” κ°„λ‹¨ν•˜κ²Œ μ•ŒνŒŒλ²³ 4개둜 μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. A, T, C, Gλ‘œμš”.
The code comes out to be a fairly simple alphabet, four letters: A, T, C and G.
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μ‚¬λžŒμ„ λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ•ŒνŒŒλ²³μ΄ 30μ–΅ 개 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And to build a human, you need three billion of them.
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30μ–΅μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Three billion.
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λŠλ‚Œμ΄ μ˜€μ‹œλ‚˜μš”?
How many are three billion?
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숫자둜 λ§ν•˜λ‹ˆ λŠλ‚Œμ΄ μ•ˆ μ˜€μ‹œμ£ ?
It doesn't really make any sense as a number, right?
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄ 이 μ•”ν˜Έμ˜ κ±°λŒ€ν•¨, λ°©λŒ€ν•¨μ„ 이해할지 κ³ λ―Όν•΄λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So I was thinking how I could explain myself better about how big and enormous this code is.
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도움을 λ°›μœΌλ©΄ 방법이 있긴 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그리고 이에 κ°€μž₯ μ μ ˆν•œ 뢄은 졜초둜 DNA μˆœμ„œλ₯Ό λ°ν˜€λ‚Έ 크레이그 λ²€ν„° λ°•μ‚¬λ‹˜μ΄μ‹­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
But there is -- I mean, I'm going to have some help, and the best person to help me introduce the code is actually the first man to sequence it, Dr. Craig Venter.
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μ˜¬λΌμ˜€μ„Έμš”, 크레이그 λ²€ν„° λ°•μ‚¬λ‹˜!
So welcome onstage, Dr. Craig Venter.
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본인이 μ˜€μ‹œμ§„ μ•Šμ•˜μ§€λ§Œ 인λ₯˜ 역사 졜초둜 ν•œ νŠΉμ •μΈμ˜ μœ μ „μž 전체λ₯Ό νŽ˜μ΄μ§€λ§ˆλ‹€ μ•ŒνŒŒλ²³μœΌλ‘œ μ±„μ›Œμ„œ μΈμ‡„ν•œ μ±…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μž₯μˆ˜λŠ” 262,000μž₯에, λ¬΄κ²ŒλŠ” 450kgμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ μΊλ‚˜λ‹€κΉŒμ§€ μš΄λ°˜ν•˜λŠ” λ°μ—λŠ” μ‹ μ§„ κΈ°μ—… Lulu.com의 λΈŒλ£¨λ…Έ 보우덴 λ‹˜μ΄ κ³ μƒν•΄μ£Όμ…¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Not the man in the flesh, but for the first time in history, this is the genome of a specific human, printed page-by-page, letter-by-letter: 262,000 pages of information, 450 kilograms, shipped from the United States to Canada thanks to Bruno Bowden, Lulu.com, a start-up, did everything.
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큰 도움을 λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
It was an amazing feat.
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이것이 λ°”λ‘œ 생λͺ…μ˜ μ•”ν˜Έλ₯Ό μ‹œκ°μ μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Έ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
But this is the visual perception of what is the code of life.
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이제 μ €λŠ” 역사 졜초둜 놀이λ₯Ό ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And now, for the first time, I can do something fun.
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κΊΌλ‚΄μ„œ 아무 λΆ€λΆ„μ΄λ‚˜ μ½μ–΄λ³΄λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
I can actually poke inside it and read.
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μ—¬κΈ° 이 책은 μ œκ°€ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” μ±…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So let me take an interesting book ... like this one.
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μ›Œλ‚™μ— 책이 λ°©λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 주석도 μ’€ λ‹¬μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
I have an annotation; it's a fairly big book.
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생λͺ…μ˜ μ•”ν˜Έλ₯Ό 살짝 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬μ£ .
So just to let you see what is the code of life.
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λ§Žκ³ λ„ λ§Žκ³ λ„ λ§Žμ€ 산더미 같은 κΈ€μžλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Thousands and thousands and thousands and millions of letters.
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그리고 λͺ¨λ“  뢀뢄은 μ˜λ―Έκ°€ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
And they apparently make sense.
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이 뢀뢄을 ν•œ 번 λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
Let's get to a specific part.
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μ œκ°€ μ½μ–΄λ“œλ¦΄κ²Œμš”. "AAG, AAT, ATA."
Let me read it to you: "AAG, AAT, ATA."
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κ·Έλƒ₯ κΈ€μžμ˜ λ°°μ—΄λ‘œ λ“€λ¦¬μ‹œκ² μ§€λ§Œ 이 뢀뢄은 크레이그의 λˆˆμ— 색깔을 λΆ€μ—¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
To you it sounds like mute letters, but this sequence gives the color of the eyes to Craig.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 뢀뢄도 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬μ§€μš”.
I'll show you another part of the book.
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이 κ΅¬μ ˆμ€ 쑰금 더 λ³΅μž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
This is actually a little more complicated.
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132ꢌ, 염색체 14의 λ‚΄μš©μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜ˆμƒν•˜μ‹  뢄도 κ³„μ‹œκ² μ£ .
Chromosome 14, book 132: As you might expect.
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"ATT, CTT, GATT."
"ATT, CTT, GATT."
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이 μ‚¬λžŒμ€ 운이 μ’‹μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ™œλƒλ©΄ 이 λΆ€λΆ„μ—μ„œ 두 자만 λΉ μ§€λ©΄ 30μ–΅ μžμ—μ„œ 두 자만 빠져도 낭포성 μ„¬μœ μ¦μ΄λž€ λ”μ°ν•œ μ§ˆλ³‘μ— 걸리기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
This human is lucky, because if you miss just two letters in this position -- two letters of our three billion -- he will be condemned to a terrible disease: cystic fibrosis.
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μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•λ„ μ—†κ³  해결법도 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€. λͺ¨λ‘ 두 자의 차이만으둜 μƒκΈ°λŠ” μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
We have no cure for it, we don't know how to solve it, and it's just two letters of difference from what we are.
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맀혹적이고, κ°•λ ¬ν•œ μ±…μ΄μ§€μš”. μ œκ°€ 생λͺ…을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 것을 돕고 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ μ•Œλ €λ“œλ¦¬κ²Œ ν•΄μ€€ μ±…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
A wonderful book, a mighty book, a mighty book that helped me understand and show you something quite remarkable.
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘λ₯Ό μ €λŠ” μ €λ‘œ, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 뢀뢄은 500만 κΈ€μžλ‘œ ν•œκΆŒμ˜ 절반 μ •λ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ±…μ˜ λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ 뢀뢄은 μ •ν™•νžˆ κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 기적은 단 500νŽ˜μ΄μ§€ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ λ²Œμ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Every one of you -- what makes me, me and you, you -- is just about five million of these, half a book. For the rest, Five hundred pages is the miracle of life that you are.
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λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€λŠ” λ˜‘κ°™μ΄ μΌμΉ˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
The rest, we all share it.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ μ„œλ‘œκ°€ λ‹€λ₯΄λ‹€λŠ” 생각이 λ“€ λ•Œ λ– μ˜¬λ¦¬μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.
So think about that again when we think that we are different.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ΄λ§ŒνΌμ΄λ‚˜ κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
This is the amount that we share.
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ν₯λ―Έκ°€ 생긴 뢄이 λ§Žμ•„μ§„ 것 κ°™κ΅°μš”. λ‹€μŒ λ¬Έμ œλŠ” 이 책을 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ½λŠλƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So now that I have your attention, the next question is: How do I read it?
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