Unnamed: 0
int64 0
350k
| ApplicationNumber
int64 9.75M
96.1M
| ArtUnit
int64 1.6k
3.99k
| Abstract
stringlengths 7
8.37k
| Claims
stringlengths 3
292k
| abstract-claims
stringlengths 68
293k
| TechCenter
int64 1.6k
3.9k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2,200 | 14,357,207 | 1,781 | Multilayer flexible element ( 10 ), preferably made of wood, and related production process ( 50 ) by laser engraving and/or cutting, preferably applied in fashion, furniture and design industries, characterized in that said element is composed of:—a layer of rigid material ( 11 ), supplied in sheets or plates, preferably made of wood;—a layer of flexible support material ( 12 ), in example a tissue, onto which is connected said layer of rigid material ( 11 );—means of connection ( 13 ) of said layer of rigid material ( 11 ) to said layer of flexible support material ( 12 ), in example by glue, characterized by high elasticity and resistance to temperature changes;—a texture in vector graphics ( 14 ) which will define the cutting of the workpiece material, his flexibility and the consequent modeling and softness; wherein said process ( 50 ) comprises the following steps:—connection ( 51 ) of said layer of rigid material ( 11 ) to said layer of flexible support material ( 12 ), in example by glue;—design ( 52 ) of said texture in vector graphics ( 14 ), and download into a control system of an industrial device suitable to generate and focus a high power laser beam;—engraving ( 53 ) and/or cutting of said layer of rigid material ( 11 ), guided by the above- mentioned texture ( 14 ), by fusion and high temperature evaporation caused by a laser beam; in order to make flexible some rigid materials, like in example wood and similar materials, and suitable as decorative and/or functional elements for covering in fashion, furniture and design industries. | 1-10. (canceled) 11. A process for producing a multilayer flexible element by laser engraving and/or cutting, said multilayer flexible element comprising: a layer of rigid material, preferably made of wood, having a structure of slots on its surface; a layer of flexible support material, in example a tissue, onto which said layer of rigid material is connected; means of connection of said layer of rigid material to said layer of flexible support material, in example by glue, said process comprising the following steps:
connection by overlaying said layer of rigid material on said layer of flexible support material, in example by glue; design of a texture in vector graphics defining a structure of lines, and download it into a control system of an industrial device able to generate and focus a high power laser beam, called laser device; engraving and/or cutting of said layer of rigid material, according to the above-mentioned texture, by fusion and high temperature evaporation caused by a laser beam, in order to create said structure of slots on said layer of rigid material, so that said multilayer flexible element represents a new material that is composed of a layer of rigid material, in example wood or similar rigid materials, being flexible so that it can be used as a decorative and/or functional element for covering in fashion, furniture and design industries. 12. The process of claim 11 for producing said multilayer flexible element, said process including the following additional step:
the new material is submitted to a further process of gluing and/or sewing in parts of tissue,
in such a way to be suitable in tailoring to create clothes, tents, accessories, etc. 13. The process of claim 11 for producing said multilayer flexible element, said process including the following additional step:
the new material is treated with hardeners resins fixing its shapes,
in such a way to make it rigid and applicable for example in furniture or vehicle industries. 14. A multilayer flexible element produced according to the process in claim 11, the multilayer flexible element preferably applied in fashion, furniture and design industries, comprising: a layer of rigid material, preferably made of wood, having a structure of slots on its surface; a layer of flexible support material, in example a tissue, onto which said layer of rigid material is connected; and means of connection of said layer of rigid material to said layer of flexible support material, in example by glue. 15. The multilayer flexible element of claim 14, wherein:
the thickness of each sheet or plate of the above-mentioned layer of rigid material is between 1/10 mm and 10 mm, according to its intended use and the layer of flexible support which is properly glued; the flexible support has the same size of the rigid material which will be glued; and the flexible support has a uniform surface, in such a way to allow adequate gluing. 16. The multilayer flexible element of claim 14, wherein:
said glue, to be used to connect said layer of rigid material to said flexible support material, has chemical-physical characteristics suitable to maintain high elasticity, water resistance and temperature changes resistance after drying, in such a way to glue the two sheets of material definitely. 17. The multilayer flexible element of claim 14, wherein:
said texture, generated by a computer with programs for graphics, or using a specific software, can be stored in a data storage device, and represents the input of means guiding a laser device during the engraving and/or the cutting of the single layer of rigid material, previously glued on the flexible support, so that said new material obtained by the above-mentioned process through laser engraving and/or cutting, will have no longer a rigid structure but will have its upper part divided in hundred pieces as defined in the structure of lines that make up the texture. 18. The multilayer flexible element of claim 14, wherein:
the laser device is calibrated so that power, velocity and degree of definition affect only the thickness of the rigid material, leaving unchanged the layer of adhesive and the underlying flexible support. 19. The multilayer flexible element of claim 14, wherein:
said pieces of the texture have size ranging from 1 mm2 up to 10 mm2, or eventually even more, according to application and visual effect that is required to be produced. 20. The multilayer flexible element of claim 14, wherein:
the above-mentioned pieces of the texture can be removed from said layer of rigid material, in such a way to increase flexibility and allow the folding of the new material in many directions and consequently increase its possible applications. | Multilayer flexible element ( 10 ), preferably made of wood, and related production process ( 50 ) by laser engraving and/or cutting, preferably applied in fashion, furniture and design industries, characterized in that said element is composed of:—a layer of rigid material ( 11 ), supplied in sheets or plates, preferably made of wood;—a layer of flexible support material ( 12 ), in example a tissue, onto which is connected said layer of rigid material ( 11 );—means of connection ( 13 ) of said layer of rigid material ( 11 ) to said layer of flexible support material ( 12 ), in example by glue, characterized by high elasticity and resistance to temperature changes;—a texture in vector graphics ( 14 ) which will define the cutting of the workpiece material, his flexibility and the consequent modeling and softness; wherein said process ( 50 ) comprises the following steps:—connection ( 51 ) of said layer of rigid material ( 11 ) to said layer of flexible support material ( 12 ), in example by glue;—design ( 52 ) of said texture in vector graphics ( 14 ), and download into a control system of an industrial device suitable to generate and focus a high power laser beam;—engraving ( 53 ) and/or cutting of said layer of rigid material ( 11 ), guided by the above- mentioned texture ( 14 ), by fusion and high temperature evaporation caused by a laser beam; in order to make flexible some rigid materials, like in example wood and similar materials, and suitable as decorative and/or functional elements for covering in fashion, furniture and design industries.1-10. (canceled) 11. A process for producing a multilayer flexible element by laser engraving and/or cutting, said multilayer flexible element comprising: a layer of rigid material, preferably made of wood, having a structure of slots on its surface; a layer of flexible support material, in example a tissue, onto which said layer of rigid material is connected; means of connection of said layer of rigid material to said layer of flexible support material, in example by glue, said process comprising the following steps:
connection by overlaying said layer of rigid material on said layer of flexible support material, in example by glue; design of a texture in vector graphics defining a structure of lines, and download it into a control system of an industrial device able to generate and focus a high power laser beam, called laser device; engraving and/or cutting of said layer of rigid material, according to the above-mentioned texture, by fusion and high temperature evaporation caused by a laser beam, in order to create said structure of slots on said layer of rigid material, so that said multilayer flexible element represents a new material that is composed of a layer of rigid material, in example wood or similar rigid materials, being flexible so that it can be used as a decorative and/or functional element for covering in fashion, furniture and design industries. 12. The process of claim 11 for producing said multilayer flexible element, said process including the following additional step:
the new material is submitted to a further process of gluing and/or sewing in parts of tissue,
in such a way to be suitable in tailoring to create clothes, tents, accessories, etc. 13. The process of claim 11 for producing said multilayer flexible element, said process including the following additional step:
the new material is treated with hardeners resins fixing its shapes,
in such a way to make it rigid and applicable for example in furniture or vehicle industries. 14. A multilayer flexible element produced according to the process in claim 11, the multilayer flexible element preferably applied in fashion, furniture and design industries, comprising: a layer of rigid material, preferably made of wood, having a structure of slots on its surface; a layer of flexible support material, in example a tissue, onto which said layer of rigid material is connected; and means of connection of said layer of rigid material to said layer of flexible support material, in example by glue. 15. The multilayer flexible element of claim 14, wherein:
the thickness of each sheet or plate of the above-mentioned layer of rigid material is between 1/10 mm and 10 mm, according to its intended use and the layer of flexible support which is properly glued; the flexible support has the same size of the rigid material which will be glued; and the flexible support has a uniform surface, in such a way to allow adequate gluing. 16. The multilayer flexible element of claim 14, wherein:
said glue, to be used to connect said layer of rigid material to said flexible support material, has chemical-physical characteristics suitable to maintain high elasticity, water resistance and temperature changes resistance after drying, in such a way to glue the two sheets of material definitely. 17. The multilayer flexible element of claim 14, wherein:
said texture, generated by a computer with programs for graphics, or using a specific software, can be stored in a data storage device, and represents the input of means guiding a laser device during the engraving and/or the cutting of the single layer of rigid material, previously glued on the flexible support, so that said new material obtained by the above-mentioned process through laser engraving and/or cutting, will have no longer a rigid structure but will have its upper part divided in hundred pieces as defined in the structure of lines that make up the texture. 18. The multilayer flexible element of claim 14, wherein:
the laser device is calibrated so that power, velocity and degree of definition affect only the thickness of the rigid material, leaving unchanged the layer of adhesive and the underlying flexible support. 19. The multilayer flexible element of claim 14, wherein:
said pieces of the texture have size ranging from 1 mm2 up to 10 mm2, or eventually even more, according to application and visual effect that is required to be produced. 20. The multilayer flexible element of claim 14, wherein:
the above-mentioned pieces of the texture can be removed from said layer of rigid material, in such a way to increase flexibility and allow the folding of the new material in many directions and consequently increase its possible applications. | 1,700 |
2,201 | 14,388,735 | 1,782 | The instant invention provides a polyethylene blend-composition suitable for blown films, and films made therefrom. The polyethylene blend-composition suitable for blown films comprises the melt blending product of: (a) from 0.5 to 4 percent by weight of a low density polyethylene having a density in the range of from 0.915 to 0.935 g/cm 3 , and a melt index (I 2 ) in the range of from greater than 0.8 to less than or equal to 5 g/10 minutes, and a molecular weight distribution (M w /M n ) in the range of from 6 to 10; (b) 90 percent or greater by weight of an ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer composition, wherein ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer composition has a Comonomer Distribution Constant (CDC) in the range of from 75 to 200, a vinyl unsaturation of less than 0.1 vinyls per one thousand carbon atoms present in the backbone of the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer composition; a zero shear viscosity ratio (ZSVR) in the range from 2 to 20; a density in the range of from 0.903 to 0.950 g/cm 3 , a melt index (1 2 ) in a range of from 0.1 to 5 g/10 minutes, a molecular weight distribution (M w /M n ) in the range of from 1.8 to 3.5; (c) optionally a hydrotalcite based neutralizing agent; (d) optionally one or more nucleating agents; (e) and optionally one or more antioxidants. | 1. A polyethylene blend-composition suitable for blown film comprising the melt blending product of:
from 0.5 to 4 percent by weight of a low density polyethylene having a density in the range of from 0.915 to 0.935 g/cm3, and a melt index (I2) in the range of from greater than 0.8 to less than or equal to 5 g/10 minutes, and a molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) in the range of from 6 to 10; 90 percent or greater by weight of an ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer composition having a Comonomer Distribution Constant (CDC) in the range of from 75 to 200, a vinyl unsaturation of less than 0.15 vinyls per one thousand carbon atoms present in the backbone of the ethylene-based polymer composition; a zero shear viscosity ratio (ZSVR) in the range from 2 to 20; a density in the range of from 0.903 to 0.950 g/cm3, a melt index (I2) in a range of from 0.1 to 5 g/10 minutes, a molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) in the range of from 1.8 to 3.5; and optionally a hydrotalcite based neutralizing agent; optionally one or more nucleating agents; and optionally one or more antioxidants. 2. The polyethylene blend composition of claim 1, wherein when said polyethylene blend-composition is formed into a film via blown film process, the output rate is improved at least 3 percent relative to a similar linear low density polyethylene. 3. A blown film comprising the polyethylene blend-composition of claim 1. 4. An article comprising one or more blown films comprising the polyethylene blend-composition of claim 1. 5. A container device comprising:
(a) one or more substrates; and (b) one or more layers comprising one or more blown films comprising the polyethylene blend-composition of claim 1. 6. The polyethylene blend-composition suitable for blown film of claim 1, wherein the polyethylene blend composition has a peak at 32.7 ppm measured via 13C NMR, indicating the presence of C3 carbon of C5 branch in the LDPE component. 7. The polyethylene blend-composition suitable for blown film of claim 1, wherein when said polyethylene blend composition is formed into a film via a blown film process and the total haze is improved by at least 15 percent relative to a blown film consisting essentially of a linear low density polyethylene. 8. The polyethylene blend-composition suitable for blown film of claim 1, wherein when said polyethylene blend composition is formed into a film via a blown film process and the gloss is improved by at least 10 percent relative to a blown film consisting essentially of a linear low density polyethylene. | The instant invention provides a polyethylene blend-composition suitable for blown films, and films made therefrom. The polyethylene blend-composition suitable for blown films comprises the melt blending product of: (a) from 0.5 to 4 percent by weight of a low density polyethylene having a density in the range of from 0.915 to 0.935 g/cm 3 , and a melt index (I 2 ) in the range of from greater than 0.8 to less than or equal to 5 g/10 minutes, and a molecular weight distribution (M w /M n ) in the range of from 6 to 10; (b) 90 percent or greater by weight of an ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer composition, wherein ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer composition has a Comonomer Distribution Constant (CDC) in the range of from 75 to 200, a vinyl unsaturation of less than 0.1 vinyls per one thousand carbon atoms present in the backbone of the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer composition; a zero shear viscosity ratio (ZSVR) in the range from 2 to 20; a density in the range of from 0.903 to 0.950 g/cm 3 , a melt index (1 2 ) in a range of from 0.1 to 5 g/10 minutes, a molecular weight distribution (M w /M n ) in the range of from 1.8 to 3.5; (c) optionally a hydrotalcite based neutralizing agent; (d) optionally one or more nucleating agents; (e) and optionally one or more antioxidants.1. A polyethylene blend-composition suitable for blown film comprising the melt blending product of:
from 0.5 to 4 percent by weight of a low density polyethylene having a density in the range of from 0.915 to 0.935 g/cm3, and a melt index (I2) in the range of from greater than 0.8 to less than or equal to 5 g/10 minutes, and a molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) in the range of from 6 to 10; 90 percent or greater by weight of an ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer composition having a Comonomer Distribution Constant (CDC) in the range of from 75 to 200, a vinyl unsaturation of less than 0.15 vinyls per one thousand carbon atoms present in the backbone of the ethylene-based polymer composition; a zero shear viscosity ratio (ZSVR) in the range from 2 to 20; a density in the range of from 0.903 to 0.950 g/cm3, a melt index (I2) in a range of from 0.1 to 5 g/10 minutes, a molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) in the range of from 1.8 to 3.5; and optionally a hydrotalcite based neutralizing agent; optionally one or more nucleating agents; and optionally one or more antioxidants. 2. The polyethylene blend composition of claim 1, wherein when said polyethylene blend-composition is formed into a film via blown film process, the output rate is improved at least 3 percent relative to a similar linear low density polyethylene. 3. A blown film comprising the polyethylene blend-composition of claim 1. 4. An article comprising one or more blown films comprising the polyethylene blend-composition of claim 1. 5. A container device comprising:
(a) one or more substrates; and (b) one or more layers comprising one or more blown films comprising the polyethylene blend-composition of claim 1. 6. The polyethylene blend-composition suitable for blown film of claim 1, wherein the polyethylene blend composition has a peak at 32.7 ppm measured via 13C NMR, indicating the presence of C3 carbon of C5 branch in the LDPE component. 7. The polyethylene blend-composition suitable for blown film of claim 1, wherein when said polyethylene blend composition is formed into a film via a blown film process and the total haze is improved by at least 15 percent relative to a blown film consisting essentially of a linear low density polyethylene. 8. The polyethylene blend-composition suitable for blown film of claim 1, wherein when said polyethylene blend composition is formed into a film via a blown film process and the gloss is improved by at least 10 percent relative to a blown film consisting essentially of a linear low density polyethylene. | 1,700 |
2,202 | 14,352,725 | 1,794 | A tubular target is formed of refractory metal or a refractory metal alloy. The target has at least one tubular portion X with a relative density RDx and at least one tubular portion Y with a relative density RDy. At least one tubular portion X has, at least in some regions, a larger outer diameter than a tubular portion Y at least in some regions. A density ratio satisfies the relation (RDy−RDx)/RDy≧0.001. There is also described a method for producing a tubular target from refractory metal or refractory metal alloy by sintering and local deformation of different degree. The tubular target has a more uniform sputter removal over the entire surface area compared with prior tubular targets. The tubular targets do not exhibit any tendency to arcing or to particle regeneration. | 1-25. (canceled) 26. A tubular target, comprising:
a target body of refractory metal or a refractory metal alloy having a refractory metal content of ≧50 atom %; said target body including at least one tubular section X having a relative density RDx, at least in regions thereof, and at least one tubular section Y having a relative density RDy, at least in regions thereof; at least one said tubular section X having, at least in regions thereof, a greater external diameter than regions of said at least one tubular section Y (300); and
RDy
-
RDx
RDy
≥
0.001
. 27. The tubular target according to claim 26, wherein at least one said tubular section X, at least in regions thereof, has an external diameter ADx and at least one tubular section Y, at least in regions thereof, has an external diameter ADy, where
ADx
-
ADy
ADx
≥
0.01
. 28. The tubular target according to claim 27, wherein
ADx
-
ADy
ADx
≥
0.03
. 29. The tubular target according to claim 26, wherein said target body has ends configured, at least in regions thereof, as tubular sections X and at least one said tubular section Y, which extends along an axial direction over a longer region than a sum of an axial extension of said tubular sections X arranged therein between. 30. The tubular target according to claim 26, which further comprises a section Z disposed between at least one said tubular section X and one said tubular section Y, said section Z having an external diameter changing from ADx to ADy. 31. The tubular target according to claim 26, wherein at least one said tubular section X is conical. 32. The tubular target according to claim 26, wherein said body is a powder metallurgy product. 33. The tubular target according to claim 26, wherein at least one said tubular section X has a uniform and fine pore structure. 34. The tubular target according to claim 26, wherein said body consists of a material selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, a molybdenum alloy, tungsten, a tungsten alloy, chromium, and a chromium alloy. 35. The tubular target according to claim 26, wherein all said tubular sections X and all said tubular sections Y have an identical material composition. 36. The tubular target according to claim 26, wherein said body is formed in one piece. 37. The tubular target according to claim 26, wherein at least one said tubular section Y has a relative density of from 99 to 100%. 38. The tubular target according to claim 26, wherein at least one said tubular section X has an average density RDxm, at least in regions over a length in an axial direction of 50 mm, and at least one tubular section Y has an average relative density RDym, at least in regions over a length in the axial direction of 50 mm, where
RDxm
-
RDym
RDxm
≥
0.001
. 39. The tubular target according to claim 38, wherein at least one of the following is true:
RDy
-
RDx
RDy
≥
0.01
and
/
or
RDxm
-
RDym
RDxm
≥
0.01
. 40. The tubular target according to claim 38, wherein at least one of the following is true:
RDy
-
RDx
RDy
≤
0.02
and
/
or
RDxm
-
RDym
RDxm
≤
0.02
. 41. The tubular target according to claim 26, configured as a target for producing a functional layer of a thin-film solar cell or a TFT structure. 42. A method of producing a tubular target, comprising the following steps:
providing a powder of refractory metal or a refractory metal alloy having a refractory metal content of ≧50 atom %; producing a green body by pressing the powder at a pressing pressure p, where 100 MPa<p<400 MPa; producing a tubular blank by pressure-less or pressure-aided sintering at a homologous temperature of between 0.4 and 0.9 and optional mechanical shaping, to form a tubular target having at least one tubular section X and at least one tubular section Y; wherein the tubular blank is deformed in a region which in the finished tubular target corresponds to the tubular section Y with a degree of deformation that is, at least regionally, greater than in a region that corresponds to the tubular section X the finished tubular target. 43. The method according to claim 42, which comprises deforming the tubular blank at least regionally |φ|≧0.03 in the region which in the finished tubular target corresponds to the tubular section X to a greater extent than regionally within a region that corresponds to the tubular section X in the finished tubular target. 44. The method according to claim 42, which comprises forming the tubular blank with a relative density RDr, where RDr 0.8≦RDr≦0.995. 45. The method according to claim 42, wherein the tubular section Y is formed, at least in regions, with a smaller external diameter than the tubular section X. 46. The method according to claim 42, which comprises producing the green body by cold isostatic pressing, where the green body has a shape selected from the group consisting of a tube, a cylinder, a tube having a greater external diameter in regions and a cylinder having a greater external diameter in regions. 47. The method according to claim 42, wherein the tubular section X is not deformed at least in regions thereof. 48. The method according to claim 42, which comprises deforming the tubular blank by at least one process selected from the group consisting of forging, extrusion, and pressure rolling. 49. The method according to claim 42, which comprises producing a tubular target by mechanical shaping of the deformed tubular blank and optionally joining the tubular target to a support tube. 50. The method according to claim 42, which comprises forming a tubular target according to claim 26. | A tubular target is formed of refractory metal or a refractory metal alloy. The target has at least one tubular portion X with a relative density RDx and at least one tubular portion Y with a relative density RDy. At least one tubular portion X has, at least in some regions, a larger outer diameter than a tubular portion Y at least in some regions. A density ratio satisfies the relation (RDy−RDx)/RDy≧0.001. There is also described a method for producing a tubular target from refractory metal or refractory metal alloy by sintering and local deformation of different degree. The tubular target has a more uniform sputter removal over the entire surface area compared with prior tubular targets. The tubular targets do not exhibit any tendency to arcing or to particle regeneration.1-25. (canceled) 26. A tubular target, comprising:
a target body of refractory metal or a refractory metal alloy having a refractory metal content of ≧50 atom %; said target body including at least one tubular section X having a relative density RDx, at least in regions thereof, and at least one tubular section Y having a relative density RDy, at least in regions thereof; at least one said tubular section X having, at least in regions thereof, a greater external diameter than regions of said at least one tubular section Y (300); and
RDy
-
RDx
RDy
≥
0.001
. 27. The tubular target according to claim 26, wherein at least one said tubular section X, at least in regions thereof, has an external diameter ADx and at least one tubular section Y, at least in regions thereof, has an external diameter ADy, where
ADx
-
ADy
ADx
≥
0.01
. 28. The tubular target according to claim 27, wherein
ADx
-
ADy
ADx
≥
0.03
. 29. The tubular target according to claim 26, wherein said target body has ends configured, at least in regions thereof, as tubular sections X and at least one said tubular section Y, which extends along an axial direction over a longer region than a sum of an axial extension of said tubular sections X arranged therein between. 30. The tubular target according to claim 26, which further comprises a section Z disposed between at least one said tubular section X and one said tubular section Y, said section Z having an external diameter changing from ADx to ADy. 31. The tubular target according to claim 26, wherein at least one said tubular section X is conical. 32. The tubular target according to claim 26, wherein said body is a powder metallurgy product. 33. The tubular target according to claim 26, wherein at least one said tubular section X has a uniform and fine pore structure. 34. The tubular target according to claim 26, wherein said body consists of a material selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, a molybdenum alloy, tungsten, a tungsten alloy, chromium, and a chromium alloy. 35. The tubular target according to claim 26, wherein all said tubular sections X and all said tubular sections Y have an identical material composition. 36. The tubular target according to claim 26, wherein said body is formed in one piece. 37. The tubular target according to claim 26, wherein at least one said tubular section Y has a relative density of from 99 to 100%. 38. The tubular target according to claim 26, wherein at least one said tubular section X has an average density RDxm, at least in regions over a length in an axial direction of 50 mm, and at least one tubular section Y has an average relative density RDym, at least in regions over a length in the axial direction of 50 mm, where
RDxm
-
RDym
RDxm
≥
0.001
. 39. The tubular target according to claim 38, wherein at least one of the following is true:
RDy
-
RDx
RDy
≥
0.01
and
/
or
RDxm
-
RDym
RDxm
≥
0.01
. 40. The tubular target according to claim 38, wherein at least one of the following is true:
RDy
-
RDx
RDy
≤
0.02
and
/
or
RDxm
-
RDym
RDxm
≤
0.02
. 41. The tubular target according to claim 26, configured as a target for producing a functional layer of a thin-film solar cell or a TFT structure. 42. A method of producing a tubular target, comprising the following steps:
providing a powder of refractory metal or a refractory metal alloy having a refractory metal content of ≧50 atom %; producing a green body by pressing the powder at a pressing pressure p, where 100 MPa<p<400 MPa; producing a tubular blank by pressure-less or pressure-aided sintering at a homologous temperature of between 0.4 and 0.9 and optional mechanical shaping, to form a tubular target having at least one tubular section X and at least one tubular section Y; wherein the tubular blank is deformed in a region which in the finished tubular target corresponds to the tubular section Y with a degree of deformation that is, at least regionally, greater than in a region that corresponds to the tubular section X the finished tubular target. 43. The method according to claim 42, which comprises deforming the tubular blank at least regionally |φ|≧0.03 in the region which in the finished tubular target corresponds to the tubular section X to a greater extent than regionally within a region that corresponds to the tubular section X in the finished tubular target. 44. The method according to claim 42, which comprises forming the tubular blank with a relative density RDr, where RDr 0.8≦RDr≦0.995. 45. The method according to claim 42, wherein the tubular section Y is formed, at least in regions, with a smaller external diameter than the tubular section X. 46. The method according to claim 42, which comprises producing the green body by cold isostatic pressing, where the green body has a shape selected from the group consisting of a tube, a cylinder, a tube having a greater external diameter in regions and a cylinder having a greater external diameter in regions. 47. The method according to claim 42, wherein the tubular section X is not deformed at least in regions thereof. 48. The method according to claim 42, which comprises deforming the tubular blank by at least one process selected from the group consisting of forging, extrusion, and pressure rolling. 49. The method according to claim 42, which comprises producing a tubular target by mechanical shaping of the deformed tubular blank and optionally joining the tubular target to a support tube. 50. The method according to claim 42, which comprises forming a tubular target according to claim 26. | 1,700 |
2,203 | 13,771,402 | 1,746 | Continuous edge folds of a top sheet in disposable products prepare the top sheet for placement/attachment of discrete side panels to the folded-over portion of top-sheets oriented so that the side panels lay on top of the top-sheet without any further folding steps required. Later, a back sheet can be added and back sheet edges then folded over to cover edges of top-sheet/side panel sandwich. | 1. A method of forming bonds between discrete components of disposable articles, the method comprising:
providing a top sheet layer in a machine direction, the top sheet layer having a first and a second cross-machine direction edge; folding over a portion of said top sheet layer at said two cross-machine direction edges; coupling a first side panel to the folded over portion of said first cross-machine direction edge of said top sheet layer at a first edge of said first side panel; coupling a second side panel to the folded over portion of said second cross-machine direction edge of said top sheet layer at a first edge of said second side panel; overlapping said first and second side panels and bonding said first and second side panels. 2. A method according to claim 1, said bonding of said first and second side panels comprising a temporary bond. 3. A method according to claim 1, said method further comprising folding over a portion of at least one of a second edge of said first side panel and a second edge of said second side panel; and bonding said folded over portion of said at least one of said second edge of said first side panel and said second edge of said second side panel to a non-folded over portion of said at least one of said second edge of said first side panel and said second edge of said second side panel. 4. A method according to claim 1, said method further comprising providing a back sheet about said coupled portion of said first side panel and said top sheet layer, underneath said top sheet layer, and about said coupled portion of said second side panel and said top sheet layer, and coupling said back sheet to said first side panel and said second side panel. | Continuous edge folds of a top sheet in disposable products prepare the top sheet for placement/attachment of discrete side panels to the folded-over portion of top-sheets oriented so that the side panels lay on top of the top-sheet without any further folding steps required. Later, a back sheet can be added and back sheet edges then folded over to cover edges of top-sheet/side panel sandwich.1. A method of forming bonds between discrete components of disposable articles, the method comprising:
providing a top sheet layer in a machine direction, the top sheet layer having a first and a second cross-machine direction edge; folding over a portion of said top sheet layer at said two cross-machine direction edges; coupling a first side panel to the folded over portion of said first cross-machine direction edge of said top sheet layer at a first edge of said first side panel; coupling a second side panel to the folded over portion of said second cross-machine direction edge of said top sheet layer at a first edge of said second side panel; overlapping said first and second side panels and bonding said first and second side panels. 2. A method according to claim 1, said bonding of said first and second side panels comprising a temporary bond. 3. A method according to claim 1, said method further comprising folding over a portion of at least one of a second edge of said first side panel and a second edge of said second side panel; and bonding said folded over portion of said at least one of said second edge of said first side panel and said second edge of said second side panel to a non-folded over portion of said at least one of said second edge of said first side panel and said second edge of said second side panel. 4. A method according to claim 1, said method further comprising providing a back sheet about said coupled portion of said first side panel and said top sheet layer, underneath said top sheet layer, and about said coupled portion of said second side panel and said top sheet layer, and coupling said back sheet to said first side panel and said second side panel. | 1,700 |
2,204 | 14,053,756 | 1,713 | Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to the targeted deposition of particles below 100 microns onto a substrate such as a film, tape, adhesive, fabric, fibers or a combination thereof. The targeted deposition may be accomplished by a dual-component electro-static deposition process. In one embodiment, the substrate having at least one layer of particles thereon may be combined with a prepreg. Prepregs manufactured according to embodiments of the invention may be used to manufacture composites with more robust mechanical and strength characteristics relative to conventional composites manufactured using conventional prepregs in addition to providing improved processed performance during the manufacture of the particle-coated substrate. In another embodiment, targeted deposition may be applied directly to a composite article to achieve similar benefits. | 1-30. (canceled) 31. A method of manufacturing a composite structure, comprising:
(a) forming a resin formulation comprising one or more un-catalyzed polymers, wherein the resin formulation does not comprise any reinforcement fibers; (b) applying the resin formulation to a release film to form a tack-enhancement resin film with an outer surface; (c) depositing a layer of particles onto the outer surface of the tack-enhancement resin film such that the particles adhere to the outer surface and are not fusible during depositing, thereby forming a particle-coated resin film; (d) laminating the particle-coated resin film to one side of a prepreg substrate so that the layer of particles is in contact with a surface of the prepreg substrate, said prepreg substrate comprising reinforcement fibers impregnated with a resin; and (e) removing the release film to yield a composite structure. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the layer of particles are deposited at (c) by a dual-component electro-static deposition process. 33. The method of claim 31, wherein the particles have a size distribution range of less than 100 microns. 34. The method of claim 31, wherein the particles are applied to the tack-enhancement resin film in an amount between 0.5 gsm and 50 gsm. 35. The method of claim 31, wherein the particles are made of a polymeric material selected from the group consisting of a thermoplastic material, a rubber, and hybrids thereof. 36. The method of claim 31, wherein the resin formulation comprises one or more polymers selected from the group consisting of epoxies, bis-maleimides, cynate esters, benzoxazines, polyesters, and reactions thereof. 37. The method of claim 31, wherein the particles are polymeric toughening particles made of a material selected from the group consisting of polyimide, polyamide, poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK), poly(etherketoneketone) (PEKK), carboxy-terminated butadiene nitrile (CTBN), rubber, an emulsified poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) material, and mixture of thermoset and thermoplastic materials. 38. The method of claim 31, wherein the coated resin film has a weight within the range of 2 gsm-100 gsm and the layer of particles has a weight within the range of 2 gsm-35 gsm. 39. The method of claim 31, further comprising controlling the temperature of the tack-enhancement resin film to within a predetermined temperature range during deposition at (c). 40. The method of claim 31, further comprising:
(f) forming an additional particle-coated resin film by repeating steps (a)-(c); (g) laminating the additional particle-coated resin film to an opposite side of the prepreg substrate such that an additional layer of particles is in contact with an exposed surface of the prepreg substrate; and (h) removing the release film from the additional particle-coated resin film to yield a composite structure having a prepreg substrate between two layers of particles and two resin films. 41. The method of claim 31, further comprising:
laminating the composite structure at (e) to at least one other prepreg substrate comprising reinforcement fibers impregnated with a resin. 42. The method of claim 40, further comprising:
laminating the composite structure at (h) to at least one other prepreg substrate comprising reinforcement fibers impregnated with a resin. 43. A method of manufacturing a composite article comprising:
forming a plurality of composite structures, each composite structure being formed according to the method of claim 31; and laminating the composite structures together. 44. A composite article formed by the method of claim 43. 45. A composite structure, comprising:
a prepreg ply having two opposing outer surfaces, wherein said prepreg ply comprises a fiber sheet pre-impregnated with a first resin formulation; at least one tack-enhancement resin film having a layer of particles coated thereon, wherein the layer of particles is in contact with one outer surface of the prepreg ply and is positioned between the prepreg ply and the tack-enhancement resin film, the particles have a particle a size of less than 100 microns, and the tack-enhancement resin film is substantially void of any reinforcement fibers and particles. 46. The composite structure of claim 45, wherein the prepreg ply is positioned between two of said tack-enhancement resin film, and a layer of particles is in contact with each outer surface of the prepreg ply. 47. The composite structure of claim 45, wherein the particles are toughening particles made of a polymeric material. 48. The composite structure of claim 45, wherein the particles are toughening particles made of a material selected from the group consisting of: polyimide, polyamide, poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK), poly(etherketoneketone) (PEKK), carboxy-terminated butadiene nitrile (CTBN), rubber, an emulsified poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) material, functionalized thermoplastic polymers, and mixture of thermoset and thermoplastic materials. 49. The composite structure of claim 45, wherein the tack-enhancement resin film has a weight of between 2 gsm and 100 gsm and the particle layer has a weight of between 2 gsm and 35 gsm. | Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to the targeted deposition of particles below 100 microns onto a substrate such as a film, tape, adhesive, fabric, fibers or a combination thereof. The targeted deposition may be accomplished by a dual-component electro-static deposition process. In one embodiment, the substrate having at least one layer of particles thereon may be combined with a prepreg. Prepregs manufactured according to embodiments of the invention may be used to manufacture composites with more robust mechanical and strength characteristics relative to conventional composites manufactured using conventional prepregs in addition to providing improved processed performance during the manufacture of the particle-coated substrate. In another embodiment, targeted deposition may be applied directly to a composite article to achieve similar benefits.1-30. (canceled) 31. A method of manufacturing a composite structure, comprising:
(a) forming a resin formulation comprising one or more un-catalyzed polymers, wherein the resin formulation does not comprise any reinforcement fibers; (b) applying the resin formulation to a release film to form a tack-enhancement resin film with an outer surface; (c) depositing a layer of particles onto the outer surface of the tack-enhancement resin film such that the particles adhere to the outer surface and are not fusible during depositing, thereby forming a particle-coated resin film; (d) laminating the particle-coated resin film to one side of a prepreg substrate so that the layer of particles is in contact with a surface of the prepreg substrate, said prepreg substrate comprising reinforcement fibers impregnated with a resin; and (e) removing the release film to yield a composite structure. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the layer of particles are deposited at (c) by a dual-component electro-static deposition process. 33. The method of claim 31, wherein the particles have a size distribution range of less than 100 microns. 34. The method of claim 31, wherein the particles are applied to the tack-enhancement resin film in an amount between 0.5 gsm and 50 gsm. 35. The method of claim 31, wherein the particles are made of a polymeric material selected from the group consisting of a thermoplastic material, a rubber, and hybrids thereof. 36. The method of claim 31, wherein the resin formulation comprises one or more polymers selected from the group consisting of epoxies, bis-maleimides, cynate esters, benzoxazines, polyesters, and reactions thereof. 37. The method of claim 31, wherein the particles are polymeric toughening particles made of a material selected from the group consisting of polyimide, polyamide, poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK), poly(etherketoneketone) (PEKK), carboxy-terminated butadiene nitrile (CTBN), rubber, an emulsified poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) material, and mixture of thermoset and thermoplastic materials. 38. The method of claim 31, wherein the coated resin film has a weight within the range of 2 gsm-100 gsm and the layer of particles has a weight within the range of 2 gsm-35 gsm. 39. The method of claim 31, further comprising controlling the temperature of the tack-enhancement resin film to within a predetermined temperature range during deposition at (c). 40. The method of claim 31, further comprising:
(f) forming an additional particle-coated resin film by repeating steps (a)-(c); (g) laminating the additional particle-coated resin film to an opposite side of the prepreg substrate such that an additional layer of particles is in contact with an exposed surface of the prepreg substrate; and (h) removing the release film from the additional particle-coated resin film to yield a composite structure having a prepreg substrate between two layers of particles and two resin films. 41. The method of claim 31, further comprising:
laminating the composite structure at (e) to at least one other prepreg substrate comprising reinforcement fibers impregnated with a resin. 42. The method of claim 40, further comprising:
laminating the composite structure at (h) to at least one other prepreg substrate comprising reinforcement fibers impregnated with a resin. 43. A method of manufacturing a composite article comprising:
forming a plurality of composite structures, each composite structure being formed according to the method of claim 31; and laminating the composite structures together. 44. A composite article formed by the method of claim 43. 45. A composite structure, comprising:
a prepreg ply having two opposing outer surfaces, wherein said prepreg ply comprises a fiber sheet pre-impregnated with a first resin formulation; at least one tack-enhancement resin film having a layer of particles coated thereon, wherein the layer of particles is in contact with one outer surface of the prepreg ply and is positioned between the prepreg ply and the tack-enhancement resin film, the particles have a particle a size of less than 100 microns, and the tack-enhancement resin film is substantially void of any reinforcement fibers and particles. 46. The composite structure of claim 45, wherein the prepreg ply is positioned between two of said tack-enhancement resin film, and a layer of particles is in contact with each outer surface of the prepreg ply. 47. The composite structure of claim 45, wherein the particles are toughening particles made of a polymeric material. 48. The composite structure of claim 45, wherein the particles are toughening particles made of a material selected from the group consisting of: polyimide, polyamide, poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK), poly(etherketoneketone) (PEKK), carboxy-terminated butadiene nitrile (CTBN), rubber, an emulsified poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) material, functionalized thermoplastic polymers, and mixture of thermoset and thermoplastic materials. 49. The composite structure of claim 45, wherein the tack-enhancement resin film has a weight of between 2 gsm and 100 gsm and the particle layer has a weight of between 2 gsm and 35 gsm. | 1,700 |
2,205 | 13,941,704 | 1,793 | The present invention is a food product and a method of creating the food product that satisfies the need for a homogenized dispersion that disperses throughout meat, wherein the particle size of macromolecular ingredients within the dispersion is reduced to form a more stable homogenized dispersion with increased ingredient functionality. This permeated meat offers added health benefits such as the substitution of the anti-oxidant rich olive oil for problematic animal fat. | 1.-20. (canceled) 21. A process for making a meat product with a homogenized marinade, comprising:
preparing a marinade, wherein the marinade includes:
a lipid from about 1.0% to about 20.0% by weight of the marinade,
water from about 50% to about 90% by weight of the marinade, and
homogenizing the marinade to produce a homogenized marinade having a reduce particle size;
feeding at least a portion of the homogenized marinade into an injector; and penetrating the meat with the injector and injecting the homogenized marinade in the penetration. 22. The process of claim 21, wherein the marinade further includes potassium chloride from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the marinade. 23. The process of claim 21, wherein the homogenized marinade includes a mean particle size from about 25 microns to about 40 microns. 24. The process of claim 23, wherein the homogenized marinade includes a mean particle size from about 34 microns to about 40 microns. 25. The process of claim 23, wherein the meat product includes a dispersed lipid distribution that is from about 1% to about 4% by total weight of the meat product. 26. The process of claim 23, wherein the injector includes a multi-needle injector with a centrifugal pump. 27. The process of claim 23, wherein penetration is between about 1 mm and 4 mm in diameter. 28. The process of claim 23, wherein homogenization is ultrasonic homogenization. 29. The process of claim 28, wherein the ultrasonic homogenization includes streaming the marinade over a cantilevered blade. 30. The process of claim 29, wherein the ultrasonic homogenization occurs at a pressure from about 1500 to about 3000 psi. 31. The process of claim 21, wherein the lipid includes at least one member of a group consisting of: soybean oil, corn oil, beef tallow, and high oleic oils. 32. The process of claim 21, wherein the marinade further includes a fiber. 33. The process of claim 21, wherein the marinade further includes soy protein. 34. A process for making a meat product with a homogenized marinade, comprising:
preparing a marinade, wherein the marinade includes:
a lipid from about 1.0% to about 20.0% by weight of the marinade,
water from about 50% to about 90% by weight of the marinade, and
homogenizing the marinade to produce a homogenized marinade, wherein the homogenized marinade includes:
an initial mean particle size of about 34 microns, and
a mean particle size from about 38 microns to about 40 microns between about 1 hour and about 7 hours after homogenization;
chilling the homogenized marinade; feeding at least a portion of the chilled homogenized marinade into a needle injector; penetrating the meat with the needle injector and depositing the chilled homogenized marinade in the penetration. 35. The process of claim 34, wherein homogenization is ultrasonic homogenization. 36. The process of claim 35, wherein the ultrasonic homogenization includes streaming the marinade over a cantilevered blade in the stream. 37. The process of claim 36, wherein the ultrasonic homogenization occurs at a pressure from about 1500 to about 3000 psi. 38. The process of claim 34, wherein the meat product includes a dispersed lipid distribution that is from about 1% to about 4% by total weight of the meat product. 39. A process for making a meat product with a homogenized marinade, comprising:
preparing a marinade, wherein the marinade includes:
a lipid from about 1.0% to about 20.0% by weight of the marinade,
water from about 50% to about 90% by weight of the marinade, and
homogenizing the marinade with the ultrasonic homogenizer at a pressure of about 1500 psi to about 3000 psi to produce a homogenized marinade, wherein the homogenized marinade includes a mean particle size from about 25 microns to about 40 microns; chilling the homogenized marinade; feeding at least a portion of the chilled homogenized marinade into a needle injector; penetrating the meat with the needle injector and depositing the chilled homogenized marinade in the penetration, wherein the deposit forms a meat product with homogenized dispersion, wherein the meat product with homogenized dispersion includes a dispersed lipid distribution that is from about 1% to about 4% by total weight of the meat product with homogenized dispersion. | The present invention is a food product and a method of creating the food product that satisfies the need for a homogenized dispersion that disperses throughout meat, wherein the particle size of macromolecular ingredients within the dispersion is reduced to form a more stable homogenized dispersion with increased ingredient functionality. This permeated meat offers added health benefits such as the substitution of the anti-oxidant rich olive oil for problematic animal fat.1.-20. (canceled) 21. A process for making a meat product with a homogenized marinade, comprising:
preparing a marinade, wherein the marinade includes:
a lipid from about 1.0% to about 20.0% by weight of the marinade,
water from about 50% to about 90% by weight of the marinade, and
homogenizing the marinade to produce a homogenized marinade having a reduce particle size;
feeding at least a portion of the homogenized marinade into an injector; and penetrating the meat with the injector and injecting the homogenized marinade in the penetration. 22. The process of claim 21, wherein the marinade further includes potassium chloride from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the marinade. 23. The process of claim 21, wherein the homogenized marinade includes a mean particle size from about 25 microns to about 40 microns. 24. The process of claim 23, wherein the homogenized marinade includes a mean particle size from about 34 microns to about 40 microns. 25. The process of claim 23, wherein the meat product includes a dispersed lipid distribution that is from about 1% to about 4% by total weight of the meat product. 26. The process of claim 23, wherein the injector includes a multi-needle injector with a centrifugal pump. 27. The process of claim 23, wherein penetration is between about 1 mm and 4 mm in diameter. 28. The process of claim 23, wherein homogenization is ultrasonic homogenization. 29. The process of claim 28, wherein the ultrasonic homogenization includes streaming the marinade over a cantilevered blade. 30. The process of claim 29, wherein the ultrasonic homogenization occurs at a pressure from about 1500 to about 3000 psi. 31. The process of claim 21, wherein the lipid includes at least one member of a group consisting of: soybean oil, corn oil, beef tallow, and high oleic oils. 32. The process of claim 21, wherein the marinade further includes a fiber. 33. The process of claim 21, wherein the marinade further includes soy protein. 34. A process for making a meat product with a homogenized marinade, comprising:
preparing a marinade, wherein the marinade includes:
a lipid from about 1.0% to about 20.0% by weight of the marinade,
water from about 50% to about 90% by weight of the marinade, and
homogenizing the marinade to produce a homogenized marinade, wherein the homogenized marinade includes:
an initial mean particle size of about 34 microns, and
a mean particle size from about 38 microns to about 40 microns between about 1 hour and about 7 hours after homogenization;
chilling the homogenized marinade; feeding at least a portion of the chilled homogenized marinade into a needle injector; penetrating the meat with the needle injector and depositing the chilled homogenized marinade in the penetration. 35. The process of claim 34, wherein homogenization is ultrasonic homogenization. 36. The process of claim 35, wherein the ultrasonic homogenization includes streaming the marinade over a cantilevered blade in the stream. 37. The process of claim 36, wherein the ultrasonic homogenization occurs at a pressure from about 1500 to about 3000 psi. 38. The process of claim 34, wherein the meat product includes a dispersed lipid distribution that is from about 1% to about 4% by total weight of the meat product. 39. A process for making a meat product with a homogenized marinade, comprising:
preparing a marinade, wherein the marinade includes:
a lipid from about 1.0% to about 20.0% by weight of the marinade,
water from about 50% to about 90% by weight of the marinade, and
homogenizing the marinade with the ultrasonic homogenizer at a pressure of about 1500 psi to about 3000 psi to produce a homogenized marinade, wherein the homogenized marinade includes a mean particle size from about 25 microns to about 40 microns; chilling the homogenized marinade; feeding at least a portion of the chilled homogenized marinade into a needle injector; penetrating the meat with the needle injector and depositing the chilled homogenized marinade in the penetration, wherein the deposit forms a meat product with homogenized dispersion, wherein the meat product with homogenized dispersion includes a dispersed lipid distribution that is from about 1% to about 4% by total weight of the meat product with homogenized dispersion. | 1,700 |
2,206 | 12,769,509 | 1,768 | The invention relates to a nonmetallic inorganic or mineral particulate polymer composite having enhanced viscoelastic and rheological properties. | 1. An inorganic particle and polymer composite comprising:
(a) about 30 to 87 vol.-% of an inorganic mineral particle having a particle size PS greater than about 5 microns having a coating of about 0.005 to 5 wt-% of an interfacial modifier, the percentage based on the composite; and (b) a polymer phase. 2. The composite of claim 1 wherein the particle comprises a mineral having a particle size PS of about 10 to 1000 microns. 3. The composite of claim 1 wherein the particle comprises a mineral having a particle size PS of about 10 to 200 microns. 4. The composite of claim 1 wherein the particle comprises a mineral having a particle size PS of about 15 to 250 microns; 5. The composite of claim 1 wherein the circularity of the mineral is 12.5 to—50. 6. The composite of claim 1 wherein the particle comprises a ceramic having a particle size PS of about 5 to 150 microns. 7. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite has a tensile strength of about 0.1 to 15 times that of the base polymer. 8. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite has a tensile strength of about 5 to 25 times that of the base polymer. 9. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite has a tensile elongation of about 0.10% and 100% of the base polymer. 10. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite has a tensile elongation of about 15% and 100% of the base polymer. 11. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite has a tensile strength of about 0.10 to 20 times that of the base polymer and a tensile elongation of about 15% and 100% of base polymer. 12. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite has a thermoplastic shear of at least 5 sec−1. 13. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite has a tensile strength of at least 0.2 MPa and a thermoplastic shear of at least 5 sec−1. 14. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite comprises greater than 30 vol.-% of the inorganic material having a particle size of 10 to 200 microns. 15. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite comprises greater than 50 vol.-% of the inorganic mineral. 16. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite comprises a particulate wherein the majority of the particulates having a particulate size PS of about 10 to 1000 microns; and a fluoropolymer phase. 17. The composite of claim 1 wherein the inorganic mineral has a particle size PS of about 10 to 200 microns and the composite additionally comprises a second particulate with a particle size PS 1 that differs from the inorganic composite by at least 5 microns. 18. The composite of claim 17 wherein the inorganic mineral has a particle size PS according to the formula PS<2 PS 1 or PS>0.5 PS 1; wherein PS is the particle size of the inorganic mineral and PS 1 is the particle size of the second particulate. 19. The composite of claim 17 wherein the second particulate comprises a ceramic particulate, a glass microsphere, a solid glass sphere, or a second inorganic composite. 20. The composite of claim 1 wherein the second particle comprises a hollow glass sphere having a particle size PS of about 10 to 300 microns. 21. The composite of claim 1 wherein the second particle comprises a solid glass sphere having a particle size PS of about 5 to 1000 microns. 22. The composite of claim 1 wherein the particle comprises a silica having a particle size PS of about 5 to 500 microns. 23. The composite of claim 1 wherein the particle comprises a silica having a particle size PS of about 75 to 500 microns. 24. The composite of claim 22 wherein the silica particle comprises silica sand. 25. The composite of claim 1 wherein the particle comprises zirconium silicate. 26. The composite of claim 22 wherein the polymer comprises a fluoropolymer. 27. The composite of claim 26 wherein the polymer comprises a fluoroelastomer. 28. The composite of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises a polyamide. 29. The composite of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises a nylon. 30. The composite of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises a poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate). 31. The composite of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises a synthetic rubber. 32. The composite of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises a polyolefin. 33. The composite of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises a thermoset polymer. 34. The composite of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises a high-density polyolefin. 35. The composite of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises a polyvinyl chloride. 36. The composite of claim 1 wherein the inorganic mineral particle comprises a circularity of about 14 to 50. 37. The composite of claim 1 wherein the second particle comprises a mixture of particles of differing composition. 38. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite comprises about 0.01 to 5 wt % of an interfacial modifier based on the composite. 39. The composite of claim 1 wherein the particle has an excluded vol. of about 13 vol.-% to about 70 vol.-%. 40. The composite of claim 1 wherein the particle has an excluded vol. of about 13 vol.-% to about 60 vol.-%. 41. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite comprises an organic or inorganic pigment. 42. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite comprises an organic dye. 43. A particulate polymer composite comprising a non-metal, inorganic or mineral particle in a polymer phase, the composite comprising:
(a) about 90 to 40 vol.-% of an inorganic mineral particle, having a density greater than 0.10 gm-cm−3 and less than 5 gm-cm−3, a particle size PS greater than 10 microns, a circularity greater than 14 and an aspect ratio less than 3; and (b) about 10 to 70 vol.-% of a polymer phase;
wherein the particulate comprising a layer comprising about 0.005 to 3 wt.-% of an interfacial modifier; and the composite density is about 0.9 to 15 gm-cm−3. 44. The composite of claim 43 further comprising a particle with a circularity index of 12.5 to 25.0. 45. The composite of claim 43 wherein the density is about 1 to 5 gm-cm−3. 46. The composite of claim 43 wherein the density is about 1 to 2 gm-cm−3. 47. A shaped article comprising the composite of claim 43 wherein in the polymer composite comprises about 87 to 48 vol.-% of a particulate having a particle size PS greater than 10 microns, and having a particle size PS distribution having at least 10 wt.-% of a particulate within about 10 to 100 microns, at least 10 wt.-% of the polymer particulate within about 100 to 500 microns, a circularity greater than 12.5 and an aspect ratio less than 1:3; about 13 to 51 vol.-% of a polymer phase. 48. A method of forming an inorganic and polymer composite material which comprises forming a extrudible mass comprising a polymer phase and a particle phase, the particle phase comprising a coating of an interfacial modifier in an amount of about 0.005 to 5.0 wt-% based on the composite, the particles comprising a first particle particulate having a circularity of greater than about 15 and a second substantially round particulate having a circularity of about 12.5 to 15; the second particulate comprising greater than 5 vol.-% of the composite wherein upon extrusion, the shear on the extrudible mass, the wear of an extruder and the extrusion pressure is reduced. 49. The method of claim 48 wherein the second substantially round particle is used at about 5 to 80 vol.-% of a particulate phase comprising 30 to 82 vol.-% of the composite. 50. The method of claim 48 wherein the circularity of the inorganic particle comprises circularity about 15 to 50 and the second substantially round particulate comprises circularity about 12.5 to 25. 51. The method of claim 48 wherein the particle size PS of the first particle is 20 to 50 microns and the particle size PS of the second particle is about 12.5 to 20 microns. 52. A shaped article comprising the composite of claim 43 wherein in the polymer composite comprises about 87 to 48 volume-% of a particulate having a particle size greater than 10 microns, and having a particle size distribution having at least 10 wt.-% of a particulate within about 10 to 100 microns, at least 10 wt.-% of the polymer particulate within about 100 to 500 microns, a circularity greater than 12.5 and an aspect ratio less than 1:9; about 13 to 51 vol-% of a polymer phase. 53. The shaped article of claim 52 wherein the article is dental article, a transportation bumper, a commercial or residential weather strip, an abrasive layer, a vapor resistant hose, a transportation interior panel, a sealant for a fenestration unit or installation, a structural member for a sound box, a transportation brake pad, an LED heat dissipation fixture, a refrigeration unit thermal seal, and a fenestration composition that act as a thermal or barrier to mass transfer. 54. The shaped article of claim 53 wherein the transportation panel is a sound deadening panel for an automotive and boat application. 55. The shaped article of claim 53 wherein the fenestration unit is insulated glass unit. | The invention relates to a nonmetallic inorganic or mineral particulate polymer composite having enhanced viscoelastic and rheological properties.1. An inorganic particle and polymer composite comprising:
(a) about 30 to 87 vol.-% of an inorganic mineral particle having a particle size PS greater than about 5 microns having a coating of about 0.005 to 5 wt-% of an interfacial modifier, the percentage based on the composite; and (b) a polymer phase. 2. The composite of claim 1 wherein the particle comprises a mineral having a particle size PS of about 10 to 1000 microns. 3. The composite of claim 1 wherein the particle comprises a mineral having a particle size PS of about 10 to 200 microns. 4. The composite of claim 1 wherein the particle comprises a mineral having a particle size PS of about 15 to 250 microns; 5. The composite of claim 1 wherein the circularity of the mineral is 12.5 to—50. 6. The composite of claim 1 wherein the particle comprises a ceramic having a particle size PS of about 5 to 150 microns. 7. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite has a tensile strength of about 0.1 to 15 times that of the base polymer. 8. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite has a tensile strength of about 5 to 25 times that of the base polymer. 9. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite has a tensile elongation of about 0.10% and 100% of the base polymer. 10. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite has a tensile elongation of about 15% and 100% of the base polymer. 11. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite has a tensile strength of about 0.10 to 20 times that of the base polymer and a tensile elongation of about 15% and 100% of base polymer. 12. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite has a thermoplastic shear of at least 5 sec−1. 13. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite has a tensile strength of at least 0.2 MPa and a thermoplastic shear of at least 5 sec−1. 14. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite comprises greater than 30 vol.-% of the inorganic material having a particle size of 10 to 200 microns. 15. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite comprises greater than 50 vol.-% of the inorganic mineral. 16. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite comprises a particulate wherein the majority of the particulates having a particulate size PS of about 10 to 1000 microns; and a fluoropolymer phase. 17. The composite of claim 1 wherein the inorganic mineral has a particle size PS of about 10 to 200 microns and the composite additionally comprises a second particulate with a particle size PS 1 that differs from the inorganic composite by at least 5 microns. 18. The composite of claim 17 wherein the inorganic mineral has a particle size PS according to the formula PS<2 PS 1 or PS>0.5 PS 1; wherein PS is the particle size of the inorganic mineral and PS 1 is the particle size of the second particulate. 19. The composite of claim 17 wherein the second particulate comprises a ceramic particulate, a glass microsphere, a solid glass sphere, or a second inorganic composite. 20. The composite of claim 1 wherein the second particle comprises a hollow glass sphere having a particle size PS of about 10 to 300 microns. 21. The composite of claim 1 wherein the second particle comprises a solid glass sphere having a particle size PS of about 5 to 1000 microns. 22. The composite of claim 1 wherein the particle comprises a silica having a particle size PS of about 5 to 500 microns. 23. The composite of claim 1 wherein the particle comprises a silica having a particle size PS of about 75 to 500 microns. 24. The composite of claim 22 wherein the silica particle comprises silica sand. 25. The composite of claim 1 wherein the particle comprises zirconium silicate. 26. The composite of claim 22 wherein the polymer comprises a fluoropolymer. 27. The composite of claim 26 wherein the polymer comprises a fluoroelastomer. 28. The composite of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises a polyamide. 29. The composite of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises a nylon. 30. The composite of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises a poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate). 31. The composite of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises a synthetic rubber. 32. The composite of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises a polyolefin. 33. The composite of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises a thermoset polymer. 34. The composite of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises a high-density polyolefin. 35. The composite of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises a polyvinyl chloride. 36. The composite of claim 1 wherein the inorganic mineral particle comprises a circularity of about 14 to 50. 37. The composite of claim 1 wherein the second particle comprises a mixture of particles of differing composition. 38. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite comprises about 0.01 to 5 wt % of an interfacial modifier based on the composite. 39. The composite of claim 1 wherein the particle has an excluded vol. of about 13 vol.-% to about 70 vol.-%. 40. The composite of claim 1 wherein the particle has an excluded vol. of about 13 vol.-% to about 60 vol.-%. 41. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite comprises an organic or inorganic pigment. 42. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite comprises an organic dye. 43. A particulate polymer composite comprising a non-metal, inorganic or mineral particle in a polymer phase, the composite comprising:
(a) about 90 to 40 vol.-% of an inorganic mineral particle, having a density greater than 0.10 gm-cm−3 and less than 5 gm-cm−3, a particle size PS greater than 10 microns, a circularity greater than 14 and an aspect ratio less than 3; and (b) about 10 to 70 vol.-% of a polymer phase;
wherein the particulate comprising a layer comprising about 0.005 to 3 wt.-% of an interfacial modifier; and the composite density is about 0.9 to 15 gm-cm−3. 44. The composite of claim 43 further comprising a particle with a circularity index of 12.5 to 25.0. 45. The composite of claim 43 wherein the density is about 1 to 5 gm-cm−3. 46. The composite of claim 43 wherein the density is about 1 to 2 gm-cm−3. 47. A shaped article comprising the composite of claim 43 wherein in the polymer composite comprises about 87 to 48 vol.-% of a particulate having a particle size PS greater than 10 microns, and having a particle size PS distribution having at least 10 wt.-% of a particulate within about 10 to 100 microns, at least 10 wt.-% of the polymer particulate within about 100 to 500 microns, a circularity greater than 12.5 and an aspect ratio less than 1:3; about 13 to 51 vol.-% of a polymer phase. 48. A method of forming an inorganic and polymer composite material which comprises forming a extrudible mass comprising a polymer phase and a particle phase, the particle phase comprising a coating of an interfacial modifier in an amount of about 0.005 to 5.0 wt-% based on the composite, the particles comprising a first particle particulate having a circularity of greater than about 15 and a second substantially round particulate having a circularity of about 12.5 to 15; the second particulate comprising greater than 5 vol.-% of the composite wherein upon extrusion, the shear on the extrudible mass, the wear of an extruder and the extrusion pressure is reduced. 49. The method of claim 48 wherein the second substantially round particle is used at about 5 to 80 vol.-% of a particulate phase comprising 30 to 82 vol.-% of the composite. 50. The method of claim 48 wherein the circularity of the inorganic particle comprises circularity about 15 to 50 and the second substantially round particulate comprises circularity about 12.5 to 25. 51. The method of claim 48 wherein the particle size PS of the first particle is 20 to 50 microns and the particle size PS of the second particle is about 12.5 to 20 microns. 52. A shaped article comprising the composite of claim 43 wherein in the polymer composite comprises about 87 to 48 volume-% of a particulate having a particle size greater than 10 microns, and having a particle size distribution having at least 10 wt.-% of a particulate within about 10 to 100 microns, at least 10 wt.-% of the polymer particulate within about 100 to 500 microns, a circularity greater than 12.5 and an aspect ratio less than 1:9; about 13 to 51 vol-% of a polymer phase. 53. The shaped article of claim 52 wherein the article is dental article, a transportation bumper, a commercial or residential weather strip, an abrasive layer, a vapor resistant hose, a transportation interior panel, a sealant for a fenestration unit or installation, a structural member for a sound box, a transportation brake pad, an LED heat dissipation fixture, a refrigeration unit thermal seal, and a fenestration composition that act as a thermal or barrier to mass transfer. 54. The shaped article of claim 53 wherein the transportation panel is a sound deadening panel for an automotive and boat application. 55. The shaped article of claim 53 wherein the fenestration unit is insulated glass unit. | 1,700 |
2,207 | 10,988,214 | 1,768 | The invention relates to a metal polymer composite having properties that are enhanced or increased in the composite. Such properties include color, magnetism, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, density, improved malleability and ductility and thermoplastic or injection molding properties. | 1-117. (canceled) 118. A flexible automobile weight comprising:
(i) a shaped article comprising a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite; and (ii) an attachment means; wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5%; and comprises:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate comprising a coating of a composite forming amount of an interfacial modifier capable of obtaining a viscoelastic composite with viscoelastic properties that permits flexible conformance to a curved wheel surface, the composite formed with other than a silane coupling agent that forms a chemical bond between the metal particle and the continuous polymer phase, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 250 microns; and
(b) a polymer phase. 119. The weight of claim 118 wherein the attachment means comprises an adhesive layer. 120. The weight of claim 118 wherein the attachment means comprises an adhesive strip. 121. (canceled) 122. (canceled) 123. The weight of claim 118 wherein the viscoelastic composite comprises a linear planar extrudate. 124. The weight of claim 118 wherein the weight has a viscoelastic character defined by the modulus and Poisson ratio of the composite that permits bending conformance to a curved wheel surface. 125. The weight of claim 118 wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of at least 100%. 126. The weight of claim 118 wherein the metal particle comprises an alloy particle. 127. The weight of claim 118 wherein the particulate comprises a bimetallic particle. 128. The weight of claim 118 wherein the composite contains about at least 5 wt.-% of particulate in the range of about 10 to 70 microns and about at least 5 wt.-% of particulate in the range of about 70 to 250 microns, 129. The weight of claim 118 wherein the particulate further comprises about at least 5 wt.-% of a particulate in the range of about 250 to 500 microns. 130. The weight of claim 118 wherein the polymer comprises a fluoropolymer. 131. The weight of claim 118 wherein the composite comprises about 0.005 to 4 wt % of the interfacial modifier. 132. The weight of claim 118 wherein the metal particulate comprises tungsten, bismuth, ferrous metal or mixtures thereof. 133. (canceled) 134. The weight of claim 118 wherein the attachment means comprises a clip. 135-150. (canceled) | The invention relates to a metal polymer composite having properties that are enhanced or increased in the composite. Such properties include color, magnetism, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, density, improved malleability and ductility and thermoplastic or injection molding properties.1-117. (canceled) 118. A flexible automobile weight comprising:
(i) a shaped article comprising a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite; and (ii) an attachment means; wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5%; and comprises:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate comprising a coating of a composite forming amount of an interfacial modifier capable of obtaining a viscoelastic composite with viscoelastic properties that permits flexible conformance to a curved wheel surface, the composite formed with other than a silane coupling agent that forms a chemical bond between the metal particle and the continuous polymer phase, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 250 microns; and
(b) a polymer phase. 119. The weight of claim 118 wherein the attachment means comprises an adhesive layer. 120. The weight of claim 118 wherein the attachment means comprises an adhesive strip. 121. (canceled) 122. (canceled) 123. The weight of claim 118 wherein the viscoelastic composite comprises a linear planar extrudate. 124. The weight of claim 118 wherein the weight has a viscoelastic character defined by the modulus and Poisson ratio of the composite that permits bending conformance to a curved wheel surface. 125. The weight of claim 118 wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of at least 100%. 126. The weight of claim 118 wherein the metal particle comprises an alloy particle. 127. The weight of claim 118 wherein the particulate comprises a bimetallic particle. 128. The weight of claim 118 wherein the composite contains about at least 5 wt.-% of particulate in the range of about 10 to 70 microns and about at least 5 wt.-% of particulate in the range of about 70 to 250 microns, 129. The weight of claim 118 wherein the particulate further comprises about at least 5 wt.-% of a particulate in the range of about 250 to 500 microns. 130. The weight of claim 118 wherein the polymer comprises a fluoropolymer. 131. The weight of claim 118 wherein the composite comprises about 0.005 to 4 wt % of the interfacial modifier. 132. The weight of claim 118 wherein the metal particulate comprises tungsten, bismuth, ferrous metal or mixtures thereof. 133. (canceled) 134. The weight of claim 118 wherein the attachment means comprises a clip. 135-150. (canceled) | 1,700 |
2,208 | 12,278,633 | 1,768 | The invention relates to a metal polymer composite having properties that are enhanced or increased in the composite. Such properties include viscoelastic character, color, magnetism, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, density, improved malleability and ductility and thermoplastic or injection molding properties. | 1. A metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particle size such that less than 5 wt % of the particulate is less than about 10 microns, the particulate in an amount of about 45 to about 95 vol % of the composite; and (b) a polymer phase comprising about 5 to about 55 vol % of the composite,
wherein the viscoelastic composite, when subject to a deforming force, exhibits a characteristic stress and strain curve with a yield stress maximum A at an εA, a lower yield stress minimum B at an εB, a second yield stress maximum and an initiation of failure C at εC and a 0 strain failure D at εD, the εD of the composite greater than 10% and each ε represents an increase in % strain. 2. The composite of claim 1 wherein the stress point A is greater than 0.2 MPa. 3. The composite of claim 1 wherein the stress point B is less than 60 MPa. 4. The composite of claim 1 wherein the stress point C is greater than 0.2 MPa. 5. The composite of claim 1 wherein the metal particulate comprises a volume packing greater than 45 vol %. 6. The composite of claim 1 wherein the metal particulate comprises a volume packing greater than 54 vol %. 7. The composite of claim 1 wherein the polymer is a halogen containing polymer having a density of greater than 1.3 gm-cm−3. 8. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite comprises an interfacial modifier material comprising about 0.0005 to about 2 wt % of the composite; 9. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite comprises an interfacial modifier material comprising about 0.0005 to about 1 wt % of the composite; 10. The composite of claim 1 wherein the metal particulate comprises a metal having a particle size distribution ranging from about 10 to 70 microns. 11. The composite of claim 7 wherein the metal particulate comprises a metal having at least 5 wt.-% with a particle size ranging from about 70 to 250 microns. 12. The composite of claim 4 wherein the polymer comprises a fluoropolymer having a density greater than 1.7 gm-cm−3. 13. The composite of claim 1 wherein the metal particulate has an excluded volume about 20% to about 55 volume-% and the metal is present in an amount of about 95 to 96 wt.-%. 14. The composite of claim 2 wherein the stress point A is at about 1-10 MPa. 15. The composite of claim 3 wherein the stress point B is at about 1-10 MPa. 16. The composite of claim 4 wherein the stress point C is at about 1 to 10 MPa. 17. The composite of claims 1 wherein the metal particulate comprises at least about 10 wt.-% of particulate in the range of about 70 to 250 microns and at least 5 wt % of the particulate is in the range of about 250 microns or greater. 18. The composite of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises a fluoropolymer with a density of about 1.8 gm-cm−3. 19. The composite of claim 1 wherein the metal comprises tungsten. 20. A heat transfer structure comprising:
(a) a heat source; (b) a heat transfer layer; and (c) a heated structure;
wherein the heat transfer layer comprises a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising a metal particulate having a particle size such that less than 5% of the particulate is less than about 10 microns, the particulate in an amount of about 45 to about 95 vol % of the composite; a polymer phase comprising about 5 to about 55 vol % of the composite; and an interfacial modifier comprising about 0.005 to about 2 wt % of the composite; and the transfer layer has a thermal conductivity of greater than about than about 1 W-M−1K−1. 21. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the thermal conductivity ranges from about 50 to about 175 W-M−°K−1. 22. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the thermal conductivity is 75 to 155 W-M−1K−1. 23. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the thermal conductivity is about 87 to 105 W-M−1°K−1. 24. The structure of claim 20 wherein the useful operating range of the composition is from about −50° C. to about +130° C. 25. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the metal particulate comprises a circularity of greater than 14 and a density greater than 5-21 gm-cm−3. 26. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the composite density is greater than 8-12 gm-cm−3. 27. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the polymer is a halogen containing polymer having a density of greater than 1.7 gm-cm−3. 28. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the composite comprises about 5 wt.-% of a colorant. 29. The thermal structure of claim 28 wherein the colorant comprises a pigment, a dye, a fluorescent dye or mixtures thereof. 30. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the metal particulate comprises tungsten having a particle size distribution ranging from about 10 to 70 microns. 31. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the metal particulate comprises tungsten having at least 5 wt.-% with a particle size ranging from about 70 to 250 microns. 32. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the polymer comprises a fluoropolymer. 33. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the metal particulate has an excluded volume about 20% to about 55 volume-% and the metal is present in an amount of about 70 to 95 wt.-%. 34. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the metal particulate comprises at least about 10 wt.-% of particulate in the range of about 70 to 250 microns and at least 5 wt % of the particulate is in the range of about 250 microns or greater. 35. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the polymer comprises a fluoropolymer. 36. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the metal comprises tungsten. 37. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the metal particulate comprises bismuth having at least 5 wt.-% with a particle size ranging from about 70 to 250 microns. 38. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the metal particulate comprises a ferrous metal having at least 5 wt.-% with a particle size ranging from about 70 to 250 microns. 39. The thermal structure of claim 38 wherein the metal particulate comprises stainless steel. | The invention relates to a metal polymer composite having properties that are enhanced or increased in the composite. Such properties include viscoelastic character, color, magnetism, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, density, improved malleability and ductility and thermoplastic or injection molding properties.1. A metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particle size such that less than 5 wt % of the particulate is less than about 10 microns, the particulate in an amount of about 45 to about 95 vol % of the composite; and (b) a polymer phase comprising about 5 to about 55 vol % of the composite,
wherein the viscoelastic composite, when subject to a deforming force, exhibits a characteristic stress and strain curve with a yield stress maximum A at an εA, a lower yield stress minimum B at an εB, a second yield stress maximum and an initiation of failure C at εC and a 0 strain failure D at εD, the εD of the composite greater than 10% and each ε represents an increase in % strain. 2. The composite of claim 1 wherein the stress point A is greater than 0.2 MPa. 3. The composite of claim 1 wherein the stress point B is less than 60 MPa. 4. The composite of claim 1 wherein the stress point C is greater than 0.2 MPa. 5. The composite of claim 1 wherein the metal particulate comprises a volume packing greater than 45 vol %. 6. The composite of claim 1 wherein the metal particulate comprises a volume packing greater than 54 vol %. 7. The composite of claim 1 wherein the polymer is a halogen containing polymer having a density of greater than 1.3 gm-cm−3. 8. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite comprises an interfacial modifier material comprising about 0.0005 to about 2 wt % of the composite; 9. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite comprises an interfacial modifier material comprising about 0.0005 to about 1 wt % of the composite; 10. The composite of claim 1 wherein the metal particulate comprises a metal having a particle size distribution ranging from about 10 to 70 microns. 11. The composite of claim 7 wherein the metal particulate comprises a metal having at least 5 wt.-% with a particle size ranging from about 70 to 250 microns. 12. The composite of claim 4 wherein the polymer comprises a fluoropolymer having a density greater than 1.7 gm-cm−3. 13. The composite of claim 1 wherein the metal particulate has an excluded volume about 20% to about 55 volume-% and the metal is present in an amount of about 95 to 96 wt.-%. 14. The composite of claim 2 wherein the stress point A is at about 1-10 MPa. 15. The composite of claim 3 wherein the stress point B is at about 1-10 MPa. 16. The composite of claim 4 wherein the stress point C is at about 1 to 10 MPa. 17. The composite of claims 1 wherein the metal particulate comprises at least about 10 wt.-% of particulate in the range of about 70 to 250 microns and at least 5 wt % of the particulate is in the range of about 250 microns or greater. 18. The composite of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises a fluoropolymer with a density of about 1.8 gm-cm−3. 19. The composite of claim 1 wherein the metal comprises tungsten. 20. A heat transfer structure comprising:
(a) a heat source; (b) a heat transfer layer; and (c) a heated structure;
wherein the heat transfer layer comprises a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising a metal particulate having a particle size such that less than 5% of the particulate is less than about 10 microns, the particulate in an amount of about 45 to about 95 vol % of the composite; a polymer phase comprising about 5 to about 55 vol % of the composite; and an interfacial modifier comprising about 0.005 to about 2 wt % of the composite; and the transfer layer has a thermal conductivity of greater than about than about 1 W-M−1K−1. 21. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the thermal conductivity ranges from about 50 to about 175 W-M−°K−1. 22. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the thermal conductivity is 75 to 155 W-M−1K−1. 23. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the thermal conductivity is about 87 to 105 W-M−1°K−1. 24. The structure of claim 20 wherein the useful operating range of the composition is from about −50° C. to about +130° C. 25. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the metal particulate comprises a circularity of greater than 14 and a density greater than 5-21 gm-cm−3. 26. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the composite density is greater than 8-12 gm-cm−3. 27. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the polymer is a halogen containing polymer having a density of greater than 1.7 gm-cm−3. 28. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the composite comprises about 5 wt.-% of a colorant. 29. The thermal structure of claim 28 wherein the colorant comprises a pigment, a dye, a fluorescent dye or mixtures thereof. 30. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the metal particulate comprises tungsten having a particle size distribution ranging from about 10 to 70 microns. 31. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the metal particulate comprises tungsten having at least 5 wt.-% with a particle size ranging from about 70 to 250 microns. 32. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the polymer comprises a fluoropolymer. 33. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the metal particulate has an excluded volume about 20% to about 55 volume-% and the metal is present in an amount of about 70 to 95 wt.-%. 34. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the metal particulate comprises at least about 10 wt.-% of particulate in the range of about 70 to 250 microns and at least 5 wt % of the particulate is in the range of about 250 microns or greater. 35. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the polymer comprises a fluoropolymer. 36. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the metal comprises tungsten. 37. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the metal particulate comprises bismuth having at least 5 wt.-% with a particle size ranging from about 70 to 250 microns. 38. The thermal structure of claim 20 wherein the metal particulate comprises a ferrous metal having at least 5 wt.-% with a particle size ranging from about 70 to 250 microns. 39. The thermal structure of claim 38 wherein the metal particulate comprises stainless steel. | 1,700 |
2,209 | 14,295,551 | 1,763 | Disclosed herein are methods and compositions of blended polyamide compositions with improved thermal conductivity. The resulting blended polymer compositions, comprising one or more polyamide polymers, one or more thermally conductive fillers, and a laser direct structuring additive, wherein the blended polymer composition has improved thermal conductivity. | 1. A blended thermoplastic composition comprising:
a. from about 30 wt % to about 90 wt % of at least one polymer component; b. from about 9 wt % to about 69.95 wt % of a thermally conductive filler; and c. from about 0.05 wt % to about 20 wt % of a laser direct structuring additive; wherein the combined weight percent value of all components does not exceed about 100 wt %; wherein all weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition; wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition has a through plane thermal conductivity of at least about 0.40 W/mK when determined in accordance with ASTM E1461; and wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition exhibits a plating index value of at least about 0.5. 2. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer component comprises a polypropylene, a polyethylene, an ethylene-based copolymer, a polycarbonate, a polyamide, a polyester, a polyoxymethylene, a liquid crystal polymer, a polyphenylene sulfide, a polyphenylene ether, a polystyrene, a acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, an acrylic polymer, a polyetherimide, a polyurethane, a polyethersulphone, or a polyetheretherketone, or combinations thereof. 3. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer component comprises a terephthalate polyester. 4. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 3, wherein the terephthalate polyester comprises a polybutylene terephthalate, a polyethylene terephthalate, or a polycyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate, or combinations thereof. 5. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer component comprises a blend of at least one polyphenylene oxide and at least one polystyrene. 6. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer component is a polyamide polymer. 7. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 6, wherein the polyamide polymer comprises polyamide-4; polyamide-4,6; polyamide-4,9; polyamide-6; polyamide-6,6; polyamide 6,9; polyamide-6,10; polyamide-6,12; polyamide 10; polyamide 10,10; polyamide 10,12; polyamide 11; polyamide-12; polyamide 12,12; amorphous polyamide resins; polyamide PPA; polyamide 4T; polyamide 6T; polyamide 6/6T; or polyamide 6,6/6T; polyamide 9T; or combinations thereof. 8. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 6, wherein the polyamide polymer comprises polyamide 4,6; polyamide 6; polyamide 6,6; polyamide 6,12; polyamide 10, or polyamide 10,10; or combinations thereof. 9. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 6, wherein the polyamide polymer comprises polyamide 9T, polyamide 6; polyamide 6,6; or polyamide 10,10; or combinations thereof. 10. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 6, wherein the polyamide polymer comprises a first polyamide polymer and a second polyamide polymer; wherein the first polyamide polymer comprises polyamide 6 and polyamide 6,6; and wherein the second polyamide polymer is selected from polyamide 10,10; polyamide 10,12; or polyamide 12,12; or combinations thereof. 11. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 6, wherein the polyamide polymer is present in an amount from about 30 wt % to about 70 wt %. 12. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein the thermally conductive filler is a high thermally conductive filler having a thermal conductivity greater than or equal to about 50 W/mK; or a low thermally conductive filler having a thermal conductivity from about 10 W/mK to about 30 W/mK; or a combinations thereof. 13. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 12, wherein the high thermally conductive filler comprises AlN, Al4C3, Al2O3, BN, AlON, MgSiN2, SiC, Si3N4, graphite, expanded graphite, graphene, or carbon fiber, or combinations thereof. 14. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 12, wherein the high thermally conductive filler comprises BN, graphite, or expanded graphite, or combinations thereof. 15. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 12, wherein the low thermally conductive filler comprises ZnS, CaO, MgO, ZnO, or TiO2, or combinations thereof. 16. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein the thermally conductive filler is present in an amount from about 10 wt % to about 60 wt %. 17. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein the thermally conductive filler is present in an amount from about 20 wt % to about 50 wt %. 18. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, further comprising a thermally insulating filler. 19. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 18, wherein the thermally insulating filler has a conductivity of less than or equal to about 10 W/mK. 20. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 18, wherein the thermally insulating filler comprises Mg(OH)2, CaCO3, mica, γ-AlO(OH), BaO, BaSO4, AlO(OH), CaSiO3, ZrO2, SiO2, glass beads, glass fiber, H2Mg3(SiO3)4, AL(OH)3, MgO.xAl2O3, CaMg(CO3)2, ceramic-coated graphite, or clay, or combinations thereof. 21. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein the laser direct structure additive comprises a metal oxide or a metal oxide-coated filler, or a combination thereof. 22. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein the laser direct structure additive is a metal oxide comprising a copper-containing metal oxide, a titanium-containing metal oxide, a tin-containing metal oxide, a zinc-containing metal oxide, a magnesium-containing metal oxide, an aluminum-containing metal oxide, a gold-containing metal oxide, or a silver-containing metal oxide, or a combination thereof. 23. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein the laser direct structure additive is a metal-oxide coated filler comprising a mineral substrate and a coating comprising an antimony doped tin oxide, a copper-containing metal oxide, a zinc-containing metal oxide, a tin-containing metal oxide, a magnesium-containing metal oxide, an aluminum-containing metal oxide, a gold-containing metal oxide, or a silver-containing metal oxide, or a combination thereof. 24. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein the laser direct structure additive is present in an amount from about 0.5 wt % to about 70 wt %. 25. The blended thermoplastic composition of any of claims 1—Error! Reference source not found., wherein the laser direct structure additive is present in an amount from about 0.5 wt % to about 60 wt %. 26. The blended thermoplastic composition of any of claims 1—Error! Reference source not found., wherein the laser direct structure additive is present in an amount from about 0.5 wt % to about 50 wt %. 27. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, further comprising a flame retardant. 28. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 27, wherein the flame retardant is a phosphorous-containing flame retardant comprising a phosphine, a phosphine oxide, a bisphosphine, a phosphonium salt, a phosphinic acid salt, a phosphoric ester, or a phosphorous ester, or a combination thereof. 29. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, further comprising an additive comprising an antioxidant, a lubricant, a thermal stabilizer, an ultraviolet light absorbing additive, a plasticizer, an anti-dripping agent, a mold release agent, an antistatic agent, a dye, a pigment, or a radiation stabilizer, or a combination thereof. 30. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition has a through plane thermal conductivity of at least about 0.45 W/mK when determined in accordance with ASTM E1461. 31. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition has a through plane thermal conductivity of at least about 0.50 W/mK when determined in accordance with ASTM E1461. 32. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition has a through plane thermal conductivity from about 0.40 W/mK to about 25 W/mK when determined in accordance with ASTM E1461. 33. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition exhibits a plating index value of at least about 0.6. 34. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition exhibits a plating index value from about 0.5 to about 1.9. 35. An article comprising a composition of claim 1. 36. The article of claim 35, wherein the article is selected from a computer device, electromagnetic interference device, printed circuit, Wi-Fi device, Bluetooth device, GPS device, cellular antenna device, smart phone device, automotive device, medical device, sensor device, security device, shielding device, RF antenna device, LED device and RFID device. 37. A blended thermoplastic composition comprising:
a. from about 50 wt % to about 95 wt % of a polyamide polymer; b. from about 4 wt % to about 49.95 wt % of a thermally conductive filler; and c. from about 0.05 wt % to about 20 wt % of a laser direct structuring additive; wherein the combined weight percent value of all components does not exceed about 100 wt %; wherein all weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition; wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition has a through plane thermal conductivity of at least about 0.40 W/mK when determined in accordance with ASTM E1461; and wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition exhibits a plating index value of at least about 0.4. 38. A method of improving thermal conductivity properties of a blended thermoplastic composition, the method comprising the step of combining:
a. from about 30 wt % to about 90 wt % of a polymer component; b. from about 9 wt % to about 69.95 wt % of a thermally conductive filler; and c. from about 0.05 wt % to about 20 wt % of a laser direct structuring additive; wherein the combined weight percent value of all components does not exceed about 100 wt %; wherein all weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition; wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition has a through plane thermal conductivity of at least about 0.40 W/mK when determined in accordance with ASTM E1461; and wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition exhibits a plating index value of at least about 0.5. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the polymer component comprises a polypropylene, a polyethylene, an ethylene-based copolymer, a polycarbonate, a polyamide, a polyester, a polyoxymethylene, a liquid crystal polymer, a polyphenylene sulfide, a polyphenylene ether, a polystyrene, a acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, an acrylic polymer, a polyetherimide, a polyurethane, a polyethersulphone, or a polyetheretherketone, or combinations thereof. 40. A method of improving thermal conductivity properties of a blended thermoplastic composition, the method comprising the step of combining:
a. from about 50 wt % to about 95 wt % of a polyamide polymer; b. from about 4 wt % to about 49.95 wt % of a thermally conductive filler; and c. from about 0.05 wt % to about 20 wt % of a laser direct structuring additive; wherein the combined weight percent value of all components does not exceed about 100 wt %; wherein all weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition; wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition has a through plane thermal conductivity of at least about 0.40 W/mK when determined in accordance with ASTM E1461; and wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition exhibits a plating index value of at least about 0.4. | Disclosed herein are methods and compositions of blended polyamide compositions with improved thermal conductivity. The resulting blended polymer compositions, comprising one or more polyamide polymers, one or more thermally conductive fillers, and a laser direct structuring additive, wherein the blended polymer composition has improved thermal conductivity.1. A blended thermoplastic composition comprising:
a. from about 30 wt % to about 90 wt % of at least one polymer component; b. from about 9 wt % to about 69.95 wt % of a thermally conductive filler; and c. from about 0.05 wt % to about 20 wt % of a laser direct structuring additive; wherein the combined weight percent value of all components does not exceed about 100 wt %; wherein all weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition; wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition has a through plane thermal conductivity of at least about 0.40 W/mK when determined in accordance with ASTM E1461; and wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition exhibits a plating index value of at least about 0.5. 2. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer component comprises a polypropylene, a polyethylene, an ethylene-based copolymer, a polycarbonate, a polyamide, a polyester, a polyoxymethylene, a liquid crystal polymer, a polyphenylene sulfide, a polyphenylene ether, a polystyrene, a acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, an acrylic polymer, a polyetherimide, a polyurethane, a polyethersulphone, or a polyetheretherketone, or combinations thereof. 3. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer component comprises a terephthalate polyester. 4. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 3, wherein the terephthalate polyester comprises a polybutylene terephthalate, a polyethylene terephthalate, or a polycyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate, or combinations thereof. 5. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer component comprises a blend of at least one polyphenylene oxide and at least one polystyrene. 6. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer component is a polyamide polymer. 7. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 6, wherein the polyamide polymer comprises polyamide-4; polyamide-4,6; polyamide-4,9; polyamide-6; polyamide-6,6; polyamide 6,9; polyamide-6,10; polyamide-6,12; polyamide 10; polyamide 10,10; polyamide 10,12; polyamide 11; polyamide-12; polyamide 12,12; amorphous polyamide resins; polyamide PPA; polyamide 4T; polyamide 6T; polyamide 6/6T; or polyamide 6,6/6T; polyamide 9T; or combinations thereof. 8. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 6, wherein the polyamide polymer comprises polyamide 4,6; polyamide 6; polyamide 6,6; polyamide 6,12; polyamide 10, or polyamide 10,10; or combinations thereof. 9. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 6, wherein the polyamide polymer comprises polyamide 9T, polyamide 6; polyamide 6,6; or polyamide 10,10; or combinations thereof. 10. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 6, wherein the polyamide polymer comprises a first polyamide polymer and a second polyamide polymer; wherein the first polyamide polymer comprises polyamide 6 and polyamide 6,6; and wherein the second polyamide polymer is selected from polyamide 10,10; polyamide 10,12; or polyamide 12,12; or combinations thereof. 11. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 6, wherein the polyamide polymer is present in an amount from about 30 wt % to about 70 wt %. 12. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein the thermally conductive filler is a high thermally conductive filler having a thermal conductivity greater than or equal to about 50 W/mK; or a low thermally conductive filler having a thermal conductivity from about 10 W/mK to about 30 W/mK; or a combinations thereof. 13. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 12, wherein the high thermally conductive filler comprises AlN, Al4C3, Al2O3, BN, AlON, MgSiN2, SiC, Si3N4, graphite, expanded graphite, graphene, or carbon fiber, or combinations thereof. 14. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 12, wherein the high thermally conductive filler comprises BN, graphite, or expanded graphite, or combinations thereof. 15. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 12, wherein the low thermally conductive filler comprises ZnS, CaO, MgO, ZnO, or TiO2, or combinations thereof. 16. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein the thermally conductive filler is present in an amount from about 10 wt % to about 60 wt %. 17. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein the thermally conductive filler is present in an amount from about 20 wt % to about 50 wt %. 18. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, further comprising a thermally insulating filler. 19. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 18, wherein the thermally insulating filler has a conductivity of less than or equal to about 10 W/mK. 20. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 18, wherein the thermally insulating filler comprises Mg(OH)2, CaCO3, mica, γ-AlO(OH), BaO, BaSO4, AlO(OH), CaSiO3, ZrO2, SiO2, glass beads, glass fiber, H2Mg3(SiO3)4, AL(OH)3, MgO.xAl2O3, CaMg(CO3)2, ceramic-coated graphite, or clay, or combinations thereof. 21. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein the laser direct structure additive comprises a metal oxide or a metal oxide-coated filler, or a combination thereof. 22. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein the laser direct structure additive is a metal oxide comprising a copper-containing metal oxide, a titanium-containing metal oxide, a tin-containing metal oxide, a zinc-containing metal oxide, a magnesium-containing metal oxide, an aluminum-containing metal oxide, a gold-containing metal oxide, or a silver-containing metal oxide, or a combination thereof. 23. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein the laser direct structure additive is a metal-oxide coated filler comprising a mineral substrate and a coating comprising an antimony doped tin oxide, a copper-containing metal oxide, a zinc-containing metal oxide, a tin-containing metal oxide, a magnesium-containing metal oxide, an aluminum-containing metal oxide, a gold-containing metal oxide, or a silver-containing metal oxide, or a combination thereof. 24. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein the laser direct structure additive is present in an amount from about 0.5 wt % to about 70 wt %. 25. The blended thermoplastic composition of any of claims 1—Error! Reference source not found., wherein the laser direct structure additive is present in an amount from about 0.5 wt % to about 60 wt %. 26. The blended thermoplastic composition of any of claims 1—Error! Reference source not found., wherein the laser direct structure additive is present in an amount from about 0.5 wt % to about 50 wt %. 27. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, further comprising a flame retardant. 28. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 27, wherein the flame retardant is a phosphorous-containing flame retardant comprising a phosphine, a phosphine oxide, a bisphosphine, a phosphonium salt, a phosphinic acid salt, a phosphoric ester, or a phosphorous ester, or a combination thereof. 29. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, further comprising an additive comprising an antioxidant, a lubricant, a thermal stabilizer, an ultraviolet light absorbing additive, a plasticizer, an anti-dripping agent, a mold release agent, an antistatic agent, a dye, a pigment, or a radiation stabilizer, or a combination thereof. 30. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition has a through plane thermal conductivity of at least about 0.45 W/mK when determined in accordance with ASTM E1461. 31. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition has a through plane thermal conductivity of at least about 0.50 W/mK when determined in accordance with ASTM E1461. 32. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition has a through plane thermal conductivity from about 0.40 W/mK to about 25 W/mK when determined in accordance with ASTM E1461. 33. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition exhibits a plating index value of at least about 0.6. 34. The blended thermoplastic composition of claim 1, wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition exhibits a plating index value from about 0.5 to about 1.9. 35. An article comprising a composition of claim 1. 36. The article of claim 35, wherein the article is selected from a computer device, electromagnetic interference device, printed circuit, Wi-Fi device, Bluetooth device, GPS device, cellular antenna device, smart phone device, automotive device, medical device, sensor device, security device, shielding device, RF antenna device, LED device and RFID device. 37. A blended thermoplastic composition comprising:
a. from about 50 wt % to about 95 wt % of a polyamide polymer; b. from about 4 wt % to about 49.95 wt % of a thermally conductive filler; and c. from about 0.05 wt % to about 20 wt % of a laser direct structuring additive; wherein the combined weight percent value of all components does not exceed about 100 wt %; wherein all weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition; wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition has a through plane thermal conductivity of at least about 0.40 W/mK when determined in accordance with ASTM E1461; and wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition exhibits a plating index value of at least about 0.4. 38. A method of improving thermal conductivity properties of a blended thermoplastic composition, the method comprising the step of combining:
a. from about 30 wt % to about 90 wt % of a polymer component; b. from about 9 wt % to about 69.95 wt % of a thermally conductive filler; and c. from about 0.05 wt % to about 20 wt % of a laser direct structuring additive; wherein the combined weight percent value of all components does not exceed about 100 wt %; wherein all weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition; wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition has a through plane thermal conductivity of at least about 0.40 W/mK when determined in accordance with ASTM E1461; and wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition exhibits a plating index value of at least about 0.5. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the polymer component comprises a polypropylene, a polyethylene, an ethylene-based copolymer, a polycarbonate, a polyamide, a polyester, a polyoxymethylene, a liquid crystal polymer, a polyphenylene sulfide, a polyphenylene ether, a polystyrene, a acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, an acrylic polymer, a polyetherimide, a polyurethane, a polyethersulphone, or a polyetheretherketone, or combinations thereof. 40. A method of improving thermal conductivity properties of a blended thermoplastic composition, the method comprising the step of combining:
a. from about 50 wt % to about 95 wt % of a polyamide polymer; b. from about 4 wt % to about 49.95 wt % of a thermally conductive filler; and c. from about 0.05 wt % to about 20 wt % of a laser direct structuring additive; wherein the combined weight percent value of all components does not exceed about 100 wt %; wherein all weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition; wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition has a through plane thermal conductivity of at least about 0.40 W/mK when determined in accordance with ASTM E1461; and wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition exhibits a plating index value of at least about 0.4. | 1,700 |
2,210 | 14,361,270 | 1,734 | Martensitic steel compositions and methods of production thereof are provided. More specifically, a martensitic steel having tensile strengths ranging from 1700 to 2200 MPa are provided. Most specifically, the present invention provides thin gage (thickness of ≦1 mm) ultra high strength steel with an ultimate tensile strength of 1700 to 2200 MPa and methods of production thereof. | 1. A martensitic steel alloy, said alloy having an ultimate tensile strength of at least 1700 MPa. 2. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy has an ultimate tensile strength of at least 1800 MPa. 3. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 2, wherein said alloy has an ultimate tensile strength of at least 1900 MPa. 4. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 3, wherein said alloy has an ultimate tensile strength of at least 2000 MPa. 5. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 4, wherein said alloy has an ultimate tensile strength of at least 2100 MPa. 6. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy has an ultimate tensile strength from 1700 to 2200 MPa. 7. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy has a total elongation of at least 3.5%. 8. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 7, wherein said alloy has a total elongation of at least 5%. 9. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy is in the form of a cold rolled sheet, band or coil. 10. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 9, wherein said a cold rolled sheet, band or coil has a thickness of less than or equal to 1 mm. 11. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy has a carbon equivalent of less than 0.44 using the formula:
Ceq=C+Mn/6+(Cr+Mo+V)/5+(Ni+Cu)/15 where Ceq is the carbon equivalent, and C, Mn, Cr, Mo, V, Ni, and Cu are in wt. % of the elements in the alloy. 12. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy contains from 0.22 to 0.36 wt. % carbon. 13. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 12, wherein said alloy contains from 0.22 to 0.28 wt. % carbon. 14. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 12, wherein said alloy contains from 0.28 to 0.36 wt. % carbon. 15. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 12, wherein said alloy contains from 0.5 to 2.0 wt. % manganese. 16. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 15, wherein said alloy contains about 0.2 wt. % silicon. 17. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 15, wherein said alloy further contains one or more of Nb, Ti, B, Al, N, S, P. | Martensitic steel compositions and methods of production thereof are provided. More specifically, a martensitic steel having tensile strengths ranging from 1700 to 2200 MPa are provided. Most specifically, the present invention provides thin gage (thickness of ≦1 mm) ultra high strength steel with an ultimate tensile strength of 1700 to 2200 MPa and methods of production thereof.1. A martensitic steel alloy, said alloy having an ultimate tensile strength of at least 1700 MPa. 2. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy has an ultimate tensile strength of at least 1800 MPa. 3. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 2, wherein said alloy has an ultimate tensile strength of at least 1900 MPa. 4. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 3, wherein said alloy has an ultimate tensile strength of at least 2000 MPa. 5. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 4, wherein said alloy has an ultimate tensile strength of at least 2100 MPa. 6. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy has an ultimate tensile strength from 1700 to 2200 MPa. 7. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy has a total elongation of at least 3.5%. 8. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 7, wherein said alloy has a total elongation of at least 5%. 9. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy is in the form of a cold rolled sheet, band or coil. 10. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 9, wherein said a cold rolled sheet, band or coil has a thickness of less than or equal to 1 mm. 11. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy has a carbon equivalent of less than 0.44 using the formula:
Ceq=C+Mn/6+(Cr+Mo+V)/5+(Ni+Cu)/15 where Ceq is the carbon equivalent, and C, Mn, Cr, Mo, V, Ni, and Cu are in wt. % of the elements in the alloy. 12. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy contains from 0.22 to 0.36 wt. % carbon. 13. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 12, wherein said alloy contains from 0.22 to 0.28 wt. % carbon. 14. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 12, wherein said alloy contains from 0.28 to 0.36 wt. % carbon. 15. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 12, wherein said alloy contains from 0.5 to 2.0 wt. % manganese. 16. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 15, wherein said alloy contains about 0.2 wt. % silicon. 17. The martensitic steel alloy of claim 15, wherein said alloy further contains one or more of Nb, Ti, B, Al, N, S, P. | 1,700 |
2,211 | 14,467,225 | 1,743 | An apparatus and a method manufacture three-dimensional objects by selective solidification of a build material applied in layers. In order to improve the manufacturing process and in particular to optimize heat input, a heating element is provided that has at least two functional openings. One of the at least two functional openings serves as a material pass-through and another of the at least two functional openings serving simultaneously as a radiation pass-through. | 1. An apparatus for manufacturing three-dimensional objects by selective solidification of a build material applied in layers, the apparatus comprising:
a build platform, disposed in an X-Y plane, on which at least one three-dimensional object is generated in layers; a heating element, at least partly overlapping said build platform, for inputting thermal energy into the build material, said heating element having at least two simultaneously usable functional openings formed therein, wherein one of said at least two functional openings being a material pass-through and another of said at least two functional openings being a radiation pass-through; and a drive device for generating a relative motion in an X-Y direction between said build platform and said heating element. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said heating element constantly at least partly overlaps said build platform. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said heating element and said build platform can be caused to overlap one another completely. 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said heating element is of a substantially plate-shaped configuration. 5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said heating element is disposed above said build platform and either is spaced away from a topmost build layer or touches the topmost build layer. 6. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a process chamber, said build platform is disposed inside said process chamber that is closed in an operating state, and said heating element serving as a demarcating wall of said process chamber. 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said heating element contains regions capable of different temperature control. 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a shape of said functional openings is modifiable. 9. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an additional heat source embodied to furnish the thermal energy, wherein one of said at least two functional openings is embodied simultaneously or exclusively as a heating opening for additional input of the thermal energy. 10. A method for manufacturing three-dimensional objects by selective solidification of a build material applied in layers, which comprises the steps of:
generating at least one three-dimensional object, in layers, on a build platform disposed in an X-Y plane; inputting thermal energy into the build material via a heating element at least partly overlapping the build platform, wherein the heating element, using at least two functional openings, allowing the build material and radiation energy to pass through simultaneously; and generating, via a drive device, a relative motion in an X and/or Y direction between the build platform and the heating element. | An apparatus and a method manufacture three-dimensional objects by selective solidification of a build material applied in layers. In order to improve the manufacturing process and in particular to optimize heat input, a heating element is provided that has at least two functional openings. One of the at least two functional openings serves as a material pass-through and another of the at least two functional openings serving simultaneously as a radiation pass-through.1. An apparatus for manufacturing three-dimensional objects by selective solidification of a build material applied in layers, the apparatus comprising:
a build platform, disposed in an X-Y plane, on which at least one three-dimensional object is generated in layers; a heating element, at least partly overlapping said build platform, for inputting thermal energy into the build material, said heating element having at least two simultaneously usable functional openings formed therein, wherein one of said at least two functional openings being a material pass-through and another of said at least two functional openings being a radiation pass-through; and a drive device for generating a relative motion in an X-Y direction between said build platform and said heating element. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said heating element constantly at least partly overlaps said build platform. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said heating element and said build platform can be caused to overlap one another completely. 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said heating element is of a substantially plate-shaped configuration. 5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said heating element is disposed above said build platform and either is spaced away from a topmost build layer or touches the topmost build layer. 6. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a process chamber, said build platform is disposed inside said process chamber that is closed in an operating state, and said heating element serving as a demarcating wall of said process chamber. 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said heating element contains regions capable of different temperature control. 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a shape of said functional openings is modifiable. 9. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an additional heat source embodied to furnish the thermal energy, wherein one of said at least two functional openings is embodied simultaneously or exclusively as a heating opening for additional input of the thermal energy. 10. A method for manufacturing three-dimensional objects by selective solidification of a build material applied in layers, which comprises the steps of:
generating at least one three-dimensional object, in layers, on a build platform disposed in an X-Y plane; inputting thermal energy into the build material via a heating element at least partly overlapping the build platform, wherein the heating element, using at least two functional openings, allowing the build material and radiation energy to pass through simultaneously; and generating, via a drive device, a relative motion in an X and/or Y direction between the build platform and the heating element. | 1,700 |
2,212 | 13,825,738 | 1,789 | Artificial grass tufted from slit film or monofilaments prepared with a polyethylene prepared with a bistetrahydroindenyl or bisindenyl metallocene catalyst complex having (a) a density in the range of 0.910 to 0.937 g/cm 3 as determined by ISO 1183 at a temperature of 23° C. and (b) a melt index MI2 in the range of 0.5 to 5 g/10 min as determined by ISO 1133/D at a temperature of 190° C. and at a load of 2.16 kg, wherein said polyethylene has a g rheo of less than 0.9 or an LCBI of greater than 0.08, and the polyethylene has a Vicat Softening Temperature T v according to the following equation:
T v >41234 d 2 +77500 d−36295
wherein T v is the Vicat Softening Temperature in ° C. and d is the density of the polyethylene in g/cm 3 . | 1. Artificial grass tufted from slit film or monofilaments prepared with a polyethylene prepared with a bistetrahydroindenyl or bisindenyl metallocene catalyst complex having (a) a density in the range of 0.910 to 0.937 g/cm3 as determined by ISO 1183 at a temperature of 23° C. and (b) a melt index MI2 in the range of 0.5 to 5 g/10 min as determined by ISO 1133/D at a temperature of 190° C. and at a load of 2.16 kg,
wherein said polyethylene has a grheo of less than 0.9 or an LCBI of greater than 0.08,
and wherein the polyethylene has a Vicat Softening Temperature Tv, measured according to ISO 306 conditions A120, according to the following equation:
Tv>41234 d 2+77500 d−36295
wherein Tv is the Vicat Softening Temperature in ° C. and d is the density of the polyethylene in g/cm3. 2. Artificial grass according to claim 1 wherein the polyethylene has a grheo of less than 0.85 or an LCBI of greater than 0.13. 3. Artificial grass according to claim 1 wherein the polyethylene has a MI2 of 0.7 to 3.5 g/10 min. 4. Artificial grass according to claim 1 wherein the polyethylene has a density of 0.910 to 0.935 g/cm3. 5. Artificial grass according to claim 1 wherein the rheological horizontal activation energy of the polyethylene at a frequency of 1 s−1 is greater than 40 kJ/mol and at a frequency of 100 s−1 is less than 40 kJ/mol. 6. Artificial grass according to claim 1 wherein the rheological horizontal activation energy of the polyethylene at a frequency of 1 s −1 is greater than 45 kJ/mol. 7. Artificial grass according to claim 1 wherein the polyethylene is a copolymer of ethylene and 1-hexene comonomer. 8. Artificial grass according to claim 1 wherein the polyethylene has a 1-hexene content of less than 10 wt %. 9. Artificial grass according to claim 1 being in a stretched form. 10. Artificial grass according to claim 1 having a draw ratio in the range 1:3 to 1:10 and preferably 1:4 to 1:10. 11. The artificial grass according to claim 1 wherein the grass has a durability of at least 60,000 cycles as measured on a Lisport® machine. | Artificial grass tufted from slit film or monofilaments prepared with a polyethylene prepared with a bistetrahydroindenyl or bisindenyl metallocene catalyst complex having (a) a density in the range of 0.910 to 0.937 g/cm 3 as determined by ISO 1183 at a temperature of 23° C. and (b) a melt index MI2 in the range of 0.5 to 5 g/10 min as determined by ISO 1133/D at a temperature of 190° C. and at a load of 2.16 kg, wherein said polyethylene has a g rheo of less than 0.9 or an LCBI of greater than 0.08, and the polyethylene has a Vicat Softening Temperature T v according to the following equation:
T v >41234 d 2 +77500 d−36295
wherein T v is the Vicat Softening Temperature in ° C. and d is the density of the polyethylene in g/cm 3 .1. Artificial grass tufted from slit film or monofilaments prepared with a polyethylene prepared with a bistetrahydroindenyl or bisindenyl metallocene catalyst complex having (a) a density in the range of 0.910 to 0.937 g/cm3 as determined by ISO 1183 at a temperature of 23° C. and (b) a melt index MI2 in the range of 0.5 to 5 g/10 min as determined by ISO 1133/D at a temperature of 190° C. and at a load of 2.16 kg,
wherein said polyethylene has a grheo of less than 0.9 or an LCBI of greater than 0.08,
and wherein the polyethylene has a Vicat Softening Temperature Tv, measured according to ISO 306 conditions A120, according to the following equation:
Tv>41234 d 2+77500 d−36295
wherein Tv is the Vicat Softening Temperature in ° C. and d is the density of the polyethylene in g/cm3. 2. Artificial grass according to claim 1 wherein the polyethylene has a grheo of less than 0.85 or an LCBI of greater than 0.13. 3. Artificial grass according to claim 1 wherein the polyethylene has a MI2 of 0.7 to 3.5 g/10 min. 4. Artificial grass according to claim 1 wherein the polyethylene has a density of 0.910 to 0.935 g/cm3. 5. Artificial grass according to claim 1 wherein the rheological horizontal activation energy of the polyethylene at a frequency of 1 s−1 is greater than 40 kJ/mol and at a frequency of 100 s−1 is less than 40 kJ/mol. 6. Artificial grass according to claim 1 wherein the rheological horizontal activation energy of the polyethylene at a frequency of 1 s −1 is greater than 45 kJ/mol. 7. Artificial grass according to claim 1 wherein the polyethylene is a copolymer of ethylene and 1-hexene comonomer. 8. Artificial grass according to claim 1 wherein the polyethylene has a 1-hexene content of less than 10 wt %. 9. Artificial grass according to claim 1 being in a stretched form. 10. Artificial grass according to claim 1 having a draw ratio in the range 1:3 to 1:10 and preferably 1:4 to 1:10. 11. The artificial grass according to claim 1 wherein the grass has a durability of at least 60,000 cycles as measured on a Lisport® machine. | 1,700 |
2,213 | 13,932,809 | 1,767 | The present invention provides a polyamide composition for a reflector having high heat resistance and good mechanical properties, having excellent adhesion to a sealing material for an LED package, and capable of retaining a high reflectance even after exposure to heat and light intended for the production process of the LED package and the environment in which the reflector is used in the LED package, when it is molded. The present invention is a polyamide composition for a reflector, containing: 30 mass % or more of a polyamide (A) having a melting point of 280° C. or higher; and 25 mass % or more of titanium oxide (B). The total content of the polyamide (A) and the titanium oxide (B) is 75 mass % or more. | 1. A polyamide composition for a reflector, comprising:
30 mass % or more of a polyamide (A) having a melting point of 280° C. or higher; and 25 mass % or more of titanium oxide (B), wherein a total content of the polyamide (A) and the titanium oxide (B) is 75 mass % or more. 2. The polyamide composition for a reflector according to claim 1, wherein dicarboxylic acid units of the polyamide (A) comprise 50 mol % or more of terephthalic acid units. 3. (canceled) 4. The polyamide composition according to claim 1, wherein diamine units of the polyamide (A) comprise 50 mol % or more of aliphatic diamine units having 4 to 18 carbon atoms. 5. The polyamide composition for a reflector according to claim 4, wherein the aliphatic diamine units having 4 to 18 carbon atoms are 1,9-nonanediamine units and/or 2-methyl-1,8-octanediamine units. 6. (canceled) 7. The polyamide composition for a reflector according to claim 1, further comprising 15 mass % or less of a reinforcement material (C). 8. The polyamide composition for a reflector according to claim 7, wherein the reinforcement material (C) is glass fiber and/or wollastonite. 9. The polyamide composition for a reflector according to claim 1, further comprising magnesium oxide and/or magnesium hydroxide. 10. A reflector for an LED, comprising the polyamide composition for a reflector according to claim 1. 11. The reflector for an LED according to claim 10, wherein the reflector has a reflectance of 85% or more for light with a wavelength of 460 nm when measured with a spectrophotometer after the reflector is irradiated with ultraviolet light for 24 hours. 12. A light emitting device comprising the reflector for an LED according to claim 10. 13. A lighting device comprising the light emitting device according to claim 12. 14. An image display device comprising the light emitting device according to claim 12. | The present invention provides a polyamide composition for a reflector having high heat resistance and good mechanical properties, having excellent adhesion to a sealing material for an LED package, and capable of retaining a high reflectance even after exposure to heat and light intended for the production process of the LED package and the environment in which the reflector is used in the LED package, when it is molded. The present invention is a polyamide composition for a reflector, containing: 30 mass % or more of a polyamide (A) having a melting point of 280° C. or higher; and 25 mass % or more of titanium oxide (B). The total content of the polyamide (A) and the titanium oxide (B) is 75 mass % or more.1. A polyamide composition for a reflector, comprising:
30 mass % or more of a polyamide (A) having a melting point of 280° C. or higher; and 25 mass % or more of titanium oxide (B), wherein a total content of the polyamide (A) and the titanium oxide (B) is 75 mass % or more. 2. The polyamide composition for a reflector according to claim 1, wherein dicarboxylic acid units of the polyamide (A) comprise 50 mol % or more of terephthalic acid units. 3. (canceled) 4. The polyamide composition according to claim 1, wherein diamine units of the polyamide (A) comprise 50 mol % or more of aliphatic diamine units having 4 to 18 carbon atoms. 5. The polyamide composition for a reflector according to claim 4, wherein the aliphatic diamine units having 4 to 18 carbon atoms are 1,9-nonanediamine units and/or 2-methyl-1,8-octanediamine units. 6. (canceled) 7. The polyamide composition for a reflector according to claim 1, further comprising 15 mass % or less of a reinforcement material (C). 8. The polyamide composition for a reflector according to claim 7, wherein the reinforcement material (C) is glass fiber and/or wollastonite. 9. The polyamide composition for a reflector according to claim 1, further comprising magnesium oxide and/or magnesium hydroxide. 10. A reflector for an LED, comprising the polyamide composition for a reflector according to claim 1. 11. The reflector for an LED according to claim 10, wherein the reflector has a reflectance of 85% or more for light with a wavelength of 460 nm when measured with a spectrophotometer after the reflector is irradiated with ultraviolet light for 24 hours. 12. A light emitting device comprising the reflector for an LED according to claim 10. 13. A lighting device comprising the light emitting device according to claim 12. 14. An image display device comprising the light emitting device according to claim 12. | 1,700 |
2,214 | 14,672,445 | 1,783 | A solid-borne-sound underlay based on a wood-plastics-composite material. A process for production of the solid-borne-sound underlay is also provided. The process involves the step of applying a mixture of wood particles and plastic particles to at least one first conveyor belt with formation of a preliminary web and introduction of the preliminary web into at least one first continuous-flow oven. The process also involves the step of transfer of precompacted preliminary web into at least one twin belt press. The process also involves the step of cooling compacted solid-borne-sound underlay made of wood-plastics-composite material in at least one cooling press. | 1. A solid-borne-sound underlay based on a wood-plastics-composite material. 2. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 1, wherein the plastic takes the form of a thermoplastic, in particular takes the form of thermoplastic granules or synthetic fibers 3. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 1, wherein the plastic takes the form of bicomponent fibers. 4. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 3, wherein the plastic takes the form of bicomponent fibers based on polyethylene (PE). 5. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 1, wherein the plastic takes the form of a thermoplastic or plastics mixture, selected from the group comprising polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester, and polyethylene terephthalate 6. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 1, wherein the wood-particle-plastics mixture comprises a ratio between 90% by weight of wood particles/10% by weight of plastic and 20% by weight of wood particles/80% by weight of plastic, preferably between 70% by weight of wood particles/30% by weight of plastic and 40% by weight of wood particles/60% by weight of plastic. 7. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 1, wherein the proportion of wood fibers is 75% by weight. 8. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 1, wherein the proportion of plastic is 18% by weight. 9. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 1, wherein the solid-borne-sound underlay moreover comprises between 5 and 10% by weight, preferably between 6 and 8% by weight, with particular preference 7% by weight, of at least one flame retardant. 10. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 9, wherein the at least one flame retardant is selected from the group comprising nitrogen, phosphates, borates, in particular ammonium polyphosphate, tris(tribromoneopentyl) phosphate, zinc borate, and boric acid complexes of polyhydric alcohols. 11. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thickness of the solid-borne-sound underlay is between 2 and 15 mm, preferably 2 and 9 mm, with particular preference 2.5 mm. 12. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 1, wherein the 10 envelope density of the solid-borne-sound underlay is between 200 and 400 kg/m3, preferably between 220 and 300 kg/m3, with particular preference 260 kg/m3. 13. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fibers used have three-dimensional orientation. 14. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 1, wherein the solid-borne-sound underlay has resilient properties. 15. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 1, wherein the solid-borne-sound underlay can be reversibly rolled up. 16. A process for the production of a solid-borne-sound underlay based on a wood-plastics-composite material, comprising the following steps:
application of a mixture of wood particles and plastic to a first conveyor belt with formation of a preliminary web and introduction of the preliminary web into at least one first continuous-flow oven for precompaction; transfer of the precompacted preliminary web into at least one twin-belt press for further compaction to give a solid-borne-sound mat; and cooling of the compacted solid-borne-sound mat in at least one cooling press. 17. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the preliminary web made of wood particles and plastic is precompacted in the at least one continuous-flow oven at temperatures between 125° C. and 150° C., preferably 135° C. and 140° C. 18. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the envelope density of the precompacted preliminary web after discharge from the conditioning oven is between 40 and 200 kg/m3, preferably 60 and 150 kg/m3, with particular preference between 80 and 120 kg/m3. 19. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the precompacted preliminary web is cooled and cut to size after it leaves the conditioning oven. 20. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the precompacted preliminary web is compacted in the at least one twin-belt press to a thickness between 2 mm and 15 mm, preferably 2 mm and 9 mm, with particular preference to 2.5 mm. 21. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the precompacted preliminary web is compacted in the at least one twin-belt press at temperatures between 140° C. and 200° C., preferably 140° C. and 180° C., with particular preference 140° C. and 160° C. 22. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the precompacted preliminary web is compacted in the at least one twin-belt press at a pressure between 2 MPa and 10 MPa, preferably 3 MPa and 8 MPa, with particular preference 5 and 7 MPa. 23. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the compacted solid-borne-sound underlay is cooled in the at least one cooling press to temperatures between 10 and 100° C., preferably 15 and 70° C., with particular preference 20 and 40° C. 24. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the compacted solid-borne-sound underlay is cooled in the at least one cooling press at a pressure which is identical, or at least almost identical, with the pressure in the twin-belt press. | A solid-borne-sound underlay based on a wood-plastics-composite material. A process for production of the solid-borne-sound underlay is also provided. The process involves the step of applying a mixture of wood particles and plastic particles to at least one first conveyor belt with formation of a preliminary web and introduction of the preliminary web into at least one first continuous-flow oven. The process also involves the step of transfer of precompacted preliminary web into at least one twin belt press. The process also involves the step of cooling compacted solid-borne-sound underlay made of wood-plastics-composite material in at least one cooling press.1. A solid-borne-sound underlay based on a wood-plastics-composite material. 2. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 1, wherein the plastic takes the form of a thermoplastic, in particular takes the form of thermoplastic granules or synthetic fibers 3. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 1, wherein the plastic takes the form of bicomponent fibers. 4. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 3, wherein the plastic takes the form of bicomponent fibers based on polyethylene (PE). 5. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 1, wherein the plastic takes the form of a thermoplastic or plastics mixture, selected from the group comprising polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester, and polyethylene terephthalate 6. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 1, wherein the wood-particle-plastics mixture comprises a ratio between 90% by weight of wood particles/10% by weight of plastic and 20% by weight of wood particles/80% by weight of plastic, preferably between 70% by weight of wood particles/30% by weight of plastic and 40% by weight of wood particles/60% by weight of plastic. 7. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 1, wherein the proportion of wood fibers is 75% by weight. 8. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 1, wherein the proportion of plastic is 18% by weight. 9. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 1, wherein the solid-borne-sound underlay moreover comprises between 5 and 10% by weight, preferably between 6 and 8% by weight, with particular preference 7% by weight, of at least one flame retardant. 10. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 9, wherein the at least one flame retardant is selected from the group comprising nitrogen, phosphates, borates, in particular ammonium polyphosphate, tris(tribromoneopentyl) phosphate, zinc borate, and boric acid complexes of polyhydric alcohols. 11. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thickness of the solid-borne-sound underlay is between 2 and 15 mm, preferably 2 and 9 mm, with particular preference 2.5 mm. 12. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 1, wherein the 10 envelope density of the solid-borne-sound underlay is between 200 and 400 kg/m3, preferably between 220 and 300 kg/m3, with particular preference 260 kg/m3. 13. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fibers used have three-dimensional orientation. 14. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 1, wherein the solid-borne-sound underlay has resilient properties. 15. The solid-borne-sound underlay as claimed in claim 1, wherein the solid-borne-sound underlay can be reversibly rolled up. 16. A process for the production of a solid-borne-sound underlay based on a wood-plastics-composite material, comprising the following steps:
application of a mixture of wood particles and plastic to a first conveyor belt with formation of a preliminary web and introduction of the preliminary web into at least one first continuous-flow oven for precompaction; transfer of the precompacted preliminary web into at least one twin-belt press for further compaction to give a solid-borne-sound mat; and cooling of the compacted solid-borne-sound mat in at least one cooling press. 17. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the preliminary web made of wood particles and plastic is precompacted in the at least one continuous-flow oven at temperatures between 125° C. and 150° C., preferably 135° C. and 140° C. 18. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the envelope density of the precompacted preliminary web after discharge from the conditioning oven is between 40 and 200 kg/m3, preferably 60 and 150 kg/m3, with particular preference between 80 and 120 kg/m3. 19. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the precompacted preliminary web is cooled and cut to size after it leaves the conditioning oven. 20. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the precompacted preliminary web is compacted in the at least one twin-belt press to a thickness between 2 mm and 15 mm, preferably 2 mm and 9 mm, with particular preference to 2.5 mm. 21. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the precompacted preliminary web is compacted in the at least one twin-belt press at temperatures between 140° C. and 200° C., preferably 140° C. and 180° C., with particular preference 140° C. and 160° C. 22. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the precompacted preliminary web is compacted in the at least one twin-belt press at a pressure between 2 MPa and 10 MPa, preferably 3 MPa and 8 MPa, with particular preference 5 and 7 MPa. 23. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the compacted solid-borne-sound underlay is cooled in the at least one cooling press to temperatures between 10 and 100° C., preferably 15 and 70° C., with particular preference 20 and 40° C. 24. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the compacted solid-borne-sound underlay is cooled in the at least one cooling press at a pressure which is identical, or at least almost identical, with the pressure in the twin-belt press. | 1,700 |
2,215 | 13,678,631 | 1,726 | A solar cell includes a first substrate having a first surface and a second surface. A haze coating is provided over at least a portion of the first surface, the haze coating comprising an oxide coating incorporating nanoparticles. A first conductive layer is provided over at least a portion of the second surface. A semiconductor layer is provided over the first conductive layer. A second conductive layer is provided over at least a portion of the semiconductor layer. | 1. A solar cell, comprising:
a first substrate having a first surface and a second surface; a haze coating over at least a portion of the first surface, the haze coating comprising an oxide coating incorporating nanoparticles; a first conductive layer over at least a portion of the second surface; a semiconductor layer over the first conductive layer; and a second conductive layer over at least a portion of the semiconductor layer. 2. The solar cell of claim 1, further comprising an undercoating layer between the second surface and the first conductive layer. 3. The solar cell of claim 1, further comprising a second substrate over the second conductive layer. 4. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the first substrate is float glass having a tin side and an air side, and the haze coating is over the tin side. 5. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the haze coating comprises at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of silica, tin oxide, titania, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, phosphorous oxide, and mixtures thereof. 6. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of titania, indium tin oxide, fluorine tin oxide, silica, alumina, colloidal silica, cerium oxide, and mixtures thereof. 7. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the first conductive layer comprises oxides of one or more of Zn, Fe, Mn, Al, Ce, Sn, Sb, Hf, Zr, Ni, Zn, Bi, Ti, Co, Cr, Si, or In, or an alloy of two or more of these materials. 8. The solar cell of claim 7, wherein the first conductive layer comprises at least one dopant selected from F, In, Al, P, and Sb. 9. The solar cell of claim 8, wherein the first conductive layer comprises fluorine-doped tin oxide. 10. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor layer is selected from monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium celenide/sulfide. 11. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the second conductive layer is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Fe, Mn, Al, Ce, Sn, Sb, Hf, Zr, Ni, Zn, Bi, Ti, Co, Cr, Si, or In, or an alloy of two or more of these materials. 12. The solar cell of claim 2, wherein the undercoating layer is a multilayer coating comprising a first layer comprising tin oxide or titania, and a second layer comprising a compositional uniform or non-uniform mixture comprising oxides of at least two of Sn, P, Si, Ti, Al, and Zr. 13. A solar cell, comprising:
a first float glass substrate having a tin side and an air side; a haze coating over at least a portion of the tin side, the haze coating comprising silica incorporating nanoparticles selected from the group consisting of titania, indium tin oxide, fluorine tin oxide, silica, alumina, colloidal silica, cerium oxide, and mixtures thereof; a first conductive layer over at least a portion of the air side, the first conductive layer comprising oxides of one or more of Sn and In; a semiconductor layer over the first conductive layer, the semiconductor layer comprising a material selected from the group consisting of monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium celenide/sulfide; and a second conductive layer over at least a portion of the semiconductor layer, the second conductive layer comprising oxides of one or more of Sn and In. 14. The solar cell of claim 13, wherein the first conductive layer comprises fluorine-doped tin oxide. 15. A method of making a solar cell, comprising the steps of:
forming a haze coating over at least a portion of a tin side of a float glass substrate, the haze coating comprising silica incorporating nanoparticles selected from the group consisting of titania, indium tin oxide, fluorine tin oxide, silica, alumina, colloidal silica, cerium oxide, and mixtures thereof; forming a first conductive layer over at least a portion of an air side of the float glass substrate, the first conductive layer comprising oxides of one or more of Sn and In; forming a semiconductor layer over the first conductive layer, the semiconductor layer comprising a material selected from the group consisting of monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium celenide/sulfide; and forming a second conductive layer over at least a portion of the semiconductor layer, the second conductive layer comprising oxides of one or more of Sn and In. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the haze coating is deposited by spray pyrolysis. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the first conductive layer, the semiconductor layer, and the second conductive layer are deposited using methods selected from the group consisting of CVD and MSVD. 18. The method of claim 15, further including the steps of:
forming the first conductive layer by a method selected from CVD or MSVD; heating the substrate; and forming the haze layer by spray pyrolysis. | A solar cell includes a first substrate having a first surface and a second surface. A haze coating is provided over at least a portion of the first surface, the haze coating comprising an oxide coating incorporating nanoparticles. A first conductive layer is provided over at least a portion of the second surface. A semiconductor layer is provided over the first conductive layer. A second conductive layer is provided over at least a portion of the semiconductor layer.1. A solar cell, comprising:
a first substrate having a first surface and a second surface; a haze coating over at least a portion of the first surface, the haze coating comprising an oxide coating incorporating nanoparticles; a first conductive layer over at least a portion of the second surface; a semiconductor layer over the first conductive layer; and a second conductive layer over at least a portion of the semiconductor layer. 2. The solar cell of claim 1, further comprising an undercoating layer between the second surface and the first conductive layer. 3. The solar cell of claim 1, further comprising a second substrate over the second conductive layer. 4. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the first substrate is float glass having a tin side and an air side, and the haze coating is over the tin side. 5. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the haze coating comprises at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of silica, tin oxide, titania, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, phosphorous oxide, and mixtures thereof. 6. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of titania, indium tin oxide, fluorine tin oxide, silica, alumina, colloidal silica, cerium oxide, and mixtures thereof. 7. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the first conductive layer comprises oxides of one or more of Zn, Fe, Mn, Al, Ce, Sn, Sb, Hf, Zr, Ni, Zn, Bi, Ti, Co, Cr, Si, or In, or an alloy of two or more of these materials. 8. The solar cell of claim 7, wherein the first conductive layer comprises at least one dopant selected from F, In, Al, P, and Sb. 9. The solar cell of claim 8, wherein the first conductive layer comprises fluorine-doped tin oxide. 10. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor layer is selected from monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium celenide/sulfide. 11. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the second conductive layer is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Fe, Mn, Al, Ce, Sn, Sb, Hf, Zr, Ni, Zn, Bi, Ti, Co, Cr, Si, or In, or an alloy of two or more of these materials. 12. The solar cell of claim 2, wherein the undercoating layer is a multilayer coating comprising a first layer comprising tin oxide or titania, and a second layer comprising a compositional uniform or non-uniform mixture comprising oxides of at least two of Sn, P, Si, Ti, Al, and Zr. 13. A solar cell, comprising:
a first float glass substrate having a tin side and an air side; a haze coating over at least a portion of the tin side, the haze coating comprising silica incorporating nanoparticles selected from the group consisting of titania, indium tin oxide, fluorine tin oxide, silica, alumina, colloidal silica, cerium oxide, and mixtures thereof; a first conductive layer over at least a portion of the air side, the first conductive layer comprising oxides of one or more of Sn and In; a semiconductor layer over the first conductive layer, the semiconductor layer comprising a material selected from the group consisting of monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium celenide/sulfide; and a second conductive layer over at least a portion of the semiconductor layer, the second conductive layer comprising oxides of one or more of Sn and In. 14. The solar cell of claim 13, wherein the first conductive layer comprises fluorine-doped tin oxide. 15. A method of making a solar cell, comprising the steps of:
forming a haze coating over at least a portion of a tin side of a float glass substrate, the haze coating comprising silica incorporating nanoparticles selected from the group consisting of titania, indium tin oxide, fluorine tin oxide, silica, alumina, colloidal silica, cerium oxide, and mixtures thereof; forming a first conductive layer over at least a portion of an air side of the float glass substrate, the first conductive layer comprising oxides of one or more of Sn and In; forming a semiconductor layer over the first conductive layer, the semiconductor layer comprising a material selected from the group consisting of monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium celenide/sulfide; and forming a second conductive layer over at least a portion of the semiconductor layer, the second conductive layer comprising oxides of one or more of Sn and In. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the haze coating is deposited by spray pyrolysis. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the first conductive layer, the semiconductor layer, and the second conductive layer are deposited using methods selected from the group consisting of CVD and MSVD. 18. The method of claim 15, further including the steps of:
forming the first conductive layer by a method selected from CVD or MSVD; heating the substrate; and forming the haze layer by spray pyrolysis. | 1,700 |
2,216 | 14,460,792 | 1,793 | The invention comprises various embodiments of processes by which cookable food product may be prepared and the consumable product that may be made through the uses of those processes. Advantageously, a food product may be made through the processes that is lower starch and more nutritious than food product made through conventional food processes. The system and methods may be used to make a cookable food product and a consumable food product from plantain or another type of starchy fruit or vegetable. | 1. A method of producing a cookable plantain food product comprising the steps of:
mashing plantain in order to produce a plantain mash; removing liquid from the plantain mash to produce a drier plantain mash and a removed liquid; separating a starch portion from the removed liquid to produce a plantain liquid supernatant; and returning the plantain liquid supernatant to the drier plantain mash to prepare an enhanced plantain mash usable to produce a cookable plantain food product. 2. The method according to claim 1, further including the step of mixing liquid with the plantain prior to said removing step in order to produce the plantain mash. 3. The method of claim 1 further including introducing to and mixing one or more liquid amounts with the drier plantain mash one or more times and after each of the one or more times said removing step and said separating step are repeated in order to produce additional plantain liquid supernatant, the additional plantain liquid supernatant combined with the plantain liquid supernatant to form a combined liquid supernatant upon completion of the last of said separating steps for said returning to the drier plantain mash to produce the cookable plantain food product. 4. A complemented cookable plantain food product comprising the cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 1 to which is added one or more additional food components. 5. A complemented cookable plantain food product comprising the cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 2 to which is added one or more additional food components. 6. A complemented cookable plantain food product comprising the cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 3 to which is added one or more additional food components. 7. A sweet cookable plantain food product comprising the cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 1 in which the mashing step is performed using ripe plantain and including a step of adding at least new starch obtained from processing of other plantain mash, said adding step following said returning step to produce the sweet cookable plantain food product. 8. A sweet cookable plantain food product comprising the cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 2 in which the mashing step is performed using ripe plantain and including a step of adding at least new starch obtained from processing of other plantain mash, said adding step following said returning step to produce the sweet cookable plantain food product. 9. A sweet cookable plantain food product comprising the cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 3 in which the mashing step is performed using ripe plantain and including a step of adding at least new starch obtained from processing of other plantain mash, said adding step following said returning step to produce the sweet cookable plantain food product. 10. A sweet complemented cookable plantain food product comprising the sweet cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 7 to which is added one or more additional food components. 11. A sweet complemented cookable plantain food product comprising the sweet cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 8 to which is added one or more additional food components. 12. A sweet complemented cookable plantain food product comprising the sweet cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 9 to which is added one or more additional food components. 13. A shaped cookable plantain food product further including the step of shaping the cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 3. 14. A method of preparing a consumable plantain food product comprising steps of:
mashing plantain to which liquid is introduced to produce mashed plantain; removing liquid from the mashed plantain to produce drier mashed plantain and a removed liquid; separating starch from the removed liquid to produce a low starch liquid supernatant; returning the low starch liquid supernatant to the drier mashed plantain to produce a cookable plantain food product; shaping the cookable plantain food product to produce a shaped cookable plantain food product; and cooking the shaped cookable plantain food product to produce the consumable plantain food product. 15. The method of claim 14 further including introducing to and mixing fresh liquid with the drier plantain mash one or more times and after each of the one or more times said removing step and said separating step are repeated in order to produce additional low starch liquid supernatant, the additional low starch liquid supernatant combined with the low starch supernatant to form a combined liquid supernatant upon completion of the last of said separating steps for said returning to the drier plantain mash to produce the cookable plantain food product. 16. A sweet cookable plantain food product comprising the cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 14 in which the mashing step is performed using ripe plantain and including a step of combining at least new starch obtained from processing of other plantain mash, said combining step following said returning step to produce the sweet cookable plantain food product. 17. A sweet cookable plantain food product comprising the cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 15 in which the mashing step is performed using ripe plantain and including a step of combining at least new starch obtained from processing of other plantain mash, said combining step following said returning step to produce the sweet cookable plantain food product. 18. A complemented consumable plantain food product comprising the cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 14 to which is added one or more additional food components. 19. A complemented consumable plantain food product comprising the cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 15 to which is added one or more additional food components. 20. A sweet complemented cookable plantain food product comprising the sweet cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 15 to which is added one or more additional food components. 21. A method of producing a cookable food product comprising the steps of:
mashing a starchy vegetable in order to produce a mash, the starchy vegetable selected from corn, yams, cocoa yams, African sweet potatoes, rice, cow peas, black eye peas, red beans, bananas, chick peas, potatoes, and cassava; removing liquid from the mash to produce a drier mash and a removed liquid; separating a starch portion from the removed liquid to produce a liquid supernatant; and returning the liquid supernatant to the drier mash to prepare an enhanced mash usable to produce a cookable food product. | The invention comprises various embodiments of processes by which cookable food product may be prepared and the consumable product that may be made through the uses of those processes. Advantageously, a food product may be made through the processes that is lower starch and more nutritious than food product made through conventional food processes. The system and methods may be used to make a cookable food product and a consumable food product from plantain or another type of starchy fruit or vegetable.1. A method of producing a cookable plantain food product comprising the steps of:
mashing plantain in order to produce a plantain mash; removing liquid from the plantain mash to produce a drier plantain mash and a removed liquid; separating a starch portion from the removed liquid to produce a plantain liquid supernatant; and returning the plantain liquid supernatant to the drier plantain mash to prepare an enhanced plantain mash usable to produce a cookable plantain food product. 2. The method according to claim 1, further including the step of mixing liquid with the plantain prior to said removing step in order to produce the plantain mash. 3. The method of claim 1 further including introducing to and mixing one or more liquid amounts with the drier plantain mash one or more times and after each of the one or more times said removing step and said separating step are repeated in order to produce additional plantain liquid supernatant, the additional plantain liquid supernatant combined with the plantain liquid supernatant to form a combined liquid supernatant upon completion of the last of said separating steps for said returning to the drier plantain mash to produce the cookable plantain food product. 4. A complemented cookable plantain food product comprising the cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 1 to which is added one or more additional food components. 5. A complemented cookable plantain food product comprising the cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 2 to which is added one or more additional food components. 6. A complemented cookable plantain food product comprising the cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 3 to which is added one or more additional food components. 7. A sweet cookable plantain food product comprising the cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 1 in which the mashing step is performed using ripe plantain and including a step of adding at least new starch obtained from processing of other plantain mash, said adding step following said returning step to produce the sweet cookable plantain food product. 8. A sweet cookable plantain food product comprising the cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 2 in which the mashing step is performed using ripe plantain and including a step of adding at least new starch obtained from processing of other plantain mash, said adding step following said returning step to produce the sweet cookable plantain food product. 9. A sweet cookable plantain food product comprising the cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 3 in which the mashing step is performed using ripe plantain and including a step of adding at least new starch obtained from processing of other plantain mash, said adding step following said returning step to produce the sweet cookable plantain food product. 10. A sweet complemented cookable plantain food product comprising the sweet cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 7 to which is added one or more additional food components. 11. A sweet complemented cookable plantain food product comprising the sweet cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 8 to which is added one or more additional food components. 12. A sweet complemented cookable plantain food product comprising the sweet cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 9 to which is added one or more additional food components. 13. A shaped cookable plantain food product further including the step of shaping the cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 3. 14. A method of preparing a consumable plantain food product comprising steps of:
mashing plantain to which liquid is introduced to produce mashed plantain; removing liquid from the mashed plantain to produce drier mashed plantain and a removed liquid; separating starch from the removed liquid to produce a low starch liquid supernatant; returning the low starch liquid supernatant to the drier mashed plantain to produce a cookable plantain food product; shaping the cookable plantain food product to produce a shaped cookable plantain food product; and cooking the shaped cookable plantain food product to produce the consumable plantain food product. 15. The method of claim 14 further including introducing to and mixing fresh liquid with the drier plantain mash one or more times and after each of the one or more times said removing step and said separating step are repeated in order to produce additional low starch liquid supernatant, the additional low starch liquid supernatant combined with the low starch supernatant to form a combined liquid supernatant upon completion of the last of said separating steps for said returning to the drier plantain mash to produce the cookable plantain food product. 16. A sweet cookable plantain food product comprising the cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 14 in which the mashing step is performed using ripe plantain and including a step of combining at least new starch obtained from processing of other plantain mash, said combining step following said returning step to produce the sweet cookable plantain food product. 17. A sweet cookable plantain food product comprising the cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 15 in which the mashing step is performed using ripe plantain and including a step of combining at least new starch obtained from processing of other plantain mash, said combining step following said returning step to produce the sweet cookable plantain food product. 18. A complemented consumable plantain food product comprising the cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 14 to which is added one or more additional food components. 19. A complemented consumable plantain food product comprising the cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 15 to which is added one or more additional food components. 20. A sweet complemented cookable plantain food product comprising the sweet cookable plantain food product obtained by the method of claim 15 to which is added one or more additional food components. 21. A method of producing a cookable food product comprising the steps of:
mashing a starchy vegetable in order to produce a mash, the starchy vegetable selected from corn, yams, cocoa yams, African sweet potatoes, rice, cow peas, black eye peas, red beans, bananas, chick peas, potatoes, and cassava; removing liquid from the mash to produce a drier mash and a removed liquid; separating a starch portion from the removed liquid to produce a liquid supernatant; and returning the liquid supernatant to the drier mash to prepare an enhanced mash usable to produce a cookable food product. | 1,700 |
2,217 | 13,002,824 | 1,712 | The invention relates to a process for producing a cable in a continuous vulcanization (CV) line, which cable comprises a conductor surrounded by one or more layers,
wherein the process comprises the steps of i) applying on a conductor one or more layers by using a polymer composition which comprises
A) at least one unsaturated polymer, and B) optionally a crosslinking agent;
to form at least one of said cable layers surrounding the conductor. | 1. A process for producing a cable in a continuous vulcanization (CV) line, which cable comprises a conductor surrounded by one or more layers, wherein the process comprises the steps of
i) applying on a conductor one or more layers by using a polymer composition which comprises
A) at least one unsaturated polymer, and
B) optionally a crosslinking agent,
and wherein the polymer composition has
a) a melt flow rate, MFR2, of at least 0.2 g/10 min, preferably at least 0.5 g/10 min, more preferably of at least 0.7 g/10 min, and the polymer composition contains
b) carbon-carbon double bonds in an amount of at least 0.40 carbon-carbon double bonds/1000 carbon atoms, preferably at least 0.45/1000 carbon atoms, or more preferably at least 0.50/1000 carbon atoms;
to form at least one of said cable layers surrounding the conductor. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein said b) carbon-carbon double bonds present in the Polymer Composition include vinyl groups, which vinyl groups originate from a i) polyunsaturated comonomer, from a ii) chain transfer agent, from an iii) unsaturated low molecular weight compound, such as a crosslinking booster or a Scorch retarder, preferably a crosslinking booster, or from iv) any mixture of (i) to (iii). 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one unsaturated polymer (A) is a copolymer of a monomer with at least one polyunsaturated comonomer and optionally with one or more other comonomer(s) and wherein said b) carbon-carbon double bonds present in the Polymer Composition include vinyl groups originating from said at least one polyunsaturated comonomer, preferably diene. 4. The process according to claim 1, comprising i) applying on a conductor one or more layers by using a polymer composition which comprises
A) at least one unsaturated polymer, and B) optionally a crosslinking agent,
wherein said at least one unsaturated polymer (A) has
a) a melt flow rate, MFR2, of at least 0.5 g/10 min preferably at least 0.7 g/10 min, and said at least one unsaturated polymer (A) contains
b) carbon-carbon double bonds in an amount of at least 0.40 carbon-carbon double bonds/1000 carbon atoms;
to form at least one of said cable layers surrounding the conductor. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein b) the carbon-carbon double bonds present in the at least one unsaturated polymer (A) include vinyl groups which originate from a i) polyunsaturated comonomer, from a ii) chain transfer agent, or from iii) any mixture thereof, and wherein said at least one unsaturated polymer (A) contains said b) vinyl groups in a total amount, in the given preference order, of at least 0.25/1000 carbon atoms, of at least 0.30/1000 carbon atoms, of at least 0.40/1000 carbon atoms, of at least 0.50/1000 carbon atoms. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the polyunsaturated comonomer is a straight carbon chain with at least 8 carbon atoms and at least 4 carbon atoms between the non-conjugated double bonds, of which at least one is terminal, preferably C8 to C14 non-conjugated diene, more preferably selected from 1,7-octadiene, 1,9-decadiene, 1,11-dodecadiene, 1,13-tetradecadiene, or mixtures thereof. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one unsaturated polymer (A) is an unsaturated polyethylene, preferably an unsaturated low density polyethylene (LDPE) homopolymer or copolymer produced in a high pressure polymerization process, especially an LDPE copolymer of ethylene with one or more polyunsaturated comonomer(s) and optionally with one or more other comonomer(s). 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein said at least one layer of the Polymer Composition is applied in step i) by (co)extrusion to form an insulation layer. 9. The process according to claim 1 comprising a further step i0) preceding step i), and is characterized by
i0) meltmixing said Polymer Composition optionally together with further component(s), and then
i) applying the meltmix obtained from step i0) on a conductor to form at least one of said one or more cable layers. 10. The process according to claim 1 for preparing a crosslinkable cable, characterized by comprising the steps of
i00) providing to said step i0) said Polymer Composition, which comprises
A) at least one unsaturated polymer, which is crosslinkable, and
B) a crosslinking agent(s),
i0) meltmixing the Polymer Composition optionally together with further components, and
i) applying the meltmix obtained from step i0) on a conductor to form at least one of said one or more cable layers; or
i00) providing to said step i0) said Polymer Composition, which comprises
A) at least one unsaturated polymer, which is crosslinkable,
i00′) adding to said Polymer Compostion at least one crosslinking agent,
i0) meltmixing the Polymer Composition and the crosslinking agent, optionally together with further components, and
i) applying the meltmix obtained from step i0) on a conductor to form at least one of said one or more cable layers. 11. The process according to claim 1 for preparing a power cable comprising i) applying on a conductor at least an inner semiconductive layer, an insulation layer and an outer semiconductive layer, in a given order, wherein said Polymer Composition comprises an crosslinkable unsaturated polymer (A) and is used to form at least the insulation layer of the power cable. 12. The process according to claim 1 comprising a further step of ii) crosslinking the at least one cable layer obtained from step i) comprising a crosslinkable unsaturated polymer (A) of the Polymer Composition, wherein the crosslinking is effected in the presence of a crosslinking agent, which is preferably said crosslinking agent (B), more preferably a peroxide. 13. The process according to claim 1, wherein the Polymer Composition has an a) MFR2, in the given preference order, of at least 2.3 g/10 min, of at least 2.5 g/10 min, of at least 2.8 g/10 min, of at least 3.0 g/10 min, or of at least 3.2 g/10 min, when determined using ISO 1133, under 2.16 kg load and/or
a viscosity, η0.05, of at least 3000 Pas, preferably of at least 3500 Pas, more preferably of at least 4000 Pas. 14. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one unsaturated polymer (A), preferably the unsaturated LDPE copolymer, has an a) MFR2, in the given preference order, of at least 2.3 g/10 min, of at least 2.5 g/10 min, of at least 2.8 g/10 min, of at least 3.0 g/10 min, or of at least 3.2 g/10 min, when determined using ISO 1133, under 2.16 kg load.
and/or a viscosity, η0.05, of at least 3500 Pas, preferably of at least 4000 Pas, or more preferably of at least 5000 Pas. 15. The process according to claim 1, wherein the Polymer Composition and/or the at least one unsaturated polymer (A), has an a) MFR2 of 2.5 g/10 min or less, suitably of 0.2 or 2.5, preferably of from 0.5 to 2.3, more preferably of from 0.7 to 2.3, even more preferably of from 1.0 to 2.0 g/10 min, when determined using ISO 1133, under 2.16 kg load. 16. The process according to claim 1, wherein the continuous vulcanization line for preparing a cable is selected from a horizontal CV line, catenary CV line or from a vertical CV line. 17. A crosslinkable or crosslinked cable obtainable by the process according to claim 1. | The invention relates to a process for producing a cable in a continuous vulcanization (CV) line, which cable comprises a conductor surrounded by one or more layers,
wherein the process comprises the steps of i) applying on a conductor one or more layers by using a polymer composition which comprises
A) at least one unsaturated polymer, and B) optionally a crosslinking agent;
to form at least one of said cable layers surrounding the conductor.1. A process for producing a cable in a continuous vulcanization (CV) line, which cable comprises a conductor surrounded by one or more layers, wherein the process comprises the steps of
i) applying on a conductor one or more layers by using a polymer composition which comprises
A) at least one unsaturated polymer, and
B) optionally a crosslinking agent,
and wherein the polymer composition has
a) a melt flow rate, MFR2, of at least 0.2 g/10 min, preferably at least 0.5 g/10 min, more preferably of at least 0.7 g/10 min, and the polymer composition contains
b) carbon-carbon double bonds in an amount of at least 0.40 carbon-carbon double bonds/1000 carbon atoms, preferably at least 0.45/1000 carbon atoms, or more preferably at least 0.50/1000 carbon atoms;
to form at least one of said cable layers surrounding the conductor. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein said b) carbon-carbon double bonds present in the Polymer Composition include vinyl groups, which vinyl groups originate from a i) polyunsaturated comonomer, from a ii) chain transfer agent, from an iii) unsaturated low molecular weight compound, such as a crosslinking booster or a Scorch retarder, preferably a crosslinking booster, or from iv) any mixture of (i) to (iii). 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one unsaturated polymer (A) is a copolymer of a monomer with at least one polyunsaturated comonomer and optionally with one or more other comonomer(s) and wherein said b) carbon-carbon double bonds present in the Polymer Composition include vinyl groups originating from said at least one polyunsaturated comonomer, preferably diene. 4. The process according to claim 1, comprising i) applying on a conductor one or more layers by using a polymer composition which comprises
A) at least one unsaturated polymer, and B) optionally a crosslinking agent,
wherein said at least one unsaturated polymer (A) has
a) a melt flow rate, MFR2, of at least 0.5 g/10 min preferably at least 0.7 g/10 min, and said at least one unsaturated polymer (A) contains
b) carbon-carbon double bonds in an amount of at least 0.40 carbon-carbon double bonds/1000 carbon atoms;
to form at least one of said cable layers surrounding the conductor. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein b) the carbon-carbon double bonds present in the at least one unsaturated polymer (A) include vinyl groups which originate from a i) polyunsaturated comonomer, from a ii) chain transfer agent, or from iii) any mixture thereof, and wherein said at least one unsaturated polymer (A) contains said b) vinyl groups in a total amount, in the given preference order, of at least 0.25/1000 carbon atoms, of at least 0.30/1000 carbon atoms, of at least 0.40/1000 carbon atoms, of at least 0.50/1000 carbon atoms. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the polyunsaturated comonomer is a straight carbon chain with at least 8 carbon atoms and at least 4 carbon atoms between the non-conjugated double bonds, of which at least one is terminal, preferably C8 to C14 non-conjugated diene, more preferably selected from 1,7-octadiene, 1,9-decadiene, 1,11-dodecadiene, 1,13-tetradecadiene, or mixtures thereof. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one unsaturated polymer (A) is an unsaturated polyethylene, preferably an unsaturated low density polyethylene (LDPE) homopolymer or copolymer produced in a high pressure polymerization process, especially an LDPE copolymer of ethylene with one or more polyunsaturated comonomer(s) and optionally with one or more other comonomer(s). 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein said at least one layer of the Polymer Composition is applied in step i) by (co)extrusion to form an insulation layer. 9. The process according to claim 1 comprising a further step i0) preceding step i), and is characterized by
i0) meltmixing said Polymer Composition optionally together with further component(s), and then
i) applying the meltmix obtained from step i0) on a conductor to form at least one of said one or more cable layers. 10. The process according to claim 1 for preparing a crosslinkable cable, characterized by comprising the steps of
i00) providing to said step i0) said Polymer Composition, which comprises
A) at least one unsaturated polymer, which is crosslinkable, and
B) a crosslinking agent(s),
i0) meltmixing the Polymer Composition optionally together with further components, and
i) applying the meltmix obtained from step i0) on a conductor to form at least one of said one or more cable layers; or
i00) providing to said step i0) said Polymer Composition, which comprises
A) at least one unsaturated polymer, which is crosslinkable,
i00′) adding to said Polymer Compostion at least one crosslinking agent,
i0) meltmixing the Polymer Composition and the crosslinking agent, optionally together with further components, and
i) applying the meltmix obtained from step i0) on a conductor to form at least one of said one or more cable layers. 11. The process according to claim 1 for preparing a power cable comprising i) applying on a conductor at least an inner semiconductive layer, an insulation layer and an outer semiconductive layer, in a given order, wherein said Polymer Composition comprises an crosslinkable unsaturated polymer (A) and is used to form at least the insulation layer of the power cable. 12. The process according to claim 1 comprising a further step of ii) crosslinking the at least one cable layer obtained from step i) comprising a crosslinkable unsaturated polymer (A) of the Polymer Composition, wherein the crosslinking is effected in the presence of a crosslinking agent, which is preferably said crosslinking agent (B), more preferably a peroxide. 13. The process according to claim 1, wherein the Polymer Composition has an a) MFR2, in the given preference order, of at least 2.3 g/10 min, of at least 2.5 g/10 min, of at least 2.8 g/10 min, of at least 3.0 g/10 min, or of at least 3.2 g/10 min, when determined using ISO 1133, under 2.16 kg load and/or
a viscosity, η0.05, of at least 3000 Pas, preferably of at least 3500 Pas, more preferably of at least 4000 Pas. 14. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one unsaturated polymer (A), preferably the unsaturated LDPE copolymer, has an a) MFR2, in the given preference order, of at least 2.3 g/10 min, of at least 2.5 g/10 min, of at least 2.8 g/10 min, of at least 3.0 g/10 min, or of at least 3.2 g/10 min, when determined using ISO 1133, under 2.16 kg load.
and/or a viscosity, η0.05, of at least 3500 Pas, preferably of at least 4000 Pas, or more preferably of at least 5000 Pas. 15. The process according to claim 1, wherein the Polymer Composition and/or the at least one unsaturated polymer (A), has an a) MFR2 of 2.5 g/10 min or less, suitably of 0.2 or 2.5, preferably of from 0.5 to 2.3, more preferably of from 0.7 to 2.3, even more preferably of from 1.0 to 2.0 g/10 min, when determined using ISO 1133, under 2.16 kg load. 16. The process according to claim 1, wherein the continuous vulcanization line for preparing a cable is selected from a horizontal CV line, catenary CV line or from a vertical CV line. 17. A crosslinkable or crosslinked cable obtainable by the process according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,218 | 13,823,165 | 1,734 | An inflator ( 30 ) comprises at least one combustion chamber ( 34 ), filled with a plurality of solid propellant pellets ( 10 ), each of the solid propellant pellets ( 10 ) including a surface having a breaking point ( 19 ) which is delimited at least by two converging surfaces ( 28 ) produced by pressing. A method of manufacturing solid propellant pellets ( 10 ), includes the steps of providing a solid propellant ( 12 ), pressing the solid propellant ( 12 ) into a pellet blank ( 16 ), the pellet blank ( 16 ) having at least one predetermined breaking point ( 18 ) which divides the pellet blank ( 16 ) into at least two subareas ( 20 ), and breaking the pellet blank ( 16 ) along the at least one predetermined breaking point ( 18 ), wherein each of the at least two subareas ( 20 ) forms a solid propellant pellet ( 10 ). | 1. A method of manufacturing solid propellant pellets (10), especially for an inflator (30) and/or a pyrotechnical actuator of a vehicle occupant restraint system, comprising the process steps of:
a) providing a solid propellant (12); b) pressing the solid propellant (12) into a pellet blank (16), the pellet blank (16) having at least one predetermined breaking point (18) dividing the pellet blank (16) into at least two subareas (20); and c) breaking the pellet blank (16) along the at least one predetermined breaking point (18), wherein each of the at least two subareas (20) forms a solid propellant pellet (10). 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pellet blank (16) is broken when being ejected from a press (14), or characterized in that the pellet blank (16) forms an intermediate product and the pellet blank (16) is broken in a process step which is separate from pressing. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined breaking point (18) is formed by a portion (22) of reduced pellet thickness and/or characterized in that the pellet thickness is continuously reduced toward the predetermined breaking point (18). 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pellet blank (16) has a flat and/or cylindrical shape, the predetermined breaking point (18) being formed in at least one of the opposed end faces (24, 26) and/or characterized in that the predetermined breaking point (18) constitutes a predetermined breaking line (18), wherein said predetermined breaking line (18) preferably extends from one portion of the circumference of the pellet blank (16) to another portion of the circumference of the pellet blank (16). 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the radius of the pellet blank (16) is larger than or equal to one millimeter, preferably is within a range of 1 mm to 5 mm, further preferably within a range of 1.5 mm to 4.5 mm, especially preferred within a range of 2.5 mm to 3.5 mm. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the solid propellant (12) is provided in the form of powder having a maximum grain size of 200 μm or in the form of granulate having an average grain size of more than 200 μm. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein all solid propellant pellets (10) of a pellet blank (16) exhibit a substantially equal design or characterized in that at least two solid propellant pellets (10) of a pellet blank (16) exhibit a different design. 8. A solid propellant pellet (10) manufactured from a pressed pellet blank (16) having at least one predetermined breaking point (18) by breaking the pellet blank (16) along the at least one predetermined breaking point (18), the solid propellant pellet substantially exhibiting the shape of a cylinder sector. 9. The solid propellant pellet (10) according to claim 8, wherein the pellet (10) includes a circumferential surface (40) which has one portion in the form of a straight cylinder and a connected portion exhibiting a convex curvature, especially in the direction of the center of the pellet blank (16). 10. The solid propellant pellet (10) according to claim 8, wherein fracture surfaces (42) formed by breaking have a higher surface roughness than the other surfaces delimiting the solid propellant pellet (10), especially the circumferential surface (40) and/or the upper and lower end faces (24, 26). 11. An inflator (30) comprising at least one combustion chamber (34), the combustion chamber (34) being filled, in the non-activated state of the inflator (30), with a plurality of solid propellant pellets (10), each of the solid propellant pellets (10) including a surface having a breaking point (19) which is delimited at least by two converging surfaces (28) produced by pressing, preferably manufactured according to claim 1. 12. The inflator (30) according to claim 11, wherein the two pressed surfaces (28) converge at an angle of between 45° and 180° and/or characterized in that the solid propellant pellets (10) are fragments of a pellet blank (16) and substantially have an equal design. 13. A module comprising an inflator (30), an airbag inflatable by the inflator (30) and a fastening means for mounting the module, especially in the interior of a vehicle, wherein the inflator (30) is configured according to claim 12. | An inflator ( 30 ) comprises at least one combustion chamber ( 34 ), filled with a plurality of solid propellant pellets ( 10 ), each of the solid propellant pellets ( 10 ) including a surface having a breaking point ( 19 ) which is delimited at least by two converging surfaces ( 28 ) produced by pressing. A method of manufacturing solid propellant pellets ( 10 ), includes the steps of providing a solid propellant ( 12 ), pressing the solid propellant ( 12 ) into a pellet blank ( 16 ), the pellet blank ( 16 ) having at least one predetermined breaking point ( 18 ) which divides the pellet blank ( 16 ) into at least two subareas ( 20 ), and breaking the pellet blank ( 16 ) along the at least one predetermined breaking point ( 18 ), wherein each of the at least two subareas ( 20 ) forms a solid propellant pellet ( 10 ).1. A method of manufacturing solid propellant pellets (10), especially for an inflator (30) and/or a pyrotechnical actuator of a vehicle occupant restraint system, comprising the process steps of:
a) providing a solid propellant (12); b) pressing the solid propellant (12) into a pellet blank (16), the pellet blank (16) having at least one predetermined breaking point (18) dividing the pellet blank (16) into at least two subareas (20); and c) breaking the pellet blank (16) along the at least one predetermined breaking point (18), wherein each of the at least two subareas (20) forms a solid propellant pellet (10). 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pellet blank (16) is broken when being ejected from a press (14), or characterized in that the pellet blank (16) forms an intermediate product and the pellet blank (16) is broken in a process step which is separate from pressing. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined breaking point (18) is formed by a portion (22) of reduced pellet thickness and/or characterized in that the pellet thickness is continuously reduced toward the predetermined breaking point (18). 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pellet blank (16) has a flat and/or cylindrical shape, the predetermined breaking point (18) being formed in at least one of the opposed end faces (24, 26) and/or characterized in that the predetermined breaking point (18) constitutes a predetermined breaking line (18), wherein said predetermined breaking line (18) preferably extends from one portion of the circumference of the pellet blank (16) to another portion of the circumference of the pellet blank (16). 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the radius of the pellet blank (16) is larger than or equal to one millimeter, preferably is within a range of 1 mm to 5 mm, further preferably within a range of 1.5 mm to 4.5 mm, especially preferred within a range of 2.5 mm to 3.5 mm. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the solid propellant (12) is provided in the form of powder having a maximum grain size of 200 μm or in the form of granulate having an average grain size of more than 200 μm. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein all solid propellant pellets (10) of a pellet blank (16) exhibit a substantially equal design or characterized in that at least two solid propellant pellets (10) of a pellet blank (16) exhibit a different design. 8. A solid propellant pellet (10) manufactured from a pressed pellet blank (16) having at least one predetermined breaking point (18) by breaking the pellet blank (16) along the at least one predetermined breaking point (18), the solid propellant pellet substantially exhibiting the shape of a cylinder sector. 9. The solid propellant pellet (10) according to claim 8, wherein the pellet (10) includes a circumferential surface (40) which has one portion in the form of a straight cylinder and a connected portion exhibiting a convex curvature, especially in the direction of the center of the pellet blank (16). 10. The solid propellant pellet (10) according to claim 8, wherein fracture surfaces (42) formed by breaking have a higher surface roughness than the other surfaces delimiting the solid propellant pellet (10), especially the circumferential surface (40) and/or the upper and lower end faces (24, 26). 11. An inflator (30) comprising at least one combustion chamber (34), the combustion chamber (34) being filled, in the non-activated state of the inflator (30), with a plurality of solid propellant pellets (10), each of the solid propellant pellets (10) including a surface having a breaking point (19) which is delimited at least by two converging surfaces (28) produced by pressing, preferably manufactured according to claim 1. 12. The inflator (30) according to claim 11, wherein the two pressed surfaces (28) converge at an angle of between 45° and 180° and/or characterized in that the solid propellant pellets (10) are fragments of a pellet blank (16) and substantially have an equal design. 13. A module comprising an inflator (30), an airbag inflatable by the inflator (30) and a fastening means for mounting the module, especially in the interior of a vehicle, wherein the inflator (30) is configured according to claim 12. | 1,700 |
2,219 | 12,557,575 | 1,788 | An insulation product is comprised of a fibrous layer pre-assembled with a flexible foam layer. The layer containing the fibrous material may comprise a fiberglass layer or a layer containing cellulosic fibers. The foam layer, on the other hand, may comprise any suitable flexible foam, such as an elastomeric polyurethane foam, that creates an air barrier. The two materials are laminated together and the resulting product is delivered to a building or structure for installation. | 1. A spirally wound insulation product configured to be unwound and applied to a surface for insulating the surface comprising a first layer laminated to a second layer, the first layer comprising a fibrous insulation material comprising a batt of fibers, the second layer comprising an air barrier layer. 2. A spirally wound insulation product as defined in claim 1, wherein the fibrous insulation material contains glass fibers. 3. A spirally wound insulation product as defined in claim 1, wherein the fibrous insulation material contains cellulosic fibers or stone wool fibers. 4. A spirally wound insulation product as defined in claim 2, wherein the first layer has a first surface and a second surface, the first surface being laminated to a backing material, the second surface being laminated to the air barrier layer, the fibrous insulation material being in direct contact with the air barrier layer. 5. A spirally wound insulation product as defined in claim 1, wherein the product has a width of at least about eight inches. 6. A spirally wound insulation product as defined in claim 1, further comprising an adhesive attaching the first layer to the second layer. 7. A spirally wound insulation product as defined in claim 1, wherein the first layer is laminated to the second layer without using an adhesive. 8. A spirally wound insulation product as defined in claim 1, wherein the air barrier layer comprises a flexible foam material comprising a closed cell foam. 9. A spirally wound insulation product as defined in claim 1, wherein the air barrier layer comprises a flexible foam material comprising an open cell foam. 10. A spirally wound insulation product as defined in claim 1, wherein the air barrier layer comprises a flexible foam material comprising a polyurethane foam. 11. A spirally wound insulation product as defined in claim 10, wherein the first layer has a thickness of from about two inches to about 12 inches and wherein the second layer has a thickness of from about 0.1 inches to about 2 inches. 12. A spirally wound insulation product as defined in claim 1, wherein the air barrier layer comprises an elastomeric foam. 13. A spirally wound insulation product as defined in claim 1, wherein the second layer is formed in-situ on the first layer by spraying a foam-making composition onto the first layer. 14. A spirally wound insulation product as defined in claim 10, wherein the foam material is formed by reacting an aromatic isocyanate with a polyol. 15. A method of insulating a surface comprising unwinding the insulation product defined in claim 1 onto the surface. 16. A method as defined in claim 15, wherein the surface defines cavities having opposing side walls and wherein the insulation product is installed in the cavities so as to form a tension fit against the opposing side walls of the cavities. 17. An insulation product for later applying to a surface in order to insulate the surface comprising a first layer laminated to a second layer, the first layer comprising a fibrous insulation material comprising a batt of fibers, the first layer having a first surface and a second surface, the first surface being laminated to a backing material, the second layer laminated to the first layer comprising an air barrier layer comprising a flexible foam material, the foam material being laminated to the second surface of the first layer, the foam material being in direct contact with the fibrous insulation material, the foam material comprising a polyurethane foam, and wherein the first layer has a thickness of from about 2 inches to about 12 inches and the second layer has a thickness of from about 0.25 inches to about 2 inches. 18. An insulation product as defined in claim 17, wherein the foam material comprises an open cell foam. 19. An insulation product as defined in claim 17, wherein the foam material comprises a closed cell foam. 20. An insulation product as defined in claim 17, wherein the foam material comprises an elastomeric foam. 21. An insulation product as defined in claim 17, wherein the first layer is laminated to the second layer without using an adhesive. | An insulation product is comprised of a fibrous layer pre-assembled with a flexible foam layer. The layer containing the fibrous material may comprise a fiberglass layer or a layer containing cellulosic fibers. The foam layer, on the other hand, may comprise any suitable flexible foam, such as an elastomeric polyurethane foam, that creates an air barrier. The two materials are laminated together and the resulting product is delivered to a building or structure for installation.1. A spirally wound insulation product configured to be unwound and applied to a surface for insulating the surface comprising a first layer laminated to a second layer, the first layer comprising a fibrous insulation material comprising a batt of fibers, the second layer comprising an air barrier layer. 2. A spirally wound insulation product as defined in claim 1, wherein the fibrous insulation material contains glass fibers. 3. A spirally wound insulation product as defined in claim 1, wherein the fibrous insulation material contains cellulosic fibers or stone wool fibers. 4. A spirally wound insulation product as defined in claim 2, wherein the first layer has a first surface and a second surface, the first surface being laminated to a backing material, the second surface being laminated to the air barrier layer, the fibrous insulation material being in direct contact with the air barrier layer. 5. A spirally wound insulation product as defined in claim 1, wherein the product has a width of at least about eight inches. 6. A spirally wound insulation product as defined in claim 1, further comprising an adhesive attaching the first layer to the second layer. 7. A spirally wound insulation product as defined in claim 1, wherein the first layer is laminated to the second layer without using an adhesive. 8. A spirally wound insulation product as defined in claim 1, wherein the air barrier layer comprises a flexible foam material comprising a closed cell foam. 9. A spirally wound insulation product as defined in claim 1, wherein the air barrier layer comprises a flexible foam material comprising an open cell foam. 10. A spirally wound insulation product as defined in claim 1, wherein the air barrier layer comprises a flexible foam material comprising a polyurethane foam. 11. A spirally wound insulation product as defined in claim 10, wherein the first layer has a thickness of from about two inches to about 12 inches and wherein the second layer has a thickness of from about 0.1 inches to about 2 inches. 12. A spirally wound insulation product as defined in claim 1, wherein the air barrier layer comprises an elastomeric foam. 13. A spirally wound insulation product as defined in claim 1, wherein the second layer is formed in-situ on the first layer by spraying a foam-making composition onto the first layer. 14. A spirally wound insulation product as defined in claim 10, wherein the foam material is formed by reacting an aromatic isocyanate with a polyol. 15. A method of insulating a surface comprising unwinding the insulation product defined in claim 1 onto the surface. 16. A method as defined in claim 15, wherein the surface defines cavities having opposing side walls and wherein the insulation product is installed in the cavities so as to form a tension fit against the opposing side walls of the cavities. 17. An insulation product for later applying to a surface in order to insulate the surface comprising a first layer laminated to a second layer, the first layer comprising a fibrous insulation material comprising a batt of fibers, the first layer having a first surface and a second surface, the first surface being laminated to a backing material, the second layer laminated to the first layer comprising an air barrier layer comprising a flexible foam material, the foam material being laminated to the second surface of the first layer, the foam material being in direct contact with the fibrous insulation material, the foam material comprising a polyurethane foam, and wherein the first layer has a thickness of from about 2 inches to about 12 inches and the second layer has a thickness of from about 0.25 inches to about 2 inches. 18. An insulation product as defined in claim 17, wherein the foam material comprises an open cell foam. 19. An insulation product as defined in claim 17, wherein the foam material comprises a closed cell foam. 20. An insulation product as defined in claim 17, wherein the foam material comprises an elastomeric foam. 21. An insulation product as defined in claim 17, wherein the first layer is laminated to the second layer without using an adhesive. | 1,700 |
2,220 | 13,724,058 | 1,727 | A method for preparing a multilayer material based on active lithium, by depositing a film of active lithium on a protective layer at a sufficient speed so that substantially no oxidation of the lithium occurs, and/or during a sufficient time for the adhesion of the lithium to develop after contact with the protective layer. The multilayer material, when incorporated in an electrochemical battery as an anode, has excellent impedance stability and no formation of dendrites during the cycling. Batteries where the anode is the multilayer material are particularly efficient in terms of their coulomb efficiency. | 1. A method for preparing a multilayer material which comprises at least one layer of active lithium, said method comprising a step of depositing a film of active lithium on a protective layer at a sufficient speed so that substantially no oxidation of the lithium occurs, and/or during a sufficient time for the adhesion of the lithium to develop after contact with the protective layer. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the layer of active lithium consists essentially of lithium which has a degree of purity higher than 99%, or of a lithium alloy comprising less than 3000 ppm of impurities. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the layer of active lithium carries on one or each of its surfaces, a passivation layer which is such that the ratio “thickness of the passivation layer”/“thickness of the layer of active lithium” is between 2.10−5 and 1.10−3. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the passivation layer comprises at least one lithium compound from the group consisting of Li2O, Li2CO3, LiOH, and Li2S2O4; wherein the Li2O, Li2CO3 and LiOH are formed in a dry atmosphere. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein a protective layer is deposited on each of the surfaces of the film of active lithium, the two protective layers consisting essentially of an ion-conducting material. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the film of active lithium is deposited on a protective layer consisting essentially of an ion-conducting material. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the film of active lithium is deposited on a protective layer consisting essentially of an ion-conducting material and a protective layer consisting essentially of an electron-conducting material is deposited on the free surface of the film of active lithium. 8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method is implemented in a dry air atmosphere, in an anhydrous chamber with a dew point between −45 and 55° C. and a relative humidity between 0.7 and 2.2%. 9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the protective layer is deposited in 1 to 15 seconds. 10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein an ion-conducting protective layer comprises at least two sublayers, consisting essentially of, independently of one another, a material which has an ion conduction higher than 10−4S·cm2, and which is selected from ceramics, glasses, polymers, and polymers containing a ceramic filler. 11. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the material constituting the protective layer consists essentially of a ceramic of the nonstoichiometric lithium phosphorus oxynitride type (LIPON). 12. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the protective layer consists essentially of a ceramic or of a glass with a thickness equal to or less than 1 μm, of a solution of an ionic compound in a polymer, of a polymer carrying ionic groups, of a polymer containing a ceramic, of a polymer with a thickness between 1 and 100 μm, or of an electron conducting material. 13. A multilayer material obtained as claimed in claim 1, comprising at least one layer of active lithium and one protective layer adhering to one another, wherein the lithium layer is a layer of active lithium which carries, on at least one of its surfaces, a continuous or discontinuous passivation layer having an average thickness of less than 50 Å, and wherein said at least one protective layer consists essentially of an ion-conducting material. 14. The multilayer material as claimed in claim 13, wherein the two surfaces of the layer of active lithium carry an ion-conducting protective layer. 15. The multilayer material as claimed in claim 13, wherein one of the surfaces of the layer of active lithium adheres to a protective layer consisting essentially of an ion-conducting material, and the other surface of the layer of active lithium adheres to a protective layer consisting essentially of an electron-conducting material. 16. An electrochemical generator comprising at least one cathode, one electrolyte and at least one anode, wherein the anode comprises a multilayer material as claimed in claim 13. 17. The generator as claimed in claim 16, wherein it comprises at least one assembly comprising the following elements, in the order indicated:
a collector; a cathode material; a polymer electrolyte, or a separator impregnated with a gel electrolyte or a separator impregnated with a liquid electrolyte; the multilayer material forming the anode;
wherein said multilayer material comprises a layer of active lithium between a metal protective layer and a nonmetallic protective layer, consisting essentially of a material selected from ceramics of the LIPON type, ionic glasses, conducting polymers, polymers containing ceramic fillers, and polymers made conducting by the addition of a solution of an ionic compound in a liquid solvent, the nonmetallic protective layer being in contact with the electrolyte. 18. The generator as claimed in claim 16, wherein it comprises at least one assembly comprising the following elements, in the order indicated:
a collector; a cathode material; a polymer electrolyte; the multilayer material forming the anode; an electrolyte; a cathode; a collector;
wherein said multilayer material comprises a layer of lithium between two protective layers, each consisting essentially of, independently of one another, a material selected from LIPON, ionic glasses, conducting polymers and polymers containing ceramic fillers, and polymers made conducting by the addition of a solution of an ionic compound in a liquid solvent. 19. The generator as claimed in claim 16, wherein the lithium film of the multilayer is in contact with a nickel or copper support which serves as a current collector. | A method for preparing a multilayer material based on active lithium, by depositing a film of active lithium on a protective layer at a sufficient speed so that substantially no oxidation of the lithium occurs, and/or during a sufficient time for the adhesion of the lithium to develop after contact with the protective layer. The multilayer material, when incorporated in an electrochemical battery as an anode, has excellent impedance stability and no formation of dendrites during the cycling. Batteries where the anode is the multilayer material are particularly efficient in terms of their coulomb efficiency.1. A method for preparing a multilayer material which comprises at least one layer of active lithium, said method comprising a step of depositing a film of active lithium on a protective layer at a sufficient speed so that substantially no oxidation of the lithium occurs, and/or during a sufficient time for the adhesion of the lithium to develop after contact with the protective layer. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the layer of active lithium consists essentially of lithium which has a degree of purity higher than 99%, or of a lithium alloy comprising less than 3000 ppm of impurities. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the layer of active lithium carries on one or each of its surfaces, a passivation layer which is such that the ratio “thickness of the passivation layer”/“thickness of the layer of active lithium” is between 2.10−5 and 1.10−3. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the passivation layer comprises at least one lithium compound from the group consisting of Li2O, Li2CO3, LiOH, and Li2S2O4; wherein the Li2O, Li2CO3 and LiOH are formed in a dry atmosphere. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein a protective layer is deposited on each of the surfaces of the film of active lithium, the two protective layers consisting essentially of an ion-conducting material. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the film of active lithium is deposited on a protective layer consisting essentially of an ion-conducting material. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the film of active lithium is deposited on a protective layer consisting essentially of an ion-conducting material and a protective layer consisting essentially of an electron-conducting material is deposited on the free surface of the film of active lithium. 8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method is implemented in a dry air atmosphere, in an anhydrous chamber with a dew point between −45 and 55° C. and a relative humidity between 0.7 and 2.2%. 9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the protective layer is deposited in 1 to 15 seconds. 10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein an ion-conducting protective layer comprises at least two sublayers, consisting essentially of, independently of one another, a material which has an ion conduction higher than 10−4S·cm2, and which is selected from ceramics, glasses, polymers, and polymers containing a ceramic filler. 11. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the material constituting the protective layer consists essentially of a ceramic of the nonstoichiometric lithium phosphorus oxynitride type (LIPON). 12. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the protective layer consists essentially of a ceramic or of a glass with a thickness equal to or less than 1 μm, of a solution of an ionic compound in a polymer, of a polymer carrying ionic groups, of a polymer containing a ceramic, of a polymer with a thickness between 1 and 100 μm, or of an electron conducting material. 13. A multilayer material obtained as claimed in claim 1, comprising at least one layer of active lithium and one protective layer adhering to one another, wherein the lithium layer is a layer of active lithium which carries, on at least one of its surfaces, a continuous or discontinuous passivation layer having an average thickness of less than 50 Å, and wherein said at least one protective layer consists essentially of an ion-conducting material. 14. The multilayer material as claimed in claim 13, wherein the two surfaces of the layer of active lithium carry an ion-conducting protective layer. 15. The multilayer material as claimed in claim 13, wherein one of the surfaces of the layer of active lithium adheres to a protective layer consisting essentially of an ion-conducting material, and the other surface of the layer of active lithium adheres to a protective layer consisting essentially of an electron-conducting material. 16. An electrochemical generator comprising at least one cathode, one electrolyte and at least one anode, wherein the anode comprises a multilayer material as claimed in claim 13. 17. The generator as claimed in claim 16, wherein it comprises at least one assembly comprising the following elements, in the order indicated:
a collector; a cathode material; a polymer electrolyte, or a separator impregnated with a gel electrolyte or a separator impregnated with a liquid electrolyte; the multilayer material forming the anode;
wherein said multilayer material comprises a layer of active lithium between a metal protective layer and a nonmetallic protective layer, consisting essentially of a material selected from ceramics of the LIPON type, ionic glasses, conducting polymers, polymers containing ceramic fillers, and polymers made conducting by the addition of a solution of an ionic compound in a liquid solvent, the nonmetallic protective layer being in contact with the electrolyte. 18. The generator as claimed in claim 16, wherein it comprises at least one assembly comprising the following elements, in the order indicated:
a collector; a cathode material; a polymer electrolyte; the multilayer material forming the anode; an electrolyte; a cathode; a collector;
wherein said multilayer material comprises a layer of lithium between two protective layers, each consisting essentially of, independently of one another, a material selected from LIPON, ionic glasses, conducting polymers and polymers containing ceramic fillers, and polymers made conducting by the addition of a solution of an ionic compound in a liquid solvent. 19. The generator as claimed in claim 16, wherein the lithium film of the multilayer is in contact with a nickel or copper support which serves as a current collector. | 1,700 |
2,221 | 14,826,765 | 1,784 | An environmental barrier coating system for a component of a gas turbine includes at least one rare earth disilicate layer and at least one rare earth monosilicate layer. At least one of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer or the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer includes an alkaline earth oxide dopant. | 1. An environmental barrier coating system for a component of a gas turbine, comprising:
at least one rare earth disilicate layer; and at least one rare earth monosilicate layer, wherein the at least one rare earth disilicate layer and the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer each includes an alkaline earth oxide dopant. 2. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one rare earth disilicate layer is substantially hermetic. 3. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one rare earth disilicate layer is doped with an amount of the alkaline earth oxide dopant to about 1-25 mole % of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer. 4. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 3, wherein the amount of the alkaline earth oxide dopant is about 10 mole % of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer. 5. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 3, wherein the amount of the alkaline earth oxide dopant increases the coefficient of thermal expansion of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer by no more than about 25%. 6. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 5, wherein the amount of the alkaline earth oxide dopant increases the coefficient of thermal expansion of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer by less than about 10%. 7. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 3, wherein the alkaline earth oxide dopant comprises CaO and the at least one rare earth disilicate layer contains Y2O3. 8. An environmental barrier coating system for a component of a gas turbine, comprising:
at least one rare earth disilicate layer; and at least one rare earth monosilicate layer, wherein at least one of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer or the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer includes an alkaline earth oxide dopant, wherein the at least one rare earth disilicate layer is doped with an amount of the alkaline earth oxide dopant to about 1-25 mole % of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer, the alkaline earth oxide dopant comprises CaO and the at least one rare earth disilicate layer contains Y2O3, and the at least one rare earth disilicate layer has a composition bounded by a region in the rare earth oxide/silica/alkaline earth oxide compositional space defined by a first composition point at Ca2N8Si6O26, a second composition point at Y2SiO5, and a third composition point at Y2Si2O7. 9. An environmental barrier coating system for a component of a gas turbine, comprising:
at least one rare earth disilicate layer, and at least one rare earth monosilicate layer, wherein at least one of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer or the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer includes an alkaline earth oxide dopant, wherein the at least one rare earth disilicate layer is doped with an amount of the alkaline earth oxide dopant to about 1-25 mole % of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer, the alkaline earth oxide dopant comprises CaO and the at least one rare earth disilicate layer contains Y2O3, and the at least one rare earth disilicate layer has a composition hounded by a region in the rare earth oxide/silica/alkaline earth oxide compositional space defined by a first composition point at Ca2Y8Si6O26, a second composition point at Ca3Y2Si6O18, and a third composition point at Y2Si2 0 7. 10. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer is doped with an amount of the alkaline earth oxide dopant to about 1-25 mole % of the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer. 11. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 10, wherein the amount of the alkaline earth oxide dopant is about 10 mole % of the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer. 12. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 10, wherein the amount of the alkaline earth oxide dopant increases the coefficient of thermal expansion of the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer by no more than about 10%. 13. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 10, wherein the alkaline earth oxide dopant comprises CaO and the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer contains Y2O3. 14. An environmental barrier coating system for a component of a gas turbine, comprising:
at least one rare earth disilicate layer; and at least one rare earth monosilicate layer, wherein at least one of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer or the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer includes an alkaline earth oxide dopant, wherein the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer is doped with an amount of the alkaline earth oxide dopant to about 1-25 mole % of the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer, the alkaline earth oxide dopant comprises CaO and the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer contains Y2O3, and the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer has a composition bounded by a region in the rare earth oxide/silica/alkaline earth oxide compositional space defined by a first composition point at Y2O3, a second composition point at Ca2Y8Si6O26, and a third composition point at Y2SiO5. 15. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the alkaline earth oxide dopant either reduces the coefficient of thermal expansion of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer or increases the coefficient of thermal expansion of the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer by less than about 10%. 16. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer or the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer further includes an alkaline-earth-rare-earth-silicate dopant of the formula AE·RE·S, where AE is Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, or combinations thereof, and RE is Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, or combinations thereof, and S is a compound containing an anionic silicon compound. 17. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 16, wherein the alkaline-earth-rare-earth-silicate dopant is a magnesium-rare-earth-silicate dopant. 18. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 16, wherein the alkaline-earth-rare-earth-silicate dopant is a calcium-rare-earth-silicate dopant. 19. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 18, wherein the calcium-rare-earth silicate dopant is CaYS. 20. An environmental barrier coating system for a component of a gas turbine, comprising:
at least one rare earth disilicate layer; and at least one rare earth monosilicate layer, wherein at least one of the at least one rate earth disilicate layer or the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer includes an alkaline earth oxide dopant, wherein at least one of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer or the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer further includes an alkaline-earth-rare-earth-silicate dopant of the formula AE·RE·S, where AE is Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, or combinations thereof, and RE is Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, or combinations thereof, and S is a compound containing an anionic silicon compound, the alkaline-earth-rare-earth-silicate dopant is a calcium-rare-earth-silicate dopant, the calcium-rare-earth silicate dopant is CaYS, and the layer including the alkaline-earth-rare-earth-silicate dopant has a composition including a composition point at Ca2Y2Si2O9 in the rare earth oxide/silica/alkaline earth oxide compositional space. 21. An environmental barrier coating system for a component of a gas turbine, comprising:
at least one rare earth disilicate layer; and at least one rare earth monosilicate layer, wherein at least one of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer or the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer includes an alkaline earth oxide dopant, wherein at least one of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer or the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer further includes an alkaline-earth-rare-earth-silicate dopant of the formula AE·RE·S, where AE is Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, or combinations thereof, and RE is Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, or combinations thereof, and S is a compound containing an anionic silicon compound, the alkaline-earth-rare-earth-silicate dopant is a calcium-rare-earth-silicate dopant, the calcium-rare-earth silicate dopant is CaYS, and the layer including the alkaline-earth-rare-earth-silicate dopant has a composition including a composition point at Ca3Y2Si3O12 in the rare earth oxide/silica/alkaline earth oxide compositional space. 22. An environmental barrier coating system for a component of a gas turbine, comprising:
at least one rare earth disilicate layer; and at least one rare earth monosilicate layer, wherein at least one of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer or the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer includes an alkaline earth oxide dopant, wherein at least one of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer or the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer further includes an alkaline-earth-rare-earth-silicate dopant of the formula AE·RE·S, where AE is Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, or combinations thereof, and RE is Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, or combinations thereof, and S is a compound containing an anionic silicon compound, the alkaline-earth-rare-earth-silicate dopant is a calcium-rare-earth-silicate dopant, the calcium-rare-earth silicate dopant is CaYS, and the layer including the alkaline-earth-rare-earth-silicate dopant has a composition including a composition point at Ca3Y2Si6O18 in the rare earth oxide/silica/alkaline earth oxide compositional space. 23. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 1, wherein he alkaline earth oxide dopant is CaO. 24. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 23, wherein the amount of the CaO dopant is about 1-25 mole, % of the layer. 25. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 24, wherein the amount is about 2-20 mole % of the layer. 26. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 25, wherein the amount is about 2-10 mole % of the layer. 27. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 26, wherein the amount is about 10 mole % of the layer. 28. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 1, wherein the alkaline earth oxide dopant is MgO. 29. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 1, wherein the alkaline earth oxide dopant is SrO. 30. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one rare earth disilicate layer is a composition of the formula RE2Si2O7, where RE is Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, or combinations thereof. 31. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer is a composition of the formula RE2SiO5, where RE is Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, or combinations thereof. 32. (canceled) 33. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one rare earth disilicate layer comprises two rare earth disilicate layers, and at least one of the two rare earth disilicate layers includes an alkaline earth oxide dopant. 34. A component of a gas turbine engine, wherein the component is coated with the environmental barrier coating system according to claim 1. 35. A component according to claim 34, wherein the component is formed of a ceramic matrix composite. 36. A component according to claim 35, wherein the environmental barrier coating system further comprises a bond coat that is between about 10 to about 200 μm thick. 37. A component according to claim 36, wherein the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer is between about 10 to about 100 μm thick. 38. A component according to claim 37, wherein the at least one rare earth disilicate layer is between about 10 to about 250 μm thick. 39. A gas turbine engine including the component according to claim 34. | An environmental barrier coating system for a component of a gas turbine includes at least one rare earth disilicate layer and at least one rare earth monosilicate layer. At least one of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer or the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer includes an alkaline earth oxide dopant.1. An environmental barrier coating system for a component of a gas turbine, comprising:
at least one rare earth disilicate layer; and at least one rare earth monosilicate layer, wherein the at least one rare earth disilicate layer and the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer each includes an alkaline earth oxide dopant. 2. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one rare earth disilicate layer is substantially hermetic. 3. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one rare earth disilicate layer is doped with an amount of the alkaline earth oxide dopant to about 1-25 mole % of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer. 4. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 3, wherein the amount of the alkaline earth oxide dopant is about 10 mole % of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer. 5. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 3, wherein the amount of the alkaline earth oxide dopant increases the coefficient of thermal expansion of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer by no more than about 25%. 6. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 5, wherein the amount of the alkaline earth oxide dopant increases the coefficient of thermal expansion of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer by less than about 10%. 7. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 3, wherein the alkaline earth oxide dopant comprises CaO and the at least one rare earth disilicate layer contains Y2O3. 8. An environmental barrier coating system for a component of a gas turbine, comprising:
at least one rare earth disilicate layer; and at least one rare earth monosilicate layer, wherein at least one of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer or the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer includes an alkaline earth oxide dopant, wherein the at least one rare earth disilicate layer is doped with an amount of the alkaline earth oxide dopant to about 1-25 mole % of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer, the alkaline earth oxide dopant comprises CaO and the at least one rare earth disilicate layer contains Y2O3, and the at least one rare earth disilicate layer has a composition bounded by a region in the rare earth oxide/silica/alkaline earth oxide compositional space defined by a first composition point at Ca2N8Si6O26, a second composition point at Y2SiO5, and a third composition point at Y2Si2O7. 9. An environmental barrier coating system for a component of a gas turbine, comprising:
at least one rare earth disilicate layer, and at least one rare earth monosilicate layer, wherein at least one of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer or the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer includes an alkaline earth oxide dopant, wherein the at least one rare earth disilicate layer is doped with an amount of the alkaline earth oxide dopant to about 1-25 mole % of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer, the alkaline earth oxide dopant comprises CaO and the at least one rare earth disilicate layer contains Y2O3, and the at least one rare earth disilicate layer has a composition hounded by a region in the rare earth oxide/silica/alkaline earth oxide compositional space defined by a first composition point at Ca2Y8Si6O26, a second composition point at Ca3Y2Si6O18, and a third composition point at Y2Si2 0 7. 10. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer is doped with an amount of the alkaline earth oxide dopant to about 1-25 mole % of the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer. 11. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 10, wherein the amount of the alkaline earth oxide dopant is about 10 mole % of the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer. 12. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 10, wherein the amount of the alkaline earth oxide dopant increases the coefficient of thermal expansion of the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer by no more than about 10%. 13. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 10, wherein the alkaline earth oxide dopant comprises CaO and the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer contains Y2O3. 14. An environmental barrier coating system for a component of a gas turbine, comprising:
at least one rare earth disilicate layer; and at least one rare earth monosilicate layer, wherein at least one of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer or the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer includes an alkaline earth oxide dopant, wherein the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer is doped with an amount of the alkaline earth oxide dopant to about 1-25 mole % of the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer, the alkaline earth oxide dopant comprises CaO and the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer contains Y2O3, and the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer has a composition bounded by a region in the rare earth oxide/silica/alkaline earth oxide compositional space defined by a first composition point at Y2O3, a second composition point at Ca2Y8Si6O26, and a third composition point at Y2SiO5. 15. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the alkaline earth oxide dopant either reduces the coefficient of thermal expansion of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer or increases the coefficient of thermal expansion of the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer by less than about 10%. 16. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer or the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer further includes an alkaline-earth-rare-earth-silicate dopant of the formula AE·RE·S, where AE is Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, or combinations thereof, and RE is Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, or combinations thereof, and S is a compound containing an anionic silicon compound. 17. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 16, wherein the alkaline-earth-rare-earth-silicate dopant is a magnesium-rare-earth-silicate dopant. 18. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 16, wherein the alkaline-earth-rare-earth-silicate dopant is a calcium-rare-earth-silicate dopant. 19. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 18, wherein the calcium-rare-earth silicate dopant is CaYS. 20. An environmental barrier coating system for a component of a gas turbine, comprising:
at least one rare earth disilicate layer; and at least one rare earth monosilicate layer, wherein at least one of the at least one rate earth disilicate layer or the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer includes an alkaline earth oxide dopant, wherein at least one of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer or the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer further includes an alkaline-earth-rare-earth-silicate dopant of the formula AE·RE·S, where AE is Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, or combinations thereof, and RE is Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, or combinations thereof, and S is a compound containing an anionic silicon compound, the alkaline-earth-rare-earth-silicate dopant is a calcium-rare-earth-silicate dopant, the calcium-rare-earth silicate dopant is CaYS, and the layer including the alkaline-earth-rare-earth-silicate dopant has a composition including a composition point at Ca2Y2Si2O9 in the rare earth oxide/silica/alkaline earth oxide compositional space. 21. An environmental barrier coating system for a component of a gas turbine, comprising:
at least one rare earth disilicate layer; and at least one rare earth monosilicate layer, wherein at least one of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer or the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer includes an alkaline earth oxide dopant, wherein at least one of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer or the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer further includes an alkaline-earth-rare-earth-silicate dopant of the formula AE·RE·S, where AE is Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, or combinations thereof, and RE is Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, or combinations thereof, and S is a compound containing an anionic silicon compound, the alkaline-earth-rare-earth-silicate dopant is a calcium-rare-earth-silicate dopant, the calcium-rare-earth silicate dopant is CaYS, and the layer including the alkaline-earth-rare-earth-silicate dopant has a composition including a composition point at Ca3Y2Si3O12 in the rare earth oxide/silica/alkaline earth oxide compositional space. 22. An environmental barrier coating system for a component of a gas turbine, comprising:
at least one rare earth disilicate layer; and at least one rare earth monosilicate layer, wherein at least one of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer or the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer includes an alkaline earth oxide dopant, wherein at least one of the at least one rare earth disilicate layer or the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer further includes an alkaline-earth-rare-earth-silicate dopant of the formula AE·RE·S, where AE is Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, or combinations thereof, and RE is Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, or combinations thereof, and S is a compound containing an anionic silicon compound, the alkaline-earth-rare-earth-silicate dopant is a calcium-rare-earth-silicate dopant, the calcium-rare-earth silicate dopant is CaYS, and the layer including the alkaline-earth-rare-earth-silicate dopant has a composition including a composition point at Ca3Y2Si6O18 in the rare earth oxide/silica/alkaline earth oxide compositional space. 23. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 1, wherein he alkaline earth oxide dopant is CaO. 24. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 23, wherein the amount of the CaO dopant is about 1-25 mole, % of the layer. 25. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 24, wherein the amount is about 2-20 mole % of the layer. 26. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 25, wherein the amount is about 2-10 mole % of the layer. 27. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 26, wherein the amount is about 10 mole % of the layer. 28. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 1, wherein the alkaline earth oxide dopant is MgO. 29. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 1, wherein the alkaline earth oxide dopant is SrO. 30. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one rare earth disilicate layer is a composition of the formula RE2Si2O7, where RE is Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, or combinations thereof. 31. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer is a composition of the formula RE2SiO5, where RE is Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, or combinations thereof. 32. (canceled) 33. An environmental barrier coating system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one rare earth disilicate layer comprises two rare earth disilicate layers, and at least one of the two rare earth disilicate layers includes an alkaline earth oxide dopant. 34. A component of a gas turbine engine, wherein the component is coated with the environmental barrier coating system according to claim 1. 35. A component according to claim 34, wherein the component is formed of a ceramic matrix composite. 36. A component according to claim 35, wherein the environmental barrier coating system further comprises a bond coat that is between about 10 to about 200 μm thick. 37. A component according to claim 36, wherein the at least one rare earth monosilicate layer is between about 10 to about 100 μm thick. 38. A component according to claim 37, wherein the at least one rare earth disilicate layer is between about 10 to about 250 μm thick. 39. A gas turbine engine including the component according to claim 34. | 1,700 |
2,222 | 13,498,250 | 1,717 | Exemplary illustrations of a rotary atomizer and methods of using the same are disclosed. An exemplary illustration is directed to the function control of a rotary atomizer used for the serial coating of work pieces. This is achieved in that pressure values, which result within or outside of the directing air flow of the atomizer, may be measured and compared to predefined reference values for error-free atomizer functions. | 1. A method for function checking of a rotary atomizer used for the series coating of workpieces, which has a rotating spray body, which is driven by a motor during coating operation, and which generates a directing air flow, which during coating operation shapes the sprayed coating material to form a spray jet and deflects the same towards the workpiece to be coated,
wherein
measuring at least one pressure value, wherein said pressure value arises during the generation of the directing air flow in a vicinity of the directing air flow,
comparing the measured pressure value with a predetermined reference value, the redetermined reference value representing a flawless function of the rotary atomizer. 2-12. (canceled) 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein said pressure value arises within the directing air flow. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein said pressure value arises in a region outside of the directing air flow, located in the vicinity of the directing air flow. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein a pressure difference between a pressure within the directing air flow and a pressure in a region outside of the directing air flow is determined. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pressure value is evaluated as a function of a parameter of the directing air flow measured per unit of time. 17. The method according to claim 13, wherein said parameter is at least one of a speed of the directing air flow and an air quantity of the directing air flow. 18. The method according to claim 13, wherein a progression of the pressure value is evaluated. 19. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one pressure value is measured with at least pressure sensor installed in the interior of the rotary atomizer. 20. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one pressure value is measured with at least one pressure sensor, which is arranged outside of the rotary atomizer at a defined position in relation to the rotary atomizer. 21. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pressure value is measured without coating material being sprayed by the spray body during measurement. 22. A coating installation for the series coating of workpieces with at least one rotary atomizer, which has a spray body, which can be rotated by a motor, and an annular arrangement of directing air openings for generating a directing air flow, which during coating operation shapes the sprayed coating material to form a spray jet and deflects the same in the direction of the workpiece to be coated,
wherein at least one pressure sensor is installed at a defined position in relation to the rotary atomizer, wherein said pressure sensor measures at least one pressure value which arises during the generation of the directing air flow in a region in the vicinity of the directing air flow. 23. The coating installation according to claim 22, wherein the pressure sensor is positioned in the interior of the rotary atomizer. 24. The coating installation according to claim 22, wherein the pressure sensor is positioned outside of the of the rotary atomizer. 25. The coating installation according to claim 24, wherein the at least one pressure sensor is fixed outside of the rotary atomizer at a fixed position within the spray booth. 26. The coating installation according to claim 25, wherein the at least one pressure sensors is fixed on a wall of a spray both in which the workpieces are coated. 27. The coating installation according to claim 22, wherein the at least one pressure sensor is arranged outside of the rotary atomizer on an automatic coating machine, which carries and moves the rotary atomizer. 28. The coating installation according to claim 27, wherein the automatic coating machine is a coating robot. 29. The coating installation according to claim 22, wherein the pressure sensor is movable and provided outside of the rotary atomizer, wherein the movable pressure sensor can be brought into a defined position with respect to the rotary atomizer. 30. The coating installation according to claim 29, wherein the movable pressure sensor is moved manually. 31. The coating installation according to claim 29, wherein the movable pressure sensor is moved by an automatically controlled handling device. 32. A rotary atomizer of the coating installation according to claim 22, with at least one pressure sensor, with which at least one pressure value of the directing air flow can be measured. | Exemplary illustrations of a rotary atomizer and methods of using the same are disclosed. An exemplary illustration is directed to the function control of a rotary atomizer used for the serial coating of work pieces. This is achieved in that pressure values, which result within or outside of the directing air flow of the atomizer, may be measured and compared to predefined reference values for error-free atomizer functions.1. A method for function checking of a rotary atomizer used for the series coating of workpieces, which has a rotating spray body, which is driven by a motor during coating operation, and which generates a directing air flow, which during coating operation shapes the sprayed coating material to form a spray jet and deflects the same towards the workpiece to be coated,
wherein
measuring at least one pressure value, wherein said pressure value arises during the generation of the directing air flow in a vicinity of the directing air flow,
comparing the measured pressure value with a predetermined reference value, the redetermined reference value representing a flawless function of the rotary atomizer. 2-12. (canceled) 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein said pressure value arises within the directing air flow. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein said pressure value arises in a region outside of the directing air flow, located in the vicinity of the directing air flow. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein a pressure difference between a pressure within the directing air flow and a pressure in a region outside of the directing air flow is determined. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pressure value is evaluated as a function of a parameter of the directing air flow measured per unit of time. 17. The method according to claim 13, wherein said parameter is at least one of a speed of the directing air flow and an air quantity of the directing air flow. 18. The method according to claim 13, wherein a progression of the pressure value is evaluated. 19. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one pressure value is measured with at least pressure sensor installed in the interior of the rotary atomizer. 20. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one pressure value is measured with at least one pressure sensor, which is arranged outside of the rotary atomizer at a defined position in relation to the rotary atomizer. 21. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pressure value is measured without coating material being sprayed by the spray body during measurement. 22. A coating installation for the series coating of workpieces with at least one rotary atomizer, which has a spray body, which can be rotated by a motor, and an annular arrangement of directing air openings for generating a directing air flow, which during coating operation shapes the sprayed coating material to form a spray jet and deflects the same in the direction of the workpiece to be coated,
wherein at least one pressure sensor is installed at a defined position in relation to the rotary atomizer, wherein said pressure sensor measures at least one pressure value which arises during the generation of the directing air flow in a region in the vicinity of the directing air flow. 23. The coating installation according to claim 22, wherein the pressure sensor is positioned in the interior of the rotary atomizer. 24. The coating installation according to claim 22, wherein the pressure sensor is positioned outside of the of the rotary atomizer. 25. The coating installation according to claim 24, wherein the at least one pressure sensor is fixed outside of the rotary atomizer at a fixed position within the spray booth. 26. The coating installation according to claim 25, wherein the at least one pressure sensors is fixed on a wall of a spray both in which the workpieces are coated. 27. The coating installation according to claim 22, wherein the at least one pressure sensor is arranged outside of the rotary atomizer on an automatic coating machine, which carries and moves the rotary atomizer. 28. The coating installation according to claim 27, wherein the automatic coating machine is a coating robot. 29. The coating installation according to claim 22, wherein the pressure sensor is movable and provided outside of the rotary atomizer, wherein the movable pressure sensor can be brought into a defined position with respect to the rotary atomizer. 30. The coating installation according to claim 29, wherein the movable pressure sensor is moved manually. 31. The coating installation according to claim 29, wherein the movable pressure sensor is moved by an automatically controlled handling device. 32. A rotary atomizer of the coating installation according to claim 22, with at least one pressure sensor, with which at least one pressure value of the directing air flow can be measured. | 1,700 |
2,223 | 14,342,247 | 1,784 | Known protective layers having a high Cr-content and a silicone in addition, form brittle phases that embrittle further under the influence of carbon during use. The protective layer according to the invention is composed of 22% to 26% cobalt (Co), 10.5% to 12% aluminum (Al), 0.2% to 0.4% Yttrium (Y) and/or at least one equivalent metal from the group comprising Scandium and the rare earth elements, 15% to 16% chrome (Cr), optionally 0.3% to 1.5% tantal, the remainder nickel (Ni). | 1-16. (canceled) 17. An alloy, which contains at least the following elements (data in wt %): 22%-26% cobalt (Co), 15%-16% chromium (Cr), 10.5%-12% aluminum (Al), 0.2% -0.6%, of at least one metal from the group comprising scandium (Sc) and/or the rare earth elements, and remainder nickel (Ni). 18. The alloy as claimed in claim 17, containing 0.5 wt % yttrium (Y). 19. The alloy as claimed in claim 17, not containing rhenium (Re). 20. The alloy as claimed in claim 17, not containing silicon (Si). 21. The alloy as claimed in claim 17, which contains tantalum (Ta). 22. The alloy as claimed in claim 17, not containing zirconium (Zr) and/or not containing titanium (Ti) and/or not containing gallium (Ga) and/or not containing germanium (Ge) and/or not containing platinum (Pt) and/or not containing hafnium (Hf) and/or not containing cerium (Ce) and/or not containing iron (Fe) and/or not containing palladium (Pd) and/or not containing boron (B) and/or not containing carbon (C). 23. The alloy as claimed in 21, consisting of cobalt, chromium, aluminum, yttrium, nickel and the optional constituent tantalum. 24. The alloy as claimed in claim 17, in which nickel (Ni) forms the matrix. 25. The alloy as claimed in claim 17, which comprises 1.2%-1.5% tantalum (Ta). 26. A protective layer for protecting a component against corrosion and/or oxidation, particularly at high temperatures, wherein the layer has the composition of the alloy as claimed in claim 17. 27. The protective layer as claimed in claim 26, wherein the layer is applied by plasma spraying. 28. A component of a gas turbine, having a substrate of the component which is nickel-based or cobalt-based, a protective layer as claimed in claim 26, configured to protect against corrosion and oxidation at high temperatures. 29. A component as claimed in claim 28, further comprising a ceramic thermal barrier layer is applied onto the protective layer. | Known protective layers having a high Cr-content and a silicone in addition, form brittle phases that embrittle further under the influence of carbon during use. The protective layer according to the invention is composed of 22% to 26% cobalt (Co), 10.5% to 12% aluminum (Al), 0.2% to 0.4% Yttrium (Y) and/or at least one equivalent metal from the group comprising Scandium and the rare earth elements, 15% to 16% chrome (Cr), optionally 0.3% to 1.5% tantal, the remainder nickel (Ni).1-16. (canceled) 17. An alloy, which contains at least the following elements (data in wt %): 22%-26% cobalt (Co), 15%-16% chromium (Cr), 10.5%-12% aluminum (Al), 0.2% -0.6%, of at least one metal from the group comprising scandium (Sc) and/or the rare earth elements, and remainder nickel (Ni). 18. The alloy as claimed in claim 17, containing 0.5 wt % yttrium (Y). 19. The alloy as claimed in claim 17, not containing rhenium (Re). 20. The alloy as claimed in claim 17, not containing silicon (Si). 21. The alloy as claimed in claim 17, which contains tantalum (Ta). 22. The alloy as claimed in claim 17, not containing zirconium (Zr) and/or not containing titanium (Ti) and/or not containing gallium (Ga) and/or not containing germanium (Ge) and/or not containing platinum (Pt) and/or not containing hafnium (Hf) and/or not containing cerium (Ce) and/or not containing iron (Fe) and/or not containing palladium (Pd) and/or not containing boron (B) and/or not containing carbon (C). 23. The alloy as claimed in 21, consisting of cobalt, chromium, aluminum, yttrium, nickel and the optional constituent tantalum. 24. The alloy as claimed in claim 17, in which nickel (Ni) forms the matrix. 25. The alloy as claimed in claim 17, which comprises 1.2%-1.5% tantalum (Ta). 26. A protective layer for protecting a component against corrosion and/or oxidation, particularly at high temperatures, wherein the layer has the composition of the alloy as claimed in claim 17. 27. The protective layer as claimed in claim 26, wherein the layer is applied by plasma spraying. 28. A component of a gas turbine, having a substrate of the component which is nickel-based or cobalt-based, a protective layer as claimed in claim 26, configured to protect against corrosion and oxidation at high temperatures. 29. A component as claimed in claim 28, further comprising a ceramic thermal barrier layer is applied onto the protective layer. | 1,700 |
2,224 | 12,769,119 | 1,729 | The present invention provides an electrode for a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and a method for forming a membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) using the same, in which carbon nanofibers are added to a catalyst layer to increase the mechanical strength of the catalyst layer and to maintain the thickness of the catalyst layer after operation for a long time, thus preventing a reduction in physical durability of the fuel cell, and cerium-zirconium oxide (CeZrO 4 ) as a radical inhibitor is added to the catalyst layer, thus preventing a reduction in chemical durability of the fuel cell. As a result, it is possible to physically and chemically increase the performance and durability of the fuel cell membrane-electrode assembly in a robust manner and minimize the reduction in performance after operation for a long time. | 1. An electrode for a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, the electrode comprising:
20 to 80 parts by weight of a hydrogen ion conductive polymer electrolyte binder with respect to 100 parts by weight of a catalyst; 1 to 60 parts by weight of carbon nanofibers; and 1 to 20 parts by weight of a radical inhibitor. 2. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the carbon nanofibers comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of carbon nanotubes, carbon nanowires, carbon nanohorns, and carbon nanorings, which have a diameter of 5 to 100 nm. 3. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the radical inhibitor has an average particle size of 2 to 60 nm and comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, manganese oxide, aluminum oxide, vanadium oxide, and mixtures thereof. 4. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the catalyst is a platinum or platinum alloy catalyst supported on a catalyst support, the catalyst support comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of carbon powder, carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanowires, carbon nanohorns, carbon aerogels, carbon cryogels, and carbon nanorings. 5. The electrode of claim 4, wherein the platinum or platinum alloy catalyst contains platinum in an amount of 5 to 80 wt %. 6. A method for forming a membrane-electrode assembly, the method comprising:
preparing a catalyst slurry to form an electrode for a fuel cell; adding 1 to 60 parts by weight of carbon nanofibers with respect to 100 parts by weight of a catalyst to the catalyst slurry, the carbon nanofibers being in a slurry state; adding 1 to 20 parts by weight of a radical inhibitor with respect to 100 parts by weight of the catalyst to the catalyst slurry, the radical inhibitor being in a solid state; drying the final catalyst slurry prepared by adding the carbon nanofibers in a slurry state and the radical inhibitor in a solid state to the catalyst slurry and by stirring the mixture, thus forming an electrode; and thermally compressing the dried electrode on a polymer membrane. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the carbon nanofibers are carbon nanotubes added in an amount of 1 to 60 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the catalyst and the radical inhibitor is cerium-zirconium oxide added in an amount of 1 to 20 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the catalyst. 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising
pulverizing the catalyst slurry using a planetary bead mill to make the particle size of the catalyst smaller and more uniform. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the final catalyst slurry has a solid content of 5 to 30 wt %, the solid content being a sum of catalyst, carbon nanofibers, radical inhibitor, and ionomer. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein the thermal compression is performed at a temperature of 100 to 180° C. and a pressure of 50 to 300 kgf for 0.5 to 30 minutes. | The present invention provides an electrode for a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and a method for forming a membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) using the same, in which carbon nanofibers are added to a catalyst layer to increase the mechanical strength of the catalyst layer and to maintain the thickness of the catalyst layer after operation for a long time, thus preventing a reduction in physical durability of the fuel cell, and cerium-zirconium oxide (CeZrO 4 ) as a radical inhibitor is added to the catalyst layer, thus preventing a reduction in chemical durability of the fuel cell. As a result, it is possible to physically and chemically increase the performance and durability of the fuel cell membrane-electrode assembly in a robust manner and minimize the reduction in performance after operation for a long time.1. An electrode for a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, the electrode comprising:
20 to 80 parts by weight of a hydrogen ion conductive polymer electrolyte binder with respect to 100 parts by weight of a catalyst; 1 to 60 parts by weight of carbon nanofibers; and 1 to 20 parts by weight of a radical inhibitor. 2. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the carbon nanofibers comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of carbon nanotubes, carbon nanowires, carbon nanohorns, and carbon nanorings, which have a diameter of 5 to 100 nm. 3. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the radical inhibitor has an average particle size of 2 to 60 nm and comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, manganese oxide, aluminum oxide, vanadium oxide, and mixtures thereof. 4. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the catalyst is a platinum or platinum alloy catalyst supported on a catalyst support, the catalyst support comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of carbon powder, carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanowires, carbon nanohorns, carbon aerogels, carbon cryogels, and carbon nanorings. 5. The electrode of claim 4, wherein the platinum or platinum alloy catalyst contains platinum in an amount of 5 to 80 wt %. 6. A method for forming a membrane-electrode assembly, the method comprising:
preparing a catalyst slurry to form an electrode for a fuel cell; adding 1 to 60 parts by weight of carbon nanofibers with respect to 100 parts by weight of a catalyst to the catalyst slurry, the carbon nanofibers being in a slurry state; adding 1 to 20 parts by weight of a radical inhibitor with respect to 100 parts by weight of the catalyst to the catalyst slurry, the radical inhibitor being in a solid state; drying the final catalyst slurry prepared by adding the carbon nanofibers in a slurry state and the radical inhibitor in a solid state to the catalyst slurry and by stirring the mixture, thus forming an electrode; and thermally compressing the dried electrode on a polymer membrane. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the carbon nanofibers are carbon nanotubes added in an amount of 1 to 60 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the catalyst and the radical inhibitor is cerium-zirconium oxide added in an amount of 1 to 20 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the catalyst. 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising
pulverizing the catalyst slurry using a planetary bead mill to make the particle size of the catalyst smaller and more uniform. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the final catalyst slurry has a solid content of 5 to 30 wt %, the solid content being a sum of catalyst, carbon nanofibers, radical inhibitor, and ionomer. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein the thermal compression is performed at a temperature of 100 to 180° C. and a pressure of 50 to 300 kgf for 0.5 to 30 minutes. | 1,700 |
2,225 | 14,241,551 | 1,782 | A nitrile copolymer rubber composition containing a nitrile copolymer rubber (A) which contains α,β-ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomer units (a1) 35 to 85 wt %, conjugated diene monomer units which may be at least partially hydrogenated (a2) 15 to 65 wt %, cationic monomer units (a3) 0 to 30 wt %, and aromatic vinyl monomer units (a4) 0 to 50 wt %, the total content of the α,β-ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomer units (a1) and the aromatic vinyl monomer units (a4) being 35 to 85 wt %, a vinyl chloride resin (B), and a plasticizer (C) with a specific structure is provided. | 1. A nitrile copolymer rubber composition containing
a nitrile copolymer rubber (A) which contains α,β-ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomer units (a1) 35 to 85 wt %, conjugated diene monomer units which may be at least partially hydrogenated (a2) 15 to 65 wt %, cationic monomer units (a3) 0 to 30 wt %, and aromatic vinyl monomer units (a4) 0 to 50 wt %, the total content of said α,β-ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomer units (a1) and said aromatic vinyl monomer units (a4) being 35 to 85 wt %, a vinyl chloride resin (B), and a plasticizer (C) which is expressed by the following general formula (1)
(in the formula, R1 is an alkylene group which has 1 to 8 carbon atoms, “a” and “b” are respectively independently integers of 3 to 11, “c” and “d” are respectively independently integers of 0 to 8, and R2 and R3 are respectively independently alkylene groups which have 1 to 6 carbon atoms.). 2. The nitrile copolymer rubber composition as set forth in claim 1, wherein said plasticizer (C) is one which is expressed by the following general formula (2)
(in the formula, R1 is an alkylene group which has 4 carbon atoms, “a” and “b” are respectively independently integers of 4 to 5, “c” and “d” are respectively independently integers of 0 to 4, and R2 and R3 are respectively independently alkylene groups which have 2 carbon atoms.). 3. The nitrile copolymer rubber composition as set forth in claim 1, wherein a content of said vinyl chloride resin (B) is 1 to 150 parts by weight and a content of said plasticizer (C) is 1 to 200 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of said nitrile copolymer rubber (A). 4. The nitrile copolymer rubber composition as set forth in claim 1, wherein the ratio of content of said cationic monomer units (a3) in said nitrile copolymer rubber (A) is 0.1 to 20 wt %. 5. The nitrile copolymer rubber composition as set forth in claim 1, wherein the ratio of content of said aromatic vinyl monomer units (a4) in said nitrile copolymer rubber (A) is 1 to 30 wt %. 6. The nitrile copolymer rubber composition as set forth in claim 1, wherein said nitrile copolymer rubber (A) contains methyl ethyl ketone insolubles in 0.5 to 90 wt %. 7. The nitrile copolymer rubber composition as set forth in claim 1, further contains a layered inorganic filler (D) with an aspect ratio of 30 to 2,000 in 1 to 100 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of said nitrile copolymer rubber (A). 8. A cross-linkable nitrile rubber composition which contains the nitrile copolymer rubber composition as set forth in claim 1 and a cross-linking agent. 9. A cross-linked rubber obtained by cross-linking the cross-linkable nitrile rubber composition as set forth in claim 8. 10. A hose obtained by shaping the cross-linkable nitrile rubber composition as set forth in claim 8 into a tube, inserting a mandrel to obtain a shaped member, and cross-linking the shaped member. | A nitrile copolymer rubber composition containing a nitrile copolymer rubber (A) which contains α,β-ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomer units (a1) 35 to 85 wt %, conjugated diene monomer units which may be at least partially hydrogenated (a2) 15 to 65 wt %, cationic monomer units (a3) 0 to 30 wt %, and aromatic vinyl monomer units (a4) 0 to 50 wt %, the total content of the α,β-ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomer units (a1) and the aromatic vinyl monomer units (a4) being 35 to 85 wt %, a vinyl chloride resin (B), and a plasticizer (C) with a specific structure is provided.1. A nitrile copolymer rubber composition containing
a nitrile copolymer rubber (A) which contains α,β-ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomer units (a1) 35 to 85 wt %, conjugated diene monomer units which may be at least partially hydrogenated (a2) 15 to 65 wt %, cationic monomer units (a3) 0 to 30 wt %, and aromatic vinyl monomer units (a4) 0 to 50 wt %, the total content of said α,β-ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomer units (a1) and said aromatic vinyl monomer units (a4) being 35 to 85 wt %, a vinyl chloride resin (B), and a plasticizer (C) which is expressed by the following general formula (1)
(in the formula, R1 is an alkylene group which has 1 to 8 carbon atoms, “a” and “b” are respectively independently integers of 3 to 11, “c” and “d” are respectively independently integers of 0 to 8, and R2 and R3 are respectively independently alkylene groups which have 1 to 6 carbon atoms.). 2. The nitrile copolymer rubber composition as set forth in claim 1, wherein said plasticizer (C) is one which is expressed by the following general formula (2)
(in the formula, R1 is an alkylene group which has 4 carbon atoms, “a” and “b” are respectively independently integers of 4 to 5, “c” and “d” are respectively independently integers of 0 to 4, and R2 and R3 are respectively independently alkylene groups which have 2 carbon atoms.). 3. The nitrile copolymer rubber composition as set forth in claim 1, wherein a content of said vinyl chloride resin (B) is 1 to 150 parts by weight and a content of said plasticizer (C) is 1 to 200 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of said nitrile copolymer rubber (A). 4. The nitrile copolymer rubber composition as set forth in claim 1, wherein the ratio of content of said cationic monomer units (a3) in said nitrile copolymer rubber (A) is 0.1 to 20 wt %. 5. The nitrile copolymer rubber composition as set forth in claim 1, wherein the ratio of content of said aromatic vinyl monomer units (a4) in said nitrile copolymer rubber (A) is 1 to 30 wt %. 6. The nitrile copolymer rubber composition as set forth in claim 1, wherein said nitrile copolymer rubber (A) contains methyl ethyl ketone insolubles in 0.5 to 90 wt %. 7. The nitrile copolymer rubber composition as set forth in claim 1, further contains a layered inorganic filler (D) with an aspect ratio of 30 to 2,000 in 1 to 100 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of said nitrile copolymer rubber (A). 8. A cross-linkable nitrile rubber composition which contains the nitrile copolymer rubber composition as set forth in claim 1 and a cross-linking agent. 9. A cross-linked rubber obtained by cross-linking the cross-linkable nitrile rubber composition as set forth in claim 8. 10. A hose obtained by shaping the cross-linkable nitrile rubber composition as set forth in claim 8 into a tube, inserting a mandrel to obtain a shaped member, and cross-linking the shaped member. | 1,700 |
2,226 | 14,159,292 | 1,726 | In one embodiment, a solar cell has base and emitter diffusion regions formed on the back side. The emitter diffusion region is configured to collect minority charge carriers in the solar cell, while the base diffusion region is configured to collect majority charge carriers. The emitter diffusion region may be a continuous region separating the base diffusion regions. Each of the base diffusion regions may have a reduced area to decrease minority charge carrier recombination losses without substantially increasing series resistance losses due to lateral flow of majority charge carriers. Each of the base diffusion regions may have a dot shape, for example. | 1-20. (canceled) 21. A solar cell comprising:
a first metal contact electrically coupled to an emitter diffusion region; a second metal contact electrically coupled to a base diffusion region, wherein the second metal contact is formed over the base diffusion region and the emitter diffusion region; and a first insulator between the second metal contact and the emitter diffusion region, the first insulator electrically insulating the emitter diffusion region from the second metal contact. 22. The solar cell of claim 21, wherein the emitter diffusion region is a continuous emitter diffusion region. 23. The solar cell of claim 21, wherein the base diffusion region is a dotted base diffusion region. 24. The solar cell of claim 21, further comprising:
a second insulator between the first insulator and the second metal contact. 25. The solar cell of claim 21, wherein the emitter diffusion region is doped with boron and the base diffusion region is doped with phosphorus. 26. The solar cell of claim 21, wherein the first metal contact and second metal contact are interdigtitated. 27. The solar cell of claim 21, wherein the substrate is an N-type silicon substrate. 28. A method of fabricating a solar cell, the method comprising:
forming an emitter diffusion region on a substrate; forming a base diffusion region on the substrate; forming a first metal contact electrically coupled to the emitter diffusion region; forming a second metal contact over the emitter diffusion region and the base diffusion region, wherein the second metal contact is electrically coupled to base diffusion region; and forming a first insulator between the second metal contact and the emitter diffusion region, the first insulator electrically insulating the emitter diffusion region from the second metal contact. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein forming the emitter diffusion region comprises forming a continuous emitter diffusion region. 30. The method of claim 28, wherein forming the base diffusion region comprises forming a dotted based diffusion region. 31. The method of claim 28, wherein forming the first metal contact and second metal contact comprises forming the first and second metal contacts in an interdigtitated pattern. 32. The method of claim 28, wherein forming the emitter diffusion region comprises using a high-temperature diffusion process. 33. The method of claim 28, wherein forming the base diffusion region comprises using a high-temperature diffusion process. 34. The method of claim 28, further comprising:
forming a second insulator between the first insulator and the second metal contact. 35. A solar cell, comprising:
an emitter diffusion region configured to collect minority charge carriers in the solar cell; a base diffusion region configured to collect majority charge carriers in the solar cell; a first metal contact electrically coupled to the emitter diffusion region; a second metal contact electrically coupled to the base diffusion region, wherein the second metal contact is formed over the base diffusion region and the emitter diffusion region; and a first insulator between the second metal contact and the emitter diffusion region, the first insulator electrically insulating the emitter diffusion region from the second metal contact. 36. The solar cell of claim 35, wherein the emitter diffusion region is a continuous emitter diffusion region. 37. The solar cell of claim 35, wherein the base diffusion region is a dotted base diffusion region. 38. The solar cell of claim 35, further comprising:
a second insulator layer between the first insulator layer and the second metal contact. 39. The solar cell of claim 35, wherein the first metal contact and second metal contact are interdigtitated. 40. The solar cell of claim 35, wherein the silicon substrate is an N-type silicon substrate. | In one embodiment, a solar cell has base and emitter diffusion regions formed on the back side. The emitter diffusion region is configured to collect minority charge carriers in the solar cell, while the base diffusion region is configured to collect majority charge carriers. The emitter diffusion region may be a continuous region separating the base diffusion regions. Each of the base diffusion regions may have a reduced area to decrease minority charge carrier recombination losses without substantially increasing series resistance losses due to lateral flow of majority charge carriers. Each of the base diffusion regions may have a dot shape, for example.1-20. (canceled) 21. A solar cell comprising:
a first metal contact electrically coupled to an emitter diffusion region; a second metal contact electrically coupled to a base diffusion region, wherein the second metal contact is formed over the base diffusion region and the emitter diffusion region; and a first insulator between the second metal contact and the emitter diffusion region, the first insulator electrically insulating the emitter diffusion region from the second metal contact. 22. The solar cell of claim 21, wherein the emitter diffusion region is a continuous emitter diffusion region. 23. The solar cell of claim 21, wherein the base diffusion region is a dotted base diffusion region. 24. The solar cell of claim 21, further comprising:
a second insulator between the first insulator and the second metal contact. 25. The solar cell of claim 21, wherein the emitter diffusion region is doped with boron and the base diffusion region is doped with phosphorus. 26. The solar cell of claim 21, wherein the first metal contact and second metal contact are interdigtitated. 27. The solar cell of claim 21, wherein the substrate is an N-type silicon substrate. 28. A method of fabricating a solar cell, the method comprising:
forming an emitter diffusion region on a substrate; forming a base diffusion region on the substrate; forming a first metal contact electrically coupled to the emitter diffusion region; forming a second metal contact over the emitter diffusion region and the base diffusion region, wherein the second metal contact is electrically coupled to base diffusion region; and forming a first insulator between the second metal contact and the emitter diffusion region, the first insulator electrically insulating the emitter diffusion region from the second metal contact. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein forming the emitter diffusion region comprises forming a continuous emitter diffusion region. 30. The method of claim 28, wherein forming the base diffusion region comprises forming a dotted based diffusion region. 31. The method of claim 28, wherein forming the first metal contact and second metal contact comprises forming the first and second metal contacts in an interdigtitated pattern. 32. The method of claim 28, wherein forming the emitter diffusion region comprises using a high-temperature diffusion process. 33. The method of claim 28, wherein forming the base diffusion region comprises using a high-temperature diffusion process. 34. The method of claim 28, further comprising:
forming a second insulator between the first insulator and the second metal contact. 35. A solar cell, comprising:
an emitter diffusion region configured to collect minority charge carriers in the solar cell; a base diffusion region configured to collect majority charge carriers in the solar cell; a first metal contact electrically coupled to the emitter diffusion region; a second metal contact electrically coupled to the base diffusion region, wherein the second metal contact is formed over the base diffusion region and the emitter diffusion region; and a first insulator between the second metal contact and the emitter diffusion region, the first insulator electrically insulating the emitter diffusion region from the second metal contact. 36. The solar cell of claim 35, wherein the emitter diffusion region is a continuous emitter diffusion region. 37. The solar cell of claim 35, wherein the base diffusion region is a dotted base diffusion region. 38. The solar cell of claim 35, further comprising:
a second insulator layer between the first insulator layer and the second metal contact. 39. The solar cell of claim 35, wherein the first metal contact and second metal contact are interdigtitated. 40. The solar cell of claim 35, wherein the silicon substrate is an N-type silicon substrate. | 1,700 |
2,227 | 13,509,477 | 1,747 | There is provided a tobacco smoke filter ( 1 ) or filter element comprising: a rod ( 2 ) of a tobacco smoke filtering material; a continuous extruded element ( 7 ) extending longitudinally of the rod ( 2 ); and a flavouring agent. | 1. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element comprising: a rod of a tobacco smoke filtering material; a continuous extruded element extending longitudinally of the rod; and a flavouring agent. 2. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element comprising: a rod of a tobacco smoke filtering material; a continuous extruded element extending longitudinally of the rod; and a flavouring agent, wherein the continuous extruded element extending longitudinally of the rod is of hollow cross-section. 3. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the continuous extruded element extending longitudinally of the rod is a hollow tubular element of circular or other (non-circular) cross-section. 4. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element comprising: a rod of a tobacco smoke filtering material; and a continuous extruded element extending longitudinally of the rod, wherein the continuous extruded element extending longitudinally of the rod is of solid cross-section. 5. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 4 further comprising a flavouring agent. 6. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the continuous extruded element extending longitudinally of the rod is of diameter, or width at narrowest point, of 0.05 mm or greater. 7. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the continuous extruded element extending longitudinally of the rod is of diameter, or width at narrowest point of from about 0.5 to about 10 mm. 8. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the continuous extruded element extending longitudinally of the rod comprises a thermoplastic polymer. 9. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 8 wherein the thermoplastic polymer comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, polylactic acid, polyester, cellulose acetate or mixture thereof. 10. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the continuous extruded element extending longitudinally of the rod further comprises a pigment. 11. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 10 wherein the pigment is of a contrasting colour to the tobacco smoke filtering material. 12. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 10 wherein the pigment has regulatory approval for use in food contact applications. 13. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the flavouring agent is present on the extruded element. 14. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the flavouring agent is menthol. 15. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 comprising two or more continuous extruded elements extending longitudinally of the rod. 16. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the filtering material is of natural or synthetic filamentary tow, natural or synthetic staple fibres, cotton wool, web material, synthetic non-woven material or extruded material. 17. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 over wrapped with a wrapper. 18. (canceled) 19. A filter cigarette comprising: a wrapped tobacco rod; and a filter according to claim 1 or a filter which includes a filter element according to any preceding claim; wherein the filter is joined to a wrapped tobacco rod with one end towards the tobacco. 20. A multiple length filter rod comprising a plurality of filters or filter elements according to claim 1 joined end to end. 21. (canceled) | There is provided a tobacco smoke filter ( 1 ) or filter element comprising: a rod ( 2 ) of a tobacco smoke filtering material; a continuous extruded element ( 7 ) extending longitudinally of the rod ( 2 ); and a flavouring agent.1. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element comprising: a rod of a tobacco smoke filtering material; a continuous extruded element extending longitudinally of the rod; and a flavouring agent. 2. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element comprising: a rod of a tobacco smoke filtering material; a continuous extruded element extending longitudinally of the rod; and a flavouring agent, wherein the continuous extruded element extending longitudinally of the rod is of hollow cross-section. 3. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the continuous extruded element extending longitudinally of the rod is a hollow tubular element of circular or other (non-circular) cross-section. 4. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element comprising: a rod of a tobacco smoke filtering material; and a continuous extruded element extending longitudinally of the rod, wherein the continuous extruded element extending longitudinally of the rod is of solid cross-section. 5. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 4 further comprising a flavouring agent. 6. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the continuous extruded element extending longitudinally of the rod is of diameter, or width at narrowest point, of 0.05 mm or greater. 7. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the continuous extruded element extending longitudinally of the rod is of diameter, or width at narrowest point of from about 0.5 to about 10 mm. 8. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the continuous extruded element extending longitudinally of the rod comprises a thermoplastic polymer. 9. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 8 wherein the thermoplastic polymer comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, polylactic acid, polyester, cellulose acetate or mixture thereof. 10. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the continuous extruded element extending longitudinally of the rod further comprises a pigment. 11. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 10 wherein the pigment is of a contrasting colour to the tobacco smoke filtering material. 12. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 10 wherein the pigment has regulatory approval for use in food contact applications. 13. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the flavouring agent is present on the extruded element. 14. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the flavouring agent is menthol. 15. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 comprising two or more continuous extruded elements extending longitudinally of the rod. 16. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the filtering material is of natural or synthetic filamentary tow, natural or synthetic staple fibres, cotton wool, web material, synthetic non-woven material or extruded material. 17. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 over wrapped with a wrapper. 18. (canceled) 19. A filter cigarette comprising: a wrapped tobacco rod; and a filter according to claim 1 or a filter which includes a filter element according to any preceding claim; wherein the filter is joined to a wrapped tobacco rod with one end towards the tobacco. 20. A multiple length filter rod comprising a plurality of filters or filter elements according to claim 1 joined end to end. 21. (canceled) | 1,700 |
2,228 | 14,178,681 | 1,717 | An electrostatic clamping system has an electrostatic chuck having one or more electrodes and a clamping surface and one or more fluid passages therethrough. A plurality of fluid sources has a respective plurality of fluids associated therewith, wherein each of the plurality of fluids are chemically distinct from one another and has a respective viable fluid temperature range associated therewith. A thermal unit is configured to heat and/or cool the plurality of fluids to one or more predetermined temperature setpoints. A valve assembly is configured to selectively fluidly couple each of the plurality of fluid sources to the one or more fluid passages of the electrostatic chuck. A controller is also configured to selectively fluidly couple the one or more fluid passages of the electrostatic chuck with a selected one or more of the plurality of fluid sources via a control of the valve assembly. | 1. An electrostatic clamping system, comprising:
an electrostatic chuck having one or more electrodes and a clamping surface, wherein the electrostatic chuck is configured to support and electrostatically clamp a workpiece thereto via an electrical current passed through the one or more electrodes, and wherein the electrostatic chuck comprises one or more fluid passages therethrough; a plurality of fluid sources having a respective plurality of fluids associated therewith, wherein each of the plurality of fluids are chemically distinct from one another and has a respective viable fluid temperature range associated therewith; a thermal unit configured to heat and/or cool the plurality of fluids to one or more predetermined temperature setpoints; a valve assembly configured to selectively fluidly couple each of the plurality of fluid sources to the one or more fluid passages of the electrostatic chuck; and a controller configured to selectively fluidly couple the one or more fluid passages of the electrostatic chuck with a selected one or more of the plurality of fluid sources via a control of the valve assembly. 2. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 1, wherein the valve assembly comprises one or more automated valves, wherein the controller is configured to open and close the one or more automated valves, therein selectively fluidly coupling the one or more fluid passages of the electrostatic chuck to the selected one or more of the plurality of fluid sources. 3. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 2, wherein the controller is configured to open and close the one or more automated valves based on one or more flushing conditions. 4. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 3, wherein the one or more flushing conditions are based on one or more of a flushing algorithm and a lookup table relating the viable fluid temperature range associated with each of the plurality of fluids to one or more predetermined process temperatures associated with a processing of the workpiece on the electrostatic chuck. 5. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 4, wherein the controller is configured to flush a first of the plurality of fluids from the one or more fluid passages of the electrostatic chuck with a second of the plurality of fluids when at least one of the one or more flushing conditions is met. 6. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 5, wherein the controller is further configured to flush one or more of the first and second of the plurality of fluids from the one or more fluid passages of the electrostatic chuck with a third of the plurality of fluids based when at least another one of the one or more flushing conditions is met. 7. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 4, wherein the flushing algorithm comprises a timing sequence associated with a length of time during which the one or more automated valves are opened and/or closed. 8. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 4, wherein the lookup table further relates the one or more predetermined temperature setpoints to the viable fluid temperature range associated with each of the plurality of fluids and the one or more predetermined process temperatures. 9. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 3, wherein the one or more flushing conditions comprise a chemical compatibility between the plurality of fluids. 10. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to control the thermal unit, therein heating and/or cooling the one or more of the plurality of fluids associated with the selected one or more of the plurality of fluid sources to the one or more predetermined temperature setpoints. 11. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to control the thermal unit based, at least in part, on the selected one or more of the plurality of fluid sources. 12. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 1, wherein a boiling point of one of the plurality of fluids differs from a boiling point of the remaining of the plurality of fluids. 13. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 1, wherein a freezing point of one of the plurality of fluids differs from a freezing point of the remaining of the plurality of fluids. 14. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 1, wherein the one or more fluid passages comprise a plurality of discrete fluid passages, and wherein the valve assembly is configured to selectively fluidly couple one or more of the plurality of fluid sources to one or more of the plurality of discrete fluid passages of the electrostatic chuck. 15. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 1, wherein the viable fluid temperature range of each of the plurality of fluids comprises a temperature range at which said each of the plurality of fluids remains in one or more of a liquid state and gaseous state. 16. An electrostatic clamping system, comprising:
an electrostatic chuck having one or more electrodes and a clamping surface, wherein the electrostatic chuck is configured to support and electrostatically clamp a workpiece thereto via an electrical current passed through the one or more electrodes, and wherein the electrostatic chuck comprises one or more fluid passages therethrough; a plurality of fluid sources having a respective plurality of fluids associated therewith, wherein each of the plurality of fluids are chemically distinct from one another and has a respective viable fluid temperature range associated therewith; a thermal unit configured to heat and/or cool the plurality of fluids to one or more predetermined temperature setpoints; a valve assembly comprising one or more automated valves configured to selectively fluidly couple each of the plurality of fluid sources to the one or more fluid passages of the electrostatic chuck; and a controller configured to selectively open and close the one or more automated valves based on one or more flushing conditions, therein selectively fluidly coupling fluidly coupling the one or more fluid passages of the electrostatic chuck with a selected one or more of the plurality of fluid sources. 17. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 16, wherein the one or more flushing conditions are based on one or more of a flushing algorithm and a lookup table relating the viable fluid temperature range associated with each of the plurality of fluids to one or more predetermined process temperatures associated with a processing of the workpiece on the electrostatic chuck. 18. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 16, wherein the one or more flushing conditions comprise a chemical compatibility between the plurality of fluids. 19. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 16, wherein the viable fluid temperature range of each of the plurality of fluids comprises a liquid temperature range at which said each of the plurality of fluids remains in a liquid state. 20. An electrostatic clamping system, comprising:
an electrostatic chuck having one or more electrodes and a clamping surface, wherein the electrostatic chuck is configured to support and electrostatically clamp a workpiece thereto via an electrical current passed through the one or more electrodes, and wherein the electrostatic chuck comprises one or more fluid passages therethrough; a plurality of fluid sources having a respective plurality of fluids associated therewith, wherein each of the plurality of fluids are chemically distinct from one another and has a respective viable fluid temperature range associated therewith; a thermal unit configured to heat and/or cool the plurality of fluids to one or more predetermined temperature setpoints; a valve assembly comprising one or more automated valves configured to selectively fluidly couple each of the plurality of fluid sources to the one or more fluid passages of the electrostatic chuck; and a controller configured to selectively open and close the one or more automated valves based on one or more flushing conditions, therein selectively fluidly coupling fluidly coupling the one or more fluid passages of the electrostatic chuck with a selected one or more of the plurality of fluid sources, wherein the one or more flushing conditions are based on one or more of a flushing algorithm and a lookup table relating the viable fluid temperature range and chemical compatibility associated with each of the plurality of fluids to one or more predetermined process temperatures associated with a processing of the workpiece on the electrostatic chuck. | An electrostatic clamping system has an electrostatic chuck having one or more electrodes and a clamping surface and one or more fluid passages therethrough. A plurality of fluid sources has a respective plurality of fluids associated therewith, wherein each of the plurality of fluids are chemically distinct from one another and has a respective viable fluid temperature range associated therewith. A thermal unit is configured to heat and/or cool the plurality of fluids to one or more predetermined temperature setpoints. A valve assembly is configured to selectively fluidly couple each of the plurality of fluid sources to the one or more fluid passages of the electrostatic chuck. A controller is also configured to selectively fluidly couple the one or more fluid passages of the electrostatic chuck with a selected one or more of the plurality of fluid sources via a control of the valve assembly.1. An electrostatic clamping system, comprising:
an electrostatic chuck having one or more electrodes and a clamping surface, wherein the electrostatic chuck is configured to support and electrostatically clamp a workpiece thereto via an electrical current passed through the one or more electrodes, and wherein the electrostatic chuck comprises one or more fluid passages therethrough; a plurality of fluid sources having a respective plurality of fluids associated therewith, wherein each of the plurality of fluids are chemically distinct from one another and has a respective viable fluid temperature range associated therewith; a thermal unit configured to heat and/or cool the plurality of fluids to one or more predetermined temperature setpoints; a valve assembly configured to selectively fluidly couple each of the plurality of fluid sources to the one or more fluid passages of the electrostatic chuck; and a controller configured to selectively fluidly couple the one or more fluid passages of the electrostatic chuck with a selected one or more of the plurality of fluid sources via a control of the valve assembly. 2. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 1, wherein the valve assembly comprises one or more automated valves, wherein the controller is configured to open and close the one or more automated valves, therein selectively fluidly coupling the one or more fluid passages of the electrostatic chuck to the selected one or more of the plurality of fluid sources. 3. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 2, wherein the controller is configured to open and close the one or more automated valves based on one or more flushing conditions. 4. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 3, wherein the one or more flushing conditions are based on one or more of a flushing algorithm and a lookup table relating the viable fluid temperature range associated with each of the plurality of fluids to one or more predetermined process temperatures associated with a processing of the workpiece on the electrostatic chuck. 5. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 4, wherein the controller is configured to flush a first of the plurality of fluids from the one or more fluid passages of the electrostatic chuck with a second of the plurality of fluids when at least one of the one or more flushing conditions is met. 6. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 5, wherein the controller is further configured to flush one or more of the first and second of the plurality of fluids from the one or more fluid passages of the electrostatic chuck with a third of the plurality of fluids based when at least another one of the one or more flushing conditions is met. 7. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 4, wherein the flushing algorithm comprises a timing sequence associated with a length of time during which the one or more automated valves are opened and/or closed. 8. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 4, wherein the lookup table further relates the one or more predetermined temperature setpoints to the viable fluid temperature range associated with each of the plurality of fluids and the one or more predetermined process temperatures. 9. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 3, wherein the one or more flushing conditions comprise a chemical compatibility between the plurality of fluids. 10. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to control the thermal unit, therein heating and/or cooling the one or more of the plurality of fluids associated with the selected one or more of the plurality of fluid sources to the one or more predetermined temperature setpoints. 11. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to control the thermal unit based, at least in part, on the selected one or more of the plurality of fluid sources. 12. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 1, wherein a boiling point of one of the plurality of fluids differs from a boiling point of the remaining of the plurality of fluids. 13. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 1, wherein a freezing point of one of the plurality of fluids differs from a freezing point of the remaining of the plurality of fluids. 14. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 1, wherein the one or more fluid passages comprise a plurality of discrete fluid passages, and wherein the valve assembly is configured to selectively fluidly couple one or more of the plurality of fluid sources to one or more of the plurality of discrete fluid passages of the electrostatic chuck. 15. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 1, wherein the viable fluid temperature range of each of the plurality of fluids comprises a temperature range at which said each of the plurality of fluids remains in one or more of a liquid state and gaseous state. 16. An electrostatic clamping system, comprising:
an electrostatic chuck having one or more electrodes and a clamping surface, wherein the electrostatic chuck is configured to support and electrostatically clamp a workpiece thereto via an electrical current passed through the one or more electrodes, and wherein the electrostatic chuck comprises one or more fluid passages therethrough; a plurality of fluid sources having a respective plurality of fluids associated therewith, wherein each of the plurality of fluids are chemically distinct from one another and has a respective viable fluid temperature range associated therewith; a thermal unit configured to heat and/or cool the plurality of fluids to one or more predetermined temperature setpoints; a valve assembly comprising one or more automated valves configured to selectively fluidly couple each of the plurality of fluid sources to the one or more fluid passages of the electrostatic chuck; and a controller configured to selectively open and close the one or more automated valves based on one or more flushing conditions, therein selectively fluidly coupling fluidly coupling the one or more fluid passages of the electrostatic chuck with a selected one or more of the plurality of fluid sources. 17. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 16, wherein the one or more flushing conditions are based on one or more of a flushing algorithm and a lookup table relating the viable fluid temperature range associated with each of the plurality of fluids to one or more predetermined process temperatures associated with a processing of the workpiece on the electrostatic chuck. 18. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 16, wherein the one or more flushing conditions comprise a chemical compatibility between the plurality of fluids. 19. The electrostatic clamping system of claim 16, wherein the viable fluid temperature range of each of the plurality of fluids comprises a liquid temperature range at which said each of the plurality of fluids remains in a liquid state. 20. An electrostatic clamping system, comprising:
an electrostatic chuck having one or more electrodes and a clamping surface, wherein the electrostatic chuck is configured to support and electrostatically clamp a workpiece thereto via an electrical current passed through the one or more electrodes, and wherein the electrostatic chuck comprises one or more fluid passages therethrough; a plurality of fluid sources having a respective plurality of fluids associated therewith, wherein each of the plurality of fluids are chemically distinct from one another and has a respective viable fluid temperature range associated therewith; a thermal unit configured to heat and/or cool the plurality of fluids to one or more predetermined temperature setpoints; a valve assembly comprising one or more automated valves configured to selectively fluidly couple each of the plurality of fluid sources to the one or more fluid passages of the electrostatic chuck; and a controller configured to selectively open and close the one or more automated valves based on one or more flushing conditions, therein selectively fluidly coupling fluidly coupling the one or more fluid passages of the electrostatic chuck with a selected one or more of the plurality of fluid sources, wherein the one or more flushing conditions are based on one or more of a flushing algorithm and a lookup table relating the viable fluid temperature range and chemical compatibility associated with each of the plurality of fluids to one or more predetermined process temperatures associated with a processing of the workpiece on the electrostatic chuck. | 1,700 |
2,229 | 13,904,889 | 1,792 | A potato chip that has more oil near its outer surfaces than in its interior and a unique RVA profile is disclosed. The organoleptic properties of the inventive potato chips compare favorably to known and commercially available potato chips. | 1. A potato chip comprising:
a potato slice comprising a thickness between 0.040 inches and 0.080 inches which has been washed and fried to a moisture content below about 2% by weight to produce said potato chip, wherein said potato chip comprises a Surface Oil Difference of 0.5 or greater. 2. The potato chip of claim 1 wherein said thickness is between 0.040 inches and 0.063 inches. 3. The potato chip of claim 1 wherein said Surface Oil Difference is between 0.5 and 0.7. 4. The potato chip of claim 1 wherein said potato chip additionally comprises a first RVA peak and a second RVA peak, wherein (second RVA peak/first RVA peak) is between 0.25 and 0.45, and wherein said first RVA peak is between 6000 and 8100. 5. A potato chip comprising:
a potato slice comprising a thickness between 0.040 inches and 0.080 inches which has been washed and fried to a moisture content below about 2% by weight to produce said potato chip, wherein said potato chip comprises a first RVA peak and a second RVA peak, wherein (second RVA peak/first RVA peak) is between 0.25 and 0.45, and wherein said first RVA peak is between 6000 and 8100. 6. The potato chip of claim 5 wherein said thickness is between 0.040 inches and 0.063 inches. 7. The potato chip of claim 5 wherein said potato chip additionally comprises a Surface Oil Difference of 0.5 or greater. 8. The potato chip of claim 7 wherein said Surface Oil Difference is between 0.5 and 0.7. | A potato chip that has more oil near its outer surfaces than in its interior and a unique RVA profile is disclosed. The organoleptic properties of the inventive potato chips compare favorably to known and commercially available potato chips.1. A potato chip comprising:
a potato slice comprising a thickness between 0.040 inches and 0.080 inches which has been washed and fried to a moisture content below about 2% by weight to produce said potato chip, wherein said potato chip comprises a Surface Oil Difference of 0.5 or greater. 2. The potato chip of claim 1 wherein said thickness is between 0.040 inches and 0.063 inches. 3. The potato chip of claim 1 wherein said Surface Oil Difference is between 0.5 and 0.7. 4. The potato chip of claim 1 wherein said potato chip additionally comprises a first RVA peak and a second RVA peak, wherein (second RVA peak/first RVA peak) is between 0.25 and 0.45, and wherein said first RVA peak is between 6000 and 8100. 5. A potato chip comprising:
a potato slice comprising a thickness between 0.040 inches and 0.080 inches which has been washed and fried to a moisture content below about 2% by weight to produce said potato chip, wherein said potato chip comprises a first RVA peak and a second RVA peak, wherein (second RVA peak/first RVA peak) is between 0.25 and 0.45, and wherein said first RVA peak is between 6000 and 8100. 6. The potato chip of claim 5 wherein said thickness is between 0.040 inches and 0.063 inches. 7. The potato chip of claim 5 wherein said potato chip additionally comprises a Surface Oil Difference of 0.5 or greater. 8. The potato chip of claim 7 wherein said Surface Oil Difference is between 0.5 and 0.7. | 1,700 |
2,230 | 13,997,439 | 1,732 | The present invention concerns agents containing at least one inorganic pigment, one or more oils, at least one Fischer-Tropsch wax and at least one second wax, processes for production thereof and their use for coloration of building products, preferably asphalt, bitumen, bituminous mixtures, tar and tar-containing compositions, and also a process for coloration of building products and the building products colored with the agents. | 1. An agent where at least 50 wt % of the agent has a particle size of 1 mm or more, containing
at least one inorganic pigment selected from the group of iron oxides, iron oxide hydroxides, chromium oxides, titanium dioxides and/or mixed-phase pigments based on metal oxides, one or more oils, at least one Fischer-Tropsch wax having a congealing point between 50 and 140° C. and a needle penetration at 25° C. of up to 1 mm, and at least one second wax having a congealing point between 50 and 140° C., wherein this wax is not a Fischer-Tropsch wax nor a polyolefin wax. 2. The agent as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that, characterized in that the proportion of Fischer-Tropsch wax relative to the total amount of Fischer-Tropsch wax and second wax is from 20 wt % to 80 wt %. 3. The agent as claimed in one or more of claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the total amount of oil or oils is from 0.1 to 5.0 wt % based on the total amount of the agent. 4. The agent as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the second wax is selected from the group of mineral waxes, montan waxes, vegetable waxes and/or animal waxes. 5. The agent as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the total amount of Fischer-Tropsch wax and second wax is from 5 to 25 wt % based on the total amount of the agent. 6. A process for producing agents as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that either
a) at least one inorganic pigment is mixed with one or more oils and
b) the mix of step a) is mixed with one or more Fischer-Tropsch waxes and one or more second waxes,
c) the mixture of step b) is further mixed at a temperature above the congealing points of the Fischer-Tropsch waxes and of the second waxes,
or
a′) at least one inorganic pigment is mixed with the Fischer-Tropsch wax and the second wax and
b′) the mix of step a′) is mixed with one or more oils,
c′) the mixture of step b′) is further mixed at a temperature above the congealing points of the Fischer-Tropsch waxes and of the second waxes,
or
at least one inorganic pigment is simultaneously mixed with one or more oils and with one or more Fischer-Tropsch waxes and one or more second waxes, and the mixture is then further mixed at a temperature above the congealing points of the Fischer-Tropsch waxes and of the second waxes. 7. The process for producing agents as claimed in claim 6, characterized in that the agent formed is cooled down to ambient temperature and then sieved to a particle size range such that at least 50 wt % of the agent has a particle size of 1 mm or more. 8. The process for producing agents as claimed in claim 6 or 7, characterized in that steps a) or a′) are carried out below the congealing points of the Fischer-Tropsch wax and of the second wax. 9. The process for producing agents as claimed in one or more of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that the mixture is heated to a temperature in the range from 60° C. to 150° C. before steps b) or b′). 10. The process for producing agents as claimed in one or more of claims 6 to 9, characterized in that steps c) or c′) are carried out at 110° C. to 230° C. 11. The process for producing agents as claimed in one or more of claims 6 to 10, characterized in that the temperature of the mixture is raised to a temperature in the range from 110° C. to 230° C. after simultaneous addition of oil or oils, Fischer-Tropsch wax and second wax to the inorganic pigment. 12. The use of agents as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 5 for coloration of building products, preferably asphalt, bitumen, bituminous mixtures, tar and tar-containing compositions. 13. A process for coloration of building products, preferably asphalt, bitumen, bituminous mixtures, tar and tar-containing compositions comprising mixing the agent as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 5 with the building product above the softening point thereof. 14. A building product characterized in that it is colored with an agent as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 25. | The present invention concerns agents containing at least one inorganic pigment, one or more oils, at least one Fischer-Tropsch wax and at least one second wax, processes for production thereof and their use for coloration of building products, preferably asphalt, bitumen, bituminous mixtures, tar and tar-containing compositions, and also a process for coloration of building products and the building products colored with the agents.1. An agent where at least 50 wt % of the agent has a particle size of 1 mm or more, containing
at least one inorganic pigment selected from the group of iron oxides, iron oxide hydroxides, chromium oxides, titanium dioxides and/or mixed-phase pigments based on metal oxides, one or more oils, at least one Fischer-Tropsch wax having a congealing point between 50 and 140° C. and a needle penetration at 25° C. of up to 1 mm, and at least one second wax having a congealing point between 50 and 140° C., wherein this wax is not a Fischer-Tropsch wax nor a polyolefin wax. 2. The agent as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that, characterized in that the proportion of Fischer-Tropsch wax relative to the total amount of Fischer-Tropsch wax and second wax is from 20 wt % to 80 wt %. 3. The agent as claimed in one or more of claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the total amount of oil or oils is from 0.1 to 5.0 wt % based on the total amount of the agent. 4. The agent as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the second wax is selected from the group of mineral waxes, montan waxes, vegetable waxes and/or animal waxes. 5. The agent as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the total amount of Fischer-Tropsch wax and second wax is from 5 to 25 wt % based on the total amount of the agent. 6. A process for producing agents as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that either
a) at least one inorganic pigment is mixed with one or more oils and
b) the mix of step a) is mixed with one or more Fischer-Tropsch waxes and one or more second waxes,
c) the mixture of step b) is further mixed at a temperature above the congealing points of the Fischer-Tropsch waxes and of the second waxes,
or
a′) at least one inorganic pigment is mixed with the Fischer-Tropsch wax and the second wax and
b′) the mix of step a′) is mixed with one or more oils,
c′) the mixture of step b′) is further mixed at a temperature above the congealing points of the Fischer-Tropsch waxes and of the second waxes,
or
at least one inorganic pigment is simultaneously mixed with one or more oils and with one or more Fischer-Tropsch waxes and one or more second waxes, and the mixture is then further mixed at a temperature above the congealing points of the Fischer-Tropsch waxes and of the second waxes. 7. The process for producing agents as claimed in claim 6, characterized in that the agent formed is cooled down to ambient temperature and then sieved to a particle size range such that at least 50 wt % of the agent has a particle size of 1 mm or more. 8. The process for producing agents as claimed in claim 6 or 7, characterized in that steps a) or a′) are carried out below the congealing points of the Fischer-Tropsch wax and of the second wax. 9. The process for producing agents as claimed in one or more of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that the mixture is heated to a temperature in the range from 60° C. to 150° C. before steps b) or b′). 10. The process for producing agents as claimed in one or more of claims 6 to 9, characterized in that steps c) or c′) are carried out at 110° C. to 230° C. 11. The process for producing agents as claimed in one or more of claims 6 to 10, characterized in that the temperature of the mixture is raised to a temperature in the range from 110° C. to 230° C. after simultaneous addition of oil or oils, Fischer-Tropsch wax and second wax to the inorganic pigment. 12. The use of agents as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 5 for coloration of building products, preferably asphalt, bitumen, bituminous mixtures, tar and tar-containing compositions. 13. A process for coloration of building products, preferably asphalt, bitumen, bituminous mixtures, tar and tar-containing compositions comprising mixing the agent as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 5 with the building product above the softening point thereof. 14. A building product characterized in that it is colored with an agent as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 25. | 1,700 |
2,231 | 13,883,759 | 1,798 | A composite comprises a polymer matrix and a luminophore dispersed therein. The composite is useful as a sensing film that is used as an optical sensor for oxygen measurement comprising the composite sensing film; a source of photons for photo-exciting the luminophores and a waveguide, transparent in the frequency range of the excitation photons, for guiding the excitation photons from the source to the composite sensing film; a detector for measuring properties of photons emitted from the luminophores. A system including a computer may be useful for coordinating the activities of the sensor. | 1. A composite comprising:
at least one polymer forming a polymer matrix; and an amount of at least one luminophore dispersed within the polymer matrix, wherein the composite has a starting quenching ratio after the composite is photoexcited 10,000 times, wherein the ending quenching ratio is about 95% or more of the starting quenching ratio. 2. The composite of claim 1, wherein the composite is a film. 3. The composite of claim 1, wherein the luminophore comprises a hexanuclear molybdenum compound selected from the group consisting of those of formula (1) and those of formula (2):
M2MonW6-nX14 (1)
MonW6-nX12 (2)
wherein M is a cation selected from the group consisting of Na+, K+ and NH4 +, wherein n is 0 to 6, and wherein each X is independently a monoanionic ligand. 4. The composite of claim 3 wherein the X are selected from the group consisting of Cl−, Br−, F−, I− and At−. 5. The composite of claim 1, wherein the luminophore is selected from the group consisting of K2Mo6Cl14, Na2Mo6Cl14, (NH4)2Mo6Cl14, Mo6Cl12, and blends thereof. 6. The composite of claim 1, wherein the polymer matrix comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of photocured silicones and methacrylate polymers. 7. The composite of claim 1, wherein the polymer matrix comprises a photocured polymer selected from the group consisting of acrylate-functional polydimethylsiloxanes, methacrylate-functional polydimethylsiloxanes, acrylate- and methacrylate-functional polydimethylsiloxanes, and blends thereof. 8. The composite of claim 1, wherein the polymer matrix comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of poly(butyl)methacrylate, poly(isobutyl)methacrylate, poly(isobutyl methacrylate-co-butyl methacrylate), and blends thereof. 9. The composite of claim 1, wherein the composite has the following properties:
τ0(solution)/τo(composite) is less than or equal to 3.5, and Q is greater than or equal to 2.5. 10. An oxygen sensor comprising the composite of claim 1. 11. The oxygen sensor of claim 10, comprising:
a sensing film formed from the composite; a source of excitation photons; an optical waveguide directing the source of excitation photons to the sensing film; and a detector for detecting luminesced photons from the sensing film. 12. The oxygen sensor of claim 11, further comprising:
a second optical waveguide wherein the detector is connected to the second optical waveguide and further wherein the second optical waveguide is connected to the sensing film. 13. The oxygen sensor of claim 11 wherein the detector is connected to the optical waveguide. 14. The oxygen sensor of claim 11 wherein the optical waveguide is a fiber optic cable. 15. The oxygen sensor of claim 11 wherein the optical waveguide comprises a bundle of optical waveguide elements. 16. The oxygen sensor of claim 11 wherein the optical waveguide comprises a bundle of fiber optical cables. 17. The oxygen sensor of claim 11 further comprising:
a substrate wherein the sensing film is disposed on and supported by the substrate. 18. The oxygen sensor of claim 17 further comprising:
a primer between the substrate and the sensing film to promote adhesion of the sensing film to the substrate. 19. (canceled) 20. The oxygen sensor of claim 11 further comprising:
a light blocking layer covering the sensing film to block interfering wavelengths of light from entering the oxygen sensor. 21. The oxygen sensor of claim 11 further comprising:
a computer for processing data collected by the detector, wherein the computer performs a task based on the data collected by the detector. 22-36. (canceled) 37. A composition comprising a polymer and a molybdenum cluster, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of a photocurable silicone and a methacrylate polymer, and the molybdenum cluster comprises a hexanuclear molybdenum compound selected from the group consisting of those of formula (1) and those of formula (2):
M2MonW6-nX14 (1)
MonW6-nX12 (2)
wherein M is a cation selected from the group consisting of Na+, K+ and NH4 +, wherein n is 0 to 6, and wherein each X is independently a monoanionic ligand. 38. (canceled) | A composite comprises a polymer matrix and a luminophore dispersed therein. The composite is useful as a sensing film that is used as an optical sensor for oxygen measurement comprising the composite sensing film; a source of photons for photo-exciting the luminophores and a waveguide, transparent in the frequency range of the excitation photons, for guiding the excitation photons from the source to the composite sensing film; a detector for measuring properties of photons emitted from the luminophores. A system including a computer may be useful for coordinating the activities of the sensor.1. A composite comprising:
at least one polymer forming a polymer matrix; and an amount of at least one luminophore dispersed within the polymer matrix, wherein the composite has a starting quenching ratio after the composite is photoexcited 10,000 times, wherein the ending quenching ratio is about 95% or more of the starting quenching ratio. 2. The composite of claim 1, wherein the composite is a film. 3. The composite of claim 1, wherein the luminophore comprises a hexanuclear molybdenum compound selected from the group consisting of those of formula (1) and those of formula (2):
M2MonW6-nX14 (1)
MonW6-nX12 (2)
wherein M is a cation selected from the group consisting of Na+, K+ and NH4 +, wherein n is 0 to 6, and wherein each X is independently a monoanionic ligand. 4. The composite of claim 3 wherein the X are selected from the group consisting of Cl−, Br−, F−, I− and At−. 5. The composite of claim 1, wherein the luminophore is selected from the group consisting of K2Mo6Cl14, Na2Mo6Cl14, (NH4)2Mo6Cl14, Mo6Cl12, and blends thereof. 6. The composite of claim 1, wherein the polymer matrix comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of photocured silicones and methacrylate polymers. 7. The composite of claim 1, wherein the polymer matrix comprises a photocured polymer selected from the group consisting of acrylate-functional polydimethylsiloxanes, methacrylate-functional polydimethylsiloxanes, acrylate- and methacrylate-functional polydimethylsiloxanes, and blends thereof. 8. The composite of claim 1, wherein the polymer matrix comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of poly(butyl)methacrylate, poly(isobutyl)methacrylate, poly(isobutyl methacrylate-co-butyl methacrylate), and blends thereof. 9. The composite of claim 1, wherein the composite has the following properties:
τ0(solution)/τo(composite) is less than or equal to 3.5, and Q is greater than or equal to 2.5. 10. An oxygen sensor comprising the composite of claim 1. 11. The oxygen sensor of claim 10, comprising:
a sensing film formed from the composite; a source of excitation photons; an optical waveguide directing the source of excitation photons to the sensing film; and a detector for detecting luminesced photons from the sensing film. 12. The oxygen sensor of claim 11, further comprising:
a second optical waveguide wherein the detector is connected to the second optical waveguide and further wherein the second optical waveguide is connected to the sensing film. 13. The oxygen sensor of claim 11 wherein the detector is connected to the optical waveguide. 14. The oxygen sensor of claim 11 wherein the optical waveguide is a fiber optic cable. 15. The oxygen sensor of claim 11 wherein the optical waveguide comprises a bundle of optical waveguide elements. 16. The oxygen sensor of claim 11 wherein the optical waveguide comprises a bundle of fiber optical cables. 17. The oxygen sensor of claim 11 further comprising:
a substrate wherein the sensing film is disposed on and supported by the substrate. 18. The oxygen sensor of claim 17 further comprising:
a primer between the substrate and the sensing film to promote adhesion of the sensing film to the substrate. 19. (canceled) 20. The oxygen sensor of claim 11 further comprising:
a light blocking layer covering the sensing film to block interfering wavelengths of light from entering the oxygen sensor. 21. The oxygen sensor of claim 11 further comprising:
a computer for processing data collected by the detector, wherein the computer performs a task based on the data collected by the detector. 22-36. (canceled) 37. A composition comprising a polymer and a molybdenum cluster, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of a photocurable silicone and a methacrylate polymer, and the molybdenum cluster comprises a hexanuclear molybdenum compound selected from the group consisting of those of formula (1) and those of formula (2):
M2MonW6-nX14 (1)
MonW6-nX12 (2)
wherein M is a cation selected from the group consisting of Na+, K+ and NH4 +, wherein n is 0 to 6, and wherein each X is independently a monoanionic ligand. 38. (canceled) | 1,700 |
2,232 | 13,118,326 | 1,779 | An environmentally supportive seawater intake system includes a first filtering system in communication with raw seawater for providing a flow of seawater in a first direction into a raceway. A second filtering system is also in communication with seawater in the raceway and is adapted to receive a portion of the seawater in the raceway and directing it in a second direction away from the flow of residual water in the raceway. An input device receives the second portion flowing in the second direction, and a recovery system receives and returns the first, residual portion to the sea environment. | 1. A environment supportive seawater intake system comprising:
a. A first filtering system in communication with raw seawater for providing a flow of seawater in a first direction; b. A raceway for receiving the seawater; c. A second filtering system in communication with the seawater in the raceway for providing a flow of second filtered water in a second direction, whereby the flow of seawater in the raceway is separated from the flow of second filtered water; d. An input device for receiving the second portion flowing in the second direction; and e. A recovery system for receiving and returning the first, residual portion to the sea environment. 2. The seawater intake system of claim 1, further comprising a pH adjustment system in communication with the second portion of mixed water. 3. The seawater intake system of claim 1, further comprising a disinfectant system in communication with the second portion of mixed water. 4. The seawater intake system of claim 1, wherein the input device is the intake port of a desalination plant. 5. The seawater intake system of claim 1, wherein the residual portion of the mixed water is introduced into a reef pond. 6. A seawater intake system for providing seawater to a desalination plant having an intake for receiving seawater, comprising:
a. A first filtering system in communication with raw seawater for providing a flow of seawater in a first direction; b. A raceway for receiving the seawater; c. A second filtering system in communication with the raceway and with the seawater in the raceway; d. A subsystem for drawing a portion of the seawater in the raceway through the second filtering system for producing filtered seawater, with the residual portion of seawater continuing in the raceway; e. A transfer system for delivering the second filtered portion of seawater to the intake of a desalination plant; and f. A recovery system for receiving and returning the residual portion of seawater in the raceway to the sea environment. 7. The seawater intake system of claim 1, further comprising a pH adjustment system in communication with the second portion of seawater. 8. The seawater intake system of claim 1, further comprising a disinfectant system in communication with the second portion of seawater. 9. The seawater intake system of claim 1, wherein the residual portion of seawater in the raceway is introduced into a reef pond. 10. A seawater intake system for generating and transferring filtered seawater to an input device comprising:
a. An intake screen having an operable cross-section for screening and passing raw seawater for creating screened intake seawater; b. A raceway in communication with the intake screen for receiving the screened intake water; c. A cross flow screen in the raceway and in communication with the sweater in the raceway for permitting a flow of a portion of the seawater in the race way in a direction different from the flow of seawater in the raceway, to direct a portion of the seawater in a cross flow a direction which is different from the flow in the raceway, thereby generating a first, residual portion of seawater in the raceway and a second, filtered portion of seawater drawn from the raceway; d. An intake flow system receiving the second, filtered portion of seawater for delivering it to the input device; and e. A recovery system receiving the residual portion of seawater in the raceway. 11. The seawater intake system of claim 10, wherein the operational cross-sectional area of the intake screen is larger than the operational cross-sectional area of the raceway. 12. The seawater intake system of claim 11, wherein the flow rate through the raceway is approximately two to four times the flow rate through the intake screen. 13. The seawater intake system of claim 10, wherein the cross flow screen extends the length of the raceway. 14. The seawater intake system of claim 10, further comprising a baffle in advance of the intake screen. 15. The seawater intake system of claim 10, the recovery system comprising a subsystem for delivering the first, residual portion of seawater to a reef pond. 16. The seawater intake system of claim 15, wherein the subsystem further comprises:
a. A pond for receiving the first, residual portion of seawater; and b. A pumping system for pumping the first, residual portion of seawater from the pond into the reef pond. 17. The seawater intake system of claim 16, wherein the pumping system is “fish friendly.” 18. The seawater intake system of claim 15, further comprising an aerator positioned between the raceway and the reef pond. 19. The sweater intake system of claim 10, further comprising a pH adjustment system in communication with the second, filtered portion of seawater. 20. The seawater intake system of claim 10, further comprising a disinfectant system in communication with the second, filtered portion of seawater. 21. The seawater intake system of claim 10, wherein the intake screen is positioned above the sea floor. 22. The seawater intake system of claim 10, the intake flow system further comprising:
a. A sump for receiving the second, filtered portion of seawater; b. A pump for discharging the second, filtered portion of seawater into an intake port of the desalination plant. 23. The seawater intake system of claim 22, the pump operating at a pressure that assures the level of water in the sump is lower than the sea level. 24. A seawater intake system for generating and transferring screened seawater to a desalination plant, comprising:
a. An intake screen having an operable cross-section for screening and passing raw seawater for creating screened intake seawater b. A raceway in communication with the intake screen for receiving the screened intake water, wherein the operational cross-sectional area of the intake screen is larger than the operational cross-sectional area of the raceway, and wherein the flow rate through the raceway is approximately two to four times the flow rate through the intake screen. c. A cross flow screen in the raceway and in communication with the seawater in the raceway for permitting the flow of screened cross flow water in a direction which is in cross flow with the screened intake seawater to draw a portion of the seawater in the raceway from the raceway, wherein the residual portion of the seawater in the raceway flows in the direction of the raceway and the second portion of seawater flowing in a direction cross flow to the raceway is directed out of the raceway; d. An intake flow system comprising:
i. A sump for receiving the second portion of seawater;
ii. A pump for discharging the second portion of seawater water into an intake port of the desalination plant; and
e. A recovery system for delivering the first, residual portion of seawater in the raceway to a reef pond, the recovery system comprising:
i. A pond for receiving the first, residual portion of seawater; and
ii. A pumping system for pumping the first, residual portion of seawater from the pond into the reef pond. 25. The seawater intake system of claim 24, wherein the cross flow screen extends the length of the raceway. 26. The seawater intake system of claim 24, further comprising a baffle in advance of the intake screen. 27. The seawater intake system of claim 24, further comprising an aerator positioned between the pumping system and the reef pond. 28. The sweater intake system of claim 24, further comprising a pH adjustment system in communication with the sump. 29. The seawater intake system of claim 24, further comprising a disinfectant system in communication with the sump. 30. The seawater intake system of claim 24, wherein the intake screen is positioned above the sea floor. | An environmentally supportive seawater intake system includes a first filtering system in communication with raw seawater for providing a flow of seawater in a first direction into a raceway. A second filtering system is also in communication with seawater in the raceway and is adapted to receive a portion of the seawater in the raceway and directing it in a second direction away from the flow of residual water in the raceway. An input device receives the second portion flowing in the second direction, and a recovery system receives and returns the first, residual portion to the sea environment.1. A environment supportive seawater intake system comprising:
a. A first filtering system in communication with raw seawater for providing a flow of seawater in a first direction; b. A raceway for receiving the seawater; c. A second filtering system in communication with the seawater in the raceway for providing a flow of second filtered water in a second direction, whereby the flow of seawater in the raceway is separated from the flow of second filtered water; d. An input device for receiving the second portion flowing in the second direction; and e. A recovery system for receiving and returning the first, residual portion to the sea environment. 2. The seawater intake system of claim 1, further comprising a pH adjustment system in communication with the second portion of mixed water. 3. The seawater intake system of claim 1, further comprising a disinfectant system in communication with the second portion of mixed water. 4. The seawater intake system of claim 1, wherein the input device is the intake port of a desalination plant. 5. The seawater intake system of claim 1, wherein the residual portion of the mixed water is introduced into a reef pond. 6. A seawater intake system for providing seawater to a desalination plant having an intake for receiving seawater, comprising:
a. A first filtering system in communication with raw seawater for providing a flow of seawater in a first direction; b. A raceway for receiving the seawater; c. A second filtering system in communication with the raceway and with the seawater in the raceway; d. A subsystem for drawing a portion of the seawater in the raceway through the second filtering system for producing filtered seawater, with the residual portion of seawater continuing in the raceway; e. A transfer system for delivering the second filtered portion of seawater to the intake of a desalination plant; and f. A recovery system for receiving and returning the residual portion of seawater in the raceway to the sea environment. 7. The seawater intake system of claim 1, further comprising a pH adjustment system in communication with the second portion of seawater. 8. The seawater intake system of claim 1, further comprising a disinfectant system in communication with the second portion of seawater. 9. The seawater intake system of claim 1, wherein the residual portion of seawater in the raceway is introduced into a reef pond. 10. A seawater intake system for generating and transferring filtered seawater to an input device comprising:
a. An intake screen having an operable cross-section for screening and passing raw seawater for creating screened intake seawater; b. A raceway in communication with the intake screen for receiving the screened intake water; c. A cross flow screen in the raceway and in communication with the sweater in the raceway for permitting a flow of a portion of the seawater in the race way in a direction different from the flow of seawater in the raceway, to direct a portion of the seawater in a cross flow a direction which is different from the flow in the raceway, thereby generating a first, residual portion of seawater in the raceway and a second, filtered portion of seawater drawn from the raceway; d. An intake flow system receiving the second, filtered portion of seawater for delivering it to the input device; and e. A recovery system receiving the residual portion of seawater in the raceway. 11. The seawater intake system of claim 10, wherein the operational cross-sectional area of the intake screen is larger than the operational cross-sectional area of the raceway. 12. The seawater intake system of claim 11, wherein the flow rate through the raceway is approximately two to four times the flow rate through the intake screen. 13. The seawater intake system of claim 10, wherein the cross flow screen extends the length of the raceway. 14. The seawater intake system of claim 10, further comprising a baffle in advance of the intake screen. 15. The seawater intake system of claim 10, the recovery system comprising a subsystem for delivering the first, residual portion of seawater to a reef pond. 16. The seawater intake system of claim 15, wherein the subsystem further comprises:
a. A pond for receiving the first, residual portion of seawater; and b. A pumping system for pumping the first, residual portion of seawater from the pond into the reef pond. 17. The seawater intake system of claim 16, wherein the pumping system is “fish friendly.” 18. The seawater intake system of claim 15, further comprising an aerator positioned between the raceway and the reef pond. 19. The sweater intake system of claim 10, further comprising a pH adjustment system in communication with the second, filtered portion of seawater. 20. The seawater intake system of claim 10, further comprising a disinfectant system in communication with the second, filtered portion of seawater. 21. The seawater intake system of claim 10, wherein the intake screen is positioned above the sea floor. 22. The seawater intake system of claim 10, the intake flow system further comprising:
a. A sump for receiving the second, filtered portion of seawater; b. A pump for discharging the second, filtered portion of seawater into an intake port of the desalination plant. 23. The seawater intake system of claim 22, the pump operating at a pressure that assures the level of water in the sump is lower than the sea level. 24. A seawater intake system for generating and transferring screened seawater to a desalination plant, comprising:
a. An intake screen having an operable cross-section for screening and passing raw seawater for creating screened intake seawater b. A raceway in communication with the intake screen for receiving the screened intake water, wherein the operational cross-sectional area of the intake screen is larger than the operational cross-sectional area of the raceway, and wherein the flow rate through the raceway is approximately two to four times the flow rate through the intake screen. c. A cross flow screen in the raceway and in communication with the seawater in the raceway for permitting the flow of screened cross flow water in a direction which is in cross flow with the screened intake seawater to draw a portion of the seawater in the raceway from the raceway, wherein the residual portion of the seawater in the raceway flows in the direction of the raceway and the second portion of seawater flowing in a direction cross flow to the raceway is directed out of the raceway; d. An intake flow system comprising:
i. A sump for receiving the second portion of seawater;
ii. A pump for discharging the second portion of seawater water into an intake port of the desalination plant; and
e. A recovery system for delivering the first, residual portion of seawater in the raceway to a reef pond, the recovery system comprising:
i. A pond for receiving the first, residual portion of seawater; and
ii. A pumping system for pumping the first, residual portion of seawater from the pond into the reef pond. 25. The seawater intake system of claim 24, wherein the cross flow screen extends the length of the raceway. 26. The seawater intake system of claim 24, further comprising a baffle in advance of the intake screen. 27. The seawater intake system of claim 24, further comprising an aerator positioned between the pumping system and the reef pond. 28. The sweater intake system of claim 24, further comprising a pH adjustment system in communication with the sump. 29. The seawater intake system of claim 24, further comprising a disinfectant system in communication with the sump. 30. The seawater intake system of claim 24, wherein the intake screen is positioned above the sea floor. | 1,700 |
2,233 | 13,793,454 | 1,716 | A method of cleaning a bevel edge of a semiconductor substrate is provided. A semiconductor substrate is placed on a substrate support in a reaction chamber of a plasma processing apparatus. The substrate has a dielectric layer overlying a top surface and a bevel edge of the substrate, the layer extending above and below an apex of the bevel edge. A process gas is introduced into the reaction chamber and energized into a plasma. The bevel edge is cleaned with the plasma so as to remove the layer below the apex without removing all of the layer above the apex. | 1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. A bevel etcher wherein a bevel edge of a semiconductor wafer is subjected to plasma cleaning, comprising:
a lower support having a cylindrical top portion; a lower plasma-exclusion-zone (PEZ) ring supported on the top portion of the lower support, the lower PEZ ring having an upper surface on which the wafer is supported; an upper dielectric component disposed above the lower support and having a cylindrical bottom portion opposing the top portion of the lower support; an upper PEZ ring surrounding the bottom portion of the dielectric component and opposing the lower PEZ ring, an annular space between the lower and upper PEZ rings limiting the extent of the bevel edge to be cleaned by the plasma; and at least one radio frequency (RF) power source adapted to energize process gas into the plasma during a cleaning operation; wherein the lower and upper PEZ rings are adapted to respectively shield the lower support and the upper dielectric component from the plasma during the cleaning operation; and wherein a portion of the upper PEZ ring closest to the wafer has an outer diameter at least equal to an outer diameter of the wafer. 13. The bevel etcher of claim 12, wherein the wafer is a 300 mm diameter wafer and the portion of the upper PEZ ring closest to the wafer has an outer diameter 0.5 mm to 5 mm larger than the outer diameter of the wafer. 14. The bevel etcher of claim 12, wherein the lower PEZ ring has an upper surface on which the wafer is supported such that the bevel edge of the substrate extends outwardly of an outer edge of the upper surface. 15. A configurable part of a bevel etcher wherein a bevel edge of a semiconductor wafer is subjected to plasma cleaning, the bevel etcher including a lower electrode assembly on which the wafer is supported during the bevel cleaning operation, an upper electrode assembly including a dielectric plate facing the lower support and attached to an upper support which is movable vertically to position the dielectric plate at a small distance from the upper surface of the wafer, the upper electrode assembly including at least one gas passage through which gas can be flowed in the vicinity of the bevel edge during the bevel cleaning operation, the dielectric plate having at least one gas passage through which gas can be flowed over the surface of the wafer during the bevel cleaning operation, the configurable part comprising an upper PEZ ring of electrically conductive, semiconductive or dielectric material adapted to shield the upper dielectric plate from the plasma during the cleaning operation, a portion of the upper PEZ ring closest to the wafer having an outer diameter which is greater than the outer diameter of the wafer. 16. The configurable part of claim 15, wherein the upper PEZ ring includes an inner flange having a lower surface thereof engaging an upper surface of an outer flange on the dielectric plate such that when mounted in the bevel etcher an annular space is formed between the lower and upper PEZ rings limiting the extent of the bevel edge to be cleaned by the plasma. 17. The configurable part of claim 15, wherein the upper PEZ ring includes a stepped inner surface extending vertically between upper and lower surfaces thereof, the upper and lower surfaces being parallel to each other. 18. The configurable part of claim 15, wherein the upper PEZ ring includes an outer surface which is stepped such that an open space overlies the wafer when the substrate is supported on the lower PEZ ring. 19. The configurable part of claim 15, wherein the portion of the upper PEZ ring closest to the wafer has an outer diameter 0.5 mm to 5 mm larger than the outer diameter of the wafer. | A method of cleaning a bevel edge of a semiconductor substrate is provided. A semiconductor substrate is placed on a substrate support in a reaction chamber of a plasma processing apparatus. The substrate has a dielectric layer overlying a top surface and a bevel edge of the substrate, the layer extending above and below an apex of the bevel edge. A process gas is introduced into the reaction chamber and energized into a plasma. The bevel edge is cleaned with the plasma so as to remove the layer below the apex without removing all of the layer above the apex.1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. A bevel etcher wherein a bevel edge of a semiconductor wafer is subjected to plasma cleaning, comprising:
a lower support having a cylindrical top portion; a lower plasma-exclusion-zone (PEZ) ring supported on the top portion of the lower support, the lower PEZ ring having an upper surface on which the wafer is supported; an upper dielectric component disposed above the lower support and having a cylindrical bottom portion opposing the top portion of the lower support; an upper PEZ ring surrounding the bottom portion of the dielectric component and opposing the lower PEZ ring, an annular space between the lower and upper PEZ rings limiting the extent of the bevel edge to be cleaned by the plasma; and at least one radio frequency (RF) power source adapted to energize process gas into the plasma during a cleaning operation; wherein the lower and upper PEZ rings are adapted to respectively shield the lower support and the upper dielectric component from the plasma during the cleaning operation; and wherein a portion of the upper PEZ ring closest to the wafer has an outer diameter at least equal to an outer diameter of the wafer. 13. The bevel etcher of claim 12, wherein the wafer is a 300 mm diameter wafer and the portion of the upper PEZ ring closest to the wafer has an outer diameter 0.5 mm to 5 mm larger than the outer diameter of the wafer. 14. The bevel etcher of claim 12, wherein the lower PEZ ring has an upper surface on which the wafer is supported such that the bevel edge of the substrate extends outwardly of an outer edge of the upper surface. 15. A configurable part of a bevel etcher wherein a bevel edge of a semiconductor wafer is subjected to plasma cleaning, the bevel etcher including a lower electrode assembly on which the wafer is supported during the bevel cleaning operation, an upper electrode assembly including a dielectric plate facing the lower support and attached to an upper support which is movable vertically to position the dielectric plate at a small distance from the upper surface of the wafer, the upper electrode assembly including at least one gas passage through which gas can be flowed in the vicinity of the bevel edge during the bevel cleaning operation, the dielectric plate having at least one gas passage through which gas can be flowed over the surface of the wafer during the bevel cleaning operation, the configurable part comprising an upper PEZ ring of electrically conductive, semiconductive or dielectric material adapted to shield the upper dielectric plate from the plasma during the cleaning operation, a portion of the upper PEZ ring closest to the wafer having an outer diameter which is greater than the outer diameter of the wafer. 16. The configurable part of claim 15, wherein the upper PEZ ring includes an inner flange having a lower surface thereof engaging an upper surface of an outer flange on the dielectric plate such that when mounted in the bevel etcher an annular space is formed between the lower and upper PEZ rings limiting the extent of the bevel edge to be cleaned by the plasma. 17. The configurable part of claim 15, wherein the upper PEZ ring includes a stepped inner surface extending vertically between upper and lower surfaces thereof, the upper and lower surfaces being parallel to each other. 18. The configurable part of claim 15, wherein the upper PEZ ring includes an outer surface which is stepped such that an open space overlies the wafer when the substrate is supported on the lower PEZ ring. 19. The configurable part of claim 15, wherein the portion of the upper PEZ ring closest to the wafer has an outer diameter 0.5 mm to 5 mm larger than the outer diameter of the wafer. | 1,700 |
2,234 | 14,602,582 | 1,727 | An exemplary assembly includes, among other things, a plurality of vent chambers each associated with a battery array. The assembly further includes a vent conduit disposed on the plurality of vent chambers to receive vented fluid from the plurality of vent chambers. | 1. An assembly, comprising:
a plurality of vent chambers each associated with a battery array; and a vent conduit disposed on the plurality of vent chambers to receive vented fluid from the plurality of vent chambers. 2. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the vent conduit extends longitudinally along a vent conduit axis, and the vent chambers extend longitudinally along respective vent chamber axes that are transverse to the vent conduit axis. 3. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the plurality of vent chambers are biased toward the battery arrays, and the vent conduit is separately biased toward the vent chambers. 4. The assembly of claim 1, further comprising downwardly facing openings of the vent conduit that correspond to upwardly facing openings of the plurality of vent chambers. 5. The assembly of claim 4, further comprising a sealant between a perimeter of the downwardly facing openings and a perimeter of the upwardly facing openings. 6. The assembly of claim 4, wherein the vent conduit is provided by a channel secured to a cover. 7. The assembly of claim 6, wherein the channel is secured to a downwardly facing surface of the cover. 8. The assembly of claim 6, wherein the channel comprises a floor and walls extending from opposing lateral sides of the floor, the downwardly facing openings within the floor. 9. The assembly of claim 6, wherein the channel is a formed metal. 10. The assembly of claim 6, wherein the channel is welded to the cover. 11. An assembly, comprising:
a plurality of vent chambers each associated with a battery array; and a vent conduit biased toward the plurality of vent chambers to receive vented fluid from the plurality of vent chambers. 12. The assembly of claim 11, wherein the vent conduit extends longitudinally along a vent conduit axis, and the vent chambers extend longitudinally along respective vent chamber axes that are transverse to the vent conduit axis. 13. The assembly of claim 11, wherein the vent conduit is disposed on top of the vent chambers. 14. The assembly of claim 11, further comprising downwardly facing openings of the vent conduit that correspond to upwardly facing openings of the plurality of vent chambers. 15. The assembly of claim 11, wherein the vent conduit is provided by a channel secured to a downwardly facing surface of a cover. 16. A method, comprising:
communicating a fluid vented from a battery cell to a vent chamber; communicating the fluid from the vent chamber to a vent conduit; and biasing the vent conduit against the vent chamber. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising biasing the vent chamber against the battery cell. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising biasing the vent conduit, the vent chamber, and the battery cell toward a cold plate. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising communicating the fluid along a length of the vent chamber in a first direction, communicating the fluid upward to the vent conduit, and communicating the fluid along a length of the vent conduit in a second direction transverse to the first direction. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the biasing is in a first direction, and the fluid communicates from the vent chamber to the conduit in a second direction opposite the first direction. | An exemplary assembly includes, among other things, a plurality of vent chambers each associated with a battery array. The assembly further includes a vent conduit disposed on the plurality of vent chambers to receive vented fluid from the plurality of vent chambers.1. An assembly, comprising:
a plurality of vent chambers each associated with a battery array; and a vent conduit disposed on the plurality of vent chambers to receive vented fluid from the plurality of vent chambers. 2. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the vent conduit extends longitudinally along a vent conduit axis, and the vent chambers extend longitudinally along respective vent chamber axes that are transverse to the vent conduit axis. 3. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the plurality of vent chambers are biased toward the battery arrays, and the vent conduit is separately biased toward the vent chambers. 4. The assembly of claim 1, further comprising downwardly facing openings of the vent conduit that correspond to upwardly facing openings of the plurality of vent chambers. 5. The assembly of claim 4, further comprising a sealant between a perimeter of the downwardly facing openings and a perimeter of the upwardly facing openings. 6. The assembly of claim 4, wherein the vent conduit is provided by a channel secured to a cover. 7. The assembly of claim 6, wherein the channel is secured to a downwardly facing surface of the cover. 8. The assembly of claim 6, wherein the channel comprises a floor and walls extending from opposing lateral sides of the floor, the downwardly facing openings within the floor. 9. The assembly of claim 6, wherein the channel is a formed metal. 10. The assembly of claim 6, wherein the channel is welded to the cover. 11. An assembly, comprising:
a plurality of vent chambers each associated with a battery array; and a vent conduit biased toward the plurality of vent chambers to receive vented fluid from the plurality of vent chambers. 12. The assembly of claim 11, wherein the vent conduit extends longitudinally along a vent conduit axis, and the vent chambers extend longitudinally along respective vent chamber axes that are transverse to the vent conduit axis. 13. The assembly of claim 11, wherein the vent conduit is disposed on top of the vent chambers. 14. The assembly of claim 11, further comprising downwardly facing openings of the vent conduit that correspond to upwardly facing openings of the plurality of vent chambers. 15. The assembly of claim 11, wherein the vent conduit is provided by a channel secured to a downwardly facing surface of a cover. 16. A method, comprising:
communicating a fluid vented from a battery cell to a vent chamber; communicating the fluid from the vent chamber to a vent conduit; and biasing the vent conduit against the vent chamber. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising biasing the vent chamber against the battery cell. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising biasing the vent conduit, the vent chamber, and the battery cell toward a cold plate. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising communicating the fluid along a length of the vent chamber in a first direction, communicating the fluid upward to the vent conduit, and communicating the fluid along a length of the vent conduit in a second direction transverse to the first direction. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the biasing is in a first direction, and the fluid communicates from the vent chamber to the conduit in a second direction opposite the first direction. | 1,700 |
2,235 | 12,974,418 | 1,792 | A method of making a water-dispersible composition comprises coprocessing a microcrystalline cellulose wetcake and at least one starch by co-attrition to form an admixture comprising colloidal microcrystalline cellulose and said at least one starch. The admixture is subsequently dried. Optionally, the admixture may be combined with an additional hydrocolloid, such as a galactomannan, before or after drying. A dried colloidal microcrystalline cellulose composition may then be dispersed in an aqueous media to form the food/beverage product. In particular, the composition may be dispersed in an aqueous media containing, for example, a protein to form a low pH beverage composition. | 1. A method of making a water-dispersible composition comprising:
coprocessing a microcrystalline cellulose wetcake and at least one starch by co-attrition to form an admixture comprising colloidal microcrystalline cellulose and said at least one starch; and subsequently, drying the admixture. 2. A method of making a composition according to claim 1, wherein the co-attrition comprises co-extrusion of the admixture. 3. A method of making a composition according to claim 1 further comprising:
blending the admixture of colloidal microcrystalline cellulose and at least one starch with an additional hydrocolloid. 4. A method of making a composition according to claim 3, wherein the additional hydrocolloid is a galactomannan. 5. A method of making a composition according to claim 4, wherein the galactomannan is guar gum. 6. A method of making a composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one starch is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyalkyl starch, hydroxyethylated starch, hydroxypropylated starch, acyl starch, and mixtures thereof. 7. A method of making a composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one starch is a food-grade modified low pH stable starch. 8. A method of making a composition according to claim 7, wherein the food-grade modified low pH stable starch is hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate. 9. A method of making a composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one starch is present in an amount of about 10-35% by weight of the admixture. 10. A method of making a composition according to claim 1 further comprising:
dispersing the admixture in water with an additional hydrocolloid to form a dispersion; and
drying the dispersion to obtain a dried colloidal microcrystalline cellulose composition. 11. A method of making a composition according to claim 10, wherein the drying occurs by co-spray drying the dispersion. 12. A method of making a composition according to claim 10 further comprising:
dispersing the dried colloidal microcrystalline cellulose composition in an aqueous medium. 13. A dried water-dispersible composition for use in a food application made by the process of claim 1. 14. A composition according to claim 13, wherein the coprocessed admixture has a greater negative surface charge when compared to microcrystalline cellulose particles alone. 15. A composition according to claim 14, wherein the negative surface charge prevents flocculation in a low pH environment. 16. A composition according to claim 13, wherein the dried water-dispersible composition imparts at least one of protein stability, serum stability, heat stability, texture modification, foam stability, enhanced starch properties, or viscosity control in a food product. 17. A composition according to claim 13, wherein the food application is a low pH beverage, a neutral beverage, a juice, a chocolate drink, a dairy product, a filling, a pudding, a baked good, a frozen dessert, a sauce, a dressing, a mayonnaise, a cultured product, or an aerated food product. 18. A water-dispersible composition comprising:
a coprocessed admixture of colloidal microcrystalline cellulose wetcake and at least one starch, wherein the colloidal microcrystalline cellulose is at least partially coated by a barrier dispersant comprising the at least one starch. 19. A composition according to claim 18, wherein the water-dispersible composition has an additional hydrocolloid adsorbed thereon. 20. A low pH beverage composition comprising:
a colloidal microcrystalline cellulose which is at least partially coated by a barrier dispersant comprising at least one low pH stable starch; a galactomannan; a protein; and an aqueous media, wherein the low pH beverage has a pH of less than about 5. 21. A low pH beverage composition according to claim 20, wherein the protein is selected from the group consisting of soy protein, legume protein, pea protein, rapeseed protein, canola protein, corn protein, wheat gluten, vegetable whey protein, whey, dairy whey, casein, and mixtures thereof. 22. A low pH beverage composition according to claim 20, wherein the composition has a viscosity of less than about 100 cp. 23. A method of making a low pH beverage composition comprising dispersing a water-dispersible composition according to claim 18, a galactomannan, and a protein in an aqueous media. 24. A low pH beverage composition comprising:
a colloidal microcrystalline cellulose which is at least partially coated by a barrier dispersant comprising hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate; a guar gum; a soy protein; and an aqueous media, wherein the low pH beverage has a pH of less than about 5. 25. A method of making a composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one starch comprises a tapioca starch, a corn starch, or mixtures thereof. 26. A method of making a composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one starch comprises a modified tapioca starch selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl diphosphate tapioca starch, hydroxypropyl tapioca starch, and mixtures thereof. 27. A water-dispersible composition according to claim 18, wherein the coprocessed admixture has a gel strength of about 2 Pa or higher. 28. A composition for use in a food application comprising a coprocessed admixture of colloidal microcrystalline cellulose wetcake and at least one tapioca starch or starch derivative, wherein the colloidal microcrystalline cellulose is at least partially coated by the at least one tapioca starch or starch derivative. 29. A composition for use in a food application according to claim 28, wherein the food application is selected from the group consisting of ice cream, cooking cream, sauce, and dessert cream. | A method of making a water-dispersible composition comprises coprocessing a microcrystalline cellulose wetcake and at least one starch by co-attrition to form an admixture comprising colloidal microcrystalline cellulose and said at least one starch. The admixture is subsequently dried. Optionally, the admixture may be combined with an additional hydrocolloid, such as a galactomannan, before or after drying. A dried colloidal microcrystalline cellulose composition may then be dispersed in an aqueous media to form the food/beverage product. In particular, the composition may be dispersed in an aqueous media containing, for example, a protein to form a low pH beverage composition.1. A method of making a water-dispersible composition comprising:
coprocessing a microcrystalline cellulose wetcake and at least one starch by co-attrition to form an admixture comprising colloidal microcrystalline cellulose and said at least one starch; and subsequently, drying the admixture. 2. A method of making a composition according to claim 1, wherein the co-attrition comprises co-extrusion of the admixture. 3. A method of making a composition according to claim 1 further comprising:
blending the admixture of colloidal microcrystalline cellulose and at least one starch with an additional hydrocolloid. 4. A method of making a composition according to claim 3, wherein the additional hydrocolloid is a galactomannan. 5. A method of making a composition according to claim 4, wherein the galactomannan is guar gum. 6. A method of making a composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one starch is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyalkyl starch, hydroxyethylated starch, hydroxypropylated starch, acyl starch, and mixtures thereof. 7. A method of making a composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one starch is a food-grade modified low pH stable starch. 8. A method of making a composition according to claim 7, wherein the food-grade modified low pH stable starch is hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate. 9. A method of making a composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one starch is present in an amount of about 10-35% by weight of the admixture. 10. A method of making a composition according to claim 1 further comprising:
dispersing the admixture in water with an additional hydrocolloid to form a dispersion; and
drying the dispersion to obtain a dried colloidal microcrystalline cellulose composition. 11. A method of making a composition according to claim 10, wherein the drying occurs by co-spray drying the dispersion. 12. A method of making a composition according to claim 10 further comprising:
dispersing the dried colloidal microcrystalline cellulose composition in an aqueous medium. 13. A dried water-dispersible composition for use in a food application made by the process of claim 1. 14. A composition according to claim 13, wherein the coprocessed admixture has a greater negative surface charge when compared to microcrystalline cellulose particles alone. 15. A composition according to claim 14, wherein the negative surface charge prevents flocculation in a low pH environment. 16. A composition according to claim 13, wherein the dried water-dispersible composition imparts at least one of protein stability, serum stability, heat stability, texture modification, foam stability, enhanced starch properties, or viscosity control in a food product. 17. A composition according to claim 13, wherein the food application is a low pH beverage, a neutral beverage, a juice, a chocolate drink, a dairy product, a filling, a pudding, a baked good, a frozen dessert, a sauce, a dressing, a mayonnaise, a cultured product, or an aerated food product. 18. A water-dispersible composition comprising:
a coprocessed admixture of colloidal microcrystalline cellulose wetcake and at least one starch, wherein the colloidal microcrystalline cellulose is at least partially coated by a barrier dispersant comprising the at least one starch. 19. A composition according to claim 18, wherein the water-dispersible composition has an additional hydrocolloid adsorbed thereon. 20. A low pH beverage composition comprising:
a colloidal microcrystalline cellulose which is at least partially coated by a barrier dispersant comprising at least one low pH stable starch; a galactomannan; a protein; and an aqueous media, wherein the low pH beverage has a pH of less than about 5. 21. A low pH beverage composition according to claim 20, wherein the protein is selected from the group consisting of soy protein, legume protein, pea protein, rapeseed protein, canola protein, corn protein, wheat gluten, vegetable whey protein, whey, dairy whey, casein, and mixtures thereof. 22. A low pH beverage composition according to claim 20, wherein the composition has a viscosity of less than about 100 cp. 23. A method of making a low pH beverage composition comprising dispersing a water-dispersible composition according to claim 18, a galactomannan, and a protein in an aqueous media. 24. A low pH beverage composition comprising:
a colloidal microcrystalline cellulose which is at least partially coated by a barrier dispersant comprising hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate; a guar gum; a soy protein; and an aqueous media, wherein the low pH beverage has a pH of less than about 5. 25. A method of making a composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one starch comprises a tapioca starch, a corn starch, or mixtures thereof. 26. A method of making a composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one starch comprises a modified tapioca starch selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl diphosphate tapioca starch, hydroxypropyl tapioca starch, and mixtures thereof. 27. A water-dispersible composition according to claim 18, wherein the coprocessed admixture has a gel strength of about 2 Pa or higher. 28. A composition for use in a food application comprising a coprocessed admixture of colloidal microcrystalline cellulose wetcake and at least one tapioca starch or starch derivative, wherein the colloidal microcrystalline cellulose is at least partially coated by the at least one tapioca starch or starch derivative. 29. A composition for use in a food application according to claim 28, wherein the food application is selected from the group consisting of ice cream, cooking cream, sauce, and dessert cream. | 1,700 |
2,236 | 13,999,746 | 1,772 | The present system produces electrical power from burning coal or natural gas, with almost zero air pollution. In its lack of air pollution is similar to air and wind power, but less costly. Its power may be produced day and night and when the wind is not blowing. Its power is less costly than nuclear power, and without the possibility of radiation damage, melt down, and log-term radiation storage.
The US tax law provides a $10 or $20 credit per ton CO2 for sequestration in “Secure geological storage”. See 26 USC §45Q. The estimated cost of this system's CO2 carbon capture is below that tax credit. The tax credit of $20/ton (large coal power station—800K tons of CO2) would generate a profit of millions of dollars.
This system's capture cost for CO2 is about the same in gas or coal plants. However, coal plants generate about 3 times the CO2 tonnage of gas plants per unit of electric power. In one example, the system uses combined cycle gas turbine-steam units (CCGT) thermal efficiency of 50-60%. CCGT exhaust gas is relatively cool and clean, with almost no particulates, nitrogen oxide, or mercury
The CO2 is separated from nitrogen (N2) using at least two cascaded stages of membrane separators. The permeance of the membranes of the first stage is at least 800 and preferably 2000-10,000. This permits low gas compression which saves the cost of larger compressors and electrical power. Also the area of the membranes are small due to their high permeance. The membranes of the second stage have a lower permeance with higher selectivity and higher pressure may be used. This does not add much to cost because the volume of gas separated is only 2-7% (gas) or 12-14% (coal) of the volume of CCGT exhaust gas. The over 90% pure separated CO2 is then compressed and sold or sequested in geological formations. | 1. A system for the separation and non-polluting disposal of carbon dioxide derived from the exhaust of burning fossil fuel, including a gas separation system which includes: a first stage of gas membranes CO2 separators, means to transport exhaust gas to the first stage, the first stage separating CO2 from other gases in the exhaust gas, a second stage of gas membrane CO2 separators, means to transport permeant gas that passes through the membranes of the first stage to the second stage, the second stage producing CO2 permeate gas (that passes through the membranes of the second stage) of purity greater than 90%, a CO2s gas compressor, and means to transport the permeate gas that passes through the second stage to the compressor,
wherein: the membranes of the first stage have a permeance greater than 800 GPU and a CO2/N2 selectivity of greater than 10 and the membranes of second stage have a permeance greater than 10 GPU and a CO2/N2 selectivity greater than 30. 2. A system as in claim 1 wherein the membranes of the first stage have a permeance of at least 4000 GPU. 3. A system as in claim 1 wherein the membranes of the second stage have a selectivity for CO2 greater than 100. 4. A system as in claim 1 and also including a first blower to compress gas entering the first stage and a second stage compressor to compress gas entering the second stage, wherein in operation the gas is compressed at a lower pressure by the blower than by the compressor. 5. A method for the separation and non-polluting disposal of carbon dioxide in the exhaust from the burning of fossil fuel, including a gas separation method which includes: separating the CO2 from N2 using a first stage of gas membrane CO2 separators, transporting exhaust gas to the first stage of gas membrane CO2 separators, transporting permeant gas that passes through the first stage to a second stage of gas membrane CO2 separators, the second stage producing CO2 permeate gas (that passes through the second stage) of purity greater than 90%, a CO2 gas compressor, and transporting permeate gas that passes through the second stage to the compressor, wherein the membranes of the first stage have a permeance greater than 800 GPU and a CO2/N2 selectivity of greater than 10 and the membranes of the second stage have a permeance greater than 10 GPU and a CO2/N2 selectivity greater than 30. 6. A method as in claim 5 wherein the membranes of the first stage have a permeance greater than 4000 GPU. 7. A method as in claim 5 wherein the membrane of the second stage has a selectivity for CO2 greater than 100. 8. A method as in claim 5 and also including a first stage blower
to compress gas entering the first stage and a second stage compressor
to compress gas entering the second stage, wherein in operation compressing gas to a lower pressure by the blower than compressing gas by the compressor. 9. A system for the production of electrical energy from natural gas fuel with the separation and non-polluting disposal of carbon dioxide, the system including a combined cycle electrical generating plant, said plant including a natural gas fueled turbine, a heat exchange boiler (HRSG) producing steam and exhaust gas containing carbon dioxide (CO2), means to transport the exhaust gas from the gas fueled turbine to the heat exchange boiler (HRSG), a steam turbine, means to transport steam from the heat exchange boiler to the steam turbine, and an electrical generator, wherein the generator is connected to and driven by both the steam and gas fueled turbines, the system also including a gas separation sub-system which includes:
a first stage of gas membrane CO2 separators, means to transport exhaust gas from the heat exchange boiler to the first stage, the first stage separating CO2 from other gases in the exhaust gas received from the heat exchange boiler, a second stage of gas membrane CO2 separators, means to transport permeant gas that passes through the first stage membrane separators to the second stage, the second stage producing CO2 permeate gas (that passes through the second stage) of purity greater than 90%, a CO2 gas compressor, and means to transport permeate gas that passes through the second stage to the compressor, wherein: the membrane of the first stage has a permeance greater than 800 GPU and CO2/N2 selectivity of 10-100 and the membrane of the second stage has a permeance greater than 10 GPU and a CO2/N2 selectivity greater than 30. 10. A system as in claim 9 wherein the membrane of the first stage has a permeance greater than 4000 GPU. 11. A system as in claim 9 wherein the membrane of the second stage has a selectivity for CO2 greater than 100. 12. A system as in claim 9 and also including a first stage compressor
to compress gas entering the first stage and a second stage compressor
to compress gas entering the second stage, wherein in operation the gas is compressed at a lower pressure by the first compressor than by the second compressor. 13. A method as in claim 5 for the production of electrical energy from natural gas fuel with the separation and non-polluting disposal of carbon dioxide, the method including producing electrical power from a combined cycle electrical generating plant, said plant including a natural gas fueled turbine, a heat exchange boiler (HRSG) producing steam and exhaust gas containing carbon dioxide (CO2), transporting the exhaust gas from the gas fueled turbine to the heat exchange boiler (HRSG), a steam turbine, transporting steam from the heat exchange boiler to the steam turbine, and an electrical generator,
wherein the driving the generator by both the steam and gas fueled turbines; the process including transporting the exhaust gas from the heat exchange boiler to a gas separation sub-system which includes: a first stage and a second stage of gas membrane CO2 separators; in the first stage passing CO2 from the exhaust gas through a membrane having a permeance greater than 800 GPU and a CO2/N2 selectivity of 10-100 to separate CO2 from other gases in the exhaust gas,
transporting permeate gas that passes through the first stage membrane separators to the second stage membrane having a permeance greater than 50 GPU and CO2/N2 selectivity greater than 30, in the second stage producing CO2 permeate gas (that passes through the second stage) of purity greater than 90% and transporting said permeate gas from the second stage to a CO2 gas compressor to compress CO2 for sale or sequestration. 14. A process as in claim 13 wherein the membrane of the first stage has a permeance greater than 4000 GPU. 15. A process as in claim 13 wherein the membrane of the second stage has a selectivity for CO2 greater than 200. 16. A process as in claim 13 and also including a first stage compressor
to compress gas entering the first stage and a second stage compressor
to compress gas entering the second stage, wherein in operation compressing gas to a lower pressure by the first compressor than compressing gas by the second compressor. | The present system produces electrical power from burning coal or natural gas, with almost zero air pollution. In its lack of air pollution is similar to air and wind power, but less costly. Its power may be produced day and night and when the wind is not blowing. Its power is less costly than nuclear power, and without the possibility of radiation damage, melt down, and log-term radiation storage.
The US tax law provides a $10 or $20 credit per ton CO2 for sequestration in “Secure geological storage”. See 26 USC §45Q. The estimated cost of this system's CO2 carbon capture is below that tax credit. The tax credit of $20/ton (large coal power station—800K tons of CO2) would generate a profit of millions of dollars.
This system's capture cost for CO2 is about the same in gas or coal plants. However, coal plants generate about 3 times the CO2 tonnage of gas plants per unit of electric power. In one example, the system uses combined cycle gas turbine-steam units (CCGT) thermal efficiency of 50-60%. CCGT exhaust gas is relatively cool and clean, with almost no particulates, nitrogen oxide, or mercury
The CO2 is separated from nitrogen (N2) using at least two cascaded stages of membrane separators. The permeance of the membranes of the first stage is at least 800 and preferably 2000-10,000. This permits low gas compression which saves the cost of larger compressors and electrical power. Also the area of the membranes are small due to their high permeance. The membranes of the second stage have a lower permeance with higher selectivity and higher pressure may be used. This does not add much to cost because the volume of gas separated is only 2-7% (gas) or 12-14% (coal) of the volume of CCGT exhaust gas. The over 90% pure separated CO2 is then compressed and sold or sequested in geological formations.1. A system for the separation and non-polluting disposal of carbon dioxide derived from the exhaust of burning fossil fuel, including a gas separation system which includes: a first stage of gas membranes CO2 separators, means to transport exhaust gas to the first stage, the first stage separating CO2 from other gases in the exhaust gas, a second stage of gas membrane CO2 separators, means to transport permeant gas that passes through the membranes of the first stage to the second stage, the second stage producing CO2 permeate gas (that passes through the membranes of the second stage) of purity greater than 90%, a CO2s gas compressor, and means to transport the permeate gas that passes through the second stage to the compressor,
wherein: the membranes of the first stage have a permeance greater than 800 GPU and a CO2/N2 selectivity of greater than 10 and the membranes of second stage have a permeance greater than 10 GPU and a CO2/N2 selectivity greater than 30. 2. A system as in claim 1 wherein the membranes of the first stage have a permeance of at least 4000 GPU. 3. A system as in claim 1 wherein the membranes of the second stage have a selectivity for CO2 greater than 100. 4. A system as in claim 1 and also including a first blower to compress gas entering the first stage and a second stage compressor to compress gas entering the second stage, wherein in operation the gas is compressed at a lower pressure by the blower than by the compressor. 5. A method for the separation and non-polluting disposal of carbon dioxide in the exhaust from the burning of fossil fuel, including a gas separation method which includes: separating the CO2 from N2 using a first stage of gas membrane CO2 separators, transporting exhaust gas to the first stage of gas membrane CO2 separators, transporting permeant gas that passes through the first stage to a second stage of gas membrane CO2 separators, the second stage producing CO2 permeate gas (that passes through the second stage) of purity greater than 90%, a CO2 gas compressor, and transporting permeate gas that passes through the second stage to the compressor, wherein the membranes of the first stage have a permeance greater than 800 GPU and a CO2/N2 selectivity of greater than 10 and the membranes of the second stage have a permeance greater than 10 GPU and a CO2/N2 selectivity greater than 30. 6. A method as in claim 5 wherein the membranes of the first stage have a permeance greater than 4000 GPU. 7. A method as in claim 5 wherein the membrane of the second stage has a selectivity for CO2 greater than 100. 8. A method as in claim 5 and also including a first stage blower
to compress gas entering the first stage and a second stage compressor
to compress gas entering the second stage, wherein in operation compressing gas to a lower pressure by the blower than compressing gas by the compressor. 9. A system for the production of electrical energy from natural gas fuel with the separation and non-polluting disposal of carbon dioxide, the system including a combined cycle electrical generating plant, said plant including a natural gas fueled turbine, a heat exchange boiler (HRSG) producing steam and exhaust gas containing carbon dioxide (CO2), means to transport the exhaust gas from the gas fueled turbine to the heat exchange boiler (HRSG), a steam turbine, means to transport steam from the heat exchange boiler to the steam turbine, and an electrical generator, wherein the generator is connected to and driven by both the steam and gas fueled turbines, the system also including a gas separation sub-system which includes:
a first stage of gas membrane CO2 separators, means to transport exhaust gas from the heat exchange boiler to the first stage, the first stage separating CO2 from other gases in the exhaust gas received from the heat exchange boiler, a second stage of gas membrane CO2 separators, means to transport permeant gas that passes through the first stage membrane separators to the second stage, the second stage producing CO2 permeate gas (that passes through the second stage) of purity greater than 90%, a CO2 gas compressor, and means to transport permeate gas that passes through the second stage to the compressor, wherein: the membrane of the first stage has a permeance greater than 800 GPU and CO2/N2 selectivity of 10-100 and the membrane of the second stage has a permeance greater than 10 GPU and a CO2/N2 selectivity greater than 30. 10. A system as in claim 9 wherein the membrane of the first stage has a permeance greater than 4000 GPU. 11. A system as in claim 9 wherein the membrane of the second stage has a selectivity for CO2 greater than 100. 12. A system as in claim 9 and also including a first stage compressor
to compress gas entering the first stage and a second stage compressor
to compress gas entering the second stage, wherein in operation the gas is compressed at a lower pressure by the first compressor than by the second compressor. 13. A method as in claim 5 for the production of electrical energy from natural gas fuel with the separation and non-polluting disposal of carbon dioxide, the method including producing electrical power from a combined cycle electrical generating plant, said plant including a natural gas fueled turbine, a heat exchange boiler (HRSG) producing steam and exhaust gas containing carbon dioxide (CO2), transporting the exhaust gas from the gas fueled turbine to the heat exchange boiler (HRSG), a steam turbine, transporting steam from the heat exchange boiler to the steam turbine, and an electrical generator,
wherein the driving the generator by both the steam and gas fueled turbines; the process including transporting the exhaust gas from the heat exchange boiler to a gas separation sub-system which includes: a first stage and a second stage of gas membrane CO2 separators; in the first stage passing CO2 from the exhaust gas through a membrane having a permeance greater than 800 GPU and a CO2/N2 selectivity of 10-100 to separate CO2 from other gases in the exhaust gas,
transporting permeate gas that passes through the first stage membrane separators to the second stage membrane having a permeance greater than 50 GPU and CO2/N2 selectivity greater than 30, in the second stage producing CO2 permeate gas (that passes through the second stage) of purity greater than 90% and transporting said permeate gas from the second stage to a CO2 gas compressor to compress CO2 for sale or sequestration. 14. A process as in claim 13 wherein the membrane of the first stage has a permeance greater than 4000 GPU. 15. A process as in claim 13 wherein the membrane of the second stage has a selectivity for CO2 greater than 200. 16. A process as in claim 13 and also including a first stage compressor
to compress gas entering the first stage and a second stage compressor
to compress gas entering the second stage, wherein in operation compressing gas to a lower pressure by the first compressor than compressing gas by the second compressor. | 1,700 |
2,237 | 14,016,581 | 1,723 | Provided is a release film for producing a light emitting diode having desired concaves and convexes accurately transferred directly to the surface of a resin-sealed portion, at a low cost and in high yield, and a process for producing a light emitting diode.
A release film 10 having a plurality of convex portions (convex stripes 12 ) and/or concave portions (grooves 14 ) formed on the surface is used as a release film to be placed in a cavity of a mold for forming a resin-sealed portion to seal a light emitting element of a light emitting diode. | 1-7. (canceled) 8. A process for sealing a light emitting element, which is a process for sealing a light emitting element of a light emitting diode with a transparent resin by means of a mold, which comprises:
placing a release film having a plurality of convex portions and/or concave portions formed on at least one surface of said release film in a cavity of a mold so as to cover the inner surface of the cavity of the mold and so that the surface having the convex portions and/or concave portions formed thereon faces a space in the cavity, then placing the light emitting element in the cavity, and then filling the cavity with a transparent resin to seal the light emitting element with the transparent resin. 9. The process for sealing a light emitting element according to claim 8, wherein the release film is made of a fluororesin. 10. A process for producing a light emitting diode which comprises sealing a light emitting element with a transparent resin by means of a mold to form a resin-sealed portion, wherein a release film is preliminarily placed in a cavity of the mold, before sealing the light emitting element, and wherein a plurality of convex portions and/or concave portions are formed on at least one surface of the release film. 11. A process for producing a light emitting diode, which comprises:
placing a release film having a plurality of convex portions and/or concave portions formed on its surface so as to cover the inner surface of a cavity of a mold and so that the convex portions and/or concave portions formed on the surface face a space in the cavity, placing a substrate having a light emitting element connected thereto in the mold so that the light emitting element is positioned at a prescribed position in the cavity of the mold, filling the space in the cavity with a resin to form a resin-sealed portion, taking out the light emitting diode from the mold in such a state that the release film is attached to the resin-sealed portion, and peeling the release film from the resin-sealed portion. 12. The process for sealing a light emitting element according to claim 9, wherein the fluororesin is an ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer. 13. The process for sealing a light emitting element according to claim 8, wherein the convex portions and/or concave portions have inclined surfaces with an inclination angle of from 20 to 75°. 14. The process for sealing a light emitting element according to claim 8, wherein an average interval of adjacent local peaks of the convex portions or an average interval of adjacent local bottoms of the concave portions is from 4 to 200 μm, and an average height of the convex portions or an average depth of the concave portions is from 2 to 100 μm. 15. The process for sealing a light emitting element according to claim 8, wherein the convex portions are convex stripes with a triangular cross section, and the concave portions are grooves with a V-form cross section. 16. The process for sealing a light emitting element according to claim 8, wherein the convex portions are pyramid projections, and the concave portions are pyramid gaps. 17. The process for sealing a light emitting element according to claim 8, wherein the thickness of the release film is at most 150 μm. 18. The process for producing a light emitting diode according to claim 10, wherein the convex portions and/or concave portions have inclined surfaces with an inclination angle of from 20 to 75°. 19. The process for producing a light emitting diode according to claim 10, wherein an average interval of adjacent local peaks of the convex portions or an average interval of adjacent local bottoms of the concave portions is from 4 to 200 μm, and an average height of the convex portions or an average depth of the concave portions is from 2 to 100 μm. 20. The process for producing a light emitting diode according to claim 10, wherein the convex portions are convex stripes with a triangular cross section, and the concave portions are grooves with a V-form cross section. 21. The process for producing a light emitting diode according to claim 10, wherein the convex portions are pyramid projections, and the concave portions are pyramid gaps. 22. The process for producing a light emitting diode according to claim 10, wherein the thickness of the release film is at most 150 μm. 23. The process for producing a light emitting diode according to claim 11, wherein the convex portions and/or concave portions have inclined surfaces with an inclination angle of from 20 to 75°. 24. The process for producing a light emitting diode according to claim 11, wherein an average interval of adjacent local peaks of the convex portions or an average interval of adjacent local bottoms of the concave portions is from 4 to 200 μm, and an average height of the convex portions or an average depth of the concave portions is from 2 to 100 μm. 25. The process for producing a light emitting diode according to claim 11, wherein the convex portions are convex stripes with a triangular cross section, and the concave portions are grooves with a V-form cross section. 26. The process for producing a light emitting diode according to claim 11, wherein the convex portions are pyramid projections, and the concave portions are pyramid gaps. 27. The process for producing a light emitting diode according to claim 11, wherein the thickness of the release film is at most 150 μm. | Provided is a release film for producing a light emitting diode having desired concaves and convexes accurately transferred directly to the surface of a resin-sealed portion, at a low cost and in high yield, and a process for producing a light emitting diode.
A release film 10 having a plurality of convex portions (convex stripes 12 ) and/or concave portions (grooves 14 ) formed on the surface is used as a release film to be placed in a cavity of a mold for forming a resin-sealed portion to seal a light emitting element of a light emitting diode.1-7. (canceled) 8. A process for sealing a light emitting element, which is a process for sealing a light emitting element of a light emitting diode with a transparent resin by means of a mold, which comprises:
placing a release film having a plurality of convex portions and/or concave portions formed on at least one surface of said release film in a cavity of a mold so as to cover the inner surface of the cavity of the mold and so that the surface having the convex portions and/or concave portions formed thereon faces a space in the cavity, then placing the light emitting element in the cavity, and then filling the cavity with a transparent resin to seal the light emitting element with the transparent resin. 9. The process for sealing a light emitting element according to claim 8, wherein the release film is made of a fluororesin. 10. A process for producing a light emitting diode which comprises sealing a light emitting element with a transparent resin by means of a mold to form a resin-sealed portion, wherein a release film is preliminarily placed in a cavity of the mold, before sealing the light emitting element, and wherein a plurality of convex portions and/or concave portions are formed on at least one surface of the release film. 11. A process for producing a light emitting diode, which comprises:
placing a release film having a plurality of convex portions and/or concave portions formed on its surface so as to cover the inner surface of a cavity of a mold and so that the convex portions and/or concave portions formed on the surface face a space in the cavity, placing a substrate having a light emitting element connected thereto in the mold so that the light emitting element is positioned at a prescribed position in the cavity of the mold, filling the space in the cavity with a resin to form a resin-sealed portion, taking out the light emitting diode from the mold in such a state that the release film is attached to the resin-sealed portion, and peeling the release film from the resin-sealed portion. 12. The process for sealing a light emitting element according to claim 9, wherein the fluororesin is an ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer. 13. The process for sealing a light emitting element according to claim 8, wherein the convex portions and/or concave portions have inclined surfaces with an inclination angle of from 20 to 75°. 14. The process for sealing a light emitting element according to claim 8, wherein an average interval of adjacent local peaks of the convex portions or an average interval of adjacent local bottoms of the concave portions is from 4 to 200 μm, and an average height of the convex portions or an average depth of the concave portions is from 2 to 100 μm. 15. The process for sealing a light emitting element according to claim 8, wherein the convex portions are convex stripes with a triangular cross section, and the concave portions are grooves with a V-form cross section. 16. The process for sealing a light emitting element according to claim 8, wherein the convex portions are pyramid projections, and the concave portions are pyramid gaps. 17. The process for sealing a light emitting element according to claim 8, wherein the thickness of the release film is at most 150 μm. 18. The process for producing a light emitting diode according to claim 10, wherein the convex portions and/or concave portions have inclined surfaces with an inclination angle of from 20 to 75°. 19. The process for producing a light emitting diode according to claim 10, wherein an average interval of adjacent local peaks of the convex portions or an average interval of adjacent local bottoms of the concave portions is from 4 to 200 μm, and an average height of the convex portions or an average depth of the concave portions is from 2 to 100 μm. 20. The process for producing a light emitting diode according to claim 10, wherein the convex portions are convex stripes with a triangular cross section, and the concave portions are grooves with a V-form cross section. 21. The process for producing a light emitting diode according to claim 10, wherein the convex portions are pyramid projections, and the concave portions are pyramid gaps. 22. The process for producing a light emitting diode according to claim 10, wherein the thickness of the release film is at most 150 μm. 23. The process for producing a light emitting diode according to claim 11, wherein the convex portions and/or concave portions have inclined surfaces with an inclination angle of from 20 to 75°. 24. The process for producing a light emitting diode according to claim 11, wherein an average interval of adjacent local peaks of the convex portions or an average interval of adjacent local bottoms of the concave portions is from 4 to 200 μm, and an average height of the convex portions or an average depth of the concave portions is from 2 to 100 μm. 25. The process for producing a light emitting diode according to claim 11, wherein the convex portions are convex stripes with a triangular cross section, and the concave portions are grooves with a V-form cross section. 26. The process for producing a light emitting diode according to claim 11, wherein the convex portions are pyramid projections, and the concave portions are pyramid gaps. 27. The process for producing a light emitting diode according to claim 11, wherein the thickness of the release film is at most 150 μm. | 1,700 |
2,238 | 14,701,220 | 1,786 | The present invention relates to a surface modified overhead conductor with a coating that allows the conductor to operate at lower temperatures. The coating is an inorganic, non-white coating having durable heat and wet aging characteristics. The coating preferably contains a heat radiating agent with desirable properties, and an appropriate binder/suspension agent. In a preferred embodiment, the coating has L* value of less than 80, a heat emissivity of greater than or equal to 0.5, and/or a solar absorptivity coefficient of greater than 0.3. | 1. An overhead conductor comprising:
a bare conductor, and a substantially inorganic coating composition, wherein the coating composition coats the bare conductor, and wherein when tested in accordance with ANSI C119.4-2004, the operating temperature of the overhead conductor is lower than the operating temperature of the bare conductor when the same current is applied, and wherein the overhead conductor passes the Mandrel Bend Test after heat aging at 325° C. for 1 day. 2. The overhead conductor of claim 1, wherein the operating temperature of the overhead conductor is reduced by 5° C. or more when compared to the operating temperature of the bare conductor. 3. The overhead conductor of claim 1, wherein the coating composition comprises less than 5%, by weight, of organic material. 4. The overhead conductor of claim 1, wherein the coating composition has a L* value of less than 80. 5. The overhead conductor of claim 1, wherein the coating composition has a heat emissivity coefficient of about 0.75 or greater. 6. The overhead conductor of claim 1, wherein the coating composition comprises a solar absorptivity coefficient of about 0.3 or greater. 7. The overhead conductor of claim 1, wherein the coating composition, when applied to the bare conductor, comprises a thickness from 5 microns to 100 microns. 8. The overhead conductor of claim 1, wherein the coating composition, when applied to the bare conductor, comprises a thickness from 5 microns to 30 microns 9. The overhead conductor of claim 1 passes the Mandrel Bend Test after heat aging at 325° C. for 7 days. 10. The overhead conductor of claim 1, wherein the overhead conductor comprises a core and one or more conductive wires around the core, wherein the core is formed of steel, invar steel or a fiber reinforced composite, and said conductive wires are formed from conductive metals or metal alloys, wherein the conductive metals or metal alloys comprise one or more of copper, aluminum, copper alloy, aluminum alloy, and aluminum-zirconium alloy. 11. The overhead conductor of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the outer surface of the bare conductor is coated with the coating composition. 12. The overhead conductor of claim 1, wherein the coating composition comprises a binder, wherein the binder comprises a metal silicate, wherein the metal silicate is selected from the group consisting of sodium silicate, potassium silicate, lithium silicate or combinations thereof. 13. The overhead conductor of claim 1, wherein the coating composition comprises a heat radiating agent. 14. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the coating composition further comprises one or more of fillers, stabilizers, colorants, surfactants and infrared reflective additives. 15. The coating composition of claim 1 is water-based. 16. The overhead conductor of claim 1, wherein the bare conductor aged due to use prior to being coated with the coating composition. 17. An overhead conductor comprising:
a bare conductor, and a coating composition being substantially inorganic and comprising from about 20% to about 60%, by dry weight, of a binder, and a heat radiating agent, and the binder comprises a silicate, wherein the coating composition coats the bare conductor, and wherein when tested in accordance with ANSI C119.4-2004, the operating temperature of the overhead conductor is lower than the operating temperature of the bare conductor when the same current is applied. 18. The overhead conductor of claim 17 passes the Mandrel Bend Test after heat aging at 325° C. for 1 day. 19. An overhead conductor comprising:
a bare conductor, and a coating composition being substantially inorganic and comprising from about 20% to about 60%, by dry weight, of a binder, and a heat radiating agent, and the binder comprises a metal silicate selected from the group consisting of sodium silicate, potassium, lithium silicate or combinations thereof, wherein the coating composition coats the bare conductor, and wherein when tested in accordance with ANSI C119.4-2004, the operating temperature of the overhead conductor is reduced by 5° C. or more when compared to the operating temperature of the bare conductor when the same current is applied, and wherein the overhead conductor passes the Mandrel Bend Test after heat aging at 325° C. for 1 day. 20. The overhead conductor of claim 19 passes the Mandrel Bend Test after heat aging at 325° C. for 7 days. | The present invention relates to a surface modified overhead conductor with a coating that allows the conductor to operate at lower temperatures. The coating is an inorganic, non-white coating having durable heat and wet aging characteristics. The coating preferably contains a heat radiating agent with desirable properties, and an appropriate binder/suspension agent. In a preferred embodiment, the coating has L* value of less than 80, a heat emissivity of greater than or equal to 0.5, and/or a solar absorptivity coefficient of greater than 0.3.1. An overhead conductor comprising:
a bare conductor, and a substantially inorganic coating composition, wherein the coating composition coats the bare conductor, and wherein when tested in accordance with ANSI C119.4-2004, the operating temperature of the overhead conductor is lower than the operating temperature of the bare conductor when the same current is applied, and wherein the overhead conductor passes the Mandrel Bend Test after heat aging at 325° C. for 1 day. 2. The overhead conductor of claim 1, wherein the operating temperature of the overhead conductor is reduced by 5° C. or more when compared to the operating temperature of the bare conductor. 3. The overhead conductor of claim 1, wherein the coating composition comprises less than 5%, by weight, of organic material. 4. The overhead conductor of claim 1, wherein the coating composition has a L* value of less than 80. 5. The overhead conductor of claim 1, wherein the coating composition has a heat emissivity coefficient of about 0.75 or greater. 6. The overhead conductor of claim 1, wherein the coating composition comprises a solar absorptivity coefficient of about 0.3 or greater. 7. The overhead conductor of claim 1, wherein the coating composition, when applied to the bare conductor, comprises a thickness from 5 microns to 100 microns. 8. The overhead conductor of claim 1, wherein the coating composition, when applied to the bare conductor, comprises a thickness from 5 microns to 30 microns 9. The overhead conductor of claim 1 passes the Mandrel Bend Test after heat aging at 325° C. for 7 days. 10. The overhead conductor of claim 1, wherein the overhead conductor comprises a core and one or more conductive wires around the core, wherein the core is formed of steel, invar steel or a fiber reinforced composite, and said conductive wires are formed from conductive metals or metal alloys, wherein the conductive metals or metal alloys comprise one or more of copper, aluminum, copper alloy, aluminum alloy, and aluminum-zirconium alloy. 11. The overhead conductor of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the outer surface of the bare conductor is coated with the coating composition. 12. The overhead conductor of claim 1, wherein the coating composition comprises a binder, wherein the binder comprises a metal silicate, wherein the metal silicate is selected from the group consisting of sodium silicate, potassium silicate, lithium silicate or combinations thereof. 13. The overhead conductor of claim 1, wherein the coating composition comprises a heat radiating agent. 14. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the coating composition further comprises one or more of fillers, stabilizers, colorants, surfactants and infrared reflective additives. 15. The coating composition of claim 1 is water-based. 16. The overhead conductor of claim 1, wherein the bare conductor aged due to use prior to being coated with the coating composition. 17. An overhead conductor comprising:
a bare conductor, and a coating composition being substantially inorganic and comprising from about 20% to about 60%, by dry weight, of a binder, and a heat radiating agent, and the binder comprises a silicate, wherein the coating composition coats the bare conductor, and wherein when tested in accordance with ANSI C119.4-2004, the operating temperature of the overhead conductor is lower than the operating temperature of the bare conductor when the same current is applied. 18. The overhead conductor of claim 17 passes the Mandrel Bend Test after heat aging at 325° C. for 1 day. 19. An overhead conductor comprising:
a bare conductor, and a coating composition being substantially inorganic and comprising from about 20% to about 60%, by dry weight, of a binder, and a heat radiating agent, and the binder comprises a metal silicate selected from the group consisting of sodium silicate, potassium, lithium silicate or combinations thereof, wherein the coating composition coats the bare conductor, and wherein when tested in accordance with ANSI C119.4-2004, the operating temperature of the overhead conductor is reduced by 5° C. or more when compared to the operating temperature of the bare conductor when the same current is applied, and wherein the overhead conductor passes the Mandrel Bend Test after heat aging at 325° C. for 1 day. 20. The overhead conductor of claim 19 passes the Mandrel Bend Test after heat aging at 325° C. for 7 days. | 1,700 |
2,239 | 15,290,058 | 1,795 | A process for depositing a zinc-iron alloy layer material having a body centred cubic crystal structure of the Γ-phase, a (330) texture and an iron content of 12 to 20 wt.-% including the steps (i) providing a metallic substrate, (ii) contacting the substrate with an alkaline aqueous zinc-iron alloy plating bath containing 4 to 6 g/l zinc ions, 1 to 3 g/l iron ions, 25 to 35 g/l hydroxyl ions, 0.5 to 2.5 g/l of a quaternary ammonium polymer and at least one complexing agent selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl carboxylic acids and salts thereof and simultaneously applying a current to the substrate. The zinc alloy layer material provides a high corrosion protection to metallic substrates, has a high hardness and a bright appearance. | 1. A process for depositing a zinc-iron alloy layer material having a body centred cubic crystal structure of the Γ-phase, a (330) texture and an iron content of 12 to 20 wt.-% comprising the steps
(i) providing a metallic substrate,
(ii) contacting the substrate with an alkaline aqueous zinc-iron alloy plating bath comprising
4 to 6 g/l zinc ions
1 to 3 g/l iron ions
25 to 35 g/l hydroxyl ions,
0.5 to 2.5 g/l of a quaternary ammonium polymer and
at least one complexing agent selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl carboxylic acids and salts thereof and
simultaneously applying a current to the substrate. 2. The process according to claim 1 wherein the quaternary ammonium polymer is an ureylene quaternary ammonium polymer according to formula (1):
wherein m is 2 or 3, n is at least 2, R1, R2, R3 and R4 are the same and are selected from methyl, ethyl and hydroxyethyl, p ranges from 3 to 12 and X− is selected from Cl−, Br− and I−. 3. The process according to 1 the alkaline aqueous zinc-iron alloy plating bath further comprises an alkanolamine compound. 4. The process according to 2 the alkaline aqueous zinc-iron alloy plating bath further comprises an alkanolamine compound. 5. The process according to claim 3 wherein the alkanolamine compound is selected from monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, propanolamine, N-methylethanolamine and N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis-(2-hydroxypropyl)-ethylenediamine. 6. The process according to claim 4 wherein the alkanolamine compound is selected from monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, propanolamine, N-methylethanolamine and N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis-(2-hydroxypropyl)-ethylenediamine. 7. The process according to claim 3 wherein the concentration of the alkanolamine compound ranges from 8 to 20 g/l. 8. The process according to claim 4 wherein the concentration of the alkanolamine compound ranges from 8 to 20 g/l. | A process for depositing a zinc-iron alloy layer material having a body centred cubic crystal structure of the Γ-phase, a (330) texture and an iron content of 12 to 20 wt.-% including the steps (i) providing a metallic substrate, (ii) contacting the substrate with an alkaline aqueous zinc-iron alloy plating bath containing 4 to 6 g/l zinc ions, 1 to 3 g/l iron ions, 25 to 35 g/l hydroxyl ions, 0.5 to 2.5 g/l of a quaternary ammonium polymer and at least one complexing agent selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl carboxylic acids and salts thereof and simultaneously applying a current to the substrate. The zinc alloy layer material provides a high corrosion protection to metallic substrates, has a high hardness and a bright appearance.1. A process for depositing a zinc-iron alloy layer material having a body centred cubic crystal structure of the Γ-phase, a (330) texture and an iron content of 12 to 20 wt.-% comprising the steps
(i) providing a metallic substrate,
(ii) contacting the substrate with an alkaline aqueous zinc-iron alloy plating bath comprising
4 to 6 g/l zinc ions
1 to 3 g/l iron ions
25 to 35 g/l hydroxyl ions,
0.5 to 2.5 g/l of a quaternary ammonium polymer and
at least one complexing agent selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl carboxylic acids and salts thereof and
simultaneously applying a current to the substrate. 2. The process according to claim 1 wherein the quaternary ammonium polymer is an ureylene quaternary ammonium polymer according to formula (1):
wherein m is 2 or 3, n is at least 2, R1, R2, R3 and R4 are the same and are selected from methyl, ethyl and hydroxyethyl, p ranges from 3 to 12 and X− is selected from Cl−, Br− and I−. 3. The process according to 1 the alkaline aqueous zinc-iron alloy plating bath further comprises an alkanolamine compound. 4. The process according to 2 the alkaline aqueous zinc-iron alloy plating bath further comprises an alkanolamine compound. 5. The process according to claim 3 wherein the alkanolamine compound is selected from monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, propanolamine, N-methylethanolamine and N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis-(2-hydroxypropyl)-ethylenediamine. 6. The process according to claim 4 wherein the alkanolamine compound is selected from monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, propanolamine, N-methylethanolamine and N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis-(2-hydroxypropyl)-ethylenediamine. 7. The process according to claim 3 wherein the concentration of the alkanolamine compound ranges from 8 to 20 g/l. 8. The process according to claim 4 wherein the concentration of the alkanolamine compound ranges from 8 to 20 g/l. | 1,700 |
2,240 | 14,674,335 | 1,749 | A pneumatic tire includes a carcass reinforced by a carcass ply extending from a first bead to a second bead, and a single reinforcement disposed radially outward of the carcass ply in a crown portion of the pneumatic tire. The single reinforcement is disposed radially outward of the carcass ply in a crown portion of the pneumatic tire. The single reinforcement includes woven strips reinforced with steel cords. The strips are a constant width of 3.0 mm to 30.0 mm. | 1. A pneumatic tire comprising:
a carcass reinforced by a carcass ply extending from a first bead to a second bead; and a single reinforcement disposed radially outward of the carcass ply in a crown portion of the pneumatic tire, the single reinforcement comprising woven strips reinforced with steel cords, the strips being a constant width of 3.0 mm to 30.0 mm. 2. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the steel cords have a 2×0.295 high tensile steel construction. 3. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the steel cords have a 2+2×0.22 ultra tensile steel construction. 4. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the steel cords are of identical construction. 5. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the reinforcement also comprises carbon fiber. 6. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the reinforcement also comprises polyester. 7. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the reinforcement also comprises polyamide. 8. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the reinforcement also comprises aramid. 9. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the reinforcement also comprises fused polyester. 10. A method for designing a pneumatic tire comprising:
replacing a first belt, a second belt, and an overlay with a single woven reinforcement, the single woven reinforcement comprising strips reinforced by cords with each strip having a constant width of 3.0 mm to 30.0 mm. | A pneumatic tire includes a carcass reinforced by a carcass ply extending from a first bead to a second bead, and a single reinforcement disposed radially outward of the carcass ply in a crown portion of the pneumatic tire. The single reinforcement is disposed radially outward of the carcass ply in a crown portion of the pneumatic tire. The single reinforcement includes woven strips reinforced with steel cords. The strips are a constant width of 3.0 mm to 30.0 mm.1. A pneumatic tire comprising:
a carcass reinforced by a carcass ply extending from a first bead to a second bead; and a single reinforcement disposed radially outward of the carcass ply in a crown portion of the pneumatic tire, the single reinforcement comprising woven strips reinforced with steel cords, the strips being a constant width of 3.0 mm to 30.0 mm. 2. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the steel cords have a 2×0.295 high tensile steel construction. 3. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the steel cords have a 2+2×0.22 ultra tensile steel construction. 4. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the steel cords are of identical construction. 5. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the reinforcement also comprises carbon fiber. 6. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the reinforcement also comprises polyester. 7. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the reinforcement also comprises polyamide. 8. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the reinforcement also comprises aramid. 9. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the reinforcement also comprises fused polyester. 10. A method for designing a pneumatic tire comprising:
replacing a first belt, a second belt, and an overlay with a single woven reinforcement, the single woven reinforcement comprising strips reinforced by cords with each strip having a constant width of 3.0 mm to 30.0 mm. | 1,700 |
2,241 | 12,474,134 | 1,714 | A technique for growing high quality bulk hexagonal single crystals using a solvo-thermal method, and a technique for achieving the high quality and high growth rate at the same time. The crystal quality strongly depends on the growth planes, wherein a nonpolar or semipolar seed surface such as {10-10}, {10-11}, {10-1-1}, {10-12}, {10-1-2}, {11-20}, {11-22}, {11-2-2} gives a higher crystal quality as compared to a c-plane seed surface such as (0001) and (000-1). Also, the growth rate strongly depends on the growth planes, wherein a semipolar seed surface such as {10-12}, {10-1-2}, {11-22}, {11-2-2} gives a higher growth rate. High crystal quality and high growth rate are achievable at the same time by choosing the suitable growth plane. The crystal quality also depends on the seed surface roughness, wherein high crystal quality is achievable when the nonpolar or semipolar seed surface RMS roughness is below 100 nm; on the other hand, the crystal grown from the Ga-face or N-face results in poor crystal quality, even though grown from an atomically smooth surface. | 1. A single bulk crystal comprising a hexagonal würtzite structure, wherein the single bulk crystal is grown via solvo-thermal growth using a seed having a nonpolar or semipolar plane. 2. The single bulk crystal of claim 1, wherein the single bulk crystal is a III-nitride. 3. The crystal of claim 1, wherein the seed for the crystal has a growth surface comprising at least one of the following planes: {10-10}, {10-11}, {10-1-1}, {10-12}, {10-1-2}, {11-20}, {11-22} or {11-2-2}. 4. The single bulk crystal of claim 1, wherein the seed for the crystal has a growth surface comprising an m-plane having an off-orientation angle. 5. The single bulk crystal of claim 4, wherein the off-orientation angle is toward a [0001] direction, and the off-orientation angle is larger than 0.5 degrees and less than or equal to 48 degrees. 6. The single bulk crystal of claim 5, wherein the off-orientation angle is toward the [0001] direction, is larger than 0.5 degrees and is also less than 4.5 degrees. 7. The single bulk crystal of claim 4, wherein the off-orientation angle is toward a [000-1] direction, is larger than 0.5 deg. and is also less than 90 degrees. 8. The single bulk crystal of claim 1, wherein a root mean square (RMS) roughness of a growth surface of the seed is less than 100 nm. 9. The single bulk crystal of claim 1, wherein an x-ray diffraction (XRD) rocking curve full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) for the bulk crystal is smaller than 500 arcsec. 10. The single bulk crystal of claim 1, wherein the bulk crystal is gallium nitride. 11. The single bulk crystal of claim 1, wherein the bulk crystal is cut to obtain a substrate. 12. A method of growing a single bulk crystal with a hexagonal würtzite structure, comprising:
performing solvo-thermal crystal growth on a seed crystal having a growth surface comprising a nonpolar plane or a semipolar plane. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the single bulk crystal is a III-nitride. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the growth surface comprises at least one of the following planes: {10-10}, {10-11}, {10-1-1}, {10-12}, {10-1-2}, {11-20}, {11-22} or {11-2-2}. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the growth surface comprises an m-plane having an off-orientation angle. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein an off-orientation angle is toward a [0001] direction, is larger than 0.5 degrees and is also 48 degrees or less. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the off-orientation angle is toward the [0001] direction, is larger than 0.5 degrees and is also less than 4.5 degrees. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the off-orientation angle is toward a [000-1] direction, is larger than 0.5 degrees and is also less than 48 degrees. 19. The method of claim 12, wherein a root mean square (RMS) roughness of a growth surface of the seed is less than 100 nm. 20. The method of claim 12, wherein an x-ray diffraction (XRD) rocking curve full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) for the bulk crystal is smaller than 500 arcsec. 21. The method of claim 12, wherein the bulk crystal is a gallium nitride. 22. The method of claim 12, wherein the crystal is cut to obtain a substrate. 23. A method of fabricating a III-nitride bulk crystal or device, comprising:
(a) growing the III-nitride bulk crystal or device on a growth surface of a seed, wherein the growth surface comprises one or more nonpolar or semipolar planes, or one or more off-orientations of the nonpolar or semipolar planes, and (b) using the growing, which is in a nonpolar, semipolar or off-oriented direction, to increase a quality, a growth rate, or both the quality and the growth rate, of the III-nitride bulk crystal or device. 24. A method of making a III-nitride crystal, comprising:
growing a III-nitride bulk crystal via a solvo-thermal method, wherein the III-nitride bulk crystal is grown in a growth plane other than a c-plane, wherein the growth plane is selected based on at least one of a growth rate in the growth plane and a quality of growth in the growth plane. | A technique for growing high quality bulk hexagonal single crystals using a solvo-thermal method, and a technique for achieving the high quality and high growth rate at the same time. The crystal quality strongly depends on the growth planes, wherein a nonpolar or semipolar seed surface such as {10-10}, {10-11}, {10-1-1}, {10-12}, {10-1-2}, {11-20}, {11-22}, {11-2-2} gives a higher crystal quality as compared to a c-plane seed surface such as (0001) and (000-1). Also, the growth rate strongly depends on the growth planes, wherein a semipolar seed surface such as {10-12}, {10-1-2}, {11-22}, {11-2-2} gives a higher growth rate. High crystal quality and high growth rate are achievable at the same time by choosing the suitable growth plane. The crystal quality also depends on the seed surface roughness, wherein high crystal quality is achievable when the nonpolar or semipolar seed surface RMS roughness is below 100 nm; on the other hand, the crystal grown from the Ga-face or N-face results in poor crystal quality, even though grown from an atomically smooth surface.1. A single bulk crystal comprising a hexagonal würtzite structure, wherein the single bulk crystal is grown via solvo-thermal growth using a seed having a nonpolar or semipolar plane. 2. The single bulk crystal of claim 1, wherein the single bulk crystal is a III-nitride. 3. The crystal of claim 1, wherein the seed for the crystal has a growth surface comprising at least one of the following planes: {10-10}, {10-11}, {10-1-1}, {10-12}, {10-1-2}, {11-20}, {11-22} or {11-2-2}. 4. The single bulk crystal of claim 1, wherein the seed for the crystal has a growth surface comprising an m-plane having an off-orientation angle. 5. The single bulk crystal of claim 4, wherein the off-orientation angle is toward a [0001] direction, and the off-orientation angle is larger than 0.5 degrees and less than or equal to 48 degrees. 6. The single bulk crystal of claim 5, wherein the off-orientation angle is toward the [0001] direction, is larger than 0.5 degrees and is also less than 4.5 degrees. 7. The single bulk crystal of claim 4, wherein the off-orientation angle is toward a [000-1] direction, is larger than 0.5 deg. and is also less than 90 degrees. 8. The single bulk crystal of claim 1, wherein a root mean square (RMS) roughness of a growth surface of the seed is less than 100 nm. 9. The single bulk crystal of claim 1, wherein an x-ray diffraction (XRD) rocking curve full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) for the bulk crystal is smaller than 500 arcsec. 10. The single bulk crystal of claim 1, wherein the bulk crystal is gallium nitride. 11. The single bulk crystal of claim 1, wherein the bulk crystal is cut to obtain a substrate. 12. A method of growing a single bulk crystal with a hexagonal würtzite structure, comprising:
performing solvo-thermal crystal growth on a seed crystal having a growth surface comprising a nonpolar plane or a semipolar plane. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the single bulk crystal is a III-nitride. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the growth surface comprises at least one of the following planes: {10-10}, {10-11}, {10-1-1}, {10-12}, {10-1-2}, {11-20}, {11-22} or {11-2-2}. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the growth surface comprises an m-plane having an off-orientation angle. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein an off-orientation angle is toward a [0001] direction, is larger than 0.5 degrees and is also 48 degrees or less. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the off-orientation angle is toward the [0001] direction, is larger than 0.5 degrees and is also less than 4.5 degrees. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the off-orientation angle is toward a [000-1] direction, is larger than 0.5 degrees and is also less than 48 degrees. 19. The method of claim 12, wherein a root mean square (RMS) roughness of a growth surface of the seed is less than 100 nm. 20. The method of claim 12, wherein an x-ray diffraction (XRD) rocking curve full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) for the bulk crystal is smaller than 500 arcsec. 21. The method of claim 12, wherein the bulk crystal is a gallium nitride. 22. The method of claim 12, wherein the crystal is cut to obtain a substrate. 23. A method of fabricating a III-nitride bulk crystal or device, comprising:
(a) growing the III-nitride bulk crystal or device on a growth surface of a seed, wherein the growth surface comprises one or more nonpolar or semipolar planes, or one or more off-orientations of the nonpolar or semipolar planes, and (b) using the growing, which is in a nonpolar, semipolar or off-oriented direction, to increase a quality, a growth rate, or both the quality and the growth rate, of the III-nitride bulk crystal or device. 24. A method of making a III-nitride crystal, comprising:
growing a III-nitride bulk crystal via a solvo-thermal method, wherein the III-nitride bulk crystal is grown in a growth plane other than a c-plane, wherein the growth plane is selected based on at least one of a growth rate in the growth plane and a quality of growth in the growth plane. | 1,700 |
2,242 | 14,854,105 | 1,783 | Photochromic interlayer films for laminated glass are composed of at least two individual films based on plasticizer-containing polyvinyl acetal, individual films of the interlayer film containing at least one photochromic compound, wherein the individual films having photochromic compounds have glass transition temperatures which differ from each other by at least 5 K. | 1. A photochromic interlayer film for laminated glass, comprising at least two individual films of plasticizer-containing polyvinyl acetal, each of said at least two individual films comprising at least one photochromic compound, wherein the at least two individual films have glass transition temperatures which differ by at least by 5 K. 2. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 1, wherein the at least two individual films have a plasticizer content that differs by at least 5% by weight. 3. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 1, wherein the second individual film comprises a polyvinyl acetal with a portion of polyvinyl alcohol groups of less than 14% by weight. 4. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 2, wherein the second individual film comprises a polyvinyl acetal with a portion of polyvinyl alcohol groups of less than 14% by weight. 5. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 1, wherein the first individual film comprises a polyvinyl acetal with a portion of polyvinyl alcohol groups of 17 to 22% by weight. 6. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 2, wherein the first individual film comprises a polyvinyl acetal with a portion of polyvinyl alcohol groups of 17 to 22% by weight. 7. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 3, wherein the first individual film comprises a polyvinyl acetal with a portion of polyvinyl alcohol groups of 17 to 22% by weight. 8. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 4, wherein the first individual film comprises a polyvinyl acetal with a portion of polyvinyl alcohol groups of 17 to 22% by weight. 9. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 1, wherein the second individual film comprises a polyvinyl acetal with a portion of polyvinyl acetate groups of 0.1 to 11 mol %. 10. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 2, wherein the second individual film comprises a polyvinyl acetal with a portion of polyvinyl acetate groups of 0.1 to 11 mol %. 11. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 3, wherein the second individual film comprises a polyvinyl acetal with a portion of polyvinyl acetate groups of 0.1 to 11 mol %. 12. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 5, wherein the second individual film comprises a polyvinyl acetal with a portion of polyvinyl acetate groups of 0.1 to 11 mol %. 13. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 1, wherein the first individual film comprises a polyvinyl acetal with a portion of polyvinyl acetate groups of between 5 and 8 mol %. 14. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 5, wherein the first individual film comprises a polyvinyl acetal with a portion of polyvinyl acetate groups of between 5 and 8 mol %. 15. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 1, wherein the individual films comprise at least one photochromic compound selected from the group consisting of triarylmethanes, stilbenes, azastilbenes, nitrones, fulgides, spiropyrans, naphthopyrans, spiro-oxazines and quinones. 16. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 1, wherein the interlayer film is composed of at least three individual films, wherein the two individual films on the outside of the interlayer film have a glass transition temperature which differs at least by 5 K from the glass transition temperature of at least one individual film on the inside of the interlayer film. 17. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 1, wherein the interlayer film is produced by coextrusion of individual films. 18. A windshield, architectural glass, or facade element comprising a photochromic interlayer film of claim 1. | Photochromic interlayer films for laminated glass are composed of at least two individual films based on plasticizer-containing polyvinyl acetal, individual films of the interlayer film containing at least one photochromic compound, wherein the individual films having photochromic compounds have glass transition temperatures which differ from each other by at least 5 K.1. A photochromic interlayer film for laminated glass, comprising at least two individual films of plasticizer-containing polyvinyl acetal, each of said at least two individual films comprising at least one photochromic compound, wherein the at least two individual films have glass transition temperatures which differ by at least by 5 K. 2. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 1, wherein the at least two individual films have a plasticizer content that differs by at least 5% by weight. 3. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 1, wherein the second individual film comprises a polyvinyl acetal with a portion of polyvinyl alcohol groups of less than 14% by weight. 4. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 2, wherein the second individual film comprises a polyvinyl acetal with a portion of polyvinyl alcohol groups of less than 14% by weight. 5. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 1, wherein the first individual film comprises a polyvinyl acetal with a portion of polyvinyl alcohol groups of 17 to 22% by weight. 6. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 2, wherein the first individual film comprises a polyvinyl acetal with a portion of polyvinyl alcohol groups of 17 to 22% by weight. 7. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 3, wherein the first individual film comprises a polyvinyl acetal with a portion of polyvinyl alcohol groups of 17 to 22% by weight. 8. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 4, wherein the first individual film comprises a polyvinyl acetal with a portion of polyvinyl alcohol groups of 17 to 22% by weight. 9. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 1, wherein the second individual film comprises a polyvinyl acetal with a portion of polyvinyl acetate groups of 0.1 to 11 mol %. 10. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 2, wherein the second individual film comprises a polyvinyl acetal with a portion of polyvinyl acetate groups of 0.1 to 11 mol %. 11. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 3, wherein the second individual film comprises a polyvinyl acetal with a portion of polyvinyl acetate groups of 0.1 to 11 mol %. 12. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 5, wherein the second individual film comprises a polyvinyl acetal with a portion of polyvinyl acetate groups of 0.1 to 11 mol %. 13. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 1, wherein the first individual film comprises a polyvinyl acetal with a portion of polyvinyl acetate groups of between 5 and 8 mol %. 14. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 5, wherein the first individual film comprises a polyvinyl acetal with a portion of polyvinyl acetate groups of between 5 and 8 mol %. 15. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 1, wherein the individual films comprise at least one photochromic compound selected from the group consisting of triarylmethanes, stilbenes, azastilbenes, nitrones, fulgides, spiropyrans, naphthopyrans, spiro-oxazines and quinones. 16. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 1, wherein the interlayer film is composed of at least three individual films, wherein the two individual films on the outside of the interlayer film have a glass transition temperature which differs at least by 5 K from the glass transition temperature of at least one individual film on the inside of the interlayer film. 17. The photochromic interlayer film of claim 1, wherein the interlayer film is produced by coextrusion of individual films. 18. A windshield, architectural glass, or facade element comprising a photochromic interlayer film of claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,243 | 14,352,223 | 1,793 | A mixture of the individual ingredients stevioside and rebaudioside A provided in a ratio of stevioside to rebaudioside A of about 1:1 to about 4:1. | 1. A mixture consisting essentially of the individual ingredients stevioside and rebaudioside A in a stevioside to rebaudioside A ratio of about 1:1 to about 4:1. 2. The mixture according to claim 1 wherein the ratio is about 2:1 to 3:1. 3. The mixture according to claim 1 in the form of a stevia extract. 4. The mixture according to claim 1 formed by mixing together stevioside and rebaudioside A in a ratio of 1:1 to 4:1. 5. A consumable composition comprising a mixture according to claim 1, wherein said mixture is added at a concentration of less than 250 ppm. 6. The consumable composition according to claim 5 wherein the mixture is present in an amount of between 45 ppm and 30 ppm. 7. The consumable composition according to claim 5 wherein the mixture is added at a concentration at which it is at or near its sweetness detection threshold. 8. The consumable composition according to claim 7 wherein the mixture is added at a concentration at which it is iso-sweet with less than 1.25% sucrose solution. 9. The consumable composition according to claim 5 additionally comprising a sweetener. 10. The consumable composition according to claim 9 wherein the sweetener is selected from the group consisting of sucrose, fructose, glucose, high fructose corn syrup, corn syrup, xylose, arabinose, rhamnose, erythritol, xylitol, mannitol, sorbitol, inositol, acesulfame potassium, aspartame, neotame, sucralose, and saccharine. 11. The consumable composition according to claim 9 wherein the sweetener is present in an amount of 0.0001% to 15% by weight of said composition. 12. The consumable composition according to claim 5 comprising one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of trilobtain, hesperetin dihydrochalcone glucoside, naringin dihydrochalcone, mogroside V, Luo Han Guo extract, rubusoside, rubus extract, glycyphyllin, isomogroside V, mogroside IV, siamenoside I, neomogroside, mukurozioside IIb, (+)-hernandulcin, 4β-hydroxyhernandulcin, baiyunoside, phlomisoside I, bryodulcoside, bryoside bryonoside, abrusosides A-E, cyclocarioside A, cyclocaryoside I, albiziasaponins A-E, glycyrrhizin, araboglycyrrhizin, periandrins I-V, pterocaryosides A and B, osladin, polypodosides A and B, telosmoside A8-18, phyllodulcin, huangqioside E neoastilbin, monatin, 3-acetoxy-5,7-dihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavanone, 2R,3R-(+)-3-Acetoxy-5,7,4′-trihydroxyflavanone, (2R,3R)-dihydroquercetin 3-O-acetate, dihydroquercetin 3-O-acetate 4′-methyl ether, brazzein, curculin, mabinlin, monellin, neoculin, pentadin, thaumatin and combinations thereof. 13. A method of forming a mixture defined in claim 1 comprising the step of mixing stevioside and rebaudioside A in the ratio of 1:1 to 4:1. 14. A method of sweetening a consumable composition according to claim 5, comprising the step of adding thereto the mixture at a concentration of less than 250 ppm. 15. The method according to claim 14 wherein the mixture is present in an amount of between 45 ppm and 30 ppm. 16. The method according to claim 14 wherein the mixture is added at a concentration at which it is at or near its sweetness detection threshold. 17. The method according to claim 14 wherein the mixture is added at a concentration at which it is iso-sweet with less than 1.25% sucrose solution. 18. A method of forming the mixture defined in claim 2 comprising the step of mixing stevioside and rebaudioside A in the ratio of 2:1 to 3:1. 19. The mixture according to claim 2 formed by mixing together stevioside and rebaudioside A in a ratio of 2:1 to 3:1. | A mixture of the individual ingredients stevioside and rebaudioside A provided in a ratio of stevioside to rebaudioside A of about 1:1 to about 4:1.1. A mixture consisting essentially of the individual ingredients stevioside and rebaudioside A in a stevioside to rebaudioside A ratio of about 1:1 to about 4:1. 2. The mixture according to claim 1 wherein the ratio is about 2:1 to 3:1. 3. The mixture according to claim 1 in the form of a stevia extract. 4. The mixture according to claim 1 formed by mixing together stevioside and rebaudioside A in a ratio of 1:1 to 4:1. 5. A consumable composition comprising a mixture according to claim 1, wherein said mixture is added at a concentration of less than 250 ppm. 6. The consumable composition according to claim 5 wherein the mixture is present in an amount of between 45 ppm and 30 ppm. 7. The consumable composition according to claim 5 wherein the mixture is added at a concentration at which it is at or near its sweetness detection threshold. 8. The consumable composition according to claim 7 wherein the mixture is added at a concentration at which it is iso-sweet with less than 1.25% sucrose solution. 9. The consumable composition according to claim 5 additionally comprising a sweetener. 10. The consumable composition according to claim 9 wherein the sweetener is selected from the group consisting of sucrose, fructose, glucose, high fructose corn syrup, corn syrup, xylose, arabinose, rhamnose, erythritol, xylitol, mannitol, sorbitol, inositol, acesulfame potassium, aspartame, neotame, sucralose, and saccharine. 11. The consumable composition according to claim 9 wherein the sweetener is present in an amount of 0.0001% to 15% by weight of said composition. 12. The consumable composition according to claim 5 comprising one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of trilobtain, hesperetin dihydrochalcone glucoside, naringin dihydrochalcone, mogroside V, Luo Han Guo extract, rubusoside, rubus extract, glycyphyllin, isomogroside V, mogroside IV, siamenoside I, neomogroside, mukurozioside IIb, (+)-hernandulcin, 4β-hydroxyhernandulcin, baiyunoside, phlomisoside I, bryodulcoside, bryoside bryonoside, abrusosides A-E, cyclocarioside A, cyclocaryoside I, albiziasaponins A-E, glycyrrhizin, araboglycyrrhizin, periandrins I-V, pterocaryosides A and B, osladin, polypodosides A and B, telosmoside A8-18, phyllodulcin, huangqioside E neoastilbin, monatin, 3-acetoxy-5,7-dihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavanone, 2R,3R-(+)-3-Acetoxy-5,7,4′-trihydroxyflavanone, (2R,3R)-dihydroquercetin 3-O-acetate, dihydroquercetin 3-O-acetate 4′-methyl ether, brazzein, curculin, mabinlin, monellin, neoculin, pentadin, thaumatin and combinations thereof. 13. A method of forming a mixture defined in claim 1 comprising the step of mixing stevioside and rebaudioside A in the ratio of 1:1 to 4:1. 14. A method of sweetening a consumable composition according to claim 5, comprising the step of adding thereto the mixture at a concentration of less than 250 ppm. 15. The method according to claim 14 wherein the mixture is present in an amount of between 45 ppm and 30 ppm. 16. The method according to claim 14 wherein the mixture is added at a concentration at which it is at or near its sweetness detection threshold. 17. The method according to claim 14 wherein the mixture is added at a concentration at which it is iso-sweet with less than 1.25% sucrose solution. 18. A method of forming the mixture defined in claim 2 comprising the step of mixing stevioside and rebaudioside A in the ratio of 2:1 to 3:1. 19. The mixture according to claim 2 formed by mixing together stevioside and rebaudioside A in a ratio of 2:1 to 3:1. | 1,700 |
2,244 | 15,184,609 | 1,791 | A dough, dough-based snack, and method of manufacture is disclosed herein. The dough includes a source of slowly available glucose, a viscosity-building ingredient coated with oil, a starch gelatinization inhibitor, and a binding agent that bonds the source of slowly available glucose, the viscosity-building ingredient, and the starch gelatinization inhibitor to form the dough. The dough comprises a moisture content of between 10-23%, and can be used to create a dough-based food product having a moisture content of between about 2.0-4.0% and a RAG:SAG ratio of less than 4.2. | 1. A dough for creating a snack product having a rapidly available glucose and slowly available glucose (RAG:SAG) ratio of less than 4.2, the dough comprising:
a source of rapidly available glucose (RAG) and slowly available glucose (SAG); a viscosity-building ingredient coated with oil; a starch gelatinization inhibitor; and a binding agent that binds ingredients of the dough to form a food matrix; wherein the dough comprises a moisture content between 10-23%. 2. The dough of claim 1, wherein the viscosity-building ingredient comprises one or more of barley flakes, oat flakes, and a digestible dietary fiber ingredient consisting of whole grain corn flour, a non-digestible dietary fiber, beta glucan, and guar gum; and
wherein the viscosity-building ingredient comprises between 10-20% of a batch weight of the dough. 3. The dough of claim 1, wherein the starch gelatinization inhibitor comprises one or more of sucrose and lactose; and
wherein the starch gelatinization inhibitor comprises between 10-25% of a batch weight of the dough. 4. The dough of claim 1, wherein the binding agent comprises one or more of a low glycemic or resistant sugar or syrup, sucromalt, isomaltulose, multifunctional corn syrup, resistant maltodextrins, and soluble corn fiber; and
wherein the binding agent comprises between 5-25% of a batch weight of the dough. 5. The dough of claim 1, wherein the source of RAG and SAG comprises one or more of raw whole grain flour, white flour, and all-purpose flour; and
wherein the source of RAG and SAG comprises between 5-35% of a batch weight of the dough. 6. The dough of claim 1, further comprising at least one of nuts, baking powder, puffed brown rice, modified starch, and salt; wherein
the baking powder comprises less than 1% of a batch weight of the dough; the nuts comprise less than 20% of the batch weight; the puffed brown rice comprises less than 10% of the batch weight; the modified starch comprises less than 4% of the batch weight; and the salt comprises less than 2% of the batch weight. 7. The dough of claim 1, further comprising:
added water between 5-15% of a batch weight of the dough to achieve the moisture content between 10-23%. 8. A dough-based food product comprising:
a source of rapidly available glucose (RAG) and slowly available glucose (SAG); a viscosity-building ingredient coated with oil; a starch gelatinization inhibitor; a binding agent that binds ingredients of the dough to form a food matrix; and wherein the dough-based snack comprises a RAG:SAG ratio less than 4.2 and a final moisture content of between 2.0-4.0%. 9. The dough-based food product of claim 8, wherein the snack product further comprises an intermediate moisture content, and wherein the final moisture content is between 35-15% less than an intermediate moisture content of a dough used to form the dough-based food product. 10. The dough-based food product of claim 8, wherein the viscosity-building ingredient comprises one or more of barley flakes, oat flakes; and a digestible dietary fiber ingredient consisting of whole grain corn flour, a non-digestible dietary fiber, beta glucan, and guar gum; and
wherein the viscosity-building ingredient comprises between 11-25% of the dough-based food product. 11. The dough-based food product of claim 8, wherein the starch gelatinization inhibitor comprises one or more of sucrose and lactose; and
wherein the starch gelatinization inhibitor comprises between 11-31% of the dough-based food product. 12. The dough-based food product of claim 8, wherein the binding agent comprises one or more of a low glycemic or resistant sugar or syrup, sucromalt, isomaltulose, multifunctional corn syrup, resistant maltodextrins, and soluble corn fiber; and
wherein the binding agent comprises between 5-31% of the dough-based food product. 13. The dough-based food product of claim 8, wherein the source of RAG and SAG comprises one or more of raw whole grain flour, white flour, and all-purpose flour; and
wherein the source of RAG and SAG comprises between 5-43% of the dough-based food product. 14. The dough-based food product of claim 8, further comprising at least one of nuts, baking powder, puffed brown rice, modified starch, and salt; wherein
the baking powder comprises less than 1.25% of the dough-based food product; the nuts comprise less than 25% of the dough-based food product; the puffed brown rice comprises less than 12.5% of the dough-based food product; the modified starch comprises less than 5% of the dough-based food product; and the salt comprises less than 2.5% of the dough-based food product. 15. The dough-based food product of claim 8, further comprising a hardness of between 24,000-37,000 grams. 16. A method for making a dough-based food product, the process comprising:
combining selected dry ingredients to form a dry mix; adding oil to the dry mix to form a cold roux; mixing a binder slurry into the cold roux to form a dough, wherein the dough has a batch weight, and wherein the dough comprises a moisture content between 10-23%; cooking the dough to form the snack product, wherein the snack product comprises a final moisture content between 2.0-4.0% and a RAG:SAG ratio of less than 4.2. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the selected dry ingredients comprise one or more of a source of slowly available glucose (SAG) and rapidly available glucose (RAG), a viscosity-building ingredient, and a starch gelatinization inhibitor. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
responsive to the dry mix lacking a viscosity-building ingredient, mixing an oil-coated viscosity-building ingredient into the dough. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
forming the dough before the cooking step. 20. The method of 16, further comprising:
mixing water and a soluble fiber to form the binder slurry, wherein the water comprises about 10% of a batch weight of the dough, and wherein the soluble fiber comprises about 10% of the batch weight of the dough. 21. The method of claim 16, wherein the cooking step further comprises:
cooking the dough at a temperature between 185-275 degrees Fahrenheit. 22. The method of claim 16, wherein the cooking step further comprises at least one of:
cooking the dough for about 45 minutes; and cycling the temperature between a first temperature and a second temperature, wherein the first temperature is greater than the second temperature, and wherein the difference in temperature is about 90 degrees Fahrenheit. 23. The method of claim 16, wherein the binder slurry comprises is soluble corn fiber and water, the method further comprising:
mixing water and the soluble fiber to form the binder slurry, wherein the water comprises about 5-15% of a batch weight of the dough, and wherein the soluble fiber comprises about 5-25% of the batch weight of the dough. | A dough, dough-based snack, and method of manufacture is disclosed herein. The dough includes a source of slowly available glucose, a viscosity-building ingredient coated with oil, a starch gelatinization inhibitor, and a binding agent that bonds the source of slowly available glucose, the viscosity-building ingredient, and the starch gelatinization inhibitor to form the dough. The dough comprises a moisture content of between 10-23%, and can be used to create a dough-based food product having a moisture content of between about 2.0-4.0% and a RAG:SAG ratio of less than 4.2.1. A dough for creating a snack product having a rapidly available glucose and slowly available glucose (RAG:SAG) ratio of less than 4.2, the dough comprising:
a source of rapidly available glucose (RAG) and slowly available glucose (SAG); a viscosity-building ingredient coated with oil; a starch gelatinization inhibitor; and a binding agent that binds ingredients of the dough to form a food matrix; wherein the dough comprises a moisture content between 10-23%. 2. The dough of claim 1, wherein the viscosity-building ingredient comprises one or more of barley flakes, oat flakes, and a digestible dietary fiber ingredient consisting of whole grain corn flour, a non-digestible dietary fiber, beta glucan, and guar gum; and
wherein the viscosity-building ingredient comprises between 10-20% of a batch weight of the dough. 3. The dough of claim 1, wherein the starch gelatinization inhibitor comprises one or more of sucrose and lactose; and
wherein the starch gelatinization inhibitor comprises between 10-25% of a batch weight of the dough. 4. The dough of claim 1, wherein the binding agent comprises one or more of a low glycemic or resistant sugar or syrup, sucromalt, isomaltulose, multifunctional corn syrup, resistant maltodextrins, and soluble corn fiber; and
wherein the binding agent comprises between 5-25% of a batch weight of the dough. 5. The dough of claim 1, wherein the source of RAG and SAG comprises one or more of raw whole grain flour, white flour, and all-purpose flour; and
wherein the source of RAG and SAG comprises between 5-35% of a batch weight of the dough. 6. The dough of claim 1, further comprising at least one of nuts, baking powder, puffed brown rice, modified starch, and salt; wherein
the baking powder comprises less than 1% of a batch weight of the dough; the nuts comprise less than 20% of the batch weight; the puffed brown rice comprises less than 10% of the batch weight; the modified starch comprises less than 4% of the batch weight; and the salt comprises less than 2% of the batch weight. 7. The dough of claim 1, further comprising:
added water between 5-15% of a batch weight of the dough to achieve the moisture content between 10-23%. 8. A dough-based food product comprising:
a source of rapidly available glucose (RAG) and slowly available glucose (SAG); a viscosity-building ingredient coated with oil; a starch gelatinization inhibitor; a binding agent that binds ingredients of the dough to form a food matrix; and wherein the dough-based snack comprises a RAG:SAG ratio less than 4.2 and a final moisture content of between 2.0-4.0%. 9. The dough-based food product of claim 8, wherein the snack product further comprises an intermediate moisture content, and wherein the final moisture content is between 35-15% less than an intermediate moisture content of a dough used to form the dough-based food product. 10. The dough-based food product of claim 8, wherein the viscosity-building ingredient comprises one or more of barley flakes, oat flakes; and a digestible dietary fiber ingredient consisting of whole grain corn flour, a non-digestible dietary fiber, beta glucan, and guar gum; and
wherein the viscosity-building ingredient comprises between 11-25% of the dough-based food product. 11. The dough-based food product of claim 8, wherein the starch gelatinization inhibitor comprises one or more of sucrose and lactose; and
wherein the starch gelatinization inhibitor comprises between 11-31% of the dough-based food product. 12. The dough-based food product of claim 8, wherein the binding agent comprises one or more of a low glycemic or resistant sugar or syrup, sucromalt, isomaltulose, multifunctional corn syrup, resistant maltodextrins, and soluble corn fiber; and
wherein the binding agent comprises between 5-31% of the dough-based food product. 13. The dough-based food product of claim 8, wherein the source of RAG and SAG comprises one or more of raw whole grain flour, white flour, and all-purpose flour; and
wherein the source of RAG and SAG comprises between 5-43% of the dough-based food product. 14. The dough-based food product of claim 8, further comprising at least one of nuts, baking powder, puffed brown rice, modified starch, and salt; wherein
the baking powder comprises less than 1.25% of the dough-based food product; the nuts comprise less than 25% of the dough-based food product; the puffed brown rice comprises less than 12.5% of the dough-based food product; the modified starch comprises less than 5% of the dough-based food product; and the salt comprises less than 2.5% of the dough-based food product. 15. The dough-based food product of claim 8, further comprising a hardness of between 24,000-37,000 grams. 16. A method for making a dough-based food product, the process comprising:
combining selected dry ingredients to form a dry mix; adding oil to the dry mix to form a cold roux; mixing a binder slurry into the cold roux to form a dough, wherein the dough has a batch weight, and wherein the dough comprises a moisture content between 10-23%; cooking the dough to form the snack product, wherein the snack product comprises a final moisture content between 2.0-4.0% and a RAG:SAG ratio of less than 4.2. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the selected dry ingredients comprise one or more of a source of slowly available glucose (SAG) and rapidly available glucose (RAG), a viscosity-building ingredient, and a starch gelatinization inhibitor. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
responsive to the dry mix lacking a viscosity-building ingredient, mixing an oil-coated viscosity-building ingredient into the dough. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
forming the dough before the cooking step. 20. The method of 16, further comprising:
mixing water and a soluble fiber to form the binder slurry, wherein the water comprises about 10% of a batch weight of the dough, and wherein the soluble fiber comprises about 10% of the batch weight of the dough. 21. The method of claim 16, wherein the cooking step further comprises:
cooking the dough at a temperature between 185-275 degrees Fahrenheit. 22. The method of claim 16, wherein the cooking step further comprises at least one of:
cooking the dough for about 45 minutes; and cycling the temperature between a first temperature and a second temperature, wherein the first temperature is greater than the second temperature, and wherein the difference in temperature is about 90 degrees Fahrenheit. 23. The method of claim 16, wherein the binder slurry comprises is soluble corn fiber and water, the method further comprising:
mixing water and the soluble fiber to form the binder slurry, wherein the water comprises about 5-15% of a batch weight of the dough, and wherein the soluble fiber comprises about 5-25% of the batch weight of the dough. | 1,700 |
2,245 | 14,616,647 | 1,718 | An electrostatic chuck assembly and processing chamber having the same are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, an electrostatic chuck assembly is provided that includes a body having an outer edge connecting a frontside surface and a backside surface. The body has chucking electrodes disposed therein. A wafer spacing mask is formed on the frontside surface of the body. The wafer spacing mask has a plurality of elongated features. The elongated features have long axes that are radial aligned from the center to the outer edge. The wafer spacing mask has a plurality of radially aligned gas passages defined between the elongated features. | 1. An electrostatic chuck assembly, comprising:
a body having chucking electrodes disposed therein, the body having an outer edge connecting a frontside surface and a backside surface; and a wafer spacing mask formed on the frontside surface, the wafer spacing mask having a plurality of elongated features, the elongated features having long axes that are radial aligned from the center to the outer edge, the wafer spacing mask having a plurality of radially aligned gas passages defined between the elongated features. 2. The electrostatic chuck assembly of claim 1, wherein wafer spacing mask comprises:
at least one round feature. 3. The electrostatic chuck assembly of claim 2, wherein the at least one round feature is radially aligned with at least two of the elongated features. 4. The electrostatic chuck assembly of claim 1, wherein the elongated features are arranged in concentric rows. 5. The electrostatic chuck assembly of claim 4, wherein a number of elongated features arranged a row of the concentric rows nearest the outer edge is greater than a number of elongated features arranged a row of the concentric rows nearest the center. 6. The electrostatic chuck assembly of claim 4, wherein a number of elongated features an adjacent pair of rows doubles. 7. The electrostatic chuck assembly of claim 1, wherein the radial aligned mesas have a substrate contact area of between 3% and 15%. 8. The electrostatic chuck assembly of claim 1, wherein the radial aligned gas passages and mesas are arranged to maintain a pressure less than about 5 Torr at the outer edge when flowing at least 0.1 SCCM of backside gas through the gas passages. 9. The electrostatic chuck assembly of claim 1, wherein the radial aligned gas passages and mesas are arranged to maintain a pressure less than about 4 Torr to about 7 Torr at the outer edge when flowing at least 3 SCCM of backside gas through the gas passages. 10. A plasma processing chamber, comprising:
a lid, walls and a bottom defining an processing volume; an electrostatic chuck assembly disposed in the processing volume, the substrate support comprising:
a body having chucking electrodes disposed therein, the body having an outer edge connecting a frontside surface and a backside surface; and
a wafer spacing mask formed on the frontside surface, the wafer spacing mask having a plurality of elongated features, the elongated features having long axes that are radial aligned from the center to the outer edge, the wafer spacing mask having a plurality of radially aligned gas passages defined between the elongated features. 11. The plasma processing chamber of claim 10, wherein wafer spacing mask comprises:
at least one round feature. 12. The plasma processing chamber of claim 11, wherein the at least one round feature is radially aligned with at least two of the elongated features. 13. The plasma processing chamber of claim 10, wherein the elongated features are arranged in concentric rows. 14. The plasma processing chamber of claim 13, wherein a number of elongated features arranged a row of the concentric rows nearest the outer edge is greater than a number of elongated features arranged a row of the concentric rows nearest the center. 15. The plasma processing chamber of claim 13, wherein a number of elongated features an adjacent pair of rows doubles. 16. The plasma processing chamber of claim 10, wherein the radial aligned mesas have a substrate contact area of between 3% and 15%. 17. The plasma processing chamber of claim 10, wherein a velocity of the backside gas into the radial aligned gas passages is about 4 mm/s or less at the outer edge when flowing at least 0.1 SCCM of backside gas through the gas passages. 18. The plasma processing chamber of claim 10, wherein a velocity of backside gas into the radial aligned gas passages is about 4 mm/s or less at the outer edge when flowing about 3 SCCM of backside gas through the gas passages. 19. The plasma processing chamber of claim 10, wherein the radial aligned gas passages and mesas are arranged to maintain a pressure less than about 4 Torr to about 7 Torr at the outer edge when flowing about 3 SCCM of backside gas through the gas passages. 20. The plasma processing chamber of claim 10, wherein a velocity of backside gas into the radial aligned gas passages is about 4 mm/s or less at the outer edge when flowing at least 0.1 to about 0.5 SCCM of backside gas through the gas passages. | An electrostatic chuck assembly and processing chamber having the same are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, an electrostatic chuck assembly is provided that includes a body having an outer edge connecting a frontside surface and a backside surface. The body has chucking electrodes disposed therein. A wafer spacing mask is formed on the frontside surface of the body. The wafer spacing mask has a plurality of elongated features. The elongated features have long axes that are radial aligned from the center to the outer edge. The wafer spacing mask has a plurality of radially aligned gas passages defined between the elongated features.1. An electrostatic chuck assembly, comprising:
a body having chucking electrodes disposed therein, the body having an outer edge connecting a frontside surface and a backside surface; and a wafer spacing mask formed on the frontside surface, the wafer spacing mask having a plurality of elongated features, the elongated features having long axes that are radial aligned from the center to the outer edge, the wafer spacing mask having a plurality of radially aligned gas passages defined between the elongated features. 2. The electrostatic chuck assembly of claim 1, wherein wafer spacing mask comprises:
at least one round feature. 3. The electrostatic chuck assembly of claim 2, wherein the at least one round feature is radially aligned with at least two of the elongated features. 4. The electrostatic chuck assembly of claim 1, wherein the elongated features are arranged in concentric rows. 5. The electrostatic chuck assembly of claim 4, wherein a number of elongated features arranged a row of the concentric rows nearest the outer edge is greater than a number of elongated features arranged a row of the concentric rows nearest the center. 6. The electrostatic chuck assembly of claim 4, wherein a number of elongated features an adjacent pair of rows doubles. 7. The electrostatic chuck assembly of claim 1, wherein the radial aligned mesas have a substrate contact area of between 3% and 15%. 8. The electrostatic chuck assembly of claim 1, wherein the radial aligned gas passages and mesas are arranged to maintain a pressure less than about 5 Torr at the outer edge when flowing at least 0.1 SCCM of backside gas through the gas passages. 9. The electrostatic chuck assembly of claim 1, wherein the radial aligned gas passages and mesas are arranged to maintain a pressure less than about 4 Torr to about 7 Torr at the outer edge when flowing at least 3 SCCM of backside gas through the gas passages. 10. A plasma processing chamber, comprising:
a lid, walls and a bottom defining an processing volume; an electrostatic chuck assembly disposed in the processing volume, the substrate support comprising:
a body having chucking electrodes disposed therein, the body having an outer edge connecting a frontside surface and a backside surface; and
a wafer spacing mask formed on the frontside surface, the wafer spacing mask having a plurality of elongated features, the elongated features having long axes that are radial aligned from the center to the outer edge, the wafer spacing mask having a plurality of radially aligned gas passages defined between the elongated features. 11. The plasma processing chamber of claim 10, wherein wafer spacing mask comprises:
at least one round feature. 12. The plasma processing chamber of claim 11, wherein the at least one round feature is radially aligned with at least two of the elongated features. 13. The plasma processing chamber of claim 10, wherein the elongated features are arranged in concentric rows. 14. The plasma processing chamber of claim 13, wherein a number of elongated features arranged a row of the concentric rows nearest the outer edge is greater than a number of elongated features arranged a row of the concentric rows nearest the center. 15. The plasma processing chamber of claim 13, wherein a number of elongated features an adjacent pair of rows doubles. 16. The plasma processing chamber of claim 10, wherein the radial aligned mesas have a substrate contact area of between 3% and 15%. 17. The plasma processing chamber of claim 10, wherein a velocity of the backside gas into the radial aligned gas passages is about 4 mm/s or less at the outer edge when flowing at least 0.1 SCCM of backside gas through the gas passages. 18. The plasma processing chamber of claim 10, wherein a velocity of backside gas into the radial aligned gas passages is about 4 mm/s or less at the outer edge when flowing about 3 SCCM of backside gas through the gas passages. 19. The plasma processing chamber of claim 10, wherein the radial aligned gas passages and mesas are arranged to maintain a pressure less than about 4 Torr to about 7 Torr at the outer edge when flowing about 3 SCCM of backside gas through the gas passages. 20. The plasma processing chamber of claim 10, wherein a velocity of backside gas into the radial aligned gas passages is about 4 mm/s or less at the outer edge when flowing at least 0.1 to about 0.5 SCCM of backside gas through the gas passages. | 1,700 |
2,246 | 13,964,204 | 1,783 | A marked substrate including a solid substrate surface such as, for example, a road surface having disposed thereon a first coating including a pigment and a first binder polymer, the first coating having a dry film thickness of from 10 microns to 5000 microns; the first coating having disposed thereon, a clear second coating including from 75% to 100%, by weight based on the weight of the clear coating, nanosilica and from 0% to 25%, by weight based on the weight of the clear coating, second binder polymer; the clear second coating having a dry film thickness of from 1 to 10 microns is provided. A method for providing the marked substrate is also provided. | 1. A marked substrate comprising:
(a) a solid substrate surface having disposed thereon (b) a first coating comprising a pigment and a first binder polymer, said first coating having a dry film thickness of from 10 microns to 5000 microns; said first coating having disposed thereon, (c) a clear second coating comprising from 75% to 100%, by weight based on the weight of said clear coating, nanosilica and from 0% to 25%, by weight based on the weight of the clear coating, second binder polymer; said clear second coating having a dry film thickness of from 1 to 10 microns. 2. The marked substrate of claim 1 wherein said solid substrate surface is composed of material selected from the group consisting of: masonry, tar, asphalt, blacktop, resins, concrete, cement, stone, stucco, tiles, wood, polymeric materials, one or more layers of fresh or aged coating or marking already applied on said surface, and combinations thereof. 3. The marked substrate of claim 1 wherein said first binder polymer and said second binder polymer are emulsion polymers and, independently, have a DSC Tg of from 40° C. to 110° C. 4. A method for providing a marked substrate comprising:
(a) providing a solid substrate surface; (b) applying thereon a first coating composition comprising a pigment and a first binder polymer; (c) applying to said first coating composition an aqueous clear second coating composition comprising from 75% to 100%, by dry weight based on the dry weight of said clear coating, aqueous dispersion of nanosilica and from 0% to 25%, by dry weight based on the dry weight of said clear coating, aqueous dispersion of second binder polymer; said first coating having a dry film thickness of from 10 microns to 5000 microns and said clear second coating having a dry film thickness of from 1 to 10 microns; and (d) drying, or allowing to dry, said second aqueous coating composition. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein step (b) is: (b) applying thereon a first aqueous coating composition comprising a pigment and a first binder polymer; 6. The method of claim 5 wherein, after step (b) and before step (c), the following step is effected:
drying, or allowing to dry, said first aqueous coating composition. 7. The method of claim 5 wherein said solid substrate surface is composed of material selected from the group consisting of: masonry, tar, asphalt, blacktop, resins, concrete, cement, stone, stucco, tiles, wood, polymeric materials, one or more layers of fresh or aged coating or marking already applied on said surface, and combinations thereof. 8. The method of claim 5 wherein said first binder polymer and said second binder polymer are emulsion polymers and, independently, have a DSC Tg of from 10° C. to 110° C. 9. The method of claim 6 wherein said solid substrate surface is composed of material selected from the group consisting of: masonry, tar, asphalt, blacktop, resins, concrete, cement, stone, stucco, tiles, wood, polymeric materials, one or more layers of fresh or aged coating or marking already applied on said surface, and combinations thereof. 10. The method of claim 6 wherein said first binder polymer and said second binder polymer are emulsion polymers and, independently, have a DSC Tg of from 10° C. to 110° C. | A marked substrate including a solid substrate surface such as, for example, a road surface having disposed thereon a first coating including a pigment and a first binder polymer, the first coating having a dry film thickness of from 10 microns to 5000 microns; the first coating having disposed thereon, a clear second coating including from 75% to 100%, by weight based on the weight of the clear coating, nanosilica and from 0% to 25%, by weight based on the weight of the clear coating, second binder polymer; the clear second coating having a dry film thickness of from 1 to 10 microns is provided. A method for providing the marked substrate is also provided.1. A marked substrate comprising:
(a) a solid substrate surface having disposed thereon (b) a first coating comprising a pigment and a first binder polymer, said first coating having a dry film thickness of from 10 microns to 5000 microns; said first coating having disposed thereon, (c) a clear second coating comprising from 75% to 100%, by weight based on the weight of said clear coating, nanosilica and from 0% to 25%, by weight based on the weight of the clear coating, second binder polymer; said clear second coating having a dry film thickness of from 1 to 10 microns. 2. The marked substrate of claim 1 wherein said solid substrate surface is composed of material selected from the group consisting of: masonry, tar, asphalt, blacktop, resins, concrete, cement, stone, stucco, tiles, wood, polymeric materials, one or more layers of fresh or aged coating or marking already applied on said surface, and combinations thereof. 3. The marked substrate of claim 1 wherein said first binder polymer and said second binder polymer are emulsion polymers and, independently, have a DSC Tg of from 40° C. to 110° C. 4. A method for providing a marked substrate comprising:
(a) providing a solid substrate surface; (b) applying thereon a first coating composition comprising a pigment and a first binder polymer; (c) applying to said first coating composition an aqueous clear second coating composition comprising from 75% to 100%, by dry weight based on the dry weight of said clear coating, aqueous dispersion of nanosilica and from 0% to 25%, by dry weight based on the dry weight of said clear coating, aqueous dispersion of second binder polymer; said first coating having a dry film thickness of from 10 microns to 5000 microns and said clear second coating having a dry film thickness of from 1 to 10 microns; and (d) drying, or allowing to dry, said second aqueous coating composition. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein step (b) is: (b) applying thereon a first aqueous coating composition comprising a pigment and a first binder polymer; 6. The method of claim 5 wherein, after step (b) and before step (c), the following step is effected:
drying, or allowing to dry, said first aqueous coating composition. 7. The method of claim 5 wherein said solid substrate surface is composed of material selected from the group consisting of: masonry, tar, asphalt, blacktop, resins, concrete, cement, stone, stucco, tiles, wood, polymeric materials, one or more layers of fresh or aged coating or marking already applied on said surface, and combinations thereof. 8. The method of claim 5 wherein said first binder polymer and said second binder polymer are emulsion polymers and, independently, have a DSC Tg of from 10° C. to 110° C. 9. The method of claim 6 wherein said solid substrate surface is composed of material selected from the group consisting of: masonry, tar, asphalt, blacktop, resins, concrete, cement, stone, stucco, tiles, wood, polymeric materials, one or more layers of fresh or aged coating or marking already applied on said surface, and combinations thereof. 10. The method of claim 6 wherein said first binder polymer and said second binder polymer are emulsion polymers and, independently, have a DSC Tg of from 10° C. to 110° C. | 1,700 |
2,247 | 14,391,459 | 1,783 | A thermally conductive article including a polymeric layer comprising a nonwoven polymeric material. In particular, flexible thermally conductive polymeric layer comprising an epoxy resin and a long-strand polymeric nonwoven material embedded in the epoxy resin. The polymeric nonwoven material may be heat stable at about 280 C. | 1. An article comprising:
a flexible thermally conductive polymeric layer comprising an epoxy resin and a long-strand polymeric nonwoven material embedded in the epoxy resin. 2. The article of claim 1 wherein the polymeric nonwoven material is heat stable at about 280° C. 3. The article of claim 1 being free standing. 4. The article of claim 1 having a thickness of less than about 50 μm. 5. The article of claim 1 having a thickness of about 15 to about 35 μm. 6. The article of claim 1 wherein the epoxy resin is loaded with one or both of thermally and electrically conductive particles. 7. The article of claim 6 wherein the thermally conductive particles have a thermal conductivity greater than 10 W/m·K. 8. The article of claim 6 wherein the particles have a maximum dimension of about 0.5 to about 20 μm. 9. The article of claim 6 wherein the particles comprise up to about 75 wt % of the epoxy component. 10. The article of claim 1 wherein the nonwoven material is equal to or less than about 50 μm thick. 11. The article of claim 1 wherein the nonwoven material is equal to or less than about 30 μm thick. 12. The article of claim 1 wherein the nonwoven material is equal to or less than about 20 μm thick. 13. The article of claim 1 wherein the nonwoven material is about 10 micrometers to about 20 micrometers thick. 14. The article of claim 1 wherein the nonwoven material is selected from the group consisting of meltblown nonwovens, spunbond nonwovens, and electrospun nonwovens. 15. The article of claim 1 wherein the nonwoven material has a density less than about 7 g/m2. 16. The article of claim 1 wherein the nonwoven material has a density less than about 3 g/m2. 17. The article of claim 1 further comprising an electrically conductive layer on one or both sides of the polymeric layer. 18. The article of claim 17 wherein the conductive layers are selected from the group consisting of copper, aluminum and alloys thereof. 19. The article of claim 1 wherein the nonwoven material has a tensile strength of 10N or more in one direction. 20. The article of claim 1 which can be folded to 180° and unfolded without cracking. | A thermally conductive article including a polymeric layer comprising a nonwoven polymeric material. In particular, flexible thermally conductive polymeric layer comprising an epoxy resin and a long-strand polymeric nonwoven material embedded in the epoxy resin. The polymeric nonwoven material may be heat stable at about 280 C.1. An article comprising:
a flexible thermally conductive polymeric layer comprising an epoxy resin and a long-strand polymeric nonwoven material embedded in the epoxy resin. 2. The article of claim 1 wherein the polymeric nonwoven material is heat stable at about 280° C. 3. The article of claim 1 being free standing. 4. The article of claim 1 having a thickness of less than about 50 μm. 5. The article of claim 1 having a thickness of about 15 to about 35 μm. 6. The article of claim 1 wherein the epoxy resin is loaded with one or both of thermally and electrically conductive particles. 7. The article of claim 6 wherein the thermally conductive particles have a thermal conductivity greater than 10 W/m·K. 8. The article of claim 6 wherein the particles have a maximum dimension of about 0.5 to about 20 μm. 9. The article of claim 6 wherein the particles comprise up to about 75 wt % of the epoxy component. 10. The article of claim 1 wherein the nonwoven material is equal to or less than about 50 μm thick. 11. The article of claim 1 wherein the nonwoven material is equal to or less than about 30 μm thick. 12. The article of claim 1 wherein the nonwoven material is equal to or less than about 20 μm thick. 13. The article of claim 1 wherein the nonwoven material is about 10 micrometers to about 20 micrometers thick. 14. The article of claim 1 wherein the nonwoven material is selected from the group consisting of meltblown nonwovens, spunbond nonwovens, and electrospun nonwovens. 15. The article of claim 1 wherein the nonwoven material has a density less than about 7 g/m2. 16. The article of claim 1 wherein the nonwoven material has a density less than about 3 g/m2. 17. The article of claim 1 further comprising an electrically conductive layer on one or both sides of the polymeric layer. 18. The article of claim 17 wherein the conductive layers are selected from the group consisting of copper, aluminum and alloys thereof. 19. The article of claim 1 wherein the nonwoven material has a tensile strength of 10N or more in one direction. 20. The article of claim 1 which can be folded to 180° and unfolded without cracking. | 1,700 |
2,248 | 14,643,135 | 1,777 | A gradient solution sending apparatus includes a plurality of solution sending flow channels, a mixer, a gradient controller in which a solution sending flow rate is set, and a control device which controls a solution sending flow rate of a mobile phase of each solution sending flow channel based on the solution sending flow rate set in the gradient controller. Each channel includes a solution sending pump and a split mechanism. The solution sending pump sends the solution of each mobile phase. The split mechanism delivers a part of the mobile phase passing through the solution sending pump, and the split mechanism discharges the rest of the mobile phase from the channel. A mixer is arranged on downstream sides of the solution sending flow channels, and the mixer mixes the mobile phases sent from the solution sending flow channels and delivers the mixed mobile phase to the analysis flow channel. | 1. (canceled) 2. A gradient solution sending apparatus comprising
a plurality of solution sending flow channels in which each solution sending flow channel includes a solution sending pump and a split mechanism, the solution sending pump sending a solution of a mobile phase, the split mechanism delivering a part of the mobile phase passing through the solution sending pump to a downstream side and discharging the rest of the mobile phase from the solution sending flow channel; a mixer which is arranged on the downstream sides of the solution sending flow channels to mix the mobile phases sent through the solution sending flow channels; a gradient controller in which a solution sending flow rate of the mobile phase is set in each solution sending flow channel; and a control device which controls the solution sending flow rate of the mobile phase in each solution sending flow channel based on the set flow rate of the gradient controller, wherein each solution sending flow channel includes a flow channel resistor in a subsequent stage of the split mechanism. 3. A gradient solution sending apparatus according to claim 2, wherein each solution sending flow channel includes a flow meter between the split mechanism and the flow channel resistor, the flow meter measuring the solution sending flow rate. 4. A gradient solution sending apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the control device controls the solution sending flow rate of the solution sending pump based on a value measured by the flow meter so that the measured value is brought close to a preset value. 5. A gradient solution sending apparatus according to claim 4, wherein a flow channel is connected to a discharge side of the split mechanism of each solution sending flow channel, the flow channel returning the discharged mobile phase to each mobile phase container. 6-7. (canceled) 8. A gradient solution sending apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the control device controls a split ratio of the split mechanism based on a value measured by the flow meter so that the measured value is brought close to a previously set value. 9. A gradient solution sending apparatus according to claim 8, wherein a flow channel is connected to a discharge side of the split mechanism of each solution sending flow channel, the flow channel returning the discharged mobile phase to each mobile phase container. 10. A gradient solution sending apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the flow meter is able to detect a back flow, and
the control device drives the solution sending pump to negate the back flow when the flow meter detects the back flow in the solution sending flow channel whose set flow rate is zero. 11. A gradient solution sending apparatus according to claim 10, wherein each solution sending flow channel includes a check valve in the subsequent stage of the split mechanism, the check valve preventing the back flow. 12-20. (canceled) | A gradient solution sending apparatus includes a plurality of solution sending flow channels, a mixer, a gradient controller in which a solution sending flow rate is set, and a control device which controls a solution sending flow rate of a mobile phase of each solution sending flow channel based on the solution sending flow rate set in the gradient controller. Each channel includes a solution sending pump and a split mechanism. The solution sending pump sends the solution of each mobile phase. The split mechanism delivers a part of the mobile phase passing through the solution sending pump, and the split mechanism discharges the rest of the mobile phase from the channel. A mixer is arranged on downstream sides of the solution sending flow channels, and the mixer mixes the mobile phases sent from the solution sending flow channels and delivers the mixed mobile phase to the analysis flow channel.1. (canceled) 2. A gradient solution sending apparatus comprising
a plurality of solution sending flow channels in which each solution sending flow channel includes a solution sending pump and a split mechanism, the solution sending pump sending a solution of a mobile phase, the split mechanism delivering a part of the mobile phase passing through the solution sending pump to a downstream side and discharging the rest of the mobile phase from the solution sending flow channel; a mixer which is arranged on the downstream sides of the solution sending flow channels to mix the mobile phases sent through the solution sending flow channels; a gradient controller in which a solution sending flow rate of the mobile phase is set in each solution sending flow channel; and a control device which controls the solution sending flow rate of the mobile phase in each solution sending flow channel based on the set flow rate of the gradient controller, wherein each solution sending flow channel includes a flow channel resistor in a subsequent stage of the split mechanism. 3. A gradient solution sending apparatus according to claim 2, wherein each solution sending flow channel includes a flow meter between the split mechanism and the flow channel resistor, the flow meter measuring the solution sending flow rate. 4. A gradient solution sending apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the control device controls the solution sending flow rate of the solution sending pump based on a value measured by the flow meter so that the measured value is brought close to a preset value. 5. A gradient solution sending apparatus according to claim 4, wherein a flow channel is connected to a discharge side of the split mechanism of each solution sending flow channel, the flow channel returning the discharged mobile phase to each mobile phase container. 6-7. (canceled) 8. A gradient solution sending apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the control device controls a split ratio of the split mechanism based on a value measured by the flow meter so that the measured value is brought close to a previously set value. 9. A gradient solution sending apparatus according to claim 8, wherein a flow channel is connected to a discharge side of the split mechanism of each solution sending flow channel, the flow channel returning the discharged mobile phase to each mobile phase container. 10. A gradient solution sending apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the flow meter is able to detect a back flow, and
the control device drives the solution sending pump to negate the back flow when the flow meter detects the back flow in the solution sending flow channel whose set flow rate is zero. 11. A gradient solution sending apparatus according to claim 10, wherein each solution sending flow channel includes a check valve in the subsequent stage of the split mechanism, the check valve preventing the back flow. 12-20. (canceled) | 1,700 |
2,249 | 14,511,952 | 1,793 | Described are flour-based oil-in-water emulsion compositions that contain a foaming agent, related packaged emulsion compositions, and related methods of preparing and using the emulsions, exemplary emulsions being refrigerator stable in a non-pressurized package and optionally containing ingredients that include glucose oxidase, the package optionally being re-sealable. | 1. An oil-in-water emulsion comprising flour, sugar, chemical leavening agent, oil, water, emulsifier, and surface-active foaming agent comprising organic acid esters of mono- or di-glycerides of fatty acids, the foaming agent being dispersed throughout the emulsion, the emulsion having a density of at least about 0.75 grams per cubic centimeter, wherein the organic acid is acetic acid, lactic acid, or a combination thereof. 2. An emulsion as recited at claim 1 wherein the chemical leavening agent includes acidic chemical leavening agent consisting essentially of monocalcium phosphate anhydrous, sodium aluminum phosphate, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, dicalcium phosphate, and combinations thereof. 3. An emulsion as recited at claim 1 wherein the fatty acids include fatty acids having from 8 to 12 carbon atoms. 4. An emulsion as recited at claim 1 comprising from 0.5 to 1.5 weight percent of the foaming agent. 5. An emulsion as recited at claim 1 having a density in a range from 0.78 to about 1.0 grams per cubic centimeter. 6. An emulsion as recited at claim 1 comprising
from about 23 to about 27 weight percent flour,
from about 3 to about 7 weight percent sugar,
from about 9 to about 13 weight percent non-sugar water-activity reducing agent,
from about 0.4 to about 1 weight percent acidic chemical leavening agent,
from about 0.5 to about 1 weight percent basic chemical leavening agent,
from about 6 to about 10 weight percent oil, and
from about 36 to about 40 weight percent water. 7. An emulsion as recited at claim 1 wherein the edible oil-in-water emulsion is capable of being cooked on a pre-heated cook surface to a cooked pancake having an average height (at center) in a range from 10 to 15 millimeters and an average spread in a range from 100 to 125 millimeters. 8. An emulsion as recited at claim 1 having a water activity below about 0.93, a yield point of not greater than 20 Pascals, or both of the water activity and the yield point. 9. An emulsion as recited at claim 1 comprising emulsifier selected from the group consisting of mono-glycerides, di-glycerides, and combinations thereof, the emulsifier having an HLB of at least about 6. 10. An emulsion as recited at claim 1 comprising glucose oxidase. 11. An emulsion as recited at claim 1 in a sealed package and refrigerated. 12. An emulsion as recited at claim 1 wherein the package is re-sealable and contains the edible oil-in-water emulsion and less than 20 percent headspace. 13. An emulsion as recited at claim 12 wherein the headspace contains air. 14. A packaged emulsion product as recited at claim 11 wherein the emulsion maintains the form of an emulsion after a refrigerated storage period of four weeks. 15. A packaged emulsion product as recited at claim 11 wherein the edible oil-in-water emulsion is un-pasteurized. 16. A method of preparing an edible oil-in-water emulsion, the method comprising:
providing ingredients that include flour, sugar, acidic chemical leavening agent, basic chemical leavening agent, oil, water, emulsifier, and foaming agent comprising organic acid esters of mono- or diglycerides of fatty acids, and combining the ingredients to form a water-in-oil emulsion having a density of at least about 0.75 grams per centimeter. 17. A method as recited at claim 16 comprising
preparing an emulsion comprising the oil, water, and emulsifier, and
mixing the emulsion comprising the oil, water, and emulsifier with the foaming agent using low shear to form the edible oil-in-water emulsion having a density in a range from 0.78 to about 1.0 grams per cubic centimeter. 18. A method as recited at claim 16 comprising
heating the oil,
adding the emulsifier to the heated oil,
adding water to the combination of emulsifier and heated oil and mixing to form an emulsion comprising dispersed oil within the water, and
adding flour, sugar, acidic chemical leavening agent, basic chemical leavening agent, and the foaming agent to the suspension to form the oil-in-water emulsion. 19. A method as recited at claim 16 comprising uniformly incorporating the foaming agent into the emulsion without causing the emulsion to decrease in density to below 0.75 cubic centimeters per gram. 20. A method as recited at claim 16 wherein the foaming agent comprises acetic or lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids. 21-32. (canceled) | Described are flour-based oil-in-water emulsion compositions that contain a foaming agent, related packaged emulsion compositions, and related methods of preparing and using the emulsions, exemplary emulsions being refrigerator stable in a non-pressurized package and optionally containing ingredients that include glucose oxidase, the package optionally being re-sealable.1. An oil-in-water emulsion comprising flour, sugar, chemical leavening agent, oil, water, emulsifier, and surface-active foaming agent comprising organic acid esters of mono- or di-glycerides of fatty acids, the foaming agent being dispersed throughout the emulsion, the emulsion having a density of at least about 0.75 grams per cubic centimeter, wherein the organic acid is acetic acid, lactic acid, or a combination thereof. 2. An emulsion as recited at claim 1 wherein the chemical leavening agent includes acidic chemical leavening agent consisting essentially of monocalcium phosphate anhydrous, sodium aluminum phosphate, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, dicalcium phosphate, and combinations thereof. 3. An emulsion as recited at claim 1 wherein the fatty acids include fatty acids having from 8 to 12 carbon atoms. 4. An emulsion as recited at claim 1 comprising from 0.5 to 1.5 weight percent of the foaming agent. 5. An emulsion as recited at claim 1 having a density in a range from 0.78 to about 1.0 grams per cubic centimeter. 6. An emulsion as recited at claim 1 comprising
from about 23 to about 27 weight percent flour,
from about 3 to about 7 weight percent sugar,
from about 9 to about 13 weight percent non-sugar water-activity reducing agent,
from about 0.4 to about 1 weight percent acidic chemical leavening agent,
from about 0.5 to about 1 weight percent basic chemical leavening agent,
from about 6 to about 10 weight percent oil, and
from about 36 to about 40 weight percent water. 7. An emulsion as recited at claim 1 wherein the edible oil-in-water emulsion is capable of being cooked on a pre-heated cook surface to a cooked pancake having an average height (at center) in a range from 10 to 15 millimeters and an average spread in a range from 100 to 125 millimeters. 8. An emulsion as recited at claim 1 having a water activity below about 0.93, a yield point of not greater than 20 Pascals, or both of the water activity and the yield point. 9. An emulsion as recited at claim 1 comprising emulsifier selected from the group consisting of mono-glycerides, di-glycerides, and combinations thereof, the emulsifier having an HLB of at least about 6. 10. An emulsion as recited at claim 1 comprising glucose oxidase. 11. An emulsion as recited at claim 1 in a sealed package and refrigerated. 12. An emulsion as recited at claim 1 wherein the package is re-sealable and contains the edible oil-in-water emulsion and less than 20 percent headspace. 13. An emulsion as recited at claim 12 wherein the headspace contains air. 14. A packaged emulsion product as recited at claim 11 wherein the emulsion maintains the form of an emulsion after a refrigerated storage period of four weeks. 15. A packaged emulsion product as recited at claim 11 wherein the edible oil-in-water emulsion is un-pasteurized. 16. A method of preparing an edible oil-in-water emulsion, the method comprising:
providing ingredients that include flour, sugar, acidic chemical leavening agent, basic chemical leavening agent, oil, water, emulsifier, and foaming agent comprising organic acid esters of mono- or diglycerides of fatty acids, and combining the ingredients to form a water-in-oil emulsion having a density of at least about 0.75 grams per centimeter. 17. A method as recited at claim 16 comprising
preparing an emulsion comprising the oil, water, and emulsifier, and
mixing the emulsion comprising the oil, water, and emulsifier with the foaming agent using low shear to form the edible oil-in-water emulsion having a density in a range from 0.78 to about 1.0 grams per cubic centimeter. 18. A method as recited at claim 16 comprising
heating the oil,
adding the emulsifier to the heated oil,
adding water to the combination of emulsifier and heated oil and mixing to form an emulsion comprising dispersed oil within the water, and
adding flour, sugar, acidic chemical leavening agent, basic chemical leavening agent, and the foaming agent to the suspension to form the oil-in-water emulsion. 19. A method as recited at claim 16 comprising uniformly incorporating the foaming agent into the emulsion without causing the emulsion to decrease in density to below 0.75 cubic centimeters per gram. 20. A method as recited at claim 16 wherein the foaming agent comprises acetic or lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids. 21-32. (canceled) | 1,700 |
2,250 | 13,384,284 | 1,743 | Application of a thermally and/or electrically conductive compound to fill a thermal and/or EMI shielding gap between a first and a second surface. A supply of a fluent, form-stable compound is provided as an admixture of a cured polymer gel component, and a particulate filler component. An amount of the compound is dispensed from a nozzle, screen, stencil, or other orifice under an applied pressure onto one of the surfaces which, when opposed, form the gap, or into the gap formed between the surfaces. The gap is at least partially filled by at least a portion of the dispensed compound. | 1. A method of filling a space between a first and a second surface to form an assembly, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a supply of a fluent, form-stable compound comprising an admixture of: (I) a cured polymer gel component; (II) a curable resin component; and (III) a particulate filler component; (c) dispensing an amount of the compound; (d) prior to or following step (c), forming the space between the first and the second surface, the space being at least partially filled by at least a portion of the compound dispensed in step (c); and (e) curing the curable resin component to form a conformable layer in the space. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the compound dispensed in step (c) is dispensed onto one of the first and the second surface; and
the space of step (d) is formed following step (d) by disposing the one of the first and the second surfaces as adjoining the other of the first and the second surface, with the compound dispensed in step (c) being deflected therebetween to at least partially fill the space. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the space of step (d) is formed prior to step (d); and
the compound dispensed in step (c) is dispensed into the space. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the compound comprises, by total weight of the components (I), (II) and (III), between about 20-90% of the filler component. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the compound comprises, by total weight of the components (I) and (II), between about 5-50% of the component (II). 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the filler component has a mean average particle size of between about 0.01-10 mil (0.25-250 μm). 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the space formed in step (d) has a thickness of between about 2-100 mils (0.05-2.5 mm). 8. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the space is a thermal space; and
the filler component is thermally-conductive. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the filler component has a thermal conductivity of at least about 20 W/m-K. 10. The method of claim 8 wherein the filler component is selected from the group consisting of oxide, nitride, carbide, diboride, graphite, and metal particles, and mixtures thereof. 11. The method of claim 8 wherein the compound has a thermal conductivity of at least about 0.5 W/m-K. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the compound has a viscosity of about 15 million cps at about 25-30° C. 13. The method of claim 2 wherein the compound is substantially self-adherent to at least the one of the first and the second surface onto which the compound is dispensed in step (c). 14. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the space is an EMI shielding space; and
the filler component is electrically-conductive. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the compound has an electrical volume resistivity of not greater than about 1 Ω-cm. 16. The method of claim 14 wherein the compound exhibits an EMI shielding effectiveness of at least about 60 dB substantially over a frequency range of between about 10 MHz and about 10 GHz. 17. The method of claim 1 wherein the polymer gel component comprises a silicone polymer. 18. The method of claim 1 wherein the resin component comprises a silicone resin. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the silicone resin is moisture-curable. 20. The method of claim 1 further comprising the additional step prior to step (c) of:
providing an orifice connected in fluid communication with the supply of the compound, wherein
the compound is dispensed in step (c) from the orifice under an applied pressure. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein the supply of the compound is provided in step (a) as charged into a container. 22. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the compound is dispensed in step (c) in a form having a margin; and
the resin component first cures in step (c) to form a skin about the margin of the form. 23. The method of claim 22 wherein the form is a pad or bead. 24. The method of claim 22 wherein the skin forms a dam around the margin. 25. The assembly formed by the method of any of the preceding claims. 26. A fluent, form-stable compound for filling a space between a first and a second surface, the compound comprising an admixture of:
(a) a cured gel component; (b) a curable resin component; and (b) a particulate filler component; whereby the compound is dispensable through an orifice. 27. The compound of claim 26 wherein the compound comprises, by total weight of the components (a), (b), and (c), between about 20-90% of the filler component. 28. The compound of claim 26 wherein the compound comprises, by total weight of the components (a) and (b), between about 5-50% of the component (b). 29. The compound of claim 26 wherein the filler component has a mean average particle size of between about 0.01-10 mil (0.25-250 μm). 30. The compound of claim 26 wherein the filler component has a thermal conductivity of at least about 20 W/m-K. 31. The compound of claim 26 wherein the filler component is selected from the group consisting of oxide, nitride, carbide, diboride, graphite, and metal particles, and mixtures thereof. 32. The compound of claim 26 wherein the compound has a thermal conductivity of at least about 0.5 W/m-K. 33. The compound of claim 26 wherein the compound has a viscosity of about 15 million cps at about 25-30° C. 34. The compound of claim 26 wherein the compound is charged into a container connected in fluid communication to the orifice. 35. The compound of claim 26 wherein the compound is substantially self-adherent to at least one of the first and the second surface. 36. The compound of claim 26 wherein the compound has an electrical volume resistivity of not greater than about 1 Ω-cm. 37. The compound of claim 26 wherein the compound exhibits an EMI shielding effectiveness of at least about 60 dB substantially over a frequency range of between about 10 MHz and about 10 GHz. 38. The compound of claim 26 wherein the gel component comprises a silicone polymer. 39. The compound of claim 26 wherein the resin component comprises a silicone resin. 40. The compound of claim 39 wherein the silicone resin is moisture-curable. | Application of a thermally and/or electrically conductive compound to fill a thermal and/or EMI shielding gap between a first and a second surface. A supply of a fluent, form-stable compound is provided as an admixture of a cured polymer gel component, and a particulate filler component. An amount of the compound is dispensed from a nozzle, screen, stencil, or other orifice under an applied pressure onto one of the surfaces which, when opposed, form the gap, or into the gap formed between the surfaces. The gap is at least partially filled by at least a portion of the dispensed compound.1. A method of filling a space between a first and a second surface to form an assembly, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a supply of a fluent, form-stable compound comprising an admixture of: (I) a cured polymer gel component; (II) a curable resin component; and (III) a particulate filler component; (c) dispensing an amount of the compound; (d) prior to or following step (c), forming the space between the first and the second surface, the space being at least partially filled by at least a portion of the compound dispensed in step (c); and (e) curing the curable resin component to form a conformable layer in the space. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the compound dispensed in step (c) is dispensed onto one of the first and the second surface; and
the space of step (d) is formed following step (d) by disposing the one of the first and the second surfaces as adjoining the other of the first and the second surface, with the compound dispensed in step (c) being deflected therebetween to at least partially fill the space. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the space of step (d) is formed prior to step (d); and
the compound dispensed in step (c) is dispensed into the space. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the compound comprises, by total weight of the components (I), (II) and (III), between about 20-90% of the filler component. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the compound comprises, by total weight of the components (I) and (II), between about 5-50% of the component (II). 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the filler component has a mean average particle size of between about 0.01-10 mil (0.25-250 μm). 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the space formed in step (d) has a thickness of between about 2-100 mils (0.05-2.5 mm). 8. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the space is a thermal space; and
the filler component is thermally-conductive. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the filler component has a thermal conductivity of at least about 20 W/m-K. 10. The method of claim 8 wherein the filler component is selected from the group consisting of oxide, nitride, carbide, diboride, graphite, and metal particles, and mixtures thereof. 11. The method of claim 8 wherein the compound has a thermal conductivity of at least about 0.5 W/m-K. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the compound has a viscosity of about 15 million cps at about 25-30° C. 13. The method of claim 2 wherein the compound is substantially self-adherent to at least the one of the first and the second surface onto which the compound is dispensed in step (c). 14. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the space is an EMI shielding space; and
the filler component is electrically-conductive. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the compound has an electrical volume resistivity of not greater than about 1 Ω-cm. 16. The method of claim 14 wherein the compound exhibits an EMI shielding effectiveness of at least about 60 dB substantially over a frequency range of between about 10 MHz and about 10 GHz. 17. The method of claim 1 wherein the polymer gel component comprises a silicone polymer. 18. The method of claim 1 wherein the resin component comprises a silicone resin. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the silicone resin is moisture-curable. 20. The method of claim 1 further comprising the additional step prior to step (c) of:
providing an orifice connected in fluid communication with the supply of the compound, wherein
the compound is dispensed in step (c) from the orifice under an applied pressure. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein the supply of the compound is provided in step (a) as charged into a container. 22. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the compound is dispensed in step (c) in a form having a margin; and
the resin component first cures in step (c) to form a skin about the margin of the form. 23. The method of claim 22 wherein the form is a pad or bead. 24. The method of claim 22 wherein the skin forms a dam around the margin. 25. The assembly formed by the method of any of the preceding claims. 26. A fluent, form-stable compound for filling a space between a first and a second surface, the compound comprising an admixture of:
(a) a cured gel component; (b) a curable resin component; and (b) a particulate filler component; whereby the compound is dispensable through an orifice. 27. The compound of claim 26 wherein the compound comprises, by total weight of the components (a), (b), and (c), between about 20-90% of the filler component. 28. The compound of claim 26 wherein the compound comprises, by total weight of the components (a) and (b), between about 5-50% of the component (b). 29. The compound of claim 26 wherein the filler component has a mean average particle size of between about 0.01-10 mil (0.25-250 μm). 30. The compound of claim 26 wherein the filler component has a thermal conductivity of at least about 20 W/m-K. 31. The compound of claim 26 wherein the filler component is selected from the group consisting of oxide, nitride, carbide, diboride, graphite, and metal particles, and mixtures thereof. 32. The compound of claim 26 wherein the compound has a thermal conductivity of at least about 0.5 W/m-K. 33. The compound of claim 26 wherein the compound has a viscosity of about 15 million cps at about 25-30° C. 34. The compound of claim 26 wherein the compound is charged into a container connected in fluid communication to the orifice. 35. The compound of claim 26 wherein the compound is substantially self-adherent to at least one of the first and the second surface. 36. The compound of claim 26 wherein the compound has an electrical volume resistivity of not greater than about 1 Ω-cm. 37. The compound of claim 26 wherein the compound exhibits an EMI shielding effectiveness of at least about 60 dB substantially over a frequency range of between about 10 MHz and about 10 GHz. 38. The compound of claim 26 wherein the gel component comprises a silicone polymer. 39. The compound of claim 26 wherein the resin component comprises a silicone resin. 40. The compound of claim 39 wherein the silicone resin is moisture-curable. | 1,700 |
2,251 | 14,689,333 | 1,729 | A traction-battery assembly includes a retention structure having a separator and first and second openings on opposing sides of the separator. The assembly also includes first and second arrays each having cells arranged such that terminals of the cells are on a terminal side of the array. The terminal sides of the first and second arrays are each disposed in one of the first or second openings such that the terminal sides face the separator. | 1. A traction-battery assembly comprising:
a retention structure including a separator and first and second openings on opposing sides of the separator; and first and second arrays each including cells arranged such that terminals of the cells are on a terminal side of the array, wherein the terminal sides of the first and second arrays are each disposed in one of the first or second openings such that the terminal sides face the separator. 2. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the separator incudes a main portion having a pair of opposing major sides and at least one projection extending outwardly from each major side and engaging with the terminal side of one of the arrays to create a gap between the main portion and the terminal side. 3. The assembly of claim 1 wherein a portion of the terminal side of each of the arrays is spaced apart from at least a portion of the separator to create a cavity. 4. The assembly of claim 3 wherein each of the cells includes a vent located on the terminal side of the array and wherein at least one of the vents is in fluid communication with the cavity. 5. The assembly of claim 4 wherein the retention structure further includes a port in fluid communication with the cavity such that gases released from the vent can exit the retention structure via the port. 6. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the retention structure defines a channel configured to receive at least one of the terminals. 7. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the retention structure further includes a rectangular housing having a top wall, a bottom wall, and a pair of sidewalls cooperating to define an interior and wherein the separator is disposed within the interior and divides the interior into the first and second openings. 8. A traction-battery assembly comprising:
a retention structure defining a pair of receiving portions on opposite sides of the structure, wherein the portions have an inboard wall with a thermal plate thereon; and a pair of arrays each including cells having terminals arranged on a terminal side of the array, wherein each of the receiving portions has a portion of one of the arrays disposed therein such that the terminal side is touching the thermal plate. 9. The assembly of claim 8 wherein the retention structure includes at least two thermal plates disposed on each of the inboard walls and wherein the thermal plates disposed on a same inboard wall are spaced apart and cooperate to define a channel. 10. The assembly of claim 9 wherein each of the cells includes a vent that is located on the terminal side of the array and wherein at least one of the vents is in fluid communication with the channel. 11. The assembly of claim 10 wherein the retention structure further includes a port in fluid communication with the channel such that gases released from the vent can exit the retention structure via the port. 12. The assembly of claim 8 wherein each of the thermal plates includes a first branch and a second branch spaced apart and cooperating to define a channel that is in fluid communication with a port defined in an exterior of the retention structure. 13. The assembly of claim 8 wherein each of the inboard walls further includes a pair of projections extending outwardly therefrom, wherein the projections and inboard wall cooperate to define a recess, and wherein each of the thermal plates are disposed in the recess. 14. The assembly of claim 8 wherein each of the inboard walls defines at least one channel and at least one of the terminals is disposed within the channel. 15. A traction-battery assembly comprising:
a pair of cells each including a terminal side having at least one terminal, the cells being arranged such that the terminal side of one the cells faces the terminal side of the other of the cells and such that the terminal sides are spaced apart from each other; and at least one thermal plate disposed between the cells and touching at least one of the terminal sides. 16. The assembly of claim 15 wherein the thermal plate is touching both of the terminal sides. 17. The assembly of claim 15 wherein the at least one thermal plate includes two thermal plates and wherein each thermal plate is in contact with one of the cells. 18. The assembly of claim 17 further comprising a separator disposed between the thermal plates. 19. The assembly of claim 15 further comprising a retention structure including first and second receiving portions, wherein the terminal side of one of the cells is disposed within the first receiving portion and the terminal side of the other of the cells is disposed within the second receiving portion. 20. The assembly of claim 19 further comprising a separator disposed between the first and second receiving portions and defining a channel, wherein the thermal plate is at least partially disposed in the channel. | A traction-battery assembly includes a retention structure having a separator and first and second openings on opposing sides of the separator. The assembly also includes first and second arrays each having cells arranged such that terminals of the cells are on a terminal side of the array. The terminal sides of the first and second arrays are each disposed in one of the first or second openings such that the terminal sides face the separator.1. A traction-battery assembly comprising:
a retention structure including a separator and first and second openings on opposing sides of the separator; and first and second arrays each including cells arranged such that terminals of the cells are on a terminal side of the array, wherein the terminal sides of the first and second arrays are each disposed in one of the first or second openings such that the terminal sides face the separator. 2. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the separator incudes a main portion having a pair of opposing major sides and at least one projection extending outwardly from each major side and engaging with the terminal side of one of the arrays to create a gap between the main portion and the terminal side. 3. The assembly of claim 1 wherein a portion of the terminal side of each of the arrays is spaced apart from at least a portion of the separator to create a cavity. 4. The assembly of claim 3 wherein each of the cells includes a vent located on the terminal side of the array and wherein at least one of the vents is in fluid communication with the cavity. 5. The assembly of claim 4 wherein the retention structure further includes a port in fluid communication with the cavity such that gases released from the vent can exit the retention structure via the port. 6. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the retention structure defines a channel configured to receive at least one of the terminals. 7. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the retention structure further includes a rectangular housing having a top wall, a bottom wall, and a pair of sidewalls cooperating to define an interior and wherein the separator is disposed within the interior and divides the interior into the first and second openings. 8. A traction-battery assembly comprising:
a retention structure defining a pair of receiving portions on opposite sides of the structure, wherein the portions have an inboard wall with a thermal plate thereon; and a pair of arrays each including cells having terminals arranged on a terminal side of the array, wherein each of the receiving portions has a portion of one of the arrays disposed therein such that the terminal side is touching the thermal plate. 9. The assembly of claim 8 wherein the retention structure includes at least two thermal plates disposed on each of the inboard walls and wherein the thermal plates disposed on a same inboard wall are spaced apart and cooperate to define a channel. 10. The assembly of claim 9 wherein each of the cells includes a vent that is located on the terminal side of the array and wherein at least one of the vents is in fluid communication with the channel. 11. The assembly of claim 10 wherein the retention structure further includes a port in fluid communication with the channel such that gases released from the vent can exit the retention structure via the port. 12. The assembly of claim 8 wherein each of the thermal plates includes a first branch and a second branch spaced apart and cooperating to define a channel that is in fluid communication with a port defined in an exterior of the retention structure. 13. The assembly of claim 8 wherein each of the inboard walls further includes a pair of projections extending outwardly therefrom, wherein the projections and inboard wall cooperate to define a recess, and wherein each of the thermal plates are disposed in the recess. 14. The assembly of claim 8 wherein each of the inboard walls defines at least one channel and at least one of the terminals is disposed within the channel. 15. A traction-battery assembly comprising:
a pair of cells each including a terminal side having at least one terminal, the cells being arranged such that the terminal side of one the cells faces the terminal side of the other of the cells and such that the terminal sides are spaced apart from each other; and at least one thermal plate disposed between the cells and touching at least one of the terminal sides. 16. The assembly of claim 15 wherein the thermal plate is touching both of the terminal sides. 17. The assembly of claim 15 wherein the at least one thermal plate includes two thermal plates and wherein each thermal plate is in contact with one of the cells. 18. The assembly of claim 17 further comprising a separator disposed between the thermal plates. 19. The assembly of claim 15 further comprising a retention structure including first and second receiving portions, wherein the terminal side of one of the cells is disposed within the first receiving portion and the terminal side of the other of the cells is disposed within the second receiving portion. 20. The assembly of claim 19 further comprising a separator disposed between the first and second receiving portions and defining a channel, wherein the thermal plate is at least partially disposed in the channel. | 1,700 |
2,252 | 14,428,167 | 1,777 | A slurry for treatment of oxyanion contamination in water including: an expandable bentonite having at least 0.50% sodium as disodium monoxide; said bentonite having or being treated to have a sodium content in excess of 3.00% sodium as disodium monoxide so as to provide a sodium activated bentonite; said sodium activated bentonite being treated with rare earth salts selected from lanthanum, cerium, yttrium and dysprosium to provide a plurality of active sequestration sites within or associated with the sodium bentonite. | 1-8. (canceled) 9. A slurry for treatment of oxyanion contamination in water including:
an expandable bentonite having at least 0.50% sodium as disodium monoxide; said bentonite having or being treated to have a sodium content in excess of 3.00% sodium as disodium monoxide so as to provide a sodium activated bentonite; said sodium activated bentonite being treated with rare earth salts selected from lanthanum, cerium, yttrium and dysprosium to provide a plurality of active sequestration sites within or associated with the sodium bentonite. 10. The slurry according to claim 9, wherein the rare earth salts are selected from lanthanum and cerium. 11. The slurry according to claim 10, wherein the rare earth salts are in the form of lanthanum phosphate (LaPO4). 12. The slurry according to claim 9, wherein the sodium activated bentonite is prepared by exchange of at least some of the divalent alkaline earth cations existing therein with sodium cations. 13. The slurry according to claim 12, wherein the source of the sodium cations is sodium carbonate provided as soda ash having a low bicarbonate content. 14. The slurry according to claim 11, wherein the sodium activated bentonite is prepared by exchange of at least some of the divalent alkaline earth cations existing therein with sodium cations. 15. The slurry according to claim 14, wherein the source of the sodium cations is sodium carbonate provided as soda ash having a low bicarbonate content. 16. A method of manufacture of a slurry for treatment of oxyanion contamination in water including:
selecting an expandable clay from bentonite having at least 0.50% sodium as disodium monoxide; further selecting or treating said bentonite to have a sodium content in excess of 3.00% sodium as disodium monoxide to provide a sodium activated bentonite; treating said sodium activated bentonite with rare earth salts selected from lanthanum, cerium, yttrium and dysprosium to provide a plurality of active sequestration sites within or associated with the sodium bentonite. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the rare earth salts are selected from lanthanum and cerium. 18. A method of treating waters at a site having oxyanion contamination including:
selecting or treating an expandable clay from bentonite having or to have in excess of 3.00% sodium as disodium monoxide as a sodium activated bentonite; drying the sodium activated bentonite to a powder or pellet; transporting the dried sodium activated bentonite to the site; transporting rare earth salts to the site; treating the sodium activated bentonite with the rare earth salts and water to provide a rare earth treated bentonite slurry; and distributing the rare earth treated bentonite slurry about the waters of the site. | A slurry for treatment of oxyanion contamination in water including: an expandable bentonite having at least 0.50% sodium as disodium monoxide; said bentonite having or being treated to have a sodium content in excess of 3.00% sodium as disodium monoxide so as to provide a sodium activated bentonite; said sodium activated bentonite being treated with rare earth salts selected from lanthanum, cerium, yttrium and dysprosium to provide a plurality of active sequestration sites within or associated with the sodium bentonite.1-8. (canceled) 9. A slurry for treatment of oxyanion contamination in water including:
an expandable bentonite having at least 0.50% sodium as disodium monoxide; said bentonite having or being treated to have a sodium content in excess of 3.00% sodium as disodium monoxide so as to provide a sodium activated bentonite; said sodium activated bentonite being treated with rare earth salts selected from lanthanum, cerium, yttrium and dysprosium to provide a plurality of active sequestration sites within or associated with the sodium bentonite. 10. The slurry according to claim 9, wherein the rare earth salts are selected from lanthanum and cerium. 11. The slurry according to claim 10, wherein the rare earth salts are in the form of lanthanum phosphate (LaPO4). 12. The slurry according to claim 9, wherein the sodium activated bentonite is prepared by exchange of at least some of the divalent alkaline earth cations existing therein with sodium cations. 13. The slurry according to claim 12, wherein the source of the sodium cations is sodium carbonate provided as soda ash having a low bicarbonate content. 14. The slurry according to claim 11, wherein the sodium activated bentonite is prepared by exchange of at least some of the divalent alkaline earth cations existing therein with sodium cations. 15. The slurry according to claim 14, wherein the source of the sodium cations is sodium carbonate provided as soda ash having a low bicarbonate content. 16. A method of manufacture of a slurry for treatment of oxyanion contamination in water including:
selecting an expandable clay from bentonite having at least 0.50% sodium as disodium monoxide; further selecting or treating said bentonite to have a sodium content in excess of 3.00% sodium as disodium monoxide to provide a sodium activated bentonite; treating said sodium activated bentonite with rare earth salts selected from lanthanum, cerium, yttrium and dysprosium to provide a plurality of active sequestration sites within or associated with the sodium bentonite. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the rare earth salts are selected from lanthanum and cerium. 18. A method of treating waters at a site having oxyanion contamination including:
selecting or treating an expandable clay from bentonite having or to have in excess of 3.00% sodium as disodium monoxide as a sodium activated bentonite; drying the sodium activated bentonite to a powder or pellet; transporting the dried sodium activated bentonite to the site; transporting rare earth salts to the site; treating the sodium activated bentonite with the rare earth salts and water to provide a rare earth treated bentonite slurry; and distributing the rare earth treated bentonite slurry about the waters of the site. | 1,700 |
2,253 | 15,605,636 | 1,742 | A denture is manufactured in a single visit using a pre-formed thermoplastic acrylic dental template chosen from a plurality of different sized dental templates, based on the size of a patient's alveolar edentulous ridge. The dental template includes a base thermoplastic acrylic with prosthetic teeth attached thereto. A viscous material such as an acrylic is added to the selected dental template and the dental template with the added viscous material is placed on the patient's alveolar edentulous ridge. The viscous material is then allowed to solidify to form a rigid or semi-rigid material with the template in proper position in three planes and properly border molded. After solidification a denture is formed that consists of a first base thermoplastic acrylic portion in conterminous relation with a second portion formed of the solidified material that had been added as a viscous material, and with teeth joined to the base thermoplastic acrylic portion. | 1-2. (canceled) 3. A method of producing a denture, said method comprising:
selecting for a patient having at least one edentulous alveolar ridge a pre-formed denture template from a plurality of pre-formed denture templates, wherein the plurality of pre-formed denture templates comprises pre-formed denture templates of at least four different sizes, wherein each pre-formed denture template of the plurality of pre-formed denture templates comprises:
a base portion formed out of a thermoplastic resin that is rigid when at a temperature less than about 80° C. and malleable when at a temperature greater than about 80° C., the base portion comprising a channel extending about a perimeter of the base portion and having an inner surface and an outer surface, wherein a shape of the channel generally corresponds to a shape of an alveolar ridge and wherein the channel is configured to at least partially accept an edentulous alveolar ridge; and
prosthetic teeth attached to the base portion;
wherein the pre-formed denture template is selected from the pre-formed denture templates of at least four different sizes to have a size generally corresponding to a size of the at least one edentulous alveolar ridge of the patient;
heating the base portion to a temperature of at least about 100° C. to render the thermoplastic resin of the base portion malleable and the base portion a malleable base portion, wherein the base portion may be made malleable by heating and then made rigid by cooling at least twice without losing structural integrity, and wherein the malleable base portion has no memory and stays where placed;
forming the malleable base portion to a stone model of a jaw of the patient, the stone model comprising at least one of an edentulous alveolar ridge and a palate vault, wherein forming the malleable base portion comprises forming at least one of a flange of the channel of the malleable base portion to at least a portion of the edentulous alveolar ridge of the stone model and forming a palate vault of the malleable base portion to the palate vault of the stone model;
reducing at least a portion the flange of the base portion until a top surface of the flange is about 2-3 mm away from a mucobuccal fold of the stone model;
after forming and reducing, cooling the base portion, placing the base portion over the edentulous alveolar ridge of the patient, and evaluating a fit of the base portion on the edentulous alveolar ridge;
after cooling the base portion, placing a viscous impression material inside the channel of the base portion of the pre-formed denture template;
positioning the channel of the base portion of the pre-formed denture template containing the viscous impression material over the edentulous alveolar ridge of the patient;
seating the pre-formed denture template on the edentulous alveolar ridge such that the edentulous alveolar ridge of the patient is pressed into the viscous impression material and toward the inner surface of the channel of the base portion, wherein the viscous impression material adheres to the base portion of the pre-formed denture template, and wherein at least a portion of the viscous impression material conforms to the edentulous alveolar ridge of the patient; and
allowing the viscous impression material to solidify. 4. The method of producing a denture of claim 3, wherein all steps of the method are performed in a single visit with a practitioner performing the method. 5. The method of producing a denture of claim 3, further comprising moving at least one tooth of the prosthetic teeth attached to the base portion to conform to a characteristic of the patient, wherein at least one tooth of the prosthetic teeth can be moved in any direction without detaching from the base portion; 6. A method of producing a denture, said method comprising:
selecting a pre-formed denture template from a plurality of pre-formed denture templates for a patient having at least one edentulous alveolar ridge, wherein the plurality of pre-formed denture templates comprises pre-formed denture templates of at least two different sizes, wherein each pre-formed denture template of the plurality of pre-formed denture templates comprises:
a base portion comprising a trough generally in the shape of an alveolar ridge and comprising a base, a front wall and a back wall, wherein the trough is configured to at least partially accept an edentulous alveolar ridge into the trough, wherein the base portion is formed out of a thermoplastic material that becomes malleable at a temperature between about 80 and 110° C. but is not malleable at temperatures below about 80° C.; and
prosthetic teeth attached to the base portion;
wherein the pre-formed denture template is selected from the pre-formed denture templates of at least two different sizes to have a size generally corresponding to a size of an edentulous alveolar ridge of the at least one edentulous alveolar ridge;
heating the base portion until at least a portion of the base portion becomes malleable, wherein the malleable portion of the base portion has no memory and remains in place after being moved;
after heating the base portion, forming a portion of the base portion to a model of a jaw of the patient, wherein the portion of the base portion formed to the model comprises at least one of a palate vault of the base portion and at least one of the front wall of the trough and the back wall of the trough;
reducing at least a portion of at least one of the front wall of the trough and the back wall of the trough to avoid an oral mucosal structure of the patient;
placing an impression material inside the trough;
positioning the trough containing the impression material over the edentulous alveolar ridge;
seating the pre-formed denture template on the one edentulous alveolar ridge such that the edentulous alveolar ridge is pressed into the impression material contained within the trough toward the base of the trough thereby causing at least a portion of the impression material contained within the trough to conform to both the trough and at least a portion of the edentulous alveolar ridge; and
allowing the impression material to solidify thereby forming a wearable mold of the edentulous alveolar ridge. 7. The method of producing a denture of claim 6, wherein all steps of the method are performed in a single visit with a practitioner performing the method. 8. The method of producing a denture of claim 6, further comprising after heating the base portion, moving at least one tooth of the prosthetic teeth from a first location in at least one dimension to a second location without removing the at least one tooth from the base portion. 9. The method of producing a denture of claim 6, further comprising after at least one of forming and reducing, placing the base portion of the pre-formed denture template over the edentulous alveolar ridge of the patient to evaluate fit of the base portion on the edentulous alveolar ridge of the patient. 10. The method of producing a denture of claim 9, further comprising repeating the heating and forming steps in response to evaluating the fit of the base portion on the edentulous alveolar ridge. 11. The method of producing a denture of claim 6, wherein during the heating step at least a portion of the base portion reaches a temperature of at least about 100° C. 12. The method of producing a denture of claim 6, wherein at least a portion of the base portion remains rigid throughout all steps of the method. 13. The method of producing a denture of claim 12, wherein only at least one of a palate vault of the base portion, the front wall of the trough, and the back wall of the trough becomes malleable as a result of the heating step. 14. The method of producing a denture of claim 12, wherein only at least one of a palate vault of the base portion, the front wall of the trough, the back wall of the trough, and a coupling location of at least one tooth of the prosthetic teeth becomes malleable as a result of the heating step. 15. A method of producing a denture, said method comprising:
providing a pre-formed denture template for a patient having at least one edentulous alveolar ridge, wherein the pre-formed denture template comprises:
a base portion comprising a u-shaped channel generally in the shape of an alveolar ridge and being configured to at least partially accept an edentulous alveolar ridge into the u-shaped channel, wherein the base portion is formed out of a thermoplastic that becomes malleable when heated to a temperature greater than about 80° C.; and
prosthetic teeth attached to the base portion;
heating the base portion so that at least a portion of the base portion reaches a temperature greater than about 80° C. and at least a portion of the base portion becomes malleable and the base portion becomes an at least partially malleable base portion; forming at least a portion of the at least partially malleable base portion to a model of a jaw of the patient, the model comprising at least one of an edentulous alveolar ridge and a palate vault, wherein forming at least a portion of the at least partially malleable base portion comprises forming at least one of a flange of the u-shaped channel of at least partially malleable base portion to at least a portion of the edentulous alveolar ridge of the model and forming a palate vault of the at least partially malleable base portion to the palate vault of the model; after forming at least a portion of the at least partially malleable base portion to a model, cooling the at least partially malleable base portion so that the base portion is no longer at least partially malleable; after cooling, placing an impression material inside the u-shaped channel of the base portion of the pre-formed denture template; positioning the u-shaped channel containing the impression material over an edentulous alveolar ridge of the at least one edentulous alveolar ridge of the patient; seating the pre-formed denture template on the edentulous alveolar ridge such that the edentulous alveolar ridge is pressed into the impression material contained within the u-shaped channel thereby conforming at least a portion of the impression material contained within the u-shaped channel to the edentulous alveolar ridge; and allowing the impression material to solidify into a negative of the edentulous alveolar ridge. 16. The method of producing a denture of claim 15, wherein all steps of the method are performed in a single visit with a practitioner performing the method. 17. The method of producing a denture of claim 15, further comprising selecting the pre-formed denture template for the patient having at least one edentulous alveolar ridge from a plurality of pre-formed denture templates, wherein the plurality of pre-formed denture templates comprises pre-formed denture templates of at least two different sizes. 18. The method of producing a denture of claim 15, wherein the pre-formed denture template is selected from the pre-formed denture templates of at least two different sizes to correspond to a size of the at least one edentulous alveolar ridge. 19. The method of producing a denture of claim 15, wherein the thermoplastic becomes malleable when heated to a temperature of about 110° C. 20. The method of producing a denture of claim 15, wherein the heating step comprises heating the base portion so that at least a portion of the base portion reaches a temperature of at least about 100° C. 21. The method of producing a denture of claim 15, wherein the heating step comprises heating the base portion so that at least a portion of the base portion remains rigid while at least a portion of the base portion becomes malleable. 22. The method of producing a denture of claim 21, wherein only at least one of the flange of the u-shaped channel and the palate vault of the base portion becomes malleable while the remaining portion of the base portion remains rigid and the prosthetic teeth may not be moved with respect to the base portion. 23. The method of producing a denture of claim 21, wherein only at least one of the flange of the u-shaped channel and the palate vault of the base portion and a surrounding of at least one tooth of the prosthetic teeth becomes malleable while the remaining portion of the base portion remains rigid. 24. The method of producing a denture of claim 23, further comprising moving the at least one tooth of the prosthetic teeth attached to the base portion to conform to a characteristic of the patient. 25. The method of producing a denture of claim 15, wherein the base portion may be heated to a temperature at which it is malleable and subsequently cooled to a temperature at which it is rigid at least twice without losing structural integrity. 26. The method of producing a denture of claim 15, further comprising reducing at least a portion the flange of the u-shaped channel of the base portion until a top surface of the flange is about 2-3 mm away from a mucobuccal fold of the model. 27. The method of producing a denture of claim 15, further comprising after forming and cooling, placing the base portion over the edentulous alveolar ridge of the patient, and evaluating a fit of the base portion on the edentulous alveolar ridge. 28. The method of producing a denture of claim 27, further comprising repeating at least one of the heating, forming, and cooling steps in response to evaluating the fit of the base portion on the edentulous alveolar ridge. 29. The method of producing a denture of claim 15, further comprising border molding at least a portion of the impression material around at least a portion of the u-shaped channel. 30. The method of producing a denture of claim 15, wherein the pre-formed denture template comprises at least one of a maxillary pre-formed denture template configured to conform to at least one maxillary structure of the patient comprising at least a palatal vault, and a mandibular pre-formed denture template configured to conform to at least one mandibular structure of the patient comprising at least a lingual space. 31. The method of producing a denture of claim 15, wherein the denture produced comprises a maxillary denture, the method further comprising producing a mandibular denture, wherein the maxillary denture is used to align the mandibular denture within a mouth of the patient during at least one step of producing the mandibular denture. 32. The method of producing a denture of claim 15, wherein the denture produced comprises a mandibular denture, the method further comprising producing a maxillary denture, wherein the mandibular denture is used to align the maxillary denture within a mouth of the patient during at least one step of producing the maxillary denture. | A denture is manufactured in a single visit using a pre-formed thermoplastic acrylic dental template chosen from a plurality of different sized dental templates, based on the size of a patient's alveolar edentulous ridge. The dental template includes a base thermoplastic acrylic with prosthetic teeth attached thereto. A viscous material such as an acrylic is added to the selected dental template and the dental template with the added viscous material is placed on the patient's alveolar edentulous ridge. The viscous material is then allowed to solidify to form a rigid or semi-rigid material with the template in proper position in three planes and properly border molded. After solidification a denture is formed that consists of a first base thermoplastic acrylic portion in conterminous relation with a second portion formed of the solidified material that had been added as a viscous material, and with teeth joined to the base thermoplastic acrylic portion.1-2. (canceled) 3. A method of producing a denture, said method comprising:
selecting for a patient having at least one edentulous alveolar ridge a pre-formed denture template from a plurality of pre-formed denture templates, wherein the plurality of pre-formed denture templates comprises pre-formed denture templates of at least four different sizes, wherein each pre-formed denture template of the plurality of pre-formed denture templates comprises:
a base portion formed out of a thermoplastic resin that is rigid when at a temperature less than about 80° C. and malleable when at a temperature greater than about 80° C., the base portion comprising a channel extending about a perimeter of the base portion and having an inner surface and an outer surface, wherein a shape of the channel generally corresponds to a shape of an alveolar ridge and wherein the channel is configured to at least partially accept an edentulous alveolar ridge; and
prosthetic teeth attached to the base portion;
wherein the pre-formed denture template is selected from the pre-formed denture templates of at least four different sizes to have a size generally corresponding to a size of the at least one edentulous alveolar ridge of the patient;
heating the base portion to a temperature of at least about 100° C. to render the thermoplastic resin of the base portion malleable and the base portion a malleable base portion, wherein the base portion may be made malleable by heating and then made rigid by cooling at least twice without losing structural integrity, and wherein the malleable base portion has no memory and stays where placed;
forming the malleable base portion to a stone model of a jaw of the patient, the stone model comprising at least one of an edentulous alveolar ridge and a palate vault, wherein forming the malleable base portion comprises forming at least one of a flange of the channel of the malleable base portion to at least a portion of the edentulous alveolar ridge of the stone model and forming a palate vault of the malleable base portion to the palate vault of the stone model;
reducing at least a portion the flange of the base portion until a top surface of the flange is about 2-3 mm away from a mucobuccal fold of the stone model;
after forming and reducing, cooling the base portion, placing the base portion over the edentulous alveolar ridge of the patient, and evaluating a fit of the base portion on the edentulous alveolar ridge;
after cooling the base portion, placing a viscous impression material inside the channel of the base portion of the pre-formed denture template;
positioning the channel of the base portion of the pre-formed denture template containing the viscous impression material over the edentulous alveolar ridge of the patient;
seating the pre-formed denture template on the edentulous alveolar ridge such that the edentulous alveolar ridge of the patient is pressed into the viscous impression material and toward the inner surface of the channel of the base portion, wherein the viscous impression material adheres to the base portion of the pre-formed denture template, and wherein at least a portion of the viscous impression material conforms to the edentulous alveolar ridge of the patient; and
allowing the viscous impression material to solidify. 4. The method of producing a denture of claim 3, wherein all steps of the method are performed in a single visit with a practitioner performing the method. 5. The method of producing a denture of claim 3, further comprising moving at least one tooth of the prosthetic teeth attached to the base portion to conform to a characteristic of the patient, wherein at least one tooth of the prosthetic teeth can be moved in any direction without detaching from the base portion; 6. A method of producing a denture, said method comprising:
selecting a pre-formed denture template from a plurality of pre-formed denture templates for a patient having at least one edentulous alveolar ridge, wherein the plurality of pre-formed denture templates comprises pre-formed denture templates of at least two different sizes, wherein each pre-formed denture template of the plurality of pre-formed denture templates comprises:
a base portion comprising a trough generally in the shape of an alveolar ridge and comprising a base, a front wall and a back wall, wherein the trough is configured to at least partially accept an edentulous alveolar ridge into the trough, wherein the base portion is formed out of a thermoplastic material that becomes malleable at a temperature between about 80 and 110° C. but is not malleable at temperatures below about 80° C.; and
prosthetic teeth attached to the base portion;
wherein the pre-formed denture template is selected from the pre-formed denture templates of at least two different sizes to have a size generally corresponding to a size of an edentulous alveolar ridge of the at least one edentulous alveolar ridge;
heating the base portion until at least a portion of the base portion becomes malleable, wherein the malleable portion of the base portion has no memory and remains in place after being moved;
after heating the base portion, forming a portion of the base portion to a model of a jaw of the patient, wherein the portion of the base portion formed to the model comprises at least one of a palate vault of the base portion and at least one of the front wall of the trough and the back wall of the trough;
reducing at least a portion of at least one of the front wall of the trough and the back wall of the trough to avoid an oral mucosal structure of the patient;
placing an impression material inside the trough;
positioning the trough containing the impression material over the edentulous alveolar ridge;
seating the pre-formed denture template on the one edentulous alveolar ridge such that the edentulous alveolar ridge is pressed into the impression material contained within the trough toward the base of the trough thereby causing at least a portion of the impression material contained within the trough to conform to both the trough and at least a portion of the edentulous alveolar ridge; and
allowing the impression material to solidify thereby forming a wearable mold of the edentulous alveolar ridge. 7. The method of producing a denture of claim 6, wherein all steps of the method are performed in a single visit with a practitioner performing the method. 8. The method of producing a denture of claim 6, further comprising after heating the base portion, moving at least one tooth of the prosthetic teeth from a first location in at least one dimension to a second location without removing the at least one tooth from the base portion. 9. The method of producing a denture of claim 6, further comprising after at least one of forming and reducing, placing the base portion of the pre-formed denture template over the edentulous alveolar ridge of the patient to evaluate fit of the base portion on the edentulous alveolar ridge of the patient. 10. The method of producing a denture of claim 9, further comprising repeating the heating and forming steps in response to evaluating the fit of the base portion on the edentulous alveolar ridge. 11. The method of producing a denture of claim 6, wherein during the heating step at least a portion of the base portion reaches a temperature of at least about 100° C. 12. The method of producing a denture of claim 6, wherein at least a portion of the base portion remains rigid throughout all steps of the method. 13. The method of producing a denture of claim 12, wherein only at least one of a palate vault of the base portion, the front wall of the trough, and the back wall of the trough becomes malleable as a result of the heating step. 14. The method of producing a denture of claim 12, wherein only at least one of a palate vault of the base portion, the front wall of the trough, the back wall of the trough, and a coupling location of at least one tooth of the prosthetic teeth becomes malleable as a result of the heating step. 15. A method of producing a denture, said method comprising:
providing a pre-formed denture template for a patient having at least one edentulous alveolar ridge, wherein the pre-formed denture template comprises:
a base portion comprising a u-shaped channel generally in the shape of an alveolar ridge and being configured to at least partially accept an edentulous alveolar ridge into the u-shaped channel, wherein the base portion is formed out of a thermoplastic that becomes malleable when heated to a temperature greater than about 80° C.; and
prosthetic teeth attached to the base portion;
heating the base portion so that at least a portion of the base portion reaches a temperature greater than about 80° C. and at least a portion of the base portion becomes malleable and the base portion becomes an at least partially malleable base portion; forming at least a portion of the at least partially malleable base portion to a model of a jaw of the patient, the model comprising at least one of an edentulous alveolar ridge and a palate vault, wherein forming at least a portion of the at least partially malleable base portion comprises forming at least one of a flange of the u-shaped channel of at least partially malleable base portion to at least a portion of the edentulous alveolar ridge of the model and forming a palate vault of the at least partially malleable base portion to the palate vault of the model; after forming at least a portion of the at least partially malleable base portion to a model, cooling the at least partially malleable base portion so that the base portion is no longer at least partially malleable; after cooling, placing an impression material inside the u-shaped channel of the base portion of the pre-formed denture template; positioning the u-shaped channel containing the impression material over an edentulous alveolar ridge of the at least one edentulous alveolar ridge of the patient; seating the pre-formed denture template on the edentulous alveolar ridge such that the edentulous alveolar ridge is pressed into the impression material contained within the u-shaped channel thereby conforming at least a portion of the impression material contained within the u-shaped channel to the edentulous alveolar ridge; and allowing the impression material to solidify into a negative of the edentulous alveolar ridge. 16. The method of producing a denture of claim 15, wherein all steps of the method are performed in a single visit with a practitioner performing the method. 17. The method of producing a denture of claim 15, further comprising selecting the pre-formed denture template for the patient having at least one edentulous alveolar ridge from a plurality of pre-formed denture templates, wherein the plurality of pre-formed denture templates comprises pre-formed denture templates of at least two different sizes. 18. The method of producing a denture of claim 15, wherein the pre-formed denture template is selected from the pre-formed denture templates of at least two different sizes to correspond to a size of the at least one edentulous alveolar ridge. 19. The method of producing a denture of claim 15, wherein the thermoplastic becomes malleable when heated to a temperature of about 110° C. 20. The method of producing a denture of claim 15, wherein the heating step comprises heating the base portion so that at least a portion of the base portion reaches a temperature of at least about 100° C. 21. The method of producing a denture of claim 15, wherein the heating step comprises heating the base portion so that at least a portion of the base portion remains rigid while at least a portion of the base portion becomes malleable. 22. The method of producing a denture of claim 21, wherein only at least one of the flange of the u-shaped channel and the palate vault of the base portion becomes malleable while the remaining portion of the base portion remains rigid and the prosthetic teeth may not be moved with respect to the base portion. 23. The method of producing a denture of claim 21, wherein only at least one of the flange of the u-shaped channel and the palate vault of the base portion and a surrounding of at least one tooth of the prosthetic teeth becomes malleable while the remaining portion of the base portion remains rigid. 24. The method of producing a denture of claim 23, further comprising moving the at least one tooth of the prosthetic teeth attached to the base portion to conform to a characteristic of the patient. 25. The method of producing a denture of claim 15, wherein the base portion may be heated to a temperature at which it is malleable and subsequently cooled to a temperature at which it is rigid at least twice without losing structural integrity. 26. The method of producing a denture of claim 15, further comprising reducing at least a portion the flange of the u-shaped channel of the base portion until a top surface of the flange is about 2-3 mm away from a mucobuccal fold of the model. 27. The method of producing a denture of claim 15, further comprising after forming and cooling, placing the base portion over the edentulous alveolar ridge of the patient, and evaluating a fit of the base portion on the edentulous alveolar ridge. 28. The method of producing a denture of claim 27, further comprising repeating at least one of the heating, forming, and cooling steps in response to evaluating the fit of the base portion on the edentulous alveolar ridge. 29. The method of producing a denture of claim 15, further comprising border molding at least a portion of the impression material around at least a portion of the u-shaped channel. 30. The method of producing a denture of claim 15, wherein the pre-formed denture template comprises at least one of a maxillary pre-formed denture template configured to conform to at least one maxillary structure of the patient comprising at least a palatal vault, and a mandibular pre-formed denture template configured to conform to at least one mandibular structure of the patient comprising at least a lingual space. 31. The method of producing a denture of claim 15, wherein the denture produced comprises a maxillary denture, the method further comprising producing a mandibular denture, wherein the maxillary denture is used to align the mandibular denture within a mouth of the patient during at least one step of producing the mandibular denture. 32. The method of producing a denture of claim 15, wherein the denture produced comprises a mandibular denture, the method further comprising producing a maxillary denture, wherein the mandibular denture is used to align the maxillary denture within a mouth of the patient during at least one step of producing the maxillary denture. | 1,700 |
2,254 | 14,391,253 | 1,712 | Graphene can be produced from the byproducts formed during electrolysis of coal. These byproducts may be electrolyzed coal particles, gelatinous film formed on the electrolyzed coal particles, or the electrolyzed coal particles together with the gelatinous film. The electrolyzed coal byproduct is deposited as a thin layer onto a surface, or carrier substrate 50, which is heated to a temperature effective to form graphite while a reductant gas, such as hydrogen, flows over the heated coal product. The reductant gas flow carries the carbon particles and deposits them onto a surface 66, forming a layer of graphene thereon. | 1. A method of forming graphene comprising heating electrolyzed coal to a temperature effective to form graphite in the presence of a flowing stream of reductant gas wherein the stream of reductant gas deposits graphene onto a surface. 2. The method claimed in claim 1 wherein said electrolyzed coal is deposited as a thin layer onto a substrate and said reductant gas is passed at elevated temperatures over said thin layer. 3. The method claimed in claim 2 wherein said electrolyzed coal comprises a gelatinous material formed on electrolyzed coal particles. 4. The method claimed in claim 2 wherein said electrolyzed coal comprises electrolyzed coal particles coated with a gelatinous film which is formed during the electrolysis process. 5. The method claimed in claim 2 wherein said electrolyzed coal comprises electrolyzed coal particles. 6. The method claimed in claim 2 wherein said reductant gas comprises hydrogen and an inert carrier gas. 7. The method claimed in claim 6 wherein said reductant gas comprises hydrogen and nitrogen. 8. The method claimed in claim 7 wherein the reductant gas flows at a rate of 0.8 SLPM. 9. The method claimed in claim 6 wherein said temperature is greater than 400° centigrade. 10. The method claimed in claim 9 wherein said temperature is greater than 490° centigrade. 11. The method claimed in claim 10 wherein said temperature is greater than 700° centigrade and less than 1000° centigrade. 12. The method claimed in claim 1 further comprising flowing a stream of an inert gas prior to the flowing of the stream of reductant gas. 13. The method claimed in claim 12 wherein the inert gas is argon. 14. The method claimed in claim 1 further comprising rapidly cooling the surface subsequent to the heating step. 15. The method claimed in claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises copper foil. 16. The method claimed in claim 1 wherein the surface comprises copper foil. 17. The method claimed in claim 1 wherein the electrolyzed coal has been electrolyzed at a current density greater than 30 mA/cm2 and less than 200 mA/cm2. 18. The method claimed in claim 17 wherein the electrolyzed coal has been electrolyzed at a current density greater than 90 mA/cm2. 19. The method claimed in claim 1 wherein the electrolyzed coal has been electrolyzed at a temperature equal to or greater than 80° centigrade. 20. The method claimed in claim 4 the depositing of the electrolyzed coal onto the substrate further comprising dispersing the electrolyzed coal in a carrier, using a gas sprayer to dispense the electrolyzed coal in the carrier onto the substrate, and evaporating the carrier. 21. The method claimed in claim 5 the depositing of the electrolyzed coal onto the substrate further comprising dispersing the electrolyzed coal in a carrier, using a gas sprayer to dispense the electrolyzed coal in the carrier onto the substrate, and evaporating the carrier. | Graphene can be produced from the byproducts formed during electrolysis of coal. These byproducts may be electrolyzed coal particles, gelatinous film formed on the electrolyzed coal particles, or the electrolyzed coal particles together with the gelatinous film. The electrolyzed coal byproduct is deposited as a thin layer onto a surface, or carrier substrate 50, which is heated to a temperature effective to form graphite while a reductant gas, such as hydrogen, flows over the heated coal product. The reductant gas flow carries the carbon particles and deposits them onto a surface 66, forming a layer of graphene thereon.1. A method of forming graphene comprising heating electrolyzed coal to a temperature effective to form graphite in the presence of a flowing stream of reductant gas wherein the stream of reductant gas deposits graphene onto a surface. 2. The method claimed in claim 1 wherein said electrolyzed coal is deposited as a thin layer onto a substrate and said reductant gas is passed at elevated temperatures over said thin layer. 3. The method claimed in claim 2 wherein said electrolyzed coal comprises a gelatinous material formed on electrolyzed coal particles. 4. The method claimed in claim 2 wherein said electrolyzed coal comprises electrolyzed coal particles coated with a gelatinous film which is formed during the electrolysis process. 5. The method claimed in claim 2 wherein said electrolyzed coal comprises electrolyzed coal particles. 6. The method claimed in claim 2 wherein said reductant gas comprises hydrogen and an inert carrier gas. 7. The method claimed in claim 6 wherein said reductant gas comprises hydrogen and nitrogen. 8. The method claimed in claim 7 wherein the reductant gas flows at a rate of 0.8 SLPM. 9. The method claimed in claim 6 wherein said temperature is greater than 400° centigrade. 10. The method claimed in claim 9 wherein said temperature is greater than 490° centigrade. 11. The method claimed in claim 10 wherein said temperature is greater than 700° centigrade and less than 1000° centigrade. 12. The method claimed in claim 1 further comprising flowing a stream of an inert gas prior to the flowing of the stream of reductant gas. 13. The method claimed in claim 12 wherein the inert gas is argon. 14. The method claimed in claim 1 further comprising rapidly cooling the surface subsequent to the heating step. 15. The method claimed in claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises copper foil. 16. The method claimed in claim 1 wherein the surface comprises copper foil. 17. The method claimed in claim 1 wherein the electrolyzed coal has been electrolyzed at a current density greater than 30 mA/cm2 and less than 200 mA/cm2. 18. The method claimed in claim 17 wherein the electrolyzed coal has been electrolyzed at a current density greater than 90 mA/cm2. 19. The method claimed in claim 1 wherein the electrolyzed coal has been electrolyzed at a temperature equal to or greater than 80° centigrade. 20. The method claimed in claim 4 the depositing of the electrolyzed coal onto the substrate further comprising dispersing the electrolyzed coal in a carrier, using a gas sprayer to dispense the electrolyzed coal in the carrier onto the substrate, and evaporating the carrier. 21. The method claimed in claim 5 the depositing of the electrolyzed coal onto the substrate further comprising dispersing the electrolyzed coal in a carrier, using a gas sprayer to dispense the electrolyzed coal in the carrier onto the substrate, and evaporating the carrier. | 1,700 |
2,255 | 14,529,127 | 1,732 | The present invention relates to a stable palladium ion catalyst aqueous solution for electroless metal plating that does not use boric acid and can be used stably over a wide pH range. The catalyst solution for electroless plating of the present invention contains palladium ion, palladium ion complexing agent, and a specific amine compound and is alkaline. | 1. A catalyst solution having a pH higher than 7 containing palladium ion, palladium ion complexing agent, and a compound having a buffering action in the alkaline region represented by the following general formula (1):
wherein R1 and R2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group having 1-17 carbon atoms, or aryl group; R1 and R2 may each by substituted by a hydroxyl group, hydroxyalkyl group, or cycloalkyl group; R1 and R2 may bond to each other and form a ring, and they may bond together with hetero atoms and form a ring; however, R1 and R2 are not simultaneously hydrogen atoms; R3 represents an alkylene group having 1-14 carbon atoms and may be substituted by a hydroxyl group, alkyl group, or hydroxyalkyl group; A represents SO3X or COOX; X represents a monovalent cation. 2. A catalyst solution according to claim 1 wherein the palladium ion complexing agent is a compound having 2 or more amino groups. 3. A catalyst solution according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the compound represented by general formula (1) is 2-cyclohexylaminoethanesulfonic acid, 3-cyclohexylaminopropanesulfonic acid, or diethanol glycine. 4. A catalyst solution according to any of claims 1-3 wherein the content of compound represented by general formula 1 is 1-20 times by molar ratio in relationship to the palladium ion. 5. A catalyst solution according to any of claims 1-4 wherein the content of palladium ion complexing agent is 0.5-5 times by molar ratio in relationship to the palladium ion. 6. A method for forming an electroless plating film on a substrate including a step for bringing the substrate into contact with a catalyst solution according to any of claims 1-5. | The present invention relates to a stable palladium ion catalyst aqueous solution for electroless metal plating that does not use boric acid and can be used stably over a wide pH range. The catalyst solution for electroless plating of the present invention contains palladium ion, palladium ion complexing agent, and a specific amine compound and is alkaline.1. A catalyst solution having a pH higher than 7 containing palladium ion, palladium ion complexing agent, and a compound having a buffering action in the alkaline region represented by the following general formula (1):
wherein R1 and R2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group having 1-17 carbon atoms, or aryl group; R1 and R2 may each by substituted by a hydroxyl group, hydroxyalkyl group, or cycloalkyl group; R1 and R2 may bond to each other and form a ring, and they may bond together with hetero atoms and form a ring; however, R1 and R2 are not simultaneously hydrogen atoms; R3 represents an alkylene group having 1-14 carbon atoms and may be substituted by a hydroxyl group, alkyl group, or hydroxyalkyl group; A represents SO3X or COOX; X represents a monovalent cation. 2. A catalyst solution according to claim 1 wherein the palladium ion complexing agent is a compound having 2 or more amino groups. 3. A catalyst solution according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the compound represented by general formula (1) is 2-cyclohexylaminoethanesulfonic acid, 3-cyclohexylaminopropanesulfonic acid, or diethanol glycine. 4. A catalyst solution according to any of claims 1-3 wherein the content of compound represented by general formula 1 is 1-20 times by molar ratio in relationship to the palladium ion. 5. A catalyst solution according to any of claims 1-4 wherein the content of palladium ion complexing agent is 0.5-5 times by molar ratio in relationship to the palladium ion. 6. A method for forming an electroless plating film on a substrate including a step for bringing the substrate into contact with a catalyst solution according to any of claims 1-5. | 1,700 |
2,256 | 14,894,697 | 1,733 | A grain-oriented electrical steel sheet subjected to magnetic domain refining by linearly introducing strains in a direction intersecting a rolling direction of the steel sheet repeatedly with intervals in the rolling direction, wherein if a repeating interval of the strains in the rolling direction is d (mm) and, when the steel sheet is placed on a flat surface, a mean value of difference between a height from the flat surface in linear strain-introduced areas of a steel sheet surface and a height from the flat surface in intermediate points between adjacent linear strain-introduced areas is h (mm), then the ratio h/d of the h to the d is 0.0025 or more and 0.015 or less. | 1. A grain-oriented electrical steel sheet subjected to magnetic domain refining by linearly introducing strains in a direction intersecting a rolling direction of the steel sheet repeatedly with intervals in the rolling direction,
wherein if a repeating interval of the strains in the rolling direction is d (mm) and, when the steel sheet is placed on a flat surface, a mean value of difference between a height from the flat surface in linear strain-introduced areas of a steel sheet surface and a height from the flat surface in intermediate points between adjacent linear strain-introduced areas is h (mm), then the ratio h/d of the h to the d is 0.0025 or more and 0.015 or less. 2. The grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein the d is 3 mm or more and 6 mm or less. 3. The grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein the strain is formed by electron beam irradiation. 4. A transformer iron core using the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 1. 5. The grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 2, wherein the strain is formed by electron beam irradiation. 6. A transformer iron core using the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 2. 7. A transformer iron core using the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 3. 8. A transformer iron core using the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 5. 1. A grain-oriented electrical steel sheet subjected to magnetic domain refining by linearly introducing strains in a direction intersecting a rolling direction of the steel sheet repeatedly with intervals in the rolling direction, wherein if a repeating interval of the strains in the rolling direction is d (mm) and, when the steel sheet is placed on a flat surface, a mean value of difference between a height from the flat surface in linear strain-introduced areas of a steel sheet surface and a height from the flat surface in intermediate points between adjacent linear strain-introduced areas is h (mm), then the ratio h/d of the h to the d is 0.0025 or more and 0.015 or less. 3. The grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the strain is formed by electron beam irradiation. 4. A transformer iron core using the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to any one of claims 1 to 3. | A grain-oriented electrical steel sheet subjected to magnetic domain refining by linearly introducing strains in a direction intersecting a rolling direction of the steel sheet repeatedly with intervals in the rolling direction, wherein if a repeating interval of the strains in the rolling direction is d (mm) and, when the steel sheet is placed on a flat surface, a mean value of difference between a height from the flat surface in linear strain-introduced areas of a steel sheet surface and a height from the flat surface in intermediate points between adjacent linear strain-introduced areas is h (mm), then the ratio h/d of the h to the d is 0.0025 or more and 0.015 or less.1. A grain-oriented electrical steel sheet subjected to magnetic domain refining by linearly introducing strains in a direction intersecting a rolling direction of the steel sheet repeatedly with intervals in the rolling direction,
wherein if a repeating interval of the strains in the rolling direction is d (mm) and, when the steel sheet is placed on a flat surface, a mean value of difference between a height from the flat surface in linear strain-introduced areas of a steel sheet surface and a height from the flat surface in intermediate points between adjacent linear strain-introduced areas is h (mm), then the ratio h/d of the h to the d is 0.0025 or more and 0.015 or less. 2. The grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein the d is 3 mm or more and 6 mm or less. 3. The grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein the strain is formed by electron beam irradiation. 4. A transformer iron core using the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 1. 5. The grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 2, wherein the strain is formed by electron beam irradiation. 6. A transformer iron core using the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 2. 7. A transformer iron core using the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 3. 8. A transformer iron core using the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 5. 1. A grain-oriented electrical steel sheet subjected to magnetic domain refining by linearly introducing strains in a direction intersecting a rolling direction of the steel sheet repeatedly with intervals in the rolling direction, wherein if a repeating interval of the strains in the rolling direction is d (mm) and, when the steel sheet is placed on a flat surface, a mean value of difference between a height from the flat surface in linear strain-introduced areas of a steel sheet surface and a height from the flat surface in intermediate points between adjacent linear strain-introduced areas is h (mm), then the ratio h/d of the h to the d is 0.0025 or more and 0.015 or less. 3. The grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the strain is formed by electron beam irradiation. 4. A transformer iron core using the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to any one of claims 1 to 3. | 1,700 |
2,257 | 14,199,557 | 1,794 | A mask assembly for a coating system includes a second mask that mounts to a first mask and is retained thereto by a pin. A method of masking a component for a cathodic arc vapor deposition system includes retaining a first mask to a second mask with a platter mount pin. | 1. A mask assembly for a coating system comprising:
a first mask; and a second mask that mounts to said first mask and is retained thereto by a pin. 2. The mask assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said pin is a platter mount pin. 3. The mask assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said first mask includes a first pin aperture. 4. The mask assembly as recited in claim 3, wherein said second mask includes a second pin aperture. 5. The mask assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said first mask includes a hook. 6. The mask assembly as recited in claim 5, wherein said second mask includes a tab at least partially received in said hook. 7. The mask assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said first mask includes a hook and a first pin aperture. 8. The mask assembly as recited in claim 7, wherein said second mask includes a tab and a second pin aperture. 9. The mask assembly as recited in claim 8, wherein said first pin aperture is aligned with said second pin aperture when said second mask mounts to said first mask. 10. The mask assembly as recited in claim 9, wherein said tab is at least partially received in said hook when said second mask mounts to said first mask. 11. The mask assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said first mask includes a hook and a first pin aperture, said hook extends from a first end of said first mask and said pin aperture in a second end of said first mask, said first end opposite said second end. 12. The mask assembly as recited in claim 11, wherein said second mask includes a tab and a second pin aperture, said tab extends from a first end of said second mask and said second pin aperture in a second end of said second mask, said first end opposite said second end. 13. The mask assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said first mask includes a first interface and a first pin aperture, said first interface extends from a first end of said first mask, said pin aperture in a second end of said first mask, said first end opposite said second end. 14. The mask assembly as recited in claim 13, wherein said second mask includes a second interface engageable with said first interface and a second pin aperture alignable with said first pin aperture. 15. A method of masking a component for a cathodic arc vapor deposition system comprising:
retaining a first mask to a second mask with a platter mount pin. 16. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising:
locating a rotor blade within the first mask and the second mask. 17. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising:
locating the platter mount pin within a platter of the cathodic arc vapor deposition system. 18. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising:
assembling a tab in the second mask into a hook of the first mask. 19. The method as recited in claim 18, further comprising:
aligning a first pin aperture of the first mask with a second pin aperture of the second mask. | A mask assembly for a coating system includes a second mask that mounts to a first mask and is retained thereto by a pin. A method of masking a component for a cathodic arc vapor deposition system includes retaining a first mask to a second mask with a platter mount pin.1. A mask assembly for a coating system comprising:
a first mask; and a second mask that mounts to said first mask and is retained thereto by a pin. 2. The mask assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said pin is a platter mount pin. 3. The mask assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said first mask includes a first pin aperture. 4. The mask assembly as recited in claim 3, wherein said second mask includes a second pin aperture. 5. The mask assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said first mask includes a hook. 6. The mask assembly as recited in claim 5, wherein said second mask includes a tab at least partially received in said hook. 7. The mask assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said first mask includes a hook and a first pin aperture. 8. The mask assembly as recited in claim 7, wherein said second mask includes a tab and a second pin aperture. 9. The mask assembly as recited in claim 8, wherein said first pin aperture is aligned with said second pin aperture when said second mask mounts to said first mask. 10. The mask assembly as recited in claim 9, wherein said tab is at least partially received in said hook when said second mask mounts to said first mask. 11. The mask assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said first mask includes a hook and a first pin aperture, said hook extends from a first end of said first mask and said pin aperture in a second end of said first mask, said first end opposite said second end. 12. The mask assembly as recited in claim 11, wherein said second mask includes a tab and a second pin aperture, said tab extends from a first end of said second mask and said second pin aperture in a second end of said second mask, said first end opposite said second end. 13. The mask assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said first mask includes a first interface and a first pin aperture, said first interface extends from a first end of said first mask, said pin aperture in a second end of said first mask, said first end opposite said second end. 14. The mask assembly as recited in claim 13, wherein said second mask includes a second interface engageable with said first interface and a second pin aperture alignable with said first pin aperture. 15. A method of masking a component for a cathodic arc vapor deposition system comprising:
retaining a first mask to a second mask with a platter mount pin. 16. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising:
locating a rotor blade within the first mask and the second mask. 17. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising:
locating the platter mount pin within a platter of the cathodic arc vapor deposition system. 18. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising:
assembling a tab in the second mask into a hook of the first mask. 19. The method as recited in claim 18, further comprising:
aligning a first pin aperture of the first mask with a second pin aperture of the second mask. | 1,700 |
2,258 | 15,358,641 | 1,792 | A method of cooking utilizes a splatter shield to control grease splatter from food being cooked within a cooking vessel. The splatter shield includes a generally annular sidewall that slopes upwardly and radially inwardly from a lower rim to an upper rim. The upper rim of the splatter shield defines an upper opening in the splatter shield that is sufficiently large to permit the introduction of a cooking utensil therethrough, and the lower rim defines a lower opening in the splash shield. The upper opening in the splatter shield is smaller than the lower opening. | 1. A method of frying or cooking foods that release splattering grease droplets, comprising:
providing a splatter shield comprising an upper rim, lower rim, and an inwardly sloping sidewall extending contiguously between the upper and lower rim, said upper and lower rim defining an upper surface, a lower surface, and a side surface of said shield, the upper surface defining an upper opening that is sufficiently large to permit entry of cooking utensils therethrough, admit the use of cooking utensils to manipulate the food within the cooking vessel positioned beneath the splatter shield while the food is cooking, allow substantially all the steam to escape from the cooking vessel, and allow the removal of the food from the cooking vessel through the upper opening, all without removing the shield from the cooking vessel; placing said splatter shield atop a cooking vessel such that the lower rim of the splatter shield is contiguous with and covers an open upper surface of said cooking vessel, heating said cooking vessel; placing one or more food items to be cooked into the cooking vessel by inserting them through the upper opening of said splatter shield; allowing the one or more food items to cook within the cooking vessel; and turning, stirring, or otherwise manipulating the one or more food items as they cook by inserting a utensil through the open upper surface of the splatter shield. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising removing the one or more food items from the cooking vessel through the upper opening of the splatter shield. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the food items are removed from the cooking vessel through the upper opening without removing the splatter shield from the cooking vessel. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the sidewall of the splatter shield is comprised of fine metal mesh. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the sidewall of the splatter shield is comprised of fine stainless steel mesh. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the sidewall of the splatter shield is comprised of heat resistant plastic. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the sidewall of the splatter shield is comprised of heat resistant silicone. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the splatter shield comprises a handle connected thereto. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the spatter shield further comprises a wire framework supporting the mesh of the sidewall. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the splatter shield further comprises a support rim extending radially outwardly from the lower rim. | A method of cooking utilizes a splatter shield to control grease splatter from food being cooked within a cooking vessel. The splatter shield includes a generally annular sidewall that slopes upwardly and radially inwardly from a lower rim to an upper rim. The upper rim of the splatter shield defines an upper opening in the splatter shield that is sufficiently large to permit the introduction of a cooking utensil therethrough, and the lower rim defines a lower opening in the splash shield. The upper opening in the splatter shield is smaller than the lower opening.1. A method of frying or cooking foods that release splattering grease droplets, comprising:
providing a splatter shield comprising an upper rim, lower rim, and an inwardly sloping sidewall extending contiguously between the upper and lower rim, said upper and lower rim defining an upper surface, a lower surface, and a side surface of said shield, the upper surface defining an upper opening that is sufficiently large to permit entry of cooking utensils therethrough, admit the use of cooking utensils to manipulate the food within the cooking vessel positioned beneath the splatter shield while the food is cooking, allow substantially all the steam to escape from the cooking vessel, and allow the removal of the food from the cooking vessel through the upper opening, all without removing the shield from the cooking vessel; placing said splatter shield atop a cooking vessel such that the lower rim of the splatter shield is contiguous with and covers an open upper surface of said cooking vessel, heating said cooking vessel; placing one or more food items to be cooked into the cooking vessel by inserting them through the upper opening of said splatter shield; allowing the one or more food items to cook within the cooking vessel; and turning, stirring, or otherwise manipulating the one or more food items as they cook by inserting a utensil through the open upper surface of the splatter shield. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising removing the one or more food items from the cooking vessel through the upper opening of the splatter shield. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the food items are removed from the cooking vessel through the upper opening without removing the splatter shield from the cooking vessel. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the sidewall of the splatter shield is comprised of fine metal mesh. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the sidewall of the splatter shield is comprised of fine stainless steel mesh. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the sidewall of the splatter shield is comprised of heat resistant plastic. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the sidewall of the splatter shield is comprised of heat resistant silicone. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the splatter shield comprises a handle connected thereto. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the spatter shield further comprises a wire framework supporting the mesh of the sidewall. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the splatter shield further comprises a support rim extending radially outwardly from the lower rim. | 1,700 |
2,259 | 13,981,820 | 1,721 | Provided is a conductive adhesive composition including: conductive particles (A) containing metal having a melting point of equal to or lower than 210° C.; a resin (B) having a softening point of equal to or lower than the melting point of the metal of the conductive particles and being solid at a room temperature; a flux activator (C); and a solvent (D). | 1. A conductive adhesive composition comprising: conductive particles (A) containing metal having a melting point of equal to or lower than 210° C.; a resin (B) having a softening point of equal to or lower than the melting point of the metal of the conductive particles and being solid at a room temperature; a flux activator (C); and a solvent (D). 2. The conductive adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein the metal of the conductive particles (A) contains at least one component selected from bismuth, indium, tin, and zinc. 3. The conductive adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein the resin (B) contains a thermosetting resin. 4. The conductive adhesive composition according to claim 3, wherein the thermosetting resin is an epoxy resin. 5. The conductive adhesive composition according to claim 3, further containing a curing agent or a curing accelerator. 6. The conductive adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein the flux activator (C) contains a compound having a hydroxy group and a carboxyl group. 7. The conductive adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein a boiling point of the solvent (D) is equal to or higher than 20° C. and equal to or lower than 300° C. 8. The conductive adhesive composition according to claim 1, being used for electrical connection of electrodes of solar battery cells and a metal wire. 9. A connected body in which a plurality of solar battery cells are connected via a metal wire,
wherein electrodes of the solar battery cells and the metal wire are connected via the conductive adhesive composition according to claim 1. 10. A metal wire with a conductive adhesive formed of a metal wire and an adhesive layer coating the metal wire,
wherein the adhesive layer is formed of an adhesive using the conductive adhesive composition according to claim 1. 11. A connected body formed of a plurality of solar battery cells, and a metal wire with a conductive adhesive which is disposed on electrode surfaces of the solar battery cells and is for electrical connection of the plurality of solar battery cells,
wherein the metal wire with a conductive adhesive is the metal wire with a conductive adhesive according to claim 10. 12. A method for producing a solar cell module comprising:
a step of laminating a sealing material on both surfaces of the connected body according to claim 9; a step of laminating glass on the sealing material on a light receiving surface side of the solar battery cells, and a protection film on the sealing material on a rear surface of the solar battery cells; and a step of sealing the solar battery cells while electrically connecting and bonding the solar battery cells and the metal wires by heating the obtained laminated body. 13. A solar cell module in which electrodes of a plurality of solar battery cells and a metal wire are electrically connected via the conductive adhesive composition according to claim 1. 14. A method for producing a solar cell module comprising:
a step of laminating a sealing material on both surfaces of the connected body according to claim 11; a step of laminating glass on the sealing material on alight receiving surface side of the solar battery cells, and a protection film on the sealing material on a rear surface of the solar battery cells; and a step of sealing the solar battery cells while electrically connecting and bonding the solar battery cells and the metal wires by heating the obtained laminated body. | Provided is a conductive adhesive composition including: conductive particles (A) containing metal having a melting point of equal to or lower than 210° C.; a resin (B) having a softening point of equal to or lower than the melting point of the metal of the conductive particles and being solid at a room temperature; a flux activator (C); and a solvent (D).1. A conductive adhesive composition comprising: conductive particles (A) containing metal having a melting point of equal to or lower than 210° C.; a resin (B) having a softening point of equal to or lower than the melting point of the metal of the conductive particles and being solid at a room temperature; a flux activator (C); and a solvent (D). 2. The conductive adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein the metal of the conductive particles (A) contains at least one component selected from bismuth, indium, tin, and zinc. 3. The conductive adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein the resin (B) contains a thermosetting resin. 4. The conductive adhesive composition according to claim 3, wherein the thermosetting resin is an epoxy resin. 5. The conductive adhesive composition according to claim 3, further containing a curing agent or a curing accelerator. 6. The conductive adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein the flux activator (C) contains a compound having a hydroxy group and a carboxyl group. 7. The conductive adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein a boiling point of the solvent (D) is equal to or higher than 20° C. and equal to or lower than 300° C. 8. The conductive adhesive composition according to claim 1, being used for electrical connection of electrodes of solar battery cells and a metal wire. 9. A connected body in which a plurality of solar battery cells are connected via a metal wire,
wherein electrodes of the solar battery cells and the metal wire are connected via the conductive adhesive composition according to claim 1. 10. A metal wire with a conductive adhesive formed of a metal wire and an adhesive layer coating the metal wire,
wherein the adhesive layer is formed of an adhesive using the conductive adhesive composition according to claim 1. 11. A connected body formed of a plurality of solar battery cells, and a metal wire with a conductive adhesive which is disposed on electrode surfaces of the solar battery cells and is for electrical connection of the plurality of solar battery cells,
wherein the metal wire with a conductive adhesive is the metal wire with a conductive adhesive according to claim 10. 12. A method for producing a solar cell module comprising:
a step of laminating a sealing material on both surfaces of the connected body according to claim 9; a step of laminating glass on the sealing material on a light receiving surface side of the solar battery cells, and a protection film on the sealing material on a rear surface of the solar battery cells; and a step of sealing the solar battery cells while electrically connecting and bonding the solar battery cells and the metal wires by heating the obtained laminated body. 13. A solar cell module in which electrodes of a plurality of solar battery cells and a metal wire are electrically connected via the conductive adhesive composition according to claim 1. 14. A method for producing a solar cell module comprising:
a step of laminating a sealing material on both surfaces of the connected body according to claim 11; a step of laminating glass on the sealing material on alight receiving surface side of the solar battery cells, and a protection film on the sealing material on a rear surface of the solar battery cells; and a step of sealing the solar battery cells while electrically connecting and bonding the solar battery cells and the metal wires by heating the obtained laminated body. | 1,700 |
2,260 | 15,193,205 | 1,771 | The invention relates to a lubricating member for a razor cartridge comprising a water soluble polymer and a silicone polyether block copolymer comprising from 1 to 50%, by weight of polyethylene oxide, from 20% to 90%, polypropylene oxide and from 1% to 20%, by weight of silicone for improved lubrication. | 1. A lubricating member for use on a hair removal device, said lubricating member comprising a lubricating material comprising a) from about 1% to about 99% by weight of a water soluble polymer and b) from about 0.1% to about 70% by weight of a silicone polyether block copolymer wherein said silicone polyether block copolymer comprises from about 1 to about 50%, by weight of polyethylene oxide, from about 20% to about 90% by weight of polypropylene oxide and from about 1 to about 20% by weight of silicone. 2. A lubricating member according to claim 1, wherein said silicone polyether block copolymer comprises from about 1% to about 30% by weight of polyethylene oxide, from about 20% to about 80% by weight of polypropylene oxide and from about 1% to about 20% by weight of silicone. 3. The lubricating member according to claim 1, wherein said silicone polyether block copolymer has a molecular weight of from about 10000 to about 19000. 4. The lubricating member according to claim 1, wherein said silicone polyether block copolymer has a molecular weight of from about 10000 to about 15000. 5. The lubricating member according to claim 1, wherein said silicone polyether block copolymer has a ratio of polyethylene oxide to polypropylene oxide of from about 3.0 to about 0.1. 6. The lubricating member according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of said water soluble polymer to said silicone block copolymer is from about 1:8 to about 8:1. 7. The lubricating member according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of said water soluble polymer to said silicone block copolymer is from about 1:5 to about 5:1. 8. The lubricating member according to claim 1, wherein said water soluble polymer is selected from polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylamide, polyhydroxymethacrylate, polyvinyl imidazoline, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyhydroxyethymethacrylate, guars, cellulose, modified cellulose and mixtures thereof. 9. The lubricating member according to claim 1, wherein said water soluble polymer is polyethylene oxide having an average molecular weight of at least about 300000. 10. The lubricating member according to claim 1, wherein said water soluble polymer is polyethylene oxide having an average molecular weight of from about 1 million to about 5 million. 11. The lubricating member according to claim 1, comprising from about 15% to about 60% by weight of said water soluble polymer and from about 1% to about 20% by weight of said silicone polyether block copolymer. 12. The lubricating member according to claim 8, wherein said water soluble polymer further comprises from about 0.01% to about 50%, by weight of the lubricating material of a copolymer of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide. 13. The lubricating member according to claim 8, wherein said polyethylene oxide polymer is present at a level of from about 15% to about 70%, by weight of the lubricating material. 14. The lubricating member according to claim 8, wherein said polyethylene oxide polymer is present at a level of from about 20% to about 60%, by weight of the lubricating material. 15. The lubricating member according to claim 1, wherein said lubricating member further comprises from about 1% to about 50% by weight of a water insoluble material, preferably selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, high impact polystyrene, butadiene styrene copolymer, polyacetal, acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene copolymer, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer and mixtures thereof. 16. The lubricating member according to claim 1, wherein said lubricating member has a coefficient of friction of about 0.0300 or less. 17. The lubricating member according to claim 1, wherein said lubricating member has a coefficient of friction of about 0.0275 or less. 18. A hair removal cartridge having a front end and an opposing rear end, the hair removal cartridge comprising:
a. at least one hair removal member positioned between said front end and said rear end; and b. at least one lubricating member according to claim 1. 19. A hair removal device comprising:
a. a hair removal cartridge according to claim 18, and b. a handle permanently or removably attached to said hair removal cartridge. | The invention relates to a lubricating member for a razor cartridge comprising a water soluble polymer and a silicone polyether block copolymer comprising from 1 to 50%, by weight of polyethylene oxide, from 20% to 90%, polypropylene oxide and from 1% to 20%, by weight of silicone for improved lubrication.1. A lubricating member for use on a hair removal device, said lubricating member comprising a lubricating material comprising a) from about 1% to about 99% by weight of a water soluble polymer and b) from about 0.1% to about 70% by weight of a silicone polyether block copolymer wherein said silicone polyether block copolymer comprises from about 1 to about 50%, by weight of polyethylene oxide, from about 20% to about 90% by weight of polypropylene oxide and from about 1 to about 20% by weight of silicone. 2. A lubricating member according to claim 1, wherein said silicone polyether block copolymer comprises from about 1% to about 30% by weight of polyethylene oxide, from about 20% to about 80% by weight of polypropylene oxide and from about 1% to about 20% by weight of silicone. 3. The lubricating member according to claim 1, wherein said silicone polyether block copolymer has a molecular weight of from about 10000 to about 19000. 4. The lubricating member according to claim 1, wherein said silicone polyether block copolymer has a molecular weight of from about 10000 to about 15000. 5. The lubricating member according to claim 1, wherein said silicone polyether block copolymer has a ratio of polyethylene oxide to polypropylene oxide of from about 3.0 to about 0.1. 6. The lubricating member according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of said water soluble polymer to said silicone block copolymer is from about 1:8 to about 8:1. 7. The lubricating member according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of said water soluble polymer to said silicone block copolymer is from about 1:5 to about 5:1. 8. The lubricating member according to claim 1, wherein said water soluble polymer is selected from polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylamide, polyhydroxymethacrylate, polyvinyl imidazoline, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyhydroxyethymethacrylate, guars, cellulose, modified cellulose and mixtures thereof. 9. The lubricating member according to claim 1, wherein said water soluble polymer is polyethylene oxide having an average molecular weight of at least about 300000. 10. The lubricating member according to claim 1, wherein said water soluble polymer is polyethylene oxide having an average molecular weight of from about 1 million to about 5 million. 11. The lubricating member according to claim 1, comprising from about 15% to about 60% by weight of said water soluble polymer and from about 1% to about 20% by weight of said silicone polyether block copolymer. 12. The lubricating member according to claim 8, wherein said water soluble polymer further comprises from about 0.01% to about 50%, by weight of the lubricating material of a copolymer of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide. 13. The lubricating member according to claim 8, wherein said polyethylene oxide polymer is present at a level of from about 15% to about 70%, by weight of the lubricating material. 14. The lubricating member according to claim 8, wherein said polyethylene oxide polymer is present at a level of from about 20% to about 60%, by weight of the lubricating material. 15. The lubricating member according to claim 1, wherein said lubricating member further comprises from about 1% to about 50% by weight of a water insoluble material, preferably selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, high impact polystyrene, butadiene styrene copolymer, polyacetal, acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene copolymer, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer and mixtures thereof. 16. The lubricating member according to claim 1, wherein said lubricating member has a coefficient of friction of about 0.0300 or less. 17. The lubricating member according to claim 1, wherein said lubricating member has a coefficient of friction of about 0.0275 or less. 18. A hair removal cartridge having a front end and an opposing rear end, the hair removal cartridge comprising:
a. at least one hair removal member positioned between said front end and said rear end; and b. at least one lubricating member according to claim 1. 19. A hair removal device comprising:
a. a hair removal cartridge according to claim 18, and b. a handle permanently or removably attached to said hair removal cartridge. | 1,700 |
2,261 | 15,303,462 | 1,792 | A process for treating fruits or vegetables to minimize browning upon subsequent processing, handling, and storage, the method comprising: (a) separating edible pulp tissue from inedible tissue of the fruit or vegetable; (b) blanching said edible pulp tissue in steam for a pre-determined blanching time period at a blanching pressure that is less than or equal to atmospheric pressure; (c) cooling the blanched pulp tissue and extracting residual heat from the blanched pulp tissue; (d) freezing the cooled pulp tissue to obtain at least partially frozen pulp tissue; wherein the frozen pulp tissue obtained from step (d) possesses substantially similar organoleptic properties as freshly separated pulp tissue in (a). | 1-27. (canceled) 28. A process for treating avocados to minimize browning upon subsequent processing, handling, and storage, the method comprising:
(a) separating the mesocarp from the pericarp and the endocarp of the avocado; (b) blanching said mesocarp with steam for a pre-determined blanching time period at a blanching pressure that is less than or equal to atmospheric pressure; (c) cooling the blanched mesocarp and extracting residual heat from the blanched mesocarp; (d) freezing the cooled mesocarp to obtain at least partially frozen mesocarp; wherein upon thawing, the frozen mesocarp obtained from step (d) possesses substantially similar organoleptic properties as freshly separated mesocarp in (a). 29. An avocado treatment process to minimise browning upon subsequent processing, handling, and storage of avocados, the method including the following sequential steps:
(a) separating the mesocarp from the pericarp and the endocarp of the avocados; (b) blanching said mesocarp tissue by contacting the mesocarp with steam for a pre-determined blanching time period within a blanching chamber, wherein at least a portion of the blanching chamber is not sealed from the atmosphere; and, (c) cooling the blanched mesocarp below a cooking temperature; wherein the mesocarp obtained from step (c) possesses substantially similar organoleptic properties as freshly separated mesocarp in (a). 30. A process in accordance with claim 28 wherein the blanching time period is less than a cooking time period required to cook the mesocarp. 31. A process in accordance with claim 28 wherein a pre-determined volume of steam is used for the said blanching step (b). 32. A process in accordance with claim 28 further comprising the step of inducing turbulent flow of the steam in the blanching step (b). 33. A process in accordance with claim 28 comprising transporting the separated mesocarp on a conveyor apparatus to a blanching chamber for carrying out the blanching step (b). 34. A process in accordance with claim 33 wherein the separated mesocarp is positioned on an endless conveyor belt driven by a conveyor drive mechanism for passing the separated mesocarp into the blanching chamber and convey blanched mesocarp out of the blanching chamber. 35. A process in accordance with claim 34 comprising the step of varying operating speed (CS) of the conveyor belt driven by the drive mechanism for controlling a rate of passage of the mesocarp through the blanching chamber. 36. A process in accordance with claim 28 wherein the freezing step (d) comprises rapid freezing of at least an outer surface of the mesocarp. 37. A process in accordance claim 28 wherein after the cooling step (c), the cooled and blanched mesocarp is positioned on a freezing conveyor belt driven by a freezing conveyor drive and passed into a freezing chamber for carrying out the freezing step (d) and for passing the frozen mesocarp obtained from step (c) out of the freezing chamber. 38. A process in accordance with claim 37 comprising the step of varying operating speed (CF) of the freezing conveyor belt driven by the freezing conveyor drive for controlling a rate of passing the blanched mesocarp into the freezing chamber. 39. A process in accordance with claim 28 wherein the blanching step (b) is preceded by a segmenting step in which the separated mesocarp from step (a) is segmented into discrete pieces. 40. A process in accordance with claim 39 wherein the segmenting is carried out by slicing the mesocarp into the discrete pieces. 41. A process in accordance with claim 28 wherein the blanching time period is in the range of 1-10 minutes, preferably 2-6 minutes and more preferably 3-5 minutes. 42. A process in accordance with claim 28 wherein the freezing step (c) is carried out for a freezing time period in the range of 2-6 minutes and more preferably 3-5 minutes. 43. A process in accordance with claim 28 wherein the avocados have a ripeness rating of greater than 70N. 44. An apparatus for blanching segmented avocados, the apparatus comprising:
a conveyor system for transporting said avocados from one end of a blanching chamber to an opposite end, the conveyor system comprising a perforated conveyor belt positioned on two or more drive rollers for transporting said avocados into and out of the blanching chamber and adapted to be driven by a drive mechanism; the blanching chamber comprising a shroud overlying the conveyor belt and in longitudinal alignment in relation to the perforated conveyor belt to at least partially enclose steam produced from water in a bath positioned underlying the conveyor belt and in longitudinal alignment with the shroud and the perforated conveyor belt; wherein during use the steam produced in the bath is at least partially enclosed by the shroud thereby exposing the segmented avocados positioned on the perforated conveyor belt to steam and blanching the avocados in the blanching chamber at a blanching pressure wherein at least a portion of the blanching chamber is not sealed from atmosphere. 45. An apparatus in accordance with claim 44 wherein the perforated conveyor belt is adapted for allowing passage of steam therethrough from an underside in use position of the conveyor belt to the in use avocado supporting surface of the belt. 46. An apparatus in accordance with claim 44 further comprising a control system for varying an in use belt speed of the perforated conveyor belt thereby varying blanching time period of the avocados in the blanching chamber. 47. An apparatus in accordance with claim 46 wherein the control system is adapted to vary the in use belt speed with reference to one or more parameters relating to the segmented avocados positioned on the conveyor belt during use. 48. An apparatus in accordance with claim 46 wherein the control system is adapted to prevent the in use belt speed from being below a pre-determined value of belt speed. 49. An apparatus in accordance with claim 44 further comprising a steam control mechanism for controlling steam volume and/or steam temperature during use. 50. A system for processing segmented avocados upon, the system comprising the apparatus for blanching in accordance with claim 44 for minimizing browning of the segmented avocados, a cooling apparatus positioned for receiving and extracting heat from the blanched avocados and a freezing apparatus for receiving the cooled avocados and at least partially freezing the segmented avocados. 51. A system in accordance with claim 50 wherein the conveyor system transports blanched avocados to the cooling apparatus and subsequent to the extraction of heat transports the cooled avocados to the freezing apparatus. 52. A system in accordance with claim 50 further comprising a avocado segmenting apparatus for separating mesocarp from the pericarp and endocarp of the avocado and segmenting the separated mesocarp to obtain segmented avocados received into the blanching chamber. 53. A system in accordance with claim 52 wherein the avocado segmenting apparatus comprises slicing blades for slicing the separated edible pulp tissue into segmented avocados. | A process for treating fruits or vegetables to minimize browning upon subsequent processing, handling, and storage, the method comprising: (a) separating edible pulp tissue from inedible tissue of the fruit or vegetable; (b) blanching said edible pulp tissue in steam for a pre-determined blanching time period at a blanching pressure that is less than or equal to atmospheric pressure; (c) cooling the blanched pulp tissue and extracting residual heat from the blanched pulp tissue; (d) freezing the cooled pulp tissue to obtain at least partially frozen pulp tissue; wherein the frozen pulp tissue obtained from step (d) possesses substantially similar organoleptic properties as freshly separated pulp tissue in (a).1-27. (canceled) 28. A process for treating avocados to minimize browning upon subsequent processing, handling, and storage, the method comprising:
(a) separating the mesocarp from the pericarp and the endocarp of the avocado; (b) blanching said mesocarp with steam for a pre-determined blanching time period at a blanching pressure that is less than or equal to atmospheric pressure; (c) cooling the blanched mesocarp and extracting residual heat from the blanched mesocarp; (d) freezing the cooled mesocarp to obtain at least partially frozen mesocarp; wherein upon thawing, the frozen mesocarp obtained from step (d) possesses substantially similar organoleptic properties as freshly separated mesocarp in (a). 29. An avocado treatment process to minimise browning upon subsequent processing, handling, and storage of avocados, the method including the following sequential steps:
(a) separating the mesocarp from the pericarp and the endocarp of the avocados; (b) blanching said mesocarp tissue by contacting the mesocarp with steam for a pre-determined blanching time period within a blanching chamber, wherein at least a portion of the blanching chamber is not sealed from the atmosphere; and, (c) cooling the blanched mesocarp below a cooking temperature; wherein the mesocarp obtained from step (c) possesses substantially similar organoleptic properties as freshly separated mesocarp in (a). 30. A process in accordance with claim 28 wherein the blanching time period is less than a cooking time period required to cook the mesocarp. 31. A process in accordance with claim 28 wherein a pre-determined volume of steam is used for the said blanching step (b). 32. A process in accordance with claim 28 further comprising the step of inducing turbulent flow of the steam in the blanching step (b). 33. A process in accordance with claim 28 comprising transporting the separated mesocarp on a conveyor apparatus to a blanching chamber for carrying out the blanching step (b). 34. A process in accordance with claim 33 wherein the separated mesocarp is positioned on an endless conveyor belt driven by a conveyor drive mechanism for passing the separated mesocarp into the blanching chamber and convey blanched mesocarp out of the blanching chamber. 35. A process in accordance with claim 34 comprising the step of varying operating speed (CS) of the conveyor belt driven by the drive mechanism for controlling a rate of passage of the mesocarp through the blanching chamber. 36. A process in accordance with claim 28 wherein the freezing step (d) comprises rapid freezing of at least an outer surface of the mesocarp. 37. A process in accordance claim 28 wherein after the cooling step (c), the cooled and blanched mesocarp is positioned on a freezing conveyor belt driven by a freezing conveyor drive and passed into a freezing chamber for carrying out the freezing step (d) and for passing the frozen mesocarp obtained from step (c) out of the freezing chamber. 38. A process in accordance with claim 37 comprising the step of varying operating speed (CF) of the freezing conveyor belt driven by the freezing conveyor drive for controlling a rate of passing the blanched mesocarp into the freezing chamber. 39. A process in accordance with claim 28 wherein the blanching step (b) is preceded by a segmenting step in which the separated mesocarp from step (a) is segmented into discrete pieces. 40. A process in accordance with claim 39 wherein the segmenting is carried out by slicing the mesocarp into the discrete pieces. 41. A process in accordance with claim 28 wherein the blanching time period is in the range of 1-10 minutes, preferably 2-6 minutes and more preferably 3-5 minutes. 42. A process in accordance with claim 28 wherein the freezing step (c) is carried out for a freezing time period in the range of 2-6 minutes and more preferably 3-5 minutes. 43. A process in accordance with claim 28 wherein the avocados have a ripeness rating of greater than 70N. 44. An apparatus for blanching segmented avocados, the apparatus comprising:
a conveyor system for transporting said avocados from one end of a blanching chamber to an opposite end, the conveyor system comprising a perforated conveyor belt positioned on two or more drive rollers for transporting said avocados into and out of the blanching chamber and adapted to be driven by a drive mechanism; the blanching chamber comprising a shroud overlying the conveyor belt and in longitudinal alignment in relation to the perforated conveyor belt to at least partially enclose steam produced from water in a bath positioned underlying the conveyor belt and in longitudinal alignment with the shroud and the perforated conveyor belt; wherein during use the steam produced in the bath is at least partially enclosed by the shroud thereby exposing the segmented avocados positioned on the perforated conveyor belt to steam and blanching the avocados in the blanching chamber at a blanching pressure wherein at least a portion of the blanching chamber is not sealed from atmosphere. 45. An apparatus in accordance with claim 44 wherein the perforated conveyor belt is adapted for allowing passage of steam therethrough from an underside in use position of the conveyor belt to the in use avocado supporting surface of the belt. 46. An apparatus in accordance with claim 44 further comprising a control system for varying an in use belt speed of the perforated conveyor belt thereby varying blanching time period of the avocados in the blanching chamber. 47. An apparatus in accordance with claim 46 wherein the control system is adapted to vary the in use belt speed with reference to one or more parameters relating to the segmented avocados positioned on the conveyor belt during use. 48. An apparatus in accordance with claim 46 wherein the control system is adapted to prevent the in use belt speed from being below a pre-determined value of belt speed. 49. An apparatus in accordance with claim 44 further comprising a steam control mechanism for controlling steam volume and/or steam temperature during use. 50. A system for processing segmented avocados upon, the system comprising the apparatus for blanching in accordance with claim 44 for minimizing browning of the segmented avocados, a cooling apparatus positioned for receiving and extracting heat from the blanched avocados and a freezing apparatus for receiving the cooled avocados and at least partially freezing the segmented avocados. 51. A system in accordance with claim 50 wherein the conveyor system transports blanched avocados to the cooling apparatus and subsequent to the extraction of heat transports the cooled avocados to the freezing apparatus. 52. A system in accordance with claim 50 further comprising a avocado segmenting apparatus for separating mesocarp from the pericarp and endocarp of the avocado and segmenting the separated mesocarp to obtain segmented avocados received into the blanching chamber. 53. A system in accordance with claim 52 wherein the avocado segmenting apparatus comprises slicing blades for slicing the separated edible pulp tissue into segmented avocados. | 1,700 |
2,262 | 14,009,263 | 1,792 | Kit ( 1 A) for the preparation of a beverage in a centrifugal brewing device ( 30 ) comprising a capsule ( 2 ) by feeding liquid in the capsule and rotating the capsule along a central axis (I) to produce centrifugal forces on the liquid traversing the capsule thereby forcing the beverage out of the capsule by such centrifugal forces, wherein the capsule comprises containment walls forming a main cavity ( 4 ) of central axis (I) containing beverage ingredients; wherein said kit further comprising an insert ( 3 ) which is separate from the capsule and comprising a ring-shaped portion ( 5 ) intended to form a valve engaging portion engaging against a valve means ( 33 ) of the centrifugal brewing device. | 1. Kit for the preparation of a beverage in a centrifugal brewing device comprising a capsule by feeding liquid in the capsule and rotating the capsule along a central axis to produce centrifugal forces on the liquid traversing the capsule thereby forcing the beverage out of the capsule, the capsule comprises containment walls forming a main cavity of central axis containing beverage ingredients,
the kit comprising an insert which is separate from the capsule and comprising a ring-shaped portion intended to form a valve engaging portion engaging against a valve of the centrifugal brewing device. 2. Kit according to claim 1, wherein the ring-shaped portion of the insert has an outer diameter larger than the largest diameter of the capsule. 3. Kit according to claim 1, wherein the insert has a transversal annular or circular portion inwardly connected to the ring-shaped portion. 4. Kit according to claim 3, wherein the ring-shaped portion extends axially beyond above and/or below the annular or circular portion. 5. Kit according to claim 1, wherein the insert is hollow in the center and/or the annular or circular portion has through-openings. 6. Kit according to claim 1, wherein the ring-shaped portion has a structure in its surface to define beverage radial flow passages during centrifugation. 7. Kit according to claim 1, wherein the ring-shaped portion has radial through-openings. 8. Kit according to claim 1, wherein the capsule has a flange. 9. Kit according to claim 8, wherein the containment walls are formed by a cup-shaped body and a lid connected to body by the flange. 10. Kit according to claim 1, wherein the insert has a cup-shaped portion comprising a cavity for receiving the capsule in a removable manner. 11. Kit according to claim 10, wherein the containment walls of the capsule form a liquid porous bag. 12. Kit according to claim 9, wherein the containment walls comprise a lid with a liquid-tight central area and an annular liquid porous portion at a periphery of the lid and a body with a liquid-tight bottom wall and liquid-tight sidewall. 13. Kit according to claim 1, wherein the containment walls of the capsule comprise a central aperture oriented in direction of the axis and the insert comprises a central tubular portion fitting in the central aperture of the capsule. 14. Kit according to claim 1, wherein the capsule is sealed into a gas-tight package. 15. Kit according to claim 1, wherein the capsule is sealed by a perforable or peel-off sealing membrane. 16. A method for preparing a beverage in a centrifugal brewing device using a kit comprising a capsule by feeding liquid in the capsule and rotating the capsule along a central axis to produce centrifugal forces on the liquid traversing the capsule thereby forcing the beverage out of the capsule, the capsule comprises containment walls forming a main cavity of central axis containing beverage ingredients, the kit comprising an insert which is separate from the capsule and comprising a ring-shaped portion intended to form a valve engaging portion engaging against a valve of the centrifugal brewing device, the insert forming a valve engaging portion engaging against the valve of the device and the capsule being configured to fit into a capsule holder of the device. | Kit ( 1 A) for the preparation of a beverage in a centrifugal brewing device ( 30 ) comprising a capsule ( 2 ) by feeding liquid in the capsule and rotating the capsule along a central axis (I) to produce centrifugal forces on the liquid traversing the capsule thereby forcing the beverage out of the capsule by such centrifugal forces, wherein the capsule comprises containment walls forming a main cavity ( 4 ) of central axis (I) containing beverage ingredients; wherein said kit further comprising an insert ( 3 ) which is separate from the capsule and comprising a ring-shaped portion ( 5 ) intended to form a valve engaging portion engaging against a valve means ( 33 ) of the centrifugal brewing device.1. Kit for the preparation of a beverage in a centrifugal brewing device comprising a capsule by feeding liquid in the capsule and rotating the capsule along a central axis to produce centrifugal forces on the liquid traversing the capsule thereby forcing the beverage out of the capsule, the capsule comprises containment walls forming a main cavity of central axis containing beverage ingredients,
the kit comprising an insert which is separate from the capsule and comprising a ring-shaped portion intended to form a valve engaging portion engaging against a valve of the centrifugal brewing device. 2. Kit according to claim 1, wherein the ring-shaped portion of the insert has an outer diameter larger than the largest diameter of the capsule. 3. Kit according to claim 1, wherein the insert has a transversal annular or circular portion inwardly connected to the ring-shaped portion. 4. Kit according to claim 3, wherein the ring-shaped portion extends axially beyond above and/or below the annular or circular portion. 5. Kit according to claim 1, wherein the insert is hollow in the center and/or the annular or circular portion has through-openings. 6. Kit according to claim 1, wherein the ring-shaped portion has a structure in its surface to define beverage radial flow passages during centrifugation. 7. Kit according to claim 1, wherein the ring-shaped portion has radial through-openings. 8. Kit according to claim 1, wherein the capsule has a flange. 9. Kit according to claim 8, wherein the containment walls are formed by a cup-shaped body and a lid connected to body by the flange. 10. Kit according to claim 1, wherein the insert has a cup-shaped portion comprising a cavity for receiving the capsule in a removable manner. 11. Kit according to claim 10, wherein the containment walls of the capsule form a liquid porous bag. 12. Kit according to claim 9, wherein the containment walls comprise a lid with a liquid-tight central area and an annular liquid porous portion at a periphery of the lid and a body with a liquid-tight bottom wall and liquid-tight sidewall. 13. Kit according to claim 1, wherein the containment walls of the capsule comprise a central aperture oriented in direction of the axis and the insert comprises a central tubular portion fitting in the central aperture of the capsule. 14. Kit according to claim 1, wherein the capsule is sealed into a gas-tight package. 15. Kit according to claim 1, wherein the capsule is sealed by a perforable or peel-off sealing membrane. 16. A method for preparing a beverage in a centrifugal brewing device using a kit comprising a capsule by feeding liquid in the capsule and rotating the capsule along a central axis to produce centrifugal forces on the liquid traversing the capsule thereby forcing the beverage out of the capsule, the capsule comprises containment walls forming a main cavity of central axis containing beverage ingredients, the kit comprising an insert which is separate from the capsule and comprising a ring-shaped portion intended to form a valve engaging portion engaging against a valve of the centrifugal brewing device, the insert forming a valve engaging portion engaging against the valve of the device and the capsule being configured to fit into a capsule holder of the device. | 1,700 |
2,263 | 13,075,640 | 1,786 | The present invention provides aqueous sizing compositions for application to glass fibers as well as fiber glass strands and polymeric resins reinforced with glass fibers at least partially coated with the aqueous sizing compositions. In some embodiments, sizing compositions of the present invention demonstrate advantageous properties resulting from the presence of an acid-amine component therein. | 1. A fiber glass strand comprising:
at least one glass fiber at least partially coated with an aqueous sizing composition comprising an acid-amine component, the acid-amine component comprising molecules of at least one amine associated with molecules of at least one phosphorus-containing acid or sulfur-containing acid, wherein the molecules of the at least one amine are associated with the molecules of the at least one phosphorus-containing acid or sulfur-containing acid through Lewis acid-base interactions, and wherein the at least one glass fiber has a diameter of at least 21 microns. 2. The fiber glass strand of claim 1, wherein the at least one glass fiber has a diameter of up to about 35 microns. 3. The fiber glass strand of claim 1, wherein the at least one glass fiber has a diameter of at least about 22 microns. 4. The fiber glass strand of claim 1, wherein the nominal diameter of the at least one glass fiber is about 24 microns. 5. The fiber glass strand of claim 1, wherein the phosphorus-containing acid comprises phosphorus acid, hypophosphorus acid, phosphonic acid, organophosphorus acids, or mixtures thereof. 6. The fiber glass strand of claim 1, wherein the aqueous sizing composition further comprises at least one film former. 7. The fiber glass strand of claim 1, wherein the aqueous sizing composition further comprises at least one coupling agent. 8. A composite material comprising:
a polymeric resin; and a plurality of glass fibers from the fiber glass strand of claim 1 disposed in the polymeric resin. 9. The composite material of claim 8, wherein the plurality of glass fibers are present in an amount up to about 90 weight percent of the composite material. 10. The composite material of claim 8, wherein the polymeric resin comprises a thermoplastic. 11. The composite material of claim 10, wherein the thermoplastic comprises a polyolefin, polyamide, polystyrene, polyphenylene oxide, polyester or copolymers or mixtures thereof. 12. The composite material of claim 8, wherein the polymeric resin comprises a thermoset. 13. A fiber glass strand comprising:
at least one glass fiber at least partially coated with an aqueous sizing composition comprising an acid-aminosilane component, the acid-aminosilane component comprising molecules of at least one aminosilane associated with molecules of at least one phosphorus-containing acid of Formula (I):
wherein R1 is -alkyl, -alkenyl, -alkynyl, -cycloalkyl, -cycloalkenyl, -heterocycl, -aryl, or -heteroaryl and R2 is -hydrogen, -alkyl, -alkenyl, -alkynyl, -cycloalkyl, -cycloalkenyl, -heterocycl, -aryl, or -heteroaryl, and
wherein the at least one glass fiber has a diameter of at least 21 microns. 14. The fiber glass strand of claim 13, wherein the at least one glass fiber has a diameter of up to about 35 microns. 15. The fiber glass strand of claim 13, wherein the at least one glass fiber has a diameter of at least about 22 microns. 16. The fiber glass strand of claim 13, wherein the nominal diameter of the at least one glass fiber is about 24 microns. 17. The fiber glass strand of claim 13, wherein the aqueous sizing composition further comprises at least one film former. 18. The fiber glass strand of claim 13, wherein the molar ratio of the at least one phosphorus-containing acid to the aminosilane is less than about 1. 19. A composite material comprising:
a polymeric resin; and a plurality of glass fibers from the fiber glass strand of claim 13, disposed in the polymeric resin. 20. The composite material of claim 19, wherein the plurality of glass fibers are present in an amount up to about 90 weight percent of the composite material. 21. The composite material of claim 19, wherein the polymeric resin comprises a thermoplastic. 22. The composite material of claim 21, wherein the thermoplastic comprises a polyolefin, polyamide, polystyrene, polyphenylene oxide, polyester or copolymers or mixtures thereof. 23. The composite material of claim 19, wherein the polymeric resin comprises a thermoset. 24. A fiber glass strand comprising:
at least one glass fiber at least partially coated with an aqueous sizing composition comprising an acid-aminosilane component, the acid-aminosilane component comprising molecules of at least one aminosilane associated with molecules of at least one phosphorus-containing acid of Formula (II):
wherein R3 and R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of -hydrogen, -alkyl, -alkenyl, -alkynyl, -cycloalkyl, -cycloalkenyl, -heterocycl, -aryl, or -heteroaryl, and wherein the at least one glass fiber has a diameter of at least 21 microns. 25. The fiber glass strand of claim 24, wherein the at least one glass fiber has a diameter of up to about 35 microns. 26. The fiber glass strand of claim 24, wherein the at least one glass fiber has a diameter of at least about 22 microns. 27. The fiber glass strand of claim 24, wherein the nominal diameter of the at least one glass fiber is about 24 microns. 28. The fiber glass strand of claim 24, wherein the aqueous sizing composition further comprises at least one film former. 29. The fiber glass strand of claim 24, wherein the molar ratio of the at least one phosphorus-containing acid to the aminosilane is less than about 1. 30. A composite material comprising:
a polymeric resin; and a plurality of glass fibers from the fiber glass strand of claim 24, disposed in the polymeric resin. 31. The composite material of claim 30, wherein the plurality of glass fibers are present in an amount up to about 90 weight percent of the composite material. 32. The composite material of claim 30, wherein the polymeric resin comprises a thermoplastic. 33. The composite material of claim 32, wherein the thermoplastic comprises a polyolefin, polyamide, polystyrene, polyphenylene oxide, polyester or copolymers or mixtures thereof. 34. The composite material of claim 30, wherein the polymeric resin comprises a thermoset. | The present invention provides aqueous sizing compositions for application to glass fibers as well as fiber glass strands and polymeric resins reinforced with glass fibers at least partially coated with the aqueous sizing compositions. In some embodiments, sizing compositions of the present invention demonstrate advantageous properties resulting from the presence of an acid-amine component therein.1. A fiber glass strand comprising:
at least one glass fiber at least partially coated with an aqueous sizing composition comprising an acid-amine component, the acid-amine component comprising molecules of at least one amine associated with molecules of at least one phosphorus-containing acid or sulfur-containing acid, wherein the molecules of the at least one amine are associated with the molecules of the at least one phosphorus-containing acid or sulfur-containing acid through Lewis acid-base interactions, and wherein the at least one glass fiber has a diameter of at least 21 microns. 2. The fiber glass strand of claim 1, wherein the at least one glass fiber has a diameter of up to about 35 microns. 3. The fiber glass strand of claim 1, wherein the at least one glass fiber has a diameter of at least about 22 microns. 4. The fiber glass strand of claim 1, wherein the nominal diameter of the at least one glass fiber is about 24 microns. 5. The fiber glass strand of claim 1, wherein the phosphorus-containing acid comprises phosphorus acid, hypophosphorus acid, phosphonic acid, organophosphorus acids, or mixtures thereof. 6. The fiber glass strand of claim 1, wherein the aqueous sizing composition further comprises at least one film former. 7. The fiber glass strand of claim 1, wherein the aqueous sizing composition further comprises at least one coupling agent. 8. A composite material comprising:
a polymeric resin; and a plurality of glass fibers from the fiber glass strand of claim 1 disposed in the polymeric resin. 9. The composite material of claim 8, wherein the plurality of glass fibers are present in an amount up to about 90 weight percent of the composite material. 10. The composite material of claim 8, wherein the polymeric resin comprises a thermoplastic. 11. The composite material of claim 10, wherein the thermoplastic comprises a polyolefin, polyamide, polystyrene, polyphenylene oxide, polyester or copolymers or mixtures thereof. 12. The composite material of claim 8, wherein the polymeric resin comprises a thermoset. 13. A fiber glass strand comprising:
at least one glass fiber at least partially coated with an aqueous sizing composition comprising an acid-aminosilane component, the acid-aminosilane component comprising molecules of at least one aminosilane associated with molecules of at least one phosphorus-containing acid of Formula (I):
wherein R1 is -alkyl, -alkenyl, -alkynyl, -cycloalkyl, -cycloalkenyl, -heterocycl, -aryl, or -heteroaryl and R2 is -hydrogen, -alkyl, -alkenyl, -alkynyl, -cycloalkyl, -cycloalkenyl, -heterocycl, -aryl, or -heteroaryl, and
wherein the at least one glass fiber has a diameter of at least 21 microns. 14. The fiber glass strand of claim 13, wherein the at least one glass fiber has a diameter of up to about 35 microns. 15. The fiber glass strand of claim 13, wherein the at least one glass fiber has a diameter of at least about 22 microns. 16. The fiber glass strand of claim 13, wherein the nominal diameter of the at least one glass fiber is about 24 microns. 17. The fiber glass strand of claim 13, wherein the aqueous sizing composition further comprises at least one film former. 18. The fiber glass strand of claim 13, wherein the molar ratio of the at least one phosphorus-containing acid to the aminosilane is less than about 1. 19. A composite material comprising:
a polymeric resin; and a plurality of glass fibers from the fiber glass strand of claim 13, disposed in the polymeric resin. 20. The composite material of claim 19, wherein the plurality of glass fibers are present in an amount up to about 90 weight percent of the composite material. 21. The composite material of claim 19, wherein the polymeric resin comprises a thermoplastic. 22. The composite material of claim 21, wherein the thermoplastic comprises a polyolefin, polyamide, polystyrene, polyphenylene oxide, polyester or copolymers or mixtures thereof. 23. The composite material of claim 19, wherein the polymeric resin comprises a thermoset. 24. A fiber glass strand comprising:
at least one glass fiber at least partially coated with an aqueous sizing composition comprising an acid-aminosilane component, the acid-aminosilane component comprising molecules of at least one aminosilane associated with molecules of at least one phosphorus-containing acid of Formula (II):
wherein R3 and R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of -hydrogen, -alkyl, -alkenyl, -alkynyl, -cycloalkyl, -cycloalkenyl, -heterocycl, -aryl, or -heteroaryl, and wherein the at least one glass fiber has a diameter of at least 21 microns. 25. The fiber glass strand of claim 24, wherein the at least one glass fiber has a diameter of up to about 35 microns. 26. The fiber glass strand of claim 24, wherein the at least one glass fiber has a diameter of at least about 22 microns. 27. The fiber glass strand of claim 24, wherein the nominal diameter of the at least one glass fiber is about 24 microns. 28. The fiber glass strand of claim 24, wherein the aqueous sizing composition further comprises at least one film former. 29. The fiber glass strand of claim 24, wherein the molar ratio of the at least one phosphorus-containing acid to the aminosilane is less than about 1. 30. A composite material comprising:
a polymeric resin; and a plurality of glass fibers from the fiber glass strand of claim 24, disposed in the polymeric resin. 31. The composite material of claim 30, wherein the plurality of glass fibers are present in an amount up to about 90 weight percent of the composite material. 32. The composite material of claim 30, wherein the polymeric resin comprises a thermoplastic. 33. The composite material of claim 32, wherein the thermoplastic comprises a polyolefin, polyamide, polystyrene, polyphenylene oxide, polyester or copolymers or mixtures thereof. 34. The composite material of claim 30, wherein the polymeric resin comprises a thermoset. | 1,700 |
2,264 | 11,722,862 | 1,729 | A membrane electrode assembly includes an anode, a cathode, a membrane disposed between the anode and the cathode, a catalyzed layer in at least one position selected from the group consisting of between the cathode and the membrane and between the anode and the membrane, and an edge seal positioned along an edge of the membrane electrode assembly, wherein the membrane and the catalyzed layer extends into the edge seal. | 1. A membrane electrode assembly, comprising:
an anode; a cathode; a membrane disposed between the anode and the cathode; a catalyzed layer in at least one position selected from the group consisting of between the cathode and the membrane and between the anode and the membrane; and an edge seal positioned along an edge of the membrane electrode assembly, wherein the membrane and the catalyzed layer extend into the edge seal. 2. The assembly of claim 1, wherein at least one of the anode and the cathode extend into the edge seal. 3. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the anode and the cathode extend into the edge seal. 4. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the catalyzed layer extends to the edge of the membrane. 5. The assembly of claim 4, wherein the anode and the cathode extend into the edge seal and terminate before the edge of the membrane. 6. The assembly of claim 4, wherein the anode and the cathode extend into the edge seal and extend to the edge of the membrane. 7. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the edge seal hermetically encapsulates the edge of the membrane. 8. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the catalyzed layer contains particles selected from the group consisting of particles of carbon, particles of platinum, particles of platinum alloy and combinations thereof. 9. The assembly of claim 8, wherein the particles are supported on carbon. 10. The assembly of claim 8, wherein the particles are platinum alloy selected from the group consisting of platinum cobalt, platinum nickel, platinum iridium, platinum iridium cobalt, platinum chromium cobalt and combinations thereof. 11. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the catalyzed layer is in electrical communication with a respective electrode. 12. The assembly of claim 11, wherein the catalyzed layer is in electrical communication with the respective electrode through a support material. 13. The assembly of claim 12, wherein the support material is carbon. 14. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the catalyzed layer has a porosity of less than about 20%. 15. The assembly of claim 14, wherein the catalyzed layer is substantially non-porous. 16. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the catalyzed layer between the membrane and the cathode has an oxygen reduction rate which is substantially the same or greater than the cathode. 17. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the catalyzed layer is an electrically connected and ionically conductive structure having a porosity of between about 0% and about 20%, wherein the catalyst is present in an amount between about 5 and about 50% vol based upon volume of the layer, and ionomer is present in an amount between about 30 and about 95% vol based upon volume of the layer. 18. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the membrane is a reinforced membrane. | A membrane electrode assembly includes an anode, a cathode, a membrane disposed between the anode and the cathode, a catalyzed layer in at least one position selected from the group consisting of between the cathode and the membrane and between the anode and the membrane, and an edge seal positioned along an edge of the membrane electrode assembly, wherein the membrane and the catalyzed layer extends into the edge seal.1. A membrane electrode assembly, comprising:
an anode; a cathode; a membrane disposed between the anode and the cathode; a catalyzed layer in at least one position selected from the group consisting of between the cathode and the membrane and between the anode and the membrane; and an edge seal positioned along an edge of the membrane electrode assembly, wherein the membrane and the catalyzed layer extend into the edge seal. 2. The assembly of claim 1, wherein at least one of the anode and the cathode extend into the edge seal. 3. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the anode and the cathode extend into the edge seal. 4. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the catalyzed layer extends to the edge of the membrane. 5. The assembly of claim 4, wherein the anode and the cathode extend into the edge seal and terminate before the edge of the membrane. 6. The assembly of claim 4, wherein the anode and the cathode extend into the edge seal and extend to the edge of the membrane. 7. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the edge seal hermetically encapsulates the edge of the membrane. 8. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the catalyzed layer contains particles selected from the group consisting of particles of carbon, particles of platinum, particles of platinum alloy and combinations thereof. 9. The assembly of claim 8, wherein the particles are supported on carbon. 10. The assembly of claim 8, wherein the particles are platinum alloy selected from the group consisting of platinum cobalt, platinum nickel, platinum iridium, platinum iridium cobalt, platinum chromium cobalt and combinations thereof. 11. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the catalyzed layer is in electrical communication with a respective electrode. 12. The assembly of claim 11, wherein the catalyzed layer is in electrical communication with the respective electrode through a support material. 13. The assembly of claim 12, wherein the support material is carbon. 14. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the catalyzed layer has a porosity of less than about 20%. 15. The assembly of claim 14, wherein the catalyzed layer is substantially non-porous. 16. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the catalyzed layer between the membrane and the cathode has an oxygen reduction rate which is substantially the same or greater than the cathode. 17. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the catalyzed layer is an electrically connected and ionically conductive structure having a porosity of between about 0% and about 20%, wherein the catalyst is present in an amount between about 5 and about 50% vol based upon volume of the layer, and ionomer is present in an amount between about 30 and about 95% vol based upon volume of the layer. 18. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the membrane is a reinforced membrane. | 1,700 |
2,265 | 13,597,775 | 1,742 | A stylet has a proximal end a distal end and an outer surface. The stylet is substantially cylindrical. The outer surface of the stylet is treated, or roughened, preferably by a glass peening or a bead blasting operation, such that its maximum profile peak height is greater than 30 μm, its roughness average is greater than 5 μm, and its root mean square roughness is greater than 8 μm. This results in reducing the removal force of the treated stylet from a silicone catheter. | 1. A method of treating a disposable stylet so that it can be easily removed from a catheter, wherein the catheter is made of an elastomeric material, and the disposable stylet is made of a rigid material, the disposable stylet having an elongate stylet body having a proximal end, a distal end and an outer surface, said disposable stylet being substantially cylindrical at least for a majority of its length, the method comprising the steps of:
subjecting the stylet body of the disposable stylet to a glass shot peening process for at least 10 minutes with a glass shot size of about 100 μm and with an intensity range between 30-60 psi. 2. The method of treating a disposable stylet according to claim 12, wherein the subjecting step achieves essentially 100% coverage along the majority of the disposable stylet's length. | A stylet has a proximal end a distal end and an outer surface. The stylet is substantially cylindrical. The outer surface of the stylet is treated, or roughened, preferably by a glass peening or a bead blasting operation, such that its maximum profile peak height is greater than 30 μm, its roughness average is greater than 5 μm, and its root mean square roughness is greater than 8 μm. This results in reducing the removal force of the treated stylet from a silicone catheter.1. A method of treating a disposable stylet so that it can be easily removed from a catheter, wherein the catheter is made of an elastomeric material, and the disposable stylet is made of a rigid material, the disposable stylet having an elongate stylet body having a proximal end, a distal end and an outer surface, said disposable stylet being substantially cylindrical at least for a majority of its length, the method comprising the steps of:
subjecting the stylet body of the disposable stylet to a glass shot peening process for at least 10 minutes with a glass shot size of about 100 μm and with an intensity range between 30-60 psi. 2. The method of treating a disposable stylet according to claim 12, wherein the subjecting step achieves essentially 100% coverage along the majority of the disposable stylet's length. | 1,700 |
2,266 | 14,449,660 | 1,781 | A pressure-sensitive adhesive is to achieve good bond strengths at both high and low temperatures. This aim is accomplished by the adhesive comprising the following components:
a) 40-70 wt %, based on the total weight of the adhesive, of at least one poly(meth)acrylate;
b) 15-50 wt %, based on the total weight of the adhesive, of at least one synthetic rubber; and
c) at least one tackifier compatible with the poly(meth)acrylate(s).
The invention further relates to an adhesive tape which comprises at least one layer of the pressure-sensitive adhesive of the invention. | 1. A pressure-sensitive adhesive comprising:
a) 40-70 wt %, based on the total weight of the adhesive, of at least one poly(meth)acrylate; b) 15-50 wt %, based on the total weight of the adhesive, of at least one synthetic rubber; and c) at least one tackifier compatible with the poly(meth)acrylate(s). 2. The pressure-sensitive adhesive according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of poly(meth)acrylates to synthetic rubbers is from 1:1 to 3:1. 3. The pressure-sensitive adhesive according to claim 1 wherein the weight ratio of tackifiers compatible with the poly(meth)acrylates to synthetic rubbers is at most 2:1. 4. The pressure-sensitive adhesive according to claim 1 wherein the weight ratio of tackifiers compatible with the poly(meth)acrylates to the synthetic rubbers is at least 1:4. 5. The pressure-sensitive adhesive according to claim 1 wherein the synthetic rubber is a block copolymer having an A-B, A-B-A, (A-B)n, (A-B)nX or (A-B-A)nX construction,
in which
the blocks A independently of one another are a polymer formed by polymerization of at least one vinylaromatic;
the blocks B independently of one another are a polymer formed by polymerization of conjugated dienes having 4 to 18 C atoms and/or isobutylene, or are a partially or fully hydrogenated derivative of such a polymer;
X is the residue of a coupling reagent or initiator and
n is an integer ≧2. 6. The pressure-sensitive adhesive according to claim 5, wherein the weight fraction of the blocks A, based on all block copolymers present in the adhesive, is 10 to 40 wt %. 7. The pressure-sensitive adhesive according to claim 1 wherein the tackifier compatible with the poly(meth)acrylates is a terpene-phenolic resin or a rosin derivative. 8. The pressure-sensitive adhesive according to claim 1 wherein the adhesive is foamed. 9. An adhesive tape comprising at least one layer of a pressure-sensitive adhesive according to claim 1. 10. The adhesive tape according to claim 9, wherein the thickness of the layer is 100 μm to 5000 μm. 11. The adhesive tape according to claim 9 wherein the adhesive tape comprises a layer of a pressure-sensitive adhesive according to claim 1. | A pressure-sensitive adhesive is to achieve good bond strengths at both high and low temperatures. This aim is accomplished by the adhesive comprising the following components:
a) 40-70 wt %, based on the total weight of the adhesive, of at least one poly(meth)acrylate;
b) 15-50 wt %, based on the total weight of the adhesive, of at least one synthetic rubber; and
c) at least one tackifier compatible with the poly(meth)acrylate(s).
The invention further relates to an adhesive tape which comprises at least one layer of the pressure-sensitive adhesive of the invention.1. A pressure-sensitive adhesive comprising:
a) 40-70 wt %, based on the total weight of the adhesive, of at least one poly(meth)acrylate; b) 15-50 wt %, based on the total weight of the adhesive, of at least one synthetic rubber; and c) at least one tackifier compatible with the poly(meth)acrylate(s). 2. The pressure-sensitive adhesive according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of poly(meth)acrylates to synthetic rubbers is from 1:1 to 3:1. 3. The pressure-sensitive adhesive according to claim 1 wherein the weight ratio of tackifiers compatible with the poly(meth)acrylates to synthetic rubbers is at most 2:1. 4. The pressure-sensitive adhesive according to claim 1 wherein the weight ratio of tackifiers compatible with the poly(meth)acrylates to the synthetic rubbers is at least 1:4. 5. The pressure-sensitive adhesive according to claim 1 wherein the synthetic rubber is a block copolymer having an A-B, A-B-A, (A-B)n, (A-B)nX or (A-B-A)nX construction,
in which
the blocks A independently of one another are a polymer formed by polymerization of at least one vinylaromatic;
the blocks B independently of one another are a polymer formed by polymerization of conjugated dienes having 4 to 18 C atoms and/or isobutylene, or are a partially or fully hydrogenated derivative of such a polymer;
X is the residue of a coupling reagent or initiator and
n is an integer ≧2. 6. The pressure-sensitive adhesive according to claim 5, wherein the weight fraction of the blocks A, based on all block copolymers present in the adhesive, is 10 to 40 wt %. 7. The pressure-sensitive adhesive according to claim 1 wherein the tackifier compatible with the poly(meth)acrylates is a terpene-phenolic resin or a rosin derivative. 8. The pressure-sensitive adhesive according to claim 1 wherein the adhesive is foamed. 9. An adhesive tape comprising at least one layer of a pressure-sensitive adhesive according to claim 1. 10. The adhesive tape according to claim 9, wherein the thickness of the layer is 100 μm to 5000 μm. 11. The adhesive tape according to claim 9 wherein the adhesive tape comprises a layer of a pressure-sensitive adhesive according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,267 | 15,024,914 | 1,717 | A coater comprising a transfer roller and an anilox roller, in which the coater may selectively change the direction of rotation of the transfer roller while the anilox roller maintains a singe direction of rotation. | 1. A system for hybrid coating of a medium, comprising:
a computing device; and a web coater, the web coater comprising a transfer roller and an anilox roller; in which the computing device selectively cause the transfer roller to reverse direction while the anilox roller maintains a single direction of rotation. 2. The system of claim 1, in which selectively causing the transfer roller to reverse direction provides for selective flexographic coating and reverse kiss coating to be used to apply coating to the medium. 3. The system of claim 2, in which high coat weights of 2-3 grams per square meter is coated to the medium via reverse kiss coating. 4. The system of claim 1, in which selectively causing the transfer roller to reverse direction is done by an independent drive mechanism coupled to the transfer roller. 5. The system of claim 1, in which the anilox roller provides fluid from a fluid chamber to the transfer roller. 6. The system of claim 5, in which the transfer roller and anilox roller are separated by a distance of 1 to 2 thousands of an inch. 7. The system of claim 1, further comprising an impression cylinder that translates the medium between the transfer roller and the impression roller. 8. A coater comprising:
a transfer roller; and an anilox roller; in which the coater may selectively change the direction of rotation of the transfer roller while the anilox roller maintains a single direction of rotation. 9. The coater of claim 8, in which selectively changing the rotation of the transfer roller provides for selective flexographic coating and reverse kiss coating to be used to apply coating to the medium. 10. The coater of claim 8, in which the transfer roller and anilox roller are separated by a distance of 1 to 2 thousands of an inch. 11. The coater of claim 8, in which selectively changing the rotation of the transfer roller is done by an independent drive mechanism coupled to the transfer roller. 12. The coater of claim 8, further comprising an impression cylinder that translates the medium between the transfer roller and the impression roller. 13. A method of coating a medium, comprising:
introducing medium into a coater, the coater comprising a transfer roller and an anilox roller; and selectively changing the direction of rotation of the transfer roller while maintaining the direction of rotation of the anilox roller. 14. The method of claim 13, in which selectively changing the direction of rotation of the transfer roller provides for selective flexographic coating and reverse kiss coating to be used to apply coating to the medium. 15. The method of claim 13, in which changing the direction of rotation of the transfer roller is done by an independent drive mechanism coupled to the transfer roller. | A coater comprising a transfer roller and an anilox roller, in which the coater may selectively change the direction of rotation of the transfer roller while the anilox roller maintains a singe direction of rotation.1. A system for hybrid coating of a medium, comprising:
a computing device; and a web coater, the web coater comprising a transfer roller and an anilox roller; in which the computing device selectively cause the transfer roller to reverse direction while the anilox roller maintains a single direction of rotation. 2. The system of claim 1, in which selectively causing the transfer roller to reverse direction provides for selective flexographic coating and reverse kiss coating to be used to apply coating to the medium. 3. The system of claim 2, in which high coat weights of 2-3 grams per square meter is coated to the medium via reverse kiss coating. 4. The system of claim 1, in which selectively causing the transfer roller to reverse direction is done by an independent drive mechanism coupled to the transfer roller. 5. The system of claim 1, in which the anilox roller provides fluid from a fluid chamber to the transfer roller. 6. The system of claim 5, in which the transfer roller and anilox roller are separated by a distance of 1 to 2 thousands of an inch. 7. The system of claim 1, further comprising an impression cylinder that translates the medium between the transfer roller and the impression roller. 8. A coater comprising:
a transfer roller; and an anilox roller; in which the coater may selectively change the direction of rotation of the transfer roller while the anilox roller maintains a single direction of rotation. 9. The coater of claim 8, in which selectively changing the rotation of the transfer roller provides for selective flexographic coating and reverse kiss coating to be used to apply coating to the medium. 10. The coater of claim 8, in which the transfer roller and anilox roller are separated by a distance of 1 to 2 thousands of an inch. 11. The coater of claim 8, in which selectively changing the rotation of the transfer roller is done by an independent drive mechanism coupled to the transfer roller. 12. The coater of claim 8, further comprising an impression cylinder that translates the medium between the transfer roller and the impression roller. 13. A method of coating a medium, comprising:
introducing medium into a coater, the coater comprising a transfer roller and an anilox roller; and selectively changing the direction of rotation of the transfer roller while maintaining the direction of rotation of the anilox roller. 14. The method of claim 13, in which selectively changing the direction of rotation of the transfer roller provides for selective flexographic coating and reverse kiss coating to be used to apply coating to the medium. 15. The method of claim 13, in which changing the direction of rotation of the transfer roller is done by an independent drive mechanism coupled to the transfer roller. | 1,700 |
2,268 | 15,500,703 | 1,783 | Curable compositions are provided which comprise: a) 30-80 wt % of a room temperature liquid epoxy resin; b) 0.5-10 wt % of an epoxy curative; c) 5-40 wt % of a thermoplastic resin; and d) 0.5-10 wt % of a physical blowing agent. In some embodiments, the curable compositions may be fire retardant. In some embodiments, the curable compositions may be used in the form of films, and more particularly as core splice film adhesives. | 1. A curable composition comprising:
a) 30-80 wt % of a room temperature liquid epoxy resin; b) 0.5-10 wt % of an epoxy curative; c) 5-40 wt % of a thermoplastic resin; and d) 0.5-10 wt % of a physical blowing agent. 2. The curable composition according to claim 1 containing no epoxy resin other than room temperature liquid epoxy resin. 3. The curable composition according to claim 1 containing an epoxy/reactive diluent room temperature liquid epoxy resin. 4. The curable composition according to claim 1 containing a mixture of a neat room temperature liquid epoxy resin and an epoxy/reactive diluent room temperature liquid epoxy resin. 5. The curable composition according to claim 1 containing 40-60 wt % of the room temperature liquid epoxy resin. 6. The curable composition according to claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic resin has a softening point of between 60° C. and 150° C., as measured by DIN EN ISO 306 method A50. 7. The curable composition according to claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic resin is a polymer comprising phenylene oxide (-Ph-O—) units in its polymer backbone. 8. The curable composition according to claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic resin is a copolymer of bisphenol a and epichlorhydrin. 9. The curable composition according to claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic resin is a polyethersulfone. 10. The curable composition according to claim 1 containing 16-25 wt % of the thermoplastic resin. 11. The curable composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising 10-20 wt % flame retardants. 12. The curable composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising greater than 5 wt % of an intumescent graphite flame retardant and greater than 7 wt % of a red phosphorus flame retardant. 13. The curable composition according to claim 1 which demonstrates expansion upon cure of greater than 250%. 14. The curable composition according to claim 1 which cures to a composition that is fire retardant. 15. The curable composition according to claim 1 containing no blowing agent other than a physical blowing agent. 16. A film of the curable composition of claim 1. 17. The film according to claim 16 which has a thickness of less than 2 mm. 18. A cured composition obtained by curing the curable composition of claim 1. 19. The composition of claim 18 that is fire retardant. | Curable compositions are provided which comprise: a) 30-80 wt % of a room temperature liquid epoxy resin; b) 0.5-10 wt % of an epoxy curative; c) 5-40 wt % of a thermoplastic resin; and d) 0.5-10 wt % of a physical blowing agent. In some embodiments, the curable compositions may be fire retardant. In some embodiments, the curable compositions may be used in the form of films, and more particularly as core splice film adhesives.1. A curable composition comprising:
a) 30-80 wt % of a room temperature liquid epoxy resin; b) 0.5-10 wt % of an epoxy curative; c) 5-40 wt % of a thermoplastic resin; and d) 0.5-10 wt % of a physical blowing agent. 2. The curable composition according to claim 1 containing no epoxy resin other than room temperature liquid epoxy resin. 3. The curable composition according to claim 1 containing an epoxy/reactive diluent room temperature liquid epoxy resin. 4. The curable composition according to claim 1 containing a mixture of a neat room temperature liquid epoxy resin and an epoxy/reactive diluent room temperature liquid epoxy resin. 5. The curable composition according to claim 1 containing 40-60 wt % of the room temperature liquid epoxy resin. 6. The curable composition according to claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic resin has a softening point of between 60° C. and 150° C., as measured by DIN EN ISO 306 method A50. 7. The curable composition according to claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic resin is a polymer comprising phenylene oxide (-Ph-O—) units in its polymer backbone. 8. The curable composition according to claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic resin is a copolymer of bisphenol a and epichlorhydrin. 9. The curable composition according to claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic resin is a polyethersulfone. 10. The curable composition according to claim 1 containing 16-25 wt % of the thermoplastic resin. 11. The curable composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising 10-20 wt % flame retardants. 12. The curable composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising greater than 5 wt % of an intumescent graphite flame retardant and greater than 7 wt % of a red phosphorus flame retardant. 13. The curable composition according to claim 1 which demonstrates expansion upon cure of greater than 250%. 14. The curable composition according to claim 1 which cures to a composition that is fire retardant. 15. The curable composition according to claim 1 containing no blowing agent other than a physical blowing agent. 16. A film of the curable composition of claim 1. 17. The film according to claim 16 which has a thickness of less than 2 mm. 18. A cured composition obtained by curing the curable composition of claim 1. 19. The composition of claim 18 that is fire retardant. | 1,700 |
2,269 | 12,678,219 | 1,789 | A nonwoven fabric includes fibers of a fiber raw material including gelatin, the fibers including at least one of an antimicrobially effective substance and an antibiotic, wherein the fibers are produced by rotational spinning. | 1-20. (canceled) 21. A nonwoven fabric comprising:
fibers of a fiber raw material including gelatin, the fibers including at least one of an antimicrobially effective substance and an antibiotic, wherein the fibers are produced by rotational spinning. 22. The nonwoven fabric as recited in claim 21, wherein at least some of the fibers are one of twisted with one another, interlaced with one another, and have a twisted structure. 23. The nonwoven fabric as recited in claim 21, wherein at least some of the fibers are interlaced with one another and form at least one fiber bundle. 24. The nonwoven fabric as recited in claim 21, wherein the fibers consist of a gelatin or a derivative of gelatin and at least one of an antimicrobial substance and an antibiotic. 25. The nonwoven fabric as recited in claim 21, wherein at least one of the antimicrobially effective substance and the antibiotic is homogenously distributed in the fibers. 26. The nonwoven fabric as recited in claim 21, wherein at least one of the antimicrobially effective substance and the antibiotic is present in the fibers at a nanoscale level. 27. The nonwoven fabric as recited in claim 21, wherein at least one of the antimicrobially effective substance and the antibiotic is distributed on the fibers. 28. The nonwoven fabric as recited in claim 21, wherein the antimicrobially effective substance includes silver. 29. The nonwoven fabric as recited in claim 21, wherein at least some of the fibers are nanofibers. 30. The nonwoven fabric as recited in claim 21, wherein the fabric includes a tensile strength of at least 0.15 N/mm2 at a specific weight per unit area from 140 to 180 g/m2 in a dry state and an elongation at break in a hydrated state of 150%. 31. The nonwoven fabric as recited in claim 21, wherein the fabric includes an open pore structure having an air permeability of 0.5 l/min*cm2. 32. A method for producing a nonwoven fabric, the method comprising:
introducing a fiber raw material including a gelatin into a container; introducing at least one of an antimicrobially effective substance and an antibiotic into the container; rotating the container so as to fluidize the fiber raw material and discharge the fluidized fiber raw material from the container by centripetal forces so as to form the fibers; and joining the fibers together in a nonwoven manner to provide the nonwoven fabric. 33. The method as recited in claim 32, further comprising guiding the fibers being discharged from the container in a directed and non-contacting manner. 34. The method as recited in claim 33, wherein the guiding is performed using a suction device. 35. The method as recited in claim 32, wherein the fibers have a diameter from 0.3 to 500 μm. 36. The method as recited in claim 32, wherein the container includes exit regions in a form of passages having a diameter of up to 500 μm. 37. The method as recited in claim 32, wherein the container is rotatable at a speed of up to 25,000 revolutions per minute. 38. The method as recited in claim 32, wherein the container can be heated to a temperature of 300° C. 39. The method as recited in claim 32, further comprising laying the fibers on a laying device, wherein an electrical potential difference exists between the laying device and the container. 40. The method as recited in claim 32, further comprising placing the nonwoven fabric in contact with a drug configured for wound healing. 41. The method as recited in claim 32, further comprising disposing the nonwoven fabric onto an end of a rod element so as to form a cotton swab. 42. A method for producing a nonwoven fabric, the method comprising:
introducing a fiber raw material including a gelatin into a container; rotating the container so as to fluidize the fiber raw material and discharge the fluidized fiber raw material from the container by centripetal forces so as to form the fibers; joining the fibers together to provide the nonwoven fabric; and disposing at least one of an antimicrobially effective substance and an antibiotic on the fibers. | A nonwoven fabric includes fibers of a fiber raw material including gelatin, the fibers including at least one of an antimicrobially effective substance and an antibiotic, wherein the fibers are produced by rotational spinning.1-20. (canceled) 21. A nonwoven fabric comprising:
fibers of a fiber raw material including gelatin, the fibers including at least one of an antimicrobially effective substance and an antibiotic, wherein the fibers are produced by rotational spinning. 22. The nonwoven fabric as recited in claim 21, wherein at least some of the fibers are one of twisted with one another, interlaced with one another, and have a twisted structure. 23. The nonwoven fabric as recited in claim 21, wherein at least some of the fibers are interlaced with one another and form at least one fiber bundle. 24. The nonwoven fabric as recited in claim 21, wherein the fibers consist of a gelatin or a derivative of gelatin and at least one of an antimicrobial substance and an antibiotic. 25. The nonwoven fabric as recited in claim 21, wherein at least one of the antimicrobially effective substance and the antibiotic is homogenously distributed in the fibers. 26. The nonwoven fabric as recited in claim 21, wherein at least one of the antimicrobially effective substance and the antibiotic is present in the fibers at a nanoscale level. 27. The nonwoven fabric as recited in claim 21, wherein at least one of the antimicrobially effective substance and the antibiotic is distributed on the fibers. 28. The nonwoven fabric as recited in claim 21, wherein the antimicrobially effective substance includes silver. 29. The nonwoven fabric as recited in claim 21, wherein at least some of the fibers are nanofibers. 30. The nonwoven fabric as recited in claim 21, wherein the fabric includes a tensile strength of at least 0.15 N/mm2 at a specific weight per unit area from 140 to 180 g/m2 in a dry state and an elongation at break in a hydrated state of 150%. 31. The nonwoven fabric as recited in claim 21, wherein the fabric includes an open pore structure having an air permeability of 0.5 l/min*cm2. 32. A method for producing a nonwoven fabric, the method comprising:
introducing a fiber raw material including a gelatin into a container; introducing at least one of an antimicrobially effective substance and an antibiotic into the container; rotating the container so as to fluidize the fiber raw material and discharge the fluidized fiber raw material from the container by centripetal forces so as to form the fibers; and joining the fibers together in a nonwoven manner to provide the nonwoven fabric. 33. The method as recited in claim 32, further comprising guiding the fibers being discharged from the container in a directed and non-contacting manner. 34. The method as recited in claim 33, wherein the guiding is performed using a suction device. 35. The method as recited in claim 32, wherein the fibers have a diameter from 0.3 to 500 μm. 36. The method as recited in claim 32, wherein the container includes exit regions in a form of passages having a diameter of up to 500 μm. 37. The method as recited in claim 32, wherein the container is rotatable at a speed of up to 25,000 revolutions per minute. 38. The method as recited in claim 32, wherein the container can be heated to a temperature of 300° C. 39. The method as recited in claim 32, further comprising laying the fibers on a laying device, wherein an electrical potential difference exists between the laying device and the container. 40. The method as recited in claim 32, further comprising placing the nonwoven fabric in contact with a drug configured for wound healing. 41. The method as recited in claim 32, further comprising disposing the nonwoven fabric onto an end of a rod element so as to form a cotton swab. 42. A method for producing a nonwoven fabric, the method comprising:
introducing a fiber raw material including a gelatin into a container; rotating the container so as to fluidize the fiber raw material and discharge the fluidized fiber raw material from the container by centripetal forces so as to form the fibers; joining the fibers together to provide the nonwoven fabric; and disposing at least one of an antimicrobially effective substance and an antibiotic on the fibers. | 1,700 |
2,270 | 13,118,021 | 1,787 | Exemplary embodiments provide materials and methods for an electrostatic charging member including a conductive substrate; a base layer disposed over the conductive substrate, the base layer comprising an elastomeric material and a semiconductive material; and a protective outer layer disposed over the base layer, the protective outer layer comprising a polymeric resin and a plurality of conductive particles, wherein the outer protective layer has a surface resistivity ranging from about 10 5 O/sq to about 10 13 O/sq. | 1. An electrostatic charging member comprising:
a conductive substrate; a base layer disposed over the conductive substrate, the base layer comprising an elastomeric material and a semiconductive material; and a protective outer layer disposed over the base layer, the protective outer layer comprising a polymeric resin and a plurality of conductive particles, wherein the outer protective layer has a surface resistivity ranging from about 105 O/sq to about 1013 O/sq. 2. The electrostatic charging member of claim 1, wherein the polymeric resin is selected from the group consisting of polyurethane, polyurea, polyolefin, polyester, polyimide, polyamide, polycarbonate, phenolic resins, aminoplast resins; copolymers derived from conjugated diene monomers, vinyl aromatic monomers, and ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomers; and combinations thereof. 3. The electrostatic charging member of claim 1, wherein the plurality of conductive particles is selected from the group consisting of carbon black, pyrolitic carbon, graphite, metal oxides, doped metal oxides, metal alloys, conductive polymers, and combinations thereof. 4. The electrostatic charging member of claim 3, wherein the conductive polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyaniline, polythiophene, polypyrrole, PEDOT/PSS polymers, PEDOT/PEG block copolymers, and combinations thereof. 5. The electrostatic charging member of claim 1, wherein the plurality of conductive particles is present in an amount ranging from about 1 weight percent to about 60 weight percent, relative to the total solids content of the protective outer layer. 6. The electrostatic charging member of claim 1, wherein the plurality conductive particles is present in an amount ranging from about 10 weight percent to about 50 weight percent, relative to the total solids content of the protective outer layer. 7. The electrostatic charging member of claim 1, wherein the outer protective layer comprises a thickness ranging from about 1 μm to about 100 μm. 8. The electrostatic charging member of claim 1, wherein the outer protective layer comprises a thickness ranging from about 3 μm to about 50 μm. 9. The electrostatic charging member of claim 1, wherein the outer protective layer comprises a thickness ranging from about 4 μm to about 20 μm. 10. The electrostatic charging member of claim 1, wherein the elastomeric material is selected from the group consisting of isoprenes, chloroprenes, epichlorohydrins, butyl elastomers, polyurethanes, silicone elastomers, fluorine elastomers, styrene-butadiene elastomers, butadiene elastomers, nitrile elastomers, ethylene propylene elastomers, epichlorohydrin-ethylene oxide copolymers, epichlorohydrin-ethylene oxide-allyl glycidyl ether copolymers, ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubbers, natural rubber, and combinations thereof. 11. A method of making an electrostatic charging member, the method comprising:
providing a conductive substrate; forming a base layer over the conductive substrate; and forming a protective outer layer over the base layer, the protective outer layer comprising a polymeric resin and a plurality of conductive particles, wherein the outer protective layer has a surface resistivity ranging from about 105 O/sq to about 1013 O/sq. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the step of forming a protective outer layer over the conductive substrate comprises:
providing a dispersion comprising a polymeric resin and a plurality of conductive particles; and coating the dispersion over the conductive substrate by dip coating, flow coating, spray coating, roll coating, ring coating, die casting, and rotary atomizing. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the polymeric resin is selected from the group consisting of polyurethane, polyurea, polyolefin, polyester, polyimide, polyamide, polycarbonate, phenolic resins, aminoplast resins; copolymers derived from conjugated diene monomers, vinyl aromatic monomers, and ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomers; and combinations thereof. 14. The method according to claim 12, wherein the plurality of conductive particles is selected from the group consisting of carbon black, pyrolitic carbon, graphite, metal oxides, doped metal oxides, metal alloys, conductive polymers, and combinations thereof. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the conductive polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyaniline, polythiophene, polypyrrole, PEDOT/PSS polymers, PEDOT/PEG block, copolymers, and combinations thereof. 16. The method according to claim 12, wherein the plurality of conductive particles is present in an amount ranging from about 1 weight percent to about 60 weight percent, relative to the total weight of the dispersion. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the plurality of conductive particles is present in an amount ranging from about 10 weight percent to about 50 weight percent, relative to the total weight of the dispersion. 18. The method according to claim 12, wherein the conductive substrate has a shape selected from the group consisting of a cylinder, a belt, and a sheet. 19. An electrostatic charging device comprising:
an electrostatic charging member comprising a conductive substrate, a base layer, and a protective outer layer disposed over the base layer, the protective outer layer comprising a polymeric resin and a plurality of conductive particles, wherein the outer protective layer has a surface resistivity ranging from about 105 O/sq to about 1013 O/sq. 20. The electrostatic charging device according to claim 19, wherein the conductive substrate has a shape selected from the group consisting of a cylinder, a belt, and a sheet. | Exemplary embodiments provide materials and methods for an electrostatic charging member including a conductive substrate; a base layer disposed over the conductive substrate, the base layer comprising an elastomeric material and a semiconductive material; and a protective outer layer disposed over the base layer, the protective outer layer comprising a polymeric resin and a plurality of conductive particles, wherein the outer protective layer has a surface resistivity ranging from about 10 5 O/sq to about 10 13 O/sq.1. An electrostatic charging member comprising:
a conductive substrate; a base layer disposed over the conductive substrate, the base layer comprising an elastomeric material and a semiconductive material; and a protective outer layer disposed over the base layer, the protective outer layer comprising a polymeric resin and a plurality of conductive particles, wherein the outer protective layer has a surface resistivity ranging from about 105 O/sq to about 1013 O/sq. 2. The electrostatic charging member of claim 1, wherein the polymeric resin is selected from the group consisting of polyurethane, polyurea, polyolefin, polyester, polyimide, polyamide, polycarbonate, phenolic resins, aminoplast resins; copolymers derived from conjugated diene monomers, vinyl aromatic monomers, and ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomers; and combinations thereof. 3. The electrostatic charging member of claim 1, wherein the plurality of conductive particles is selected from the group consisting of carbon black, pyrolitic carbon, graphite, metal oxides, doped metal oxides, metal alloys, conductive polymers, and combinations thereof. 4. The electrostatic charging member of claim 3, wherein the conductive polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyaniline, polythiophene, polypyrrole, PEDOT/PSS polymers, PEDOT/PEG block copolymers, and combinations thereof. 5. The electrostatic charging member of claim 1, wherein the plurality of conductive particles is present in an amount ranging from about 1 weight percent to about 60 weight percent, relative to the total solids content of the protective outer layer. 6. The electrostatic charging member of claim 1, wherein the plurality conductive particles is present in an amount ranging from about 10 weight percent to about 50 weight percent, relative to the total solids content of the protective outer layer. 7. The electrostatic charging member of claim 1, wherein the outer protective layer comprises a thickness ranging from about 1 μm to about 100 μm. 8. The electrostatic charging member of claim 1, wherein the outer protective layer comprises a thickness ranging from about 3 μm to about 50 μm. 9. The electrostatic charging member of claim 1, wherein the outer protective layer comprises a thickness ranging from about 4 μm to about 20 μm. 10. The electrostatic charging member of claim 1, wherein the elastomeric material is selected from the group consisting of isoprenes, chloroprenes, epichlorohydrins, butyl elastomers, polyurethanes, silicone elastomers, fluorine elastomers, styrene-butadiene elastomers, butadiene elastomers, nitrile elastomers, ethylene propylene elastomers, epichlorohydrin-ethylene oxide copolymers, epichlorohydrin-ethylene oxide-allyl glycidyl ether copolymers, ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubbers, natural rubber, and combinations thereof. 11. A method of making an electrostatic charging member, the method comprising:
providing a conductive substrate; forming a base layer over the conductive substrate; and forming a protective outer layer over the base layer, the protective outer layer comprising a polymeric resin and a plurality of conductive particles, wherein the outer protective layer has a surface resistivity ranging from about 105 O/sq to about 1013 O/sq. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the step of forming a protective outer layer over the conductive substrate comprises:
providing a dispersion comprising a polymeric resin and a plurality of conductive particles; and coating the dispersion over the conductive substrate by dip coating, flow coating, spray coating, roll coating, ring coating, die casting, and rotary atomizing. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the polymeric resin is selected from the group consisting of polyurethane, polyurea, polyolefin, polyester, polyimide, polyamide, polycarbonate, phenolic resins, aminoplast resins; copolymers derived from conjugated diene monomers, vinyl aromatic monomers, and ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomers; and combinations thereof. 14. The method according to claim 12, wherein the plurality of conductive particles is selected from the group consisting of carbon black, pyrolitic carbon, graphite, metal oxides, doped metal oxides, metal alloys, conductive polymers, and combinations thereof. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the conductive polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyaniline, polythiophene, polypyrrole, PEDOT/PSS polymers, PEDOT/PEG block, copolymers, and combinations thereof. 16. The method according to claim 12, wherein the plurality of conductive particles is present in an amount ranging from about 1 weight percent to about 60 weight percent, relative to the total weight of the dispersion. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the plurality of conductive particles is present in an amount ranging from about 10 weight percent to about 50 weight percent, relative to the total weight of the dispersion. 18. The method according to claim 12, wherein the conductive substrate has a shape selected from the group consisting of a cylinder, a belt, and a sheet. 19. An electrostatic charging device comprising:
an electrostatic charging member comprising a conductive substrate, a base layer, and a protective outer layer disposed over the base layer, the protective outer layer comprising a polymeric resin and a plurality of conductive particles, wherein the outer protective layer has a surface resistivity ranging from about 105 O/sq to about 1013 O/sq. 20. The electrostatic charging device according to claim 19, wherein the conductive substrate has a shape selected from the group consisting of a cylinder, a belt, and a sheet. | 1,700 |
2,271 | 14,373,111 | 1,749 | A circumferential recess is formed on the outer surface of a tire side section, the circumferential recess being depressed inward in a tread width direction and extending in a tire circumferential direction. In a cross section along the tread width direction of the tire and the tire radial direction, a rim-side outer surface formed in an area from a rim separation point, which is the outermost point in the tire radial direction that is in contact with a rim flange, to an inner end of the circumferential recess in the tire radial direction, is formed along a first arc curve having a center of a curvature radius on the inside in the tread width direction. In the cross section, a sidewall surface formed in an area from the inner end of the circumferential recess in the tire radial direction to a bottom surface of the circumferential recess is formed along a second arc curve having a center of a curvature radius on the outside in the tread width direction. | 1. A tire including a tread section coming into contact with a road surface and a tire side section continuous with the tread section, wherein
a circumferential recess is formed on an outer surface of the tire side section, the circumferential recess being depressed inward in a tread width direction and extending in a tire circumferential direction, in a cross section along the tread width direction of the tire and a tire radial direction, a rim outer surface formed in an area from a rim-side separation point, which is the outermost point in the tire radial direction that is in contact with a rim flange, to an inner end of the circumferential recess in the tire radial direction, is formed along a first arc curve having a center of a curvature radius on the inside in the tread width direction, and in the cross section along the tread width direction of the tire and the tire radial direction, a sidewall surface formed in an area from the inner end of the circumferential recess in the tire radial direction to a bottom surface of the circumferential recess is formed along a second arc curve having a center of a curvature radius on the outside in the tread width direction. 2. The tire according to claim 1, wherein
a curvature radius of the sidewall surface in the cross section along the tread width direction of the tire and the tire radial direction is 50 mm or more in a no-load state with a normal inner pressure and no load applied. 3. The tire according to claim 1, wherein
the maximum depth of the sidewall surface with respect to a virtual line along which the first arc curve extends to the circumferential recess is 15 mm or more and 35 mm or less. 4. The tire according to claim 1, wherein
when a tire height in the tire radial direction in a no-load state with a normal inner pressure and no load applied is H, the sidewall surface in a normal-load state with the normal inner pressure and a normal load applied is positioned within a range of 25% or less of the tire height H from the rim separation point to the outside in the tire radial direction. 5. The tire according to claim 1, wherein
at least a part of the block is disposed within the sidewall surface. 6. The tire according to claim 1, wherein
a curvature radius Ra of the sidewall surface in a no-load state with a normal inner pressure and no load applied and a curvature radius Rb of the sidewall surface in a normal-load state with the normal inner pressure and a normal load applied satisfy a relationship of (Ra−Rb)/Ra≦0.5. 7. The tire according to claim 1, wherein
a block protruding outward in the tread width direction is formed on the inside of the circumferential recess. 8. The tire according to claim 7, wherein
a plurality of the blocks are arranged at a predetermined pitch in the tire circumferential direction, and each adjacent two of the blocks differ in position in the tire radial direction. 9. The tire according to claim 7, wherein
a height h of the block in the tread width direction is 3 mm or more and 25 mm or less. 10. The tire according to claim 7, wherein
a width w of the block in the tire circumferential direction is 2 mm or more and 10 mm or less. 11. The tire according to claim 7, wherein
relationships among a height h of the block, a predetermined pitch p of the block in the tire circumferential direction, and a width w of the block satisfy 1≦p/h≦50 and 1≦(p−w)/w≦100. | A circumferential recess is formed on the outer surface of a tire side section, the circumferential recess being depressed inward in a tread width direction and extending in a tire circumferential direction. In a cross section along the tread width direction of the tire and the tire radial direction, a rim-side outer surface formed in an area from a rim separation point, which is the outermost point in the tire radial direction that is in contact with a rim flange, to an inner end of the circumferential recess in the tire radial direction, is formed along a first arc curve having a center of a curvature radius on the inside in the tread width direction. In the cross section, a sidewall surface formed in an area from the inner end of the circumferential recess in the tire radial direction to a bottom surface of the circumferential recess is formed along a second arc curve having a center of a curvature radius on the outside in the tread width direction.1. A tire including a tread section coming into contact with a road surface and a tire side section continuous with the tread section, wherein
a circumferential recess is formed on an outer surface of the tire side section, the circumferential recess being depressed inward in a tread width direction and extending in a tire circumferential direction, in a cross section along the tread width direction of the tire and a tire radial direction, a rim outer surface formed in an area from a rim-side separation point, which is the outermost point in the tire radial direction that is in contact with a rim flange, to an inner end of the circumferential recess in the tire radial direction, is formed along a first arc curve having a center of a curvature radius on the inside in the tread width direction, and in the cross section along the tread width direction of the tire and the tire radial direction, a sidewall surface formed in an area from the inner end of the circumferential recess in the tire radial direction to a bottom surface of the circumferential recess is formed along a second arc curve having a center of a curvature radius on the outside in the tread width direction. 2. The tire according to claim 1, wherein
a curvature radius of the sidewall surface in the cross section along the tread width direction of the tire and the tire radial direction is 50 mm or more in a no-load state with a normal inner pressure and no load applied. 3. The tire according to claim 1, wherein
the maximum depth of the sidewall surface with respect to a virtual line along which the first arc curve extends to the circumferential recess is 15 mm or more and 35 mm or less. 4. The tire according to claim 1, wherein
when a tire height in the tire radial direction in a no-load state with a normal inner pressure and no load applied is H, the sidewall surface in a normal-load state with the normal inner pressure and a normal load applied is positioned within a range of 25% or less of the tire height H from the rim separation point to the outside in the tire radial direction. 5. The tire according to claim 1, wherein
at least a part of the block is disposed within the sidewall surface. 6. The tire according to claim 1, wherein
a curvature radius Ra of the sidewall surface in a no-load state with a normal inner pressure and no load applied and a curvature radius Rb of the sidewall surface in a normal-load state with the normal inner pressure and a normal load applied satisfy a relationship of (Ra−Rb)/Ra≦0.5. 7. The tire according to claim 1, wherein
a block protruding outward in the tread width direction is formed on the inside of the circumferential recess. 8. The tire according to claim 7, wherein
a plurality of the blocks are arranged at a predetermined pitch in the tire circumferential direction, and each adjacent two of the blocks differ in position in the tire radial direction. 9. The tire according to claim 7, wherein
a height h of the block in the tread width direction is 3 mm or more and 25 mm or less. 10. The tire according to claim 7, wherein
a width w of the block in the tire circumferential direction is 2 mm or more and 10 mm or less. 11. The tire according to claim 7, wherein
relationships among a height h of the block, a predetermined pitch p of the block in the tire circumferential direction, and a width w of the block satisfy 1≦p/h≦50 and 1≦(p−w)/w≦100. | 1,700 |
2,272 | 14,068,291 | 1,795 | An electrode for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide and water forming carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The electrode includes a metal substrate. A self-assembled monolayer is bonded to the metal substrate. A selectivity of reaction products of carbon monoxide and hydrogen produced by the electrode is regulated relative to a bare metal substrate. | 1. An electrode for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide and water forming carbon monoxide and hydrogen comprising:
a metal substrate; a self-assembled monolayer bonded to the metal substrate;
wherein a selectivity of reaction products of carbon monoxide and hydrogen produced by the electrode is regulated relative to a bare metal substrate. 2. The electrode of claim 1 wherein the metal substrate is formed of a metal having a low carbon monoxide bonding strength. 3. The electrode of claim 2 wherein the metal substrate is selected from Au, Ag, Zn, Pd, and Ga. 4. The electrode of claim 1 wherein the self-assembled monolayer includes an organic ligand having a surface end having a reactive group bonded to the metal substrate and an opposing end including an organic functional group. 5. The electrode of claim 4 wherein the organic ligand has a length of from C2 to C20. 6. The electrode of claim 4 wherein the reactive group forms a covalent bond with the metal substrate. 7. The electrode of claim 4 wherein the reactive group is a thiol group. 8. The electrode of claim 4 wherein the organic functional group is selected from CH3, OH, COOH and NH2. 9. An electrode for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide and water forming carbon monoxide and hydrogen comprising:
a metal substrate; a self-assembled monolayer bonded to the metal substrate, the self-assembled monolayer including an organic ligand having a surface end having a reactive group bonded to the metal substrate and an opposing end including an organic functional group;
wherein a selectivity of reaction products of carbon monoxide and hydrogen produced by the electrode is regulated relative to a bare metal substrate. 10. The electrode of claim 9 wherein the metal substrate is selected from Au, Ag, Zn, Pd, and Ga. 11. The electrode of claim 10 wherein the organic ligand has a length of from C2 to C20. 12. The electrode of claim 11 wherein the reactive group is a thiol group and wherein the organic functional group is selected from CH3, OH, COOH and NH2. 13. An electrode for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide and water forming carbon monoxide and hydrogen comprising:
a metal substrate; a self-assembled monolayer bonded to the metal substrate;
wherein an activity of the electrode is regulated relative to a bare metal substrate. 14. The electrode of claim 13 wherein the metal substrate is formed of a metal having a low carbon monoxide bonding strength. 15. The electrode of claim 14 wherein the metal substrate is selected from Au, Ag, Zn, Pd, and Ga. 16. The electrode of claim 13 wherein the self-assembled monolayer includes an organic ligand having a surface end having a reactive group bonded to the metal substrate and an opposing end including an organic functional group. 17. The electrode of claim 16 wherein the organic ligand has a length of from C2 to C20. 18. The electrode of claim 16 wherein the reactive group forms a covalent bond with the metal substrate. 19. The electrode of claim 16 wherein the reactive group is a thiol group. 20. The electrode of claim 16 wherein the organic functional group is selected from CH3, OH, COOH and NH2. | An electrode for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide and water forming carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The electrode includes a metal substrate. A self-assembled monolayer is bonded to the metal substrate. A selectivity of reaction products of carbon monoxide and hydrogen produced by the electrode is regulated relative to a bare metal substrate.1. An electrode for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide and water forming carbon monoxide and hydrogen comprising:
a metal substrate; a self-assembled monolayer bonded to the metal substrate;
wherein a selectivity of reaction products of carbon monoxide and hydrogen produced by the electrode is regulated relative to a bare metal substrate. 2. The electrode of claim 1 wherein the metal substrate is formed of a metal having a low carbon monoxide bonding strength. 3. The electrode of claim 2 wherein the metal substrate is selected from Au, Ag, Zn, Pd, and Ga. 4. The electrode of claim 1 wherein the self-assembled monolayer includes an organic ligand having a surface end having a reactive group bonded to the metal substrate and an opposing end including an organic functional group. 5. The electrode of claim 4 wherein the organic ligand has a length of from C2 to C20. 6. The electrode of claim 4 wherein the reactive group forms a covalent bond with the metal substrate. 7. The electrode of claim 4 wherein the reactive group is a thiol group. 8. The electrode of claim 4 wherein the organic functional group is selected from CH3, OH, COOH and NH2. 9. An electrode for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide and water forming carbon monoxide and hydrogen comprising:
a metal substrate; a self-assembled monolayer bonded to the metal substrate, the self-assembled monolayer including an organic ligand having a surface end having a reactive group bonded to the metal substrate and an opposing end including an organic functional group;
wherein a selectivity of reaction products of carbon monoxide and hydrogen produced by the electrode is regulated relative to a bare metal substrate. 10. The electrode of claim 9 wherein the metal substrate is selected from Au, Ag, Zn, Pd, and Ga. 11. The electrode of claim 10 wherein the organic ligand has a length of from C2 to C20. 12. The electrode of claim 11 wherein the reactive group is a thiol group and wherein the organic functional group is selected from CH3, OH, COOH and NH2. 13. An electrode for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide and water forming carbon monoxide and hydrogen comprising:
a metal substrate; a self-assembled monolayer bonded to the metal substrate;
wherein an activity of the electrode is regulated relative to a bare metal substrate. 14. The electrode of claim 13 wherein the metal substrate is formed of a metal having a low carbon monoxide bonding strength. 15. The electrode of claim 14 wherein the metal substrate is selected from Au, Ag, Zn, Pd, and Ga. 16. The electrode of claim 13 wherein the self-assembled monolayer includes an organic ligand having a surface end having a reactive group bonded to the metal substrate and an opposing end including an organic functional group. 17. The electrode of claim 16 wherein the organic ligand has a length of from C2 to C20. 18. The electrode of claim 16 wherein the reactive group forms a covalent bond with the metal substrate. 19. The electrode of claim 16 wherein the reactive group is a thiol group. 20. The electrode of claim 16 wherein the organic functional group is selected from CH3, OH, COOH and NH2. | 1,700 |
2,273 | 13,129,754 | 1,717 | The invention relates to a method for sealing surfaces using single-component, moisture-curing coating compositions (C) containing 5 to 75 wt % of one or more silane-terminated polymers (P) having end groups of the formula (I) —O—C(=O) —NH—A—Si (OR 1 ) (I), wherein A stands for a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, R 1 stands for a linear or branched, possibly halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, R 2 stands for a linear or branched, possibly halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and X is 1, 2, or 3, 1 to 80 wt % of one or more fillers (F), 0.1 to 10 wt % of one or more water catchers (W), 0.01 to 5 wt % of one or more hardening catalysts (K), 0.01 to 10 wt % of one or more adhesion promoters (A), and possibly further substances common in moisture-curing coating compositions, wherein the weight amounts total 100%. | 1. A method for sealing a building surface or roof using a one-component, moisture-curing coating composition (C) comprising 5% to 25% by weight of one or more silane-terminated polymers (P) having end groups of the formula (I)
˜O—C(=O)—NH—A—Si(OR1)xR2 3-x (I),
in which
A is a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms,
R1 is a linear or branched, optionally halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms,
R2 is a linear or branched, optionally halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and
x is 1, 2 or 3,
1% to 80% by weight of one or more fillers (F),
0.1% to 10% by weight of one or more water scavengers (W),
0.01% to 5% by weight of one or more curing catalysts (K),
0.01% to 10% by weight of one or more adhesion promoters (A),
where aminosilanes used as curing catalyst (K) in amounts of 0.5 to 5% by weight can simultaneously serve as adhesion promoters (A),
and optionally further substances customary in moisture-curing coating compositions, the amounts by weight adding up to 100%,
with the proviso that the coated surface is sealed against the penetration of water or water vapor. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein A in formula (I) is a methylene radical. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating composition comprises exclusively tin-free curing catalysts as curing catalysts (K). 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating composition comprises exclusively metal-free curing catalysts as curing catalysts (K). 5. The method of claim 1, wherein aminosilanes are used as metal-free curing catalysts (K). 6. (canceled) 7. The method of claim 1, wherein calcium carbonate, mica or talc or mixtures thereof are used as fillers (F). 8. (canceled) 9. The method of claim 1, wherein further substances used in the coating composition comprise plasticizers, rheological additives, stabilizers, pigments, flame retardants or solvents. 10-11. (canceled) 12. A method for sealing a surface, wherein the coating composition of claim 1 is applied to the surface to be coated, and is caused to cure. 13. The method of claim 2, wherein the coating composition comprises exclusively tin-free curing catalysts as curing catalysts (K). 14. The method of claim 2, wherein the coating composition comprises exclusively metal-free curing catalysts as curing catalysts (K). 15. The method of claim 2, wherein aminosilanes are used as metal-free curing catalysts (K). 16. The method of claim 2, wherein calcium carbonate, mica or talc or mixtures thereof are used as fillers (F). 17. The method of claim 2, wherein further substances used in the coating composition comprise plasticizers, rheological additives, stabilizers, pigments, flame retardants or solvents. 18. A method for sealing a surface, wherein the coating composition of claim 2 is applied to the surface to be coated, and is caused to cure. | The invention relates to a method for sealing surfaces using single-component, moisture-curing coating compositions (C) containing 5 to 75 wt % of one or more silane-terminated polymers (P) having end groups of the formula (I) —O—C(=O) —NH—A—Si (OR 1 ) (I), wherein A stands for a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, R 1 stands for a linear or branched, possibly halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, R 2 stands for a linear or branched, possibly halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and X is 1, 2, or 3, 1 to 80 wt % of one or more fillers (F), 0.1 to 10 wt % of one or more water catchers (W), 0.01 to 5 wt % of one or more hardening catalysts (K), 0.01 to 10 wt % of one or more adhesion promoters (A), and possibly further substances common in moisture-curing coating compositions, wherein the weight amounts total 100%.1. A method for sealing a building surface or roof using a one-component, moisture-curing coating composition (C) comprising 5% to 25% by weight of one or more silane-terminated polymers (P) having end groups of the formula (I)
˜O—C(=O)—NH—A—Si(OR1)xR2 3-x (I),
in which
A is a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms,
R1 is a linear or branched, optionally halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms,
R2 is a linear or branched, optionally halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and
x is 1, 2 or 3,
1% to 80% by weight of one or more fillers (F),
0.1% to 10% by weight of one or more water scavengers (W),
0.01% to 5% by weight of one or more curing catalysts (K),
0.01% to 10% by weight of one or more adhesion promoters (A),
where aminosilanes used as curing catalyst (K) in amounts of 0.5 to 5% by weight can simultaneously serve as adhesion promoters (A),
and optionally further substances customary in moisture-curing coating compositions, the amounts by weight adding up to 100%,
with the proviso that the coated surface is sealed against the penetration of water or water vapor. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein A in formula (I) is a methylene radical. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating composition comprises exclusively tin-free curing catalysts as curing catalysts (K). 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating composition comprises exclusively metal-free curing catalysts as curing catalysts (K). 5. The method of claim 1, wherein aminosilanes are used as metal-free curing catalysts (K). 6. (canceled) 7. The method of claim 1, wherein calcium carbonate, mica or talc or mixtures thereof are used as fillers (F). 8. (canceled) 9. The method of claim 1, wherein further substances used in the coating composition comprise plasticizers, rheological additives, stabilizers, pigments, flame retardants or solvents. 10-11. (canceled) 12. A method for sealing a surface, wherein the coating composition of claim 1 is applied to the surface to be coated, and is caused to cure. 13. The method of claim 2, wherein the coating composition comprises exclusively tin-free curing catalysts as curing catalysts (K). 14. The method of claim 2, wherein the coating composition comprises exclusively metal-free curing catalysts as curing catalysts (K). 15. The method of claim 2, wherein aminosilanes are used as metal-free curing catalysts (K). 16. The method of claim 2, wherein calcium carbonate, mica or talc or mixtures thereof are used as fillers (F). 17. The method of claim 2, wherein further substances used in the coating composition comprise plasticizers, rheological additives, stabilizers, pigments, flame retardants or solvents. 18. A method for sealing a surface, wherein the coating composition of claim 2 is applied to the surface to be coated, and is caused to cure. | 1,700 |
2,274 | 12,972,602 | 1,715 | This invention relates to a method of depositing an inorganic SiO 2 film at temperatures below 250° C. using plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) in a chamber including supplying tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and O 2 , or a source thereof, as precursors, with an O 2 /TEOS ratio of between 15:1 and 25:1. | 1. A method of depositing an inorganic SiO2 film at temperatures below 250° C. using plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) in a chamber including supplying tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and O2, as precursors, with an O2/TEOS ratio of between 15:1 and 25:1. 2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the precursors are deposited using an RF driven showerhead wherein the showerhead is driven using a high frequency component and a low frequency component. 3. A method as claimed in claim 2 wherein the high frequency component is at 13.56 MHz and the low frequency component is 350 kHz-2 MHz. 4. A method as claimed in claim 2 wherein the power supplied at the high frequency is approximately twice the power of the low frequency component. 5. A method as claimed in claim 1 further including performing an H2 plasma treatment on the as deposited film. 6. A method as claimed in claim 5 wherein the H2 plasma treatment is performed after a vacuum break. 7. A method as claimed in claim 5 wherein the H2 plasma treatment forms or reforms Si—H bonds on the surface of the film. 8. A method of PECVD a SiO2 film using a TEOS precursor and an oxygen containing precursor including performing an H2 plasma treatment on the as deposited film. 9. A method as claim 8 wherein the precursors are deposited through an RF driven showerhead and wherein the showerhead is driven using a high frequency component and a low frequency component. 10. A method of PECVD of an SiO2 film at temperatures below 250° C. using TEOS and an oxygen containing precursor deposited through a RF driven showerhead wherein the showerhead is driven using a high frequency component and a low frequency component. 11. A method as claimed in claim 10 wherein the high frequency component is 13-5 MHz and the low frequency component is in the range 350 10 kHz-2 MHz. 12. A method as claimed in claim 10 wherein the film deposited at temperatures in the range about 150° C.-about 200° C. 13. A method as claimed in claim 5 wherein a single RF frequency is used for the H2 plasma. 14. A method as claimed in claim 13 wherein the single RF frequency is 13.56. 15. A method as claimed in claim 5 wherein the plasma temperature is in the range about 125° C. to about 250° C., preferably about 200° C. | This invention relates to a method of depositing an inorganic SiO 2 film at temperatures below 250° C. using plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) in a chamber including supplying tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and O 2 , or a source thereof, as precursors, with an O 2 /TEOS ratio of between 15:1 and 25:1.1. A method of depositing an inorganic SiO2 film at temperatures below 250° C. using plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) in a chamber including supplying tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and O2, as precursors, with an O2/TEOS ratio of between 15:1 and 25:1. 2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the precursors are deposited using an RF driven showerhead wherein the showerhead is driven using a high frequency component and a low frequency component. 3. A method as claimed in claim 2 wherein the high frequency component is at 13.56 MHz and the low frequency component is 350 kHz-2 MHz. 4. A method as claimed in claim 2 wherein the power supplied at the high frequency is approximately twice the power of the low frequency component. 5. A method as claimed in claim 1 further including performing an H2 plasma treatment on the as deposited film. 6. A method as claimed in claim 5 wherein the H2 plasma treatment is performed after a vacuum break. 7. A method as claimed in claim 5 wherein the H2 plasma treatment forms or reforms Si—H bonds on the surface of the film. 8. A method of PECVD a SiO2 film using a TEOS precursor and an oxygen containing precursor including performing an H2 plasma treatment on the as deposited film. 9. A method as claim 8 wherein the precursors are deposited through an RF driven showerhead and wherein the showerhead is driven using a high frequency component and a low frequency component. 10. A method of PECVD of an SiO2 film at temperatures below 250° C. using TEOS and an oxygen containing precursor deposited through a RF driven showerhead wherein the showerhead is driven using a high frequency component and a low frequency component. 11. A method as claimed in claim 10 wherein the high frequency component is 13-5 MHz and the low frequency component is in the range 350 10 kHz-2 MHz. 12. A method as claimed in claim 10 wherein the film deposited at temperatures in the range about 150° C.-about 200° C. 13. A method as claimed in claim 5 wherein a single RF frequency is used for the H2 plasma. 14. A method as claimed in claim 13 wherein the single RF frequency is 13.56. 15. A method as claimed in claim 5 wherein the plasma temperature is in the range about 125° C. to about 250° C., preferably about 200° C. | 1,700 |
2,275 | 12,278,638 | 1,768 | The invention relates to product categories using a metal polymer composite having properties that are enhanced or increased in the composite. Such properties include color, magnetism, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, density, improved malleability and ductility and thermoplastic or injection molding properties. | 1. A weighted structure having increased density per unit size comprising a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and (b) a polymer phase; wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5%. 2. The weight of claim 1 wherein the weight comprises a fishing sinker line. 3. The weight of claim 1 wherein the weight comprises an equestrian weight. 4. The weight of claim 1 wherein the weight comprises a collection of spherical weights used as ballast. 5. The weight of claim 1 wherein the weight comprises archery bow counterweight. 6. The weight of claim 1 wherein the weight is used in a golf ball or a golf club. 7. The weight of claim 1 wherein the weight is used in a cell phone vibrator. 8. The weight of claim 1 wherein the weight is used in a fishing sinker in combination with a swivel. 9. The weight of claim 1 wherein the weight is used in a weight belt for a snorkel diver or scuba diver. 10. The weight of claim 1 wherein the weight is used as a Maritime anchor. 11. The weight of claim 1 wherein the weight is used as ballast in an automobile. 12. The gasket comprising a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and (b) a polymer phase; 13. The gasket of claim 12 sized and configured for an engine. 14. The gasket of claim 12 sized and configured for an internal combustion engine. 15. The gasket of claim 12 sized and configured for a diesel engine. 16. The gasket of claim 12 sized and configured for a gasoline engine. 17. The gasket of claim 12 sized and configured for a turbine engine. 18. The gasket of claim 12 sized and configured for a turbine engine used in an aviation application. 19. An O-ring comprising a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and (b) a polymer phase; wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5%. 20. An energy or initial storage device comprising a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and (b) a polymer phase; wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5% and the device comprises an input shaft and operably attached to the shaft, a shaft symmetrical portion of the metal polymer composite wherein energy can be saved by rotating the shaft or applying a torque to the shaft. 21. An insulating layer comprising a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and (b) a polymer phase; wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5%. 22. The layer of claim 21 wherein the layer comprises a sound insulating layer. 23. The layer of claim 21 wherein the layer comprises a vibration dampening layer. 24. The layer of claim 21 wherein the layer comprises a radiation insulation layer or barrier layer. 25. A horseshoe comprising a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and (b) a polymer phase; wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5%. 26. A building having a ballast, the ballast adapted and positioned in the building such that motion imparted to the building is damped by motion of the weight the ballast comprising a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and (b) a polymer phase; wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5%. 27. The building of claim 26 wherein the motion is imparted by earthquake forces. 28. The building of claim 26 wherein the motion is imparted by wind forces. 29. A stained glass window caming member comprising a shaped extrudate comprising a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and (b) a polymer phase; wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5%. 30. A layered structure comprising a first layer comprising a polymeric foam combined with a second layer comprising a layer comprising a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and (b) a polymer phase; wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5%. 31. The layered structure of claim 30 wherein the layered structure additionally comprises an adhesive layer. 32. The layered structure of claim 30 wherein the adhesive layer comprises a release liner layer. 33. A device structured to impart force to a receiving surface comprising a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and (b) a polymer phase; wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5%. 34. The device of claim 33 wherein the device comprises a billy club. 35. The device of claim 33 wherein the device comprises a mallet. 36. A semiconductor device comprising the metal polymer composite of the invention, the composite comprising a material having a resistivity of about 10 to about 102 ohm-meter−1 wherein the semiconductor device comprises a first N region and second P region, the N region containing an N-type dopant and the P region containing a P-type dopant<the device comprising a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and (b) a polymer phase; wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5%. 37. A flexible automobile weight comprising:
(i) a shaped article comprising a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite; and (ii) an adhesive attachment means; wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5%; and comprises:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and
(b) a polymer phase. 38. The weight of claim 37 wherein the attachment means comprises an adhesive tape and a release liner. 39. The weight of claim 38 wherein the attachment means comprises a foamed polymer tape. 40. The weight of claim 37 wherein the attachment means comprises an adhesive layer. 41. The weight of claim 37 comprising a linear extrudate having a capstock. 42. The weight of claim 37 wherein the weight has a viscoelastic character in the modulus or poisson ratio permitting conformance to a curved wheel surface. 43. The weight of claim 37 wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of at least 100%. 44. The weight of claim 37 wherein the metal particle comprises an alloy particle. 45. The weight of claim 37 wherein the particulate comprises a bimetallic particle. 46. The weight of claim 37 wherein the composite contains about at least 5 wt.-% of particulate in the range of about 10 to 70 microns and about at least 5 wt.-% of particulate in the range of about 70 to 250 microns, 47. The weight of claim 37 wherein the particulate further comprises about at least 5 wt.-% of a particulate in the range of about 250 to 500. 48. The weight of claim 37 wherein the polymer comprises a fluoropolymer. 49. The weight of claim 37 wherein the composite comprises about 0.005 to 4 wt % of an interfacial modifier. 50. The weight of claim 37 wherein the metal particulate comprises tungsten, bismuth, ferrous metal or mixtures thereof. 51. The weight of claim 37 wherein the ferrous metal comprises Stainless Steel. | The invention relates to product categories using a metal polymer composite having properties that are enhanced or increased in the composite. Such properties include color, magnetism, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, density, improved malleability and ductility and thermoplastic or injection molding properties.1. A weighted structure having increased density per unit size comprising a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and (b) a polymer phase; wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5%. 2. The weight of claim 1 wherein the weight comprises a fishing sinker line. 3. The weight of claim 1 wherein the weight comprises an equestrian weight. 4. The weight of claim 1 wherein the weight comprises a collection of spherical weights used as ballast. 5. The weight of claim 1 wherein the weight comprises archery bow counterweight. 6. The weight of claim 1 wherein the weight is used in a golf ball or a golf club. 7. The weight of claim 1 wherein the weight is used in a cell phone vibrator. 8. The weight of claim 1 wherein the weight is used in a fishing sinker in combination with a swivel. 9. The weight of claim 1 wherein the weight is used in a weight belt for a snorkel diver or scuba diver. 10. The weight of claim 1 wherein the weight is used as a Maritime anchor. 11. The weight of claim 1 wherein the weight is used as ballast in an automobile. 12. The gasket comprising a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and (b) a polymer phase; 13. The gasket of claim 12 sized and configured for an engine. 14. The gasket of claim 12 sized and configured for an internal combustion engine. 15. The gasket of claim 12 sized and configured for a diesel engine. 16. The gasket of claim 12 sized and configured for a gasoline engine. 17. The gasket of claim 12 sized and configured for a turbine engine. 18. The gasket of claim 12 sized and configured for a turbine engine used in an aviation application. 19. An O-ring comprising a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and (b) a polymer phase; wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5%. 20. An energy or initial storage device comprising a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and (b) a polymer phase; wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5% and the device comprises an input shaft and operably attached to the shaft, a shaft symmetrical portion of the metal polymer composite wherein energy can be saved by rotating the shaft or applying a torque to the shaft. 21. An insulating layer comprising a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and (b) a polymer phase; wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5%. 22. The layer of claim 21 wherein the layer comprises a sound insulating layer. 23. The layer of claim 21 wherein the layer comprises a vibration dampening layer. 24. The layer of claim 21 wherein the layer comprises a radiation insulation layer or barrier layer. 25. A horseshoe comprising a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and (b) a polymer phase; wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5%. 26. A building having a ballast, the ballast adapted and positioned in the building such that motion imparted to the building is damped by motion of the weight the ballast comprising a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and (b) a polymer phase; wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5%. 27. The building of claim 26 wherein the motion is imparted by earthquake forces. 28. The building of claim 26 wherein the motion is imparted by wind forces. 29. A stained glass window caming member comprising a shaped extrudate comprising a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and (b) a polymer phase; wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5%. 30. A layered structure comprising a first layer comprising a polymeric foam combined with a second layer comprising a layer comprising a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and (b) a polymer phase; wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5%. 31. The layered structure of claim 30 wherein the layered structure additionally comprises an adhesive layer. 32. The layered structure of claim 30 wherein the adhesive layer comprises a release liner layer. 33. A device structured to impart force to a receiving surface comprising a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and (b) a polymer phase; wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5%. 34. The device of claim 33 wherein the device comprises a billy club. 35. The device of claim 33 wherein the device comprises a mallet. 36. A semiconductor device comprising the metal polymer composite of the invention, the composite comprising a material having a resistivity of about 10 to about 102 ohm-meter−1 wherein the semiconductor device comprises a first N region and second P region, the N region containing an N-type dopant and the P region containing a P-type dopant<the device comprising a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and (b) a polymer phase; wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5%. 37. A flexible automobile weight comprising:
(i) a shaped article comprising a metal and polymer viscoelastic composite; and (ii) an adhesive attachment means; wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5%; and comprises:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and
(b) a polymer phase. 38. The weight of claim 37 wherein the attachment means comprises an adhesive tape and a release liner. 39. The weight of claim 38 wherein the attachment means comprises a foamed polymer tape. 40. The weight of claim 37 wherein the attachment means comprises an adhesive layer. 41. The weight of claim 37 comprising a linear extrudate having a capstock. 42. The weight of claim 37 wherein the weight has a viscoelastic character in the modulus or poisson ratio permitting conformance to a curved wheel surface. 43. The weight of claim 37 wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of at least 100%. 44. The weight of claim 37 wherein the metal particle comprises an alloy particle. 45. The weight of claim 37 wherein the particulate comprises a bimetallic particle. 46. The weight of claim 37 wherein the composite contains about at least 5 wt.-% of particulate in the range of about 10 to 70 microns and about at least 5 wt.-% of particulate in the range of about 70 to 250 microns, 47. The weight of claim 37 wherein the particulate further comprises about at least 5 wt.-% of a particulate in the range of about 250 to 500. 48. The weight of claim 37 wherein the polymer comprises a fluoropolymer. 49. The weight of claim 37 wherein the composite comprises about 0.005 to 4 wt % of an interfacial modifier. 50. The weight of claim 37 wherein the metal particulate comprises tungsten, bismuth, ferrous metal or mixtures thereof. 51. The weight of claim 37 wherein the ferrous metal comprises Stainless Steel. | 1,700 |
2,276 | 14,008,001 | 1,778 | The present invention relates to a method for depletion of undesired molecules and/or enrichment of desired molecules from a sample comprising high abundant as well as low abundant molecules, comprising the following steps: a) providing a separation material comprising a solid phase (beads) comprising an inner porous core material comprising magnetic particles and an outer porous shell with a porosity equal or denser than that of the shell; b) adding the sample to the separation material; c) adsorbing a first fraction of molecules with a molecular weight of 500-50 000 Da in the core and simultaneously excluding a second fraction of molecules from binding to the core and the shell, wherein the molecular weight of the second fraction molecules is at least 5 preferably 10 times higher than the molecular weight of the first fraction and d) eluting the desired molecules from the separation material, wherein step d) and optionally step c) is performed using an oscillating power/field applied over the separation material.
The first fraction of molecules are for example drugs with a mw of about 700 Da, small proteins/peptides with an mw of about 7000 Da or proteins with a mw of about 40 000 Da. | 1. A method for depletion of undesired molecules and/or enrichment of desired molecules from a sample comprising high abundant as well as low abundant molecules, comprising the following steps:
a) providing a separation material comprising a solid phase (beads) comprising an inner porous core material comprising magnetic particles and an outer porous shell with a porosity equal or denser than that of the shell; b) adding the sample to the separation material; c) adsorbing a first fraction of molecules with a molecular weight of 500-50 000 Da in the core and simultaneously excluding a second fraction of molecules from binding to the core and the shell, wherein the molecular weight of the second fraction molecules is at least 5 preferably 10 times higher than the molecular weight of the first fraction and d) eluting the desired molecules from the separation material, wherein step d) and optionally step c) is performed using an oscillating power/field applied over the separation material. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the oscillating power/field is magnetic. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the oscillating power/field is ultrasonic. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising retaining the excluded fraction in step d). 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising a step e) eluting the first fraction of molecules from the core. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the inner core is provided with one or more ligands selected from IEC (ion exchange chromatography), HIC (hydrophobic interaction), affinity, MM (multi modal), RPC (reversed phase chromatography), HILIC (hydrophilic liquid interaction chromatography), chelating ligands. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the shell is provided with ligands. 8. The method of claim 7, with a specific ligand in the inner core (salt tolerant ion exchange ligand). 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the sample is body fluid, tissue, cells, or parts thereof. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the first fraction molecules are desired molecules, such as oligonucleotides, RNA, proteins, peptides, hormones, steroids, drugs, metabolites and other organic molecules, and wherein the method is a positive selection method. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the first fraction molecules are undesired molecules, such as oligonucleotides, RNA, proteins, peptides, hormones, steroids, drugs, metabolites, toxic substances and other organic molecules, and wherein the method is a negative selection method. 12. The method of claim 1, which is performed in batch or column format. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein in case of batch format the magnetic shell beads are moved with a robot (automatisation). 14. The method of claim 1, wherein several samples are worked in parallel, such as in microtiter plates. 15. A separation medium comprising shell beads for use in the method of claim 1, comprising an inner porous core and an outer porous shell, wherein the inner core is provided with magnetic particles. 16. The separation medium of claim 15, which comprises a combination of different magnetic shell media wherein each medium comprises different properties (porosity, ligands) and interacts with different sample substances at the adsorption step. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the separation medium comprises a combination of magnetic shell media together with non-magnetic chromatographic material. | The present invention relates to a method for depletion of undesired molecules and/or enrichment of desired molecules from a sample comprising high abundant as well as low abundant molecules, comprising the following steps: a) providing a separation material comprising a solid phase (beads) comprising an inner porous core material comprising magnetic particles and an outer porous shell with a porosity equal or denser than that of the shell; b) adding the sample to the separation material; c) adsorbing a first fraction of molecules with a molecular weight of 500-50 000 Da in the core and simultaneously excluding a second fraction of molecules from binding to the core and the shell, wherein the molecular weight of the second fraction molecules is at least 5 preferably 10 times higher than the molecular weight of the first fraction and d) eluting the desired molecules from the separation material, wherein step d) and optionally step c) is performed using an oscillating power/field applied over the separation material.
The first fraction of molecules are for example drugs with a mw of about 700 Da, small proteins/peptides with an mw of about 7000 Da or proteins with a mw of about 40 000 Da.1. A method for depletion of undesired molecules and/or enrichment of desired molecules from a sample comprising high abundant as well as low abundant molecules, comprising the following steps:
a) providing a separation material comprising a solid phase (beads) comprising an inner porous core material comprising magnetic particles and an outer porous shell with a porosity equal or denser than that of the shell; b) adding the sample to the separation material; c) adsorbing a first fraction of molecules with a molecular weight of 500-50 000 Da in the core and simultaneously excluding a second fraction of molecules from binding to the core and the shell, wherein the molecular weight of the second fraction molecules is at least 5 preferably 10 times higher than the molecular weight of the first fraction and d) eluting the desired molecules from the separation material, wherein step d) and optionally step c) is performed using an oscillating power/field applied over the separation material. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the oscillating power/field is magnetic. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the oscillating power/field is ultrasonic. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising retaining the excluded fraction in step d). 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising a step e) eluting the first fraction of molecules from the core. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the inner core is provided with one or more ligands selected from IEC (ion exchange chromatography), HIC (hydrophobic interaction), affinity, MM (multi modal), RPC (reversed phase chromatography), HILIC (hydrophilic liquid interaction chromatography), chelating ligands. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the shell is provided with ligands. 8. The method of claim 7, with a specific ligand in the inner core (salt tolerant ion exchange ligand). 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the sample is body fluid, tissue, cells, or parts thereof. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the first fraction molecules are desired molecules, such as oligonucleotides, RNA, proteins, peptides, hormones, steroids, drugs, metabolites and other organic molecules, and wherein the method is a positive selection method. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the first fraction molecules are undesired molecules, such as oligonucleotides, RNA, proteins, peptides, hormones, steroids, drugs, metabolites, toxic substances and other organic molecules, and wherein the method is a negative selection method. 12. The method of claim 1, which is performed in batch or column format. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein in case of batch format the magnetic shell beads are moved with a robot (automatisation). 14. The method of claim 1, wherein several samples are worked in parallel, such as in microtiter plates. 15. A separation medium comprising shell beads for use in the method of claim 1, comprising an inner porous core and an outer porous shell, wherein the inner core is provided with magnetic particles. 16. The separation medium of claim 15, which comprises a combination of different magnetic shell media wherein each medium comprises different properties (porosity, ligands) and interacts with different sample substances at the adsorption step. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the separation medium comprises a combination of magnetic shell media together with non-magnetic chromatographic material. | 1,700 |
2,277 | 14,497,742 | 1,734 | An aqueous emulsion for use in aqueous milling of hard material powder components in an aqueous slurry. The aqueous emulsion includes an oxidation inhibitor in an amount between about 0.3 weight percent and about 1.2 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry. The aqueous emulsion also includes a paraffin wax in an amount between about 0.25 weight percent and about 0.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry for vacuum dried powder and in an amount about up to 2.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry for spray dried powder. The aqueous emulsion also includes myristic acid in an amount between about 0.10 weight percent and about 0.50 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry. The balance of the aqueous emulsion is water. | 1. An aqueous emulsion for use in aqueous milling of hard material powder components in an aqueous slurry, the aqueous emulsion comprising:
an oxidation inhibitor in an amount between about 0.6 weight percent and about 1.4 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry; paraffin wax in an amount up to about 2.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry; myristic acid in an amount between about 0.10 weight percent and about 0.50 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry; and balance being water. 2. The aqueous emulsion according to claim 1 wherein the aqueous emulsion comprising the oxidation inhibitor in an amount between about 0.8 weight percent and about 1.2 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry; and the myristic acid in an amount between about 0.13 weight percent and about 0.30 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry. 3. The aqueous emulsion according to claim 1 wherein the aqueous emulsion comprising the paraffin wax in an amount between about 0.25 weight percent and about 0.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry. 4. The aqueous emulsion according to claim 1 wherein the aqueous emulsion comprising the paraffin wax in an amount between about 0.40 weight percent and about 0.60 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry. 5. The aqueous emulsion according to claim 1 wherein the aqueous emulsion comprising the oxidation inhibitor in an amount equal to about 1.0 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry; the paraffin wax in an amount equal to about 0.50 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry; the myristic acid in an amount equal to about 0.15 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry; and balance being water. 6. The aqueous emulsion according to claim 1 wherein the aqueous emulsion comprising the oxidation inhibitor in an amount equal to about 1.0 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry; the paraffin wax in an amount equal to about 2.50 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry; the myristic acid in an amount equal to about 0.15 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry; and balance water. 7. The aqueous emulsion according to claim 1 wherein the oxidation inhibitor is selected from the group comprising a polyvinyllactam, triethanolamine and hexamine. 8. The aqueous emulsion according to claim 1 wherein the water is selected from the group comprising de-mineralized water and de-ionized water. 9. A method of making an aqueous emulsion for use in milling an aqueous slurry of hard material powder components, the method comprising the following steps:
mixing together under heating an oxidation inhibitor in an amount between about 0.6 weight percent and about 1.4 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry and water to form an oxidation inhibitor-water mixture; melting paraffin wax in an amount up to about 2.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry and myristic acid in an amount between about 0.10 weight percent and about 0.50 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry to form a paraffin wax-myristic acid solution; adding the oxidation inhibitor-water mixture into the paraffin wax-myristic acid solution to form a pre-blended emulsion; and blending the pre-blended emulsion to form the aqueous emulsion. 10. The method of making an aqueous emulsion according to claim 9 wherein the oxidation inhibitor-water mixture is at a temperature between about 50° C. and about 60° C. when added into the paraffin wax-myristic acid solution. 11. The method of making an aqueous emulsion according to claim 9 wherein the paraffin wax is in an amount between about 0.25 weight percent and about 0.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry. 12. The method of making an aqueous emulsion according to claim 9 wherein the oxidation inhibitor is selected from the group comprising a polyvinyllactam, triethanolamine and hexamine. 13. A method of making an aqueous slurry of hard material powder components, the method comprising the steps of:
mixing together under heating an oxidation inhibitor in an amount between about 0.6 weight percent and about 1.4 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry and water to form an oxidation inhibitor-water mixture; melting paraffin wax in an amount up to about 2.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry and myristic acid in an amount between about 0.10 weight percent and about 0.50 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry to form a paraffin wax-myristic acid solution; adding the oxidation inhibitor-water mixture into the paraffin wax-myristic acid solution to form a pre-blended emulsion; blending the pre-blended emulsion to form the aqueous emulsion; combining the aqueous emulsion and hard material powder components wherein the hard material powder components comprising hard carbide powder and metallic binder powder; adding water to the combination of the aqueous emulsion and hard material powder components to form a slurry; and milling the slurry for a pre-selected time to from a milled slurry. 14. The method of making an aqueous slurry according to claim 13 wherein the paraffin wax is in an amount between about 0.25 weight percent and about 0.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry. 15. A method of making a hard material powder from hard material powder components, the method comprising the steps of:
mixing together under heating an oxidation inhibitor in an amount between about 0.6 weight percent and about 1.4 weight percent of the hard material powder components and water to form an oxidation inhibitor-water mixture; melting paraffin wax in an amount up to about 2.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components and myristic acid in an amount between about 0.10 weight percent and about 0.50 weight percent of the hard material powder components to form a paraffin wax-myristic acid solution; adding the oxidation inhibitor-water mixture into the paraffin wax-myristic acid solution to form a pre-blended emulsion; blending the pre-blended emulsion to form the aqueous emulsion; combining the aqueous emulsion and hard material powder components wherein the hard material powder components comprising hard carbide powder and metallic binder powder; adding water to the combination of the aqueous emulsion and hard material powder components to form a slurry; milling the slurry for a pre-selected time to from a milled slurry; and drying the milled slurry to form the hard material powder wherein the drying is selected from the group comprising vacuum drying and spray drying. 16. The method of making a hard material powder according to claim 15 wherein when the drying is vacuum drying, the paraffin wax is in an amount between about 0.25 weight percent and about 0.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components. 17. The method of making a hard material powder according to claim 15 wherein when the drying is spray drying, the paraffin wax is in an amount up to about 2.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry. 18. A method of making a hard material article from hard material powder components, the method comprising the steps of:
mixing together under heating an oxidation inhibitor in an amount between about 0.6 weight percent and about 1.4 weight percent of the hard material powder components and water to form an oxidation inhibitor-water mixture; melting paraffin wax in an amount up to about 2.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components and myristic acid in an amount between about 0.10 weight percent and about 0.50 weight percent of the hard material powder components to form a paraffin wax-myristic acid solution; adding the oxidation inhibitor-water mixture into the paraffin wax-myristic acid solution to form a pre-blended emulsion; blending the pre-blended emulsion to form the aqueous emulsion; combining the aqueous emulsion and hard material powder components wherein the hard material powder components comprising hard carbide powder and metallic binder powder; adding water to the combination of the aqueous emulsion and hard material powder components to form a slurry; milling the slurry for a pre-selected time to from a milled slurry; drying the milled slurry to form the hard material powder wherein the drying is selected from the group comprising vacuum drying and spray drying; and consolidating the hard material powder to form the hard material article. 19. The method of making a hard material article according to claim 18 wherein when the drying is vacuum drying, the paraffin wax is in an amount between about 0.25 weight percent and about 0.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components. 20. The method of making a hard material article according to claim 18 wherein when the drying is spray drying, the paraffin wax is in an amount up to about 2.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components. | An aqueous emulsion for use in aqueous milling of hard material powder components in an aqueous slurry. The aqueous emulsion includes an oxidation inhibitor in an amount between about 0.3 weight percent and about 1.2 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry. The aqueous emulsion also includes a paraffin wax in an amount between about 0.25 weight percent and about 0.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry for vacuum dried powder and in an amount about up to 2.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry for spray dried powder. The aqueous emulsion also includes myristic acid in an amount between about 0.10 weight percent and about 0.50 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry. The balance of the aqueous emulsion is water.1. An aqueous emulsion for use in aqueous milling of hard material powder components in an aqueous slurry, the aqueous emulsion comprising:
an oxidation inhibitor in an amount between about 0.6 weight percent and about 1.4 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry; paraffin wax in an amount up to about 2.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry; myristic acid in an amount between about 0.10 weight percent and about 0.50 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry; and balance being water. 2. The aqueous emulsion according to claim 1 wherein the aqueous emulsion comprising the oxidation inhibitor in an amount between about 0.8 weight percent and about 1.2 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry; and the myristic acid in an amount between about 0.13 weight percent and about 0.30 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry. 3. The aqueous emulsion according to claim 1 wherein the aqueous emulsion comprising the paraffin wax in an amount between about 0.25 weight percent and about 0.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry. 4. The aqueous emulsion according to claim 1 wherein the aqueous emulsion comprising the paraffin wax in an amount between about 0.40 weight percent and about 0.60 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry. 5. The aqueous emulsion according to claim 1 wherein the aqueous emulsion comprising the oxidation inhibitor in an amount equal to about 1.0 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry; the paraffin wax in an amount equal to about 0.50 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry; the myristic acid in an amount equal to about 0.15 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry; and balance being water. 6. The aqueous emulsion according to claim 1 wherein the aqueous emulsion comprising the oxidation inhibitor in an amount equal to about 1.0 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry; the paraffin wax in an amount equal to about 2.50 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry; the myristic acid in an amount equal to about 0.15 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry; and balance water. 7. The aqueous emulsion according to claim 1 wherein the oxidation inhibitor is selected from the group comprising a polyvinyllactam, triethanolamine and hexamine. 8. The aqueous emulsion according to claim 1 wherein the water is selected from the group comprising de-mineralized water and de-ionized water. 9. A method of making an aqueous emulsion for use in milling an aqueous slurry of hard material powder components, the method comprising the following steps:
mixing together under heating an oxidation inhibitor in an amount between about 0.6 weight percent and about 1.4 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry and water to form an oxidation inhibitor-water mixture; melting paraffin wax in an amount up to about 2.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry and myristic acid in an amount between about 0.10 weight percent and about 0.50 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry to form a paraffin wax-myristic acid solution; adding the oxidation inhibitor-water mixture into the paraffin wax-myristic acid solution to form a pre-blended emulsion; and blending the pre-blended emulsion to form the aqueous emulsion. 10. The method of making an aqueous emulsion according to claim 9 wherein the oxidation inhibitor-water mixture is at a temperature between about 50° C. and about 60° C. when added into the paraffin wax-myristic acid solution. 11. The method of making an aqueous emulsion according to claim 9 wherein the paraffin wax is in an amount between about 0.25 weight percent and about 0.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry. 12. The method of making an aqueous emulsion according to claim 9 wherein the oxidation inhibitor is selected from the group comprising a polyvinyllactam, triethanolamine and hexamine. 13. A method of making an aqueous slurry of hard material powder components, the method comprising the steps of:
mixing together under heating an oxidation inhibitor in an amount between about 0.6 weight percent and about 1.4 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry and water to form an oxidation inhibitor-water mixture; melting paraffin wax in an amount up to about 2.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry and myristic acid in an amount between about 0.10 weight percent and about 0.50 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry to form a paraffin wax-myristic acid solution; adding the oxidation inhibitor-water mixture into the paraffin wax-myristic acid solution to form a pre-blended emulsion; blending the pre-blended emulsion to form the aqueous emulsion; combining the aqueous emulsion and hard material powder components wherein the hard material powder components comprising hard carbide powder and metallic binder powder; adding water to the combination of the aqueous emulsion and hard material powder components to form a slurry; and milling the slurry for a pre-selected time to from a milled slurry. 14. The method of making an aqueous slurry according to claim 13 wherein the paraffin wax is in an amount between about 0.25 weight percent and about 0.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry. 15. A method of making a hard material powder from hard material powder components, the method comprising the steps of:
mixing together under heating an oxidation inhibitor in an amount between about 0.6 weight percent and about 1.4 weight percent of the hard material powder components and water to form an oxidation inhibitor-water mixture; melting paraffin wax in an amount up to about 2.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components and myristic acid in an amount between about 0.10 weight percent and about 0.50 weight percent of the hard material powder components to form a paraffin wax-myristic acid solution; adding the oxidation inhibitor-water mixture into the paraffin wax-myristic acid solution to form a pre-blended emulsion; blending the pre-blended emulsion to form the aqueous emulsion; combining the aqueous emulsion and hard material powder components wherein the hard material powder components comprising hard carbide powder and metallic binder powder; adding water to the combination of the aqueous emulsion and hard material powder components to form a slurry; milling the slurry for a pre-selected time to from a milled slurry; and drying the milled slurry to form the hard material powder wherein the drying is selected from the group comprising vacuum drying and spray drying. 16. The method of making a hard material powder according to claim 15 wherein when the drying is vacuum drying, the paraffin wax is in an amount between about 0.25 weight percent and about 0.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components. 17. The method of making a hard material powder according to claim 15 wherein when the drying is spray drying, the paraffin wax is in an amount up to about 2.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components in the aqueous slurry. 18. A method of making a hard material article from hard material powder components, the method comprising the steps of:
mixing together under heating an oxidation inhibitor in an amount between about 0.6 weight percent and about 1.4 weight percent of the hard material powder components and water to form an oxidation inhibitor-water mixture; melting paraffin wax in an amount up to about 2.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components and myristic acid in an amount between about 0.10 weight percent and about 0.50 weight percent of the hard material powder components to form a paraffin wax-myristic acid solution; adding the oxidation inhibitor-water mixture into the paraffin wax-myristic acid solution to form a pre-blended emulsion; blending the pre-blended emulsion to form the aqueous emulsion; combining the aqueous emulsion and hard material powder components wherein the hard material powder components comprising hard carbide powder and metallic binder powder; adding water to the combination of the aqueous emulsion and hard material powder components to form a slurry; milling the slurry for a pre-selected time to from a milled slurry; drying the milled slurry to form the hard material powder wherein the drying is selected from the group comprising vacuum drying and spray drying; and consolidating the hard material powder to form the hard material article. 19. The method of making a hard material article according to claim 18 wherein when the drying is vacuum drying, the paraffin wax is in an amount between about 0.25 weight percent and about 0.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components. 20. The method of making a hard material article according to claim 18 wherein when the drying is spray drying, the paraffin wax is in an amount up to about 2.75 weight percent of the hard material powder components. | 1,700 |
2,278 | 14,923,942 | 1,796 | A composition including a first compound is disclosed. The first compound is capable of functioning as a phosphorescent emitter in an organic light emitting device at room temperature; wherein the first compound has at least one aromatic ring and at least one substituent R; wherein each of the at least one R is an organic group having at least two atoms of X; wherein each X is independently selected from the group consisting of Si, and Ge; and wherein each of the at least one R is directly bonded to one of the aromatic rings. | 1. A composition comprising a first compound;
wherein the first compound is capable of functioning as a phosphorescent emitter in an organic light emitting device at room temperature; wherein the first compound has at least one aromatic ring and at least one substituent R; wherein each of the at least one R is an organic group having at least two atoms of X; wherein each X is independently selected from the group consisting of Si, and Ge; and wherein each of the at least one R is directly bonded to one of the aromatic rings. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein each X is separated by at least one carbon atom from the aromatic ring. 3.-6. (canceled) 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein each X connects to its adjacent atoms by X—C or X—F bond only. 8.-14. (canceled) 15. The composition of claim 1, wherein each of the at least one R is independently selected from the group consisting of partially or fully silylated alkyl, partially or fully silylated cycloalkyl, partially or fully germanylated alkyl, partially or fully germanylated cycloalkyl, and combinations thereof. 16. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first compound has the formula of M(L1)x(L2)y(L3)z;
wherein L1, L2 and L3 can be the same or different; wherein x is 1, 2, or 3; wherein y is 0, 1, or 2; wherein z is 0, 1, or 2; wherein M is a metal and x+y+z is the oxidation state of the metal M; wherein L1, L2 and L3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of:
wherein each X1 to X13 are independently selected from the group consisting of carbon and nitrogen;
wherein X is selected from the group consisting of BR′, NR′, PR′, O, S, Se, C═O, S═O, SO2, CR′R″, SiR′R″, and GeR′R″;
wherein R′ and R″ are optionally fused or joined to form a ring;
wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd may represent from mono substitution to the possible maximum number of substitution, or no substitution;
wherein R′, R″, Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; and
wherein any two adjacent substitutents of Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd are optionally fused or joined to form a ring or form a multidentate ligand; and
wherein at least one of the Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd includes at least one R. 17. The composition of claim 16, wherein the first compound has the formula of Ir(L1)2(L2). 18. The composition of claim 17, wherein L1 has the formula selected from the group consisting of:
wherein L2 has the formula: 19. (canceled) 20. The composition of claim 17, wherein L1 and L2 are different and each independently selected from the group consisting of: 21. The composition of claim 17, wherein L1 and L2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: 22. The composition of claim 16, wherein the first compound has the formula of Pt(L1)2 or Pt(L1)(L2). 23.-24. (canceled) 25. The composition of claim 1, wherein each of the at least one R is selected from the group consisting of:
wherein Ru, Rv, Rw, Rx, Ry, and Rz are each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, partially or fully deuterated variants thereof, and combinations thereof. 26. The composition of claim 1, wherein each of the at least one R is independently selected from the group consisting of: 27. The composition of claim 16, wherein at least one of L1, L2, and L3 is selected from the group consisting of:
wherein Ru, Rv, Rw, Rx, Ry, and Rz are each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, partially or fully deuterated variants thereof, and combinations thereof, q is an integer from 1 to 5. 28. The first compound of claim 16, wherein the ligand L1 is LA selected from the group consisting of:
wherein RA1 to RA5 have the following structures:
wherein RB1 and RB2 have the following structures: RB1, and RB2. 29. The first compound of claim 28, wherein the first compound is selected from the group consisting of Compound 1 through Compound 4,394; where each Compound x has the formula Ir(LAk)2(LBj); wherein x=338j+k−338, k is an integer from 1 to 338, and j is an integer from 1 to 13;
wherein LB1 through LB13 are defined as follows: 30. A first organic light emitting device comprising:
an anode; a cathode; and an organic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode, comprising a first compound; wherein the first compound is capable of functioning as a phosphorescent emitter in an organic light emitting device at room temperature; wherein the first compound has at least one aromatic ring and at least one substituent R; wherein each of the at least one R is an organic group having at least two atoms of X; wherein each X is independently selected from the group consisting of Si, and Ge; and wherein each of the at least one R is directly bonded to one of the aromatic rings. 31. The first device of claim 30, wherein the first device is incorporated into a device selected from the group consisting of a consumer product, an electronic component module, and a lighting panel. 32. The first device of claim 30, wherein the organic layer is an emissive layer and the compound is an emissive dopant or a non-emissive dopant. 33. (canceled) 34. The first device of claim 30, wherein the organic layer further comprises a host, wherein the host comprises at least one chemical group selected from the group consisting of triphenylene, carbazole, dibenzothiphene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, azatriphenylene, azacarbazole, aza-dibenzothiophene, aza-dibenzofuran, and aza-dibenzoselenophene. 35.-36. (canceled) 37. A formulation comprising a first compound of claim 1. | A composition including a first compound is disclosed. The first compound is capable of functioning as a phosphorescent emitter in an organic light emitting device at room temperature; wherein the first compound has at least one aromatic ring and at least one substituent R; wherein each of the at least one R is an organic group having at least two atoms of X; wherein each X is independently selected from the group consisting of Si, and Ge; and wherein each of the at least one R is directly bonded to one of the aromatic rings.1. A composition comprising a first compound;
wherein the first compound is capable of functioning as a phosphorescent emitter in an organic light emitting device at room temperature; wherein the first compound has at least one aromatic ring and at least one substituent R; wherein each of the at least one R is an organic group having at least two atoms of X; wherein each X is independently selected from the group consisting of Si, and Ge; and wherein each of the at least one R is directly bonded to one of the aromatic rings. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein each X is separated by at least one carbon atom from the aromatic ring. 3.-6. (canceled) 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein each X connects to its adjacent atoms by X—C or X—F bond only. 8.-14. (canceled) 15. The composition of claim 1, wherein each of the at least one R is independently selected from the group consisting of partially or fully silylated alkyl, partially or fully silylated cycloalkyl, partially or fully germanylated alkyl, partially or fully germanylated cycloalkyl, and combinations thereof. 16. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first compound has the formula of M(L1)x(L2)y(L3)z;
wherein L1, L2 and L3 can be the same or different; wherein x is 1, 2, or 3; wherein y is 0, 1, or 2; wherein z is 0, 1, or 2; wherein M is a metal and x+y+z is the oxidation state of the metal M; wherein L1, L2 and L3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of:
wherein each X1 to X13 are independently selected from the group consisting of carbon and nitrogen;
wherein X is selected from the group consisting of BR′, NR′, PR′, O, S, Se, C═O, S═O, SO2, CR′R″, SiR′R″, and GeR′R″;
wherein R′ and R″ are optionally fused or joined to form a ring;
wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd may represent from mono substitution to the possible maximum number of substitution, or no substitution;
wherein R′, R″, Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; and
wherein any two adjacent substitutents of Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd are optionally fused or joined to form a ring or form a multidentate ligand; and
wherein at least one of the Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd includes at least one R. 17. The composition of claim 16, wherein the first compound has the formula of Ir(L1)2(L2). 18. The composition of claim 17, wherein L1 has the formula selected from the group consisting of:
wherein L2 has the formula: 19. (canceled) 20. The composition of claim 17, wherein L1 and L2 are different and each independently selected from the group consisting of: 21. The composition of claim 17, wherein L1 and L2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: 22. The composition of claim 16, wherein the first compound has the formula of Pt(L1)2 or Pt(L1)(L2). 23.-24. (canceled) 25. The composition of claim 1, wherein each of the at least one R is selected from the group consisting of:
wherein Ru, Rv, Rw, Rx, Ry, and Rz are each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, partially or fully deuterated variants thereof, and combinations thereof. 26. The composition of claim 1, wherein each of the at least one R is independently selected from the group consisting of: 27. The composition of claim 16, wherein at least one of L1, L2, and L3 is selected from the group consisting of:
wherein Ru, Rv, Rw, Rx, Ry, and Rz are each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, partially or fully deuterated variants thereof, and combinations thereof, q is an integer from 1 to 5. 28. The first compound of claim 16, wherein the ligand L1 is LA selected from the group consisting of:
wherein RA1 to RA5 have the following structures:
wherein RB1 and RB2 have the following structures: RB1, and RB2. 29. The first compound of claim 28, wherein the first compound is selected from the group consisting of Compound 1 through Compound 4,394; where each Compound x has the formula Ir(LAk)2(LBj); wherein x=338j+k−338, k is an integer from 1 to 338, and j is an integer from 1 to 13;
wherein LB1 through LB13 are defined as follows: 30. A first organic light emitting device comprising:
an anode; a cathode; and an organic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode, comprising a first compound; wherein the first compound is capable of functioning as a phosphorescent emitter in an organic light emitting device at room temperature; wherein the first compound has at least one aromatic ring and at least one substituent R; wherein each of the at least one R is an organic group having at least two atoms of X; wherein each X is independently selected from the group consisting of Si, and Ge; and wherein each of the at least one R is directly bonded to one of the aromatic rings. 31. The first device of claim 30, wherein the first device is incorporated into a device selected from the group consisting of a consumer product, an electronic component module, and a lighting panel. 32. The first device of claim 30, wherein the organic layer is an emissive layer and the compound is an emissive dopant or a non-emissive dopant. 33. (canceled) 34. The first device of claim 30, wherein the organic layer further comprises a host, wherein the host comprises at least one chemical group selected from the group consisting of triphenylene, carbazole, dibenzothiphene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, azatriphenylene, azacarbazole, aza-dibenzothiophene, aza-dibenzofuran, and aza-dibenzoselenophene. 35.-36. (canceled) 37. A formulation comprising a first compound of claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,279 | 14,347,694 | 1,785 | Provided by the present inventions are a pattern-printed sheet and a method for manufacturing this, wherein the pattern-printed sheet is characterized that on a precoat layer laminated on a substrate are formed an optically readable region in which a dot pattern optically readable by an input terminal is printed and an optically unreadable region in which a dot pattern optically unreadable by an input terminal is printed, and the dot pattern formed in the optically unreadable region is a halftone tint having regularity whose halftone dot concentration is in the range of 10 to 30%. This pattern-printed sheet not only can be obtained by using a gravure printing method having outstanding production efficiency but also has a dot pattern readable with high reading precision in a prescribed dot size. | 1. A pattern-printed sheet, wherein on a precoat layer laminated on a substrate are formed:
an optically readable region in which a dot pattern optically readable by an input terminal is printed and an optically unreadable region in which a dot pattern optically unreadable by an input terminal is printed; and the dot pattern formed in the optically unreadable region is a halftone tint having regularity whose halftone dot concentration is in the range of 10 to 30%. 2. The pattern-printed sheet according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of the optically readable regions and a plurality of the optically unreadable regions are formed alternately. 3. The pattern-printed sheet according to claim 1, wherein the dot pattern formed in the optically readable region has the dots with the diameter of 80 to 130 μm and with the dot density of 5 to 20 dots/mm2. 4. The pattern-printed sheet according to claim 1, wherein the pattern-printed sheet comprises on the substrate: the precoat layer, a dot-printed layer, a primer layer, and a surface protective layer comprising a crosslink-hardened curable resin composition in this order; wherein
the precoat layer comprises a resin composition comprising titanium oxide and at least one resin selected from a polyurethane resin and an acryl polyol resin, and surface wet tensional force of the precoat layer is in the range of 30 to 60 mN/m as measured in accordance with the method stipulated in JIS K6768. 5. The pattern-printed sheet according to claim 4, wherein the dot-printed layer comprises a vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate/acryl-type copolymer resin which contains carbon black. 6. The pattern-printed sheet according to claim 4, wherein the primer layer comprises a hardened two-component cure type urethane resin. 7. The pattern-printed sheet according to claim 4, wherein the surface protective layer is a crosslink-hardened resin composition of a resin composition curable by an ionizing radiation beam. 8. The pattern-printed sheet according to claim 4, wherein the curable resin composition contains a filler in the range of 0.5 or more by mass to less than 12 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of a curable resin. 9. The pattern-printed sheet according to claim 4, wherein 60° gloss value thereof is in the range of 10 or more to 75 or less. 10. A method for manufacturing a pattern-printed sheet, wherein the method is to manufacture a pattern-printed sheet having an optically readable region, in which a dot pattern readable by an input terminal is printed, formed on a substrate, and the method comprises:
a step of forming on the substrate, a precoat layer comprising a resin composition comprising titanium oxide and at least one resin selected from a polyurethane resin and an acryl polyol resin; a step of forming on the precoat layer a dot-printed layer by gravure printing which uses a printing plate having, on surface of the same gravure printing cylinder, an optically readable region-forming part in which a dot pattern optically readable by an input terminal is engraved, and between the said optically readable region-forming parts, an optically unreadable region-forming part in which a dot pattern optically unreadable by an input terminal is engraved, wherein the said dot-printed layer comprises an optically readable region in which a dot pattern readable by an input terminal is printed, and between the said optically readable regions, an optically unreadable region in which a dot pattern unreadable by an input terminal is printed; a step of forming on the dot-printed layer a primer layer; a step of forming on the primer layer a unhardened surface protective layer by applying a curable resin composition; and
a step of crosslink-hardening the curable resin composition in the unhardened surface protective layer. | Provided by the present inventions are a pattern-printed sheet and a method for manufacturing this, wherein the pattern-printed sheet is characterized that on a precoat layer laminated on a substrate are formed an optically readable region in which a dot pattern optically readable by an input terminal is printed and an optically unreadable region in which a dot pattern optically unreadable by an input terminal is printed, and the dot pattern formed in the optically unreadable region is a halftone tint having regularity whose halftone dot concentration is in the range of 10 to 30%. This pattern-printed sheet not only can be obtained by using a gravure printing method having outstanding production efficiency but also has a dot pattern readable with high reading precision in a prescribed dot size.1. A pattern-printed sheet, wherein on a precoat layer laminated on a substrate are formed:
an optically readable region in which a dot pattern optically readable by an input terminal is printed and an optically unreadable region in which a dot pattern optically unreadable by an input terminal is printed; and the dot pattern formed in the optically unreadable region is a halftone tint having regularity whose halftone dot concentration is in the range of 10 to 30%. 2. The pattern-printed sheet according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of the optically readable regions and a plurality of the optically unreadable regions are formed alternately. 3. The pattern-printed sheet according to claim 1, wherein the dot pattern formed in the optically readable region has the dots with the diameter of 80 to 130 μm and with the dot density of 5 to 20 dots/mm2. 4. The pattern-printed sheet according to claim 1, wherein the pattern-printed sheet comprises on the substrate: the precoat layer, a dot-printed layer, a primer layer, and a surface protective layer comprising a crosslink-hardened curable resin composition in this order; wherein
the precoat layer comprises a resin composition comprising titanium oxide and at least one resin selected from a polyurethane resin and an acryl polyol resin, and surface wet tensional force of the precoat layer is in the range of 30 to 60 mN/m as measured in accordance with the method stipulated in JIS K6768. 5. The pattern-printed sheet according to claim 4, wherein the dot-printed layer comprises a vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate/acryl-type copolymer resin which contains carbon black. 6. The pattern-printed sheet according to claim 4, wherein the primer layer comprises a hardened two-component cure type urethane resin. 7. The pattern-printed sheet according to claim 4, wherein the surface protective layer is a crosslink-hardened resin composition of a resin composition curable by an ionizing radiation beam. 8. The pattern-printed sheet according to claim 4, wherein the curable resin composition contains a filler in the range of 0.5 or more by mass to less than 12 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of a curable resin. 9. The pattern-printed sheet according to claim 4, wherein 60° gloss value thereof is in the range of 10 or more to 75 or less. 10. A method for manufacturing a pattern-printed sheet, wherein the method is to manufacture a pattern-printed sheet having an optically readable region, in which a dot pattern readable by an input terminal is printed, formed on a substrate, and the method comprises:
a step of forming on the substrate, a precoat layer comprising a resin composition comprising titanium oxide and at least one resin selected from a polyurethane resin and an acryl polyol resin; a step of forming on the precoat layer a dot-printed layer by gravure printing which uses a printing plate having, on surface of the same gravure printing cylinder, an optically readable region-forming part in which a dot pattern optically readable by an input terminal is engraved, and between the said optically readable region-forming parts, an optically unreadable region-forming part in which a dot pattern optically unreadable by an input terminal is engraved, wherein the said dot-printed layer comprises an optically readable region in which a dot pattern readable by an input terminal is printed, and between the said optically readable regions, an optically unreadable region in which a dot pattern unreadable by an input terminal is printed; a step of forming on the dot-printed layer a primer layer; a step of forming on the primer layer a unhardened surface protective layer by applying a curable resin composition; and
a step of crosslink-hardening the curable resin composition in the unhardened surface protective layer. | 1,700 |
2,280 | 14,369,105 | 1,782 | Disclosed are coextruded multilayer film or sheet comprising at least four alternating layers of layer materials A and B, the layers having an average layer thickness of from 1 to 3000 nm, wherein layer material A comprises a cyclic olefin polymer, layer material B comprises an ethylene polymer and, based on layer materials A and B, one layer material is from 5 to 95 volume percent of the film or sheet and the other makes up the balance. In some of the embodiments the layers of A and B have a total thickness of at least 40 nm and the disclosed film or sheet can also comprise outer skin layers C and optional inner layers D which comprise from 5 to 95 volume percent of the film or sheet. | 1. A coextruded multilayer film or sheet comprising at least four alternating layers of layer materials A and B, the layers of A and B each having an average layer thickness of from 1 to 3000 nm, wherein;
a. layer material A is from 5 to 95 volume percent of the film or sheet based on layer materials A and B and comprises a cyclic olefin polymer (“COP”); b. layer material B is from 5 to 95 volume percent of the film or sheet based on layer materials A and B and comprises an ethylene polymer. 2. The coextruded multilayer film or sheet of claim 1 where the layers of A and B have a total thickness of at least 40 nm. 3. The coextruded multilayer film or sheet of claim 1 comprising outer skin layers C and optional inner layers D which comprise from 5 to 90 volume percent of the film or sheet. 4. The coextruded multilayer film or sheet of claim 1 has a thickness of from 4.5 μm to 7.5 mm. 5. The coextruded multilayer film or sheet of claim 1 comprising from 10 to 1000 alternating layers of A and B. 6. The multilayer film or sheet of claim 1 wherein the A and B layers have an average thickness of from 10 to 500 nm. 7. The multilayer film or sheet of claim 1 wherein the ethylene polymer has a density of greater than 0.91 grams per cubic centimeter and is selected from the group consisting of high density polyethylene and medium density polyethylene. 8. The multilayer film or sheet of claim 1 wherein the cyclic olefin polymer is selected from the group consisting of:
A. cyclic olefin block copolymers (“CBCs”) prepared by producing block copolymers of butadiene and styrene that are hydrogenated to a CBC;
B. COPs based on a ring opening metathesis route via norbornene or substituted norbornene;
C. amorphous, transparent copolymers based on cyclic olefins and linear olefins;
D. blends of two or more COPs; or
E. blends of one or more COP with polymers that are not COPs comprising at least 25 wt % cyclic olefin unit content in the total blend or composition. 9. The multilayer film or sheet or sheet of claim 1 wherein the film or sheet has a reduced water vapor transmission rate (“WVTR”) as compared to a calculated theoretical WVTR that is calculated from the individual layer WVTRs using the “series model for layered assemblies”. 10. The multilayer film or sheet of claim 9 wherein the film or sheet has a WVTR that is 95% or less than the calculated theoretical WVTR. 11. The multilayer film or sheet of claim 1 made in the form of or formed into a profile, tube or parison. 12. A profile, tube or parison comprising at least four alternating layers of layer materials A and B, the layers of A and B having an average layer thickness of from 1 to 3000 nm, wherein;
a. layer material A is from 5 to 95 volume percent of the layer materials A and B and comprises a cyclic olefin polymer; b. layer material B is from 5 to 95 volume percent of the layer materials A and B and comprises an ethylene polymer. 13. A blow molded bottle or other container prepared from a parison of claim 12. | Disclosed are coextruded multilayer film or sheet comprising at least four alternating layers of layer materials A and B, the layers having an average layer thickness of from 1 to 3000 nm, wherein layer material A comprises a cyclic olefin polymer, layer material B comprises an ethylene polymer and, based on layer materials A and B, one layer material is from 5 to 95 volume percent of the film or sheet and the other makes up the balance. In some of the embodiments the layers of A and B have a total thickness of at least 40 nm and the disclosed film or sheet can also comprise outer skin layers C and optional inner layers D which comprise from 5 to 95 volume percent of the film or sheet.1. A coextruded multilayer film or sheet comprising at least four alternating layers of layer materials A and B, the layers of A and B each having an average layer thickness of from 1 to 3000 nm, wherein;
a. layer material A is from 5 to 95 volume percent of the film or sheet based on layer materials A and B and comprises a cyclic olefin polymer (“COP”); b. layer material B is from 5 to 95 volume percent of the film or sheet based on layer materials A and B and comprises an ethylene polymer. 2. The coextruded multilayer film or sheet of claim 1 where the layers of A and B have a total thickness of at least 40 nm. 3. The coextruded multilayer film or sheet of claim 1 comprising outer skin layers C and optional inner layers D which comprise from 5 to 90 volume percent of the film or sheet. 4. The coextruded multilayer film or sheet of claim 1 has a thickness of from 4.5 μm to 7.5 mm. 5. The coextruded multilayer film or sheet of claim 1 comprising from 10 to 1000 alternating layers of A and B. 6. The multilayer film or sheet of claim 1 wherein the A and B layers have an average thickness of from 10 to 500 nm. 7. The multilayer film or sheet of claim 1 wherein the ethylene polymer has a density of greater than 0.91 grams per cubic centimeter and is selected from the group consisting of high density polyethylene and medium density polyethylene. 8. The multilayer film or sheet of claim 1 wherein the cyclic olefin polymer is selected from the group consisting of:
A. cyclic olefin block copolymers (“CBCs”) prepared by producing block copolymers of butadiene and styrene that are hydrogenated to a CBC;
B. COPs based on a ring opening metathesis route via norbornene or substituted norbornene;
C. amorphous, transparent copolymers based on cyclic olefins and linear olefins;
D. blends of two or more COPs; or
E. blends of one or more COP with polymers that are not COPs comprising at least 25 wt % cyclic olefin unit content in the total blend or composition. 9. The multilayer film or sheet or sheet of claim 1 wherein the film or sheet has a reduced water vapor transmission rate (“WVTR”) as compared to a calculated theoretical WVTR that is calculated from the individual layer WVTRs using the “series model for layered assemblies”. 10. The multilayer film or sheet of claim 9 wherein the film or sheet has a WVTR that is 95% or less than the calculated theoretical WVTR. 11. The multilayer film or sheet of claim 1 made in the form of or formed into a profile, tube or parison. 12. A profile, tube or parison comprising at least four alternating layers of layer materials A and B, the layers of A and B having an average layer thickness of from 1 to 3000 nm, wherein;
a. layer material A is from 5 to 95 volume percent of the layer materials A and B and comprises a cyclic olefin polymer; b. layer material B is from 5 to 95 volume percent of the layer materials A and B and comprises an ethylene polymer. 13. A blow molded bottle or other container prepared from a parison of claim 12. | 1,700 |
2,281 | 12,141,982 | 1,791 | The invention relates to an aroma composition for reducing or suppressing a bitter, astringent impression in the oral cavity, comprising
(i) one or more salivatory aroma substances and/or flavorings and (ii) one or more particular bitterness-masking aroma substances and/or flavorings and optionally (iii) one or more further aroma substances, wherein preferably at least one aroma substance is an aroma substance which suppresses malodors and optionally (iv) one or more auxiliary substances or carriers. | 1. An aroma composition for reducing or suppressing a bitter, astringent impression in the oral cavity, comprising
(i) one or more salivatory aroma substances and/or flavorings and
(ii) one or more bitterness-masking aroma substances and/or flavorings in each case selected from the group consisting of nucleotides, such as for example adenosine 5′-monophosphate, cytidine 5′-monophosphate, inosine 5′-monophosphate, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; lactisoles; 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid; 3-hydroxybenzoic acid; sodium salts, such as for example sodium chloride, sodium lactate, sodium citrate, sodium acetate, sodium gluconate; hydroxyflavanones, such as for example eriodictyol, homoeriodictyol, and the sodium salts thereof; hydroxybenzoic acid amides, such as for example 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid vanillylamide, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amide, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amide, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amide, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amide, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amide monosodium salt, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid N-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethylamide, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid N-(4-hydroxy-3-ethoxybenzyl)amide, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amide and 2-hydroxy-5-methoxy-N-[2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]amide; 4-hydroxybenzoic acid vanillylamide; hydroxydeoxybenzoins, such as for example 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone, 1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethanone, 1-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethanone; hydroxyphenyl alkanediones such as for example gingerdione-[2], gingerdione-[3], gingerdione-[4], dehydrogingerdione-[2], dehydrogingerdione-[3], dehydrogingerdione-[4]); diacetyl trimers; γ-aminobutyric acid; divanillins and 4-hydroxydihydrochalcones, such as for example phloretin, davidigenin;
and optionally
(iii) one or more further aroma substances, wherein preferably at least one aroma substance is an aroma substance which suppresses malodors
and optionally
(iv) one or more auxiliary substances or carriers. 2. The aroma composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein one, several or all of the salivatory aroma substances and/or flavorings are trigeminally active. 3. The aroma composition as claimed in claim 2, wherein one, several or all of the salivatory aroma substances and/or flavorings are in each case
(a) warmth-inducing or pungent substances, preferably selected from the list consisting of: capsaicinoids, such as for example capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin or nonivamide; gingerols, such as for example gingerol-6, gingerol-8, or gingerol-10; gingerdiones, such as for example gingerdione-6, gingerdione-8 or gingerdione-10; paradols, such as for example paradol-6, paradol-8 or paradol-10; dehydrogingerdiones, such as for example dehydrogingerdione-6, dehydrogingerdione-8 or dehydrogingerdione-10; piperine and piperine derivatives;
and/or
(b) substances perceivable as pungent, preferably selected from the group consisting of: aromatic isothiocyanates, such as for example phenylethyl isothiocyanate, allyl isothiocyanate, cyclopropyl isothiocyanate, butyl isothiocyanate, 3-methylthiopropyl isothiocyanate, 4-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate, 4-methoxybenzyl isothiocyanate;
and/or
(c) are substances which trigger a physiological cooling effect, preferably selected from the group consisting of menthol; menthol derivatives such as for example l-menthol, d-menthol, racemic menthol, isomenthol, neoisomenthol, neomenthol; menthyl ethers, such as for example (L-menthoxy)-1,2-propanediol, (L-menthoxy)-2-methyl-1,2-propanediol, L-menthyl methyl ether; menthyl esters, such as for example menthyl formate, menthyl acetate, menthyl isobutyrate, menthyl lactate, L-menthyl L-lactate, L-menthyl D-lactate, menthyl (2-methoxy)acetate, menthyl (2-methoxyethoxy)acetate, L-menthyl pyroglutamate; menthyl carbonates, such as for example L-menthyl propylene glycol carbonate, L-menthyl ethylene glycol carbonate, L-menthyl glycerol carbonate or mixtures thereof; semi-esters of menthols with a dicarboxylic acid or the derivatives thereof, such as for example mono-L-menthyl succinate, mono-L-menthyl glutarate, mono-L-menthyl malonate, O-L-menthyl succinate N,N-(dimethyl)amide, O-L-menthyl succinamide; menthane carboxamides, such as for example L-menthane carboxylic acid N-ethylamide [WS3], Nα-(L-menthane carbonyl)glycine ethyl ester [WS5], L-menthane carboxylic acid N-(4-cyanophenyl)amide, L-menthane carboxylic acid N-(alkoxyalkyl)amides, L-menthane carboxylic acid N-(alkylthioalkyl)amides; (L-menthane carbonyl)amino acid alkylamides; menthone and menthone derivatives, such as for example L-menthone glycerol ketal; 2,3-dimethyl-2-(2-propyl)-butanoic acid derivatives, such as for example 2,3-dimethyl-2-(2-propyl)-butanoic acid N-methylamide [WS23]), isopulegol and its esters (L-(−)-isopulegol, L-(−)-isopulegol acetate; menthane derivatives, such as for example p-menthane-3,8-diol; cubebol and synthetic and natural mixtures containing cubebol; pyrrolidone derivatives of cycloalkyldione derivatives, such as for example 3-methyl-2(1-pyrrolidinyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-one) and tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ones, such as for example icilin or related compounds,
and/or
d) alkamides described as tingling, selected from the group consisting of 2E,4E-decadienoic acid N-isobutylamide (trans-pellitorine); 2E,4Z-decadienoic acid N-isobutylamide (cis-pellitorine); 2Z,4Z-decadienoic acid N-isobutylamide; 2Z,4E-decadienoic acid N-isobutylamide; 2E,4E-decadienoic acid N-([2S]-2-methylbutyl)amide; 2E,4E-decadienoic acid N-([2S]-2-methylbutyl)amide; 2E,4E-decadienoic acid N-([2R]-2-methylbutylamide); 2E,4Z-decadienoic acid N-(2-methylbutyl)amide; 2E,4E-decadienoic acid N-piperide (achilleamide); 2E,4E-decadienoic acid N-piperide (sarmentine); 2E-decenoic acid N-isobutylamide; 3E-decenoic acid N-isobutylamide; 3E-nonenoic acid N-isobutylamide; 2E,6Z,8E-decatrienoic acid N-isobutylamide (spilanthol); 2E,6Z,8E-decatrienoic acid N-([2S]-2-methylbutyl)amide (homospilanthol); 2E,6Z,8E-decatrienoic acid N-([2R]-2-methylbutyl)amide; 2E-decen-4-ynoic acid N-isobutylamide; 2Z-decen-4-ynoic acid N-isobutylamide; 2E,6Z,8E,10E-dodecatetraenoic acid N-(2-methylpropyl)amide (α-sanshool); 2E,6Z,8E,10E-dodecatetraenoic acid N-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)amide α-hydroxysanshool); 2E,6E,8E,10E-dodecatetraenoic acid N-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)amide (γ-hydroxysanshool); 2E,4E,8Z,10E,12E-tetradecapentaenoic acid N-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)amide (γ-hydroxysanshool); 2E,4E,8E,10E,12E-tetradecapentaenoic acid N-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)amide (γ-hydroxyisosanshool); 2E,4E,8Z,10E,12E-tetradecapentaenoic acid N-(2-methyl-2-propenyl)amide (γ-dehydrosanshool); 2E,4E,8Z,10E,12E-tetradecapentaenoic acid N-(2-methylpropyl)amide (γ-sanshool); 2E,4E,8Z,11Z-tetradecatetraenoic acid N-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)amide (bungeanool); 2E,4E,8Z,11E-tetradecatetraenoic acid N-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)amide (isobungeanool); 2E,4E,8Z-tetradecatrienoic acid N-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)amide (dihydrobungeanool) and 2E,4E-tetradecadienoic acid N-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)amide (tetrahydrobungeanool). 4. The aroma composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein in each case
(i) one, several or all of the salivatory aroma substances and/or flavorings are selected from the group consisting of 2E,4E-decadienoic acid N-isobutylamide (trans-pellitorine), 2E,4Z-decadienoic acid N-isobutylamide (cis-pellitorine), 2Z,4Z-decadienoic acid N-isobutylamide, 2Z,4E-decadienoic acid. N-isobutylamide, 2E,4E-decadienoic acid N-piperide (achilleamide), 2E,6Z,8E-decatrienoic acid N-isobutylamide (spilanthol), 2E,6Z,8E-decatrienoic acid N-([2S]-2-methylbutyl)amide (homospilanthol), 2E,6Z,8E-decatrienoic acid N-([2R]-2-methylbutyl)amide, 2E,6Z,8E,10E-dodecatetraenoic acid N-(2-methylpropyl)amide (α-sanshool), 2E,6Z,8E,10E-dodecatetraenoic acid N-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)amide (α-hydroxysanshool), 2E,4E,8Z,10E,12E-tetradecapentaenoic acid N-(2-methylpropyl)amide (γ-sanshool) and 2E,4E,8Z,11Z-tetradecatetraenoic acid N-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)amide (bungeanool) and in each case ii) one, several or all of the bitterness-masking aroma substances and/or flavorings are selected from the group consisting of eriodictyol, homoeriodictyol or the sodium salts thereof, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid vanillylamide, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amide, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amide monosodium salt, gingerdione-[2], gingerdione-[3], gingerdione-[4], dehydrogingerdione-[2], dehydrogingerdione-[3], dehydrogingerdione-[4], diacetyl trimers, γ-aminobutyric acid, divanillin, phloretin and davidigenin. 5. The aroma composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein in each case
(i) one, several or all of the salivatory aroma substances and/or flavorings are selected from the group consisting of 2E,4E-decadienoic acid N-isobutylamide (pellitorine), 2E,4Z-decadienoic acid N-isobutylamide (cis-pellitorine), 2Z,4Z-decadienoic acid N-isobutylamide, 2Z,4E-decadienoic acid N-isobutylamide, 2E,6Z,8E-decatrienoic acid N-isobutylamide (spilanthol), 2E,6Z,8E,10E-dodecatetraenoic acid N-(2-methylpropyl)amide (α-sanshool) and 2E,4E,8Z,11Z-tetradecatetraenoic acid N-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)amide (bungeanool) and in each case (ii) one, several or all of the bitterness-masking aroma substances and/or flavorings are selected from the group consisting of eriodictyol, homoeriodictyol or the sodium salts thereof, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid vanillylamide, gingerdione-[2], gingerdione-[3], phloretin and davidigenin. 6. The aroma composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the components of group (i) are contained in a ratio to the components of group (ii) of 1:1,000,000 to 1:1, relative to the ratio by weight of the two components. 7. The aroma composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the aroma composition additionally comprises a component suitable for enhancing the taste impression umami, sweet, salty and/or slightly sour. 8. The aroma composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the aroma composition additionally comprises at least one compound which may produce bitter, astringent impressions in the oral cavity, wherein these impressions are reduced and are preferably imperceptible as a result of the components of groups (i) and (ii) contained in the composition. 9. A preparation comprising an aroma composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims. 10. The preparation as claimed in claim 9, wherein the preparation is a pharmaceutical preparation, a semifinished product intended for immediate nutrition or consumption, and/or serving for oral care: 11. The preparation as claimed in claim 9 or claim 10, wherein relative to the total preparation, the concentration
of at least one, preferably of the total of all of the components of group (i), lies in the range from 0.005 to 5 ppm, preferably from 0.02 to 2 ppm, particularly preferably from 0.05 to 0.5 ppm and the total of all the components of group (ii) lies in the range from 0.5 to 500 ppm, preferably from 10 to 200 ppm, particularly preferably from 20 to 100 ppm and preferably the total of all the components of group (iii) lies in the range from 0.0005 to 500 ppm, preferably from 0.005 to 100 ppm, particularly preferably from 0.5 to 50 ppm. 12. The preparations as claimed in any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein the total quantity of all the components (i), (ii) and (iii) relative to the total preparation lies in the range from 0.5 to 500 ppm, preferably in the range from 5 to 200 ppm, particularly preferably in the range from 10 to 100 ppm. 13. Use of an aroma composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8 for reducing or suppressing a bitter, astringent effect of a compound. 14. A method of reducing or suppressing the bitter, astringent effect of a compound, comprising the steps
a) providing a compound, which may have a bitter, astringent effect in the oral cavity, b) providing an aroma composition according to the invention as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8 and c) mixing the components provided in steps a) and b) in a ratio to one another such that the compound with the bitter, astringent effect displays this effect only to a lesser degree or not at all on introduction of the mixture into the oral cavity. | The invention relates to an aroma composition for reducing or suppressing a bitter, astringent impression in the oral cavity, comprising
(i) one or more salivatory aroma substances and/or flavorings and (ii) one or more particular bitterness-masking aroma substances and/or flavorings and optionally (iii) one or more further aroma substances, wherein preferably at least one aroma substance is an aroma substance which suppresses malodors and optionally (iv) one or more auxiliary substances or carriers.1. An aroma composition for reducing or suppressing a bitter, astringent impression in the oral cavity, comprising
(i) one or more salivatory aroma substances and/or flavorings and
(ii) one or more bitterness-masking aroma substances and/or flavorings in each case selected from the group consisting of nucleotides, such as for example adenosine 5′-monophosphate, cytidine 5′-monophosphate, inosine 5′-monophosphate, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; lactisoles; 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid; 3-hydroxybenzoic acid; sodium salts, such as for example sodium chloride, sodium lactate, sodium citrate, sodium acetate, sodium gluconate; hydroxyflavanones, such as for example eriodictyol, homoeriodictyol, and the sodium salts thereof; hydroxybenzoic acid amides, such as for example 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid vanillylamide, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amide, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amide, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amide, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amide, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amide monosodium salt, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid N-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethylamide, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid N-(4-hydroxy-3-ethoxybenzyl)amide, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)amide and 2-hydroxy-5-methoxy-N-[2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]amide; 4-hydroxybenzoic acid vanillylamide; hydroxydeoxybenzoins, such as for example 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone, 1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethanone, 1-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethanone; hydroxyphenyl alkanediones such as for example gingerdione-[2], gingerdione-[3], gingerdione-[4], dehydrogingerdione-[2], dehydrogingerdione-[3], dehydrogingerdione-[4]); diacetyl trimers; γ-aminobutyric acid; divanillins and 4-hydroxydihydrochalcones, such as for example phloretin, davidigenin;
and optionally
(iii) one or more further aroma substances, wherein preferably at least one aroma substance is an aroma substance which suppresses malodors
and optionally
(iv) one or more auxiliary substances or carriers. 2. The aroma composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein one, several or all of the salivatory aroma substances and/or flavorings are trigeminally active. 3. The aroma composition as claimed in claim 2, wherein one, several or all of the salivatory aroma substances and/or flavorings are in each case
(a) warmth-inducing or pungent substances, preferably selected from the list consisting of: capsaicinoids, such as for example capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin or nonivamide; gingerols, such as for example gingerol-6, gingerol-8, or gingerol-10; gingerdiones, such as for example gingerdione-6, gingerdione-8 or gingerdione-10; paradols, such as for example paradol-6, paradol-8 or paradol-10; dehydrogingerdiones, such as for example dehydrogingerdione-6, dehydrogingerdione-8 or dehydrogingerdione-10; piperine and piperine derivatives;
and/or
(b) substances perceivable as pungent, preferably selected from the group consisting of: aromatic isothiocyanates, such as for example phenylethyl isothiocyanate, allyl isothiocyanate, cyclopropyl isothiocyanate, butyl isothiocyanate, 3-methylthiopropyl isothiocyanate, 4-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate, 4-methoxybenzyl isothiocyanate;
and/or
(c) are substances which trigger a physiological cooling effect, preferably selected from the group consisting of menthol; menthol derivatives such as for example l-menthol, d-menthol, racemic menthol, isomenthol, neoisomenthol, neomenthol; menthyl ethers, such as for example (L-menthoxy)-1,2-propanediol, (L-menthoxy)-2-methyl-1,2-propanediol, L-menthyl methyl ether; menthyl esters, such as for example menthyl formate, menthyl acetate, menthyl isobutyrate, menthyl lactate, L-menthyl L-lactate, L-menthyl D-lactate, menthyl (2-methoxy)acetate, menthyl (2-methoxyethoxy)acetate, L-menthyl pyroglutamate; menthyl carbonates, such as for example L-menthyl propylene glycol carbonate, L-menthyl ethylene glycol carbonate, L-menthyl glycerol carbonate or mixtures thereof; semi-esters of menthols with a dicarboxylic acid or the derivatives thereof, such as for example mono-L-menthyl succinate, mono-L-menthyl glutarate, mono-L-menthyl malonate, O-L-menthyl succinate N,N-(dimethyl)amide, O-L-menthyl succinamide; menthane carboxamides, such as for example L-menthane carboxylic acid N-ethylamide [WS3], Nα-(L-menthane carbonyl)glycine ethyl ester [WS5], L-menthane carboxylic acid N-(4-cyanophenyl)amide, L-menthane carboxylic acid N-(alkoxyalkyl)amides, L-menthane carboxylic acid N-(alkylthioalkyl)amides; (L-menthane carbonyl)amino acid alkylamides; menthone and menthone derivatives, such as for example L-menthone glycerol ketal; 2,3-dimethyl-2-(2-propyl)-butanoic acid derivatives, such as for example 2,3-dimethyl-2-(2-propyl)-butanoic acid N-methylamide [WS23]), isopulegol and its esters (L-(−)-isopulegol, L-(−)-isopulegol acetate; menthane derivatives, such as for example p-menthane-3,8-diol; cubebol and synthetic and natural mixtures containing cubebol; pyrrolidone derivatives of cycloalkyldione derivatives, such as for example 3-methyl-2(1-pyrrolidinyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-one) and tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ones, such as for example icilin or related compounds,
and/or
d) alkamides described as tingling, selected from the group consisting of 2E,4E-decadienoic acid N-isobutylamide (trans-pellitorine); 2E,4Z-decadienoic acid N-isobutylamide (cis-pellitorine); 2Z,4Z-decadienoic acid N-isobutylamide; 2Z,4E-decadienoic acid N-isobutylamide; 2E,4E-decadienoic acid N-([2S]-2-methylbutyl)amide; 2E,4E-decadienoic acid N-([2S]-2-methylbutyl)amide; 2E,4E-decadienoic acid N-([2R]-2-methylbutylamide); 2E,4Z-decadienoic acid N-(2-methylbutyl)amide; 2E,4E-decadienoic acid N-piperide (achilleamide); 2E,4E-decadienoic acid N-piperide (sarmentine); 2E-decenoic acid N-isobutylamide; 3E-decenoic acid N-isobutylamide; 3E-nonenoic acid N-isobutylamide; 2E,6Z,8E-decatrienoic acid N-isobutylamide (spilanthol); 2E,6Z,8E-decatrienoic acid N-([2S]-2-methylbutyl)amide (homospilanthol); 2E,6Z,8E-decatrienoic acid N-([2R]-2-methylbutyl)amide; 2E-decen-4-ynoic acid N-isobutylamide; 2Z-decen-4-ynoic acid N-isobutylamide; 2E,6Z,8E,10E-dodecatetraenoic acid N-(2-methylpropyl)amide (α-sanshool); 2E,6Z,8E,10E-dodecatetraenoic acid N-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)amide α-hydroxysanshool); 2E,6E,8E,10E-dodecatetraenoic acid N-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)amide (γ-hydroxysanshool); 2E,4E,8Z,10E,12E-tetradecapentaenoic acid N-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)amide (γ-hydroxysanshool); 2E,4E,8E,10E,12E-tetradecapentaenoic acid N-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)amide (γ-hydroxyisosanshool); 2E,4E,8Z,10E,12E-tetradecapentaenoic acid N-(2-methyl-2-propenyl)amide (γ-dehydrosanshool); 2E,4E,8Z,10E,12E-tetradecapentaenoic acid N-(2-methylpropyl)amide (γ-sanshool); 2E,4E,8Z,11Z-tetradecatetraenoic acid N-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)amide (bungeanool); 2E,4E,8Z,11E-tetradecatetraenoic acid N-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)amide (isobungeanool); 2E,4E,8Z-tetradecatrienoic acid N-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)amide (dihydrobungeanool) and 2E,4E-tetradecadienoic acid N-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)amide (tetrahydrobungeanool). 4. The aroma composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein in each case
(i) one, several or all of the salivatory aroma substances and/or flavorings are selected from the group consisting of 2E,4E-decadienoic acid N-isobutylamide (trans-pellitorine), 2E,4Z-decadienoic acid N-isobutylamide (cis-pellitorine), 2Z,4Z-decadienoic acid N-isobutylamide, 2Z,4E-decadienoic acid. N-isobutylamide, 2E,4E-decadienoic acid N-piperide (achilleamide), 2E,6Z,8E-decatrienoic acid N-isobutylamide (spilanthol), 2E,6Z,8E-decatrienoic acid N-([2S]-2-methylbutyl)amide (homospilanthol), 2E,6Z,8E-decatrienoic acid N-([2R]-2-methylbutyl)amide, 2E,6Z,8E,10E-dodecatetraenoic acid N-(2-methylpropyl)amide (α-sanshool), 2E,6Z,8E,10E-dodecatetraenoic acid N-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)amide (α-hydroxysanshool), 2E,4E,8Z,10E,12E-tetradecapentaenoic acid N-(2-methylpropyl)amide (γ-sanshool) and 2E,4E,8Z,11Z-tetradecatetraenoic acid N-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)amide (bungeanool) and in each case ii) one, several or all of the bitterness-masking aroma substances and/or flavorings are selected from the group consisting of eriodictyol, homoeriodictyol or the sodium salts thereof, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid vanillylamide, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amide, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amide monosodium salt, gingerdione-[2], gingerdione-[3], gingerdione-[4], dehydrogingerdione-[2], dehydrogingerdione-[3], dehydrogingerdione-[4], diacetyl trimers, γ-aminobutyric acid, divanillin, phloretin and davidigenin. 5. The aroma composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein in each case
(i) one, several or all of the salivatory aroma substances and/or flavorings are selected from the group consisting of 2E,4E-decadienoic acid N-isobutylamide (pellitorine), 2E,4Z-decadienoic acid N-isobutylamide (cis-pellitorine), 2Z,4Z-decadienoic acid N-isobutylamide, 2Z,4E-decadienoic acid N-isobutylamide, 2E,6Z,8E-decatrienoic acid N-isobutylamide (spilanthol), 2E,6Z,8E,10E-dodecatetraenoic acid N-(2-methylpropyl)amide (α-sanshool) and 2E,4E,8Z,11Z-tetradecatetraenoic acid N-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)amide (bungeanool) and in each case (ii) one, several or all of the bitterness-masking aroma substances and/or flavorings are selected from the group consisting of eriodictyol, homoeriodictyol or the sodium salts thereof, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid vanillylamide, gingerdione-[2], gingerdione-[3], phloretin and davidigenin. 6. The aroma composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the components of group (i) are contained in a ratio to the components of group (ii) of 1:1,000,000 to 1:1, relative to the ratio by weight of the two components. 7. The aroma composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the aroma composition additionally comprises a component suitable for enhancing the taste impression umami, sweet, salty and/or slightly sour. 8. The aroma composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the aroma composition additionally comprises at least one compound which may produce bitter, astringent impressions in the oral cavity, wherein these impressions are reduced and are preferably imperceptible as a result of the components of groups (i) and (ii) contained in the composition. 9. A preparation comprising an aroma composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims. 10. The preparation as claimed in claim 9, wherein the preparation is a pharmaceutical preparation, a semifinished product intended for immediate nutrition or consumption, and/or serving for oral care: 11. The preparation as claimed in claim 9 or claim 10, wherein relative to the total preparation, the concentration
of at least one, preferably of the total of all of the components of group (i), lies in the range from 0.005 to 5 ppm, preferably from 0.02 to 2 ppm, particularly preferably from 0.05 to 0.5 ppm and the total of all the components of group (ii) lies in the range from 0.5 to 500 ppm, preferably from 10 to 200 ppm, particularly preferably from 20 to 100 ppm and preferably the total of all the components of group (iii) lies in the range from 0.0005 to 500 ppm, preferably from 0.005 to 100 ppm, particularly preferably from 0.5 to 50 ppm. 12. The preparations as claimed in any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein the total quantity of all the components (i), (ii) and (iii) relative to the total preparation lies in the range from 0.5 to 500 ppm, preferably in the range from 5 to 200 ppm, particularly preferably in the range from 10 to 100 ppm. 13. Use of an aroma composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8 for reducing or suppressing a bitter, astringent effect of a compound. 14. A method of reducing or suppressing the bitter, astringent effect of a compound, comprising the steps
a) providing a compound, which may have a bitter, astringent effect in the oral cavity, b) providing an aroma composition according to the invention as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8 and c) mixing the components provided in steps a) and b) in a ratio to one another such that the compound with the bitter, astringent effect displays this effect only to a lesser degree or not at all on introduction of the mixture into the oral cavity. | 1,700 |
2,282 | 14,446,709 | 1,735 | A method of making an assembly having a cast iron subassembly. The method may include providing a steel insert having a first joining surface and bonding the steel insert to a cast iron part to form a cast iron subassembly such that the first joining surface may be an exterior surface of the cast iron subassembly. | 1. A method of making an assembly having a cast iron subassembly, comprising:
providing a steel insert having a first joining surface; bonding the steel insert to a cast iron part to form a cast iron subassembly such that the first joining surface is an exterior surface of the cast iron subassembly; providing a steel component having a second joining surface; abutting the second joining surface with the first joining surface; and joining the cast iron subassembly to the steel component proximate the first and second joining surfaces. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein cast iron subassembly is joined to the steel component by welding. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the cast iron part is cast around the steel insert. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the steel insert is configured as a ring. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the cast iron part is made of ductile cast iron. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the steel component is a cast steel bracket. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the steel insert protrudes from the cast iron part. 8. A method of making an assembly having a cast iron subassembly, comprising:
providing a first steel insert having a first faying surface; casting a first cast iron part about the first steel insert to make a first cast iron subassembly; providing a second steel insert having a second faying surface; casting a second cast iron part about the second steel insert to make a second cast iron subassembly; aligning the first faying surface with the second faying surface; and welding the first cast iron subassembly to the second cast iron subassembly along the first faying surface and the second faying surfaces such that the weld does not extend to and does not carburize the first cast iron part and the second cast iron part. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the first cast iron subassembly and the second cast iron subassembly are axle housings. 10. The method of claim 8 wherein the first cast iron subassembly is welded to the second cast iron subassembly such that the first cast iron part and the second cast iron part are not converted to white cast iron. 11. The method of claim 8 wherein the first cast iron part is made of ductile cast iron. 12. The method of claim 8 wherein the first cast iron part is made of gray cast iron. 13. The method of claim 8 wherein the first steel insert is substantially linear. 14. The method of claim 8 wherein the first steel insert has a first lateral surface that extends from the first faying surface into the first cast iron part, wherein the first lateral surface has a length greater than the first faying surface. 15. The method of claim 8 wherein the assembly is a brake drum assembly. 16. The method of claim 8 wherein the first steel insert protrudes from the first cast iron part and the second steel insert protrudes from the second cast iron part. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the first cast iron subassembly is welded to the second cast iron subassembly where the first steel insert protrudes from the first cast iron part and where the second steel insert protrudes from the second cast iron part. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the weld is does not engage the first cast iron part. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the weld does not engage the second cast iron part. | A method of making an assembly having a cast iron subassembly. The method may include providing a steel insert having a first joining surface and bonding the steel insert to a cast iron part to form a cast iron subassembly such that the first joining surface may be an exterior surface of the cast iron subassembly.1. A method of making an assembly having a cast iron subassembly, comprising:
providing a steel insert having a first joining surface; bonding the steel insert to a cast iron part to form a cast iron subassembly such that the first joining surface is an exterior surface of the cast iron subassembly; providing a steel component having a second joining surface; abutting the second joining surface with the first joining surface; and joining the cast iron subassembly to the steel component proximate the first and second joining surfaces. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein cast iron subassembly is joined to the steel component by welding. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the cast iron part is cast around the steel insert. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the steel insert is configured as a ring. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the cast iron part is made of ductile cast iron. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the steel component is a cast steel bracket. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the steel insert protrudes from the cast iron part. 8. A method of making an assembly having a cast iron subassembly, comprising:
providing a first steel insert having a first faying surface; casting a first cast iron part about the first steel insert to make a first cast iron subassembly; providing a second steel insert having a second faying surface; casting a second cast iron part about the second steel insert to make a second cast iron subassembly; aligning the first faying surface with the second faying surface; and welding the first cast iron subassembly to the second cast iron subassembly along the first faying surface and the second faying surfaces such that the weld does not extend to and does not carburize the first cast iron part and the second cast iron part. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the first cast iron subassembly and the second cast iron subassembly are axle housings. 10. The method of claim 8 wherein the first cast iron subassembly is welded to the second cast iron subassembly such that the first cast iron part and the second cast iron part are not converted to white cast iron. 11. The method of claim 8 wherein the first cast iron part is made of ductile cast iron. 12. The method of claim 8 wherein the first cast iron part is made of gray cast iron. 13. The method of claim 8 wherein the first steel insert is substantially linear. 14. The method of claim 8 wherein the first steel insert has a first lateral surface that extends from the first faying surface into the first cast iron part, wherein the first lateral surface has a length greater than the first faying surface. 15. The method of claim 8 wherein the assembly is a brake drum assembly. 16. The method of claim 8 wherein the first steel insert protrudes from the first cast iron part and the second steel insert protrudes from the second cast iron part. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the first cast iron subassembly is welded to the second cast iron subassembly where the first steel insert protrudes from the first cast iron part and where the second steel insert protrudes from the second cast iron part. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the weld is does not engage the first cast iron part. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the weld does not engage the second cast iron part. | 1,700 |
2,283 | 15,110,481 | 1,766 | A rubber latex elastic foam body produced using as the raw material therefor rubber latex and sodium silicofluoride, having an average radius for the cellular foam configuring the foam body of 10-200 μm, a bulk density of 0.10-0.20 g/cm 3 , and stress at 50% compression of 0.1-1 N/cm 2 . This rubber latex elastic foam body has a rich texture, good adhesiveness to a skin, excellent powder adhesion, and excellent even powder application. | 1. A rubber latex elastic foamed body, in which a rubber latex and sodium silicofluoride are used as raw materials, wherein the foamed body has an average radius of cellular foam of 10 to 200 μm, a bulk density of 0.10 to 0.20 g/cm3 and a stress of 0.1 to 1 N/cm2 at 50% compression. 2. The rubber latex elastic foamed body according to claim 1, wherein the rubber latex elastic foamed body has a coefficient of dynamic friction of 0.5 to 1.8. | A rubber latex elastic foam body produced using as the raw material therefor rubber latex and sodium silicofluoride, having an average radius for the cellular foam configuring the foam body of 10-200 μm, a bulk density of 0.10-0.20 g/cm 3 , and stress at 50% compression of 0.1-1 N/cm 2 . This rubber latex elastic foam body has a rich texture, good adhesiveness to a skin, excellent powder adhesion, and excellent even powder application.1. A rubber latex elastic foamed body, in which a rubber latex and sodium silicofluoride are used as raw materials, wherein the foamed body has an average radius of cellular foam of 10 to 200 μm, a bulk density of 0.10 to 0.20 g/cm3 and a stress of 0.1 to 1 N/cm2 at 50% compression. 2. The rubber latex elastic foamed body according to claim 1, wherein the rubber latex elastic foamed body has a coefficient of dynamic friction of 0.5 to 1.8. | 1,700 |
2,284 | 12,097,823 | 1,726 | Formulations and methods of making solar cells and solar cell contacts are disclosed. In general, the invention presents a solar cell contact made from a mixture wherein the mixture comprises a metal portion, which, prior to firing, comprises nickel and silver. | 1. A thick film paste comprising a glass portion and a conductive metal portion, said conductive metal portion comprising:
a. from about 10 to about 99 wt % silver and b. from about 1 to about 90 wt % of a nickel alloy selected from the group consisting of a nickel-aluminum alloy, a nickel-chromium alloy, and a nickel-aluminum-chromium alloy, and combinations thereof. 2. The thick film paste of claim 1 wherein the nickel alloy comprises about 1 to about 25 wt % aluminum, about 0 to about 30 wt % chromium, and nickel. 3. The thick film paste of claim 1, wherein the nickel alloy is a nickel-chromium alloy, said nickel-chromium alloy comprising about 1 to about 60 wt % chromium. 4. The thick film paste of claim 2, wherein said nickel alloy further includes an element selected from the group consisting of cobalt, iron, silicon, molybdenum, manganese, and combinations thereof. 5. The thick film paste of claim 2, wherein said nickel alloy further comprises an element selected from the group consisting of vanadium, antimony, tantalum, niobium, and combinations thereof. 6. The thick film paste of claim 1, wherein the nickel alloy is a nickel-aluminum alloy, said nickel-aluminum alloy comprising about 75 to about 99 wt % nickel and about 1 to about 25 wt % aluminum. 7. The thick film paste of claim 1, wherein the conductive metal portion comprises:
a. from about 20 to about 90 wt % silver, and b. from about 10 to about 80 wt % of a nickel alloy selected from the group consisting of a nickel-aluminum alloy, a nickel-chromium alloy, and a nickel-aluminum-chromium alloy, and combinations thereof. 8. The thick film paste of claim 1, wherein the conductive metal portion comprises
a. about 37.5 to about 75 wt % silver and b. about 25 to about 62.5 wt % of a nickel alloy. 9. The thick film paste of claim 1, wherein the conductive metal portion comprises
a. about 13.8 to about 87.5 wt % silver and b. about 12.5 to about 86.2 wt % of a nickel alloy selected from the group consisting of nickel-aluminum, nickel chromium, nickel-aluminum-chromium, and combinations thereof 10. The thick film paste of claim 9, wherein the nickel alloy is a nickel-aluminum alloy, said nickel-aluminum alloy comprising about 1 to about 20 wt % aluminum and about 80 to about 99 wt % nickel. 11. A thick film paste comprising: a glass portion and a conductive metal portion, said conductive metal portion comprising:
a. from about 10 to about 99 wt % silver and b. from about 1 to about 90 wt % of a nickel alloy selected from the group consisting of a nickel-aluminum alloy, a nickel-chromium alloy, and a nickel-aluminum-chromium alloy, and combinations thereof, said glass portion comprising a partially crystallizing glass. 12. A thick film paste comprising:
a. a glass portion including frit particles having a particle size no greater than about 2 microns, the glass portion including at least one partially crystallizing glass fit, and b. a conductive metal portion comprising
i. from about from about 10 to about 99 wt % silver and
ii. from about 0.05 to about 90 wt % of a nickel alloy selected from the group consisting of a nickel-aluminum alloy, a nickel-chromium alloy, and a nickel-aluminum-chromium alloy, and combinations thereof. 13. A solar cell including a front contact, said front contact formed by firing a paste composition comprising a glass portion and a conductive metal portion, said conductive metal portion comprising silver and at least about 1 wt % nickel. 14. The solar cell of claim 13, wherein said conductive metal portion includes an alloy of nickel. 15. The solar cell of claim 13, wherein said conductive metal portion comprises from about 10 to about 99 wt % silver, and from about 2 to about 90 wt % nickel. 16. The solar cell of claim 13, wherein said conductive metal portion further comprises an element selected from the group consisting of cobalt, iron, silicon, manganese, manganese, yttrium, and combinations thereof. 17. The solar cell of claim 13, wherein said nickel alloy further comprises an element selected from the group consisting of vanadium, antimony, tantalum, niobium, and combinations thereof. 18. The solar cell of claim 13, wherein said conductive metal portion comprises about 20 to about 80 wt % silver and about 20 to about 80 wt % of a nickel alloy selected from the group consisting of nickel-aluminum, nickel-chromium, nickel-aluminum-chromium, and combinations thereof. 19. The solar cell of claim 18, wherein said nickel alloy is a nickel-aluminum alloy, said nickel-aluminum alloy comprising about 80 to about 99 wt % nickel and about 1 to about 20 wt % aluminum. 20. The solar cell of claim 13 wherein the conductive metal portion comprises silver and at least about 8 wt % nickel. 21. The solar cell of claim 18, wherein the nickel alloy is a nickel-chromium alloy, said nickel chromium alloy comprising about 48 to about 81 wt % nickel and about 19 to about 52 wt % chromium. 22. A process for making a solar cell contact, comprising
a. applying a paste to a silicon wafer, wherein the paste comprises
i. a glass portion and
ii. a conductive metal portion, said conductive metal portion comprising:
1. from about 10 to about 99 wt % silver and
2. from about 1 to about 90 wt % of a nickel alloy selected from the group consisting of a nickel-aluminum alloy, a nickel-chromium alloy, and a nickel-aluminum-chromium alloy, and combinations thereof, and
b. firing the silicon wafer at a time and temperature sufficient to sinter the metal portion and fuse the glass portion. 23. The process of claim 22 wherein the glass portion includes a partially crystallizing glass. 24. The process of claim 22 wherein the glass portion includes, prior to firing, frit particles having an average size of no greater than about 2 microns. 25. A process for making a solar cell contact, comprising
a. applying a paste to a silicon wafer, wherein the paste comprises
i. a glass portion and
ii. a conductive metal portion, said conductive metal portion comprising
1. silver and
2. at least about 1 wt % nickel,
b. firing the silicon wafer at a time and temperature sufficient to sinter the metal portion and fuse the glass portion. 26. The process of claim 25, wherein said conductive metal portion includes an alloy of nickel. 27. The process of claim 26, wherein said conductive metal portion comprises from about 10 to about 99 wt % silver, and from about 2 to about 90 wt % nickel. | Formulations and methods of making solar cells and solar cell contacts are disclosed. In general, the invention presents a solar cell contact made from a mixture wherein the mixture comprises a metal portion, which, prior to firing, comprises nickel and silver.1. A thick film paste comprising a glass portion and a conductive metal portion, said conductive metal portion comprising:
a. from about 10 to about 99 wt % silver and b. from about 1 to about 90 wt % of a nickel alloy selected from the group consisting of a nickel-aluminum alloy, a nickel-chromium alloy, and a nickel-aluminum-chromium alloy, and combinations thereof. 2. The thick film paste of claim 1 wherein the nickel alloy comprises about 1 to about 25 wt % aluminum, about 0 to about 30 wt % chromium, and nickel. 3. The thick film paste of claim 1, wherein the nickel alloy is a nickel-chromium alloy, said nickel-chromium alloy comprising about 1 to about 60 wt % chromium. 4. The thick film paste of claim 2, wherein said nickel alloy further includes an element selected from the group consisting of cobalt, iron, silicon, molybdenum, manganese, and combinations thereof. 5. The thick film paste of claim 2, wherein said nickel alloy further comprises an element selected from the group consisting of vanadium, antimony, tantalum, niobium, and combinations thereof. 6. The thick film paste of claim 1, wherein the nickel alloy is a nickel-aluminum alloy, said nickel-aluminum alloy comprising about 75 to about 99 wt % nickel and about 1 to about 25 wt % aluminum. 7. The thick film paste of claim 1, wherein the conductive metal portion comprises:
a. from about 20 to about 90 wt % silver, and b. from about 10 to about 80 wt % of a nickel alloy selected from the group consisting of a nickel-aluminum alloy, a nickel-chromium alloy, and a nickel-aluminum-chromium alloy, and combinations thereof. 8. The thick film paste of claim 1, wherein the conductive metal portion comprises
a. about 37.5 to about 75 wt % silver and b. about 25 to about 62.5 wt % of a nickel alloy. 9. The thick film paste of claim 1, wherein the conductive metal portion comprises
a. about 13.8 to about 87.5 wt % silver and b. about 12.5 to about 86.2 wt % of a nickel alloy selected from the group consisting of nickel-aluminum, nickel chromium, nickel-aluminum-chromium, and combinations thereof 10. The thick film paste of claim 9, wherein the nickel alloy is a nickel-aluminum alloy, said nickel-aluminum alloy comprising about 1 to about 20 wt % aluminum and about 80 to about 99 wt % nickel. 11. A thick film paste comprising: a glass portion and a conductive metal portion, said conductive metal portion comprising:
a. from about 10 to about 99 wt % silver and b. from about 1 to about 90 wt % of a nickel alloy selected from the group consisting of a nickel-aluminum alloy, a nickel-chromium alloy, and a nickel-aluminum-chromium alloy, and combinations thereof, said glass portion comprising a partially crystallizing glass. 12. A thick film paste comprising:
a. a glass portion including frit particles having a particle size no greater than about 2 microns, the glass portion including at least one partially crystallizing glass fit, and b. a conductive metal portion comprising
i. from about from about 10 to about 99 wt % silver and
ii. from about 0.05 to about 90 wt % of a nickel alloy selected from the group consisting of a nickel-aluminum alloy, a nickel-chromium alloy, and a nickel-aluminum-chromium alloy, and combinations thereof. 13. A solar cell including a front contact, said front contact formed by firing a paste composition comprising a glass portion and a conductive metal portion, said conductive metal portion comprising silver and at least about 1 wt % nickel. 14. The solar cell of claim 13, wherein said conductive metal portion includes an alloy of nickel. 15. The solar cell of claim 13, wherein said conductive metal portion comprises from about 10 to about 99 wt % silver, and from about 2 to about 90 wt % nickel. 16. The solar cell of claim 13, wherein said conductive metal portion further comprises an element selected from the group consisting of cobalt, iron, silicon, manganese, manganese, yttrium, and combinations thereof. 17. The solar cell of claim 13, wherein said nickel alloy further comprises an element selected from the group consisting of vanadium, antimony, tantalum, niobium, and combinations thereof. 18. The solar cell of claim 13, wherein said conductive metal portion comprises about 20 to about 80 wt % silver and about 20 to about 80 wt % of a nickel alloy selected from the group consisting of nickel-aluminum, nickel-chromium, nickel-aluminum-chromium, and combinations thereof. 19. The solar cell of claim 18, wherein said nickel alloy is a nickel-aluminum alloy, said nickel-aluminum alloy comprising about 80 to about 99 wt % nickel and about 1 to about 20 wt % aluminum. 20. The solar cell of claim 13 wherein the conductive metal portion comprises silver and at least about 8 wt % nickel. 21. The solar cell of claim 18, wherein the nickel alloy is a nickel-chromium alloy, said nickel chromium alloy comprising about 48 to about 81 wt % nickel and about 19 to about 52 wt % chromium. 22. A process for making a solar cell contact, comprising
a. applying a paste to a silicon wafer, wherein the paste comprises
i. a glass portion and
ii. a conductive metal portion, said conductive metal portion comprising:
1. from about 10 to about 99 wt % silver and
2. from about 1 to about 90 wt % of a nickel alloy selected from the group consisting of a nickel-aluminum alloy, a nickel-chromium alloy, and a nickel-aluminum-chromium alloy, and combinations thereof, and
b. firing the silicon wafer at a time and temperature sufficient to sinter the metal portion and fuse the glass portion. 23. The process of claim 22 wherein the glass portion includes a partially crystallizing glass. 24. The process of claim 22 wherein the glass portion includes, prior to firing, frit particles having an average size of no greater than about 2 microns. 25. A process for making a solar cell contact, comprising
a. applying a paste to a silicon wafer, wherein the paste comprises
i. a glass portion and
ii. a conductive metal portion, said conductive metal portion comprising
1. silver and
2. at least about 1 wt % nickel,
b. firing the silicon wafer at a time and temperature sufficient to sinter the metal portion and fuse the glass portion. 26. The process of claim 25, wherein said conductive metal portion includes an alloy of nickel. 27. The process of claim 26, wherein said conductive metal portion comprises from about 10 to about 99 wt % silver, and from about 2 to about 90 wt % nickel. | 1,700 |
2,285 | 13,501,013 | 1,791 | Provided are methods and compositions for low fat toppings containing fiber and having properties mimicking a higher fat composition. The method comprises preparing the composition such that the fiber is hydrated thereby providing desirable able mouth-feel and organoleptic properties. | 1. A whippable composition comprising 1 to 10% fat, 0.1 to 0.5% fiber, 0.5 to 2.0% protein, 0.1 to 0.6% emulsifiers, 10-20% sweeteners, 0.3 to 1.0% stabilizers and 35 to 65% water. 2. The composition of claim 1 further comprising 10-25% corn syrup solids. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein 90% of the particles are between 1 and 200 micrometers. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the volume weighted mean of the particles is between 30 to 60 microns. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fiber is a combination of oat and corn. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fiber is oat. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fiber is corn. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fat is palm kernel oil or coconut oil or combinations and fractions thereof. 9. The composition of claim 2, wherein the fat is from 5 to 8%, protein is from 0.6 to 1.0%, sweetener is from 12 to 18%, corn syrup solids are from 15 to 20%, and fiber is from 0.2 to 0.3%. 10. A confection comprising a whipped composition prepared from the formulation of claim 1. 11. A whippable composition having from 1 to 10% fat and 0.1 to 0.5% fiber, and having a particle size distribution in which at least 90% of the particles are from 2 to 200 microns, wherein said composition has been prepared under conditions such that the fiber is hydrated. 12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the fat is palm kernel oil and the fiber is oat, corn or a combination thereof. 13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the fiber is from 5 to 8%. | Provided are methods and compositions for low fat toppings containing fiber and having properties mimicking a higher fat composition. The method comprises preparing the composition such that the fiber is hydrated thereby providing desirable able mouth-feel and organoleptic properties.1. A whippable composition comprising 1 to 10% fat, 0.1 to 0.5% fiber, 0.5 to 2.0% protein, 0.1 to 0.6% emulsifiers, 10-20% sweeteners, 0.3 to 1.0% stabilizers and 35 to 65% water. 2. The composition of claim 1 further comprising 10-25% corn syrup solids. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein 90% of the particles are between 1 and 200 micrometers. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the volume weighted mean of the particles is between 30 to 60 microns. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fiber is a combination of oat and corn. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fiber is oat. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fiber is corn. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fat is palm kernel oil or coconut oil or combinations and fractions thereof. 9. The composition of claim 2, wherein the fat is from 5 to 8%, protein is from 0.6 to 1.0%, sweetener is from 12 to 18%, corn syrup solids are from 15 to 20%, and fiber is from 0.2 to 0.3%. 10. A confection comprising a whipped composition prepared from the formulation of claim 1. 11. A whippable composition having from 1 to 10% fat and 0.1 to 0.5% fiber, and having a particle size distribution in which at least 90% of the particles are from 2 to 200 microns, wherein said composition has been prepared under conditions such that the fiber is hydrated. 12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the fat is palm kernel oil and the fiber is oat, corn or a combination thereof. 13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the fiber is from 5 to 8%. | 1,700 |
2,286 | 13,996,156 | 1,793 | Disclosed is an extruded noodle having a hole extending therethrough in a longitudinal direction, wherein: the hole closes or contracts during boiling or rehydration in hot water; and the hole in a cross section of the noodle is configured such that a plurality of grooves are formed rotationally symmetrically about a center of the cross section, extending in an outer radial direction from the center of the cross section of the noodle. | 1. An extruded noodle having a hole extending therethrough in a longitudinal direction, wherein:
wheat flour is essential as a raw material for the noodle; the hole closes or contracts during boiling or rehydration in hot water; the hole in a cross section of the noodle is configured such that a plurality of grooves are formed rotationally symmetrically about a center of the cross section, extending in an outer radial direction from the center of the cross section of the noodle; the hole has an air gap at the center of the cross-section, the air gap being formed by the plurality of grooves overlapping each other; and the hole closes during boiling or rehydration in hot water, or contracts to such an extent as to allow the grooves excluding the air gap to be closed. 2. The extruded noodle according to claim 1, wherein the hole is formed so as to occupy 2% to 15% of a sectional area of the noodle including the hole. 3. The extruded noodle according to claim 1, wherein tips of the plurality of grooves reach positions 30% to 70% of a distance from the center of the cross section of the noodle to an outer peripheral edge of the noodle. 4. The extruded noodle according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of grooves are formed so as to have any of three-fold to eight-fold rotational symmetries. 5. The extruded noodle according to claim 1, wherein the hole in the cross section of the noodle is shaped to have a depressed portion which is located between tips of adjacent ones of the plurality of grooves and is recessed toward the center of the cross section of the noodle. 6. The extruded noodle according to claim 1, wherein tips of the plurality of grooves have a curved surface. 7. The extruded noodle according to claim 1, wherein the cross section of the noodle has a circular outer shape. 8. A method for manufacturing instant noodles, comprising drying the extruded noodles according to claim 1 after pregelatinization. 9. A method for manufacturing dried noodles, comprising drying the extruded noodles according to claim 1 without pregelatinization. 10. A noodle extruder die piece used in manufacturing noodles provided with a through-hole in a longitudinal direction according to claim 1, the die piece comprising:
an extrusion-side piece; and an inlet piece; wherein the extrusion-side piece includes an extrusion hole used to form noodles by extrusion, the inlet-side piece includes an inlet hole through which noodle dough is pushed in and a pin whose tip is inserted into the extrusion hole of the extrusion-side piece, and the tip of the pin is shaped in a cross section such that a plurality of protrusions are formed rotationally symmetrically about a center of the cross section, extending in an outer radial direction from the center of the cross section. 11. The noodle extruder die piece according to claim 10, wherein the pin is formed so as to be thicker at a base than at the tip and formed integrally with the inlet-side piece as part of the inlet-side piece. 12. A noodle extruder die piece used in manufacturing noodles provided with a through-hole in a longitudinal direction according to claim 1, the die piece comprising:
an extrusion-side piece; and an inlet-side piece; wherein the extrusion-side piece includes an extrusion hole used to form noodles by extrusion, the inlet-side piece includes an inlet hole through which noodle dough is pushed in and a pin whose tip is inserted into the extrusion hole of the extrusion-side piece, and the pin is configured to form the through-hole in an extruded noodle and formed so as to be thicker at a base than at the tip and formed integrally with the inlet-side piece as part of the inlet-side piece. 13. The noodle extruder die piece according to claim 12, wherein the tip of the pin is shaped in a cross section such that a plurality of protrusions are formed, extending in an outer radial direction from the center of the cross section. 14. The noodle extruder die piece according to claim 10, wherein:
the plurality of protrusions are formed so as to have any of three-fold to eight-fold rotational symmetries about a cross-sectional center of the pin; and the pin is configured to have a depressed portion which is located between adjacent ones of the plurality of protrusions and is recessed toward the cross-sectional center. 15. The noodle extruder die piece according to claim 10, wherein the extrusion hole formed in the extrusion-side piece is a through-hole with a circular cross section of 1 mm to 3 mm in diameter. 16. The noodle extruder die piece according to claim 10, wherein:
the extrusion hole formed in the extrusion-side piece is a through-hole with a circular cross section of 1.5 mm to 2 mm in diameter; and tips of the plurality of protrusions in a cross sectional shape are at a distance of 0.5 mm or less from a cross-sectional center of the pin. 17. A method for manufacturing the noodle extruder die piece according to claim 10, wherein the inlet-side piece is cut out of a single piece of metal blank by a machining center. 18. A method for manufacturing extruded noodles, comprising extruding noodles using the noodle extruder die piece according to claim 10. | Disclosed is an extruded noodle having a hole extending therethrough in a longitudinal direction, wherein: the hole closes or contracts during boiling or rehydration in hot water; and the hole in a cross section of the noodle is configured such that a plurality of grooves are formed rotationally symmetrically about a center of the cross section, extending in an outer radial direction from the center of the cross section of the noodle.1. An extruded noodle having a hole extending therethrough in a longitudinal direction, wherein:
wheat flour is essential as a raw material for the noodle; the hole closes or contracts during boiling or rehydration in hot water; the hole in a cross section of the noodle is configured such that a plurality of grooves are formed rotationally symmetrically about a center of the cross section, extending in an outer radial direction from the center of the cross section of the noodle; the hole has an air gap at the center of the cross-section, the air gap being formed by the plurality of grooves overlapping each other; and the hole closes during boiling or rehydration in hot water, or contracts to such an extent as to allow the grooves excluding the air gap to be closed. 2. The extruded noodle according to claim 1, wherein the hole is formed so as to occupy 2% to 15% of a sectional area of the noodle including the hole. 3. The extruded noodle according to claim 1, wherein tips of the plurality of grooves reach positions 30% to 70% of a distance from the center of the cross section of the noodle to an outer peripheral edge of the noodle. 4. The extruded noodle according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of grooves are formed so as to have any of three-fold to eight-fold rotational symmetries. 5. The extruded noodle according to claim 1, wherein the hole in the cross section of the noodle is shaped to have a depressed portion which is located between tips of adjacent ones of the plurality of grooves and is recessed toward the center of the cross section of the noodle. 6. The extruded noodle according to claim 1, wherein tips of the plurality of grooves have a curved surface. 7. The extruded noodle according to claim 1, wherein the cross section of the noodle has a circular outer shape. 8. A method for manufacturing instant noodles, comprising drying the extruded noodles according to claim 1 after pregelatinization. 9. A method for manufacturing dried noodles, comprising drying the extruded noodles according to claim 1 without pregelatinization. 10. A noodle extruder die piece used in manufacturing noodles provided with a through-hole in a longitudinal direction according to claim 1, the die piece comprising:
an extrusion-side piece; and an inlet piece; wherein the extrusion-side piece includes an extrusion hole used to form noodles by extrusion, the inlet-side piece includes an inlet hole through which noodle dough is pushed in and a pin whose tip is inserted into the extrusion hole of the extrusion-side piece, and the tip of the pin is shaped in a cross section such that a plurality of protrusions are formed rotationally symmetrically about a center of the cross section, extending in an outer radial direction from the center of the cross section. 11. The noodle extruder die piece according to claim 10, wherein the pin is formed so as to be thicker at a base than at the tip and formed integrally with the inlet-side piece as part of the inlet-side piece. 12. A noodle extruder die piece used in manufacturing noodles provided with a through-hole in a longitudinal direction according to claim 1, the die piece comprising:
an extrusion-side piece; and an inlet-side piece; wherein the extrusion-side piece includes an extrusion hole used to form noodles by extrusion, the inlet-side piece includes an inlet hole through which noodle dough is pushed in and a pin whose tip is inserted into the extrusion hole of the extrusion-side piece, and the pin is configured to form the through-hole in an extruded noodle and formed so as to be thicker at a base than at the tip and formed integrally with the inlet-side piece as part of the inlet-side piece. 13. The noodle extruder die piece according to claim 12, wherein the tip of the pin is shaped in a cross section such that a plurality of protrusions are formed, extending in an outer radial direction from the center of the cross section. 14. The noodle extruder die piece according to claim 10, wherein:
the plurality of protrusions are formed so as to have any of three-fold to eight-fold rotational symmetries about a cross-sectional center of the pin; and the pin is configured to have a depressed portion which is located between adjacent ones of the plurality of protrusions and is recessed toward the cross-sectional center. 15. The noodle extruder die piece according to claim 10, wherein the extrusion hole formed in the extrusion-side piece is a through-hole with a circular cross section of 1 mm to 3 mm in diameter. 16. The noodle extruder die piece according to claim 10, wherein:
the extrusion hole formed in the extrusion-side piece is a through-hole with a circular cross section of 1.5 mm to 2 mm in diameter; and tips of the plurality of protrusions in a cross sectional shape are at a distance of 0.5 mm or less from a cross-sectional center of the pin. 17. A method for manufacturing the noodle extruder die piece according to claim 10, wherein the inlet-side piece is cut out of a single piece of metal blank by a machining center. 18. A method for manufacturing extruded noodles, comprising extruding noodles using the noodle extruder die piece according to claim 10. | 1,700 |
2,287 | 14,470,712 | 1,733 | New 6xxx aluminum alloy bodies and methods of producing the same are disclosed. The new 6xxx aluminum alloy bodies may be produced by preparing the aluminum alloy body for post-solutionizing cold work, cold working by at least 25%, and then thermally treating. The new 6xxx aluminum alloy bodies may realize improved strength and other properties. | 1. A method comprising:
(a) preparing an aluminum alloy strip for post-solutionizing cold work,
(i) wherein the aluminum alloy strip includes 0.1-2.0 wt. % silicon and 0.1-3.0 wt. % magnesium, where at least one of the silicon and the magnesium is the predominate alloying element of the aluminum alloy strip other than aluminum,
(ii) wherein the preparing step comprises continuously casting the aluminum alloy strip, the continuously casting step comprising:
(A) delivering molten aluminum metal comprising the 0.5 to 8.0 wt. % copper, wherein the copper is the predominate alloying element of the aluminum alloy strip other than aluminum, to a pair of spaced apart rotating casting rolls defining a nip therebetween;
(B) advancing the metal between surfaces of the casting device rolls, wherein the advance comprises:
(I) first forming two solid outer regions adjacent surfaces of the casting device rolls;
(II) second forming a semi-solid inner region containing dendrites of the metal;
(III) wherein the inner region is located between the two outer concentration regions;
(IV) wherein the first forming and second forming steps are completed concomitant to one another;
(V) breaking the dendrites in the inner region at or before the nip; and
(C) solidifying the semi-solid inner region to produce the aluminum alloy body comprised of the inner region and the outer regions;
(iii) wherein the preparing step comprises solutionizing of the aluminum alloy strip;
(b) after the preparing step (a), cold working the aluminum alloy strip by at least 25%; and (c) after the cold working step (b), thermally treating the aluminum alloy strip; wherein the cold working and the thermally treating steps are accomplished to achieve an increase in long-transverse tensile yield strength as compared to a reference-version of the aluminum alloy body in the as cold-worked condition. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the solutionizing step comprises solution heat treating and quenching, wherein the solution heat treating is accomplished due to the continuous casting, and wherein the preparing comprises:
removing the aluminum alloy strip from a continuous casting apparatus; and after the removing step, and before the aluminum alloy strip reaches a temperature of 700° F., quenching the aluminum alloy strip, wherein the quenching reduces the temperature of the aluminum alloy strip at a rate of at least 100° F. per second, thereby accomplishing the solutionizing; wherein the temperature of the aluminum alloy strip exiting the continuous casting apparatus is higher than the temperature of the aluminum alloy strip during the quenching step. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the quenching comprises cooling the aluminum alloy strip to a temperature of not greater than 150° F. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the quenching is accomplished by a quenching apparatus downstream of the continuous casting apparatus. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the cold working comprises cold working the aluminum alloy strip by at least 50%. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermally treating comprises heating the aluminum alloy strip to within 5 ksi of peak strength. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the preparing and cold working steps are accomplished continuously and in-line. 8. A method comprising:
(a) receiving an aluminum alloy body, wherein the aluminum alloy body comprises 0.1-2.0 wt. % silicon and 0.1-3.0 wt. % magnesium, where at least one of the silicon and the magnesium is the predominate alloying element of the aluminum alloy body other than aluminum, wherein the aluminum alloy body was prepared by solutionizing, and then cold working, wherein the cold working induced at least 25% cold work in the aluminum alloy body, and then first thermally treating to achieve a first predetermined selected condition; (b) second thermally treating the aluminum alloy body;
(i) wherein the second thermally treating step is accomplished to achieve a second predetermined selected condition, and such that the aluminum alloy body realizes a higher tensile yield strength over a reference version of the aluminum alloy body in the T6 temper. 9. The method of claim 8, comprising:
forming the aluminum alloy body into a predetermined shaped product. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the forming occurs during the second thermally treating step. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the first predetermined selected condition is a predetermined first strength and the second predetermined selected condition is a predetermined second strength. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the predetermined second strength is higher than the predetermined first strength. 13. A method comprising:
(a) receiving a solutionized heat treatable aluminum alloy body, wherein the aluminum alloy body comprises 0.1-2.0 wt. % silicon and 0.1-3.0 wt. % magnesium, where at least one of the silicon and the magnesium is the predominate alloying element of the aluminum alloy body other than aluminum, wherein the aluminum alloy body was prepared by solutionizing and then cold working, wherein the cold working induced at least 25% cold work in the aluminum alloy body; and (b) forming the aluminum alloy body into a predetermined shaped product, wherein, during the forming step, the aluminum alloy body is subjected to a temperature in the range of from at least 150° F. to below the recrystallization temperature of the aluminum alloy body. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the cold working comprises cold rolling the aluminum alloy body to final gauge. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the predetermined shaped product is a component of a vehicle. | New 6xxx aluminum alloy bodies and methods of producing the same are disclosed. The new 6xxx aluminum alloy bodies may be produced by preparing the aluminum alloy body for post-solutionizing cold work, cold working by at least 25%, and then thermally treating. The new 6xxx aluminum alloy bodies may realize improved strength and other properties.1. A method comprising:
(a) preparing an aluminum alloy strip for post-solutionizing cold work,
(i) wherein the aluminum alloy strip includes 0.1-2.0 wt. % silicon and 0.1-3.0 wt. % magnesium, where at least one of the silicon and the magnesium is the predominate alloying element of the aluminum alloy strip other than aluminum,
(ii) wherein the preparing step comprises continuously casting the aluminum alloy strip, the continuously casting step comprising:
(A) delivering molten aluminum metal comprising the 0.5 to 8.0 wt. % copper, wherein the copper is the predominate alloying element of the aluminum alloy strip other than aluminum, to a pair of spaced apart rotating casting rolls defining a nip therebetween;
(B) advancing the metal between surfaces of the casting device rolls, wherein the advance comprises:
(I) first forming two solid outer regions adjacent surfaces of the casting device rolls;
(II) second forming a semi-solid inner region containing dendrites of the metal;
(III) wherein the inner region is located between the two outer concentration regions;
(IV) wherein the first forming and second forming steps are completed concomitant to one another;
(V) breaking the dendrites in the inner region at or before the nip; and
(C) solidifying the semi-solid inner region to produce the aluminum alloy body comprised of the inner region and the outer regions;
(iii) wherein the preparing step comprises solutionizing of the aluminum alloy strip;
(b) after the preparing step (a), cold working the aluminum alloy strip by at least 25%; and (c) after the cold working step (b), thermally treating the aluminum alloy strip; wherein the cold working and the thermally treating steps are accomplished to achieve an increase in long-transverse tensile yield strength as compared to a reference-version of the aluminum alloy body in the as cold-worked condition. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the solutionizing step comprises solution heat treating and quenching, wherein the solution heat treating is accomplished due to the continuous casting, and wherein the preparing comprises:
removing the aluminum alloy strip from a continuous casting apparatus; and after the removing step, and before the aluminum alloy strip reaches a temperature of 700° F., quenching the aluminum alloy strip, wherein the quenching reduces the temperature of the aluminum alloy strip at a rate of at least 100° F. per second, thereby accomplishing the solutionizing; wherein the temperature of the aluminum alloy strip exiting the continuous casting apparatus is higher than the temperature of the aluminum alloy strip during the quenching step. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the quenching comprises cooling the aluminum alloy strip to a temperature of not greater than 150° F. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the quenching is accomplished by a quenching apparatus downstream of the continuous casting apparatus. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the cold working comprises cold working the aluminum alloy strip by at least 50%. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermally treating comprises heating the aluminum alloy strip to within 5 ksi of peak strength. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the preparing and cold working steps are accomplished continuously and in-line. 8. A method comprising:
(a) receiving an aluminum alloy body, wherein the aluminum alloy body comprises 0.1-2.0 wt. % silicon and 0.1-3.0 wt. % magnesium, where at least one of the silicon and the magnesium is the predominate alloying element of the aluminum alloy body other than aluminum, wherein the aluminum alloy body was prepared by solutionizing, and then cold working, wherein the cold working induced at least 25% cold work in the aluminum alloy body, and then first thermally treating to achieve a first predetermined selected condition; (b) second thermally treating the aluminum alloy body;
(i) wherein the second thermally treating step is accomplished to achieve a second predetermined selected condition, and such that the aluminum alloy body realizes a higher tensile yield strength over a reference version of the aluminum alloy body in the T6 temper. 9. The method of claim 8, comprising:
forming the aluminum alloy body into a predetermined shaped product. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the forming occurs during the second thermally treating step. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the first predetermined selected condition is a predetermined first strength and the second predetermined selected condition is a predetermined second strength. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the predetermined second strength is higher than the predetermined first strength. 13. A method comprising:
(a) receiving a solutionized heat treatable aluminum alloy body, wherein the aluminum alloy body comprises 0.1-2.0 wt. % silicon and 0.1-3.0 wt. % magnesium, where at least one of the silicon and the magnesium is the predominate alloying element of the aluminum alloy body other than aluminum, wherein the aluminum alloy body was prepared by solutionizing and then cold working, wherein the cold working induced at least 25% cold work in the aluminum alloy body; and (b) forming the aluminum alloy body into a predetermined shaped product, wherein, during the forming step, the aluminum alloy body is subjected to a temperature in the range of from at least 150° F. to below the recrystallization temperature of the aluminum alloy body. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the cold working comprises cold rolling the aluminum alloy body to final gauge. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the predetermined shaped product is a component of a vehicle. | 1,700 |
2,288 | 13,469,114 | 1,783 | A laminate for a tear-open package has an inner heat-sealable polymer film and an outer laser-cuttable polymer film laminated thereto, respectively forming a cover layer and a seal layer. The outer film is formed with at least one linearly extending laser score groove or scoring extending transversely at least partially through a thickness of the outer film. The inner film is formed along and in alignment with the laser scoring with a perforation line comprised of a row of cuts spaced along the scoring and separated by webs extending across the scoring. The cuts extend transversely at least partially though a thickness of the inner film. | 1. A laminate for a tear-open package, the laminate comprising an inner heat-sealable polymer film and an outer laser-cuttable polymer film laminated thereto, the outer film being formed with at least one linearly extending laser scoring extending transversely at least partially through a thickness of the outer film, the inner film being formed along and in alignment with the laser scoring with a perforation line comprised of a row of cuts spaced along the scoring and separated by webs extending across the scoring, the cuts extending transversely at least partially though a thickness of the inner film. 2. The laminate defined in claim 1, wherein the cuts of the perforation line extend from an outer surface of the inner film inward and terminate at or adjacent a floor of the laser scoring. 3. The laminate defined in claim 1, wherein the outer film is composed of a polyester, an oriented polyamide, an oriented polypropylene, or a biaxially oriented polypropylene. 4. The laminate defined in claim 1, wherein the inner film is composed of a polyethylene. 5. The laminate defined in claim 1, further comprising:
a polymer intermediate film between the outer film and the inner film, the intermediate film being metallized on a surface facing the inner film. 6. The laminate defined in claim 5, wherein the intermediate film is a metallized polyester. 7. The laminate defined in claim 5, wherein the laser scoring terminates within the intermediate film at or immediately adjacent the metallized surface of the intermediate film. 8. The laminate defined in claim 1, wherein the outer film has adjacent the first-mentioned laser scoring a second laser scoring, the perforation line extending along the first laser scoring and the inner film remaining mechanically intact below the second laser scoring. 9. The laminate defined in claim 8, wherein the first and second laser scorings are transversely spaced by less than 2 mm. 10. A method of making a film laminate comprising the steps of:
laminating together by coextrusion or by adhesive bonding an inner heat-sealable polymer film and an outer laser-cuttable polymer film; forming with a laser in the outer film a linear laser score extending transversely at least partially through the outer film; and forming in the inner film along and in alignment with the laser scoring with a perforation line comprised of a row of cuts spaced along the scoring and separated by webs extending across the scoring, the cuts extending transversely at least partially though a thickness of the inner film. 11. The laminate-making method defined in claim 10, wherein the perforation line is made by cutting or punching. 12. The laminate-making method defined in claim 11, wherein the cutting or punching is done from an outer surface of the inner film. 13. The laminate-making method defined in claim 10, further comprising the step of:
laminating between the inner and outer films a polymer intermediate film having a metallized surface facing the inner film, the laser scoring extending through the outer film and into the intermediate film and terminates at or immediately adjacent the metallized surface of the intermediate film. 14. The laminate-making method defined in claim 10 wherein the cuts extend from an outer surface of the inner film inward to immediately adjacent the metallized surface of the intermediate film. | A laminate for a tear-open package has an inner heat-sealable polymer film and an outer laser-cuttable polymer film laminated thereto, respectively forming a cover layer and a seal layer. The outer film is formed with at least one linearly extending laser score groove or scoring extending transversely at least partially through a thickness of the outer film. The inner film is formed along and in alignment with the laser scoring with a perforation line comprised of a row of cuts spaced along the scoring and separated by webs extending across the scoring. The cuts extend transversely at least partially though a thickness of the inner film.1. A laminate for a tear-open package, the laminate comprising an inner heat-sealable polymer film and an outer laser-cuttable polymer film laminated thereto, the outer film being formed with at least one linearly extending laser scoring extending transversely at least partially through a thickness of the outer film, the inner film being formed along and in alignment with the laser scoring with a perforation line comprised of a row of cuts spaced along the scoring and separated by webs extending across the scoring, the cuts extending transversely at least partially though a thickness of the inner film. 2. The laminate defined in claim 1, wherein the cuts of the perforation line extend from an outer surface of the inner film inward and terminate at or adjacent a floor of the laser scoring. 3. The laminate defined in claim 1, wherein the outer film is composed of a polyester, an oriented polyamide, an oriented polypropylene, or a biaxially oriented polypropylene. 4. The laminate defined in claim 1, wherein the inner film is composed of a polyethylene. 5. The laminate defined in claim 1, further comprising:
a polymer intermediate film between the outer film and the inner film, the intermediate film being metallized on a surface facing the inner film. 6. The laminate defined in claim 5, wherein the intermediate film is a metallized polyester. 7. The laminate defined in claim 5, wherein the laser scoring terminates within the intermediate film at or immediately adjacent the metallized surface of the intermediate film. 8. The laminate defined in claim 1, wherein the outer film has adjacent the first-mentioned laser scoring a second laser scoring, the perforation line extending along the first laser scoring and the inner film remaining mechanically intact below the second laser scoring. 9. The laminate defined in claim 8, wherein the first and second laser scorings are transversely spaced by less than 2 mm. 10. A method of making a film laminate comprising the steps of:
laminating together by coextrusion or by adhesive bonding an inner heat-sealable polymer film and an outer laser-cuttable polymer film; forming with a laser in the outer film a linear laser score extending transversely at least partially through the outer film; and forming in the inner film along and in alignment with the laser scoring with a perforation line comprised of a row of cuts spaced along the scoring and separated by webs extending across the scoring, the cuts extending transversely at least partially though a thickness of the inner film. 11. The laminate-making method defined in claim 10, wherein the perforation line is made by cutting or punching. 12. The laminate-making method defined in claim 11, wherein the cutting or punching is done from an outer surface of the inner film. 13. The laminate-making method defined in claim 10, further comprising the step of:
laminating between the inner and outer films a polymer intermediate film having a metallized surface facing the inner film, the laser scoring extending through the outer film and into the intermediate film and terminates at or immediately adjacent the metallized surface of the intermediate film. 14. The laminate-making method defined in claim 10 wherein the cuts extend from an outer surface of the inner film inward to immediately adjacent the metallized surface of the intermediate film. | 1,700 |
2,289 | 13,426,831 | 1,798 | A fiber optic analyte sensing needle 10 with a photoluminescent analyte-sensitive probe 70 nonadherently entrapped within the lumen 29 of the needle 20 between the distal tip 51 of a fiber optic filament 50 and the distal tip 21 of the needle 20. The probe 70 has unimpeded fluid communication with the external environment through a port 28 in the needle 20. | 1. A fiber optic analyte sensing needle, comprising:
(a) a hollow distal tipped needle having a longitudinal lumen with at least one lateral side port proximate the distal tip, (b) at least one fiber optic filament having a distal end portion sealingly jacketed within the lumen, and (c) a photoluminescent analyte-sensitive probe nonadherently entrapped within the lumen between a distal tip of the at least one fiber optic filament and the distal tip of the needle, (d) wherein the probe has unimpeded fluid communication with an external environment through the at least one lateral side port in the needle. 2. The fiber optic analyte sensing needle of claim 1 wherein the needle is a sharp-tipped needle. 3. The fiber optic analyte sensing needle of claim 1 wherein the needle is a blunt-tipped needle. 4. The fiber optic analyte sensing needle of claim 1 wherein the probe includes at least carrier substrate bearing an analyte-sensitive photoluminescent dye. 5. The fiber optic analyte sensing needle of claim 4 wherein the carrier substrate is a glass fiber carrier substrate. 6. The fiber optic analyte sensing needle of claim 5 wherein the analyte-sensitive photoluminescent dye is an oxygen-sensitive photoluminescent dye. 7. The fiber optic analyte sensing needle of claim 4 wherein the analyte-sensitive photoluminescent dye is embedded within an analyte-permeable hydrophobic polymer matrix. 8. The fiber optic analyte sensing needle of claim 7 wherein the analyte-sensitive photoluminescent dye is an oxygen-sensitive transition metal complex. | A fiber optic analyte sensing needle 10 with a photoluminescent analyte-sensitive probe 70 nonadherently entrapped within the lumen 29 of the needle 20 between the distal tip 51 of a fiber optic filament 50 and the distal tip 21 of the needle 20. The probe 70 has unimpeded fluid communication with the external environment through a port 28 in the needle 20.1. A fiber optic analyte sensing needle, comprising:
(a) a hollow distal tipped needle having a longitudinal lumen with at least one lateral side port proximate the distal tip, (b) at least one fiber optic filament having a distal end portion sealingly jacketed within the lumen, and (c) a photoluminescent analyte-sensitive probe nonadherently entrapped within the lumen between a distal tip of the at least one fiber optic filament and the distal tip of the needle, (d) wherein the probe has unimpeded fluid communication with an external environment through the at least one lateral side port in the needle. 2. The fiber optic analyte sensing needle of claim 1 wherein the needle is a sharp-tipped needle. 3. The fiber optic analyte sensing needle of claim 1 wherein the needle is a blunt-tipped needle. 4. The fiber optic analyte sensing needle of claim 1 wherein the probe includes at least carrier substrate bearing an analyte-sensitive photoluminescent dye. 5. The fiber optic analyte sensing needle of claim 4 wherein the carrier substrate is a glass fiber carrier substrate. 6. The fiber optic analyte sensing needle of claim 5 wherein the analyte-sensitive photoluminescent dye is an oxygen-sensitive photoluminescent dye. 7. The fiber optic analyte sensing needle of claim 4 wherein the analyte-sensitive photoluminescent dye is embedded within an analyte-permeable hydrophobic polymer matrix. 8. The fiber optic analyte sensing needle of claim 7 wherein the analyte-sensitive photoluminescent dye is an oxygen-sensitive transition metal complex. | 1,700 |
2,290 | 14,229,327 | 1,723 | An electrode assembly manufactured by a third method other than a stack folding method or a stack method, and an electrochemical device including thereof are disclosed. The electrode assembly includes at least one radical cell. The radical cell has a four-layered structure obtained by stacking a first electrode, a first separator, a second electrode, and a second separator one by one. | 1. An electrode assembly comprising at least one radical cell, the radical cell having a four-layered structure obtained by stacking a first electrode, a first separator, a second electrode, and a second separator one by one. 2. The electrode assembly of claim 1, wherein the radical cell is formed by attaching the electrode and the separator to each other. 3. The electrode assembly of claim 2, wherein an attachment of the electrode and the separator is conducted by pressurizing the electrode and the separator, or by applying pressure and heat onto the electrode and the separator. 4. The electrode assembly of claim 2, wherein the separator is coated with a coating material having adhesiveness. 5. The electrode assembly of claim 4, wherein the coating material is a mixture of inorganic particles and a binder polymer. 6. The electrode assembly of claim 4, wherein both sides of the first separator facing the first electrode and the second electrode are coated with the coating material, and one side of the second separator facing the second electrode is coated with the coating material. 7. The electrode assembly of claim 4, wherein both sides of the first separator facing the first electrode and the second electrode are coated with the coating material, and one side of the second separator facing the second electrode and an opposite side thereof are coated with the coating material,
the electrode assembly being obtained by stacking at least two radical cells, the radical cells being attached to each other through the coating material of the second separator. 8. The electrode assembly of claim 1, wherein the radical cell is obtained by repeatedly stacking the four-layered structures. 9. The electrode assembly of claim 1, wherein the electrode assembly further comprises a first auxiliary cell stacked on a first distal electrode, the first distal electrode being the first electrode positioned at an uppermost or a lowermost portion of the electrode assembly,
when the first electrode being an anode, and the second electrode being a cathode, the first auxiliary cell being formed by stacking from the first distal electrode, the separator, the cathode, the separator and the anode one by one, when the first electrode being the cathode, and the second electrode being the anode, the first auxiliary cell being formed by stacking from the first distal electrode, the separator, and the anode one by one. 10. The electrode assembly of claim 9, wherein the anode of the first auxiliary cell comprises:
a current collector; and an anode active material coated only on one side facing the radical cell among both sides of the current collector. 11. The electrode assembly of claim 1, wherein the electrode assembly further comprises a first auxiliary cell stacked on a first distal electrode, the first distal electrode being the first electrode positioned at an uppermost or a lowermost portion of the electrode assembly,
when the first electrode being an anode, and the second electrode being a cathode, the first auxiliary cell being formed by stacking from the first distal electrode, the separator, the cathode, and the separator one by one. 12. The electrode assembly of claim 1, wherein the electrode assembly further comprises a second auxiliary cell stacked on a second distal separator, the second distal separator being the second separator positioned at an uppermost or a lowermost portion of the electrode assembly,
when the first electrode being an anode, and the second electrode being a cathode, the second auxiliary cell being formed by stacking from the second distal separator, the cathode, the separator and the anode one by one. 13. The electrode assembly of claim 12, wherein the anode of the secondary auxiliary cell comprises:
a current collector; and an anode active material coated only on one side facing the radical cell among both sides of the current collector. 14. The electrode assembly of claim 1, wherein the electrode assembly further comprises a second auxiliary cell stacked on a second distal separator, the second distal separator being the second separator positioned at an uppermost or a lowermost portion of the electrode assembly,
when the first electrode being an anode, and the second electrode being a cathode, the second auxiliary cell being formed by stacking from the second distal separator, the first anode, the separator, the cathode, the separator and the second anode one by one, the second anode of the secondary auxiliary cell comprising a current collector and an anode active material, the anode active material being coated only on one side facing the radical cell among both sides of the current collector. 15. The electrode assembly of claim 1, wherein the electrode assembly further comprises a second auxiliary cell stacked on a second distal separator, the second distal separator being the second separator positioned at an uppermost or a lowermost portion of the electrode assembly,
when the first electrode being a cathode, and the second electrode being an anode, the second auxiliary cell being formed by stacking from the second distal separator, the cathode, the separator, the anode, the separator and the cathode, one by one. 16. The electrode assembly of claim 1, further comprising a fixing part for fixing a side portion or a front portion of the electrode assembly. 17. The electrode assembly of claim 16, wherein the fixing part includes a polymer tape for taping the side portion or the front portion of the electrode assembly. 18. The electrode assembly of claim 1, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode comprise:
a current collector; and an active material coated on both sides of the current collector. 19. The electrode assembly of claim 1, wherein the separator is selected from the group consisting of a polyethylene film, a polypropylene film, a multi-layered film obtained by combining the polyethylene film and the polypropylene film, and a polymer film for a polymer electrolyte of polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, or a polyvinylidene fluoride hexafluoropropylene copolymer, the films including micropores. | An electrode assembly manufactured by a third method other than a stack folding method or a stack method, and an electrochemical device including thereof are disclosed. The electrode assembly includes at least one radical cell. The radical cell has a four-layered structure obtained by stacking a first electrode, a first separator, a second electrode, and a second separator one by one.1. An electrode assembly comprising at least one radical cell, the radical cell having a four-layered structure obtained by stacking a first electrode, a first separator, a second electrode, and a second separator one by one. 2. The electrode assembly of claim 1, wherein the radical cell is formed by attaching the electrode and the separator to each other. 3. The electrode assembly of claim 2, wherein an attachment of the electrode and the separator is conducted by pressurizing the electrode and the separator, or by applying pressure and heat onto the electrode and the separator. 4. The electrode assembly of claim 2, wherein the separator is coated with a coating material having adhesiveness. 5. The electrode assembly of claim 4, wherein the coating material is a mixture of inorganic particles and a binder polymer. 6. The electrode assembly of claim 4, wherein both sides of the first separator facing the first electrode and the second electrode are coated with the coating material, and one side of the second separator facing the second electrode is coated with the coating material. 7. The electrode assembly of claim 4, wherein both sides of the first separator facing the first electrode and the second electrode are coated with the coating material, and one side of the second separator facing the second electrode and an opposite side thereof are coated with the coating material,
the electrode assembly being obtained by stacking at least two radical cells, the radical cells being attached to each other through the coating material of the second separator. 8. The electrode assembly of claim 1, wherein the radical cell is obtained by repeatedly stacking the four-layered structures. 9. The electrode assembly of claim 1, wherein the electrode assembly further comprises a first auxiliary cell stacked on a first distal electrode, the first distal electrode being the first electrode positioned at an uppermost or a lowermost portion of the electrode assembly,
when the first electrode being an anode, and the second electrode being a cathode, the first auxiliary cell being formed by stacking from the first distal electrode, the separator, the cathode, the separator and the anode one by one, when the first electrode being the cathode, and the second electrode being the anode, the first auxiliary cell being formed by stacking from the first distal electrode, the separator, and the anode one by one. 10. The electrode assembly of claim 9, wherein the anode of the first auxiliary cell comprises:
a current collector; and an anode active material coated only on one side facing the radical cell among both sides of the current collector. 11. The electrode assembly of claim 1, wherein the electrode assembly further comprises a first auxiliary cell stacked on a first distal electrode, the first distal electrode being the first electrode positioned at an uppermost or a lowermost portion of the electrode assembly,
when the first electrode being an anode, and the second electrode being a cathode, the first auxiliary cell being formed by stacking from the first distal electrode, the separator, the cathode, and the separator one by one. 12. The electrode assembly of claim 1, wherein the electrode assembly further comprises a second auxiliary cell stacked on a second distal separator, the second distal separator being the second separator positioned at an uppermost or a lowermost portion of the electrode assembly,
when the first electrode being an anode, and the second electrode being a cathode, the second auxiliary cell being formed by stacking from the second distal separator, the cathode, the separator and the anode one by one. 13. The electrode assembly of claim 12, wherein the anode of the secondary auxiliary cell comprises:
a current collector; and an anode active material coated only on one side facing the radical cell among both sides of the current collector. 14. The electrode assembly of claim 1, wherein the electrode assembly further comprises a second auxiliary cell stacked on a second distal separator, the second distal separator being the second separator positioned at an uppermost or a lowermost portion of the electrode assembly,
when the first electrode being an anode, and the second electrode being a cathode, the second auxiliary cell being formed by stacking from the second distal separator, the first anode, the separator, the cathode, the separator and the second anode one by one, the second anode of the secondary auxiliary cell comprising a current collector and an anode active material, the anode active material being coated only on one side facing the radical cell among both sides of the current collector. 15. The electrode assembly of claim 1, wherein the electrode assembly further comprises a second auxiliary cell stacked on a second distal separator, the second distal separator being the second separator positioned at an uppermost or a lowermost portion of the electrode assembly,
when the first electrode being a cathode, and the second electrode being an anode, the second auxiliary cell being formed by stacking from the second distal separator, the cathode, the separator, the anode, the separator and the cathode, one by one. 16. The electrode assembly of claim 1, further comprising a fixing part for fixing a side portion or a front portion of the electrode assembly. 17. The electrode assembly of claim 16, wherein the fixing part includes a polymer tape for taping the side portion or the front portion of the electrode assembly. 18. The electrode assembly of claim 1, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode comprise:
a current collector; and an active material coated on both sides of the current collector. 19. The electrode assembly of claim 1, wherein the separator is selected from the group consisting of a polyethylene film, a polypropylene film, a multi-layered film obtained by combining the polyethylene film and the polypropylene film, and a polymer film for a polymer electrolyte of polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, or a polyvinylidene fluoride hexafluoropropylene copolymer, the films including micropores. | 1,700 |
2,291 | 13,954,012 | 1,794 | In a method for using a sputtering target, by making an ion collide with the sputtering target, a sputtered particle whose size is greater than or equal to 1/3000 and less than or equal to 1/20, preferably greater than or equal to 1/1000 and less than or equal to 1/30 of a crystal grain is generated. | 1. A method for using a sputtering target including a polycrystalline oxide containing a plurality of crystal grains, comprising:
generating a flat-plate-like particle having a flat plane by making an ion collide with the sputtering target, wherein an equivalent circle diameter of the flat plane is greater than or equal to 1/3000 and less than or equal to 1/20 of an average grain size of the plurality of crystal grains. 2. The method for using a sputtering target according to claim 1,
wherein each of the crystal grains has an a-b plane, wherein the flat-plate-like particle has a flat plane parallel to the a-b plane, and wherein an equivalent circle diameter of the flat plane parallel to the a-b plane is greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 20 nm. 3. The method for using a sputtering target according to claim 1, wherein an average grain size of the crystal grains is greater than or equal to 0.3 μm and less than or equal to 3 μm. 4. A method for forming an oxide film, comprising:
depositing the flat-plate-like particle by the method for using a sputtering target according to claim 1. 5. The method for using a sputtering target according to claim 1, wherein the flat-plate-like particle has crystallinity. 6. A method for forming an oxide film, comprising:
depositing the flat-plate-like particle by the method for using a sputtering target according to claim 1, so that the oxide film is formed, wherein the oxide film comprises crystals each having c-axis aligned in a direction substantially perpendicular to a top surface of the oxide film. 7. A method for using a sputtering target including a polycrystalline oxide containing a plurality of crystal grains each having an a-b plane and a cleavage plane parallel to the a-b plane, comprising:
generating a particle which is cut out along the cleavage plane and a plurality of planes perpendicular to the a-b plane by making an ion collide with the sputtering target. 8. The method for using a sputtering target according to claim 7,
wherein the particle has a flat plane parallel to the a-b plane, and wherein an equivalent circle diameter of the flat plane of the particle is greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 20 nm. 9. The method for using a sputtering target according to claim 7, wherein an average grain size of the crystal grains is greater than or equal to 0.3 μm and less than or equal to 3 μm. 10. A method for forming an oxide film, comprising:
depositing the particle by the method for using a sputtering target according to claim 7. 11. The method for using a sputtering target according to claim 7, wherein the particle has crystallinity. 12. A method for forming an oxide film, comprising:
depositing the particle by the method for using a sputtering target according to claim 7, so that the oxide film is formed, wherein the oxide film comprises crystals each having c-axis aligned in a direction substantially perpendicular to a top surface of the oxide film. 13. A method for using a sputtering target including a polycrystalline oxide containing a plurality of crystal grains each having an a-b plane and a cleavage plane parallel to the a-b plane, comprising:
separating a part of one of the crystal grains from the cleavage plane by making an ion generated from plasma collide with the sputtering target; and generating particles from the part of one of the crystal grains separated from the cleavage plane by being cut out along a plurality of planes perpendicular to the a-b plane in the plasma. 14. The method for using a sputtering target according to claim 13,
wherein each of the particles has a flat plane parallel to the a-b plane, and wherein an equivalent circle diameter of the flat plane of each of the particles is greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 20 nm. 15. The method for using a sputtering target according to claim 13, wherein an average grain size of the crystal grains is greater than or equal to 0.3 μm and less than or equal to 3 μm. 16. A method for forming an oxide film, comprising:
depositing the particles by the method for using a sputtering target according to claim 13. 17. The method for using a sputtering target according to claim 13, wherein each of the particles has crystallinity. 18. A method for forming an oxide film, comprising:
depositing the particles by the method for using a sputtering target according to claim 13, so that the oxide film is formed, wherein the oxide film comprises crystals each having c-axis aligned in a direction substantially perpendicular to a top surface of the oxide film. | In a method for using a sputtering target, by making an ion collide with the sputtering target, a sputtered particle whose size is greater than or equal to 1/3000 and less than or equal to 1/20, preferably greater than or equal to 1/1000 and less than or equal to 1/30 of a crystal grain is generated.1. A method for using a sputtering target including a polycrystalline oxide containing a plurality of crystal grains, comprising:
generating a flat-plate-like particle having a flat plane by making an ion collide with the sputtering target, wherein an equivalent circle diameter of the flat plane is greater than or equal to 1/3000 and less than or equal to 1/20 of an average grain size of the plurality of crystal grains. 2. The method for using a sputtering target according to claim 1,
wherein each of the crystal grains has an a-b plane, wherein the flat-plate-like particle has a flat plane parallel to the a-b plane, and wherein an equivalent circle diameter of the flat plane parallel to the a-b plane is greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 20 nm. 3. The method for using a sputtering target according to claim 1, wherein an average grain size of the crystal grains is greater than or equal to 0.3 μm and less than or equal to 3 μm. 4. A method for forming an oxide film, comprising:
depositing the flat-plate-like particle by the method for using a sputtering target according to claim 1. 5. The method for using a sputtering target according to claim 1, wherein the flat-plate-like particle has crystallinity. 6. A method for forming an oxide film, comprising:
depositing the flat-plate-like particle by the method for using a sputtering target according to claim 1, so that the oxide film is formed, wherein the oxide film comprises crystals each having c-axis aligned in a direction substantially perpendicular to a top surface of the oxide film. 7. A method for using a sputtering target including a polycrystalline oxide containing a plurality of crystal grains each having an a-b plane and a cleavage plane parallel to the a-b plane, comprising:
generating a particle which is cut out along the cleavage plane and a plurality of planes perpendicular to the a-b plane by making an ion collide with the sputtering target. 8. The method for using a sputtering target according to claim 7,
wherein the particle has a flat plane parallel to the a-b plane, and wherein an equivalent circle diameter of the flat plane of the particle is greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 20 nm. 9. The method for using a sputtering target according to claim 7, wherein an average grain size of the crystal grains is greater than or equal to 0.3 μm and less than or equal to 3 μm. 10. A method for forming an oxide film, comprising:
depositing the particle by the method for using a sputtering target according to claim 7. 11. The method for using a sputtering target according to claim 7, wherein the particle has crystallinity. 12. A method for forming an oxide film, comprising:
depositing the particle by the method for using a sputtering target according to claim 7, so that the oxide film is formed, wherein the oxide film comprises crystals each having c-axis aligned in a direction substantially perpendicular to a top surface of the oxide film. 13. A method for using a sputtering target including a polycrystalline oxide containing a plurality of crystal grains each having an a-b plane and a cleavage plane parallel to the a-b plane, comprising:
separating a part of one of the crystal grains from the cleavage plane by making an ion generated from plasma collide with the sputtering target; and generating particles from the part of one of the crystal grains separated from the cleavage plane by being cut out along a plurality of planes perpendicular to the a-b plane in the plasma. 14. The method for using a sputtering target according to claim 13,
wherein each of the particles has a flat plane parallel to the a-b plane, and wherein an equivalent circle diameter of the flat plane of each of the particles is greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 20 nm. 15. The method for using a sputtering target according to claim 13, wherein an average grain size of the crystal grains is greater than or equal to 0.3 μm and less than or equal to 3 μm. 16. A method for forming an oxide film, comprising:
depositing the particles by the method for using a sputtering target according to claim 13. 17. The method for using a sputtering target according to claim 13, wherein each of the particles has crystallinity. 18. A method for forming an oxide film, comprising:
depositing the particles by the method for using a sputtering target according to claim 13, so that the oxide film is formed, wherein the oxide film comprises crystals each having c-axis aligned in a direction substantially perpendicular to a top surface of the oxide film. | 1,700 |
2,292 | 15,635,386 | 1,791 | The invention encompasses pet food composition that delivers a slow, sustained-release amount of lipoic acid or a salt thereof when fed orally to a companion animal. The invention also encompasses methods of manufacture and use of the compositions. | 1. A pet food kibble comprising:
(i) a gelatinized starch matrix; and (ii) lipoic acid or a salt thereof,
wherein the lipoic acid is delivered as a slow, sustained-release amount. 2. The pet food kibble of claim 1, wherein the gelatinized starch matrix is an extrusion cooked starch source. 3. The pet food kibble of claim 1, wherein the gelatinized starch matrix comprises a component chosen from grains such as corn, rice, wheat, beets, barley, oats, soy, and combinations thereof. 4. The pet food kibble of claim 1 further comprising a sustained-release material. 5. The pet food kibble of claim 4, wherein the sustained-release material is selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), hydroxy propyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxy ethyl cellulose (HEC), and combinations thereof. 6. The pet food kibble of claim 4, wherein the sustained-release material is present in the kibble in an amount of about 4 wt. % to about 20 wt. %. 7. The pet food kibble of claim 4 further comprising a source of soluble fiber. 8. A pet food kibble comprising:
(i) a gelatinized starch matrix, wherein the gelatinized starch matrix comprises a protein source; and (ii) lipoic acid or a salt thereof,
wherein the lipoic acid is delivered as a slow, sustained-release amount. 9. The pet food kibble of claim 8 further comprising a sustained-release material. 10. The pet food kibble of claim 9, wherein the sustained-release material is hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC); carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC); hydroxy propyl cellulose (HPC); hydroxy ethyl cellulose (HEC); and combinations thereof. 11. The pet food kibble of claim 10, wherein the sustained-release material is present in the kibble in an amount of about 4 wt. % to about 20 wt. %. 12. The pet food kibble of claim 10 further comprising a source of soluble fiber. | The invention encompasses pet food composition that delivers a slow, sustained-release amount of lipoic acid or a salt thereof when fed orally to a companion animal. The invention also encompasses methods of manufacture and use of the compositions.1. A pet food kibble comprising:
(i) a gelatinized starch matrix; and (ii) lipoic acid or a salt thereof,
wherein the lipoic acid is delivered as a slow, sustained-release amount. 2. The pet food kibble of claim 1, wherein the gelatinized starch matrix is an extrusion cooked starch source. 3. The pet food kibble of claim 1, wherein the gelatinized starch matrix comprises a component chosen from grains such as corn, rice, wheat, beets, barley, oats, soy, and combinations thereof. 4. The pet food kibble of claim 1 further comprising a sustained-release material. 5. The pet food kibble of claim 4, wherein the sustained-release material is selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), hydroxy propyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxy ethyl cellulose (HEC), and combinations thereof. 6. The pet food kibble of claim 4, wherein the sustained-release material is present in the kibble in an amount of about 4 wt. % to about 20 wt. %. 7. The pet food kibble of claim 4 further comprising a source of soluble fiber. 8. A pet food kibble comprising:
(i) a gelatinized starch matrix, wherein the gelatinized starch matrix comprises a protein source; and (ii) lipoic acid or a salt thereof,
wherein the lipoic acid is delivered as a slow, sustained-release amount. 9. The pet food kibble of claim 8 further comprising a sustained-release material. 10. The pet food kibble of claim 9, wherein the sustained-release material is hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC); carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC); hydroxy propyl cellulose (HPC); hydroxy ethyl cellulose (HEC); and combinations thereof. 11. The pet food kibble of claim 10, wherein the sustained-release material is present in the kibble in an amount of about 4 wt. % to about 20 wt. %. 12. The pet food kibble of claim 10 further comprising a source of soluble fiber. | 1,700 |
2,293 | 14,221,327 | 1,734 | Disclosed are processes for purifying feed streams containing hydrogen sulfide and sulfur-containing impurities by removing sulfur-containing impurities, such as elemental sulfur and polysulfanes, using solid catalytic sorbents. Also disclosed are processes for producing hydrogen sulfide. | 1. A process to purify a feed stream comprising hydrogen sulfide and sulfur-containing impurities, the process comprising:
contacting the feed stream with a solid catalytic sorbent to remove at least a portion of the sulfur-containing impurities from the feed stream to form a purified H2S stream; wherein the solid catalytic sorbent comprises a clay; an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated activated carbon; an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina; an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina combined with a clay; an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina combined with an activated carbon;
or any combination thereof. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the solid catalytic sorbent comprises the clay. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the solid catalytic sorbent comprises the alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated activated carbon. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the solid catalytic sorbent comprises the alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the solid catalytic sorbent comprises the alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina combined with the clay. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the solid catalytic sorbent comprises the alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina combined with the activated carbon. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the solid catalytic sorbent comprises Calgon® Carbon ST1-X, Selexsorb® COS, or a combination thereof. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the feed stream contacts a fixed bed of the solid catalytic sorbent, and the fixed bed of the solid catalytic sorbent comprises a combination of solid catalytic sorbents in a mixed bed and/or sequential beds. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the feed stream and the solid catalytic sorbent are contacted at a temperature in a range from 15° C. to 35° C., a pressure in a range from 34 kPa (5 psia) to 1.3 MPa (200 psia), and a WHSV in a range from 0.4 to 2.5. 10. The process of claim 9, wherein for a time period of at least 24 hours, a minimum of 50 wt. % of the sulfur-containing impurities are removed from the feed stream to form the purified H2S stream. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the feed stream comprises at least 90 wt. %, H2S and from 10 to 500 ppm by weight of sulfur-containing impurities. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein at least 60 wt. % of the sulfur-containing impurities are removed from the feed stream to form the purified H2S stream. 13. A process to purify a feed stream comprising hydrogen sulfide and sulfur-containing impurities, the process comprising:
(i) contacting the feed stream with a drying agent to remove at least a portion of moisture (H2O) from the feed stream; and (ii) contacting the moisture (H2O) reduced feed stream with a solid catalytic sorbent to remove at least a portion of the sulfur-containing impurities from the feed stream to form a purified H2S stream; wherein the solid catalytic sorbent comprises a clay; an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated activated carbon; an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina; an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina combined with a clay; an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina combined with an activated carbon;
or any combination thereof. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the drying agent comprises calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, alumina, silica, a molecular sieve, or any combination thereof. 15. The process of claim 13, wherein the feed stream, after contacting the drying agent, comprises less than 50 ppm by weight of H2O. 16. The process of claim 15, wherein at least 60 wt. % of the sulfur-containing impurities are removed from the feed stream to form the purified H2S stream. 17. The process of claim 13, wherein the solid catalytic sorbent comprises the clay. 18. The process of claim 13, wherein the solid catalytic sorbent comprises the alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated activated carbon, the alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina, or a combination thereof. 19. The process of claim 13, wherein the solid catalytic sorbent comprises the alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina combined with the clay, or the alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina combined with the activated carbon. 20. A hydrogen sulfide production process comprising:
(a) contacting hydrogen and sulfur under conditions sufficient to produce a feed stream comprising hydrogen sulfide and sulfur-containing impurities; and (b) contacting the feed stream with a solid catalytic sorbent to remove at least a portion of the sulfur-containing impurities from the feed stream to form a purified H2S stream; wherein the solid catalytic sorbent comprises a clay; an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated activated carbon; an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina; an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina combined with a clay; an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina combined with an activated carbon;
or any combination thereof. 21. The process of claim 20, wherein the process further comprises a step of contacting the feed stream with a drying agent to remove at least a portion of moisture (H2O) from the feed stream prior to contacting the feed stream with the solid catalytic sorbent. 22. The process of claim 21, wherein the feed stream comprises at least 80 wt. % H2S, and at least 60 wt. % of the sulfur-containing impurities are removed from the feed stream to form the purified H2S stream. | Disclosed are processes for purifying feed streams containing hydrogen sulfide and sulfur-containing impurities by removing sulfur-containing impurities, such as elemental sulfur and polysulfanes, using solid catalytic sorbents. Also disclosed are processes for producing hydrogen sulfide.1. A process to purify a feed stream comprising hydrogen sulfide and sulfur-containing impurities, the process comprising:
contacting the feed stream with a solid catalytic sorbent to remove at least a portion of the sulfur-containing impurities from the feed stream to form a purified H2S stream; wherein the solid catalytic sorbent comprises a clay; an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated activated carbon; an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina; an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina combined with a clay; an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina combined with an activated carbon;
or any combination thereof. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the solid catalytic sorbent comprises the clay. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the solid catalytic sorbent comprises the alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated activated carbon. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the solid catalytic sorbent comprises the alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the solid catalytic sorbent comprises the alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina combined with the clay. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the solid catalytic sorbent comprises the alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina combined with the activated carbon. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the solid catalytic sorbent comprises Calgon® Carbon ST1-X, Selexsorb® COS, or a combination thereof. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the feed stream contacts a fixed bed of the solid catalytic sorbent, and the fixed bed of the solid catalytic sorbent comprises a combination of solid catalytic sorbents in a mixed bed and/or sequential beds. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the feed stream and the solid catalytic sorbent are contacted at a temperature in a range from 15° C. to 35° C., a pressure in a range from 34 kPa (5 psia) to 1.3 MPa (200 psia), and a WHSV in a range from 0.4 to 2.5. 10. The process of claim 9, wherein for a time period of at least 24 hours, a minimum of 50 wt. % of the sulfur-containing impurities are removed from the feed stream to form the purified H2S stream. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the feed stream comprises at least 90 wt. %, H2S and from 10 to 500 ppm by weight of sulfur-containing impurities. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein at least 60 wt. % of the sulfur-containing impurities are removed from the feed stream to form the purified H2S stream. 13. A process to purify a feed stream comprising hydrogen sulfide and sulfur-containing impurities, the process comprising:
(i) contacting the feed stream with a drying agent to remove at least a portion of moisture (H2O) from the feed stream; and (ii) contacting the moisture (H2O) reduced feed stream with a solid catalytic sorbent to remove at least a portion of the sulfur-containing impurities from the feed stream to form a purified H2S stream; wherein the solid catalytic sorbent comprises a clay; an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated activated carbon; an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina; an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina combined with a clay; an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina combined with an activated carbon;
or any combination thereof. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the drying agent comprises calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, alumina, silica, a molecular sieve, or any combination thereof. 15. The process of claim 13, wherein the feed stream, after contacting the drying agent, comprises less than 50 ppm by weight of H2O. 16. The process of claim 15, wherein at least 60 wt. % of the sulfur-containing impurities are removed from the feed stream to form the purified H2S stream. 17. The process of claim 13, wherein the solid catalytic sorbent comprises the clay. 18. The process of claim 13, wherein the solid catalytic sorbent comprises the alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated activated carbon, the alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina, or a combination thereof. 19. The process of claim 13, wherein the solid catalytic sorbent comprises the alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina combined with the clay, or the alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina combined with the activated carbon. 20. A hydrogen sulfide production process comprising:
(a) contacting hydrogen and sulfur under conditions sufficient to produce a feed stream comprising hydrogen sulfide and sulfur-containing impurities; and (b) contacting the feed stream with a solid catalytic sorbent to remove at least a portion of the sulfur-containing impurities from the feed stream to form a purified H2S stream; wherein the solid catalytic sorbent comprises a clay; an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated activated carbon; an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina; an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina combined with a clay; an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide impregnated alumina combined with an activated carbon;
or any combination thereof. 21. The process of claim 20, wherein the process further comprises a step of contacting the feed stream with a drying agent to remove at least a portion of moisture (H2O) from the feed stream prior to contacting the feed stream with the solid catalytic sorbent. 22. The process of claim 21, wherein the feed stream comprises at least 80 wt. % H2S, and at least 60 wt. % of the sulfur-containing impurities are removed from the feed stream to form the purified H2S stream. | 1,700 |
2,294 | 13,876,328 | 1,788 | A wear coating is disclosed that includes a layer treated by a trifunctional organosilane. An article is also disclosed, the article having a surface to which the wear coating is applied. A method of applying the wear coating is also disclosed. In some embodiments, the organosilane is trimethylsilane and the wear coating is applied by chemical vapor deposition, followed by heat treating the wear coating in the presence of the trimethylsilane. | 1. A wear coating comprising a layer treated by trimethylsilane. 2. The coating of claim 1, wherein the layer comprises constituents of decomposed dimethylsilane. 3. The coating of claim 1, wherein the layer comprises oxidized constituents of decomposed dimethylsilane. 4. The coating of claim 3, wherein the layer comprises functionalized constituents of decomposed dimethylsilane. 5. The coating of claim 1, wherein the layer has a region of a substantially stable concentration of silicon, oxygen and carbon. 6. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating is formed by a chemical vapor deposition method, the method comprising:
preparing a substrate in a chemical vapor deposition chamber; thermally decomposing dimethylsilane in the chemical vapor deposition chamber; depositing constituents of the decomposed dimethylsilane on the substrate; and, treating at least a surface of the substrate by heating the substrate in the presence of trimethylsilane. 7. The coating of claim 6, further comprising oxidizing the thermally decomposed constituents with an oxidation reagent. 8. The coating of claim 7, wherein the oxidation reagent includes air. 9. The coating of claim 8, wherein the air is zero air. 10. The coating of claim 7, wherein the oxidation reagent includes nitrogen. 11. The coating of claim 7, wherein the oxidation reagent includes water. 12. The coating of claim 7, wherein the oxidation reagent includes air and water. 13. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating has a wear resistance between about 13×10−5 mm3/Nm and about 0.5×10−5 mm3/Nm. 14. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating has a coefficient of friction between about 0.58 and about 0.05. 15. A wear coating applied to at least one surface of an article to reduce surface wear of the article, wherein the coating has a wear resistance between about 13×10−5 mm3/Nm and about 0.5×10−5 mm3/Nm. 16. An article having a wear coating comprising a layer treated by trimethylsilane applied to at least one surface of the article. 17. The article of claim 16, wherein the article is in reciprocating contact with a second article. 18. The article of claim 17, wherein the article is a piston head or a piston cylinder. 19. The article of claim 16, wherein the article comprises a fluid contacting surface that defines a fluid passageway and wherein the wear coating is applied to the fluid contacting surface. 20. The article of claim 16, wherein the article is a drilling tool. 21. The article of claim 16, wherein the wear coating is applied by chemical vapor deposition via thermal decomposition of dimethylsilane. 22. The article of claim 21, wherein constituents of the decomposed dimethylsilane are oxidized prior to trimethylsilane treatment. 23. The article of claim 22, wherein constituents of the decomposed dimethylsilane are functionalized. 24. The article of claim 16, wherein the wear coating has a thickness of about 100 nm to about 10,000 nm. 25. The article of claim 16, wherein the wear coating has a wear resistance between about 13×10−5 mm3/Nm and about 0.5×10−5 mm3/Nm. 26. The article of claim 16, wherein the wear coating has a coefficient of friction between about 0.58 and about 0.05. 27. The article of claim 16, wherein the wear coating is applied to a moving surface of the article. 28. The article of claim 16, wherein the wear coating is applied to a stationary surface of the article. 29. The article of claim 16, wherein the surface of the article to which the wear coating is applied is constructed of a material selected from the group consisting of metal, ceramic, glass and combinations thereof. 30. The article of claim 16, wherein the wear coating has a thickness in the range of about 100 nm to about 10,000 nm, a wear resistance in the range of about 13×10−5 mm3Nm to about 0.5×10−5 mm3/Nm, and a coefficient of friction between about 0.58 and about 0.05. 31. A method for coating an article comprising:
providing a substrate; applying a wear coating to a surface of the substrate at a temperature less than about 600° C.; treating at least a surface of the substrate by heating the substrate in the presence of a trifunctional organosilane. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the step of providing comprises preparing a substrate in a chemical vapor deposition chamber. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the step of applying comprises depositing the wear coating by thermal chemical vapor deposition. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the step of depositing comprises decomposing dimethylsilane to deposit constituents of the decomposed dimethylsilane on the surface of the substrate. 35. The method of claim 31, further comprising oxidizing the wear coating. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the step of oxidizing comprises oxidizing the wear coating in the presence of an oxidation reagent selected from the group consisting of air, water, nitrous oxide and combinations thereof. 37. The method of claim 36, further comprising functionalizing the wear coating. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the step of functionalizing occurs after the step of oxidizing. 39. The method of claim 37, wherein the step of functionalizing occurs after the step of treating. 40. The method of claim 31, wherein the trifunctional organosilane is trimethylsilane. 41. The method of claim 31, wherein the step of applying comprises applying to a thickness in the range of about 100 nm to about 10,000 nm. 42. The method of claim 31, wherein the step of treating comprises heating at a temperature in the range of about 300° C. to 600° C. 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the step of treating occurs at a pressure in the range of about 5 to 100 psia. 44. The method of claim 31, wherein the wear coating is applied using non-pyrophoric materials. 45. The method of claim 31, wherein the step of providing comprises providing a glass, metal or ceramic substrate. | A wear coating is disclosed that includes a layer treated by a trifunctional organosilane. An article is also disclosed, the article having a surface to which the wear coating is applied. A method of applying the wear coating is also disclosed. In some embodiments, the organosilane is trimethylsilane and the wear coating is applied by chemical vapor deposition, followed by heat treating the wear coating in the presence of the trimethylsilane.1. A wear coating comprising a layer treated by trimethylsilane. 2. The coating of claim 1, wherein the layer comprises constituents of decomposed dimethylsilane. 3. The coating of claim 1, wherein the layer comprises oxidized constituents of decomposed dimethylsilane. 4. The coating of claim 3, wherein the layer comprises functionalized constituents of decomposed dimethylsilane. 5. The coating of claim 1, wherein the layer has a region of a substantially stable concentration of silicon, oxygen and carbon. 6. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating is formed by a chemical vapor deposition method, the method comprising:
preparing a substrate in a chemical vapor deposition chamber; thermally decomposing dimethylsilane in the chemical vapor deposition chamber; depositing constituents of the decomposed dimethylsilane on the substrate; and, treating at least a surface of the substrate by heating the substrate in the presence of trimethylsilane. 7. The coating of claim 6, further comprising oxidizing the thermally decomposed constituents with an oxidation reagent. 8. The coating of claim 7, wherein the oxidation reagent includes air. 9. The coating of claim 8, wherein the air is zero air. 10. The coating of claim 7, wherein the oxidation reagent includes nitrogen. 11. The coating of claim 7, wherein the oxidation reagent includes water. 12. The coating of claim 7, wherein the oxidation reagent includes air and water. 13. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating has a wear resistance between about 13×10−5 mm3/Nm and about 0.5×10−5 mm3/Nm. 14. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating has a coefficient of friction between about 0.58 and about 0.05. 15. A wear coating applied to at least one surface of an article to reduce surface wear of the article, wherein the coating has a wear resistance between about 13×10−5 mm3/Nm and about 0.5×10−5 mm3/Nm. 16. An article having a wear coating comprising a layer treated by trimethylsilane applied to at least one surface of the article. 17. The article of claim 16, wherein the article is in reciprocating contact with a second article. 18. The article of claim 17, wherein the article is a piston head or a piston cylinder. 19. The article of claim 16, wherein the article comprises a fluid contacting surface that defines a fluid passageway and wherein the wear coating is applied to the fluid contacting surface. 20. The article of claim 16, wherein the article is a drilling tool. 21. The article of claim 16, wherein the wear coating is applied by chemical vapor deposition via thermal decomposition of dimethylsilane. 22. The article of claim 21, wherein constituents of the decomposed dimethylsilane are oxidized prior to trimethylsilane treatment. 23. The article of claim 22, wherein constituents of the decomposed dimethylsilane are functionalized. 24. The article of claim 16, wherein the wear coating has a thickness of about 100 nm to about 10,000 nm. 25. The article of claim 16, wherein the wear coating has a wear resistance between about 13×10−5 mm3/Nm and about 0.5×10−5 mm3/Nm. 26. The article of claim 16, wherein the wear coating has a coefficient of friction between about 0.58 and about 0.05. 27. The article of claim 16, wherein the wear coating is applied to a moving surface of the article. 28. The article of claim 16, wherein the wear coating is applied to a stationary surface of the article. 29. The article of claim 16, wherein the surface of the article to which the wear coating is applied is constructed of a material selected from the group consisting of metal, ceramic, glass and combinations thereof. 30. The article of claim 16, wherein the wear coating has a thickness in the range of about 100 nm to about 10,000 nm, a wear resistance in the range of about 13×10−5 mm3Nm to about 0.5×10−5 mm3/Nm, and a coefficient of friction between about 0.58 and about 0.05. 31. A method for coating an article comprising:
providing a substrate; applying a wear coating to a surface of the substrate at a temperature less than about 600° C.; treating at least a surface of the substrate by heating the substrate in the presence of a trifunctional organosilane. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the step of providing comprises preparing a substrate in a chemical vapor deposition chamber. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the step of applying comprises depositing the wear coating by thermal chemical vapor deposition. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the step of depositing comprises decomposing dimethylsilane to deposit constituents of the decomposed dimethylsilane on the surface of the substrate. 35. The method of claim 31, further comprising oxidizing the wear coating. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the step of oxidizing comprises oxidizing the wear coating in the presence of an oxidation reagent selected from the group consisting of air, water, nitrous oxide and combinations thereof. 37. The method of claim 36, further comprising functionalizing the wear coating. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the step of functionalizing occurs after the step of oxidizing. 39. The method of claim 37, wherein the step of functionalizing occurs after the step of treating. 40. The method of claim 31, wherein the trifunctional organosilane is trimethylsilane. 41. The method of claim 31, wherein the step of applying comprises applying to a thickness in the range of about 100 nm to about 10,000 nm. 42. The method of claim 31, wherein the step of treating comprises heating at a temperature in the range of about 300° C. to 600° C. 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the step of treating occurs at a pressure in the range of about 5 to 100 psia. 44. The method of claim 31, wherein the wear coating is applied using non-pyrophoric materials. 45. The method of claim 31, wherein the step of providing comprises providing a glass, metal or ceramic substrate. | 1,700 |
2,295 | 14,696,078 | 1,799 | A packaging unit for at least one pharmaceutical, medical, or cosmetic item is provided. The packaging unit includes a sterilizing chamber for accommodating the item and a prechamber that can be sealed repeatedly both from an exterior of the packaging unit and from the sterilizing chamber. The prechamber has a wall that has portions made of a wall material that is selectively permeability to one or more sterilizing agents. | 1. A packaging unit for at least one pharmaceutical, medical, or cosmetic item, comprising:
a sterilizing chamber for accommodating the item; and a prechamber that is sealable both from an exterior of the packaging unit and from the sterilizing chamber, wherein the prechamber has a wall that has portions comprising a wall material exhibiting selective permeability for sterilizing agents to sterilize of an interior of the packaging unit and/or the item. 2. The packaging unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the wall material exhibits selective permeability to a gaseous sterilizing agent or to a microorganism. 3. The packaging unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sterilizing agent comprises gaseous ethylene oxide. 4. The packaging unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the wall material comprises a nonwoven fabric. 5. The packaging unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the prechamber comprises a first gas-tight closure for sealing an opening to the exterior or a second a gas-tight closure for sealing an opening to the sterilizing chamber. 6. The packaging unit as claimed in claim 5, wherein the first or second gas-tight closure is a pressure-tight closure or a zip closure. 7. The packaging unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the packaging unit is a device selected from the group consisting of a bag, a container, a packaging container, a container nest, and tub for at least one container. 8. The packaging unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the wall that is resistant to VHP or ETO. 9. The packaging unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the wall comprises a chemical-resistant plastic material selected from the group consisting of polyamide, polyethylene, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polysulfone, and polyvinyl chloride. 10. The packaging unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the wall comprises a metallic foil or of an aluminum-polypropylene composite material. 11. The packaging unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sterilizing chamber is evacuable. 12. The packaging unit as claimed in claim 1, further comprising at least one sensor configured to measure at least one physical parameter of the interior, the parameter being selected from the group consisting of temperature, gas composition, humidity, electromagnetic radiation, and pressure. 13. The packaging unit as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a device to alter or control or transmit at least one physical parameter of the interior, the parameter being selected from the group consisting of temperature, gas composition, humidity, electromagnetic radiation, and pressure. 14. A method for sterilizing a pharmaceutical item that can be arranged in a packaging unit, the method comprising the steps of:
introducing the item into a sterilizing chamber of the packaging unit; sealing a prechamber of the packaging unit from an exterior; and introducing a first sterilizing agent, for which a wall material of a portion of the prechamber is permeable, from the exterior through the wall material into an interior of the packaging unit to sterilize the interior and/or the item. 15. The method as claimed in claim 14, further comprising subjecting an outer surface to a flow of a second sterilizing agent to which the wall material is impermeable to sterilize the outer surface. 16. The method as claimed in claim 14, further comprising sealing the sterilizing chamber from the outside by a closure sufficient to seal an opening between the sterilizing chamber and the prechamber. 17. The method as claimed in claim 14, further comprising sealing the sterilizing chamber from the outside by sealing a wall portion that comprises the wall material with a metallic adhesive label. 18. The method as claimed in claim 14, further comprising sealing the prechamber from the sterilizing chamber or from the outside by welding. 19. The method as claimed in claim 14, further comprising evacuating the interior to a pressure of less than 200 mbar. 20. The method as claimed in claim 14, further comprising measuring and/or controlling at least one physical parameter in the interior, the parameter being selected from the group consisting of temperature, pressure, gas composition, electromagnetic radiation, and humidity. | A packaging unit for at least one pharmaceutical, medical, or cosmetic item is provided. The packaging unit includes a sterilizing chamber for accommodating the item and a prechamber that can be sealed repeatedly both from an exterior of the packaging unit and from the sterilizing chamber. The prechamber has a wall that has portions made of a wall material that is selectively permeability to one or more sterilizing agents.1. A packaging unit for at least one pharmaceutical, medical, or cosmetic item, comprising:
a sterilizing chamber for accommodating the item; and a prechamber that is sealable both from an exterior of the packaging unit and from the sterilizing chamber, wherein the prechamber has a wall that has portions comprising a wall material exhibiting selective permeability for sterilizing agents to sterilize of an interior of the packaging unit and/or the item. 2. The packaging unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the wall material exhibits selective permeability to a gaseous sterilizing agent or to a microorganism. 3. The packaging unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sterilizing agent comprises gaseous ethylene oxide. 4. The packaging unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the wall material comprises a nonwoven fabric. 5. The packaging unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the prechamber comprises a first gas-tight closure for sealing an opening to the exterior or a second a gas-tight closure for sealing an opening to the sterilizing chamber. 6. The packaging unit as claimed in claim 5, wherein the first or second gas-tight closure is a pressure-tight closure or a zip closure. 7. The packaging unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the packaging unit is a device selected from the group consisting of a bag, a container, a packaging container, a container nest, and tub for at least one container. 8. The packaging unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the wall that is resistant to VHP or ETO. 9. The packaging unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the wall comprises a chemical-resistant plastic material selected from the group consisting of polyamide, polyethylene, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polysulfone, and polyvinyl chloride. 10. The packaging unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the wall comprises a metallic foil or of an aluminum-polypropylene composite material. 11. The packaging unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sterilizing chamber is evacuable. 12. The packaging unit as claimed in claim 1, further comprising at least one sensor configured to measure at least one physical parameter of the interior, the parameter being selected from the group consisting of temperature, gas composition, humidity, electromagnetic radiation, and pressure. 13. The packaging unit as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a device to alter or control or transmit at least one physical parameter of the interior, the parameter being selected from the group consisting of temperature, gas composition, humidity, electromagnetic radiation, and pressure. 14. A method for sterilizing a pharmaceutical item that can be arranged in a packaging unit, the method comprising the steps of:
introducing the item into a sterilizing chamber of the packaging unit; sealing a prechamber of the packaging unit from an exterior; and introducing a first sterilizing agent, for which a wall material of a portion of the prechamber is permeable, from the exterior through the wall material into an interior of the packaging unit to sterilize the interior and/or the item. 15. The method as claimed in claim 14, further comprising subjecting an outer surface to a flow of a second sterilizing agent to which the wall material is impermeable to sterilize the outer surface. 16. The method as claimed in claim 14, further comprising sealing the sterilizing chamber from the outside by a closure sufficient to seal an opening between the sterilizing chamber and the prechamber. 17. The method as claimed in claim 14, further comprising sealing the sterilizing chamber from the outside by sealing a wall portion that comprises the wall material with a metallic adhesive label. 18. The method as claimed in claim 14, further comprising sealing the prechamber from the sterilizing chamber or from the outside by welding. 19. The method as claimed in claim 14, further comprising evacuating the interior to a pressure of less than 200 mbar. 20. The method as claimed in claim 14, further comprising measuring and/or controlling at least one physical parameter in the interior, the parameter being selected from the group consisting of temperature, pressure, gas composition, electromagnetic radiation, and humidity. | 1,700 |
2,296 | 14,441,018 | 1,712 | Cross-linkable polymeric compositions comprising an ethylene-based polymer, an organic peroxide, an optional cross-linking coagent, and an antioxidant. Such cross-linkable polymeric compositions are prepared by imbibing at least a portion of the organic peroxide, the optional cross-linking coagent, and the antioxidant into the ethylene-based polymer. Such cross-linkable polymeric compositions can be employed in forming coated conductors. | 1. A process for preparing a cross-linkable polymeric composition, said process comprising:
combining an ethylene-based polymer with an organic peroxide and an antioxidant to thereby form said cross-linkable polymeric composition, wherein said combining step comprises imbibing at least a portion of said organic peroxide and at least a portion of said antioxidant into said ethylene-based polymer. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein said organic peroxide is selected from the group consisting of dicumyl peroxide; tert-butyl peroxybenzoate; di-tert-amyl peroxide; bis(alpha-t-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)benzene; isopropylcumyl t-butyl peroxide; t-butylcumylperoxide; di-t-butyl peroxide; 2,5-bis(t-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane; 2,5-bis(t-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexyne-3; 1,1-bis(t-butylperoxy)3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane; isopropylcumyl cumylperoxide; butyl 4,4-di(tert-butylperoxy)valerate; di(isopropylcumyl)peroxide; and mixtures of two or more thereof; wherein said antioxidant is a hindered phenol, a less hindered phenol, a thio compound, a siloxane, an amine, or mixtures of two or more thereof. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein said organic peroxide is dicumyl peroxide; wherein said antioxidant comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of distearyl thiodipropionate, dilauryl thiodipropionate, octadecyl-3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate, benzenepropanoic acid,3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-thiodi-2,1-ehtanediyl ester, stearyl 3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionate, 2,4-bis(dodecylthiomethyl)-6-methylphenol, 4,4′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol), 4,6-bis(octylthiomethyl)-o-cresol, 1,3,5-tris(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl benzyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)-trione, pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate), 2′,3-bis[[3-[3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl]propionyl]]propionohydrazide, and mixtures of two or more thereof; wherein said ethylene-based polymer is a low-density polyethylene (“LDPE”). 4. The process of claim 1, further comprising pre-mixing said organic peroxide and said antioxidant to thereby form a mixture and thereafter at least partially immersing or coating said ethylene-based polymer in said mixture to effect said imbibing. 5. The process of claim 4, wherein said mixture has an initial heat release temperature of at least 120° C. 6. The process of claim 1, further comprising combining a cross-linking coagent with said ethylene-based polymer, said organic peroxide, and said antioxidant, wherein at least a portion of said cross-linking coagent is imbibed into said ethylene-based polymer. 7. The process of claim 6, wherein said ethylene-based polymer is present in said cross-linkable polymeric composition in an amount ranging from 50 to 99 weight percent, based on the entire weight of the cross-linkable polymeric composition; wherein said organic peroxide is present in said cross-linkable polymeric composition in an amount ranging from 0.1 to 5 weight percent, based on the entire weight of the cross-linkable polymeric composition; wherein said cross-linking coagent is present in said cross-linkable polymeric composition in an amount ranging from 0.1 to 3 weight percent, based on the entire weight of the cross-linkable polymeric composition; wherein said antioxidant is present in said cross-linkable polymeric composition in an amount ranging from 0.01 to 1 weight percent based on the entire weight of the cross-linkable polymeric composition. 8. A process comprising treating at least a portion of said cross-linkable polymeric composition according to claim 1 in a heated cure zone thereby forming a cross-linked polymeric composition, wherein said cross-linked polymeric composition has a cross-link density (“MH−ML”) of at least 2.5 dN·m. 9. A process for producing a coated conductor, said process comprising:
(a) premixing an organic peroxide and an antioxidant to thereby form an initial mixture; (b) at least partially immersing or coating an ethylene-based polymer in said initial mixture and allowing said ethylene-based polymer to at least partially imbibe said initial mixture to thereby form a cross-linkable polymeric composition comprising said ethylene-based polymer, at least a portion of said organic peroxide and at least a portion of said antioxidant; (c) coating a conductor with at least a portion of said cross-linkable polymeric composition; and (d) curing or allowing to cure at least a portion of said cross-linkable polymeric composition on said conductor, thereby forming said coated conductor. 10. The process of claim 9, wherein said organic peroxide is dicumyl peroxide; wherein said antioxidant comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of distearyl thiodipropionate, dilauryl thiodipropionate, octadecyl-3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate, benzenepropanoic acid,3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-thiodi-2,1-ehtanediyl ester, stearyl 3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionate, 2,4-bis(dodecylthiomethyl)-6-methylphenol, 4,4′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol), 4,6-bis(octylthiomethyl)-o-cresol, 1,3,5-tris(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl benzyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)-trione, pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate), 2′,3-bis[[3-[3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl]propionyl]]propionohydrazide, and mixtures of two or more thereof; wherein said ethylene-based polymer is a low-density polyethylene (“LDPE”); wherein said imbibing of step (b) is performed at a temperature ranging from greater than the melting temperature of said initial mixture to less than the melting temperature of said ethylene-based polymer. | Cross-linkable polymeric compositions comprising an ethylene-based polymer, an organic peroxide, an optional cross-linking coagent, and an antioxidant. Such cross-linkable polymeric compositions are prepared by imbibing at least a portion of the organic peroxide, the optional cross-linking coagent, and the antioxidant into the ethylene-based polymer. Such cross-linkable polymeric compositions can be employed in forming coated conductors.1. A process for preparing a cross-linkable polymeric composition, said process comprising:
combining an ethylene-based polymer with an organic peroxide and an antioxidant to thereby form said cross-linkable polymeric composition, wherein said combining step comprises imbibing at least a portion of said organic peroxide and at least a portion of said antioxidant into said ethylene-based polymer. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein said organic peroxide is selected from the group consisting of dicumyl peroxide; tert-butyl peroxybenzoate; di-tert-amyl peroxide; bis(alpha-t-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)benzene; isopropylcumyl t-butyl peroxide; t-butylcumylperoxide; di-t-butyl peroxide; 2,5-bis(t-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane; 2,5-bis(t-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexyne-3; 1,1-bis(t-butylperoxy)3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane; isopropylcumyl cumylperoxide; butyl 4,4-di(tert-butylperoxy)valerate; di(isopropylcumyl)peroxide; and mixtures of two or more thereof; wherein said antioxidant is a hindered phenol, a less hindered phenol, a thio compound, a siloxane, an amine, or mixtures of two or more thereof. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein said organic peroxide is dicumyl peroxide; wherein said antioxidant comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of distearyl thiodipropionate, dilauryl thiodipropionate, octadecyl-3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate, benzenepropanoic acid,3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-thiodi-2,1-ehtanediyl ester, stearyl 3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionate, 2,4-bis(dodecylthiomethyl)-6-methylphenol, 4,4′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol), 4,6-bis(octylthiomethyl)-o-cresol, 1,3,5-tris(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl benzyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)-trione, pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate), 2′,3-bis[[3-[3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl]propionyl]]propionohydrazide, and mixtures of two or more thereof; wherein said ethylene-based polymer is a low-density polyethylene (“LDPE”). 4. The process of claim 1, further comprising pre-mixing said organic peroxide and said antioxidant to thereby form a mixture and thereafter at least partially immersing or coating said ethylene-based polymer in said mixture to effect said imbibing. 5. The process of claim 4, wherein said mixture has an initial heat release temperature of at least 120° C. 6. The process of claim 1, further comprising combining a cross-linking coagent with said ethylene-based polymer, said organic peroxide, and said antioxidant, wherein at least a portion of said cross-linking coagent is imbibed into said ethylene-based polymer. 7. The process of claim 6, wherein said ethylene-based polymer is present in said cross-linkable polymeric composition in an amount ranging from 50 to 99 weight percent, based on the entire weight of the cross-linkable polymeric composition; wherein said organic peroxide is present in said cross-linkable polymeric composition in an amount ranging from 0.1 to 5 weight percent, based on the entire weight of the cross-linkable polymeric composition; wherein said cross-linking coagent is present in said cross-linkable polymeric composition in an amount ranging from 0.1 to 3 weight percent, based on the entire weight of the cross-linkable polymeric composition; wherein said antioxidant is present in said cross-linkable polymeric composition in an amount ranging from 0.01 to 1 weight percent based on the entire weight of the cross-linkable polymeric composition. 8. A process comprising treating at least a portion of said cross-linkable polymeric composition according to claim 1 in a heated cure zone thereby forming a cross-linked polymeric composition, wherein said cross-linked polymeric composition has a cross-link density (“MH−ML”) of at least 2.5 dN·m. 9. A process for producing a coated conductor, said process comprising:
(a) premixing an organic peroxide and an antioxidant to thereby form an initial mixture; (b) at least partially immersing or coating an ethylene-based polymer in said initial mixture and allowing said ethylene-based polymer to at least partially imbibe said initial mixture to thereby form a cross-linkable polymeric composition comprising said ethylene-based polymer, at least a portion of said organic peroxide and at least a portion of said antioxidant; (c) coating a conductor with at least a portion of said cross-linkable polymeric composition; and (d) curing or allowing to cure at least a portion of said cross-linkable polymeric composition on said conductor, thereby forming said coated conductor. 10. The process of claim 9, wherein said organic peroxide is dicumyl peroxide; wherein said antioxidant comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of distearyl thiodipropionate, dilauryl thiodipropionate, octadecyl-3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate, benzenepropanoic acid,3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-thiodi-2,1-ehtanediyl ester, stearyl 3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionate, 2,4-bis(dodecylthiomethyl)-6-methylphenol, 4,4′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol), 4,6-bis(octylthiomethyl)-o-cresol, 1,3,5-tris(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl benzyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)-trione, pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate), 2′,3-bis[[3-[3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl]propionyl]]propionohydrazide, and mixtures of two or more thereof; wherein said ethylene-based polymer is a low-density polyethylene (“LDPE”); wherein said imbibing of step (b) is performed at a temperature ranging from greater than the melting temperature of said initial mixture to less than the melting temperature of said ethylene-based polymer. | 1,700 |
2,297 | 13,583,234 | 1,767 | A polyamide resin composition comprising a polyamide resin (A), glass (C), and optionally a styrene polymer (B 1 ) and a modified PPE (B 2 ), wherein the total amount of A, B 1, and B 2 and the amount of C are, respectively, 40 to 95% by weight and 60 to 5% by weight, based on the weight of the composition, wherein the amount of A and the total amount of B 1 and B 2 are, respectively, 50 to 100% by weight and 50 to 0% by weight, based on 100% by weight of the whole of A, B 1, and B 2, wherein when C contains glass containing no boron oxide (C 1 ), the amount of C 1 is 60 to 5% by weight, based on the weight of the composition, wherein when C does not contain C 1, A is a polyoxamide resin, or the amount of A and the total amount of B 1 and B 2 are defined, | 1. A polyamide resin composition comprising:
a polyamide resin (component A), glass (component C), and optionally a styrene polymer (component B1) and a modified polyphenylene ether (component B2), the component B1 having a deflection temperature under load of 140 to 280° C., the total amount of the components A, B1, and B2 and the amount of the component C being, respectively, 40 to 95% by weight and 60 to 5% by weight, based on 100% by weight of the polyamide resin composition, the amount of the component A and the total amount of the components B1 and B2 being, respectively, 50 to 100% by weight and 50 to 0% by weight, based on 100% by weight of the whole of the components A, B1, and B2, wherein when the component C contains glass containing no boron oxide (component C1), the amount of the component C1 is 60 to 5% by weight, based on 100% by weight of the polyamide resin composition, and wherein when the component C does not contain the component C1, the component A is a polyoxamide resin, or the amount of the component A and the total amount of the components B1 and B2 are, respectively, 50 to 90% by weight and 50 to 10% by weight, based on 100% by weight of the whole of the components A, B1, and B2. 2. The polyamide resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the component B1 and the amount of the component B2 are, respectively, 5 to 90% by weight and 95 to 10% by weight, based on 100% by weight of the whole of the components B1 and B2. 3. The polyamide resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the component A is at least one polyamide resin selected from the group consisting of polyamide 6, polyamide 66, and polyamide 92. 4. The polyamide resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the component A is a polyoxamide resin. 5. The polyamide resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the component C is the component C1. 6. The polyamide resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the component B1 is a styrene polymer having a syndiotactic structure. 7. The polyamide resin composition according to claim 1, which is for use in a part for exhaust gas passing therethrough by an EGR system. 8. A molded article comprising the polyamide resin composition according to claim 7, which is for use in a part for exhaust gas passing therethrough by an EGR system. 9. A part for exhaust gas passing therethrough by an EGR system, the part comprising the molded article according to claim 8, which comprises the polyamide resin composition for use in a part for exhaust gas passing therethrough by an EGR system. 10. The part according to claim 9, which is for use in an automobile. 11. The part according to claim 9, which is for use in an engine room. 12. A method for producing a part for exhaust gas passing therethrough by an EGR system, the method comprising shaping the polyamide resin composition according to claim 1. 13. A method for producing an automobile, comprising incorporating a part for exhaust gas passing therethrough by an EGR system, which is obtained by the method according to claim 12. | A polyamide resin composition comprising a polyamide resin (A), glass (C), and optionally a styrene polymer (B 1 ) and a modified PPE (B 2 ), wherein the total amount of A, B 1, and B 2 and the amount of C are, respectively, 40 to 95% by weight and 60 to 5% by weight, based on the weight of the composition, wherein the amount of A and the total amount of B 1 and B 2 are, respectively, 50 to 100% by weight and 50 to 0% by weight, based on 100% by weight of the whole of A, B 1, and B 2, wherein when C contains glass containing no boron oxide (C 1 ), the amount of C 1 is 60 to 5% by weight, based on the weight of the composition, wherein when C does not contain C 1, A is a polyoxamide resin, or the amount of A and the total amount of B 1 and B 2 are defined,1. A polyamide resin composition comprising:
a polyamide resin (component A), glass (component C), and optionally a styrene polymer (component B1) and a modified polyphenylene ether (component B2), the component B1 having a deflection temperature under load of 140 to 280° C., the total amount of the components A, B1, and B2 and the amount of the component C being, respectively, 40 to 95% by weight and 60 to 5% by weight, based on 100% by weight of the polyamide resin composition, the amount of the component A and the total amount of the components B1 and B2 being, respectively, 50 to 100% by weight and 50 to 0% by weight, based on 100% by weight of the whole of the components A, B1, and B2, wherein when the component C contains glass containing no boron oxide (component C1), the amount of the component C1 is 60 to 5% by weight, based on 100% by weight of the polyamide resin composition, and wherein when the component C does not contain the component C1, the component A is a polyoxamide resin, or the amount of the component A and the total amount of the components B1 and B2 are, respectively, 50 to 90% by weight and 50 to 10% by weight, based on 100% by weight of the whole of the components A, B1, and B2. 2. The polyamide resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the component B1 and the amount of the component B2 are, respectively, 5 to 90% by weight and 95 to 10% by weight, based on 100% by weight of the whole of the components B1 and B2. 3. The polyamide resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the component A is at least one polyamide resin selected from the group consisting of polyamide 6, polyamide 66, and polyamide 92. 4. The polyamide resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the component A is a polyoxamide resin. 5. The polyamide resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the component C is the component C1. 6. The polyamide resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the component B1 is a styrene polymer having a syndiotactic structure. 7. The polyamide resin composition according to claim 1, which is for use in a part for exhaust gas passing therethrough by an EGR system. 8. A molded article comprising the polyamide resin composition according to claim 7, which is for use in a part for exhaust gas passing therethrough by an EGR system. 9. A part for exhaust gas passing therethrough by an EGR system, the part comprising the molded article according to claim 8, which comprises the polyamide resin composition for use in a part for exhaust gas passing therethrough by an EGR system. 10. The part according to claim 9, which is for use in an automobile. 11. The part according to claim 9, which is for use in an engine room. 12. A method for producing a part for exhaust gas passing therethrough by an EGR system, the method comprising shaping the polyamide resin composition according to claim 1. 13. A method for producing an automobile, comprising incorporating a part for exhaust gas passing therethrough by an EGR system, which is obtained by the method according to claim 12. | 1,700 |
2,298 | 13,911,778 | 1,785 | Embodiments of the presently disclosed system include a thin thermoplastic or thermosetting polymer film loaded with non-polymeric inclusions that are susceptible to heating under a time-varying magnetic field. Insertion of this additional heating layer into a structural or semi-structural heterogeneous laminate provides an “on-demand” de-bonding site for laminate deconstruction. For example, in some embodiments when the heating layer is inserted between a cured Carbon-Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) layer and a Polymeric/Metallic film stackup layer, the heating layer can be selectively heated above its softening point (e.g., by using energy absorbed from a locally-applied time-varying magnetic field) to allow for ease of applique separation from the CFRP layer. | 1. An applique comprising:
a protection layer comprising a conductor layer and a dielectric layer; a heating layer comprising a polymer and magnetic material; and an adhesive layer. 2. The applique of claim 1 wherein the adhesive layer is situated on a bottom surface of the heating layer and is configured to adhere the applique to a mounting surface. 3. The applique of claim 1 further comprising:
a second adhesive layer situated on surface of the heating layer that is adjacent to the protection layer. 4. The applique of claim 1 wherein the magnetic material is an alloy. 5. The applique of claim 4 wherein the alloy is a nickel-iron alloy. 6. The applique of claim 1 wherein the magnetic material comprises a magnetic material with a Curie point temperature within a temperature range at which adhesive bonds in the adhesive layer will de-bond. 7. The applique of claim 1 wherein the magnetic material further comprises particulate material. 8. The applique of claim 7 wherein the particulate material further comprises fiber wire segments. 9. The applique of claim 7 wherein the particulate material further comprises material flakes. 10. The applique of claim 1 wherein the adhesive layer further comprises a thermosetting film adhesive. 11. The applique of claim 1 wherein the adhesive layer further comprises a pressure sensitive adhesive. 12. The applique of claim 1 wherein the adhesive layer further comprises a thermoplastic film adhesive. 13. A system for installation or removal of appliques, the system comprising:
an applique comprising:
a surface layer;
a heating layer comprising a polymer and magnetic material; and
an adhesive layer; and
a magnetic field source for generating a variable frequency magnetic field. 14. The system of claim 13 wherein the magnetic material comprises a magnetic material with a Curie point temperature within a temperature range at which adhesive bonds in the adhesive layer will de-bond. 15. The system of claim 14 wherein the magnetic field source comprises a source that generates a magnetic field selected to cause the magnetic material to reach the Curie point temperature within the temperature range at which the adhesive bonds in the adhesive layer will de-bond. 16. The system of claim 14 wherein the magnetic field source comprises a coil that generates a magnetic field in the range of 15-300 KHz. 17. The system of claim 13 wherein the surface layer comprises a lightning strike protection layer further comprising a conductor layer and a dielectric layer. 18. The system of claim 13 wherein the surface layer comprises a surface protection layer. 19. The system of claim 13 wherein the surface layer comprises an aerodynamic effect layer. 20. A method for manufacturing an applique, the method comprising:
coupling a surface layer with a heating layer comprising a resin and magnetic material; and coupling an adhesive layer with the heating layer. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein the adhesive layer is coupled with a bottom surface of the heating layer and is configured to adhere the applique to a mounting surface. 22. The method of claim 20 further comprising:
coupling a second adhesive layer on a surface of the heating layer that is adjacent to the surface layer. 23. The method of claim 20 further comprising including an alloy in the magnetic material. 24. The method of claim 23 wherein the alloy that is included in the magnetic material is a nickel-iron alloy. 25. The method of claim 20 further comprising including in the heating layer a magnetic material with a Curie point temperature within a temperature range at which adhesive bonds in the adhesive layer de-bond. 26. The method of claim 20 further comprising including particulate material into the magnetic material. 27. The method of claim 26 wherein the particulate material that is included comprises chopped fiber wire. 28. The method of claim 26 wherein the particulate material that is included comprises flaked material. | Embodiments of the presently disclosed system include a thin thermoplastic or thermosetting polymer film loaded with non-polymeric inclusions that are susceptible to heating under a time-varying magnetic field. Insertion of this additional heating layer into a structural or semi-structural heterogeneous laminate provides an “on-demand” de-bonding site for laminate deconstruction. For example, in some embodiments when the heating layer is inserted between a cured Carbon-Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) layer and a Polymeric/Metallic film stackup layer, the heating layer can be selectively heated above its softening point (e.g., by using energy absorbed from a locally-applied time-varying magnetic field) to allow for ease of applique separation from the CFRP layer.1. An applique comprising:
a protection layer comprising a conductor layer and a dielectric layer; a heating layer comprising a polymer and magnetic material; and an adhesive layer. 2. The applique of claim 1 wherein the adhesive layer is situated on a bottom surface of the heating layer and is configured to adhere the applique to a mounting surface. 3. The applique of claim 1 further comprising:
a second adhesive layer situated on surface of the heating layer that is adjacent to the protection layer. 4. The applique of claim 1 wherein the magnetic material is an alloy. 5. The applique of claim 4 wherein the alloy is a nickel-iron alloy. 6. The applique of claim 1 wherein the magnetic material comprises a magnetic material with a Curie point temperature within a temperature range at which adhesive bonds in the adhesive layer will de-bond. 7. The applique of claim 1 wherein the magnetic material further comprises particulate material. 8. The applique of claim 7 wherein the particulate material further comprises fiber wire segments. 9. The applique of claim 7 wherein the particulate material further comprises material flakes. 10. The applique of claim 1 wherein the adhesive layer further comprises a thermosetting film adhesive. 11. The applique of claim 1 wherein the adhesive layer further comprises a pressure sensitive adhesive. 12. The applique of claim 1 wherein the adhesive layer further comprises a thermoplastic film adhesive. 13. A system for installation or removal of appliques, the system comprising:
an applique comprising:
a surface layer;
a heating layer comprising a polymer and magnetic material; and
an adhesive layer; and
a magnetic field source for generating a variable frequency magnetic field. 14. The system of claim 13 wherein the magnetic material comprises a magnetic material with a Curie point temperature within a temperature range at which adhesive bonds in the adhesive layer will de-bond. 15. The system of claim 14 wherein the magnetic field source comprises a source that generates a magnetic field selected to cause the magnetic material to reach the Curie point temperature within the temperature range at which the adhesive bonds in the adhesive layer will de-bond. 16. The system of claim 14 wherein the magnetic field source comprises a coil that generates a magnetic field in the range of 15-300 KHz. 17. The system of claim 13 wherein the surface layer comprises a lightning strike protection layer further comprising a conductor layer and a dielectric layer. 18. The system of claim 13 wherein the surface layer comprises a surface protection layer. 19. The system of claim 13 wherein the surface layer comprises an aerodynamic effect layer. 20. A method for manufacturing an applique, the method comprising:
coupling a surface layer with a heating layer comprising a resin and magnetic material; and coupling an adhesive layer with the heating layer. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein the adhesive layer is coupled with a bottom surface of the heating layer and is configured to adhere the applique to a mounting surface. 22. The method of claim 20 further comprising:
coupling a second adhesive layer on a surface of the heating layer that is adjacent to the surface layer. 23. The method of claim 20 further comprising including an alloy in the magnetic material. 24. The method of claim 23 wherein the alloy that is included in the magnetic material is a nickel-iron alloy. 25. The method of claim 20 further comprising including in the heating layer a magnetic material with a Curie point temperature within a temperature range at which adhesive bonds in the adhesive layer de-bond. 26. The method of claim 20 further comprising including particulate material into the magnetic material. 27. The method of claim 26 wherein the particulate material that is included comprises chopped fiber wire. 28. The method of claim 26 wherein the particulate material that is included comprises flaked material. | 1,700 |
2,299 | 14,977,833 | 1,717 | A system for coating a component is provided. The system includes a feedstock supply, a carrier fluid supply, and a thermal spray gun coupled in flow communication with the feedstock supply and the carrier fluid supply. The feedstock supply contains a substantially homogeneous powder mixture of a first powder and a second powder. The second powder is softer than the first powder and has a percentage by mass of the powder mixture of between about 0.1% and about 3.0%. | 1. A system for coating a component, said system comprising:
a feedstock supply; a carrier fluid supply; and a thermal spray gun coupled in flow communication with said feedstock supply and said carrier fluid supply, wherein said feedstock supply contains a substantially homogeneous powder mixture of a first powder and a second powder, said second powder being softer than said first powder and having a percentage by mass of said powder mixture of between about 0.1% and about 3.0%. 2. A system in accordance with claim 1, wherein said second powder has a Mohs hardness of at most three. 3. A system in accordance with claim 2, wherein said second powder is a powdered metallic material that is one of substantially pure aluminum, substantially pure zinc, substantially pure copper, substantially pure bismuth, and substantially pure tin. 4. A system in accordance with claim 1, further comprising a mixer in which said first powder and said second powder are pre-mixed to make said powder mixture. 5. A system in accordance with claim 4, wherein said mixer comprises a container and a plurality of mixing balls displaceable in said container during the pre-mixing. 6. A system in accordance with claim 1, wherein said second powder has a percentage by mass of said powder mixture of between about 0.3% and about 0.7%. 7. A system in accordance with claim 6, wherein said second powder has a percentage by mass of said powder mixture of about 0.5%. 8. A method for coating a component, said method comprising:
supplying a carrier fluid to a thermal spray gun; supplying a substantially homogeneous powder mixture to the thermal spray gun; and discharging the powder mixture from the thermal spray gun via the carrier fluid to deposit a coating on the component, wherein the powder mixture includes a first powder and a second powder that is softer than the first powder and has a percentage by mass of the powder mixture of between about 0.1% and about 3.0%. 9. A method in accordance with claim 8, further comprising discharging the powder mixture with the second powder having a Mohs hardness of at most three. 10. A method in accordance with claim 9, further comprising discharging the powder mixture with the second powder being a powdered metallic material that is one of substantially pure aluminum, substantially pure zinc, substantially pure copper, substantially pure bismuth, and substantially pure tin. 11. A method in accordance with claim 8, further comprising pre-mixing the first powder and the second powder in a mixer to make the powder mixture. 12. A method in accordance with claim 11, further comprising pre-mixing the first powder and the second powder in a container of a mixer with a plurality of mixing balls displaceable in the container during the pre-mixing. 13. A method in accordance with claim 8, further comprising discharging the powder mixture with the second powder having a percentage by mass of the powder mixture of between about 0.3% and about 0.7%. 14. A method in accordance with claim 13, further comprising discharging the powder mixture with the second powder having a percentage by mass of the powder mixture of about 0.5%. 15. A component of a gas turbine assembly, said component comprising:
a substrate; and a coating deposited on said substrate, wherein said coating comprises a microstructure that includes a plurality of first lamellae and a plurality of second lamellae, wherein said second lamellae are softer than said first lamellae and have a percentage by mass of said coating of between about 0.1% and about 3.0%. 16. A component in accordance with claim 15, wherein said second lamellae have a Mohs hardness of at most three. 17. A component in accordance with claim 16, wherein said second lamellae are a metallic material that is one of substantially pure aluminum, substantially pure zinc, substantially pure copper, substantially pure bismuth, and substantially pure tin. 18. A component in accordance with claim 15, wherein said second lamellae have a percentage by mass of said coating of between about 0.3% and about 0.7%. 19. A component in accordance with claim 18, wherein said second lamellae have a percentage by mass of said coating of about 0.5%. 20. A component in accordance with claim 15, wherein said second lamellae facilitate improving a fatigue property of at least one of said substrate and said coating. | A system for coating a component is provided. The system includes a feedstock supply, a carrier fluid supply, and a thermal spray gun coupled in flow communication with the feedstock supply and the carrier fluid supply. The feedstock supply contains a substantially homogeneous powder mixture of a first powder and a second powder. The second powder is softer than the first powder and has a percentage by mass of the powder mixture of between about 0.1% and about 3.0%.1. A system for coating a component, said system comprising:
a feedstock supply; a carrier fluid supply; and a thermal spray gun coupled in flow communication with said feedstock supply and said carrier fluid supply, wherein said feedstock supply contains a substantially homogeneous powder mixture of a first powder and a second powder, said second powder being softer than said first powder and having a percentage by mass of said powder mixture of between about 0.1% and about 3.0%. 2. A system in accordance with claim 1, wherein said second powder has a Mohs hardness of at most three. 3. A system in accordance with claim 2, wherein said second powder is a powdered metallic material that is one of substantially pure aluminum, substantially pure zinc, substantially pure copper, substantially pure bismuth, and substantially pure tin. 4. A system in accordance with claim 1, further comprising a mixer in which said first powder and said second powder are pre-mixed to make said powder mixture. 5. A system in accordance with claim 4, wherein said mixer comprises a container and a plurality of mixing balls displaceable in said container during the pre-mixing. 6. A system in accordance with claim 1, wherein said second powder has a percentage by mass of said powder mixture of between about 0.3% and about 0.7%. 7. A system in accordance with claim 6, wherein said second powder has a percentage by mass of said powder mixture of about 0.5%. 8. A method for coating a component, said method comprising:
supplying a carrier fluid to a thermal spray gun; supplying a substantially homogeneous powder mixture to the thermal spray gun; and discharging the powder mixture from the thermal spray gun via the carrier fluid to deposit a coating on the component, wherein the powder mixture includes a first powder and a second powder that is softer than the first powder and has a percentage by mass of the powder mixture of between about 0.1% and about 3.0%. 9. A method in accordance with claim 8, further comprising discharging the powder mixture with the second powder having a Mohs hardness of at most three. 10. A method in accordance with claim 9, further comprising discharging the powder mixture with the second powder being a powdered metallic material that is one of substantially pure aluminum, substantially pure zinc, substantially pure copper, substantially pure bismuth, and substantially pure tin. 11. A method in accordance with claim 8, further comprising pre-mixing the first powder and the second powder in a mixer to make the powder mixture. 12. A method in accordance with claim 11, further comprising pre-mixing the first powder and the second powder in a container of a mixer with a plurality of mixing balls displaceable in the container during the pre-mixing. 13. A method in accordance with claim 8, further comprising discharging the powder mixture with the second powder having a percentage by mass of the powder mixture of between about 0.3% and about 0.7%. 14. A method in accordance with claim 13, further comprising discharging the powder mixture with the second powder having a percentage by mass of the powder mixture of about 0.5%. 15. A component of a gas turbine assembly, said component comprising:
a substrate; and a coating deposited on said substrate, wherein said coating comprises a microstructure that includes a plurality of first lamellae and a plurality of second lamellae, wherein said second lamellae are softer than said first lamellae and have a percentage by mass of said coating of between about 0.1% and about 3.0%. 16. A component in accordance with claim 15, wherein said second lamellae have a Mohs hardness of at most three. 17. A component in accordance with claim 16, wherein said second lamellae are a metallic material that is one of substantially pure aluminum, substantially pure zinc, substantially pure copper, substantially pure bismuth, and substantially pure tin. 18. A component in accordance with claim 15, wherein said second lamellae have a percentage by mass of said coating of between about 0.3% and about 0.7%. 19. A component in accordance with claim 18, wherein said second lamellae have a percentage by mass of said coating of about 0.5%. 20. A component in accordance with claim 15, wherein said second lamellae facilitate improving a fatigue property of at least one of said substrate and said coating. | 1,700 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.