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2,100 | 14,237,499 | 1,717 | The present invention relates to a solvent-free wire enamel composition containing extrudable, polyesterimide-containing binders, prepared from polyols, polycarboxylic acids, imide-forming components, and structural elements which are crosslinkable after extrusion. | 1.-8. (canceled) 9. A method of applying an enamel composition to a wire, wherein the method comprises melting the enamel composition in an extruder, applying the melted composition to the wire and subjecting the applied composition to post-crosslinking, the enamel composition being a solvent-free wire enamel composition comprising an extrudable, polyesterimide-containing binder prepared from (i) polyols, (ii) polycarboxylic acids, (iii) imide-forming components, and (iv) structural elements which are crosslinkable after extrusion. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the binder comprises 30-60 wt % of catenary, imide-forming components and 2-20 wt % of unsaturated carboxylic acids. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the binder comprises 35-55 wt % of catenary, imide-forming components and 5-15 wt % of unsaturated carboxylic acids. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the binder comprises 40-50 wt % of catenary, imide-forming components and 7-11 wt % of unsaturated carboxylic acids. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein structural elements (iv) are designed such that thermal post-crosslinking is made possible. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein 0.5-6 wt % of (iv) is present. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein 1.5-4 wt % of (iv) is present. 16. The method of claim 9, wherein structural elements (iv) are designed such that photochemical post-crosslinking is made possible. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein 0.3-6 wt % of (iv) is present. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein 1-4 wt % of (iv) is present. 19. A method of producing a coated wire, wherein the method comprises melting a wire enamel composition in an extruder, applying the melted composition to the wire and subjecting the applied composition to post-crosslinking, the enamel composition being a solvent-free wire enamel composition comprising an extrudable, polyesterimide-containing binder prepared from (i) polyols, (ii) polycarboxylic acids, (iii) imide-forming components, and (iv) structural elements which are crosslinkable after extrusion. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the binder comprises 30-60 wt % of catenary, imide-forming components and 2-20 wt % of unsaturated carboxylic acids. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the binder comprises 35-55 wt % of catenary, imide-forming components and 5-15 wt % of unsaturated carboxylic acids. 22. The method of claim 19, wherein the binder comprises 40-50 wt % of catenary, imide-forming components and 7-11 wt % of unsaturated carboxylic acids. 23. The method of claim 19, wherein structural elements (iv) are designed such that thermal post-crosslinking is made possible. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein 0.5-6 wt % of (iv) is present. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein 1.5-4 wt % of (iv) is present. 26. The method of claim 19, wherein structural elements (iv) are designed such that photochemical post-crosslinking is made possible. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein 0.3-6 wt % of (iv) is present. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein 1-4 wt % of (iv) is present. | The present invention relates to a solvent-free wire enamel composition containing extrudable, polyesterimide-containing binders, prepared from polyols, polycarboxylic acids, imide-forming components, and structural elements which are crosslinkable after extrusion.1.-8. (canceled) 9. A method of applying an enamel composition to a wire, wherein the method comprises melting the enamel composition in an extruder, applying the melted composition to the wire and subjecting the applied composition to post-crosslinking, the enamel composition being a solvent-free wire enamel composition comprising an extrudable, polyesterimide-containing binder prepared from (i) polyols, (ii) polycarboxylic acids, (iii) imide-forming components, and (iv) structural elements which are crosslinkable after extrusion. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the binder comprises 30-60 wt % of catenary, imide-forming components and 2-20 wt % of unsaturated carboxylic acids. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the binder comprises 35-55 wt % of catenary, imide-forming components and 5-15 wt % of unsaturated carboxylic acids. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the binder comprises 40-50 wt % of catenary, imide-forming components and 7-11 wt % of unsaturated carboxylic acids. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein structural elements (iv) are designed such that thermal post-crosslinking is made possible. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein 0.5-6 wt % of (iv) is present. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein 1.5-4 wt % of (iv) is present. 16. The method of claim 9, wherein structural elements (iv) are designed such that photochemical post-crosslinking is made possible. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein 0.3-6 wt % of (iv) is present. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein 1-4 wt % of (iv) is present. 19. A method of producing a coated wire, wherein the method comprises melting a wire enamel composition in an extruder, applying the melted composition to the wire and subjecting the applied composition to post-crosslinking, the enamel composition being a solvent-free wire enamel composition comprising an extrudable, polyesterimide-containing binder prepared from (i) polyols, (ii) polycarboxylic acids, (iii) imide-forming components, and (iv) structural elements which are crosslinkable after extrusion. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the binder comprises 30-60 wt % of catenary, imide-forming components and 2-20 wt % of unsaturated carboxylic acids. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the binder comprises 35-55 wt % of catenary, imide-forming components and 5-15 wt % of unsaturated carboxylic acids. 22. The method of claim 19, wherein the binder comprises 40-50 wt % of catenary, imide-forming components and 7-11 wt % of unsaturated carboxylic acids. 23. The method of claim 19, wherein structural elements (iv) are designed such that thermal post-crosslinking is made possible. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein 0.5-6 wt % of (iv) is present. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein 1.5-4 wt % of (iv) is present. 26. The method of claim 19, wherein structural elements (iv) are designed such that photochemical post-crosslinking is made possible. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein 0.3-6 wt % of (iv) is present. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein 1-4 wt % of (iv) is present. | 1,700 |
2,101 | 14,953,701 | 1,712 | A method of edge coating includes preparing a stack including a plurality of articles interleaved with spacer pads. A layer of coating material is formed on a surface of a coating roller. A perimeter of the stack is positioned at a select coating gap relative to the surface of the coating roller, and the coating material is transferred from the surface of the coating roller to perimeter edges of the articles in the stack. | 1. A method of edge coating, comprising:
preparing a stack including a plurality of articles interleaved with spacer pads; forming a layer of coating material on a surface of a coating roller; positioning a perimeter of the stack at a select coating gap relative to the surface of the coating roller; and transferring the coating material from the surface of the coating roller to perimeter edges of the articles in the stack. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the stack is prepared such that the spacer pads are recessed within the stack. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein a viscosity of the coating material and a thickness of each spacer pad are selected such that an overflow length of the coating material into a space between adjacent articles in the stack is less than 220 microns while transferring the coating material. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein transferring the coating material comprises relative rotation between the stack and the coating roller. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising characterizing an edge profile of the stack prior to transferring the coating material. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein characterizing the edge profile of the stack comprises tracing the perimeter edge of each article in the stack using a displacement sensor. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein forming the layer of coating material comprises dipping the coating roller in a pool of the coating material as the coating roller is rotated. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein forming the layer of coating material further comprises controlling the thickness of the coating material on the surface of the coating roller. 9. The method of claim 4, further comprising maintaining the select coating gap between the perimeter of the stack and the surface of the coating roller while transferring the coating material. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating material is a curable coating material, and further comprising curing the coating material transferred to the perimeter edges of the articles. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the stack comprises more than two articles, and wherein the perimeter edges of at least two of the articles in the stack simultaneously receive the coating material from the surface of the coating roller. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the perimeter edges of all the articles in the stack simultaneously receive the coating material from the surface of the coating roller. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein preparing the stack comprises aligning the perimeter edges of the articles at the perimeter of the stack. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the curable coating material comprises a hard coating material. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the curable coating material comprises silica particles. | A method of edge coating includes preparing a stack including a plurality of articles interleaved with spacer pads. A layer of coating material is formed on a surface of a coating roller. A perimeter of the stack is positioned at a select coating gap relative to the surface of the coating roller, and the coating material is transferred from the surface of the coating roller to perimeter edges of the articles in the stack.1. A method of edge coating, comprising:
preparing a stack including a plurality of articles interleaved with spacer pads; forming a layer of coating material on a surface of a coating roller; positioning a perimeter of the stack at a select coating gap relative to the surface of the coating roller; and transferring the coating material from the surface of the coating roller to perimeter edges of the articles in the stack. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the stack is prepared such that the spacer pads are recessed within the stack. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein a viscosity of the coating material and a thickness of each spacer pad are selected such that an overflow length of the coating material into a space between adjacent articles in the stack is less than 220 microns while transferring the coating material. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein transferring the coating material comprises relative rotation between the stack and the coating roller. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising characterizing an edge profile of the stack prior to transferring the coating material. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein characterizing the edge profile of the stack comprises tracing the perimeter edge of each article in the stack using a displacement sensor. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein forming the layer of coating material comprises dipping the coating roller in a pool of the coating material as the coating roller is rotated. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein forming the layer of coating material further comprises controlling the thickness of the coating material on the surface of the coating roller. 9. The method of claim 4, further comprising maintaining the select coating gap between the perimeter of the stack and the surface of the coating roller while transferring the coating material. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating material is a curable coating material, and further comprising curing the coating material transferred to the perimeter edges of the articles. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the stack comprises more than two articles, and wherein the perimeter edges of at least two of the articles in the stack simultaneously receive the coating material from the surface of the coating roller. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the perimeter edges of all the articles in the stack simultaneously receive the coating material from the surface of the coating roller. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein preparing the stack comprises aligning the perimeter edges of the articles at the perimeter of the stack. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the curable coating material comprises a hard coating material. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the curable coating material comprises silica particles. | 1,700 |
2,102 | 13,287,820 | 1,783 | Methods for die attachment of multichip and single components may involve printing a sintering paste on a substrate or on the back side of a die. Printing may involve stencil printing, screen printing, or a dispensing process. Paste may be printed on the back side of an entire wafer prior to dicing, or on the back side of an individual die. Sintering films may also be fabricated and transferred to a wafer, die or substrate. A post-sintering step may increase throughput. | 1. A composition, comprising:
a metal powder having a d50 range of about 0.001 to about 10 micrometers, the metal powder comprising about 30 to about 95 wt % of the paste; a binder having a softening point between about 50 and about 170° C., the binder comprising about 0.1 to about 5 wt % of the paste; and a solvent in an amount sufficient to dissolve at least the binder. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal powder comprises gold, palladium, silver, copper, aluminum, silver palladium alloy or gold palladium alloy. 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the metal powder comprises silver particles. 4. The composition of claim 2, wherein the metal powder comprises nanoparticles. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal powder comprises coated metal particles. 6. The composition of claim 1, further comprising one or more functional additives. 7. A film comprising a layer of the composition of claim 1 having a dry thickness of about 5 to about 300 microns. 8. The film of claim 7, wherein the layer of the composition is on a polymeric, glass, metal or ceramic substrate. 9. The film of claim 8, wherein the polymeric substrate comprises polyester. 10. The film of claim 8, wherein the polymeric substrate comprises a release coating. 11. A method for producing a film of metal particles, comprising:
applying a material comprising metal powder having a d50 range of about 0.001 to about 10 micrometers on a substrate; and drying the material on the substrate to form the film. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the substrate comprises a polymeric substrate. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein applying the material comprises printing or casting the material. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the material is printed in a continuous layer. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the material is printed to form an array of discrete shapes. 16. The method of claim 11, further comprising preparing the material. 17. A lamination process for applying a layer of metal particles to a component, comprising:
placing the component on a film comprising the layer of metal particles on a polymeric substrate to form an assembly; applying heat to the assembly in a range of about 50 to about 175° C.; applying pressure to the assembly in a range of about 0.05 to about 3 MPa; and releasing the component from the assembly, whereby the layer of metal particles remains on the component and separates from the polymeric substrate. 18. The process of claim 17, wherein the film is substantially the same size as the component. 19. A method for attachment, comprising:
applying a film of metal particles to a substrate; placing a die on the film to form an assembly; applying a pressure of less than about 40 MPa to the assembly; and sintering the assembly at a temperature of about 175 to about 400° C. for about 0.25 seconds to about 30 minutes. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein a pressure of about 0.5 to about 20 MPa is applied. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein a pressure of about 2.0 to about 10 MPa is applied. 22. A method for attachment, comprising:
applying a film of metal particles on a back side of a wafer; dicing the wafer to form a plurality of die; placing at least one die on a substrate to form an assembly; applying a pressure of less than about 40 MPa to the assembly; and sintering the assembly at a temperature of about 175 to about 400° C. for about 0.25 seconds to about 30 minutes. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein a pressure of about 2.0 to about 10 MPa is applied. 24. A method for attachment, comprising:
applying a film of metal particles on a back side of a die; placing the die on a substrate to form an assembly; applying a pressure of less than about 40 MPa to the assembly; and sintering the assembly at a temperature of about 175 to about 400° C. for about 0.25 seconds to about 30 minutes. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein a pressure of about 2.0 to about 10 MPa is applied. | Methods for die attachment of multichip and single components may involve printing a sintering paste on a substrate or on the back side of a die. Printing may involve stencil printing, screen printing, or a dispensing process. Paste may be printed on the back side of an entire wafer prior to dicing, or on the back side of an individual die. Sintering films may also be fabricated and transferred to a wafer, die or substrate. A post-sintering step may increase throughput.1. A composition, comprising:
a metal powder having a d50 range of about 0.001 to about 10 micrometers, the metal powder comprising about 30 to about 95 wt % of the paste; a binder having a softening point between about 50 and about 170° C., the binder comprising about 0.1 to about 5 wt % of the paste; and a solvent in an amount sufficient to dissolve at least the binder. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal powder comprises gold, palladium, silver, copper, aluminum, silver palladium alloy or gold palladium alloy. 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the metal powder comprises silver particles. 4. The composition of claim 2, wherein the metal powder comprises nanoparticles. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal powder comprises coated metal particles. 6. The composition of claim 1, further comprising one or more functional additives. 7. A film comprising a layer of the composition of claim 1 having a dry thickness of about 5 to about 300 microns. 8. The film of claim 7, wherein the layer of the composition is on a polymeric, glass, metal or ceramic substrate. 9. The film of claim 8, wherein the polymeric substrate comprises polyester. 10. The film of claim 8, wherein the polymeric substrate comprises a release coating. 11. A method for producing a film of metal particles, comprising:
applying a material comprising metal powder having a d50 range of about 0.001 to about 10 micrometers on a substrate; and drying the material on the substrate to form the film. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the substrate comprises a polymeric substrate. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein applying the material comprises printing or casting the material. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the material is printed in a continuous layer. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the material is printed to form an array of discrete shapes. 16. The method of claim 11, further comprising preparing the material. 17. A lamination process for applying a layer of metal particles to a component, comprising:
placing the component on a film comprising the layer of metal particles on a polymeric substrate to form an assembly; applying heat to the assembly in a range of about 50 to about 175° C.; applying pressure to the assembly in a range of about 0.05 to about 3 MPa; and releasing the component from the assembly, whereby the layer of metal particles remains on the component and separates from the polymeric substrate. 18. The process of claim 17, wherein the film is substantially the same size as the component. 19. A method for attachment, comprising:
applying a film of metal particles to a substrate; placing a die on the film to form an assembly; applying a pressure of less than about 40 MPa to the assembly; and sintering the assembly at a temperature of about 175 to about 400° C. for about 0.25 seconds to about 30 minutes. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein a pressure of about 0.5 to about 20 MPa is applied. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein a pressure of about 2.0 to about 10 MPa is applied. 22. A method for attachment, comprising:
applying a film of metal particles on a back side of a wafer; dicing the wafer to form a plurality of die; placing at least one die on a substrate to form an assembly; applying a pressure of less than about 40 MPa to the assembly; and sintering the assembly at a temperature of about 175 to about 400° C. for about 0.25 seconds to about 30 minutes. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein a pressure of about 2.0 to about 10 MPa is applied. 24. A method for attachment, comprising:
applying a film of metal particles on a back side of a die; placing the die on a substrate to form an assembly; applying a pressure of less than about 40 MPa to the assembly; and sintering the assembly at a temperature of about 175 to about 400° C. for about 0.25 seconds to about 30 minutes. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein a pressure of about 2.0 to about 10 MPa is applied. | 1,700 |
2,103 | 15,019,294 | 1,765 | A freeze-thaw damage resistance and scaling damage resistance admixture for a cementitious composition including an aqueous slurry comprising a water insoluble superabsorbent polymer and expandable polymeric microspheres. A method for preparing a freeze-thaw damage resistant and scaling damage resistant cementitious composition including forming a mixture of a hydraulic cement and an admixture including an aqueous slurry of a water insoluble superabsorbent polymer and expanded polymeric microspheres. | 1. A freeze-thaw damage resistance and scaling damage resistance admixture for a cementitious composition comprising an aqueous slurry comprising a water insoluble superabsorbent polymer and unexpanded, expandable polymeric microspheres, wherein the unexpanded, expandable polymeric microspheres are expanded prior to incorporation into the cementitious composition, resulting in expanded polymeric microspheres, and wherein the expanded polymeric microspheres have an average diameter of from about 24 μm to about 900 μm. 2. The admixture of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the amount of unexpanded, expandable polymeric microspheres to the amount of water insoluble superabsorbent polymer is from about 100:1 to about 3:1 by weight. 3. The admixture of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the amount of unexpanded, expandable polymeric microspheres to the amount of water insoluble superabsorbent polymer is from about 30:1 to about 6:1 by weight. 4. The admixture of claim 1, wherein the polymeric microspheres comprise a polymer that is at least one of polyethylene, polypropylene, polymethyl methacrylate, poly-o-chlorostyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyacrylonitrile, polymethacrylonitrile, polystyrene, or copolymers or mixtures thereof. 5. The admixture of claim 1, wherein the polymeric microspheres comprise at least one copolymers of vinylidene chloride-acrylonitrile, polyacrylonitrile-copolymethacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene chloride-polyacrylonitrile, or vinyl chloride-vinylidene chloride, or mixtures thereof. 6. The admixture of claim 1, wherein the water insoluble superabsorbent polymer comprises at least one cross-linked polyelectrolyte. 7. The admixture of claim 6, wherein the at least one cross-linked polyelectrolyte is at least one of cross-linked polyacrylic, cross-linked polyacrylamide, or covalently cross-linked acrylamide/acrylic acid copolymers. 8. The admixture of claim 1, wherein the water insoluble superabsorbent polymer comprises water insoluble superabsorbent polymer particles, and wherein the average size of the water insoluble superabsorbent polymer particles is from about 5 μm to about 1,000 μm. 9. The admixture of claim 1, wherein the average size of the water insoluble superabsorbent polymer particles is from about 5 μm to about 300 μm. 10. The admixture of claim 1, wherein the amount of unexpanded, expandable polymeric microspheres included in the admixture is from about 10 to about 99.9 percent by weight, and the amount of water insoluble superabsorbent polymer included in the admixture is from about 0.1 to about 30 percent by weight, based on the total weight of ingredients of the admixture other than water. 11. The admixture of claim 1, wherein the expanded polymeric microspheres have an average diameter of from about 36 μm to about 900 μm. 12. The admixture of claim 1, wherein the expanded polymeric microspheres have an average diameter of from about 24 μm to about 216 μm. 13. The admixture of claim 1, wherein the expanded polymeric microspheres have an average diameter of from about 36 μm to about 216 μm. 14. A freeze-thaw damage resistant and/or scaling damage resistant cementitious composition comprising hydraulic cement and an admixture, wherein the admixture comprises an aqueous slurry of a water insoluble superabsorbent polymer and expanded polymeric microspheres, wherein the expanded polymeric microspheres have an average diameter of from about 24 μm to about 900 μm. 15. The cementitious composition of claim 14, comprising from about 0.2 to about 4 percent by volume expanded polymeric microspheres, based on the total volume of the cementitious composition. 16. The cementitious composition of claim 14, comprising from about 0.25 to about 3 percent by volume expanded polymeric microspheres, based on the total volume of the cementitious composition. 17. The cementitious composition of claim 14, comprising from about 0.002 to about 0.1 percent by volume water insoluble superabsorbent polymer, based on the total volume of the cementitious composition. 18. The cementitious composition of claim 14, comprising from about 0.008 to about 0.08 percent by volume water insoluble superabsorbent polymer, based on the total volume of the cementitious composition. 19. The cementitious composition of claim 14, comprising from about 0.002 to about 0.06 percent by weight expanded polymeric microspheres, based on the total weight of the cementitious composition. 20. The cementitious composition of claim 14, comprising from about 0.00002 to about 0.02 percent by weight water insoluble superabsorbent polymer, based on the total weight of the cementitious composition. | A freeze-thaw damage resistance and scaling damage resistance admixture for a cementitious composition including an aqueous slurry comprising a water insoluble superabsorbent polymer and expandable polymeric microspheres. A method for preparing a freeze-thaw damage resistant and scaling damage resistant cementitious composition including forming a mixture of a hydraulic cement and an admixture including an aqueous slurry of a water insoluble superabsorbent polymer and expanded polymeric microspheres.1. A freeze-thaw damage resistance and scaling damage resistance admixture for a cementitious composition comprising an aqueous slurry comprising a water insoluble superabsorbent polymer and unexpanded, expandable polymeric microspheres, wherein the unexpanded, expandable polymeric microspheres are expanded prior to incorporation into the cementitious composition, resulting in expanded polymeric microspheres, and wherein the expanded polymeric microspheres have an average diameter of from about 24 μm to about 900 μm. 2. The admixture of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the amount of unexpanded, expandable polymeric microspheres to the amount of water insoluble superabsorbent polymer is from about 100:1 to about 3:1 by weight. 3. The admixture of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the amount of unexpanded, expandable polymeric microspheres to the amount of water insoluble superabsorbent polymer is from about 30:1 to about 6:1 by weight. 4. The admixture of claim 1, wherein the polymeric microspheres comprise a polymer that is at least one of polyethylene, polypropylene, polymethyl methacrylate, poly-o-chlorostyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyacrylonitrile, polymethacrylonitrile, polystyrene, or copolymers or mixtures thereof. 5. The admixture of claim 1, wherein the polymeric microspheres comprise at least one copolymers of vinylidene chloride-acrylonitrile, polyacrylonitrile-copolymethacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene chloride-polyacrylonitrile, or vinyl chloride-vinylidene chloride, or mixtures thereof. 6. The admixture of claim 1, wherein the water insoluble superabsorbent polymer comprises at least one cross-linked polyelectrolyte. 7. The admixture of claim 6, wherein the at least one cross-linked polyelectrolyte is at least one of cross-linked polyacrylic, cross-linked polyacrylamide, or covalently cross-linked acrylamide/acrylic acid copolymers. 8. The admixture of claim 1, wherein the water insoluble superabsorbent polymer comprises water insoluble superabsorbent polymer particles, and wherein the average size of the water insoluble superabsorbent polymer particles is from about 5 μm to about 1,000 μm. 9. The admixture of claim 1, wherein the average size of the water insoluble superabsorbent polymer particles is from about 5 μm to about 300 μm. 10. The admixture of claim 1, wherein the amount of unexpanded, expandable polymeric microspheres included in the admixture is from about 10 to about 99.9 percent by weight, and the amount of water insoluble superabsorbent polymer included in the admixture is from about 0.1 to about 30 percent by weight, based on the total weight of ingredients of the admixture other than water. 11. The admixture of claim 1, wherein the expanded polymeric microspheres have an average diameter of from about 36 μm to about 900 μm. 12. The admixture of claim 1, wherein the expanded polymeric microspheres have an average diameter of from about 24 μm to about 216 μm. 13. The admixture of claim 1, wherein the expanded polymeric microspheres have an average diameter of from about 36 μm to about 216 μm. 14. A freeze-thaw damage resistant and/or scaling damage resistant cementitious composition comprising hydraulic cement and an admixture, wherein the admixture comprises an aqueous slurry of a water insoluble superabsorbent polymer and expanded polymeric microspheres, wherein the expanded polymeric microspheres have an average diameter of from about 24 μm to about 900 μm. 15. The cementitious composition of claim 14, comprising from about 0.2 to about 4 percent by volume expanded polymeric microspheres, based on the total volume of the cementitious composition. 16. The cementitious composition of claim 14, comprising from about 0.25 to about 3 percent by volume expanded polymeric microspheres, based on the total volume of the cementitious composition. 17. The cementitious composition of claim 14, comprising from about 0.002 to about 0.1 percent by volume water insoluble superabsorbent polymer, based on the total volume of the cementitious composition. 18. The cementitious composition of claim 14, comprising from about 0.008 to about 0.08 percent by volume water insoluble superabsorbent polymer, based on the total volume of the cementitious composition. 19. The cementitious composition of claim 14, comprising from about 0.002 to about 0.06 percent by weight expanded polymeric microspheres, based on the total weight of the cementitious composition. 20. The cementitious composition of claim 14, comprising from about 0.00002 to about 0.02 percent by weight water insoluble superabsorbent polymer, based on the total weight of the cementitious composition. | 1,700 |
2,104 | 13,889,478 | 1,716 | [Object] To provide a plasma apparatus capable of igniting plasma reliably over a long period.
[Solution] The apparatus includes a hollow structural body ( 11 ) having a hollow structure along an axis, a first electrode ( 12 ) disposed inside the hollow structural body ( 11 ), and a second electrode ( 14 ) having a structure that externally covers a plasma generation area ( 13 ) of the hollow structural body ( 11 ). The first electrode ( 12 ) has a deformation structure ( 12 b ) within the plasma generation area of the hollow structural body. | 1. A plasma apparatus comprising:
a hollow structural body having a hollow structure along an axis; a first electrode disposed inside the hollow structural body; and a second electrode having a structure that externally covers a plasma generation area of the hollow structural body, wherein the first electrode has a deformation structure within at least the plasma generation area of the hollow structural body. 2. The plasma apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the first electrode is in contact with an inner wall of the hollow structural body within the plasma generation area of the hollow structural body. 3. The plasma apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the first electrode has a structure avoiding an inhibited space with a predetermined diameter centering on the axis of the hollow structural body within the plasma generation area of the hollow structural body. 4. The plasma apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the deformation structure of the first electrode is a corrugated structure. 5. The plasma apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the deformation structure of the first electrode is a coil-like structure. 6. The plasma apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the hollow structural body is made of ceramic. 7. A method of producing a plasma apparatus that is provided with a ground electrode inside a hollow structural body, the method comprising:
forming a deformation structure in a conductive linear member that configures the ground electrode; inserting one end of the conductive linear member with the deformation structure provided therein through one end of the hollow structural body; and pulling the one end of the conductive linear member extending out through the other end of the hollow structural body to position the deformation structure formed in the conductive linear member within a plasma generation area of the hollow structural body, wherein the step of forming the deformation structure comprises forming the deformation structure before insertion into the hollow structural body to have a width equal to or greater than the inside diameter of the hollow structural body. 8. The method for producing a plasma apparatus according to claim 7, wherein
the deformation structure is a corrugated or coil-like structure. | [Object] To provide a plasma apparatus capable of igniting plasma reliably over a long period.
[Solution] The apparatus includes a hollow structural body ( 11 ) having a hollow structure along an axis, a first electrode ( 12 ) disposed inside the hollow structural body ( 11 ), and a second electrode ( 14 ) having a structure that externally covers a plasma generation area ( 13 ) of the hollow structural body ( 11 ). The first electrode ( 12 ) has a deformation structure ( 12 b ) within the plasma generation area of the hollow structural body.1. A plasma apparatus comprising:
a hollow structural body having a hollow structure along an axis; a first electrode disposed inside the hollow structural body; and a second electrode having a structure that externally covers a plasma generation area of the hollow structural body, wherein the first electrode has a deformation structure within at least the plasma generation area of the hollow structural body. 2. The plasma apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the first electrode is in contact with an inner wall of the hollow structural body within the plasma generation area of the hollow structural body. 3. The plasma apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the first electrode has a structure avoiding an inhibited space with a predetermined diameter centering on the axis of the hollow structural body within the plasma generation area of the hollow structural body. 4. The plasma apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the deformation structure of the first electrode is a corrugated structure. 5. The plasma apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the deformation structure of the first electrode is a coil-like structure. 6. The plasma apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the hollow structural body is made of ceramic. 7. A method of producing a plasma apparatus that is provided with a ground electrode inside a hollow structural body, the method comprising:
forming a deformation structure in a conductive linear member that configures the ground electrode; inserting one end of the conductive linear member with the deformation structure provided therein through one end of the hollow structural body; and pulling the one end of the conductive linear member extending out through the other end of the hollow structural body to position the deformation structure formed in the conductive linear member within a plasma generation area of the hollow structural body, wherein the step of forming the deformation structure comprises forming the deformation structure before insertion into the hollow structural body to have a width equal to or greater than the inside diameter of the hollow structural body. 8. The method for producing a plasma apparatus according to claim 7, wherein
the deformation structure is a corrugated or coil-like structure. | 1,700 |
2,105 | 14,319,668 | 1,767 | Hydroxycarboxylic acids and/or transition metal salts may be added to an aqueous system to inhibit corrosion and/or scale deposition within the aqueous system. In a non-limiting embodiment, a phosphorous-containing component may not be added to or include in the aqueous system. The hydroxycarboxylic acid may have two or more carboxylic acid groups. The transition metal salt may have or include a transition metal, such as but not limited to, Zn (II), Zn (IV), Sn, Al, Mn, and combinations thereof. The aqueous system may be or include a cooling tower, a cooling water system, and combinations thereof. | 1. A method comprising:
adding at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid and at least one transition metal salt to an aqueous system in an effective amount to decrease at least one characteristic within the aqueous system selected from the group consisting of corrosion, scale deposition, and combinations thereof as compared to an otherwise identical aqueous system absent the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid and the at least one transition metal salt; wherein adding the hydroxycarboxylic acid and the transition metal salt occurs at the same time or different times, where:
the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of saccharic acid, mucic acid, gluconic acid, and salts thereof, and combinations thereof; and
the method does not include a phosphorous-containing compound. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid comprises two or more carboxylic acid groups. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of saccharic acid, citric acid, and salts thereof, and combinations thereof. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one transition metal salt comprises a transition metal selected from the group consisting of Zn (II), Sn, Mn, and combinations thereof. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one transition metal salt comprises a salt selected from the group consisting of chlorides, sulfates, hydroxides, oxides, and combinations thereof. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the effective amount of the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid ranges from about 15 ppm to about 500 ppm. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the effective amount of the at least one transition metal salt ranges from about 0.5 ppm to about 20 ppm. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the aqueous system is selected from the group consisting of a cooling tower, a cooling water system, and combinations thereof. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the aqueous system further comprises at least one component selected from the group consisting of a scale inhibitor, a biocide, a chlorine-containing component, a taggant, a yellow metal corrosion inhibitor, and combinations thereof. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the scale inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of polyacrylates, polymaleates, hydroxypropylacrylates, phosphonates, and combinations thereof. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the biocide is selected from the group consisting of sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, bromine, isothiazoline, glutaraldehyde, 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide, and combinations thereof. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the aqueous system has a pH greater than about 7. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the aqueous system further comprises a chlorine-containing component in an amount greater than about 500 ppm. 14. A method comprising:
adding an additive consisting of at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid and at least one transition metal salt to an aqueous system in an effective amount to decrease at least one characteristic within the aqueous system selected from the group consisting of corrosion, scale deposition, and combinations thereof as compared to an otherwise identical aqueous system absent the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid and the at least one transition metal salt; wherein adding the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid and the at least one transition metal salt occurs at the same time or different times; and wherein the at least one transition metal salt comprises a transition metal selected from the group consisting of Zn (II), Sn, Mn, and combinations thereof; where:
the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of saccharic acid, mucic acid, gluconic acid, and salts thereof, and combinations thereof;
the additive does not include a phosphorous-containing compound; and
the aqueous system comprises a chlorine-containing compound present in an amount ranging from about 1 ppm to about 1,000 ppm. 15. A treated aqueous system comprising:
an aqueous system; at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid in an amount ranging from about 15 ppm to about 500 ppm selected from the group consisting of saccharic acid, mucic acid, gluconic acid, and salts thereof, and combinations thereof; at least one transition metal salt in an amount ranging from about 0.5 ppm to about 20 ppm; and wherein the treated aqueous composition comprises a decreased amount of at least one characteristic selected from the group consisting of corrosion, scale deposition, and combinations thereof as compared to an otherwise identical aqueous system absent the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid and the at least one transition metal salt;
where the aqueous system does not include a phosphorous-containing compound. 16. The treated aqueous system of claim 15, wherein the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid comprises two or more carboxylic acid groups. 17. The treated aqueous system of claim 15, wherein the at least one transition metal salt comprises at least one transition metal selected from the group consisting of Zn (II), Sn, Mn, and combinations thereof. 18. The treated aqueous system of claim 15, wherein the aqueous system is selected from the group consisting of a cooling tower, a cooling water system, and combinations thereof. 19. The treated aqueous system of claim 15 further comprising at least one chlorine-containing component in an amount greater than about 500 ppm. 20. A treated aqueous system comprising:
an aqueous system; an additive consisting of:
at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid in an amount ranging from about 15 ppm to about 500 ppm; wherein the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of saccharic acid, mucic acid, gluconic acid, and combinations thereof;
at least one transition metal salt in an amount ranging from about 0.5 ppm to about 20 ppm; wherein the at least one transition metal salt comprises at least one transition metal selected from the group consisting of Zn (II), Sn, Mn, and combinations thereof;
wherein the treated aqueous composition comprises a decreased amount of at least one characteristic selected from the group consisting of corrosion, scale deposition, and combinations thereof as compared to an otherwise identical aqueous system absent the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid and the at least one transition metal salt; where:
where the additive does not include a phosphorous-containing compound and the aqueous system comprises a chlorine-containing compound present in an amount ranging from about 1 ppm to about 1,000 ppm. | Hydroxycarboxylic acids and/or transition metal salts may be added to an aqueous system to inhibit corrosion and/or scale deposition within the aqueous system. In a non-limiting embodiment, a phosphorous-containing component may not be added to or include in the aqueous system. The hydroxycarboxylic acid may have two or more carboxylic acid groups. The transition metal salt may have or include a transition metal, such as but not limited to, Zn (II), Zn (IV), Sn, Al, Mn, and combinations thereof. The aqueous system may be or include a cooling tower, a cooling water system, and combinations thereof.1. A method comprising:
adding at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid and at least one transition metal salt to an aqueous system in an effective amount to decrease at least one characteristic within the aqueous system selected from the group consisting of corrosion, scale deposition, and combinations thereof as compared to an otherwise identical aqueous system absent the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid and the at least one transition metal salt; wherein adding the hydroxycarboxylic acid and the transition metal salt occurs at the same time or different times, where:
the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of saccharic acid, mucic acid, gluconic acid, and salts thereof, and combinations thereof; and
the method does not include a phosphorous-containing compound. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid comprises two or more carboxylic acid groups. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of saccharic acid, citric acid, and salts thereof, and combinations thereof. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one transition metal salt comprises a transition metal selected from the group consisting of Zn (II), Sn, Mn, and combinations thereof. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one transition metal salt comprises a salt selected from the group consisting of chlorides, sulfates, hydroxides, oxides, and combinations thereof. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the effective amount of the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid ranges from about 15 ppm to about 500 ppm. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the effective amount of the at least one transition metal salt ranges from about 0.5 ppm to about 20 ppm. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the aqueous system is selected from the group consisting of a cooling tower, a cooling water system, and combinations thereof. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the aqueous system further comprises at least one component selected from the group consisting of a scale inhibitor, a biocide, a chlorine-containing component, a taggant, a yellow metal corrosion inhibitor, and combinations thereof. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the scale inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of polyacrylates, polymaleates, hydroxypropylacrylates, phosphonates, and combinations thereof. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the biocide is selected from the group consisting of sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, bromine, isothiazoline, glutaraldehyde, 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide, and combinations thereof. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the aqueous system has a pH greater than about 7. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the aqueous system further comprises a chlorine-containing component in an amount greater than about 500 ppm. 14. A method comprising:
adding an additive consisting of at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid and at least one transition metal salt to an aqueous system in an effective amount to decrease at least one characteristic within the aqueous system selected from the group consisting of corrosion, scale deposition, and combinations thereof as compared to an otherwise identical aqueous system absent the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid and the at least one transition metal salt; wherein adding the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid and the at least one transition metal salt occurs at the same time or different times; and wherein the at least one transition metal salt comprises a transition metal selected from the group consisting of Zn (II), Sn, Mn, and combinations thereof; where:
the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of saccharic acid, mucic acid, gluconic acid, and salts thereof, and combinations thereof;
the additive does not include a phosphorous-containing compound; and
the aqueous system comprises a chlorine-containing compound present in an amount ranging from about 1 ppm to about 1,000 ppm. 15. A treated aqueous system comprising:
an aqueous system; at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid in an amount ranging from about 15 ppm to about 500 ppm selected from the group consisting of saccharic acid, mucic acid, gluconic acid, and salts thereof, and combinations thereof; at least one transition metal salt in an amount ranging from about 0.5 ppm to about 20 ppm; and wherein the treated aqueous composition comprises a decreased amount of at least one characteristic selected from the group consisting of corrosion, scale deposition, and combinations thereof as compared to an otherwise identical aqueous system absent the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid and the at least one transition metal salt;
where the aqueous system does not include a phosphorous-containing compound. 16. The treated aqueous system of claim 15, wherein the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid comprises two or more carboxylic acid groups. 17. The treated aqueous system of claim 15, wherein the at least one transition metal salt comprises at least one transition metal selected from the group consisting of Zn (II), Sn, Mn, and combinations thereof. 18. The treated aqueous system of claim 15, wherein the aqueous system is selected from the group consisting of a cooling tower, a cooling water system, and combinations thereof. 19. The treated aqueous system of claim 15 further comprising at least one chlorine-containing component in an amount greater than about 500 ppm. 20. A treated aqueous system comprising:
an aqueous system; an additive consisting of:
at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid in an amount ranging from about 15 ppm to about 500 ppm; wherein the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of saccharic acid, mucic acid, gluconic acid, and combinations thereof;
at least one transition metal salt in an amount ranging from about 0.5 ppm to about 20 ppm; wherein the at least one transition metal salt comprises at least one transition metal selected from the group consisting of Zn (II), Sn, Mn, and combinations thereof;
wherein the treated aqueous composition comprises a decreased amount of at least one characteristic selected from the group consisting of corrosion, scale deposition, and combinations thereof as compared to an otherwise identical aqueous system absent the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid and the at least one transition metal salt; where:
where the additive does not include a phosphorous-containing compound and the aqueous system comprises a chlorine-containing compound present in an amount ranging from about 1 ppm to about 1,000 ppm. | 1,700 |
2,106 | 14,377,760 | 1,798 | A stopper for sealing a housing of an exhaust gas sensor has: at least one axial through-channel for guiding through a connecting cable; a basic body that has a fluoroelastomer; and at least one outer seal situated radially externally on the stopper and having at least one thermoplastically processable fluoropolymer-containing material having a melting point or melting range between 170° C. and 320° C. | 1-16. (canceled) 17. A stopper for sealing a housing of an exhaust gas sensor, comprising:
a basic body containing a fluoroelastomer; at least one axial through-channel provided in the basic body for guiding through a connecting cable; and at least one outer seal situated radially externally on the basic body, wherein the at least one outer seal contains at least one thermoplastically processed fluoropolymer-containing material having a melting point between 170° C. and 320° C. 18. The stopper as recited in claim 17, wherein the fluoroelastomer is one of a fluororubber or a perfluororubber. 19. The stopper as recited in claim 18, wherein the material containing fluoropolymer has at least one of a perfluoroalkoxy polymer, a tetrafluoroethylene perfluoropropylene, a polychlorotrifluoroethylene, and a polyvinylidene fluoride. 20. The stopper as recited in claim 19, wherein the basic body is connected to the at least one outer seal by a material bond. 21. The stopper as recited in claim 19, wherein the at least one outer seal is a layer having a layer thickness between 50 μm and 250 μm. 22. An exhaust gas sensor, comprising:
a housing; a stopper which seals the housing, wherein the stopper includes:
a basic body containing a fluoroelastomer;
at least one axial through-channel provided in the basic body; and
at least one outer seal situated radially externally on the basic body, wherein the at least one outer seal contains at least one thermoplastically processed fluoropolymer-containing material having a melting point between 170° C. and 320° C.; and
at least one connecting cable led through the through-channel of the stopper. 23. The exhaust gas sensor as recited in claim 22, wherein the housing is connected to the stopper indirectly via the at least one outer seal, with a material bond. 24. The exhaust gas sensor as recited in claim 22, wherein an inner seal is provided in the at least one axial through-channel, and wherein the connecting cable, the inner seal, and basic body are connected to one another at least indirectly with a material bond. 25. The exhaust gas sensor as recited in claim 22, wherein the connecting cable has an electrical conductor surrounded by an insulation containing a fluoropolymer. 26. The exhaust gas sensor as recited in claim 22, wherein the connecting cable, the stopper, and the housing are connected to one another at least indirectly with a material bond. 27. A method for producing an exhaust gas sensor, comprising:
providing a basic body of a stopper, wherein the basic body contains a fluoroelastomer, and wherein the basic body has at least one axial through-channel; providing an outer sealing material, wherein the outer seal contains at least one thermoplastically processable fluoropolymer-containing material having a melting point between 170° C. and 320° C.; providing a housing; positioning the outer sealing material and the basic body in the interior of the housing so that the outer sealing material is situated between the basic body and the housing to form an outer assembly; and caulking and heating the outer assembly made up of the basic body, the outer sealing material, and the housing to form a structure which is at least indirectly materially bonded. 28. The method as recited in claim 27, wherein the outer sealing material is provided by spraying onto the basic body. 29. The method as recited in claim 28, wherein the outer sealing material is provided in the form of at least one of a tube, a film, and a ring. 30. The method as recited in claim 28, wherein the caulking takes place through an externally applied pressure between 700 and 2000 N/cm2. 31. The method as recited in claim 30, wherein the heating takes place in such a way that the outer sealing material melts and forms at least indirectly materially bonded connection among the basic body, the outer sealing material, and the housing. 32. The method as recited in claim 31, wherein the heating takes place in such a way that the fluoroelastomer of the basic body does not exceed (i) a melting temperature of the basic body and (ii) a decomposition temperature of the basic body. | A stopper for sealing a housing of an exhaust gas sensor has: at least one axial through-channel for guiding through a connecting cable; a basic body that has a fluoroelastomer; and at least one outer seal situated radially externally on the stopper and having at least one thermoplastically processable fluoropolymer-containing material having a melting point or melting range between 170° C. and 320° C.1-16. (canceled) 17. A stopper for sealing a housing of an exhaust gas sensor, comprising:
a basic body containing a fluoroelastomer; at least one axial through-channel provided in the basic body for guiding through a connecting cable; and at least one outer seal situated radially externally on the basic body, wherein the at least one outer seal contains at least one thermoplastically processed fluoropolymer-containing material having a melting point between 170° C. and 320° C. 18. The stopper as recited in claim 17, wherein the fluoroelastomer is one of a fluororubber or a perfluororubber. 19. The stopper as recited in claim 18, wherein the material containing fluoropolymer has at least one of a perfluoroalkoxy polymer, a tetrafluoroethylene perfluoropropylene, a polychlorotrifluoroethylene, and a polyvinylidene fluoride. 20. The stopper as recited in claim 19, wherein the basic body is connected to the at least one outer seal by a material bond. 21. The stopper as recited in claim 19, wherein the at least one outer seal is a layer having a layer thickness between 50 μm and 250 μm. 22. An exhaust gas sensor, comprising:
a housing; a stopper which seals the housing, wherein the stopper includes:
a basic body containing a fluoroelastomer;
at least one axial through-channel provided in the basic body; and
at least one outer seal situated radially externally on the basic body, wherein the at least one outer seal contains at least one thermoplastically processed fluoropolymer-containing material having a melting point between 170° C. and 320° C.; and
at least one connecting cable led through the through-channel of the stopper. 23. The exhaust gas sensor as recited in claim 22, wherein the housing is connected to the stopper indirectly via the at least one outer seal, with a material bond. 24. The exhaust gas sensor as recited in claim 22, wherein an inner seal is provided in the at least one axial through-channel, and wherein the connecting cable, the inner seal, and basic body are connected to one another at least indirectly with a material bond. 25. The exhaust gas sensor as recited in claim 22, wherein the connecting cable has an electrical conductor surrounded by an insulation containing a fluoropolymer. 26. The exhaust gas sensor as recited in claim 22, wherein the connecting cable, the stopper, and the housing are connected to one another at least indirectly with a material bond. 27. A method for producing an exhaust gas sensor, comprising:
providing a basic body of a stopper, wherein the basic body contains a fluoroelastomer, and wherein the basic body has at least one axial through-channel; providing an outer sealing material, wherein the outer seal contains at least one thermoplastically processable fluoropolymer-containing material having a melting point between 170° C. and 320° C.; providing a housing; positioning the outer sealing material and the basic body in the interior of the housing so that the outer sealing material is situated between the basic body and the housing to form an outer assembly; and caulking and heating the outer assembly made up of the basic body, the outer sealing material, and the housing to form a structure which is at least indirectly materially bonded. 28. The method as recited in claim 27, wherein the outer sealing material is provided by spraying onto the basic body. 29. The method as recited in claim 28, wherein the outer sealing material is provided in the form of at least one of a tube, a film, and a ring. 30. The method as recited in claim 28, wherein the caulking takes place through an externally applied pressure between 700 and 2000 N/cm2. 31. The method as recited in claim 30, wherein the heating takes place in such a way that the outer sealing material melts and forms at least indirectly materially bonded connection among the basic body, the outer sealing material, and the housing. 32. The method as recited in claim 31, wherein the heating takes place in such a way that the fluoroelastomer of the basic body does not exceed (i) a melting temperature of the basic body and (ii) a decomposition temperature of the basic body. | 1,700 |
2,107 | 14,747,836 | 1,726 | One embodiment relates to a connector that includes a diode. The diode has an anode and a cathode. The connector further includes a first electrical connection which connects to the anode, a second electrical connection which also connects to the anode, and a third electrical connection which connects to the cathode. Another embodiment relates to a photovoltaic laminate which includes a string of photovoltaic cells and three electrical conductors extending out of two discrete penetrations of the laminate. A first electrical conductor is connected to a first end of the string, a second electrical conductor is connected to a second end of the string, and a third electrical conductor is also connected to the second end of the string. The first and third electrical conductors extend out of the first discrete penetration, while the second electrical conductor extends out of the second discrete penetration. Other features and embodiments are also disclosed. | 1. A photovoltaic laminate comprising:
a string of photovoltaic cells, the string of photovoltaic cells having a first end and a second end; a first connector; a first electrical conductor that is electrically connected to the first end of the string of photovoltaic cells and extends out of the first connector; a second connector; a second electrical conductor that is electrically connected to the second end of the string of photovoltaic cells and extends out of the second connector; and a third electrical conductor that is electrically connected to the second end of the string of photovoltaic cells and extends out of the first connector. 2. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 1, further comprising:
a bus bar that is embedded in the photovoltaic laminate and connects the second end of the string of photovoltaic cells to the third electrical conductor. 3. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 1, further comprising:
a first discrete penetration, wherein the first electrical conductor is electrically connected to first end of the string of photovoltaic cells by way of the first discrete penetration. 4. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 3, further comprising:
a second discrete penetration, wherein the second electrical conductor is electrically connected to the second end of the string of photovoltaic cells by way of the second discrete penetration. 5. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 4, further comprising:
a sealant inserted into the first and second discrete penetrations to seal the first and second discrete penetrations from external moisture. 6. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 5, wherein the first discrete penetration is located near the first end of the string of photovoltaic cells and exits the photovoltaic laminate through a back or edge of the photovoltaic laminate, and wherein the second discrete penetration is located near the second end of the string of photovoltaic cells and exits the photovoltaic laminate through a back or edge of the photovoltaic laminate. 7. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 1, wherein the third electrical conductor is electrically connected to the second end of the string of photovoltaic cells by way of a fourth electrical conductor that is external to the photovoltaic laminate. 8. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 1, wherein the first connector is removably connected to an end of a diode that is external to the photovoltaic laminate. 9. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 8, wherein the first connector is removably connected to a port that is electrically connected to the end of the diode, and
wherein the diode is housed in a housing that is external to the photovoltaic laminate and that includes the first port. 10. A photovoltaic laminate comprising:
a string of photovoltaic cells, the string of photovoltaic cells having a first end and a second end; a first discrete penetration of the photovoltaic laminate; a first electrical conductor that is electrically connected to the first end of the string of photovoltaic cells and extends out of the first discrete penetration; a second electrical conductor which is electrically connected to an interior point of the string of photovoltaic cells and extends out of the first discrete penetration; a second discrete penetration of the photovoltaic laminate; a third electrical conductor that is electrically connected to the interior point of the string of photovoltaic cells and extends out of the second discrete penetration; and a fourth electrical conductor that is electrically connected to the second end of the string of photovoltaic cells and extends out of the second discrete penetration. 11. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 10, further comprising:
a sealant inserted into the first and second discrete penetrations to prevent external moisture from entering the photovoltaic laminate through the discrete penetrations; and a strain relief mechanism incorporated into the discrete penetration such that forces applied to the external conductors are not transferred to a connection point. 12. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 10, wherein the first discrete penetration is located near the first end of the string of photovoltaic cells, and wherein the second discrete penetration is located near the second end of the string of photovoltaic cells. 13. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 10, further comprising:
a first connector, a second connector, a third connector, and a fourth connector, wherein the first electrical conductor extends out of the first connector, the second electrical conductor extends out of the second connector, the third electrical conductor extends out of the third connector, and the fourth electrical conductor extends out of the fourth connector. 14. A photovoltaic laminate comprising:
a string of photovoltaic cells, the string of photovoltaic cells having a first end and a second end; a first connector; a first electrical conductor that is electrically connected to the first end of the string of photovoltaic cells and extends out of the first connector; a second electrical conductor which is electrically connected to an interior point of the string of photovoltaic cells and extends out of the first connector; a second connector; a third electrical conductor that is electrically connected to the interior point of the string of photovoltaic cells and extends out of the second connector; and a fourth electrical conductor that is electrically connected to the second end of the string of photovoltaic cells and extends out of the second connector. 15. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 14, further comprising:
a first discrete penetration, wherein the first electrical conductor is electrically connected to the first end of the string of photovoltaic cells by way of the first discrete penetration. 16. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 15, further comprising:
a second discrete penetration, wherein the fourth electrical conductor is electrically connected to the second end of the string of photovoltaic cells by way of the second discrete penetration. 17. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 15, further comprising:
a sealant inserted into the first and second discrete penetrations to prevent external moisture from entering the photovoltaic laminate through the discrete penetrations; and a strain relief mechanism incorporated into the discrete penetration such that forces applied to the external conductors are not transferred to a connection point. 18. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 16, wherein the first discrete penetration is located near the first end of the string of photovoltaic cells, and wherein the second discrete penetration is located near the second end of the string of photovoltaic cells. 19. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 10, wherein the first connector is removably connected to an end of a first diode. 20. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 19, wherein the second connector is removably connected to an end of a second diode. | One embodiment relates to a connector that includes a diode. The diode has an anode and a cathode. The connector further includes a first electrical connection which connects to the anode, a second electrical connection which also connects to the anode, and a third electrical connection which connects to the cathode. Another embodiment relates to a photovoltaic laminate which includes a string of photovoltaic cells and three electrical conductors extending out of two discrete penetrations of the laminate. A first electrical conductor is connected to a first end of the string, a second electrical conductor is connected to a second end of the string, and a third electrical conductor is also connected to the second end of the string. The first and third electrical conductors extend out of the first discrete penetration, while the second electrical conductor extends out of the second discrete penetration. Other features and embodiments are also disclosed.1. A photovoltaic laminate comprising:
a string of photovoltaic cells, the string of photovoltaic cells having a first end and a second end; a first connector; a first electrical conductor that is electrically connected to the first end of the string of photovoltaic cells and extends out of the first connector; a second connector; a second electrical conductor that is electrically connected to the second end of the string of photovoltaic cells and extends out of the second connector; and a third electrical conductor that is electrically connected to the second end of the string of photovoltaic cells and extends out of the first connector. 2. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 1, further comprising:
a bus bar that is embedded in the photovoltaic laminate and connects the second end of the string of photovoltaic cells to the third electrical conductor. 3. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 1, further comprising:
a first discrete penetration, wherein the first electrical conductor is electrically connected to first end of the string of photovoltaic cells by way of the first discrete penetration. 4. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 3, further comprising:
a second discrete penetration, wherein the second electrical conductor is electrically connected to the second end of the string of photovoltaic cells by way of the second discrete penetration. 5. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 4, further comprising:
a sealant inserted into the first and second discrete penetrations to seal the first and second discrete penetrations from external moisture. 6. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 5, wherein the first discrete penetration is located near the first end of the string of photovoltaic cells and exits the photovoltaic laminate through a back or edge of the photovoltaic laminate, and wherein the second discrete penetration is located near the second end of the string of photovoltaic cells and exits the photovoltaic laminate through a back or edge of the photovoltaic laminate. 7. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 1, wherein the third electrical conductor is electrically connected to the second end of the string of photovoltaic cells by way of a fourth electrical conductor that is external to the photovoltaic laminate. 8. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 1, wherein the first connector is removably connected to an end of a diode that is external to the photovoltaic laminate. 9. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 8, wherein the first connector is removably connected to a port that is electrically connected to the end of the diode, and
wherein the diode is housed in a housing that is external to the photovoltaic laminate and that includes the first port. 10. A photovoltaic laminate comprising:
a string of photovoltaic cells, the string of photovoltaic cells having a first end and a second end; a first discrete penetration of the photovoltaic laminate; a first electrical conductor that is electrically connected to the first end of the string of photovoltaic cells and extends out of the first discrete penetration; a second electrical conductor which is electrically connected to an interior point of the string of photovoltaic cells and extends out of the first discrete penetration; a second discrete penetration of the photovoltaic laminate; a third electrical conductor that is electrically connected to the interior point of the string of photovoltaic cells and extends out of the second discrete penetration; and a fourth electrical conductor that is electrically connected to the second end of the string of photovoltaic cells and extends out of the second discrete penetration. 11. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 10, further comprising:
a sealant inserted into the first and second discrete penetrations to prevent external moisture from entering the photovoltaic laminate through the discrete penetrations; and a strain relief mechanism incorporated into the discrete penetration such that forces applied to the external conductors are not transferred to a connection point. 12. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 10, wherein the first discrete penetration is located near the first end of the string of photovoltaic cells, and wherein the second discrete penetration is located near the second end of the string of photovoltaic cells. 13. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 10, further comprising:
a first connector, a second connector, a third connector, and a fourth connector, wherein the first electrical conductor extends out of the first connector, the second electrical conductor extends out of the second connector, the third electrical conductor extends out of the third connector, and the fourth electrical conductor extends out of the fourth connector. 14. A photovoltaic laminate comprising:
a string of photovoltaic cells, the string of photovoltaic cells having a first end and a second end; a first connector; a first electrical conductor that is electrically connected to the first end of the string of photovoltaic cells and extends out of the first connector; a second electrical conductor which is electrically connected to an interior point of the string of photovoltaic cells and extends out of the first connector; a second connector; a third electrical conductor that is electrically connected to the interior point of the string of photovoltaic cells and extends out of the second connector; and a fourth electrical conductor that is electrically connected to the second end of the string of photovoltaic cells and extends out of the second connector. 15. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 14, further comprising:
a first discrete penetration, wherein the first electrical conductor is electrically connected to the first end of the string of photovoltaic cells by way of the first discrete penetration. 16. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 15, further comprising:
a second discrete penetration, wherein the fourth electrical conductor is electrically connected to the second end of the string of photovoltaic cells by way of the second discrete penetration. 17. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 15, further comprising:
a sealant inserted into the first and second discrete penetrations to prevent external moisture from entering the photovoltaic laminate through the discrete penetrations; and a strain relief mechanism incorporated into the discrete penetration such that forces applied to the external conductors are not transferred to a connection point. 18. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 16, wherein the first discrete penetration is located near the first end of the string of photovoltaic cells, and wherein the second discrete penetration is located near the second end of the string of photovoltaic cells. 19. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 10, wherein the first connector is removably connected to an end of a first diode. 20. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 19, wherein the second connector is removably connected to an end of a second diode. | 1,700 |
2,108 | 14,236,538 | 1,791 | The present invention to stable carotenoid emulsions, which—when used in a liquid formulation (especially a beverage, such as a soft drink)—allows to obtain transparent formulation (even after pasteurization). | 1. An emulsion comprising
0.5 to 8 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, of at least one carotenoid, and 3 to 57 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, of an emulsifier mixture, and 1 to 16 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, of at least one oil, and 0 to 1 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, of at least one antioxidant, and 18 to 95.5 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, water, characterized in that the mixture of emulsifiers comprises (a) at least one polyoxyethylene sorbitan monofatty acid ester and (b) at least one emulsifier having a HLB value of at least 6 (preferably at least 6.5, more preferably at least 7), and wherein (i) the ratio of carotenoid:polyoxyethylene sorbitan monofatty acid ester is 1:5 to 1:6.5 and (ii) at least one emulsifier (b) is present in amount of 0.5 to 5 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, and (iii) the amount of the least one emulsifier (a) is at least 4 times higher that the amount of the least one emulsifier (b). 2. An emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the carotenoid is chosen from the group consisting of α-carotene, β-carotene, 8′-apo-β-carotenal, 8′-apo-β-carotenoic acid esters, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin and crocetin, preferably β-carotene, 8′-apo-β-carotenal and 8′-apo-β-carotenoic acid esters. 3. An emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the emulsion comprises 0.5 to 5 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, of at least one carotenoid. 4. An emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the emulsion comprises 3 to 37.5 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, of an emulsifier mixture. 5. An emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the polyoxyethylene sorbitan monofatty acid of the emulsifier mixture is chosen from the group consisting of polyoxyethylene(20) sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene(20) sorbitan-monopalmitate, polyoxyethylene(20) sorbitan monostearate and polyoxyethylene(20) sorbitan monooleate. 6. An emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the emulsifier having a HLB value of at least 6 (preferably at least 6.5, more preferably at least 7) of the emulsifier mixture is chosen from the group consisting of lecithin and polyglycerolesters of fatty acids. 7. An emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the emulsifier mixture comprises
(a) 80 to 98 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsifier mixture, of at least one polyoxyethylene sorbitan monofatty acid ester and (b) 2 to 20 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsifier mixture, of at least one other emulsifier with a HLB value of at least 6 (preferably at least 6.5, more preferably at least 7). 8. An emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the emulsion comprises 1 to 10 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, of at least one oil. 9. An emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the oil is chosen from the group consisting of MCT, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, palm oil, peanut oil, rapeseed oil, canola oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, hazelnut oil, almond oil, cashew oil, macadamia oil, mongongo nut oil, pracaxi oil, pecan oil, pine nut oil, pistachio oil, sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) oil, walnut oil and polyunsaturated fatty acids. 10. An emulsion according to claim 1, comprising 0.01 to 1 wt-%, preferably 0.5 to 0.8 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, of at least one antioxidant chosen from the group consisting of ascorbic acid or salts thereof, (synthetic or natural) tocopherol (dl-alpha-tocopherol), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), propyl gallate, tert. butyl hydroxyquinoline and ascorbic acid esters of a fatty acid. 11. An emulsion according to claim 1, comprising further ingredients such as ethoxyquin, plasticizers, preservatives (such as sorbic acid and its salts), stabilizers, acids (such as citric acid, acetic acid as well as their salts), humectants (such as glycerol, sorbitol, polyethylene glycol) protective colloids, dyes, fragrances, fillers and pH-buffers. 12. Use of at least one emulsion according to claim 1 in a liquid formulation (preferably a beverage). 13. Use according to claim 12, wherein the liquid formulation is clear and pasteurized. 14. Liquid formulation (preferably beverages) comprising at least one emulsion according to claim 1. 15. Liquid formulation according to claim 14, which is clear and pasteurized. 16. Liquid formulation according to claim 14, wherein the carotenoid content is 1-20 ppm. | The present invention to stable carotenoid emulsions, which—when used in a liquid formulation (especially a beverage, such as a soft drink)—allows to obtain transparent formulation (even after pasteurization).1. An emulsion comprising
0.5 to 8 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, of at least one carotenoid, and 3 to 57 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, of an emulsifier mixture, and 1 to 16 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, of at least one oil, and 0 to 1 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, of at least one antioxidant, and 18 to 95.5 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, water, characterized in that the mixture of emulsifiers comprises (a) at least one polyoxyethylene sorbitan monofatty acid ester and (b) at least one emulsifier having a HLB value of at least 6 (preferably at least 6.5, more preferably at least 7), and wherein (i) the ratio of carotenoid:polyoxyethylene sorbitan monofatty acid ester is 1:5 to 1:6.5 and (ii) at least one emulsifier (b) is present in amount of 0.5 to 5 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, and (iii) the amount of the least one emulsifier (a) is at least 4 times higher that the amount of the least one emulsifier (b). 2. An emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the carotenoid is chosen from the group consisting of α-carotene, β-carotene, 8′-apo-β-carotenal, 8′-apo-β-carotenoic acid esters, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin and crocetin, preferably β-carotene, 8′-apo-β-carotenal and 8′-apo-β-carotenoic acid esters. 3. An emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the emulsion comprises 0.5 to 5 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, of at least one carotenoid. 4. An emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the emulsion comprises 3 to 37.5 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, of an emulsifier mixture. 5. An emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the polyoxyethylene sorbitan monofatty acid of the emulsifier mixture is chosen from the group consisting of polyoxyethylene(20) sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene(20) sorbitan-monopalmitate, polyoxyethylene(20) sorbitan monostearate and polyoxyethylene(20) sorbitan monooleate. 6. An emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the emulsifier having a HLB value of at least 6 (preferably at least 6.5, more preferably at least 7) of the emulsifier mixture is chosen from the group consisting of lecithin and polyglycerolesters of fatty acids. 7. An emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the emulsifier mixture comprises
(a) 80 to 98 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsifier mixture, of at least one polyoxyethylene sorbitan monofatty acid ester and (b) 2 to 20 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsifier mixture, of at least one other emulsifier with a HLB value of at least 6 (preferably at least 6.5, more preferably at least 7). 8. An emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the emulsion comprises 1 to 10 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, of at least one oil. 9. An emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the oil is chosen from the group consisting of MCT, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, palm oil, peanut oil, rapeseed oil, canola oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, hazelnut oil, almond oil, cashew oil, macadamia oil, mongongo nut oil, pracaxi oil, pecan oil, pine nut oil, pistachio oil, sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) oil, walnut oil and polyunsaturated fatty acids. 10. An emulsion according to claim 1, comprising 0.01 to 1 wt-%, preferably 0.5 to 0.8 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, of at least one antioxidant chosen from the group consisting of ascorbic acid or salts thereof, (synthetic or natural) tocopherol (dl-alpha-tocopherol), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), propyl gallate, tert. butyl hydroxyquinoline and ascorbic acid esters of a fatty acid. 11. An emulsion according to claim 1, comprising further ingredients such as ethoxyquin, plasticizers, preservatives (such as sorbic acid and its salts), stabilizers, acids (such as citric acid, acetic acid as well as their salts), humectants (such as glycerol, sorbitol, polyethylene glycol) protective colloids, dyes, fragrances, fillers and pH-buffers. 12. Use of at least one emulsion according to claim 1 in a liquid formulation (preferably a beverage). 13. Use according to claim 12, wherein the liquid formulation is clear and pasteurized. 14. Liquid formulation (preferably beverages) comprising at least one emulsion according to claim 1. 15. Liquid formulation according to claim 14, which is clear and pasteurized. 16. Liquid formulation according to claim 14, wherein the carotenoid content is 1-20 ppm. | 1,700 |
2,109 | 12,998,645 | 1,764 | The present invention refers to a formulation for anticorrosion paints and coatings, based on epoxy, polyurethane, acrylic, alkylic, polyester resins and mixtures thereof, dissolved in organic or inorganic solvent and comprising a multitude of mostly bi-dimensionally developed nanoparticles, with a few hundred and about one nanometer, respectively, as to lateral dimensions and thickness, wherein the viscosity of the formulation is lower than 55000 mPa·s. | 1-9. (canceled) 10. Formulation for anticorrosion paints and coatings, based on epoxy, polyurethane, acrylic, alkylic, polyester resins and mixtures thereof, and comprising a multitude of mostly bi-dimensionally developed nanoparticles, with a few hundred and about one nanometer, respectively, as to lateral dimensions and thickness, wherein said nanoparticles consist of materials containing ions available for ion exchange reactions, previously treated by ion exchange reaction with ions of long chain molecules having at least 16 carbon atoms, the rotational viscosity of the formulation at 10 rpm, measured according to ASTM D4212, being lower than 55000 mPa·s 11. Formulation for anticorrosion paints and coatings according to claim 10, wherein the viscosity of the formulation is lower than 40000 mPa·s. 12. Formulation for anticorrosion paints and coatings according to claim 11, wherein the amount of said nanoparticles is lower than 2% by weight, based on the total weight of the formulation. 13. Formulation for anticorrosion paints and coatings according to claim 12, wherein the amount of said nanoparticles is lower than 1% by weight, based on the total weight of the formulation. 14. Formulation for anticorrosion paints and coatings according to claim 13, wherein the amount of said nanoparticles is equal to 0.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the formulation. 15. Formulation for anticorrosion paints and coatings according to claim 13 wherein said nanoparticles consist of silico-aluminate based materials. 16. Formulation for anticorrosion paints and coatings according to claim 15, wherein said nanoparticles consist of montmorillonite. 17. Formulation for anticorrosion paints and coatings according to claim 14, wherein said long chain molecule ions are obtained by protonising amines or other compounds compatible with other formulation components. 18. Formulation for anticorrosion paints and coatings, based on epoxy, polyurethane, acrylic, alkylic, polyester resins and mixtures thereof comprising a multitude of mostly bi-dimensionally developed nanoparticles, with a few hundred and about one nanometer, respectively, as to lateral dimensions and thickness, wherein said nanoparticles consist of materials containing ions available for ion exchange reactions, previously treated by ion exchange reaction with ions of long chain molecules having at least 16 carbon atoms. | The present invention refers to a formulation for anticorrosion paints and coatings, based on epoxy, polyurethane, acrylic, alkylic, polyester resins and mixtures thereof, dissolved in organic or inorganic solvent and comprising a multitude of mostly bi-dimensionally developed nanoparticles, with a few hundred and about one nanometer, respectively, as to lateral dimensions and thickness, wherein the viscosity of the formulation is lower than 55000 mPa·s.1-9. (canceled) 10. Formulation for anticorrosion paints and coatings, based on epoxy, polyurethane, acrylic, alkylic, polyester resins and mixtures thereof, and comprising a multitude of mostly bi-dimensionally developed nanoparticles, with a few hundred and about one nanometer, respectively, as to lateral dimensions and thickness, wherein said nanoparticles consist of materials containing ions available for ion exchange reactions, previously treated by ion exchange reaction with ions of long chain molecules having at least 16 carbon atoms, the rotational viscosity of the formulation at 10 rpm, measured according to ASTM D4212, being lower than 55000 mPa·s 11. Formulation for anticorrosion paints and coatings according to claim 10, wherein the viscosity of the formulation is lower than 40000 mPa·s. 12. Formulation for anticorrosion paints and coatings according to claim 11, wherein the amount of said nanoparticles is lower than 2% by weight, based on the total weight of the formulation. 13. Formulation for anticorrosion paints and coatings according to claim 12, wherein the amount of said nanoparticles is lower than 1% by weight, based on the total weight of the formulation. 14. Formulation for anticorrosion paints and coatings according to claim 13, wherein the amount of said nanoparticles is equal to 0.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the formulation. 15. Formulation for anticorrosion paints and coatings according to claim 13 wherein said nanoparticles consist of silico-aluminate based materials. 16. Formulation for anticorrosion paints and coatings according to claim 15, wherein said nanoparticles consist of montmorillonite. 17. Formulation for anticorrosion paints and coatings according to claim 14, wherein said long chain molecule ions are obtained by protonising amines or other compounds compatible with other formulation components. 18. Formulation for anticorrosion paints and coatings, based on epoxy, polyurethane, acrylic, alkylic, polyester resins and mixtures thereof comprising a multitude of mostly bi-dimensionally developed nanoparticles, with a few hundred and about one nanometer, respectively, as to lateral dimensions and thickness, wherein said nanoparticles consist of materials containing ions available for ion exchange reactions, previously treated by ion exchange reaction with ions of long chain molecules having at least 16 carbon atoms. | 1,700 |
2,110 | 14,390,841 | 1,712 | A design of an integrated computational element (ICE) includes (1) specification of a substrate and multiple layers, their respective target thicknesses and refractive indices, refractive indices of adjacent layers being different from each other, and a notional ICE fabricated based on the ICE design being related to a characteristic of a sample, and (2) identification of one or more critical layers of the ICE layers, an ICE layer being identified as a critical layer if potential variations of its thickness or refractive index due to expected fabrication variations cause ICE performance degradation that exceeds a threshold degradation, otherwise the ICE layer being identified as a non-critical layer. At least one critical layer of the ICE is formed using two or more forming steps to form respective two or more sub-layers of the critical layer, and at least one non-critical layer of the ICE is formed using a single forming step. | 1. A method performed by a fabrication system, the method comprising:
receiving a design of an integrated computational element (ICE), the ICE design comprising
specification of a substrate and a plurality of layers, their respective target thicknesses and complex refractive indices, wherein complex refractive indices of adjacent layers are different from each other, and wherein a notional ICE fabricated in accordance with the ICE design is related to a characteristic of a sample, and
identification of one or more critical layers from among the plurality of layers, wherein a layer of the ICE is identified as a critical layer if potential variations of its thickness or complex refractive index due to expected variations of the fabrication cause degradation of the ICE's performance that exceeds a threshold degradation, otherwise the layer of the ICE is identified as a non-critical layer; and
forming the layers of the ICE, wherein
at least one critical layer of the ICE is formed using two or more forming steps to form respective two or more sub-layers of the critical layer, and
at least one non-critical layer of the ICE is formed using a single forming step. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising
after said forming of at least one sub-layer or layer, measuring, by a measurement system, characteristics of the formed sub-layers and layers; and prior to said forming of at least some of the at least one critical layer of the ICE, adjusting said forming of layers remaining to be formed based on results of said measuring. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising, prior to said forming of at least some of the two or more sub-layers of at least one critical layer of the ICE, adjusting said forming of sub-layers remaining to be formed for the critical layer based on the results of said measuring. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said forming of the layers of the ICE comprises
forming each critical layer of the ICE using two or more forming steps to form respective two or more sub-layers of the critical layer, and forming each non-critical layer of the ICE using a single forming step. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising
after said forming of each sub-layer or layer, measuring, by a measurement system, characteristics of the formed sub-layers and layers; and prior to said forming of at least some of the one or more critical layers of the ICE, adjusting said forming of layers remaining to be formed based on results of said measuring. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the results of said measuring comprise one or more of complex refractive indices and thicknesses of the formed sub-layers and layers. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein said measuring comprises performing ellipsometry of the formed sub-layers and layers. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein said measuring comprises performing optical monitoring of the formed sub-layers and layers. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein said measuring comprises performing spectroscopy of the formed sub-layers and layers. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein said measuring comprises performing physical monitoring of the formed sub-layers and layers. 11. The method of claim 6, wherein said adjusting comprises obtaining target thicknesses of the remaining sub-layers of the critical layer currently being formed and the layers remaining to be formed based on the complex refractive indices and thicknesses of the formed sub-layers and layers. 12. The method of claim 6, wherein said adjusting comprises updating a deposition rate or time used to form remaining sub-layers of the critical layer currently being formed and the layers remaining to be formed based on the complex refractive indices and thicknesses of the formed sub-layers and layers. 13. The method of claim 6, wherein said adjusting comprises modifying a complex refractive index of remaining sub-layers of the critical layer currently being formed and complex refractive indices corresponding to the layers remaining to be formed based on the complex refractive indices and thicknesses of the formed sub-layers and layers. 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising, for at least one critical layer, forming at least some sub-layers of the two or more sub-layers to a sub-layer target thickness equal to a fraction of the remaining thickness of the critical layer. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the fraction of the remaining thickness of the critical layer is 40-60%. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the fraction of the remaining thickness of the critical layer is 85-95%. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein
a first fraction is used for the sub-layer target thickness of a first sub-layer of the two or more sub-layers, and a second fraction is used for sub-layer target thickness of the remaining ones of the two or more sub-layers. 18. The method of claim 1, further comprising, for at least one critical layer,
determining, by the fabrication system after completing a current number of sub-layers of the critical layer, that forming another sub-layer in addition to the current number of sub-layers would lead to degradation in performance of the ICE with the current number of sub-layers in the critical layer; and completing of said forming the critical layer in response to said determining. 19. The method of claim 1, further comprising, for at least one critical layer, forming at least some of the two or more sub-layers to a sub-layer target thickness equal to a fraction of the target thickness of the critical layer. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the fraction of the target thickness is configured such that the sub-layer target thickness is no less than a minimum allowed sub-layer thickness and does not exceed a maximum allowed sub-layer thickness. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the fraction of the target thickness further is configured to form a minimum number of sub-layers, based on the maximum allowed sub-layer thickness. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the minimum and maximum allowed sub-layer thicknesses are constrained by limitations of a deposition process used to form the sub-layers. 23. The method of claim 20, wherein the minimum and maximum allowed sub-layer thicknesses are constrained by limitations of a monitoring technique used to monitor thickness of the formed sub-layers. 24. A system comprising:
a deposition chamber; one or more deposition sources associated with the deposition chamber to provide materials from which layers of one or more integrated computational elements (ICEs) are formed; one or more supports disposed inside the deposition chamber, at least partially, within a field of view of the one or more deposition sources to support the layers of the ICEs while the layers are formed; a measurement system associated with the deposition chamber to measure one or more characteristics of the layers while the layers are formed; and a computer system in communication with at least some of the one or more deposition sources, the one or more supports and the measurement system, wherein the computer system comprises one or more hardware processors and non-transitory computer-readable medium encoding instructions that, when executed by the one or more hardware processors, cause the system to form the layers of the ICEs by performing operations comprising:
receiving an ICE design of the ICEs, the ICE design comprising
specification of a substrate and a plurality of layers, their respective target thicknesses and complex refractive indices, wherein complex refractive indices of adjacent layers are different from each other, and wherein a notional ICE fabricated in accordance with the ICE design is related to a characteristic of a sample, and
identification of one or more critical layers from among the plurality of layers, wherein a layer of the ICEs is identified as a critical layer if potential variations of its thickness or complex refractive index due to expected variations of the fabrication cause degradation of the ICEs' performance that exceeds a threshold degradation, otherwise the layer of the ICE design is identified as a non-critical layer; and
forming the layers of the ICEs, wherein
at least one critical layer of the ICEs is formed using two or more forming steps to form respective two or more sub-layers of the critical layer, and
at least one non-critical layer of the ICEs is formed using a single forming step. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the measurement system comprises an ellipsometer. 26. The system of claim 24, wherein the measurement system comprises an optical monitor. 27. The system of claim 24, wherein the measurement system comprises a spectrometer. 28. The system of claim 24, wherein the measurement system comprises a physical monitor including a crystal microbalance. | A design of an integrated computational element (ICE) includes (1) specification of a substrate and multiple layers, their respective target thicknesses and refractive indices, refractive indices of adjacent layers being different from each other, and a notional ICE fabricated based on the ICE design being related to a characteristic of a sample, and (2) identification of one or more critical layers of the ICE layers, an ICE layer being identified as a critical layer if potential variations of its thickness or refractive index due to expected fabrication variations cause ICE performance degradation that exceeds a threshold degradation, otherwise the ICE layer being identified as a non-critical layer. At least one critical layer of the ICE is formed using two or more forming steps to form respective two or more sub-layers of the critical layer, and at least one non-critical layer of the ICE is formed using a single forming step.1. A method performed by a fabrication system, the method comprising:
receiving a design of an integrated computational element (ICE), the ICE design comprising
specification of a substrate and a plurality of layers, their respective target thicknesses and complex refractive indices, wherein complex refractive indices of adjacent layers are different from each other, and wherein a notional ICE fabricated in accordance with the ICE design is related to a characteristic of a sample, and
identification of one or more critical layers from among the plurality of layers, wherein a layer of the ICE is identified as a critical layer if potential variations of its thickness or complex refractive index due to expected variations of the fabrication cause degradation of the ICE's performance that exceeds a threshold degradation, otherwise the layer of the ICE is identified as a non-critical layer; and
forming the layers of the ICE, wherein
at least one critical layer of the ICE is formed using two or more forming steps to form respective two or more sub-layers of the critical layer, and
at least one non-critical layer of the ICE is formed using a single forming step. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising
after said forming of at least one sub-layer or layer, measuring, by a measurement system, characteristics of the formed sub-layers and layers; and prior to said forming of at least some of the at least one critical layer of the ICE, adjusting said forming of layers remaining to be formed based on results of said measuring. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising, prior to said forming of at least some of the two or more sub-layers of at least one critical layer of the ICE, adjusting said forming of sub-layers remaining to be formed for the critical layer based on the results of said measuring. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said forming of the layers of the ICE comprises
forming each critical layer of the ICE using two or more forming steps to form respective two or more sub-layers of the critical layer, and forming each non-critical layer of the ICE using a single forming step. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising
after said forming of each sub-layer or layer, measuring, by a measurement system, characteristics of the formed sub-layers and layers; and prior to said forming of at least some of the one or more critical layers of the ICE, adjusting said forming of layers remaining to be formed based on results of said measuring. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the results of said measuring comprise one or more of complex refractive indices and thicknesses of the formed sub-layers and layers. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein said measuring comprises performing ellipsometry of the formed sub-layers and layers. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein said measuring comprises performing optical monitoring of the formed sub-layers and layers. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein said measuring comprises performing spectroscopy of the formed sub-layers and layers. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein said measuring comprises performing physical monitoring of the formed sub-layers and layers. 11. The method of claim 6, wherein said adjusting comprises obtaining target thicknesses of the remaining sub-layers of the critical layer currently being formed and the layers remaining to be formed based on the complex refractive indices and thicknesses of the formed sub-layers and layers. 12. The method of claim 6, wherein said adjusting comprises updating a deposition rate or time used to form remaining sub-layers of the critical layer currently being formed and the layers remaining to be formed based on the complex refractive indices and thicknesses of the formed sub-layers and layers. 13. The method of claim 6, wherein said adjusting comprises modifying a complex refractive index of remaining sub-layers of the critical layer currently being formed and complex refractive indices corresponding to the layers remaining to be formed based on the complex refractive indices and thicknesses of the formed sub-layers and layers. 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising, for at least one critical layer, forming at least some sub-layers of the two or more sub-layers to a sub-layer target thickness equal to a fraction of the remaining thickness of the critical layer. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the fraction of the remaining thickness of the critical layer is 40-60%. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the fraction of the remaining thickness of the critical layer is 85-95%. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein
a first fraction is used for the sub-layer target thickness of a first sub-layer of the two or more sub-layers, and a second fraction is used for sub-layer target thickness of the remaining ones of the two or more sub-layers. 18. The method of claim 1, further comprising, for at least one critical layer,
determining, by the fabrication system after completing a current number of sub-layers of the critical layer, that forming another sub-layer in addition to the current number of sub-layers would lead to degradation in performance of the ICE with the current number of sub-layers in the critical layer; and completing of said forming the critical layer in response to said determining. 19. The method of claim 1, further comprising, for at least one critical layer, forming at least some of the two or more sub-layers to a sub-layer target thickness equal to a fraction of the target thickness of the critical layer. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the fraction of the target thickness is configured such that the sub-layer target thickness is no less than a minimum allowed sub-layer thickness and does not exceed a maximum allowed sub-layer thickness. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the fraction of the target thickness further is configured to form a minimum number of sub-layers, based on the maximum allowed sub-layer thickness. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the minimum and maximum allowed sub-layer thicknesses are constrained by limitations of a deposition process used to form the sub-layers. 23. The method of claim 20, wherein the minimum and maximum allowed sub-layer thicknesses are constrained by limitations of a monitoring technique used to monitor thickness of the formed sub-layers. 24. A system comprising:
a deposition chamber; one or more deposition sources associated with the deposition chamber to provide materials from which layers of one or more integrated computational elements (ICEs) are formed; one or more supports disposed inside the deposition chamber, at least partially, within a field of view of the one or more deposition sources to support the layers of the ICEs while the layers are formed; a measurement system associated with the deposition chamber to measure one or more characteristics of the layers while the layers are formed; and a computer system in communication with at least some of the one or more deposition sources, the one or more supports and the measurement system, wherein the computer system comprises one or more hardware processors and non-transitory computer-readable medium encoding instructions that, when executed by the one or more hardware processors, cause the system to form the layers of the ICEs by performing operations comprising:
receiving an ICE design of the ICEs, the ICE design comprising
specification of a substrate and a plurality of layers, their respective target thicknesses and complex refractive indices, wherein complex refractive indices of adjacent layers are different from each other, and wherein a notional ICE fabricated in accordance with the ICE design is related to a characteristic of a sample, and
identification of one or more critical layers from among the plurality of layers, wherein a layer of the ICEs is identified as a critical layer if potential variations of its thickness or complex refractive index due to expected variations of the fabrication cause degradation of the ICEs' performance that exceeds a threshold degradation, otherwise the layer of the ICE design is identified as a non-critical layer; and
forming the layers of the ICEs, wherein
at least one critical layer of the ICEs is formed using two or more forming steps to form respective two or more sub-layers of the critical layer, and
at least one non-critical layer of the ICEs is formed using a single forming step. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the measurement system comprises an ellipsometer. 26. The system of claim 24, wherein the measurement system comprises an optical monitor. 27. The system of claim 24, wherein the measurement system comprises a spectrometer. 28. The system of claim 24, wherein the measurement system comprises a physical monitor including a crystal microbalance. | 1,700 |
2,111 | 14,124,851 | 1,786 | An organic electroluminescent element which has a substrate, a pair of electrodes disposed on this substrate and composed of an anode and a cathode, and at least one organic layer disposed between these electrodes and including a light-emitting layer, and in which a compound expressed by General Formula 1-1 is contained in at least one layer of the aforementioned light-emitting layer(s) exhibits high luminous efficiency, excellent blue color purity, and little change in chromaticity accompanying drive deterioration. (R 1 to R 10 [each] represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and at least one of R 1 to R 10 is a substituent expressed by General Formula 1-2; however, a pyrene skeleton is never contained in R 1 to R 10 ; the asterisk indicates the bonding position with a pyrene ring; X 1 to X 5 [each] represent a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom, and at least one of X 1 to X 5 is a nitrogen atom; R 11 to R 15 [each] represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and at least one of R 11 to R 15 is an alkyl group or a silyl group; however, if X 1 to X 5 represent nitrogen atoms, there is no R 11 to R 15 bonded on these nitrogen atoms.) | 1. An organic electroluminescent element having
a substrate, a pair of electrodes disposed on this substrate and composed of an anode and a cathode, and at least one organic layer disposed between these electrodes and including a light-emitting layer, wherein a compound expressed by General Formula 1-1 below is contained in at least one layer of said light-emitting layer(s):
R1 to R10 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and at least one of R1 to R10 is a substituent expressed by General Formula 1-2 below; however, a pyrene skeleton is never contained in R1 to R10:
wherein the asterisk indicates a bonding position with a pyrene ring; X1 to X5 each independently represents a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom, and at least one of X1 to X5 is a nitrogen atom; R11 to R15 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and at least one of R11 to R15 represents an alkyl group or a silyl group; however, if X1 to X5 represent nitrogen atoms, there is no R11 to R15 bonded on these nitrogen atoms. 2. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1, wherein R1 to R10 in General Formula 1-1 above do not jointly form a ring. 3. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1, wherein the compound expressed by General Formula 1-1 above is expressed by General Formula 2 below:
R2 to R10 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent; X1, X3, and X5 each independently represents a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom, and at least one of X1, X3, and X5 is a nitrogen atom; R11 to R15 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and at least one of R11 to R15 represents an alkyl group or a silyl group, but if X1, X3, and X5 represent nitrogen atoms, there is no R11, R13, or R15 bonded on these nitrogen atoms; however, a pyrene skeleton is never contained in R2 to R15, and even when R11 to R15 jointly form a ring, a pyrene skeleton is never formed. 4. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1, wherein R12 and/or R14 in General Formula 1-1 above is an alkyl group or a silyl group. 5. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1, wherein both R12 and R14 in General Formula 1-1 above are an alkyl group or a silyl group. 6. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1, wherein the compound expressed by General Formula 1-1 above is expressed by any of General Formulas 3-1 to 3-3 below:
R2 to R10 represent each independently a hydrogen atom or a substituent; X1, X3, and X5 represent each independently a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom, and at least one of X1, X3, and X5 is a nitrogen atom; R11 to R15 represent each independently a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and at least one of R11 to R15 represents an alkyl group or a silyl group; at least one of X6 to X8 is a nitrogen atom; R16 to R20 represent each independently a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and at least one of R16 to R20 represents an alkyl group or a silyl group, but if X1, X3, X5, and X6 to X8 represent nitrogen atoms, there is no R11, R13, R15, R16, R18, or R20 bonded on these nitrogen atoms; however, a pyrene skeleton is never contained in R2 to R20, and even when R11 to R15 jointly form a ring, or even when R16 to R20 jointly form a ring, a pyrene skeleton is never formed. 7. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 6, wherein R11 to R20 in General Formulas 3-1 to 3-3 above represent each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or a silyl group. 8. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 6 or 7, wherein at least two of X1, X3, and X5 or at least two of X6 to X8 in General Formulas 3-1 to 3-3 above are nitrogen atoms. 9. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1, wherein at least one of R2, R3, R4, R5, R7, R9, and R10 in General Formula 1-1 above is a substituent. 10. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1, wherein at least one of R2, R3, R4, R5, R7, R9, and R10 in General Formula 1-1 above, General Formula 2 above, and General Formulas 3-1 to 3-3 above is a substituent from among an alkyl group, a silyl group, an amino group, a fluorine atom, and a phenyl group or pyridyl group that has been substituted with at least one of these groups. 11. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1, wherein at least one of R2 to R10 in General Formula 1-1 above, General Formula 2 above, and General Formulas 3-1 to 3-3 above is an ortho-alkyl-substituted phenyl group. 12. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 11, wherein said ortho-alkyl-substituted phenyl group is an o-tolyl group, a 2,6-xylyl group, or a mesityl group. 13. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1, wherein R2, R3, R4, R5, R7, R9, and R10 in General Formula 1-1 above are each an alkyl group, a silyl group, an amino group, a fluorine atom, a phenyl group or pyridyl group that has been substituted with at least one of these groups, or a hydrogen atom. 14. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1, wherein the molecular weight of the compound expressed by General Formula 1-1 above is 1000 or less. 15. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1, wherein the compound expressed by General Formula 1-1 above is a light-emitting material. 16. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1, wherein said light-emitting layer includes an anthracene-based host material. 17. A light-emitting device which makes use of the organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1. 18. A display device which makes use of the organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1. 19. A lighting device which makes use of the organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1. 20. A material for an organic electroluminescent element composed of a compound expressed by General Formula 1-1 below:
R1 to R10 represent each independently a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and at least one of R1 to R10 is a substituent expressed by General Formula 1-2 below; however, a pyrene skeleton is never contained in R1 to R10.
the asterisk indicates the bonding position with a pyrene ring; X1 to X5 represent each independently a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom, and at least one of X1 to X5 is a nitrogen atom; R11 to R15 represent each independently a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and at least one of R11 to R15 represents an alkyl group or a silyl group; however, if X1 to X5 represent nitrogen atoms, there is no R11 to R15 bonded on these nitrogen atoms. 21. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 20, wherein R1 to R10 in General Formula 1-1 above do not jointly form a ring. 22. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 20, wherein the compound expressed by General Formula 1-1 above is expressed by General Formula 2 below:
R2 to R10 represent each independently a hydrogen atom or a substituent; X1, X3, and X5 represent each independently a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom, and at least one of X1, X3, and X5 is a nitrogen atom; R11 to R15 represent each independently a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and at least one of R11 to R15 represents an alkyl group or a silyl group, but if X1, X3, and X5 represent nitrogen atoms, there is no R11, R13, or R15 bonded on these nitrogen atoms; however, a pyrene skeleton is never contained in R2 to R15, and even when R11 to R15 jointly form a ring, a pyrene skeleton is never formed. 23. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 20, wherein R12 and/or R14 in General Formula 1-1 above is an alkyl group or a silyl group. 24. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 20, wherein both R12 and R14 in General Formula 11 above are an alkyl group or a silyl group. 25. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 20, wherein the compound expressed by General Formula 1-1 above is expressed by any of General Formulas 3-1 to 3-3 below:
R2 to R10 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent; X1, X3, and X5 represent each independently a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom, and at least one of X1, X3, and X5 is a nitrogen atom; R11 to R15 represent each independently a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and at least one of R11 to R15 represents an alkyl group or a silyl group; at least one of X6 to X8 is a nitrogen atom; R16 to R20 represent each independently a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and at least one of R16 to R20 represents an alkyl group or a silyl group, but if X1, X3, X5, and X6 to X8 represent nitrogen atoms, there is no R11, R13, R15, R16, R18, or R20 bonded on these nitrogen atoms; however, a pyrene skeleton is never contained in R2 to R20, and even when R11 to R15 jointly form a ring, or even when R16 to R20 jointly form a ring, a pyrene skeleton is never formed. 26. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 25, wherein R11 to R20 in General Formulas 3-1 to 3-3 above each independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or a silyl group. 27. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 25, wherein at least two of X1, X3, and X5 or at least two of X6 to X8 in General Formulas 3-1 to 3-3 above are nitrogen atoms. 28. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 20, wherein at least one of R2, R3, R4, R5, R7, R9, and R10 in General Formula 1-1 above is a substituent. 29. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 20, wherein at least one of R2, R3, R4, R5, R7, R9, and R10 in General Formula 1-1 above, General Formula 2 above, and General Formulas 3-1 to 3-3 above is a substituent from among an alkyl group, a silyl group, an amino group, a fluorine groups. 30. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 20, wherein at least one of R2 to R10 in General Formula 1-1 above is an ortho-alkyl-substituted phenyl group. 31. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 30, wherein said ortho-alkyl-substituted phenyl group is an o-tolyl group, a 2,6-xylyl group, or a mesityl group. 32. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 20, wherein R2, R3, R4, R5, R7, R9, and R10 in General Formula 1-1 above are each an alkyl group, a silyl group, an amino group, a fluorine atom, a phenyl group or pyridyl group that has been substituted with at least one of these groups, or a hydrogen atom. 33. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 20, wherein the molecular weight of the compound expressed by General Formula 1-1 above is 1000 or less. 34. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 20, wherein the compound expressed by General Formula 1-1 above is a light-emitting material. | An organic electroluminescent element which has a substrate, a pair of electrodes disposed on this substrate and composed of an anode and a cathode, and at least one organic layer disposed between these electrodes and including a light-emitting layer, and in which a compound expressed by General Formula 1-1 is contained in at least one layer of the aforementioned light-emitting layer(s) exhibits high luminous efficiency, excellent blue color purity, and little change in chromaticity accompanying drive deterioration. (R 1 to R 10 [each] represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and at least one of R 1 to R 10 is a substituent expressed by General Formula 1-2; however, a pyrene skeleton is never contained in R 1 to R 10 ; the asterisk indicates the bonding position with a pyrene ring; X 1 to X 5 [each] represent a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom, and at least one of X 1 to X 5 is a nitrogen atom; R 11 to R 15 [each] represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and at least one of R 11 to R 15 is an alkyl group or a silyl group; however, if X 1 to X 5 represent nitrogen atoms, there is no R 11 to R 15 bonded on these nitrogen atoms.)1. An organic electroluminescent element having
a substrate, a pair of electrodes disposed on this substrate and composed of an anode and a cathode, and at least one organic layer disposed between these electrodes and including a light-emitting layer, wherein a compound expressed by General Formula 1-1 below is contained in at least one layer of said light-emitting layer(s):
R1 to R10 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and at least one of R1 to R10 is a substituent expressed by General Formula 1-2 below; however, a pyrene skeleton is never contained in R1 to R10:
wherein the asterisk indicates a bonding position with a pyrene ring; X1 to X5 each independently represents a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom, and at least one of X1 to X5 is a nitrogen atom; R11 to R15 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and at least one of R11 to R15 represents an alkyl group or a silyl group; however, if X1 to X5 represent nitrogen atoms, there is no R11 to R15 bonded on these nitrogen atoms. 2. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1, wherein R1 to R10 in General Formula 1-1 above do not jointly form a ring. 3. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1, wherein the compound expressed by General Formula 1-1 above is expressed by General Formula 2 below:
R2 to R10 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent; X1, X3, and X5 each independently represents a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom, and at least one of X1, X3, and X5 is a nitrogen atom; R11 to R15 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and at least one of R11 to R15 represents an alkyl group or a silyl group, but if X1, X3, and X5 represent nitrogen atoms, there is no R11, R13, or R15 bonded on these nitrogen atoms; however, a pyrene skeleton is never contained in R2 to R15, and even when R11 to R15 jointly form a ring, a pyrene skeleton is never formed. 4. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1, wherein R12 and/or R14 in General Formula 1-1 above is an alkyl group or a silyl group. 5. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1, wherein both R12 and R14 in General Formula 1-1 above are an alkyl group or a silyl group. 6. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1, wherein the compound expressed by General Formula 1-1 above is expressed by any of General Formulas 3-1 to 3-3 below:
R2 to R10 represent each independently a hydrogen atom or a substituent; X1, X3, and X5 represent each independently a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom, and at least one of X1, X3, and X5 is a nitrogen atom; R11 to R15 represent each independently a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and at least one of R11 to R15 represents an alkyl group or a silyl group; at least one of X6 to X8 is a nitrogen atom; R16 to R20 represent each independently a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and at least one of R16 to R20 represents an alkyl group or a silyl group, but if X1, X3, X5, and X6 to X8 represent nitrogen atoms, there is no R11, R13, R15, R16, R18, or R20 bonded on these nitrogen atoms; however, a pyrene skeleton is never contained in R2 to R20, and even when R11 to R15 jointly form a ring, or even when R16 to R20 jointly form a ring, a pyrene skeleton is never formed. 7. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 6, wherein R11 to R20 in General Formulas 3-1 to 3-3 above represent each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or a silyl group. 8. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 6 or 7, wherein at least two of X1, X3, and X5 or at least two of X6 to X8 in General Formulas 3-1 to 3-3 above are nitrogen atoms. 9. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1, wherein at least one of R2, R3, R4, R5, R7, R9, and R10 in General Formula 1-1 above is a substituent. 10. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1, wherein at least one of R2, R3, R4, R5, R7, R9, and R10 in General Formula 1-1 above, General Formula 2 above, and General Formulas 3-1 to 3-3 above is a substituent from among an alkyl group, a silyl group, an amino group, a fluorine atom, and a phenyl group or pyridyl group that has been substituted with at least one of these groups. 11. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1, wherein at least one of R2 to R10 in General Formula 1-1 above, General Formula 2 above, and General Formulas 3-1 to 3-3 above is an ortho-alkyl-substituted phenyl group. 12. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 11, wherein said ortho-alkyl-substituted phenyl group is an o-tolyl group, a 2,6-xylyl group, or a mesityl group. 13. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1, wherein R2, R3, R4, R5, R7, R9, and R10 in General Formula 1-1 above are each an alkyl group, a silyl group, an amino group, a fluorine atom, a phenyl group or pyridyl group that has been substituted with at least one of these groups, or a hydrogen atom. 14. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1, wherein the molecular weight of the compound expressed by General Formula 1-1 above is 1000 or less. 15. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1, wherein the compound expressed by General Formula 1-1 above is a light-emitting material. 16. The organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1, wherein said light-emitting layer includes an anthracene-based host material. 17. A light-emitting device which makes use of the organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1. 18. A display device which makes use of the organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1. 19. A lighting device which makes use of the organic electroluminescent element according to claim 1. 20. A material for an organic electroluminescent element composed of a compound expressed by General Formula 1-1 below:
R1 to R10 represent each independently a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and at least one of R1 to R10 is a substituent expressed by General Formula 1-2 below; however, a pyrene skeleton is never contained in R1 to R10.
the asterisk indicates the bonding position with a pyrene ring; X1 to X5 represent each independently a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom, and at least one of X1 to X5 is a nitrogen atom; R11 to R15 represent each independently a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and at least one of R11 to R15 represents an alkyl group or a silyl group; however, if X1 to X5 represent nitrogen atoms, there is no R11 to R15 bonded on these nitrogen atoms. 21. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 20, wherein R1 to R10 in General Formula 1-1 above do not jointly form a ring. 22. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 20, wherein the compound expressed by General Formula 1-1 above is expressed by General Formula 2 below:
R2 to R10 represent each independently a hydrogen atom or a substituent; X1, X3, and X5 represent each independently a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom, and at least one of X1, X3, and X5 is a nitrogen atom; R11 to R15 represent each independently a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and at least one of R11 to R15 represents an alkyl group or a silyl group, but if X1, X3, and X5 represent nitrogen atoms, there is no R11, R13, or R15 bonded on these nitrogen atoms; however, a pyrene skeleton is never contained in R2 to R15, and even when R11 to R15 jointly form a ring, a pyrene skeleton is never formed. 23. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 20, wherein R12 and/or R14 in General Formula 1-1 above is an alkyl group or a silyl group. 24. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 20, wherein both R12 and R14 in General Formula 11 above are an alkyl group or a silyl group. 25. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 20, wherein the compound expressed by General Formula 1-1 above is expressed by any of General Formulas 3-1 to 3-3 below:
R2 to R10 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent; X1, X3, and X5 represent each independently a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom, and at least one of X1, X3, and X5 is a nitrogen atom; R11 to R15 represent each independently a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and at least one of R11 to R15 represents an alkyl group or a silyl group; at least one of X6 to X8 is a nitrogen atom; R16 to R20 represent each independently a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and at least one of R16 to R20 represents an alkyl group or a silyl group, but if X1, X3, X5, and X6 to X8 represent nitrogen atoms, there is no R11, R13, R15, R16, R18, or R20 bonded on these nitrogen atoms; however, a pyrene skeleton is never contained in R2 to R20, and even when R11 to R15 jointly form a ring, or even when R16 to R20 jointly form a ring, a pyrene skeleton is never formed. 26. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 25, wherein R11 to R20 in General Formulas 3-1 to 3-3 above each independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or a silyl group. 27. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 25, wherein at least two of X1, X3, and X5 or at least two of X6 to X8 in General Formulas 3-1 to 3-3 above are nitrogen atoms. 28. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 20, wherein at least one of R2, R3, R4, R5, R7, R9, and R10 in General Formula 1-1 above is a substituent. 29. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 20, wherein at least one of R2, R3, R4, R5, R7, R9, and R10 in General Formula 1-1 above, General Formula 2 above, and General Formulas 3-1 to 3-3 above is a substituent from among an alkyl group, a silyl group, an amino group, a fluorine groups. 30. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 20, wherein at least one of R2 to R10 in General Formula 1-1 above is an ortho-alkyl-substituted phenyl group. 31. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 30, wherein said ortho-alkyl-substituted phenyl group is an o-tolyl group, a 2,6-xylyl group, or a mesityl group. 32. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 20, wherein R2, R3, R4, R5, R7, R9, and R10 in General Formula 1-1 above are each an alkyl group, a silyl group, an amino group, a fluorine atom, a phenyl group or pyridyl group that has been substituted with at least one of these groups, or a hydrogen atom. 33. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 20, wherein the molecular weight of the compound expressed by General Formula 1-1 above is 1000 or less. 34. The material for an organic electroluminescent element according to claim 20, wherein the compound expressed by General Formula 1-1 above is a light-emitting material. | 1,700 |
2,112 | 14,615,467 | 1,746 | The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for making an absorbent structure for an absorbent article, comprising a supporting sheet and thereon an absorbent layer, the absorbent layer comprising an absorbent material. According to the present invention a first moving endless surface is provided which has one or more substantially longitudinally extending first mating strips, and at least one further auxiliary moving endless surface is provided which acts against the first mating strips. Pressure is applied between the first moving endless surface and the auxiliary moving endless surface to the first and second supporting sheets at least within a part of the area of the channels, so as to adhere together the first and second supporting sheets. | 1. An apparatus for making an absorbent structure for an absorbent article, comprising a first and second supporting sheet and therebetween an absorbent layer, the absorbent layer comprising an absorbent material, the apparatus comprising:
a) transfer devices for transferring first and second supporting sheets to first and second moving endless surfaces; b) a feeder for feeding the absorbent material onto at least the first supporting sheet at a depositing point on the first moving endless surface, the absorbent material forming absorbent regions upon the first supporting sheet, and one or more channels between the absorbent regions, the channels being substantially free of absorbent material; c) an adhesive applicator for applying adhesive to at least one of the first and second supporting sheets, at least within a region of the channels; wherein the first moving endless surface has one or more substantially longitudinally extending first mating strips, and at least one further auxiliary moving endless surface acting upon each other by applying pressure to the first and second supporting sheets at least within a part of an area of the channels, so as to adhere together the first and second supporting sheets. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the auxiliary moving endless surface comprises second mating strips wherein the first mating strips are made from an elastic material, and the second mating strips are made from a metallic material. 3. An apparatus according to claim 2 wherein the first mating strips are made from silicone. 4. An apparatus according to claim 2 wherein the second mating strips are made from steel. 5. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first moving endless surface, comprises an outer shell that comprises one or more air permeable or partially air permeable receptacle(s) for receiving the first supporting sheet thereon, and whereby the outer shells are connected to one or more vacuum systems for facilitating retention of the first supporting sheet and/or the absorbent material thereon. 6. An apparatus according to claim 1, whereby the receptacle further comprise a multitude of substantially longitudinally extending rods, spaced apart from one another in a transverse direction, each rod having a maximum width dimension of at least about 0.3 mm and less than about 2.5 mm, the rods each having an average height dimension of at least about 1 mm. 7. An apparatus according to claim 1, whereby the feeder comprises a reservoir formed by a multitude of cavities. 8. An apparatus according to claim 5 whereby the cavities and/or grooves, that are directly adjacent a raised strip, have a volume that is more than a volume of one or more, or all of neighboring cavities that are not directly adjacent the raised strip. 9. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the feeder is a particulate superabsorbent polymer material feeder. 10. An apparatus according to claim 1, comprising a second adhesive applicator downstream from the depositing point. 11. A method for making an absorbent structure comprising a first and second supporting sheet and thereon an absorbent layer of absorbent material, the method comprising the steps of:
a) transferring first and second supporting sheets to first and second moving endless surfaces; b) feeding the absorbent material onto at least the first supporting sheet at a depositing point on the first moving endless surface, the absorbent material forming absorbent regions and one or more channels between the absorbent regions, the channels being substantially free of absorbent material; c) applying adhesive to at least one of the first and second supporting sheets, at least within a region of the channels; characterized in that the first moving endless surface comprises one or more substantially longitudinally extending first mating strips, and wherein at least one further auxiliary moving endless surface, and wherein the method further comprises the step of applying pressure through the first and second mating strips and the auxiliary moving endless surface to the first and second supporting sheets at least within a part of an area of the channels, so as to adhere together the first and second supporting sheets. 12. A method according to claim 11 wherein the auxiliary moving endless surface comprises second mating strips. 13. A method according to claim 11, whereby the absorbent material is a particulate superabsorbent polymer material. 14. A method according to claim 11, comprising the step of providing a first adhesive application unit, and applying an adhesive to the supporting sheet, prior to deposition of the absorbent material thereon. 15. A method according to claim 11 comprising the step of providing a second adhesive application unit, and applying an adhesive to the absorbent structure prior to removing it from the first moving endless surface, or immediately subsequent thereto. | The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for making an absorbent structure for an absorbent article, comprising a supporting sheet and thereon an absorbent layer, the absorbent layer comprising an absorbent material. According to the present invention a first moving endless surface is provided which has one or more substantially longitudinally extending first mating strips, and at least one further auxiliary moving endless surface is provided which acts against the first mating strips. Pressure is applied between the first moving endless surface and the auxiliary moving endless surface to the first and second supporting sheets at least within a part of the area of the channels, so as to adhere together the first and second supporting sheets.1. An apparatus for making an absorbent structure for an absorbent article, comprising a first and second supporting sheet and therebetween an absorbent layer, the absorbent layer comprising an absorbent material, the apparatus comprising:
a) transfer devices for transferring first and second supporting sheets to first and second moving endless surfaces; b) a feeder for feeding the absorbent material onto at least the first supporting sheet at a depositing point on the first moving endless surface, the absorbent material forming absorbent regions upon the first supporting sheet, and one or more channels between the absorbent regions, the channels being substantially free of absorbent material; c) an adhesive applicator for applying adhesive to at least one of the first and second supporting sheets, at least within a region of the channels; wherein the first moving endless surface has one or more substantially longitudinally extending first mating strips, and at least one further auxiliary moving endless surface acting upon each other by applying pressure to the first and second supporting sheets at least within a part of an area of the channels, so as to adhere together the first and second supporting sheets. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the auxiliary moving endless surface comprises second mating strips wherein the first mating strips are made from an elastic material, and the second mating strips are made from a metallic material. 3. An apparatus according to claim 2 wherein the first mating strips are made from silicone. 4. An apparatus according to claim 2 wherein the second mating strips are made from steel. 5. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first moving endless surface, comprises an outer shell that comprises one or more air permeable or partially air permeable receptacle(s) for receiving the first supporting sheet thereon, and whereby the outer shells are connected to one or more vacuum systems for facilitating retention of the first supporting sheet and/or the absorbent material thereon. 6. An apparatus according to claim 1, whereby the receptacle further comprise a multitude of substantially longitudinally extending rods, spaced apart from one another in a transverse direction, each rod having a maximum width dimension of at least about 0.3 mm and less than about 2.5 mm, the rods each having an average height dimension of at least about 1 mm. 7. An apparatus according to claim 1, whereby the feeder comprises a reservoir formed by a multitude of cavities. 8. An apparatus according to claim 5 whereby the cavities and/or grooves, that are directly adjacent a raised strip, have a volume that is more than a volume of one or more, or all of neighboring cavities that are not directly adjacent the raised strip. 9. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the feeder is a particulate superabsorbent polymer material feeder. 10. An apparatus according to claim 1, comprising a second adhesive applicator downstream from the depositing point. 11. A method for making an absorbent structure comprising a first and second supporting sheet and thereon an absorbent layer of absorbent material, the method comprising the steps of:
a) transferring first and second supporting sheets to first and second moving endless surfaces; b) feeding the absorbent material onto at least the first supporting sheet at a depositing point on the first moving endless surface, the absorbent material forming absorbent regions and one or more channels between the absorbent regions, the channels being substantially free of absorbent material; c) applying adhesive to at least one of the first and second supporting sheets, at least within a region of the channels; characterized in that the first moving endless surface comprises one or more substantially longitudinally extending first mating strips, and wherein at least one further auxiliary moving endless surface, and wherein the method further comprises the step of applying pressure through the first and second mating strips and the auxiliary moving endless surface to the first and second supporting sheets at least within a part of an area of the channels, so as to adhere together the first and second supporting sheets. 12. A method according to claim 11 wherein the auxiliary moving endless surface comprises second mating strips. 13. A method according to claim 11, whereby the absorbent material is a particulate superabsorbent polymer material. 14. A method according to claim 11, comprising the step of providing a first adhesive application unit, and applying an adhesive to the supporting sheet, prior to deposition of the absorbent material thereon. 15. A method according to claim 11 comprising the step of providing a second adhesive application unit, and applying an adhesive to the absorbent structure prior to removing it from the first moving endless surface, or immediately subsequent thereto. | 1,700 |
2,113 | 13,259,482 | 1,795 | A composition comprising a source of metal ions and at least one suppressing agent obtainable by reacting a) an amine compound comprising active amino functional groups with b) a mixture of ethylene oxide and at least one compound selected from C3 and C4 alkylene oxides, said suppressing agent having a molecular weight M w of 6000 g/mol or more. | 1-16. (canceled) 17. A composition, comprising:
a source of at least one metal ion; and at least one suppressing agent obtained by a method comprising reacting a) an amine compound comprising at least one active amino functional group with b) a mixture of ethylene oxide and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a C3 alkylene oxide and a C4 alkylene oxide, wherein the at least one suppressing agent has a molecular weight Mw of 6000 g/mol or more, and wherein a content of ethylene oxide and any C3 to C4 alkylene oxide in the suppressing agent is from 30 to 70 wt %. 18. The composition of claim 17, wherein the molecular weight Mw of the at least one suppressing agent is from 7000 to 19000 g/mol. 19. The composition of claim 17, wherein the molecular weight Mw of the at least one suppressing agent is from 9000 to 18000 g/mol. 20. The composition of claim 17, wherein the at least one metal ion comprises copper ions. 21. The composition of claim 17, wherein the amine compound comprises at least 3 active amino groups. 22. The composition of claim 17, wherein the at least one suppressing agent has a formula (I):
wherein
R1 radicals are each independently a copolymer of ethylene oxide and at least one selected from the group consisting of a C3 alkylene oxide and a C4 alkylene oxide,
wherein the copolymer is a random copolymer;
R2 radicals are each independently selected from the group consisting of R1 radicals and an alkylene;
X and Y are spacer groups independently and X for each repeating unit independently is selected from the group consisting of a C1 alkylene, a C2 alkylene, a C3 alkylene, a C4 alkylene, a C5 alkylene, a C6 alkylene and a Z—(O—Z)m, wherein each of a Z radical is independently selected from the group consisting of a C2 alkylene, a C3 alkylene, a C4 alkylene, a C5 alkylene, and a C6 alkylene;
n is an integer equal to or greater than 0; and
m is an integer equal to or greater than 1. 23. The composition of claim 22, wherein X and Y independently, and X for each repeating unit independently, are selected from the group consisting of a C1 alkylene, a C2 alkylene, a C3 alkylene and a C4 alkylene. 24. The composition of claim 17, wherein the amine compound is at least one selected from the group consisting of an ethylene diamine, a diethylene triamine, a (3-(2-aminoethyl)aminopropylamine, a 3,3′-iminodi(propylamine), a N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)methylamine, a bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)amine, a triethylenetetraamine and a N,N′-bis(3-aminopropyl)ethylenediamine. 25. The composition of claim 17, wherein the at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a C3 alkylene oxide and a C4 alkylene oxide is a propylene oxide. 26. The composition of claim 17, further comprising at least one accelerating agent. 27. The composition of claim 17, further comprising at least one leveling agent. 28. A method of depositing a metal on a substrate, the method comprising:
contacting the substrate with a metal plating bath comprising the composition of claim 17, wherein the substrate comprises at least one feature having an aperture size of 30 nanometers or less. 29. A process for depositing a metal layer on a substrate, the process comprising:
a) contacting a metal plating bath comprising a composition of claim 17 with the substrate, and b) applying a current density to the substrate for a time sufficient to deposit the metal layer onto the substrate. 30. The process of claim 29, wherein the substrate comprises at least one submicrometer sized feature and the deposition is performed to fill the at least one submicrometer sized feature. 31. The process of claim 30, wherein the at least one submicrometer-sized feature has at least one selected from the group consisting of an aperture size from 1 to 30 nm and an aspect ratio of 4 or more. 32. The composition of claim 17, wherein the content of ethylene oxide and any C3 to C4 alkylene oxide in the suppressing agent is from 35 to 65 wt %. 33. The composition of claim 18, wherein the at least one metal ion comprises copper ions. 34. The composition of claim 19, wherein the at least one metal ion comprises copper ions. 35. The composition of claim 18, wherein the amine compound comprises at least 3 active amino groups. 36. The composition of claim 19, wherein the amine compound comprises at least 3 active amino groups. | A composition comprising a source of metal ions and at least one suppressing agent obtainable by reacting a) an amine compound comprising active amino functional groups with b) a mixture of ethylene oxide and at least one compound selected from C3 and C4 alkylene oxides, said suppressing agent having a molecular weight M w of 6000 g/mol or more.1-16. (canceled) 17. A composition, comprising:
a source of at least one metal ion; and at least one suppressing agent obtained by a method comprising reacting a) an amine compound comprising at least one active amino functional group with b) a mixture of ethylene oxide and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a C3 alkylene oxide and a C4 alkylene oxide, wherein the at least one suppressing agent has a molecular weight Mw of 6000 g/mol or more, and wherein a content of ethylene oxide and any C3 to C4 alkylene oxide in the suppressing agent is from 30 to 70 wt %. 18. The composition of claim 17, wherein the molecular weight Mw of the at least one suppressing agent is from 7000 to 19000 g/mol. 19. The composition of claim 17, wherein the molecular weight Mw of the at least one suppressing agent is from 9000 to 18000 g/mol. 20. The composition of claim 17, wherein the at least one metal ion comprises copper ions. 21. The composition of claim 17, wherein the amine compound comprises at least 3 active amino groups. 22. The composition of claim 17, wherein the at least one suppressing agent has a formula (I):
wherein
R1 radicals are each independently a copolymer of ethylene oxide and at least one selected from the group consisting of a C3 alkylene oxide and a C4 alkylene oxide,
wherein the copolymer is a random copolymer;
R2 radicals are each independently selected from the group consisting of R1 radicals and an alkylene;
X and Y are spacer groups independently and X for each repeating unit independently is selected from the group consisting of a C1 alkylene, a C2 alkylene, a C3 alkylene, a C4 alkylene, a C5 alkylene, a C6 alkylene and a Z—(O—Z)m, wherein each of a Z radical is independently selected from the group consisting of a C2 alkylene, a C3 alkylene, a C4 alkylene, a C5 alkylene, and a C6 alkylene;
n is an integer equal to or greater than 0; and
m is an integer equal to or greater than 1. 23. The composition of claim 22, wherein X and Y independently, and X for each repeating unit independently, are selected from the group consisting of a C1 alkylene, a C2 alkylene, a C3 alkylene and a C4 alkylene. 24. The composition of claim 17, wherein the amine compound is at least one selected from the group consisting of an ethylene diamine, a diethylene triamine, a (3-(2-aminoethyl)aminopropylamine, a 3,3′-iminodi(propylamine), a N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)methylamine, a bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)amine, a triethylenetetraamine and a N,N′-bis(3-aminopropyl)ethylenediamine. 25. The composition of claim 17, wherein the at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a C3 alkylene oxide and a C4 alkylene oxide is a propylene oxide. 26. The composition of claim 17, further comprising at least one accelerating agent. 27. The composition of claim 17, further comprising at least one leveling agent. 28. A method of depositing a metal on a substrate, the method comprising:
contacting the substrate with a metal plating bath comprising the composition of claim 17, wherein the substrate comprises at least one feature having an aperture size of 30 nanometers or less. 29. A process for depositing a metal layer on a substrate, the process comprising:
a) contacting a metal plating bath comprising a composition of claim 17 with the substrate, and b) applying a current density to the substrate for a time sufficient to deposit the metal layer onto the substrate. 30. The process of claim 29, wherein the substrate comprises at least one submicrometer sized feature and the deposition is performed to fill the at least one submicrometer sized feature. 31. The process of claim 30, wherein the at least one submicrometer-sized feature has at least one selected from the group consisting of an aperture size from 1 to 30 nm and an aspect ratio of 4 or more. 32. The composition of claim 17, wherein the content of ethylene oxide and any C3 to C4 alkylene oxide in the suppressing agent is from 35 to 65 wt %. 33. The composition of claim 18, wherein the at least one metal ion comprises copper ions. 34. The composition of claim 19, wherein the at least one metal ion comprises copper ions. 35. The composition of claim 18, wherein the amine compound comprises at least 3 active amino groups. 36. The composition of claim 19, wherein the amine compound comprises at least 3 active amino groups. | 1,700 |
2,114 | 15,310,492 | 1,787 | There is provided a transparent paint protection film comprising an acrylic adhesive layer, wherein the acrylic adhesive layer comprises a first cross-linking agent comprising a metal ion and a second cross-linking agent; and a base layer disposed therebetween, wherein the base layer is selected from at least one of polyurethane, polyvinylchloride, polyolefins, and combinations thereof, wherein the transparent paint protection film has a Young's modulus of less than or equal to 200 MPa; and optionally a clear coat disposed along a major surface of the base layer that is opposite the surface that is adhered to the adhesive layer. | 1. A transparent paint protection film comprising:
a transparent polymeric base layer backed by a transparent acrylic adhesive layer, wherein the acrylic adhesive layer comprises a first cross-linking agent and a second cross-linking agent different from the first cross-linking agent, wherein the first cross-linking agent comprises a metal ion, and the base layer comprises a polyurethane, polyvinylchloride, polyolefin, or any combination thereof, and further wherein the transparent paint protection film has a Young's modulus of less than or equal to 200 MPa. 2. The transparent paint protection film of claim 1 wherein the Young's modulus of the transparent paint protection film is less than or equal to 120 MPa. 3. The transparent paint protection film of claim 1 wherein the Young's modulus of the transparent paint protection film is greater than or equal to 10 MPa. 4. The transparent paint protection film of claim 1 wherein the metal ion of the first cross-linking agent is an aluminum ion, titanium ion, or a combination thereof. 5. The transparent paint protection film of claim 1 wherein the second cross-linking agent comprises aziridine, isocyanate, peroxide, or any combination thereof. 6. The transparent paint protection film of claim 1 wherein the base layer has a thickness in the range of from at least about 100 microns up to and including about 400 microns. 7. The transparent paint protection film of claim 1 wherein the base layer comprises an aliphatic thermoplastic polyurethane. 8. The transparent paint protection film of claim 1 wherein the adhesive layer has a percent strain of less than or equal to 1.0 according to the Creep Test. 9. The transparent paint protection film of claim 1 wherein the base layer is polyurethane and the acrylic adhesive layer has a 180 degree peel adhesion in the range of from at least about 300 N/m up to and including about 1300 N/m according to the Peel Test performed for a 1 hour duration. 10. The transparent paint protection film of claim 1 wherein the base layer is polyurethane and the acrylic adhesive layer has a 180 degree peel adhesion in the range of from at least about 500 N/m up to and including about 1000 N/m according to the Peel Test performed for a 1 hour duration. 11. The transparent paint protection film of claim 1 wherein the base layer is polyurethane and the acrylic adhesive has 180 degree peel adhesion in the range of from at least about 300 N/m up to and including about 1500 N/m according to the Peel Test performed for a 168 hour duration. 12. The transparent paint protection film of claim 1 further comprising a transparent clear coat layer disposed on a major surface of the base layer that is opposite the surface that is adhered to the adhesive layer. 13. The transparent paint protection film of claim 4 wherein the second cross-linking agent comprises aziridine, isocyanate, peroxide, or any combination thereof. 14. The transparent paint protection film of claim 4 wherein the base layer comprises an aliphatic thermoplastic polyurethane. 15. The transparent paint protection film of claim 5 wherein the base layer comprises an aliphatic thermoplastic polyurethane. 16. The transparent paint protection film of claim 13 wherein the base layer comprises an aliphatic thermoplastic polyurethane. 17. The transparent paint protection film of claim 4 wherein the base layer has a thickness in the range of from at least about 100 microns up to and including about 400 microns. 18. The transparent paint protection film of claim 5 wherein the base layer has a thickness in the range of from at least about 100 microns up to and including about 400 microns. 19. The transparent paint protection film of claim 13 wherein the base layer has a thickness in the range of from at least about 100 microns up to and including about 400 microns. 20. The transparent paint protection film of claim 16 wherein the base layer has a thickness in the range of from at least about 100 microns up to and including about 400 microns. | There is provided a transparent paint protection film comprising an acrylic adhesive layer, wherein the acrylic adhesive layer comprises a first cross-linking agent comprising a metal ion and a second cross-linking agent; and a base layer disposed therebetween, wherein the base layer is selected from at least one of polyurethane, polyvinylchloride, polyolefins, and combinations thereof, wherein the transparent paint protection film has a Young's modulus of less than or equal to 200 MPa; and optionally a clear coat disposed along a major surface of the base layer that is opposite the surface that is adhered to the adhesive layer.1. A transparent paint protection film comprising:
a transparent polymeric base layer backed by a transparent acrylic adhesive layer, wherein the acrylic adhesive layer comprises a first cross-linking agent and a second cross-linking agent different from the first cross-linking agent, wherein the first cross-linking agent comprises a metal ion, and the base layer comprises a polyurethane, polyvinylchloride, polyolefin, or any combination thereof, and further wherein the transparent paint protection film has a Young's modulus of less than or equal to 200 MPa. 2. The transparent paint protection film of claim 1 wherein the Young's modulus of the transparent paint protection film is less than or equal to 120 MPa. 3. The transparent paint protection film of claim 1 wherein the Young's modulus of the transparent paint protection film is greater than or equal to 10 MPa. 4. The transparent paint protection film of claim 1 wherein the metal ion of the first cross-linking agent is an aluminum ion, titanium ion, or a combination thereof. 5. The transparent paint protection film of claim 1 wherein the second cross-linking agent comprises aziridine, isocyanate, peroxide, or any combination thereof. 6. The transparent paint protection film of claim 1 wherein the base layer has a thickness in the range of from at least about 100 microns up to and including about 400 microns. 7. The transparent paint protection film of claim 1 wherein the base layer comprises an aliphatic thermoplastic polyurethane. 8. The transparent paint protection film of claim 1 wherein the adhesive layer has a percent strain of less than or equal to 1.0 according to the Creep Test. 9. The transparent paint protection film of claim 1 wherein the base layer is polyurethane and the acrylic adhesive layer has a 180 degree peel adhesion in the range of from at least about 300 N/m up to and including about 1300 N/m according to the Peel Test performed for a 1 hour duration. 10. The transparent paint protection film of claim 1 wherein the base layer is polyurethane and the acrylic adhesive layer has a 180 degree peel adhesion in the range of from at least about 500 N/m up to and including about 1000 N/m according to the Peel Test performed for a 1 hour duration. 11. The transparent paint protection film of claim 1 wherein the base layer is polyurethane and the acrylic adhesive has 180 degree peel adhesion in the range of from at least about 300 N/m up to and including about 1500 N/m according to the Peel Test performed for a 168 hour duration. 12. The transparent paint protection film of claim 1 further comprising a transparent clear coat layer disposed on a major surface of the base layer that is opposite the surface that is adhered to the adhesive layer. 13. The transparent paint protection film of claim 4 wherein the second cross-linking agent comprises aziridine, isocyanate, peroxide, or any combination thereof. 14. The transparent paint protection film of claim 4 wherein the base layer comprises an aliphatic thermoplastic polyurethane. 15. The transparent paint protection film of claim 5 wherein the base layer comprises an aliphatic thermoplastic polyurethane. 16. The transparent paint protection film of claim 13 wherein the base layer comprises an aliphatic thermoplastic polyurethane. 17. The transparent paint protection film of claim 4 wherein the base layer has a thickness in the range of from at least about 100 microns up to and including about 400 microns. 18. The transparent paint protection film of claim 5 wherein the base layer has a thickness in the range of from at least about 100 microns up to and including about 400 microns. 19. The transparent paint protection film of claim 13 wherein the base layer has a thickness in the range of from at least about 100 microns up to and including about 400 microns. 20. The transparent paint protection film of claim 16 wherein the base layer has a thickness in the range of from at least about 100 microns up to and including about 400 microns. | 1,700 |
2,115 | 13,861,851 | 1,722 | The present invention relates to polymerisable compounds, to processes and intermediates for the preparation thereof, to liquid-crystal (LC) media comprising them, and to the use of the polymerisable compounds and LC media for optical, electro-optical and electronic purposes, in particular in LC displays, especially in LC displays of the PSA (“polymer sustained alignment”) type. | 1. A liquid-crystal (LC) medium or a LC display comprising a compound of formula I
P1-Sp1-(A1-Z1)n-A2-Sp4-CH(Sp2-P2)(Sp3-P3) I
in which the individual radicals have the following meanings: P1, P2, P3 independently of each other denote a polymerisable group, Sp1-4 independently of each other denote a spacer group or a single bond, A1, A2 independently of each other, and on each occurrence identically or differently, denote an aromatic, heteroaromatic, alicyclic or heterocyclic group having 4 to 25 C atoms, which may also contain fused rings, and which is optionally mono- or polysubstituted by L, L denotes P1-, P1-Sp1-, F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NO2, —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)N(Rx)2, —C(═O)Y1, —C(═O)Y1, —N(Rx)2, optionally substituted silyl, optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl having 5 to 20 ring atoms, or straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 25, particularly preferably 1 to 10, C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C(R00)═C(R000)—, —C≡C—, —N(R00)—, —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—O— in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, CN, P1- or P1-Sp1-, R00 and R000 each, independently of one another, denote H or alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, Y1 is halogen, Rx denotes P1-, P1-Sp1-, H, halogen, straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH2-groups are optionally replaced by —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—O— in such a manner that O- and/or S-atoms are not directly connected with each other, and wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F, Cl, P1- or P1-Sp1-, optionally substituted aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl or heteroaryloxy having 5 to 20 ring atoms, n is 1, 2, 3 or 4. 2. The medium or display according to claim 1, characterized in that in the compounds of formula I A1, A2 each, independently of one another, denote 1,4-phenylene, naphthalene-1,4-diyl or naphthalene-2,6-diyl, where one or more CH groups in these groups are optionally replaced by N, cyclohexane-1,4-diyl, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally replaced by O and/or S, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1,3-diyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-diyl, spiro[3.3]heptane-2,6-diyl, piperidine-1,4-diyl, decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl, indane-2,5-diyl, octahydro-4,7-methanoindane-2,5-diyl, anthracene-2,7-diyl, fluorene-2,7-diyl, phenanthrene-2,7-diyl or 9,10-dihydro-phenanthrene-2,7-diyl, where all these groups are unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted by L as defined in claim 1. 3. The use medium or display according to claim 1, characterized in that in the compounds of formula I Sp1 is a single bond, Sp1 is —(CH2)p2— or —(CH2)p1—O—, in which p1 is 1, 2 or 3, Sp2 and Sp3 denote —(CH2)p2—, in which p2 is 1, 2 or 3, and Sp4 is —(CH2)p4—, in which p4 is 1, 2 or 3. 4. The use medium or display according to claim 1, characterized in that in the compounds of formula I P1, P2 and P3 independently of each other denote a vinyloxy, acrylate, methacrylate, fluoroacrylate, chloroacrylate, oxetane or epoxide group. 5. The medium or display according to claim 1, characterized in that the compounds of formula I are selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae:
wherein P1, P2, P3 and L are as defined in claim 1 and r is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. 6. The medium or display according to claim 1, characterized in that the LC display is a PSA (polymer sustained alignment) type display. 7. The medium or display according to claim 1, characterized in that the LC medium comprises
a polymerisable component A) comprising one or more polymerisable compounds of formula I as defined in claim 1, and an LC component B) comprising one or more low-molecular-weight compounds. 8. The medium or display according to claim 7, characterized in that the LC component B comprises one or more compounds of the formulae CY and/or PY:
in which the individual radicals have the following meanings:
a denotes 1 or 2,
b denotes 0 or 1,
denotes
R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, denote alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, where, in addition, one or two non-adjacent CH2 groups may be replaced by —O—, —CH═CH—, —CO—, —O—CO— or —CO—O— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
Zx denotes —CH═CH—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —O—, —CH2—, —CH2CH2— or a single bond, preferably a single bond,
L1-4 each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl, OCF3, CF3, CH3, CH2F, CHF2. 9. The medium or display according to claim 7, characterized in that the LC component B comprises one or more compounds of the following formula:
in which the individual radicals have the following meanings:
denotes
denotes
R3 and R4 each, independently of one another, denote alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or two non-adjacent CH2 groups may be replaced by —O—, —CH═CH—, —CO—, —O—CO— or —CO—O— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
Zy denotes —CH2CH2—, —CH═CH—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —COO—, —OCO—, —C2F4—, —CF═CF— or a single bond. 10. The medium or display according to claim 7, characterized in that the LC component B comprises one or more compounds comprising an alkenyl group, which is stable to a polymerisation reaction under the conditions used for the polymerisation of the polymerisable compounds of formula I. 11. An LC medium comprising one or more compounds of formula I as defined in claim 1. 12. The LC medium according to claim 1, characterized in that the compounds of formula I are polymerised. 13. An LC display comprising one or more compounds of formula I as defined in claim 1. 14. The LC display according to claim 13, which is a PSA type display. 15. The LC display according to claim 14, which is a PSA-VA, PSA-OCB, PSA-IPS, PS-FFS, PSA-posi-VA or PSA-TN display. 16. The LC display according to claim 13, characterized in that it contains an LC cell having two substrates and two electrodes, where at least one substrate is transparent to light and at least one substrate has one or two electrodes, and a layer, located between the substrates, of an LC medium comprising a polymerised component and a low-molecular-weight component, where the polymerised component is obtainable by polymerisation of one or more polymerisable compounds between the substrates of the LC cell in the LC medium, preferably while applying an electrical voltage to the electrodes, where at least one of the polymerisable compounds is selected from polymerisable compounds of formula I. 17. A process for the production of an LC display according to claim 13, comprising the steps of filling an LC medium containing a compound of formula I into an LC cell having two substrates and two electrodes as described above and below, and polymerising the polymerisable compounds, preferably while applying an electrical voltage to the electrodes. 18. A compound of formula I
P1-Sp1-(A1-Z1)n-A2-Sp4-CH(Sp2-P2)(Sp3-P3) I
in which the individual radicals have the following meanings: P1, P2, P3 independently of each other denote a polymerisable group, Sp1-4 independently of each other denote a spacer group or a single bond, A1, A2 independently of each other, and on each occurrence identically or differently, denote an aromatic, heteroaromatic, alicyclic or heterocyclic group having 4 to 25 C atoms, which may also contain fused rings, and which is optionally mono- or polysubstituted by L, L denotes P1-, P1-Sp1-, F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NO2, —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)N(Rx)2, —C(═O)Y1, —C(═O)Rx, —N(Rx)2, optionally substituted silyl, optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl having 5 to 20 ring atoms, or straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 25, particularly preferably 1 to 10, C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C(R00)═C(R000)—, —C≡C—, —N(R00)—, —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—O— in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, CN, P1- or P1-Sp1-, R00 and R000 each, independently of one another, denote H or alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, Y1 is halogen, Rx denotes P1-, P1-Sp1-, H, halogen, straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH2-groups are optionally replaced by —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—O— in such a manner that O- and/or S-atoms are not directly connected with each other, and wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F, Cl, P1- or P1-Sp1-, optionally substituted aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl or heteroaryloxy having 5 to 20 ring atoms, n is 1, 2, 3 or 4. 19. The compound according to claim 18, characterized in that A1, A2 each, independently of one another, denote 1,4-phenylene, naphthalene-1,4-diyl or naphthalene-2,6-diyl, where one or more CH groups in these groups are optionally replaced by N, cyclohexane-1,4-diyl, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally replaced by O and/or S, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1,3-diyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-diyl, spiro[3.3]heptane-2,6-diyl, piperidine-1,4-diyl, decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl, indane-2,5-diyl, octahydro-4,7-methanoindane-2,5-diyl, anthracene-2,7-diyl, fluorene-2,7-diyl, phenanthrene-2,7-diyl or 9,10-dihydro-phenanthrene-2,7-diyl, where all these groups are unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted by L. 20. The compound according to claim 18, characterized in that Sp1 is a single bond, Sp1 is —(CH2)p2— or —(CH2)p1—O—, in which p1 is 1, 2 or 3, Sp2 and Spa denote —(CH2)p2—, in which p2 is 1, 2 or 3, and Sp4 is —(CH2)p4—, in which p4 is 1, 2 or 3. 21. The compound according to claim 18, characterized in that P1, P2 and P3 independently of each other denote a vinyloxy, acrylate, methacrylate, fluoroacrylate, chloroacrylate, oxetane or epoxide group. 22. The compound according to claim 18, characterized in that it is selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae:
wherein P1, P2, P3 and L are as defined in claim 18 and r is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. 23. The compound according to claim 18, characterized in that it has the following formula: 24. A compound of formula II
Pg1-Sp1-(A1-Z1)n-A2-Sp4-CH(Sp2-Pg2)(Sp3-Pg3) II
in which Sp1-4 independently of each other denote a spacer group or a single bond, A1, A2 independently of each other, and on each occurrence identically or differently, denote an aromatic, heteroaromatic, alicyclic or heterocyclic group having 4 to 25 C atoms, which may also contain fused rings, and which is optionally mono- or polysubstituted by L, L denotes P1-, P1-Sp1-, F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NO2, —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)N(Rx)2, —C(═O)Y1, —C(═O)Rx, —N(Rx)2, optionally substituted silyl, optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl having 5 to 20 ring atoms, or straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 25, particularly preferably 1 to 10, C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups may each be replaced, independently of one another, by C(R00)═C(R000)—, —C≡C—, —N(R00)—, —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—O— in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, CN, P1- or P1-Sp1-, R00 and R000 each, independently of one another, denote H or alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, Y1 is halogen, Rx denotes P1—, P1-Sp1-, H, halogen, straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH2-groups are optionally replaced by —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—O— in such a manner that O- and/or S-atoms are not directly connected with each other, and wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F, Cl, P1- or P1-Sp1-, optionally substituted aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl or heteroaryloxy having 5 to 20 ring atoms, n is 1, 2, 3 or 4 P1, P2, P3 independently of each other denote a polymerisable group, and Pg1, Pg2 and Pg3 denote independently of each other OH or a protected hydroxyl group or a masked hydroxyl group. 25. The compound of claim 24, which is selected from the following subformulae
wherein r is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. 26. The compound according to claim 24, characterized in that it has the following formula: 27. A process for preparing a compound according to claim 18, by esterification or etherification of a compound of formula II
Pg1-Sp1-(A1-Z1)n-A2-Sp4-CH(Sp2-Pg2)(Sp3-Pg3) II
in which Sp1-4 independently of each other denote a spacer group or a single bond, A1, A2 independently of each other, and on each occurrence identically or differently, denote an aromatic, heteroaromatic, alicyclic or heterocyclic group having 4 to 25 C atoms, which may also contain fused rings, and which is optionally mono- or polysubstituted by L, L denotes P1-, P1-Sp1-, F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NO2, —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)N(Rx)2, —C(═O)Y1, —C(═O)Rx, —N(Rx)2, optionally substituted silyl, optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl having 5 to 20 ring atoms, or straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 25, particularly preferably 1 to 10, C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C(R00)═C(R000)—, —C≡C—, —N(R00)—, —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—O— in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, CN, P1- or P1-Sp1-, R00 and R000 each, independently of one another, denote H or alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms Y1 is halogen, Rx denotes P1-, P1-Sp1-, H, halogen, straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH2-groups are optionally replaced by —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—O— in such a manner that O- and/or S-atoms are not directly connected with each other, and wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F, Cl, P1- or P1-Sp1-, optionally substituted aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl or heteroaryloxy having 5 to 20 ring atoms, n is 1, 2, 3 or 4 P1, P2, P3 independently of each other denote a polymerisable group, and Pg1, Pg2 and Pg3 denote independently of each other OH or a protected hydroxyl group or a masked hydroxyl group, using corresponding acids, acid derivatives, or halogenated compounds containing a group P1, in the presence of a dehydrating reagent. 28. A process of preparing an LC medium according to claim 11, comprising the steps of mixing one or more low-molecular-weight liquid-crystalline compounds, with one or more polymerisable compounds of formula I, and optionally with further liquid-crystalline compounds and/or additives. | The present invention relates to polymerisable compounds, to processes and intermediates for the preparation thereof, to liquid-crystal (LC) media comprising them, and to the use of the polymerisable compounds and LC media for optical, electro-optical and electronic purposes, in particular in LC displays, especially in LC displays of the PSA (“polymer sustained alignment”) type.1. A liquid-crystal (LC) medium or a LC display comprising a compound of formula I
P1-Sp1-(A1-Z1)n-A2-Sp4-CH(Sp2-P2)(Sp3-P3) I
in which the individual radicals have the following meanings: P1, P2, P3 independently of each other denote a polymerisable group, Sp1-4 independently of each other denote a spacer group or a single bond, A1, A2 independently of each other, and on each occurrence identically or differently, denote an aromatic, heteroaromatic, alicyclic or heterocyclic group having 4 to 25 C atoms, which may also contain fused rings, and which is optionally mono- or polysubstituted by L, L denotes P1-, P1-Sp1-, F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NO2, —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)N(Rx)2, —C(═O)Y1, —C(═O)Y1, —N(Rx)2, optionally substituted silyl, optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl having 5 to 20 ring atoms, or straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 25, particularly preferably 1 to 10, C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C(R00)═C(R000)—, —C≡C—, —N(R00)—, —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—O— in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, CN, P1- or P1-Sp1-, R00 and R000 each, independently of one another, denote H or alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, Y1 is halogen, Rx denotes P1-, P1-Sp1-, H, halogen, straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH2-groups are optionally replaced by —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—O— in such a manner that O- and/or S-atoms are not directly connected with each other, and wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F, Cl, P1- or P1-Sp1-, optionally substituted aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl or heteroaryloxy having 5 to 20 ring atoms, n is 1, 2, 3 or 4. 2. The medium or display according to claim 1, characterized in that in the compounds of formula I A1, A2 each, independently of one another, denote 1,4-phenylene, naphthalene-1,4-diyl or naphthalene-2,6-diyl, where one or more CH groups in these groups are optionally replaced by N, cyclohexane-1,4-diyl, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally replaced by O and/or S, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1,3-diyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-diyl, spiro[3.3]heptane-2,6-diyl, piperidine-1,4-diyl, decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl, indane-2,5-diyl, octahydro-4,7-methanoindane-2,5-diyl, anthracene-2,7-diyl, fluorene-2,7-diyl, phenanthrene-2,7-diyl or 9,10-dihydro-phenanthrene-2,7-diyl, where all these groups are unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted by L as defined in claim 1. 3. The use medium or display according to claim 1, characterized in that in the compounds of formula I Sp1 is a single bond, Sp1 is —(CH2)p2— or —(CH2)p1—O—, in which p1 is 1, 2 or 3, Sp2 and Sp3 denote —(CH2)p2—, in which p2 is 1, 2 or 3, and Sp4 is —(CH2)p4—, in which p4 is 1, 2 or 3. 4. The use medium or display according to claim 1, characterized in that in the compounds of formula I P1, P2 and P3 independently of each other denote a vinyloxy, acrylate, methacrylate, fluoroacrylate, chloroacrylate, oxetane or epoxide group. 5. The medium or display according to claim 1, characterized in that the compounds of formula I are selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae:
wherein P1, P2, P3 and L are as defined in claim 1 and r is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. 6. The medium or display according to claim 1, characterized in that the LC display is a PSA (polymer sustained alignment) type display. 7. The medium or display according to claim 1, characterized in that the LC medium comprises
a polymerisable component A) comprising one or more polymerisable compounds of formula I as defined in claim 1, and an LC component B) comprising one or more low-molecular-weight compounds. 8. The medium or display according to claim 7, characterized in that the LC component B comprises one or more compounds of the formulae CY and/or PY:
in which the individual radicals have the following meanings:
a denotes 1 or 2,
b denotes 0 or 1,
denotes
R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, denote alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, where, in addition, one or two non-adjacent CH2 groups may be replaced by —O—, —CH═CH—, —CO—, —O—CO— or —CO—O— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
Zx denotes —CH═CH—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —O—, —CH2—, —CH2CH2— or a single bond, preferably a single bond,
L1-4 each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl, OCF3, CF3, CH3, CH2F, CHF2. 9. The medium or display according to claim 7, characterized in that the LC component B comprises one or more compounds of the following formula:
in which the individual radicals have the following meanings:
denotes
denotes
R3 and R4 each, independently of one another, denote alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or two non-adjacent CH2 groups may be replaced by —O—, —CH═CH—, —CO—, —O—CO— or —CO—O— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
Zy denotes —CH2CH2—, —CH═CH—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —COO—, —OCO—, —C2F4—, —CF═CF— or a single bond. 10. The medium or display according to claim 7, characterized in that the LC component B comprises one or more compounds comprising an alkenyl group, which is stable to a polymerisation reaction under the conditions used for the polymerisation of the polymerisable compounds of formula I. 11. An LC medium comprising one or more compounds of formula I as defined in claim 1. 12. The LC medium according to claim 1, characterized in that the compounds of formula I are polymerised. 13. An LC display comprising one or more compounds of formula I as defined in claim 1. 14. The LC display according to claim 13, which is a PSA type display. 15. The LC display according to claim 14, which is a PSA-VA, PSA-OCB, PSA-IPS, PS-FFS, PSA-posi-VA or PSA-TN display. 16. The LC display according to claim 13, characterized in that it contains an LC cell having two substrates and two electrodes, where at least one substrate is transparent to light and at least one substrate has one or two electrodes, and a layer, located between the substrates, of an LC medium comprising a polymerised component and a low-molecular-weight component, where the polymerised component is obtainable by polymerisation of one or more polymerisable compounds between the substrates of the LC cell in the LC medium, preferably while applying an electrical voltage to the electrodes, where at least one of the polymerisable compounds is selected from polymerisable compounds of formula I. 17. A process for the production of an LC display according to claim 13, comprising the steps of filling an LC medium containing a compound of formula I into an LC cell having two substrates and two electrodes as described above and below, and polymerising the polymerisable compounds, preferably while applying an electrical voltage to the electrodes. 18. A compound of formula I
P1-Sp1-(A1-Z1)n-A2-Sp4-CH(Sp2-P2)(Sp3-P3) I
in which the individual radicals have the following meanings: P1, P2, P3 independently of each other denote a polymerisable group, Sp1-4 independently of each other denote a spacer group or a single bond, A1, A2 independently of each other, and on each occurrence identically or differently, denote an aromatic, heteroaromatic, alicyclic or heterocyclic group having 4 to 25 C atoms, which may also contain fused rings, and which is optionally mono- or polysubstituted by L, L denotes P1-, P1-Sp1-, F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NO2, —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)N(Rx)2, —C(═O)Y1, —C(═O)Rx, —N(Rx)2, optionally substituted silyl, optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl having 5 to 20 ring atoms, or straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 25, particularly preferably 1 to 10, C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C(R00)═C(R000)—, —C≡C—, —N(R00)—, —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—O— in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, CN, P1- or P1-Sp1-, R00 and R000 each, independently of one another, denote H or alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, Y1 is halogen, Rx denotes P1-, P1-Sp1-, H, halogen, straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH2-groups are optionally replaced by —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—O— in such a manner that O- and/or S-atoms are not directly connected with each other, and wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F, Cl, P1- or P1-Sp1-, optionally substituted aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl or heteroaryloxy having 5 to 20 ring atoms, n is 1, 2, 3 or 4. 19. The compound according to claim 18, characterized in that A1, A2 each, independently of one another, denote 1,4-phenylene, naphthalene-1,4-diyl or naphthalene-2,6-diyl, where one or more CH groups in these groups are optionally replaced by N, cyclohexane-1,4-diyl, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally replaced by O and/or S, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1,3-diyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-diyl, spiro[3.3]heptane-2,6-diyl, piperidine-1,4-diyl, decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl, indane-2,5-diyl, octahydro-4,7-methanoindane-2,5-diyl, anthracene-2,7-diyl, fluorene-2,7-diyl, phenanthrene-2,7-diyl or 9,10-dihydro-phenanthrene-2,7-diyl, where all these groups are unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted by L. 20. The compound according to claim 18, characterized in that Sp1 is a single bond, Sp1 is —(CH2)p2— or —(CH2)p1—O—, in which p1 is 1, 2 or 3, Sp2 and Spa denote —(CH2)p2—, in which p2 is 1, 2 or 3, and Sp4 is —(CH2)p4—, in which p4 is 1, 2 or 3. 21. The compound according to claim 18, characterized in that P1, P2 and P3 independently of each other denote a vinyloxy, acrylate, methacrylate, fluoroacrylate, chloroacrylate, oxetane or epoxide group. 22. The compound according to claim 18, characterized in that it is selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae:
wherein P1, P2, P3 and L are as defined in claim 18 and r is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. 23. The compound according to claim 18, characterized in that it has the following formula: 24. A compound of formula II
Pg1-Sp1-(A1-Z1)n-A2-Sp4-CH(Sp2-Pg2)(Sp3-Pg3) II
in which Sp1-4 independently of each other denote a spacer group or a single bond, A1, A2 independently of each other, and on each occurrence identically or differently, denote an aromatic, heteroaromatic, alicyclic or heterocyclic group having 4 to 25 C atoms, which may also contain fused rings, and which is optionally mono- or polysubstituted by L, L denotes P1-, P1-Sp1-, F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NO2, —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)N(Rx)2, —C(═O)Y1, —C(═O)Rx, —N(Rx)2, optionally substituted silyl, optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl having 5 to 20 ring atoms, or straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 25, particularly preferably 1 to 10, C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups may each be replaced, independently of one another, by C(R00)═C(R000)—, —C≡C—, —N(R00)—, —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—O— in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, CN, P1- or P1-Sp1-, R00 and R000 each, independently of one another, denote H or alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, Y1 is halogen, Rx denotes P1—, P1-Sp1-, H, halogen, straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH2-groups are optionally replaced by —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—O— in such a manner that O- and/or S-atoms are not directly connected with each other, and wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F, Cl, P1- or P1-Sp1-, optionally substituted aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl or heteroaryloxy having 5 to 20 ring atoms, n is 1, 2, 3 or 4 P1, P2, P3 independently of each other denote a polymerisable group, and Pg1, Pg2 and Pg3 denote independently of each other OH or a protected hydroxyl group or a masked hydroxyl group. 25. The compound of claim 24, which is selected from the following subformulae
wherein r is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. 26. The compound according to claim 24, characterized in that it has the following formula: 27. A process for preparing a compound according to claim 18, by esterification or etherification of a compound of formula II
Pg1-Sp1-(A1-Z1)n-A2-Sp4-CH(Sp2-Pg2)(Sp3-Pg3) II
in which Sp1-4 independently of each other denote a spacer group or a single bond, A1, A2 independently of each other, and on each occurrence identically or differently, denote an aromatic, heteroaromatic, alicyclic or heterocyclic group having 4 to 25 C atoms, which may also contain fused rings, and which is optionally mono- or polysubstituted by L, L denotes P1-, P1-Sp1-, F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NO2, —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)N(Rx)2, —C(═O)Y1, —C(═O)Rx, —N(Rx)2, optionally substituted silyl, optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl having 5 to 20 ring atoms, or straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 25, particularly preferably 1 to 10, C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C(R00)═C(R000)—, —C≡C—, —N(R00)—, —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—O— in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, CN, P1- or P1-Sp1-, R00 and R000 each, independently of one another, denote H or alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms Y1 is halogen, Rx denotes P1-, P1-Sp1-, H, halogen, straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH2-groups are optionally replaced by —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—O— in such a manner that O- and/or S-atoms are not directly connected with each other, and wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F, Cl, P1- or P1-Sp1-, optionally substituted aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl or heteroaryloxy having 5 to 20 ring atoms, n is 1, 2, 3 or 4 P1, P2, P3 independently of each other denote a polymerisable group, and Pg1, Pg2 and Pg3 denote independently of each other OH or a protected hydroxyl group or a masked hydroxyl group, using corresponding acids, acid derivatives, or halogenated compounds containing a group P1, in the presence of a dehydrating reagent. 28. A process of preparing an LC medium according to claim 11, comprising the steps of mixing one or more low-molecular-weight liquid-crystalline compounds, with one or more polymerisable compounds of formula I, and optionally with further liquid-crystalline compounds and/or additives. | 1,700 |
2,116 | 14,390,488 | 1,793 | The present disclosure provides shelf-stable, acidified, dairy or dairy-like products and methods of making same. The shelf-stable, acidified, dairy or dairy-like products are shelf-stable with improved taste, viscosity and texture profiles. In a general embodiment, a shelf-stable, acidified, dairy or dairy-like product is provided and includes a shelf-stable dairy and/or dairy-like component, a stabilizer system, and a puree composition. The stabilizer system includes carrageenan, pectin, maltodextrin, tapioca and modified corn starch and helps to provide compositions having a thicker body and creamy mouth-feel without the need to use added amounts of protein. | 1. A shelf stable, acidified, dairy and/or dairy-like composition comprising:
a dairy and/or dairy-like component; and a stabilizer system comprising a combination of at least carrageenan, pectin, maltodextrin, tapioca and modified corn starches; wherein: the pectin comprises from about 0.2% to about 1.5% w/w of the composition; the carrageenan comprises from about 0.2% to about 2.0% w/w of the composition; the tapioca comprises from about 1.0% to about 4.0% w/w of the composition; the modified corn starch comprises from about 1.0% to about 4% w/w of the composition; and the maltodextrin comprises from about 1.0% to about 5.0% w/w of the composition. 2. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition is not fermented. 3. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the stabilizer increases a thickness of the composition. 4. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the stabilizer provides body to the composition. 5. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the stabilizer improves a mouth-feel of the composition. 6. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a dairy ingredient selected from the group consisting of milk, cream, yogurt, cheese, sour cream, buttermilk, kefir, and combinations thereof. 7. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a dairy-like ingredient selected from the group consisting of nut milk, almond milk, soy milk, coconut milk, rice milk, and combinations thereof. 8. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises an ingredient selected from the group consisting of a source of carbohydrate, a source of fat, canola oil, flaxseed oil, a source of omega-3 fatty acids, a source of protein, a source of fiber, a flavor, a color, a fruit puree, a vegetable puree, vitamins, minerals, DHA, EPA, antioxidants, amino acids, fish oil, phytochemicals, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, non-replicating microorganism, liquid whole grain, and combinations thereof. 9. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising at least one prebiotic selected from the group consisting of acacia gum, alpha glucan, arabinogalactans, beta glucan, dextrans, fructooligosaccharides, fucosyllactose, galactooligosaccharides, galactomannans, gentiooligosaccharides, glucooligosaccharides, guar gum, inulin, isomaltooligosaccharides, lactoneotetraose, lactosucrose, lactulose, levan, maltodextrins, milk oligosaccharides, partially hydrolyzed guar gum, pecticoligosaccharides, resistant starches, retrograded starch, sialooligosaccharides, sialyllactose, soyoligosaccharides, sugar alcohols, xylooligosaccharides, their hydrolysates, and combinations thereof. 10. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising at least one liquid whole grain. 11. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising at least one fruit puree. 12. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising at least one vegetable puree. 13. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising at least one fruit puree and at least one vegetable puree. 14. The composition according to claim 1, wherein said composition is developmentally appropriate for an infant or a child. 15. A method of providing nutrition to an individual comprising administering the composition selected from the group consisting of those claimed in claim 1 to claim 14. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein said individual is an infant or child. 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein the providing nutrition is providing a snack. 18. A method for making a shelf stable, acidified, dairy and/or dairy-like composition, the method comprising:
mixing pectin and sugar with water and/or at least one milk; mixing in tapioca, modified corn starch, and maltodextrin; mixing in a puree selected from the group consisting of fruit, vegetable, and combinations thereof; mixing in an acid; mixing in carrageenan to form a composition; homogenizing the composition 2500/500 psi; aseptically thermally processing the composition at a temperature ranging from about 180° F. to about 210° F.; cooling the composition; and packaging the composition; 19. The method according to claim 18, further comprising weighing the ingredients prior to mixing in starches. 20. The method according to claim 18, further comprising dry blending pectin and sugar in 1:1 ratio prior to mixing in starches. 21. The method according to claim 18, further comprising adding flavors:
a) prior to mixing in the acid; b) after homogenizing the composition; or c) prior to mixing in the acid and after homogenizing the composition. 22. The method according to claim 18, further comprising adding at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of a source of carbohydrate, a source of fat, canola oil, flaxseed oil, a source of omega-3 fatty acids, a source of protein, a source of fiber, a flavor, a color, a fruit puree, a vegetable puree, vitamins, minerals, DHA, EPA, antioxidants, amino acids, fish oil, phytochemicals, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, non-replicating microorganism, liquid whole grain, and combinations:
a) prior to mixing in the acid; b) after homogenizing the composition; or c) prior to mixing in the acid and after homogenizing the composition. | The present disclosure provides shelf-stable, acidified, dairy or dairy-like products and methods of making same. The shelf-stable, acidified, dairy or dairy-like products are shelf-stable with improved taste, viscosity and texture profiles. In a general embodiment, a shelf-stable, acidified, dairy or dairy-like product is provided and includes a shelf-stable dairy and/or dairy-like component, a stabilizer system, and a puree composition. The stabilizer system includes carrageenan, pectin, maltodextrin, tapioca and modified corn starch and helps to provide compositions having a thicker body and creamy mouth-feel without the need to use added amounts of protein.1. A shelf stable, acidified, dairy and/or dairy-like composition comprising:
a dairy and/or dairy-like component; and a stabilizer system comprising a combination of at least carrageenan, pectin, maltodextrin, tapioca and modified corn starches; wherein: the pectin comprises from about 0.2% to about 1.5% w/w of the composition; the carrageenan comprises from about 0.2% to about 2.0% w/w of the composition; the tapioca comprises from about 1.0% to about 4.0% w/w of the composition; the modified corn starch comprises from about 1.0% to about 4% w/w of the composition; and the maltodextrin comprises from about 1.0% to about 5.0% w/w of the composition. 2. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition is not fermented. 3. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the stabilizer increases a thickness of the composition. 4. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the stabilizer provides body to the composition. 5. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the stabilizer improves a mouth-feel of the composition. 6. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a dairy ingredient selected from the group consisting of milk, cream, yogurt, cheese, sour cream, buttermilk, kefir, and combinations thereof. 7. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a dairy-like ingredient selected from the group consisting of nut milk, almond milk, soy milk, coconut milk, rice milk, and combinations thereof. 8. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises an ingredient selected from the group consisting of a source of carbohydrate, a source of fat, canola oil, flaxseed oil, a source of omega-3 fatty acids, a source of protein, a source of fiber, a flavor, a color, a fruit puree, a vegetable puree, vitamins, minerals, DHA, EPA, antioxidants, amino acids, fish oil, phytochemicals, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, non-replicating microorganism, liquid whole grain, and combinations thereof. 9. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising at least one prebiotic selected from the group consisting of acacia gum, alpha glucan, arabinogalactans, beta glucan, dextrans, fructooligosaccharides, fucosyllactose, galactooligosaccharides, galactomannans, gentiooligosaccharides, glucooligosaccharides, guar gum, inulin, isomaltooligosaccharides, lactoneotetraose, lactosucrose, lactulose, levan, maltodextrins, milk oligosaccharides, partially hydrolyzed guar gum, pecticoligosaccharides, resistant starches, retrograded starch, sialooligosaccharides, sialyllactose, soyoligosaccharides, sugar alcohols, xylooligosaccharides, their hydrolysates, and combinations thereof. 10. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising at least one liquid whole grain. 11. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising at least one fruit puree. 12. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising at least one vegetable puree. 13. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising at least one fruit puree and at least one vegetable puree. 14. The composition according to claim 1, wherein said composition is developmentally appropriate for an infant or a child. 15. A method of providing nutrition to an individual comprising administering the composition selected from the group consisting of those claimed in claim 1 to claim 14. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein said individual is an infant or child. 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein the providing nutrition is providing a snack. 18. A method for making a shelf stable, acidified, dairy and/or dairy-like composition, the method comprising:
mixing pectin and sugar with water and/or at least one milk; mixing in tapioca, modified corn starch, and maltodextrin; mixing in a puree selected from the group consisting of fruit, vegetable, and combinations thereof; mixing in an acid; mixing in carrageenan to form a composition; homogenizing the composition 2500/500 psi; aseptically thermally processing the composition at a temperature ranging from about 180° F. to about 210° F.; cooling the composition; and packaging the composition; 19. The method according to claim 18, further comprising weighing the ingredients prior to mixing in starches. 20. The method according to claim 18, further comprising dry blending pectin and sugar in 1:1 ratio prior to mixing in starches. 21. The method according to claim 18, further comprising adding flavors:
a) prior to mixing in the acid; b) after homogenizing the composition; or c) prior to mixing in the acid and after homogenizing the composition. 22. The method according to claim 18, further comprising adding at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of a source of carbohydrate, a source of fat, canola oil, flaxseed oil, a source of omega-3 fatty acids, a source of protein, a source of fiber, a flavor, a color, a fruit puree, a vegetable puree, vitamins, minerals, DHA, EPA, antioxidants, amino acids, fish oil, phytochemicals, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, non-replicating microorganism, liquid whole grain, and combinations:
a) prior to mixing in the acid; b) after homogenizing the composition; or c) prior to mixing in the acid and after homogenizing the composition. | 1,700 |
2,117 | 15,101,464 | 1,747 | A tire includes a pair of bead portions having a bead and a bead filler. A pair of reinforcement fillers has an inner surface with an upper portion contacting an outer surface of a respective bead filler, a middle portion contacting an outer surface of a respective turn up portion of a body ply, and a lower portion contacting an outer surface of a wire reinforcement. An electronic device is disposed radially below an apex of the bead filler of one of the bead portions and axially outside the bead filler. The electronic device is axially spaced from the bead filler such that the electronic device does not contact the bead filler. | 1. A tire comprising:
a circumferential tread; a pair of sidewalls; a pair of bead portions, each bead portion including a bead and a bead filler having an apex; at least one body ply extending from bead to bead, including a pair of turn up portions, each turn up portion having a turn up end axially outside of a respective bead and radially below the apex of a respective bead filler; a pair of wire reinforcements, each wire reinforcement wrapping around one of the pair of bead portions such that each wire reinforcement has an inner portion axially inside the body ply and an outer portion axially outside a respective turn up portion of the body ply,
wherein the inner portion of each wire reinforcement has an inner end disposed radially above a respective bead and radially below the apex of a respective bead filler, and
wherein the outer portion of each wire reinforcement has an outer end radially above a respective bead and radially below the turn up end of
a respective turn up portion of the body ply; a pair of reinforcement fillers, each reinforcement filler having an inner surface with an upper portion contacting an outer surface of a respective bead filler, a middle portion contacting an outer surface of a respective turn up portion of the body ply, and a lower portion contacting an outer surface of a respective wire reinforcement,
wherein the reinforcement filler has a top end disposed below the apex of the respective bead filler; and
an electronic device disposed radially below the apex of the bead filler of one of the bead portions and axially outside the bead filler, wherein the electronic device is axially spaced from the bead filler such that the electronic device does not contact the bead filler. 2. The tire of claim 1, wherein the bead filler in each of the pair of bead portions is constructed of a first material and a second material, the first material being harder than the second material. 3. The tire of claim 2, wherein the first material of the bead filler is disposed between the bead and the second material of the respective bead portion. 4. The tire of claim 1, further comprising a pair of chafers, each chafer at least partially wrapping around one of the pair of bead portions such that each chafer includes:
a first portion disposed axially outside a respective bead filler, a respective reinforcement filler, and a respective turn up portion of the body ply, and a second portion disposed below a respective bead. 5. The tire of claim 4, wherein the first portion of the chafer is disposed between the electronic device and the bead filler, such that the first portion of the chafer contacts the electronic device. 6. The tire of claim 1, further comprising a pair of abrasion portions, each abrasion portion at least partially wrapping around one of the pair of bead portions such that each abrasion portion includes:
a first portion disposed axially outside a respective bead filler, a respective reinforcement filler, and a respective turn up portion of the body ply, and a second portion disposed below a respective bead. 7. The tire of claim 6, wherein the electronic device is sandwiched between one of the pair of reinforcement fillers and the sidewall. 8. A tire comprising:
a circumferential tread; a pair of sidewalls; a pair of bead portions; at least one body ply extending from bead portion to bead portion, the body ply including a pair of turn up portions radially outside of a respective bead portion, wherein each bead portion includes:
a bead,
a bead filler having an apex,
a wire reinforcement wrapping around the bead portion and at least a portion of the body ply,
a reinforcement filler having an inner surface, wherein at least a portion of the inner surface is in contact with an outer surface of the bead filler,
at least one chafer at least partially wrapping around the bead portion; and
an electronic device disposed radially below the apex of the bead filler of one of the bead portions, wherein at least a portion of the electronic device is sandwiched between the at least one chafer and one of the pair of sidewalls, such that the electronic device is in contact with the at least one chafer and the sidewall. 9. The tire of claim 8, wherein the at least one chafer includes a first chafer, and a second chafer at least partially wrapping around the first chafer. 10. The tire of claim 9, wherein the first chafer has a first outer end and the second chafer has a second outer end located radially below the first outer end, wherein the electronic device is sandwiched between the first chafer and one of the pair of sidewalls, and wherein the electronic device is disposed radially above the second outer end. 11. The tire of claim 9, wherein the electronic device is sandwiched between the second chafer and one of the pair of sidewalls. 12. The tire of claim 8, wherein the electronic device is a radio frequency identification tag. 13. The tire of claim 8, wherein each bead portion further includes an abrasion portion at least partially wrapping around the bead portion. 14. A tire comprising:
a circumferential tread; a pair of sidewalls; a pair of bead portions; at least one body ply extending from bead portion to bead portion, the body ply including a pair of turn up portions radially outside of a respective bead portion, wherein each bead portion includes:
a bead,
a bead filler having an apex,
a reinforcement filler having an inner surface, wherein at least a portion of the inner surface is in contact with an outer surface of the bead filler, and
an abrasion portion at least partially wrapping around the bead portion; and
an electronic device disposed radially below the apex of the bead filler of one of the bead portions, wherein at least a portion of the electronic device is sandwiched between the reinforcement filler and the abrasion portion, such that the electronic device is in contact with the reinforcement filler and the abrasion portion. 15. The tire of claim 14, wherein an upper portion of the abrasion portion is sandwiched between the reinforcement filler and one of the pair of sidewalls, such that the abrasion portion is in contact with the reinforcement filler and the sidewall. 16. The tire of claim 14, wherein each of the turn up portions of the body ply terminates at a turn up end disposed radially below a top end of a respective reinforcement filler. 17. The tire of claim 16, wherein the electronic device is disposed radially above the turn up end of the body ply, and wherein the electronic device is spaced axially outward from the turn up portion of the body ply. 18. The tire of claim 14, wherein inner surface of the reinforcement filler of each of the bead portions includes an upper portion contacting the outer surface of the bead filler, a middle portion contacting an outer surface of a respective turn up portion of the body ply, and a lower portion contacting an outer surface of the wire reinforcement. 19. The tire of claim 14, wherein the reinforcement filler of each of the bead portions has a top end located below the apex of the bead filler. 20. The tire of claim 14, wherein each of the pair of sidewalls includes a concave outer surface. 21. A tire comprising:
a circumferential tread; a pair of sidewalls; a pair of bead portions; at least one body ply extending from bead portion to bead portion, the body ply including a pair of turn up portions radially outside of a respective bead portion, wherein each bead portion includes:
a bead,
a bead filler having an apex,
a reinforcement filler having an inner surface, wherein at least a portion of the inner surface is in contact with an outer surface of the bead filler,
a first chafer at least partially wrapping around the bead portion;
a second chafer at least partially wrapping around the first chafer; and
an electronic device disposed radially below the apex of the bead filler of one of the bead portions, wherein at least a portion of the electronic device is sandwiched between the second chafer and one of the pair of sidewalls. | A tire includes a pair of bead portions having a bead and a bead filler. A pair of reinforcement fillers has an inner surface with an upper portion contacting an outer surface of a respective bead filler, a middle portion contacting an outer surface of a respective turn up portion of a body ply, and a lower portion contacting an outer surface of a wire reinforcement. An electronic device is disposed radially below an apex of the bead filler of one of the bead portions and axially outside the bead filler. The electronic device is axially spaced from the bead filler such that the electronic device does not contact the bead filler.1. A tire comprising:
a circumferential tread; a pair of sidewalls; a pair of bead portions, each bead portion including a bead and a bead filler having an apex; at least one body ply extending from bead to bead, including a pair of turn up portions, each turn up portion having a turn up end axially outside of a respective bead and radially below the apex of a respective bead filler; a pair of wire reinforcements, each wire reinforcement wrapping around one of the pair of bead portions such that each wire reinforcement has an inner portion axially inside the body ply and an outer portion axially outside a respective turn up portion of the body ply,
wherein the inner portion of each wire reinforcement has an inner end disposed radially above a respective bead and radially below the apex of a respective bead filler, and
wherein the outer portion of each wire reinforcement has an outer end radially above a respective bead and radially below the turn up end of
a respective turn up portion of the body ply; a pair of reinforcement fillers, each reinforcement filler having an inner surface with an upper portion contacting an outer surface of a respective bead filler, a middle portion contacting an outer surface of a respective turn up portion of the body ply, and a lower portion contacting an outer surface of a respective wire reinforcement,
wherein the reinforcement filler has a top end disposed below the apex of the respective bead filler; and
an electronic device disposed radially below the apex of the bead filler of one of the bead portions and axially outside the bead filler, wherein the electronic device is axially spaced from the bead filler such that the electronic device does not contact the bead filler. 2. The tire of claim 1, wherein the bead filler in each of the pair of bead portions is constructed of a first material and a second material, the first material being harder than the second material. 3. The tire of claim 2, wherein the first material of the bead filler is disposed between the bead and the second material of the respective bead portion. 4. The tire of claim 1, further comprising a pair of chafers, each chafer at least partially wrapping around one of the pair of bead portions such that each chafer includes:
a first portion disposed axially outside a respective bead filler, a respective reinforcement filler, and a respective turn up portion of the body ply, and a second portion disposed below a respective bead. 5. The tire of claim 4, wherein the first portion of the chafer is disposed between the electronic device and the bead filler, such that the first portion of the chafer contacts the electronic device. 6. The tire of claim 1, further comprising a pair of abrasion portions, each abrasion portion at least partially wrapping around one of the pair of bead portions such that each abrasion portion includes:
a first portion disposed axially outside a respective bead filler, a respective reinforcement filler, and a respective turn up portion of the body ply, and a second portion disposed below a respective bead. 7. The tire of claim 6, wherein the electronic device is sandwiched between one of the pair of reinforcement fillers and the sidewall. 8. A tire comprising:
a circumferential tread; a pair of sidewalls; a pair of bead portions; at least one body ply extending from bead portion to bead portion, the body ply including a pair of turn up portions radially outside of a respective bead portion, wherein each bead portion includes:
a bead,
a bead filler having an apex,
a wire reinforcement wrapping around the bead portion and at least a portion of the body ply,
a reinforcement filler having an inner surface, wherein at least a portion of the inner surface is in contact with an outer surface of the bead filler,
at least one chafer at least partially wrapping around the bead portion; and
an electronic device disposed radially below the apex of the bead filler of one of the bead portions, wherein at least a portion of the electronic device is sandwiched between the at least one chafer and one of the pair of sidewalls, such that the electronic device is in contact with the at least one chafer and the sidewall. 9. The tire of claim 8, wherein the at least one chafer includes a first chafer, and a second chafer at least partially wrapping around the first chafer. 10. The tire of claim 9, wherein the first chafer has a first outer end and the second chafer has a second outer end located radially below the first outer end, wherein the electronic device is sandwiched between the first chafer and one of the pair of sidewalls, and wherein the electronic device is disposed radially above the second outer end. 11. The tire of claim 9, wherein the electronic device is sandwiched between the second chafer and one of the pair of sidewalls. 12. The tire of claim 8, wherein the electronic device is a radio frequency identification tag. 13. The tire of claim 8, wherein each bead portion further includes an abrasion portion at least partially wrapping around the bead portion. 14. A tire comprising:
a circumferential tread; a pair of sidewalls; a pair of bead portions; at least one body ply extending from bead portion to bead portion, the body ply including a pair of turn up portions radially outside of a respective bead portion, wherein each bead portion includes:
a bead,
a bead filler having an apex,
a reinforcement filler having an inner surface, wherein at least a portion of the inner surface is in contact with an outer surface of the bead filler, and
an abrasion portion at least partially wrapping around the bead portion; and
an electronic device disposed radially below the apex of the bead filler of one of the bead portions, wherein at least a portion of the electronic device is sandwiched between the reinforcement filler and the abrasion portion, such that the electronic device is in contact with the reinforcement filler and the abrasion portion. 15. The tire of claim 14, wherein an upper portion of the abrasion portion is sandwiched between the reinforcement filler and one of the pair of sidewalls, such that the abrasion portion is in contact with the reinforcement filler and the sidewall. 16. The tire of claim 14, wherein each of the turn up portions of the body ply terminates at a turn up end disposed radially below a top end of a respective reinforcement filler. 17. The tire of claim 16, wherein the electronic device is disposed radially above the turn up end of the body ply, and wherein the electronic device is spaced axially outward from the turn up portion of the body ply. 18. The tire of claim 14, wherein inner surface of the reinforcement filler of each of the bead portions includes an upper portion contacting the outer surface of the bead filler, a middle portion contacting an outer surface of a respective turn up portion of the body ply, and a lower portion contacting an outer surface of the wire reinforcement. 19. The tire of claim 14, wherein the reinforcement filler of each of the bead portions has a top end located below the apex of the bead filler. 20. The tire of claim 14, wherein each of the pair of sidewalls includes a concave outer surface. 21. A tire comprising:
a circumferential tread; a pair of sidewalls; a pair of bead portions; at least one body ply extending from bead portion to bead portion, the body ply including a pair of turn up portions radially outside of a respective bead portion, wherein each bead portion includes:
a bead,
a bead filler having an apex,
a reinforcement filler having an inner surface, wherein at least a portion of the inner surface is in contact with an outer surface of the bead filler,
a first chafer at least partially wrapping around the bead portion;
a second chafer at least partially wrapping around the first chafer; and
an electronic device disposed radially below the apex of the bead filler of one of the bead portions, wherein at least a portion of the electronic device is sandwiched between the second chafer and one of the pair of sidewalls. | 1,700 |
2,118 | 14,865,453 | 1,735 | A die casting die includes a shoe comprised of a first material and includes a pocket. An insert is arranged in the pocket. The insert is comprised of a second material that is different from the first material and the insert provides a contoured surface. A coating is on the contoured surface. The coating provides a cast part contour. | 1. A die casting die comprising:
a shoe comprised of a first material and including a pocket; an insert arranged in the pocket, the insert comprised of a second material that is different from the first material, and the insert providing a contoured surface; and a coating on the contoured surface, the coating providing a cast part contour. 2. The die casting die in claim 1, wherein the first material has a thermal conductivity between 12 W·m−1K−1 and 62 W·m−1K−1. 3. The die casting die in claim 2, wherein the first material comprises steel. 4. The die casting die in claim 1, wherein the second material has a thermal conductivity above 350 W·m−1K−1. 5. The die casting die in claim 4, wherein the second material comprises copper. 6. The die casting die in claim 1, wherein the coating has a hardness between 36 HRC and 62 HRC. 7. The die casting die in claim 6, wherein the coating comprise at least one of a cobalt chromium alloy, a cobalt alloy, and ceramic. 8. The die casting die in claim 1, wherein the shoe includes at least one passage for circulation of fluid. 9. A die casting system comprising:
a first die including a first shoe comprised of a first material, the first shoe including a first pocket, a first insert arranged in the first pocket, the first insert comprised of a second material that is different from the first material, the first insert providing a first contoured surface, and a first coating on the first contoured surface, the first coating providing a first cast part contour; a second die including a second shoe comprised of the first material, the shoe including a second pocket, a second insert arranged in the second pocket, the second insert comprised of the second material, the second insert providing a second contoured surface, and a second coating on the second contoured surface, the second coating providing a second cast part contour, wherein the first die and the second die are arranged to form a die cavity; a chamber in fluid communication with the die cavity; and a plunger for injecting a molten metal through the chamber into the die cavity. 10. The die casting system in claim 9, wherein the first material has a thermal conductivity between 12 W·m−1K−1 and 62 W·m−1K−1. 11. The die casting system in claim 10, wherein the first material comprises steel. 12. The die casting system in claim 9, wherein the second material has a thermal conductivity above 350 W·m−1K−1. 13. The die casting system in claim 12, wherein the second material comprises copper. 14. The die casting system in claim 9, wherein the first and second coatings have a hardness between 36 HRC and 62 HRC. 15. The die casting system in claim 14, wherein the first and second coatings comprise at least one of a cobalt chromium alloy, a cobalt alloy, and ceramic. 16. The die casting system in claim 9, wherein at least one shoe contains at least one passage for the circulation of fluid. 17. The die casting system in claim 17, having a multiple of fluid lines attachable to the at least one fluid passage, the multiple of fluid lines connectable to a cooling fluid source for fluid communication between the at least one shoe and the cooling fluid source. 18. A method for die casting comprising:
arranging a first die and a second die to form a cavity,
the first die including a first shoe comprised of a first material, the first shoe including a first pocket, a first insert arranged in the first pocket, the first insert comprised of a second material that is different from the first material, the first insert providing a first contoured surface, and a first coating on the first contoured surface, the first coating providing a first cast part contour,
the second die including a second shoe comprised of the first material, the shoe including a second pocket, a second insert arranged in the second pocket, the second insert comprised of the second material, the second insert providing a second contoured surface, and a second coating on the second contoured surface, the second coating providing a second cast part contour;
forcing molten metal into the cavity; retaining the molten metal in the cavity until the molten metal becomes a solidified metal; and removing the solidified metal from the cavity. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein at least one shoe includes passages for circulation of fluid during the retaining step. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the second material comprises copper. | A die casting die includes a shoe comprised of a first material and includes a pocket. An insert is arranged in the pocket. The insert is comprised of a second material that is different from the first material and the insert provides a contoured surface. A coating is on the contoured surface. The coating provides a cast part contour.1. A die casting die comprising:
a shoe comprised of a first material and including a pocket; an insert arranged in the pocket, the insert comprised of a second material that is different from the first material, and the insert providing a contoured surface; and a coating on the contoured surface, the coating providing a cast part contour. 2. The die casting die in claim 1, wherein the first material has a thermal conductivity between 12 W·m−1K−1 and 62 W·m−1K−1. 3. The die casting die in claim 2, wherein the first material comprises steel. 4. The die casting die in claim 1, wherein the second material has a thermal conductivity above 350 W·m−1K−1. 5. The die casting die in claim 4, wherein the second material comprises copper. 6. The die casting die in claim 1, wherein the coating has a hardness between 36 HRC and 62 HRC. 7. The die casting die in claim 6, wherein the coating comprise at least one of a cobalt chromium alloy, a cobalt alloy, and ceramic. 8. The die casting die in claim 1, wherein the shoe includes at least one passage for circulation of fluid. 9. A die casting system comprising:
a first die including a first shoe comprised of a first material, the first shoe including a first pocket, a first insert arranged in the first pocket, the first insert comprised of a second material that is different from the first material, the first insert providing a first contoured surface, and a first coating on the first contoured surface, the first coating providing a first cast part contour; a second die including a second shoe comprised of the first material, the shoe including a second pocket, a second insert arranged in the second pocket, the second insert comprised of the second material, the second insert providing a second contoured surface, and a second coating on the second contoured surface, the second coating providing a second cast part contour, wherein the first die and the second die are arranged to form a die cavity; a chamber in fluid communication with the die cavity; and a plunger for injecting a molten metal through the chamber into the die cavity. 10. The die casting system in claim 9, wherein the first material has a thermal conductivity between 12 W·m−1K−1 and 62 W·m−1K−1. 11. The die casting system in claim 10, wherein the first material comprises steel. 12. The die casting system in claim 9, wherein the second material has a thermal conductivity above 350 W·m−1K−1. 13. The die casting system in claim 12, wherein the second material comprises copper. 14. The die casting system in claim 9, wherein the first and second coatings have a hardness between 36 HRC and 62 HRC. 15. The die casting system in claim 14, wherein the first and second coatings comprise at least one of a cobalt chromium alloy, a cobalt alloy, and ceramic. 16. The die casting system in claim 9, wherein at least one shoe contains at least one passage for the circulation of fluid. 17. The die casting system in claim 17, having a multiple of fluid lines attachable to the at least one fluid passage, the multiple of fluid lines connectable to a cooling fluid source for fluid communication between the at least one shoe and the cooling fluid source. 18. A method for die casting comprising:
arranging a first die and a second die to form a cavity,
the first die including a first shoe comprised of a first material, the first shoe including a first pocket, a first insert arranged in the first pocket, the first insert comprised of a second material that is different from the first material, the first insert providing a first contoured surface, and a first coating on the first contoured surface, the first coating providing a first cast part contour,
the second die including a second shoe comprised of the first material, the shoe including a second pocket, a second insert arranged in the second pocket, the second insert comprised of the second material, the second insert providing a second contoured surface, and a second coating on the second contoured surface, the second coating providing a second cast part contour;
forcing molten metal into the cavity; retaining the molten metal in the cavity until the molten metal becomes a solidified metal; and removing the solidified metal from the cavity. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein at least one shoe includes passages for circulation of fluid during the retaining step. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the second material comprises copper. | 1,700 |
2,119 | 12,673,971 | 1,717 | Apparatus for coating a pipe. The apparatus includes a first frame to be mounted on a pipe and a second frame rotatably mounted on the first frame. An induction heating coil comprised of electrical conductors is mounted on the apparatus. A coating applicator is mounted on the second frame and is arranged to apply coating onto a surface of the pipe on which the apparatus is mounted. The first frame, second frame and coating applicator are arranged such that when the apparatus is mounted on the pipe, the applicator is disposed to one side of the induction heating coil and able to apply coating to a surface of the pipe alongside the surface of the pipe underlying the induction heating coil. The first frame may be operable between an open state in which the frame may be placed over and removed from a pipe and a closed state in which the frame may capture a pipe thereby to mount the apparatus on the pipe. | 1. Apparatus for coating a pipe, the apparatus comprising:
a first frame arranged to be mounted on a pipe, electrical conductors mounted on the apparatus arranged to form an induction heating coil which encircles the pipe on which the first frame is mounted, a second frame rotatably mounted on the first frame, and a coating applicator mounted on the second frame and arranged to apply a coating onto a surface of a pipe on which the apparatus is mounted, wherein the first and second frames and the coating applicator are arranged such that when the apparatus is mounted on a pipe the coating applicator is disposed to one side of the induction heating coil and able to apply coating to a surface of the pipe alongside the surface of the pipe underlying the induction heating coil. 2. Apparatus for coating a pipe, the apparatus comprising:
a first frame operable between an open state in which the frame may be placed over and removed from a pipe and a closed state in which the frame may capture a pipe thereby to mount the apparatus on the pipe, electrical conductors mounted on the apparatus and arranged to form an induction heating coil when the first frame is in the closed state, a second frame rotatably mounted on the first frame and operable with the first frame between an open state and a closed state, and a coating applicator mounted on the second frame and arranged to apply a coating onto a surface of a pipe on which the apparatus is mounted, wherein the first and second frames and the coating applicator are arranged such that when the apparatus is mounted on a pipe and the first and second frames are in the closed state the coating applicator is disposed to one side of the induction heating coil and able to apply coating to a surface of the pipe alongside the surface of the pipe underlying the induction heating coil. 3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the electrical conductors are mounted on the first frame. 4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the electrical conductors are mounted on the second frame. 5. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first frame comprises at least two pivotally connected sections. 6. Apparatus as claimed in claim 5, wherein the electrical conductors are mounted on the first frame and extend from a free end of one section of the frame to a free end of another section of the frame when in the open state. 7. Apparatus as claimed in claim 6 wherein at the free end of each section the conductors terminate in electrical contacts and the respective electrical contacts of each section of the frame are arranged to contact each other when the frame is closed so that the conductors form an electrical induction heating coil through which an alternating current can be driven. 8. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 comprising at least one roller mounted on the first frame to facilitate movement of the frame longitudinally relative to the pipe. 9. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the coating applicator is disposed to one side of the induction heating coil in a direction along the longitudinal axis of the pipe. 10. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the first frame and the second frame are disposed adjacent each other along the longitudinal axis of the pipe on which the apparatus is mounted. 11. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the first frame may be substantially rotationally fixed relative to the pipe. 12. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the first frame comprises an end face and the second frame is mounted on the end face. 13. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the second frame is formed from at least two, separate, generally arcuate members. 14. Apparatus as claimed in claim 13 wherein the total arc length of the arcuate members is greater than 360 degrees so that when mounted on the first frame, the arcuate members forming the second frame overlap. 15. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the second frame is mounted on the first frame by way of wheels or bearings, which allow the second frame to rotate relative to the first frame. 16. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 comprising at least one drive motor operative to rotate the second frame relative to the first frame. 17. Apparatus as claimed in claim 16 wherein the second frame is formed from at least two separate generally arcuate members and at least one arcuate member is always engaged with at least one drive motor. 18. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 comprising a first frame whose radius is different to the radius of the second frame. 19. (canceled) 20. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 comprising a hose support operative to support one or more hoses used to supply coating material to the coating applicator. 21. A method of applying a coating to a pipe comprising the steps of:
providing an apparatus comprising a first frame arranged to be mounted on a pipe, electrical conductors mounted on the apparatus arranged to form an induction heating coil which encircles the pipe on which the first frame is mounted, a second frame rotatably mounted on the first frame, and a coating applicator mounted on the second frame and arranged to apply a coating onto a surface of a pipe on which the apparatus is mounted, wherein the first and second frames and the coating applicator are arranged such that when the apparatus is mounted on a pipe the coating applicator is disposed to one side of the induction heating coil and able to apply coating to a surface of the pipe alongside the surface of the pipe underlying the induction heating coil; mounting the apparatus to the pipe so that the induction heating coil overlies the region of the pipeline to be coated; feeding an alternating current through the induction heating coil to heat the region of the pipeline underlying the coil; and moving the apparatus longitudinally relative to the pipeline so that the coating applicator overlies the region of the pipeline to be coated. 22. A method as claimed in claim 21, comprising the additional steps of:
applying the spray coating to the region of the pipeline to be coated; and rotating the second frame relative to the first frame so that the coating applicator moves completely around the pipeline so as to apply coating completely around the circumference of the pipeline. 23. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein the electrical conductors are mounted on the first frame. 24. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein the electrical conductors are mounted on the second frame. 25. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein the first frame comprises at least two pivotally connected sections. 26. Apparatus as claimed in claim 25, wherein the electrical conductors are mounted on the first frame and extend from a free end of one section of the frame to a free end of another section of the frame when in the open state. 27. Apparatus as claimed in claim 26 wherein at the free end of each section the conductors terminate in electrical contacts and the respective electrical contacts of each section of the frame are arranged to contact each other when the frame is closed so that the conductors form an electrical induction heating coil through which an alternating current can be driven. 28. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2 comprising at least one roller mounted on the first frame to facilitate movement of the frame longitudinally relative to the pipe. 29. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2 wherein the coating applicator is disposed to one side of the induction heating coil in a direction along the longitudinal axis of the pipe. 30. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2 wherein the first frame and the second frame are disposed adjacent each other along the longitudinal axis of the pipe on which the apparatus is mounted. 31. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2 wherein the first frame may be substantially rotationally fixed relative to the pipe. 32. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2 wherein the first frame comprises an end face and the second frame is mounted on the end face. 33. Apparatus as claimed claim 2 wherein the second frame is formed from at least two, separate, generally arcuate members. 34. Apparatus as claimed in claim 33 wherein the total arc length of the arcuate members is greater than 360 degrees so that when mounted on the first frame, the arcuate members forming the second frame overlap. 35. Apparatus as claimed claim 2 wherein the second frame is mounted on the first frame by way of wheels or bearings, which allow the second frame to rotate relative to the first frame. 36. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2 comprising at least one drive motor operative to rotate the second frame relative to the first frame. 37. Apparatus as claimed in claim 16 wherein the second frame is formed from at least two separate generally arcuate members and at least one arcuate member is always engaged with at least one drive motor. 38. Apparatus as claimed claim 2 comprising a first frame whose radius is different to the radius of the second frame. 39. Apparatus as claimed claim 2 comprising a hose support operative to support one or more hoses used to supply coating material to the coating applicator. 40. A method of applying a coating to a pipe comprising the steps of:
providing an apparatus comprising a first frame operable between an open state in which the frame may be placed over and removed from a pipe and a closed state in which the frame may capture a pipe thereby to mount the apparatus on the pipe, electrical conductors mounted on the apparatus and arranged to form an induction heating coil when the first frame is in the closed state, a second frame rotatably mounted on the first frame and operable with the first frame between an open state and a closed state, and a coating applicator mounted on the second frame and arranged to apply a coating onto a surface of a pipe on which the apparatus is mounted, wherein the first and second frames and the coating applicator are arranged such that when the apparatus is mounted on a pipe and the first and second frames are in the closed state the coating applicator is disposed to one side of the induction heating coil and able to apply coating to a surface of the pipe alongside the surface of the pipe underlying the induction heating coil; mounting the apparatus to the pipe so that the induction heating coil overlies the region of the pipeline to be coated; feeding an alternating current through the induction heating coil to heat the region of the pipeline underlying the coil; and moving the apparatus longitudinally relative to the pipeline so that the coating applicator overlies the region of the pipeline to be coated. 41. A method as claimed in claim 40, comprising the additional steps of:
applying the spray coating to the region of the pipeline to be coated; and rotating the second frame relative to the first frame so that the coating applicator moves completely around the pipeline so as to apply coating completely around the circumference of the pipeline. | Apparatus for coating a pipe. The apparatus includes a first frame to be mounted on a pipe and a second frame rotatably mounted on the first frame. An induction heating coil comprised of electrical conductors is mounted on the apparatus. A coating applicator is mounted on the second frame and is arranged to apply coating onto a surface of the pipe on which the apparatus is mounted. The first frame, second frame and coating applicator are arranged such that when the apparatus is mounted on the pipe, the applicator is disposed to one side of the induction heating coil and able to apply coating to a surface of the pipe alongside the surface of the pipe underlying the induction heating coil. The first frame may be operable between an open state in which the frame may be placed over and removed from a pipe and a closed state in which the frame may capture a pipe thereby to mount the apparatus on the pipe.1. Apparatus for coating a pipe, the apparatus comprising:
a first frame arranged to be mounted on a pipe, electrical conductors mounted on the apparatus arranged to form an induction heating coil which encircles the pipe on which the first frame is mounted, a second frame rotatably mounted on the first frame, and a coating applicator mounted on the second frame and arranged to apply a coating onto a surface of a pipe on which the apparatus is mounted, wherein the first and second frames and the coating applicator are arranged such that when the apparatus is mounted on a pipe the coating applicator is disposed to one side of the induction heating coil and able to apply coating to a surface of the pipe alongside the surface of the pipe underlying the induction heating coil. 2. Apparatus for coating a pipe, the apparatus comprising:
a first frame operable between an open state in which the frame may be placed over and removed from a pipe and a closed state in which the frame may capture a pipe thereby to mount the apparatus on the pipe, electrical conductors mounted on the apparatus and arranged to form an induction heating coil when the first frame is in the closed state, a second frame rotatably mounted on the first frame and operable with the first frame between an open state and a closed state, and a coating applicator mounted on the second frame and arranged to apply a coating onto a surface of a pipe on which the apparatus is mounted, wherein the first and second frames and the coating applicator are arranged such that when the apparatus is mounted on a pipe and the first and second frames are in the closed state the coating applicator is disposed to one side of the induction heating coil and able to apply coating to a surface of the pipe alongside the surface of the pipe underlying the induction heating coil. 3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the electrical conductors are mounted on the first frame. 4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the electrical conductors are mounted on the second frame. 5. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first frame comprises at least two pivotally connected sections. 6. Apparatus as claimed in claim 5, wherein the electrical conductors are mounted on the first frame and extend from a free end of one section of the frame to a free end of another section of the frame when in the open state. 7. Apparatus as claimed in claim 6 wherein at the free end of each section the conductors terminate in electrical contacts and the respective electrical contacts of each section of the frame are arranged to contact each other when the frame is closed so that the conductors form an electrical induction heating coil through which an alternating current can be driven. 8. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 comprising at least one roller mounted on the first frame to facilitate movement of the frame longitudinally relative to the pipe. 9. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the coating applicator is disposed to one side of the induction heating coil in a direction along the longitudinal axis of the pipe. 10. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the first frame and the second frame are disposed adjacent each other along the longitudinal axis of the pipe on which the apparatus is mounted. 11. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the first frame may be substantially rotationally fixed relative to the pipe. 12. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the first frame comprises an end face and the second frame is mounted on the end face. 13. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the second frame is formed from at least two, separate, generally arcuate members. 14. Apparatus as claimed in claim 13 wherein the total arc length of the arcuate members is greater than 360 degrees so that when mounted on the first frame, the arcuate members forming the second frame overlap. 15. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the second frame is mounted on the first frame by way of wheels or bearings, which allow the second frame to rotate relative to the first frame. 16. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 comprising at least one drive motor operative to rotate the second frame relative to the first frame. 17. Apparatus as claimed in claim 16 wherein the second frame is formed from at least two separate generally arcuate members and at least one arcuate member is always engaged with at least one drive motor. 18. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 comprising a first frame whose radius is different to the radius of the second frame. 19. (canceled) 20. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 comprising a hose support operative to support one or more hoses used to supply coating material to the coating applicator. 21. A method of applying a coating to a pipe comprising the steps of:
providing an apparatus comprising a first frame arranged to be mounted on a pipe, electrical conductors mounted on the apparatus arranged to form an induction heating coil which encircles the pipe on which the first frame is mounted, a second frame rotatably mounted on the first frame, and a coating applicator mounted on the second frame and arranged to apply a coating onto a surface of a pipe on which the apparatus is mounted, wherein the first and second frames and the coating applicator are arranged such that when the apparatus is mounted on a pipe the coating applicator is disposed to one side of the induction heating coil and able to apply coating to a surface of the pipe alongside the surface of the pipe underlying the induction heating coil; mounting the apparatus to the pipe so that the induction heating coil overlies the region of the pipeline to be coated; feeding an alternating current through the induction heating coil to heat the region of the pipeline underlying the coil; and moving the apparatus longitudinally relative to the pipeline so that the coating applicator overlies the region of the pipeline to be coated. 22. A method as claimed in claim 21, comprising the additional steps of:
applying the spray coating to the region of the pipeline to be coated; and rotating the second frame relative to the first frame so that the coating applicator moves completely around the pipeline so as to apply coating completely around the circumference of the pipeline. 23. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein the electrical conductors are mounted on the first frame. 24. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein the electrical conductors are mounted on the second frame. 25. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein the first frame comprises at least two pivotally connected sections. 26. Apparatus as claimed in claim 25, wherein the electrical conductors are mounted on the first frame and extend from a free end of one section of the frame to a free end of another section of the frame when in the open state. 27. Apparatus as claimed in claim 26 wherein at the free end of each section the conductors terminate in electrical contacts and the respective electrical contacts of each section of the frame are arranged to contact each other when the frame is closed so that the conductors form an electrical induction heating coil through which an alternating current can be driven. 28. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2 comprising at least one roller mounted on the first frame to facilitate movement of the frame longitudinally relative to the pipe. 29. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2 wherein the coating applicator is disposed to one side of the induction heating coil in a direction along the longitudinal axis of the pipe. 30. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2 wherein the first frame and the second frame are disposed adjacent each other along the longitudinal axis of the pipe on which the apparatus is mounted. 31. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2 wherein the first frame may be substantially rotationally fixed relative to the pipe. 32. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2 wherein the first frame comprises an end face and the second frame is mounted on the end face. 33. Apparatus as claimed claim 2 wherein the second frame is formed from at least two, separate, generally arcuate members. 34. Apparatus as claimed in claim 33 wherein the total arc length of the arcuate members is greater than 360 degrees so that when mounted on the first frame, the arcuate members forming the second frame overlap. 35. Apparatus as claimed claim 2 wherein the second frame is mounted on the first frame by way of wheels or bearings, which allow the second frame to rotate relative to the first frame. 36. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2 comprising at least one drive motor operative to rotate the second frame relative to the first frame. 37. Apparatus as claimed in claim 16 wherein the second frame is formed from at least two separate generally arcuate members and at least one arcuate member is always engaged with at least one drive motor. 38. Apparatus as claimed claim 2 comprising a first frame whose radius is different to the radius of the second frame. 39. Apparatus as claimed claim 2 comprising a hose support operative to support one or more hoses used to supply coating material to the coating applicator. 40. A method of applying a coating to a pipe comprising the steps of:
providing an apparatus comprising a first frame operable between an open state in which the frame may be placed over and removed from a pipe and a closed state in which the frame may capture a pipe thereby to mount the apparatus on the pipe, electrical conductors mounted on the apparatus and arranged to form an induction heating coil when the first frame is in the closed state, a second frame rotatably mounted on the first frame and operable with the first frame between an open state and a closed state, and a coating applicator mounted on the second frame and arranged to apply a coating onto a surface of a pipe on which the apparatus is mounted, wherein the first and second frames and the coating applicator are arranged such that when the apparatus is mounted on a pipe and the first and second frames are in the closed state the coating applicator is disposed to one side of the induction heating coil and able to apply coating to a surface of the pipe alongside the surface of the pipe underlying the induction heating coil; mounting the apparatus to the pipe so that the induction heating coil overlies the region of the pipeline to be coated; feeding an alternating current through the induction heating coil to heat the region of the pipeline underlying the coil; and moving the apparatus longitudinally relative to the pipeline so that the coating applicator overlies the region of the pipeline to be coated. 41. A method as claimed in claim 40, comprising the additional steps of:
applying the spray coating to the region of the pipeline to be coated; and rotating the second frame relative to the first frame so that the coating applicator moves completely around the pipeline so as to apply coating completely around the circumference of the pipeline. | 1,700 |
2,120 | 12,934,877 | 1,763 | The combination of an enzyme substrate and an enzyme capable of accelerating the modification of said substrate, provides a triggered release system which works especially well. The use of the enzyme-triggered release system can retain a rinse benefit agent during the wash stage and release it during the subsequent rinse stage. | 1. A particle for triggered release of a rinse benefit agent, said particle comprising:
a) a rinse benefit agent, b) an enzyme, and c) a substrate for said enzyme,
wherein the rinse benefit agent and the enzyme are surrounded by a barrier layer comprising the substrate. 2. The particle of claim 1, wherein the rinse benefit agent is selected from the group consisting of perfumes, encapsulated perfumes, masking agents, chemical malodour neutralizers, physical malodour neutralizers, pro-fragrances, fibre lubricants, anti-static agents, anti-wrinkle agents, antifoam, photo-protective agents, optical brighteners, soil release polymers, soil repelling agents, stain repellent agents, fabric softening compounds, anti-microbial agents, insecticides, fungicides, insect repellents, antioxidants, moisture management agents, shading dyes, dye fixing agents, a second enzyme and mixtures thereof. 3. The particle of claim 1, wherein the enzyme which acts on the substrate is selected from the group consisting of amylases, lipases, cellulases, cutinases and mixtures thereof. 4. The particle of claim 1, wherein the substrate is water-insoluble. 5. The particle of claim 4, wherein the water-insoluble substrate is selected from the group consisting of monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, wax esters and mixtures thereof. 6. The particle of claim 1, wherein the particle comprises a core containing the rinse benefit agent and a layer comprising the substrate surrounding the core. 7. The particle of claim 6, wherein the core comprises a carrier particle. 8. The particle of claim 1, wherein the rinse benefit agent, the substrate and the enzyme are present together. 9. The particle of claim 1, wherein the particle comprises a first layer comprising the rinse benefit agent and a second layer comprising the substrate. 10. A process for preparing a particle of claim 1, comprising the steps of:
a) preparing a core comprising the benefit agent, b) applying one or more layers,
wherein a layer comprises the enzyme or the substrate for said enzyme or both. 11. The process of claim 10, where the particle is prepared in a mixer, a fluid bed, a fluid bed spray dryer, a spray dryer or an extruder. 12. A dishwash detergent composition comprising the particles of claim 1. 13. Use of the particle or composition of claim 12, in hard surface cleaning. 14. A process for washing kitchenware, comprising a washing step wherein soiled kitchenware is contacted with an aqueous composition comprising the dishwash detergent composition of claim 12, followed by a rinsing step wherein the rinse benefit agent is released from the particles into the rinse liquid. | The combination of an enzyme substrate and an enzyme capable of accelerating the modification of said substrate, provides a triggered release system which works especially well. The use of the enzyme-triggered release system can retain a rinse benefit agent during the wash stage and release it during the subsequent rinse stage.1. A particle for triggered release of a rinse benefit agent, said particle comprising:
a) a rinse benefit agent, b) an enzyme, and c) a substrate for said enzyme,
wherein the rinse benefit agent and the enzyme are surrounded by a barrier layer comprising the substrate. 2. The particle of claim 1, wherein the rinse benefit agent is selected from the group consisting of perfumes, encapsulated perfumes, masking agents, chemical malodour neutralizers, physical malodour neutralizers, pro-fragrances, fibre lubricants, anti-static agents, anti-wrinkle agents, antifoam, photo-protective agents, optical brighteners, soil release polymers, soil repelling agents, stain repellent agents, fabric softening compounds, anti-microbial agents, insecticides, fungicides, insect repellents, antioxidants, moisture management agents, shading dyes, dye fixing agents, a second enzyme and mixtures thereof. 3. The particle of claim 1, wherein the enzyme which acts on the substrate is selected from the group consisting of amylases, lipases, cellulases, cutinases and mixtures thereof. 4. The particle of claim 1, wherein the substrate is water-insoluble. 5. The particle of claim 4, wherein the water-insoluble substrate is selected from the group consisting of monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, wax esters and mixtures thereof. 6. The particle of claim 1, wherein the particle comprises a core containing the rinse benefit agent and a layer comprising the substrate surrounding the core. 7. The particle of claim 6, wherein the core comprises a carrier particle. 8. The particle of claim 1, wherein the rinse benefit agent, the substrate and the enzyme are present together. 9. The particle of claim 1, wherein the particle comprises a first layer comprising the rinse benefit agent and a second layer comprising the substrate. 10. A process for preparing a particle of claim 1, comprising the steps of:
a) preparing a core comprising the benefit agent, b) applying one or more layers,
wherein a layer comprises the enzyme or the substrate for said enzyme or both. 11. The process of claim 10, where the particle is prepared in a mixer, a fluid bed, a fluid bed spray dryer, a spray dryer or an extruder. 12. A dishwash detergent composition comprising the particles of claim 1. 13. Use of the particle or composition of claim 12, in hard surface cleaning. 14. A process for washing kitchenware, comprising a washing step wherein soiled kitchenware is contacted with an aqueous composition comprising the dishwash detergent composition of claim 12, followed by a rinsing step wherein the rinse benefit agent is released from the particles into the rinse liquid. | 1,700 |
2,121 | 13,977,096 | 1,788 | The invention relates to a method for cross-linking a cross-linkable adhesive composition without solvent on a film, comprising driving and/or guiding said film in a climatic chamber, by a Caroll-type drive or guide.
The invention also relates to a climatic chamber comprising a Caroll-type drive or guide.
The invention also relates to a process for manufacturing a self-adhesive article comprising at least a substrate and an adhesive layer, said process comprising the steps of: a) conditioning an adhesive composition at a temperature of between 20 and 160° C.; b) coating the adhesive composition b1) onto at least a part of the substrate or b2) onto a non-sticking support; submitting the article obtained at step b) to a controlled atmosphere.
The invention also relates to self-adhesive articles having high coating weights and to processes for bonding them. | 1.-42. (canceled) 43. Process for manufacturing a self-adhesive article comprising at least a substrate and an adhesive layer, said process comprising the steps of:
a) conditioning an adhesive composition, comprising at least a silyl-containing polymer, a tackifying resin and a catalyst, at a temperature of between 20 and 160° C.; b) coating the adhesive composition onto:
b1) at least a part of the substrate; or
b2) onto a non-sticking support;
c) submitting the article obtained at step b) to a temperature comprised between 20 and 200° C. and to a humidity level characterized by an atmosphere in which between 5 and 100% of the molecules are water molecules; and if b2) is chosen, then d) depositing the substrate onto the adhesive composition before step c) or onto the adhesive layer after step c). 44. Process according to claim 43, further comprising a step e) of submitting the article obtained after step c) to a temperature comprised between 20 and 200° C. 45. Process according to claim 43, wherein the coating at step b1) is performed onto at least 50% of the substrate. 46. Process according to claim 43 wherein the coating of the substrate is performed onto at least a part of both sides of the substrate. 47. Process according to claim 43, wherein the substrate is a grid or mesh or a non-woven substrate. 48. Process according to claim 43, wherein at step b1) or b2) the quantity of adhesive composition coated on the substrate or non-sticking support, is comprised between 10 and 1500 g/m2. 49. Process according to claim 43, wherein at step c) the humidity level is characterized by an atmosphere in which between 10 and 90% of the molecules are water molecules and the temperature is comprised between 30 and 180° C. 50. Process according to claim 43, wherein step c) is performed in an apparatus equipped with an external ventilation circuit comprising a heat exchanger. 51. Process according to claim 50, wherein steam is injected into the external ventilation circuit. 52. Self-adhesive article capable of being obtained by the process according to claim 43, comprising at least a substrate and an adhesive layer, wherein the coating weight of said adhesive layer is comprised between 600 and 1500 g/m2. 53. Self-adhesive article according to claim 52, wherein the coating weight of the adhesive layer is comprised between 800 and 1300 g/m2. 54. Self-adhesive article according to claim 52, wherein the adhesive layer is further covered with a release liner. 55. Self-adhesive article according to claim 52, wherein the back side of the substrate is a non-sticking layer. 56. Process for bonding a self-adhesive article according to claim 52 onto a surface comprising the steps of:
a) removing the protective non-sticking layer when said layer is present;
b) applying the article onto the surface; and
c) applying a pressure onto the article. 57. Process according to claim 56, wherein the adhesion of the self-adhesive article to the surface is characterized by a shear resistance at ambient temperature under 1 kg of higher than 10 minutes. 58. Process according to claim 44, wherein the article obtained after step c) is submitted to a temperature comprised between 30 and 180° C. 59. Process according to claim 45, the coating at step b1) is performed onto at least 75% of the substrate. 60. Process according to claim 48, wherein at step b1) or b2) the quantity of adhesive composition coated on the substrate or non-sticking support, is comprised between 50 and 1400 g/m2. 61. Process according to claim 49, wherein at step c) the humidity level is characterized by an atmosphere in which between 15 and 70% of the molecules are water molecules and the temperature is comprised between 40 and 160° C. 62. Process according to claim 57, wherein the adhesion of the self-adhesive article to the surface is characterized by a shear resistance at ambient temperature under 1 kg of higher than 1 day. | The invention relates to a method for cross-linking a cross-linkable adhesive composition without solvent on a film, comprising driving and/or guiding said film in a climatic chamber, by a Caroll-type drive or guide.
The invention also relates to a climatic chamber comprising a Caroll-type drive or guide.
The invention also relates to a process for manufacturing a self-adhesive article comprising at least a substrate and an adhesive layer, said process comprising the steps of: a) conditioning an adhesive composition at a temperature of between 20 and 160° C.; b) coating the adhesive composition b1) onto at least a part of the substrate or b2) onto a non-sticking support; submitting the article obtained at step b) to a controlled atmosphere.
The invention also relates to self-adhesive articles having high coating weights and to processes for bonding them.1.-42. (canceled) 43. Process for manufacturing a self-adhesive article comprising at least a substrate and an adhesive layer, said process comprising the steps of:
a) conditioning an adhesive composition, comprising at least a silyl-containing polymer, a tackifying resin and a catalyst, at a temperature of between 20 and 160° C.; b) coating the adhesive composition onto:
b1) at least a part of the substrate; or
b2) onto a non-sticking support;
c) submitting the article obtained at step b) to a temperature comprised between 20 and 200° C. and to a humidity level characterized by an atmosphere in which between 5 and 100% of the molecules are water molecules; and if b2) is chosen, then d) depositing the substrate onto the adhesive composition before step c) or onto the adhesive layer after step c). 44. Process according to claim 43, further comprising a step e) of submitting the article obtained after step c) to a temperature comprised between 20 and 200° C. 45. Process according to claim 43, wherein the coating at step b1) is performed onto at least 50% of the substrate. 46. Process according to claim 43 wherein the coating of the substrate is performed onto at least a part of both sides of the substrate. 47. Process according to claim 43, wherein the substrate is a grid or mesh or a non-woven substrate. 48. Process according to claim 43, wherein at step b1) or b2) the quantity of adhesive composition coated on the substrate or non-sticking support, is comprised between 10 and 1500 g/m2. 49. Process according to claim 43, wherein at step c) the humidity level is characterized by an atmosphere in which between 10 and 90% of the molecules are water molecules and the temperature is comprised between 30 and 180° C. 50. Process according to claim 43, wherein step c) is performed in an apparatus equipped with an external ventilation circuit comprising a heat exchanger. 51. Process according to claim 50, wherein steam is injected into the external ventilation circuit. 52. Self-adhesive article capable of being obtained by the process according to claim 43, comprising at least a substrate and an adhesive layer, wherein the coating weight of said adhesive layer is comprised between 600 and 1500 g/m2. 53. Self-adhesive article according to claim 52, wherein the coating weight of the adhesive layer is comprised between 800 and 1300 g/m2. 54. Self-adhesive article according to claim 52, wherein the adhesive layer is further covered with a release liner. 55. Self-adhesive article according to claim 52, wherein the back side of the substrate is a non-sticking layer. 56. Process for bonding a self-adhesive article according to claim 52 onto a surface comprising the steps of:
a) removing the protective non-sticking layer when said layer is present;
b) applying the article onto the surface; and
c) applying a pressure onto the article. 57. Process according to claim 56, wherein the adhesion of the self-adhesive article to the surface is characterized by a shear resistance at ambient temperature under 1 kg of higher than 10 minutes. 58. Process according to claim 44, wherein the article obtained after step c) is submitted to a temperature comprised between 30 and 180° C. 59. Process according to claim 45, the coating at step b1) is performed onto at least 75% of the substrate. 60. Process according to claim 48, wherein at step b1) or b2) the quantity of adhesive composition coated on the substrate or non-sticking support, is comprised between 50 and 1400 g/m2. 61. Process according to claim 49, wherein at step c) the humidity level is characterized by an atmosphere in which between 15 and 70% of the molecules are water molecules and the temperature is comprised between 40 and 160° C. 62. Process according to claim 57, wherein the adhesion of the self-adhesive article to the surface is characterized by a shear resistance at ambient temperature under 1 kg of higher than 1 day. | 1,700 |
2,122 | 14,132,672 | 1,789 | Small diameter poly(phenylene ether) fibers can be consistently formed from a composition comprising specific amounts of a poly(phenylene ether), a processing aid, and optionally a poly(alkenyl aromatic). The processing aid can be LLDPE, a petroleum resin, or combinations thereof. The processing aid can optionally further comprise a phosphite or phosphonate. Flame retardants are minimized or excluded from the composition. The fibers can be melt spun without entanglement or breakage, and this improved processability enables small diameter fibers to be formed. The resulting fibers can be used in reinforcing structures for printed circuit boards. | 1. A fiber comprising a composition comprising:
50 to 99.9 weight percent of a poly(phenylene ether); 0.1 to 10 weight percent of a processing aid comprising linear low density polyethylene, a petroleum resin, or combinations thereof; and 0 to 0.5 weight percent of a flame retardant; wherein all weight percents are based on the total weight of the composition. 2. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises 90 to 99.9 weight percent of the poly(phenylene ether); and wherein poly(alkenyl aromatic) is excluded from the composition. 3. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises 50 to 98.9 weight percent of the poly(phenylene ether); and further comprises 1 to 49.9 weight percent of a poly(alkenyl aromatic). 4. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the processing aid comprises linear low density polyethylene, a partially or fully hydrogenated aliphatic petroleum resin derived from ethylenically unsaturated C5 monomers, ethylenically unsaturated C9 monomers, ethylenically unsaturated C5/C9 monomers, or combinations thereof. 5. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the processing aid comprises linear low density polyethylene having a melt volume rate of 10 to 40 grams per 10 minutes, measured in accordance with ASTM D1238-10 at 190° C. and a 2.16 kilogram load. 6. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the processing aid comprises a partially or fully hydrogenated aliphatic petroleum resin derived from ethylenically unsaturated C5 monomers, C9 monomers, ethylenically unsaturated C5/C9 monomers, or combinations thereof. 7. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the processing aid comprises a fully hydrogenated aromatic petroleum resin derived from ethylenically unsaturated C9 monomers and having a softening point of 60 to 150° C., measured in accordance with ASTM E28-99. 8. The fiber of claim 1, further comprising 0.1 to 10 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition, of an organophosphorus compound comprising a phosphite of formula
a phosphonate of formula
or combinations thereof, wherein each R is independently a C2-18 alkyl or C6-15 aryl group. 9. The fiber of claim 8, wherein the organophosphorus compound comprises a phosphite of formula
wherein each R is independently a C2 alkyl. 10. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the poly(phenylene ether) has an intrinsic viscosity of 0.25 to 0.5 deciliters per gram, measured at 25° C. in chloroform. 11. The fiber of claim 3, wherein the poly(phenylene ether) comprises poly(2,6-dimethyl-4-phenylene ether), the polyalkenyl aromatic comprises atactic polystyrene; the processing aid comprises linear low density polyethylene; and flame retardant is excluded from the composition. 12. A fiber comprising a composition comprising:
79.8 to 99.8 weight percent of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether); 0 to 20 weight percent of atactic polystyrene; 0.1 to 5 weight percent of linear low density polyethylene; 0.1 to 5 weight percent of triisodecyl phosphite; and 0 to 0.5 weight percent of a flame retardant comprising an organophosphate ester, a phosphine oxide, a phosphorus- and nitrogen-containing organic compound, a polymeric siloxane compound, a boron compound, or combinations thereof, based on the total weight of the composition; wherein all weight percents are based on the total weight of the composition. 13. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the fiber is made by melt spinning, and the fiber diameter is 1 to 50 micrometers. 14. An article comprising a fiber, wherein the fiber comprises a composition comprising:
50 to 99.9 weight percent of a poly(phenylene ether); 0.1 to 10 weight percent of a processing aid selected from linear low density polyethylene, a petroleum resin, and combinations thereof; and 0 to 0.5 weight percent of a flame retardant; wherein all weight percents are based on the total weight of the composition. 15. The article of claim 14, comprising a yarn, or a woven or non-woven textile. 16. The article of claim 14, comprising a reinforcing textile made from the fiber. 17. The article of claim 16, wherein the reinforcing textile further comprises carbon fibers, glass fibers, aromatic polyamide fibers, metal fibers, or combinations thereof. 18. The article of claim 16, comprising a composite made from the reinforcing textile. 19. The article of claim 18, comprising a printed circuit board made from the composite. 20. A method of forming a fiber, comprising extruding through a spinneret a composition comprising:
50 to 99.9 weight percent of a poly(phenylene ether); 0.1 to 10 weight percent of a processing aid selected from linear low density polyethylene, a petroleum resin, and combinations thereof; and 0 to 0.5 weight percent of a flame retardant; wherein all weight percents are based on the total weight of the composition. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the spinning is melt spinning. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the holes of the spinneret have a diameter of 0.5 to 2 millimeters, and the fiber has a smaller diameter than a fiber spun when the holes have a diameter of 0.1 to less than 0.5 millimeters. | Small diameter poly(phenylene ether) fibers can be consistently formed from a composition comprising specific amounts of a poly(phenylene ether), a processing aid, and optionally a poly(alkenyl aromatic). The processing aid can be LLDPE, a petroleum resin, or combinations thereof. The processing aid can optionally further comprise a phosphite or phosphonate. Flame retardants are minimized or excluded from the composition. The fibers can be melt spun without entanglement or breakage, and this improved processability enables small diameter fibers to be formed. The resulting fibers can be used in reinforcing structures for printed circuit boards.1. A fiber comprising a composition comprising:
50 to 99.9 weight percent of a poly(phenylene ether); 0.1 to 10 weight percent of a processing aid comprising linear low density polyethylene, a petroleum resin, or combinations thereof; and 0 to 0.5 weight percent of a flame retardant; wherein all weight percents are based on the total weight of the composition. 2. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises 90 to 99.9 weight percent of the poly(phenylene ether); and wherein poly(alkenyl aromatic) is excluded from the composition. 3. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises 50 to 98.9 weight percent of the poly(phenylene ether); and further comprises 1 to 49.9 weight percent of a poly(alkenyl aromatic). 4. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the processing aid comprises linear low density polyethylene, a partially or fully hydrogenated aliphatic petroleum resin derived from ethylenically unsaturated C5 monomers, ethylenically unsaturated C9 monomers, ethylenically unsaturated C5/C9 monomers, or combinations thereof. 5. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the processing aid comprises linear low density polyethylene having a melt volume rate of 10 to 40 grams per 10 minutes, measured in accordance with ASTM D1238-10 at 190° C. and a 2.16 kilogram load. 6. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the processing aid comprises a partially or fully hydrogenated aliphatic petroleum resin derived from ethylenically unsaturated C5 monomers, C9 monomers, ethylenically unsaturated C5/C9 monomers, or combinations thereof. 7. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the processing aid comprises a fully hydrogenated aromatic petroleum resin derived from ethylenically unsaturated C9 monomers and having a softening point of 60 to 150° C., measured in accordance with ASTM E28-99. 8. The fiber of claim 1, further comprising 0.1 to 10 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition, of an organophosphorus compound comprising a phosphite of formula
a phosphonate of formula
or combinations thereof, wherein each R is independently a C2-18 alkyl or C6-15 aryl group. 9. The fiber of claim 8, wherein the organophosphorus compound comprises a phosphite of formula
wherein each R is independently a C2 alkyl. 10. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the poly(phenylene ether) has an intrinsic viscosity of 0.25 to 0.5 deciliters per gram, measured at 25° C. in chloroform. 11. The fiber of claim 3, wherein the poly(phenylene ether) comprises poly(2,6-dimethyl-4-phenylene ether), the polyalkenyl aromatic comprises atactic polystyrene; the processing aid comprises linear low density polyethylene; and flame retardant is excluded from the composition. 12. A fiber comprising a composition comprising:
79.8 to 99.8 weight percent of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether); 0 to 20 weight percent of atactic polystyrene; 0.1 to 5 weight percent of linear low density polyethylene; 0.1 to 5 weight percent of triisodecyl phosphite; and 0 to 0.5 weight percent of a flame retardant comprising an organophosphate ester, a phosphine oxide, a phosphorus- and nitrogen-containing organic compound, a polymeric siloxane compound, a boron compound, or combinations thereof, based on the total weight of the composition; wherein all weight percents are based on the total weight of the composition. 13. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the fiber is made by melt spinning, and the fiber diameter is 1 to 50 micrometers. 14. An article comprising a fiber, wherein the fiber comprises a composition comprising:
50 to 99.9 weight percent of a poly(phenylene ether); 0.1 to 10 weight percent of a processing aid selected from linear low density polyethylene, a petroleum resin, and combinations thereof; and 0 to 0.5 weight percent of a flame retardant; wherein all weight percents are based on the total weight of the composition. 15. The article of claim 14, comprising a yarn, or a woven or non-woven textile. 16. The article of claim 14, comprising a reinforcing textile made from the fiber. 17. The article of claim 16, wherein the reinforcing textile further comprises carbon fibers, glass fibers, aromatic polyamide fibers, metal fibers, or combinations thereof. 18. The article of claim 16, comprising a composite made from the reinforcing textile. 19. The article of claim 18, comprising a printed circuit board made from the composite. 20. A method of forming a fiber, comprising extruding through a spinneret a composition comprising:
50 to 99.9 weight percent of a poly(phenylene ether); 0.1 to 10 weight percent of a processing aid selected from linear low density polyethylene, a petroleum resin, and combinations thereof; and 0 to 0.5 weight percent of a flame retardant; wherein all weight percents are based on the total weight of the composition. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the spinning is melt spinning. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the holes of the spinneret have a diameter of 0.5 to 2 millimeters, and the fiber has a smaller diameter than a fiber spun when the holes have a diameter of 0.1 to less than 0.5 millimeters. | 1,700 |
2,123 | 13,504,390 | 1,712 | The invention relates to an aqueously dispersible polyurethane having a specific amount of substance of hydroxyl groups, —OH, of at least 0.6 mol/kg, and additionally satisfying at least two of the following conditions: a) a degree of branching measured as specific amount of substance of tertiary and/or quaternary aliphatic carbon atoms of from 0.01 mol/kg to 0.5 mol/kg, b) a specific amount of urea groups >N—CO—N< of from 0.8 mol/kg to 2 mol/kg, and c) a specific amount of substance of hydroxyl groups, —OH, of from 1 mol/kg to 4 mol/kg, wherein in each case the specific amount of substance is based on the mass of the polyurethane, a process for the preparation thereof, and a method of use thereof. | 1.-15. (canceled) 16. An aqueously dispersible polyurethane having a specific amount of substance of hydroxyl groups, —OH, of at least 0.6 mol/kg, and additionally satisfying at least two of the following conditions:
a) a degree of branching measured as specific amount of substance of tertiary and/or quaternary aliphatic carbon atoms of from 0.01 mol/kg to 0.5 mol/kg,
b) a specific amount of urea groups >N—CO—N< of from 0.8 mol/kg to 2 mol/kg, and
c) a specific amount of substance of hydroxyl groups, —OH, of from 1 mol/kg to 4 mol/kg, wherein in each case the specific amount of substance is based on the mass of the polyurethane. 17. The aqueously dispersible polyurethane of claim 16 which has the properties b) and c). 18. The aqueously dispersible polyurethane of claim 16 which has the properties a), b) and c). 19. The aqueously dispersible polyurethane of claim 16 wherein the degree of branching a′) measured as specific amount of substance of tertiary and/or quaternary aliphatic carbon atoms of from 0.1 mol/kg to 0.4 mol/kg. 20. The aqueously dispersible polyurethane of claim 19 which has the properties a′) and b). 21. The aqueously dispersible polyurethane of claim 19 which has the properties a′) and c). 22. The aqueously dispersible polyurethane of claim 19 which has the properties a′), b) and c). 23. The aqueously dispersible polyurethane of claim 16 which has a specific amount of substance of acid and/or acid anion groups of from 0.1 mol/kg to 1.8 mol/kg. 24. The aqueously dispersible polyurethane of claim 16 which has a mass fraction of oligo-oxyethylene groups of from 1% to 25%, wherein oligo-oxyethylene groups obey the formula —O—(—CH2-CH2-O-)n-CH2-CH2-O—, wherein n is from 1 to 100. 25. The aqueously dispersible polyurethane of claim 16 which has a specific amount of substance of basic and/or cationic groups of from 0.1 mol/kg to 1.8 mol/kg. 26. A process for the preparation of the aqueously dispersible polyurethane of claim 16, comprising the steps of
(a)—preparing a hydroxy-functional polymer A having a number average molar mass of at least 400 g/mol, and at least two hydroxyl groups per molecule, (b)—mixing polymer A with either or both of a hydroxy-functional or amino-functional acid B1 which has at least one, and preferably two, hydroxyl or primary or secondary amino groups and at least one acid group, and a polyether B2 which has oligo-oxyethylene groups obeying the formula II
—O—(—CH2—CH2—O—)n—CH2—CH2—O—, (II)
wherein n is from 1 to 100, and at least one hydroxyl group, or with either or both of a hydroxy-functional or amino-functional basic compound B3 which has at least one hydroxyl or primary or secondary amino group and at least one basic group, and a polyether B2 which has oligo-oxyethylene groups obeying the formula II
—O—(—CH2—CH2—O—)n—CH2—CH2—O—, (II)
wherein n is from 1 to 100, and at least one hydroxyl group,
(c)—reacting the mixture prepared in step (b) with at least one polyfunctional isocyanate C having at least two isocyanate groups per molecule, wherein the amount of isocyanate C is chosen such that there is a ratio of isocyanate groups in component C to hydroxyl groups present in the mixture prepared in step (b) of from 2:1 to 1.1:1, until at least 90% of the hydroxyl groups of the mixture prepared in step (b) are consumed by reaction with the isocyanate component C, (d)—adding to the reaction product of step (c) at least one of a hydroxyamine D having at least one primary or secondary amino group, and at least one hydroxyl group, a polyhydric alcohol E having at least two hydroxyl groups per molecule, and a polyfunctional amine F having at least two amino groups, each of the amino groups being selected from primary and secondary amino groups, (e)—dispersing the reaction product of step (d) in water, and optionally adding a chain extender G. 27. The process of claim 26 wherein a hydroxy-functional acid B1 is used in step (b), and wherein in step (e), the reaction product of step (d) is neutralised before or during or after dispersing in water by adding an alkaline reagent selected from alkali hydroxides, earth alkali hydroxides, amines, ammonium hydroxide and alkylated ammonium hydroxide. 28. The process of claim 26 wherein a polyhydric organic compound A′ having at least three hydroxyl groups per molecule, and a molar mass of not more than 500 g/mol is added in step (b). 29. The process of claim 26 wherein the isocyanate concentration of the reaction product of step (c) is at least 5%. 30. A method of use of the aqueously dispersible polyurethane of claim 16 for the preparation of coating compositions, comprising the steps of admixing to the aqueously dispersible polyurethane at least one additive selected from the group of wetting agents, defoamers, antisettling agents, levelling agents, biocides, and coalescing agents, optionally pigments and colourants, to form a binder mixture, combining the binder mixture thus prepared with at least one crosslinking agent selected from the group consisting of capped and uncapped isocyanates, hydrophilically capped and uncapped isocyanates, aminoplast crosslinkers, alkoxycarbonylamino triazines, and phenoplast resins, and applying the mixture of binder and crosslinking agent to a substrate by spraying, dipping, brushing, blade coating, curtain coating or roller coating, and drying the coated substrate optionally at elevated temperature to form a coating film on the said substrate. 31. The process of claim 26, wherein the polyether B2 has at least two hydroxyl groups. 32. The process of claim 26, wherein the hydroxy-functional or amino-functional basic compound B3 has at least two hydroxyl or primary or secondary amino groups and at least one basic group which is a tertiary amino group. | The invention relates to an aqueously dispersible polyurethane having a specific amount of substance of hydroxyl groups, —OH, of at least 0.6 mol/kg, and additionally satisfying at least two of the following conditions: a) a degree of branching measured as specific amount of substance of tertiary and/or quaternary aliphatic carbon atoms of from 0.01 mol/kg to 0.5 mol/kg, b) a specific amount of urea groups >N—CO—N< of from 0.8 mol/kg to 2 mol/kg, and c) a specific amount of substance of hydroxyl groups, —OH, of from 1 mol/kg to 4 mol/kg, wherein in each case the specific amount of substance is based on the mass of the polyurethane, a process for the preparation thereof, and a method of use thereof.1.-15. (canceled) 16. An aqueously dispersible polyurethane having a specific amount of substance of hydroxyl groups, —OH, of at least 0.6 mol/kg, and additionally satisfying at least two of the following conditions:
a) a degree of branching measured as specific amount of substance of tertiary and/or quaternary aliphatic carbon atoms of from 0.01 mol/kg to 0.5 mol/kg,
b) a specific amount of urea groups >N—CO—N< of from 0.8 mol/kg to 2 mol/kg, and
c) a specific amount of substance of hydroxyl groups, —OH, of from 1 mol/kg to 4 mol/kg, wherein in each case the specific amount of substance is based on the mass of the polyurethane. 17. The aqueously dispersible polyurethane of claim 16 which has the properties b) and c). 18. The aqueously dispersible polyurethane of claim 16 which has the properties a), b) and c). 19. The aqueously dispersible polyurethane of claim 16 wherein the degree of branching a′) measured as specific amount of substance of tertiary and/or quaternary aliphatic carbon atoms of from 0.1 mol/kg to 0.4 mol/kg. 20. The aqueously dispersible polyurethane of claim 19 which has the properties a′) and b). 21. The aqueously dispersible polyurethane of claim 19 which has the properties a′) and c). 22. The aqueously dispersible polyurethane of claim 19 which has the properties a′), b) and c). 23. The aqueously dispersible polyurethane of claim 16 which has a specific amount of substance of acid and/or acid anion groups of from 0.1 mol/kg to 1.8 mol/kg. 24. The aqueously dispersible polyurethane of claim 16 which has a mass fraction of oligo-oxyethylene groups of from 1% to 25%, wherein oligo-oxyethylene groups obey the formula —O—(—CH2-CH2-O-)n-CH2-CH2-O—, wherein n is from 1 to 100. 25. The aqueously dispersible polyurethane of claim 16 which has a specific amount of substance of basic and/or cationic groups of from 0.1 mol/kg to 1.8 mol/kg. 26. A process for the preparation of the aqueously dispersible polyurethane of claim 16, comprising the steps of
(a)—preparing a hydroxy-functional polymer A having a number average molar mass of at least 400 g/mol, and at least two hydroxyl groups per molecule, (b)—mixing polymer A with either or both of a hydroxy-functional or amino-functional acid B1 which has at least one, and preferably two, hydroxyl or primary or secondary amino groups and at least one acid group, and a polyether B2 which has oligo-oxyethylene groups obeying the formula II
—O—(—CH2—CH2—O—)n—CH2—CH2—O—, (II)
wherein n is from 1 to 100, and at least one hydroxyl group, or with either or both of a hydroxy-functional or amino-functional basic compound B3 which has at least one hydroxyl or primary or secondary amino group and at least one basic group, and a polyether B2 which has oligo-oxyethylene groups obeying the formula II
—O—(—CH2—CH2—O—)n—CH2—CH2—O—, (II)
wherein n is from 1 to 100, and at least one hydroxyl group,
(c)—reacting the mixture prepared in step (b) with at least one polyfunctional isocyanate C having at least two isocyanate groups per molecule, wherein the amount of isocyanate C is chosen such that there is a ratio of isocyanate groups in component C to hydroxyl groups present in the mixture prepared in step (b) of from 2:1 to 1.1:1, until at least 90% of the hydroxyl groups of the mixture prepared in step (b) are consumed by reaction with the isocyanate component C, (d)—adding to the reaction product of step (c) at least one of a hydroxyamine D having at least one primary or secondary amino group, and at least one hydroxyl group, a polyhydric alcohol E having at least two hydroxyl groups per molecule, and a polyfunctional amine F having at least two amino groups, each of the amino groups being selected from primary and secondary amino groups, (e)—dispersing the reaction product of step (d) in water, and optionally adding a chain extender G. 27. The process of claim 26 wherein a hydroxy-functional acid B1 is used in step (b), and wherein in step (e), the reaction product of step (d) is neutralised before or during or after dispersing in water by adding an alkaline reagent selected from alkali hydroxides, earth alkali hydroxides, amines, ammonium hydroxide and alkylated ammonium hydroxide. 28. The process of claim 26 wherein a polyhydric organic compound A′ having at least three hydroxyl groups per molecule, and a molar mass of not more than 500 g/mol is added in step (b). 29. The process of claim 26 wherein the isocyanate concentration of the reaction product of step (c) is at least 5%. 30. A method of use of the aqueously dispersible polyurethane of claim 16 for the preparation of coating compositions, comprising the steps of admixing to the aqueously dispersible polyurethane at least one additive selected from the group of wetting agents, defoamers, antisettling agents, levelling agents, biocides, and coalescing agents, optionally pigments and colourants, to form a binder mixture, combining the binder mixture thus prepared with at least one crosslinking agent selected from the group consisting of capped and uncapped isocyanates, hydrophilically capped and uncapped isocyanates, aminoplast crosslinkers, alkoxycarbonylamino triazines, and phenoplast resins, and applying the mixture of binder and crosslinking agent to a substrate by spraying, dipping, brushing, blade coating, curtain coating or roller coating, and drying the coated substrate optionally at elevated temperature to form a coating film on the said substrate. 31. The process of claim 26, wherein the polyether B2 has at least two hydroxyl groups. 32. The process of claim 26, wherein the hydroxy-functional or amino-functional basic compound B3 has at least two hydroxyl or primary or secondary amino groups and at least one basic group which is a tertiary amino group. | 1,700 |
2,124 | 13,604,568 | 1,717 | Process of manufacturing a medical implant device comprising applying a peptide linker pre-coating to the medical implant device for subsequent coating of a therapeutic agent, wherein the peptide linker contains no therapeutic or other active agents. The method further comprises delivering the pre-coated device to a point of care and applying a therapeutic coating on the pre-coated medical implant device at the point of care. | 1. In a process of manufacturing a medical implant device, said process comprising:
applying a peptide linker pre-coating to the device for subsequent coating of a therapeutic agent to the medical implant device, said peptide linker containing no therapeutic or other active agents, delivering the pre-coated device to a point of care, applying a therapeutic coating on the pre-coated medical implant device at the point of care. 2. The process of claim 2 wherein said applying a peptide linker pre-coating to the device occurs at a point of manufacture of said device. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising sterilizing said device prior to said delivering. | Process of manufacturing a medical implant device comprising applying a peptide linker pre-coating to the medical implant device for subsequent coating of a therapeutic agent, wherein the peptide linker contains no therapeutic or other active agents. The method further comprises delivering the pre-coated device to a point of care and applying a therapeutic coating on the pre-coated medical implant device at the point of care.1. In a process of manufacturing a medical implant device, said process comprising:
applying a peptide linker pre-coating to the device for subsequent coating of a therapeutic agent to the medical implant device, said peptide linker containing no therapeutic or other active agents, delivering the pre-coated device to a point of care, applying a therapeutic coating on the pre-coated medical implant device at the point of care. 2. The process of claim 2 wherein said applying a peptide linker pre-coating to the device occurs at a point of manufacture of said device. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising sterilizing said device prior to said delivering. | 1,700 |
2,125 | 15,409,066 | 1,766 | Rotational cast polyurethane composition prepared from a prepolymer composition comprising: a) an isocyanate-terminated polyurethane prepolymer; and b) a curative agent comprising i) a polyol; ii) an aromatic diamine; iii) a thixotropic aliphatic amine; and iv) a thixotropic colloidal additive, wherein the prepolymer comprises a product produce by the reaction of a polyol with an organic diisocyanate monomer comprising 4,4′-diisocyanato diphenylmethane (MDI), and which prepolymer comprises less than 1.0% by weight of free MDI monomer, based on the total weight of the prepolymer, exhibits a range of enhanced physical properties compared to those obtained from prepolymers comprising a higher level of free MDI monomer. | 1. A rotational casting method for producing a polyurethane polymer coating on a cylindrical substrate, the method comprising:
rotating the cylindrical substrate about an axis at a selected rotational speed, applying a polyurethane prepolymer composition to a surface of the rotating substrate by ejecting the polyurethane prepolymer composition through a die at a selected flow rate, effecting relative linear movement between the rotating substrate and the die in a direction parallel to the axis of rotation at a selected relative linear speed, and synchronizing the reaction mixture flow rate, the relative linear speed and the rotational speed in such a way that successive convolutions of the outlet streams of the polymeric reaction mixture overlap and meld together seamlessly; wherein the polyurethane prepolymer composition comprises: a) an isocyanate-terminated polyurethane prepolymer; prepared by reacting 4,4′-diisocyanato diphenylmethane and a polytetramethylene ether glycol, and which prepolymer comprises less than 1.0% by weight of free 4,4′-diisocyanato diphenylmethane monomer, based on the total weight of the prepolymer, and b) a curative comprising i) polytetramethylene ether glycol, ii) diamine diethyl toluene diamine and/or dimethylthio-toluene diamine, and iii) about 0.1 wt % to about 1.5 wt %, based on the total weight of the curative, of a thixotropic aliphatic amine selected from the group consisting of ethylene diamine, 1,6-hexanediamine, 1,12-dodecane diamine, 1,4-cyclohexane diamine, and diethylene triamine, and wherein the total active hydrogen content of the curative agent is equal to about 80-115% of the total isocyanate content of the isocyanate-terminated polyurethane prepolymer to provide the polyurethane polymer coating as a rotationally cast polyurethane layer. 2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the polyurethane prepolymer composition is ejected through a die dividing an inlet stream of the polymeric reaction mixture into plural outlet streams. 3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the prepolymer comprises less than 0.7% by weight of free 4,4′-diisocyanato diphenylmethane monomer. 4. The method according to claim 1 wherein the prepolymer comprises less than 0.5% by weight of free 4,4′-diisocyanato diphenylmethane monomer. 5. The method according to claim 1 wherein the prepolymer comprises less than 0.3% by weight of free 4,4′-diisocyanato diphenylmethane monomer. 6. The method according to claim 1 wherein the curative further comprises iv) from about 1.0 wt % to about 10 wt %, based on the total weight of the curative, of a thixotropic colloidal additive selected from the group consisting of fumed silica, clay, bentonite, and talc. 7. The method according to claim 2 wherein the curative further comprises iv) from about 1.0 wt % to about 10 wt %, based on the total weight of the curative, of a thixotropic colloidal additive selected from the group consisting of fumed silica, clay, bentonite, and talc. 8. The method according to claim 1 wherein rotationally cast polyurethane layer has a hardness in the range of 40 to 70 Shore A. 9. The method according to claim 1 wherein rotationally cast polyurethane layer has a hardness in the range of 70 to 80 Shore A. 10. The method according to claim 1 wherein the substrate is a paper mill roll. 11. The method according to claim 2 wherein rotationally cast polyurethane layer has a hardness in the range of 40 to 70 Shore A. 12. The method according to claim 2 wherein rotationally cast polyurethane layer has a hardness in the range of 70 to 80 Shore A. 13. The method according to claim 2 wherein the substrate is a paper mill roll. 14. The method according to claim 6 wherein rotationally cast polyurethane layer has a hardness in the range of 40 to 70 Shore A. 15. The method according to claim 6 wherein rotationally cast polyurethane layer has a hardness in the range of 70 to 80 Shore A. 16. The method according to claim 6 wherein the substrate is a paper mill roll. 17. The method according to claim 7 wherein rotationally cast polyurethane layer has a hardness in the range of 40 to 70 Shore A. 18. The method according to claim 7 wherein rotationally cast polyurethane layer has a hardness in the range of 70 to 80 Shore A. 19. The method according to claim 7 wherein the substrate is a paper mill roll. | Rotational cast polyurethane composition prepared from a prepolymer composition comprising: a) an isocyanate-terminated polyurethane prepolymer; and b) a curative agent comprising i) a polyol; ii) an aromatic diamine; iii) a thixotropic aliphatic amine; and iv) a thixotropic colloidal additive, wherein the prepolymer comprises a product produce by the reaction of a polyol with an organic diisocyanate monomer comprising 4,4′-diisocyanato diphenylmethane (MDI), and which prepolymer comprises less than 1.0% by weight of free MDI monomer, based on the total weight of the prepolymer, exhibits a range of enhanced physical properties compared to those obtained from prepolymers comprising a higher level of free MDI monomer.1. A rotational casting method for producing a polyurethane polymer coating on a cylindrical substrate, the method comprising:
rotating the cylindrical substrate about an axis at a selected rotational speed, applying a polyurethane prepolymer composition to a surface of the rotating substrate by ejecting the polyurethane prepolymer composition through a die at a selected flow rate, effecting relative linear movement between the rotating substrate and the die in a direction parallel to the axis of rotation at a selected relative linear speed, and synchronizing the reaction mixture flow rate, the relative linear speed and the rotational speed in such a way that successive convolutions of the outlet streams of the polymeric reaction mixture overlap and meld together seamlessly; wherein the polyurethane prepolymer composition comprises: a) an isocyanate-terminated polyurethane prepolymer; prepared by reacting 4,4′-diisocyanato diphenylmethane and a polytetramethylene ether glycol, and which prepolymer comprises less than 1.0% by weight of free 4,4′-diisocyanato diphenylmethane monomer, based on the total weight of the prepolymer, and b) a curative comprising i) polytetramethylene ether glycol, ii) diamine diethyl toluene diamine and/or dimethylthio-toluene diamine, and iii) about 0.1 wt % to about 1.5 wt %, based on the total weight of the curative, of a thixotropic aliphatic amine selected from the group consisting of ethylene diamine, 1,6-hexanediamine, 1,12-dodecane diamine, 1,4-cyclohexane diamine, and diethylene triamine, and wherein the total active hydrogen content of the curative agent is equal to about 80-115% of the total isocyanate content of the isocyanate-terminated polyurethane prepolymer to provide the polyurethane polymer coating as a rotationally cast polyurethane layer. 2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the polyurethane prepolymer composition is ejected through a die dividing an inlet stream of the polymeric reaction mixture into plural outlet streams. 3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the prepolymer comprises less than 0.7% by weight of free 4,4′-diisocyanato diphenylmethane monomer. 4. The method according to claim 1 wherein the prepolymer comprises less than 0.5% by weight of free 4,4′-diisocyanato diphenylmethane monomer. 5. The method according to claim 1 wherein the prepolymer comprises less than 0.3% by weight of free 4,4′-diisocyanato diphenylmethane monomer. 6. The method according to claim 1 wherein the curative further comprises iv) from about 1.0 wt % to about 10 wt %, based on the total weight of the curative, of a thixotropic colloidal additive selected from the group consisting of fumed silica, clay, bentonite, and talc. 7. The method according to claim 2 wherein the curative further comprises iv) from about 1.0 wt % to about 10 wt %, based on the total weight of the curative, of a thixotropic colloidal additive selected from the group consisting of fumed silica, clay, bentonite, and talc. 8. The method according to claim 1 wherein rotationally cast polyurethane layer has a hardness in the range of 40 to 70 Shore A. 9. The method according to claim 1 wherein rotationally cast polyurethane layer has a hardness in the range of 70 to 80 Shore A. 10. The method according to claim 1 wherein the substrate is a paper mill roll. 11. The method according to claim 2 wherein rotationally cast polyurethane layer has a hardness in the range of 40 to 70 Shore A. 12. The method according to claim 2 wherein rotationally cast polyurethane layer has a hardness in the range of 70 to 80 Shore A. 13. The method according to claim 2 wherein the substrate is a paper mill roll. 14. The method according to claim 6 wherein rotationally cast polyurethane layer has a hardness in the range of 40 to 70 Shore A. 15. The method according to claim 6 wherein rotationally cast polyurethane layer has a hardness in the range of 70 to 80 Shore A. 16. The method according to claim 6 wherein the substrate is a paper mill roll. 17. The method according to claim 7 wherein rotationally cast polyurethane layer has a hardness in the range of 40 to 70 Shore A. 18. The method according to claim 7 wherein rotationally cast polyurethane layer has a hardness in the range of 70 to 80 Shore A. 19. The method according to claim 7 wherein the substrate is a paper mill roll. | 1,700 |
2,126 | 13,701,706 | 1,747 | A stand alone tobacco smoke filter or filter element for use with a smoking article comprising a wrapper engaged around a longitudinally extending core of tobacco smoke filtering material, wherein at least one end of the wrapper extends beyond the end of the core around which it is engaged, to define a cavity at the end of the filter which faces the smoking article in use. | 1. A stand alone tobacco smoke filter or filter element for use with a smoking article comprising a wrapper engaged around a longitudinally extending core of tobacco smoke filtering material, wherein at least one end of the wrapper extends beyond the end of the core around which it is engaged, to define a cavity at the end of the filter which faces the smoking article in use. 2. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the end of the wrapper extends beyond the end of the core around which it is engaged to define a cavity of length sufficient to provide a good interference fit between the radially inner face of the wrapper which defines the cavity and the outer face of the smoking article. 3. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the end of the wrapper extends beyond the end of the core around which it is engaged by a length of 3 to 14 mm, for example 5 to 12 mm. 4. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the wrapper extends beyond the end of the core around which it is engaged at both ends, to define a cavity at each end of the filter. 5. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 4 wherein both ends of the wrapper extend beyond the ends of the core around which they are engaged by a length of 3 to 14 mm, for example 5 to 12 mm. 6. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein one end of the wrapper extends beyond the end of the core around which it is engaged, to define a cavity at the end of the filter which faces the smoking article in use; and the other end of the wrapper is flush or substantially flush with the other end of the core. 7. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to any preceding claim wherein the wrapper is paper. 8. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to any preceding claim wherein the wrapper is paper of basis weight from about 30 to about 120 g/m2. 9. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 8 wherein the wrapper is paper of basis weight from about 80 to about 120 g/m2, for example a basis weight of around 100 g/m2, 10. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 8 wherein the wrapper is paper of basis weight from about 30 to about 70 g/m2, for example a basis weight of around 50 g/m2. 11. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to any preceding claim wherein the wrapper is printed or coated with a pattern. 12. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to any preceding claim wherein the wrapper is hydrophobic and/or has a hydrophobic coating. 13. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to any preceding claim including a further wrapper. 14. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to any preceding claim including perforations around its periphery. 15. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to any preceding claim wherein the filtering material is a cellulose acetate tow. 16. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to FIG. 1 or FIG. 2 or FIG. 3. 17. A rod comprising a plurality of filter or filter elements according to any preceding claim joined together end to end. 18. A filtered smoking article comprising a filter or filter element according to any of claims 1 to 16 and a smoking article. 19. A filtered smoking article according to claim 18 wherein the smoking article is a bidi or kretek or cigar or cigarette. 20. A stand-alone tobacco smoke filter or filter element for use with a smoking article, the filter or filter element comprising a longitudinally extending core of tobacco smoke filtering material and a wrapper which is attached thereto; the wrapper being engageable around the longitudinally extending core of tobacco smoke filtering material and at least a part of a smoking article placed adjacent thereto and in register therewith; the wrapper comprising fixing means for fixing the wrapper in place when it is engaged around the longitudinally extending core of tobacco smoke filtering material and the part of the smoking article placed adjacent thereto to thereby hold the core of tobacco smoke filtering material in register with the smoking article. 21. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 20 wherein the wrapper is paper. 22. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 21 wherein the wrapper is paper of basis weight from about 30 to about 120 g/m2; for example wherein the wrapper is paper of basis weight from about 80 to about 120 g/m2, for example a basis weight of around 100 g/m2; or for example wherein the wrapper is paper of basis weight from about 30 to about 70 g/m2, for example a basis weight of around 50 g/m2. 23. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to any of claims 1 to 16 or 20 to 22 further comprising a flavouring agent. 24. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 23 for use with a kretek cigarette. 25. A smoking article comprising a kretek cigarette and a tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to any of claims 1 to 16 or 20 to 22; wherein the filter or filter element includes a flavouring agent. | A stand alone tobacco smoke filter or filter element for use with a smoking article comprising a wrapper engaged around a longitudinally extending core of tobacco smoke filtering material, wherein at least one end of the wrapper extends beyond the end of the core around which it is engaged, to define a cavity at the end of the filter which faces the smoking article in use.1. A stand alone tobacco smoke filter or filter element for use with a smoking article comprising a wrapper engaged around a longitudinally extending core of tobacco smoke filtering material, wherein at least one end of the wrapper extends beyond the end of the core around which it is engaged, to define a cavity at the end of the filter which faces the smoking article in use. 2. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the end of the wrapper extends beyond the end of the core around which it is engaged to define a cavity of length sufficient to provide a good interference fit between the radially inner face of the wrapper which defines the cavity and the outer face of the smoking article. 3. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the end of the wrapper extends beyond the end of the core around which it is engaged by a length of 3 to 14 mm, for example 5 to 12 mm. 4. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the wrapper extends beyond the end of the core around which it is engaged at both ends, to define a cavity at each end of the filter. 5. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 4 wherein both ends of the wrapper extend beyond the ends of the core around which they are engaged by a length of 3 to 14 mm, for example 5 to 12 mm. 6. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein one end of the wrapper extends beyond the end of the core around which it is engaged, to define a cavity at the end of the filter which faces the smoking article in use; and the other end of the wrapper is flush or substantially flush with the other end of the core. 7. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to any preceding claim wherein the wrapper is paper. 8. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to any preceding claim wherein the wrapper is paper of basis weight from about 30 to about 120 g/m2. 9. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 8 wherein the wrapper is paper of basis weight from about 80 to about 120 g/m2, for example a basis weight of around 100 g/m2, 10. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 8 wherein the wrapper is paper of basis weight from about 30 to about 70 g/m2, for example a basis weight of around 50 g/m2. 11. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to any preceding claim wherein the wrapper is printed or coated with a pattern. 12. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to any preceding claim wherein the wrapper is hydrophobic and/or has a hydrophobic coating. 13. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to any preceding claim including a further wrapper. 14. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to any preceding claim including perforations around its periphery. 15. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to any preceding claim wherein the filtering material is a cellulose acetate tow. 16. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to FIG. 1 or FIG. 2 or FIG. 3. 17. A rod comprising a plurality of filter or filter elements according to any preceding claim joined together end to end. 18. A filtered smoking article comprising a filter or filter element according to any of claims 1 to 16 and a smoking article. 19. A filtered smoking article according to claim 18 wherein the smoking article is a bidi or kretek or cigar or cigarette. 20. A stand-alone tobacco smoke filter or filter element for use with a smoking article, the filter or filter element comprising a longitudinally extending core of tobacco smoke filtering material and a wrapper which is attached thereto; the wrapper being engageable around the longitudinally extending core of tobacco smoke filtering material and at least a part of a smoking article placed adjacent thereto and in register therewith; the wrapper comprising fixing means for fixing the wrapper in place when it is engaged around the longitudinally extending core of tobacco smoke filtering material and the part of the smoking article placed adjacent thereto to thereby hold the core of tobacco smoke filtering material in register with the smoking article. 21. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 20 wherein the wrapper is paper. 22. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 21 wherein the wrapper is paper of basis weight from about 30 to about 120 g/m2; for example wherein the wrapper is paper of basis weight from about 80 to about 120 g/m2, for example a basis weight of around 100 g/m2; or for example wherein the wrapper is paper of basis weight from about 30 to about 70 g/m2, for example a basis weight of around 50 g/m2. 23. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to any of claims 1 to 16 or 20 to 22 further comprising a flavouring agent. 24. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 23 for use with a kretek cigarette. 25. A smoking article comprising a kretek cigarette and a tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to any of claims 1 to 16 or 20 to 22; wherein the filter or filter element includes a flavouring agent. | 1,700 |
2,127 | 14,595,079 | 1,784 | There is disclosed a method for chemically bonding TiNi materials to Nitinol constructs, comprising placing a Nitinol construct within a mold and packing a powder combination comprising Ti powder and Ni powder, and powder comprised of zero or more of the elements Cu, Hf, Zr, Pt, Pd, Au, Cd, Ag, Nb, Ta, O, N, B, and H, into the mold. The method further includes initiating a process of self-propagating high temperature synthesis of the powder combination within the mold to create a chemical bond between the Nitinol construct and a resulting TiNi foam to thereby create a Nitinol and TiNi assembly. | 1. A method for chemically bonding TiNi materials to Nitinol constructs, comprising:
placing a Nitinol construct within a mold; packing a powder combination comprising Ti powder and Ni powder, and powder comprised of zero or more of the elements Cu, Hf, Zr, Pt, Pd, Au, Cd, Ag, Nb, Ta, O, N, B, and H, into the mold; and initiating a process of self-propagating high temperature synthesis of the powder combination within the mold to create a chemical bond between the Nitinol construct and a resulting TiNi foam to thereby create a Nitinol and TiNi assembly. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising removing the Nitinol and TiNi assembly from the mold. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the resulting Nitinol and TiNi assembly comprises a Nitinol construct and the TiNi foam comprises one or more TiNi mating couplers. 4. The method of claim 2 wherein the TiNi mating couplers are used to attach the Nitinol and TiNi assembly to an external structure. 5. The method of claim 3 further comprising applying heat to the Nitinol and TiNi assembly to thereby transfer force to the external structure from the Nitinol and TiNi assembly. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the atomic percentage of Ni powder in the powder combination is in the range of 45% to 56%. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising placing the Nitinol construct within the mold and the powder combination within the mold into one of a vacuum and inert gas environment prior to initiating the self-propagating high temperature synthesis. 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising heating the Nitinol construct within the mold and the powder combination within the mold to a predetermined temperature to derive a TiNi foam with desired attributes. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the Nitinol construct is in the form of a selected one of a wire, a tube, a plate, a sheet, a rolled plate, a ribbon, a braided tube, and a braided wire. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the mold is of a desired geometrical shape. 11. A Nitinol and TiNi assembly comprising:
a Nitinol construct; a TiNi foam created by:
placing the Nitinol construct within a mold;
packing a powder combination comprising Ti powder and Ni powder, and powder comprised of zero or more of the elements Cu, Hf, Zr, Pt, Pd, Au, Cd, Ag, Nb, Ta, O, N, B, and H, into the mold; and
initiating a process of self-propagating high temperature synthesis of the powder combination within the mold to create a chemical bond between the Nitinol construct and a resulting TiNi foam to thereby create the Nitinol and TiNi assembly. 12. The assembly of claim 11, wherein the TiNi foam is further created by removing the Nitinol and TiNi assembly from the mold. 13. The assembly of claim 12 the Nitinol and TiNi assembly comprises a Nitinol construct and the TiNi foam comprises one or more TiNi mating couplers. 14. The assembly of claim 13 further comprising an external structure, wherein the TiNi mating couplers are used to attach the Nitinol and TiNi assembly to the external structure. 15. The assembly of claim 11 wherein the atomic percentage of Ni powder in the powder combination is in the range of 45% to 56%. 16. The assembly of claim 11, wherein the TiNi foam is further created by placing the Nitinol construct within the mold and the powder combination within the mold into one of a vacuum and inert gas environment prior to initiating the self-propagating high temperature synthesis. 17. The assembly of claim 11 wherein, as the TiNi foam is created, the Nitinol construct within the mold and the powder combination within the mold are heated to a predetermined temperature to derive a TiNi foam with desired attributes. 18. The assembly of claim 11 wherein the Nitinol construct is in the form of a selected one of a wire, a tube, a plate, a sheet, a rolled plate, a ribbon, a braided tube, and a braided wire. 19. The assembly of claim 11 wherein the mold is of a desired geometrical shape. 20. The assembly of claim 11 wherein the Nitinol and TiNi assembly is made up of multiple TiNi foams and multiple Nitinol constructs forming a complex shape including multiple mating couplers. | There is disclosed a method for chemically bonding TiNi materials to Nitinol constructs, comprising placing a Nitinol construct within a mold and packing a powder combination comprising Ti powder and Ni powder, and powder comprised of zero or more of the elements Cu, Hf, Zr, Pt, Pd, Au, Cd, Ag, Nb, Ta, O, N, B, and H, into the mold. The method further includes initiating a process of self-propagating high temperature synthesis of the powder combination within the mold to create a chemical bond between the Nitinol construct and a resulting TiNi foam to thereby create a Nitinol and TiNi assembly.1. A method for chemically bonding TiNi materials to Nitinol constructs, comprising:
placing a Nitinol construct within a mold; packing a powder combination comprising Ti powder and Ni powder, and powder comprised of zero or more of the elements Cu, Hf, Zr, Pt, Pd, Au, Cd, Ag, Nb, Ta, O, N, B, and H, into the mold; and initiating a process of self-propagating high temperature synthesis of the powder combination within the mold to create a chemical bond between the Nitinol construct and a resulting TiNi foam to thereby create a Nitinol and TiNi assembly. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising removing the Nitinol and TiNi assembly from the mold. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the resulting Nitinol and TiNi assembly comprises a Nitinol construct and the TiNi foam comprises one or more TiNi mating couplers. 4. The method of claim 2 wherein the TiNi mating couplers are used to attach the Nitinol and TiNi assembly to an external structure. 5. The method of claim 3 further comprising applying heat to the Nitinol and TiNi assembly to thereby transfer force to the external structure from the Nitinol and TiNi assembly. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the atomic percentage of Ni powder in the powder combination is in the range of 45% to 56%. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising placing the Nitinol construct within the mold and the powder combination within the mold into one of a vacuum and inert gas environment prior to initiating the self-propagating high temperature synthesis. 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising heating the Nitinol construct within the mold and the powder combination within the mold to a predetermined temperature to derive a TiNi foam with desired attributes. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the Nitinol construct is in the form of a selected one of a wire, a tube, a plate, a sheet, a rolled plate, a ribbon, a braided tube, and a braided wire. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the mold is of a desired geometrical shape. 11. A Nitinol and TiNi assembly comprising:
a Nitinol construct; a TiNi foam created by:
placing the Nitinol construct within a mold;
packing a powder combination comprising Ti powder and Ni powder, and powder comprised of zero or more of the elements Cu, Hf, Zr, Pt, Pd, Au, Cd, Ag, Nb, Ta, O, N, B, and H, into the mold; and
initiating a process of self-propagating high temperature synthesis of the powder combination within the mold to create a chemical bond between the Nitinol construct and a resulting TiNi foam to thereby create the Nitinol and TiNi assembly. 12. The assembly of claim 11, wherein the TiNi foam is further created by removing the Nitinol and TiNi assembly from the mold. 13. The assembly of claim 12 the Nitinol and TiNi assembly comprises a Nitinol construct and the TiNi foam comprises one or more TiNi mating couplers. 14. The assembly of claim 13 further comprising an external structure, wherein the TiNi mating couplers are used to attach the Nitinol and TiNi assembly to the external structure. 15. The assembly of claim 11 wherein the atomic percentage of Ni powder in the powder combination is in the range of 45% to 56%. 16. The assembly of claim 11, wherein the TiNi foam is further created by placing the Nitinol construct within the mold and the powder combination within the mold into one of a vacuum and inert gas environment prior to initiating the self-propagating high temperature synthesis. 17. The assembly of claim 11 wherein, as the TiNi foam is created, the Nitinol construct within the mold and the powder combination within the mold are heated to a predetermined temperature to derive a TiNi foam with desired attributes. 18. The assembly of claim 11 wherein the Nitinol construct is in the form of a selected one of a wire, a tube, a plate, a sheet, a rolled plate, a ribbon, a braided tube, and a braided wire. 19. The assembly of claim 11 wherein the mold is of a desired geometrical shape. 20. The assembly of claim 11 wherein the Nitinol and TiNi assembly is made up of multiple TiNi foams and multiple Nitinol constructs forming a complex shape including multiple mating couplers. | 1,700 |
2,128 | 14,422,472 | 1,741 | Provided is an apparatus for manufacturing a glass sheet (G), which is configured to form the glass sheet (G) by fusing streams of molten glass together at a lower edge ( 4 ) of a forming device ( 1 ) while causing the streams of molten glass (Gm) to flow downward along both outer surface portions ( 3 ) of the forming device ( 1 ) by an overflow downdraw method, the forming device ( 1 ) including protruding pieces ( 7 ), which protrude downward from the lower edge ( 4 ) of the forming device ( 1 ), and are arranged at least at both widthwise end portions of the lower edge of the forming device ( 1 ), the protruding pieces ( 7 ) each having a distal end ( 9 ) formed by a straight line substantially parallel to the lower edge ( 4 ) of the forming device ( 1 ). | 1. An apparatus for manufacturing a glass sheet, which is configured to form the glass sheet by fusing streams of molten glass together at a lower edge of a forming device while causing the streams of molten glass to flow downward along both outer surface portions of the forming device by an overflow downdraw method,
the forming device comprising protruding pieces, which protrude downward from the lower edge of the forming device, and are arranged at least at both widthwise end portions of the lower edge of the forming device, the protruding pieces each having a distal end formed by a straight line substantially parallel to the lower edge of the forming device. 2. The apparatus for manufacturing a glass sheet according to claim 1, wherein the distal end of each of the protruding pieces has a tapered shape that is more acute than the lower edge of the forming device. 3. The apparatus for manufacturing a glass sheet according to claim 1, wherein the each of the protruding pieces comprises a flat surface portion extending vertically downward in a region up to the distal end of the each of the protruding pieces. 4. The apparatus for manufacturing a glass sheet according to claim 3,
wherein the protruding pieces are arranged only at both the widthwise end portions of the lower edge of the forming device, and wherein a widthwise inner side end of the each of the protruding pieces extends outward in a width direction as a distance from the lower edge of the forming device is increased in a downward direction, to thereby define a convex curved line smoothly continuous with the distal end of the each of the protruding pieces. 5. The apparatus for manufacturing a glass sheet according to claim 3, wherein the protruding pieces comprise a protruding piece arranged in an entire widthwise region of the lower edge of the forming device. 6. The apparatus for manufacturing a glass sheet according to claim 1, further comprising pairs of edge rollers arranged at positions immediately below the forming device, for nipping both widthwise edge portions of the glass sheet from both front and back sides of the glass sheet,
wherein a width dimension of the distal end of the each of the protruding pieces is larger than a width dimension of a nip region of each of the pairs of edge rollers, in which the glass sheet is to be nipped. 7. A method of manufacturing a glass sheet, the method comprising forming the glass sheet by fusing streams of molten glass together at a lower edge of a forming device while causing the streams of molten glass to flow downward along both outer surface portions of the forming device by an overflow downdraw method,
the streams of molten glass being caused to flow downward under a state in which protruding pieces, which protrude downward from the lower edge of the forming device, and have distal ends each formed by a straight line substantially parallel to the lower edge of the forming device, are arranged at least at both widthwise end portions of the lower edge of the forming device. | Provided is an apparatus for manufacturing a glass sheet (G), which is configured to form the glass sheet (G) by fusing streams of molten glass together at a lower edge ( 4 ) of a forming device ( 1 ) while causing the streams of molten glass (Gm) to flow downward along both outer surface portions ( 3 ) of the forming device ( 1 ) by an overflow downdraw method, the forming device ( 1 ) including protruding pieces ( 7 ), which protrude downward from the lower edge ( 4 ) of the forming device ( 1 ), and are arranged at least at both widthwise end portions of the lower edge of the forming device ( 1 ), the protruding pieces ( 7 ) each having a distal end ( 9 ) formed by a straight line substantially parallel to the lower edge ( 4 ) of the forming device ( 1 ).1. An apparatus for manufacturing a glass sheet, which is configured to form the glass sheet by fusing streams of molten glass together at a lower edge of a forming device while causing the streams of molten glass to flow downward along both outer surface portions of the forming device by an overflow downdraw method,
the forming device comprising protruding pieces, which protrude downward from the lower edge of the forming device, and are arranged at least at both widthwise end portions of the lower edge of the forming device, the protruding pieces each having a distal end formed by a straight line substantially parallel to the lower edge of the forming device. 2. The apparatus for manufacturing a glass sheet according to claim 1, wherein the distal end of each of the protruding pieces has a tapered shape that is more acute than the lower edge of the forming device. 3. The apparatus for manufacturing a glass sheet according to claim 1, wherein the each of the protruding pieces comprises a flat surface portion extending vertically downward in a region up to the distal end of the each of the protruding pieces. 4. The apparatus for manufacturing a glass sheet according to claim 3,
wherein the protruding pieces are arranged only at both the widthwise end portions of the lower edge of the forming device, and wherein a widthwise inner side end of the each of the protruding pieces extends outward in a width direction as a distance from the lower edge of the forming device is increased in a downward direction, to thereby define a convex curved line smoothly continuous with the distal end of the each of the protruding pieces. 5. The apparatus for manufacturing a glass sheet according to claim 3, wherein the protruding pieces comprise a protruding piece arranged in an entire widthwise region of the lower edge of the forming device. 6. The apparatus for manufacturing a glass sheet according to claim 1, further comprising pairs of edge rollers arranged at positions immediately below the forming device, for nipping both widthwise edge portions of the glass sheet from both front and back sides of the glass sheet,
wherein a width dimension of the distal end of the each of the protruding pieces is larger than a width dimension of a nip region of each of the pairs of edge rollers, in which the glass sheet is to be nipped. 7. A method of manufacturing a glass sheet, the method comprising forming the glass sheet by fusing streams of molten glass together at a lower edge of a forming device while causing the streams of molten glass to flow downward along both outer surface portions of the forming device by an overflow downdraw method,
the streams of molten glass being caused to flow downward under a state in which protruding pieces, which protrude downward from the lower edge of the forming device, and have distal ends each formed by a straight line substantially parallel to the lower edge of the forming device, are arranged at least at both widthwise end portions of the lower edge of the forming device. | 1,700 |
2,129 | 14,974,313 | 1,771 | The invention concerns a process for the intense conversion of a heavy hydrocarbon feed, comprising the following steps: a) a first step for ebullated bed hydroconversion; b) a step for separating at least a portion of the hydroconverted liquid effluent obtained from step a); c) a step for hydrocracking at least a portion of the vacuum gas oil fraction obtained from step b); d) a step for fractionating at least a portion of the effluent obtained from step c); e) a step for recycling at least a portion of the unconverted vacuum gas oil fraction obtained from step d) to said first hydroconversion step a). | 1. A process for the intense conversion of a heavy hydrocarbon feed, comprising the following steps:
a) a first step for ebullated bed hydroconversion of the feed in the presence of hydrogen, comprising at least one three-phase reactor containing at least one ebullated bed hydroconversion catalyst; b) a step for separating at least a portion of the hydroconverted liquid effluent obtained from step a) into a fraction comprising a gasoline cut and a gas oil cut, a vacuum gas oil fraction and an unconverted residual fraction; c) a step for hydrocracking at least a portion of the vacuum gas oil fraction obtained from step b) in a reactor comprising at least one fixed bed hydrocracking catalyst; d) a step for fractionating at least a portion of the effluent obtained from step c) into a gasoline fraction, a gas oil fraction and an unconverted vacuum gas oil fraction; e) a step for recycling at least a portion of the unconverted vacuum gas oil fraction obtained from step d) to said first hydroconversion step a). 2. The process according to claim 1, in which at least a portion of the residual unconverted fraction obtained from step b) is sent to a deasphalting section in which it is treated in an extraction step using a solvent under conditions for obtaining a deasphalted hydrocarbon cut and pitch. 3. The process according to claim 2, in which at least a portion of the deasphalted hydrocarbon cut is sent to the hydrocracking step c) as a mixture with the vacuum gas oil fraction separated in step b) and optionally with a straight run vacuum gas oil fraction. 4. The process according to claim 2, in which the deasphalted hydrocarbon cut is sent to a second hydroconversion step in the presence of hydrogen and at least one ebullated bed hydroconversion catalyst. 5. The process according to claim 4, in which the effluent obtained from the second hydroconversion step undergoes a separation step f) in order to produce at least one fraction comprising a gasoline cut and a gas oil cut, a vacuum gas oil fraction and a residual unconverted fraction. 6. The process according to claim 5, in which the vacuum gas oil fraction obtained from the separation step f) is sent to the hydrocracking step c) as a mixture with the vacuum gas oil fraction obtained from step b) and optionally with a straight run vacuum gas oil fraction. 7. The process according to claim 2, in which at least a portion of the vacuum gas oil fraction obtained from the fractionation step d) is recycled to the inlet of the deasphalting step. 8. The process according to claim 1, in which the hydroconversion step a) is operated under an absolute pressure in the range 5 to 35 MPa, at a temperature of 260° C. to 600° C. and at an hourly space velocity of 0.05 h−1 to 10 h−1. 9. The process according to claim 1, in which the hydrocracking step c) is operated at an average bed temperature of the catalytic bed in the range 300° C. to 550° C., a pressure in the range 5 to 35 MPa and a liquid hourly space velocity in the range 0.1 to 10 h−1. 10. The process according to claim 2, in which in the deasphalting step, the typical temperature at the head of the extractor is in the range 60° C. to 220° C. and the temperature at the bottom of the extractor is in the range 50° C. to 190° C. 11. The process according to claim 1, in which the feed is selected from heavy hydrocarbon feeds of the atmospheric residue or vacuum residue type obtained, for example, by straight run oil cut distillation or by vacuum distillation of crude oil, distillate type feeds such as vacuum gas oils or deasphalted oils, asphalts obtained from oil residue solvent deasphalting, coal in suspension in a hydrocarbon fraction such as, for example, gas oil obtained by vacuum distillation of crude oil or a distillate obtained from the liquefaction of coal, used alone or as a mixture. | The invention concerns a process for the intense conversion of a heavy hydrocarbon feed, comprising the following steps: a) a first step for ebullated bed hydroconversion; b) a step for separating at least a portion of the hydroconverted liquid effluent obtained from step a); c) a step for hydrocracking at least a portion of the vacuum gas oil fraction obtained from step b); d) a step for fractionating at least a portion of the effluent obtained from step c); e) a step for recycling at least a portion of the unconverted vacuum gas oil fraction obtained from step d) to said first hydroconversion step a).1. A process for the intense conversion of a heavy hydrocarbon feed, comprising the following steps:
a) a first step for ebullated bed hydroconversion of the feed in the presence of hydrogen, comprising at least one three-phase reactor containing at least one ebullated bed hydroconversion catalyst; b) a step for separating at least a portion of the hydroconverted liquid effluent obtained from step a) into a fraction comprising a gasoline cut and a gas oil cut, a vacuum gas oil fraction and an unconverted residual fraction; c) a step for hydrocracking at least a portion of the vacuum gas oil fraction obtained from step b) in a reactor comprising at least one fixed bed hydrocracking catalyst; d) a step for fractionating at least a portion of the effluent obtained from step c) into a gasoline fraction, a gas oil fraction and an unconverted vacuum gas oil fraction; e) a step for recycling at least a portion of the unconverted vacuum gas oil fraction obtained from step d) to said first hydroconversion step a). 2. The process according to claim 1, in which at least a portion of the residual unconverted fraction obtained from step b) is sent to a deasphalting section in which it is treated in an extraction step using a solvent under conditions for obtaining a deasphalted hydrocarbon cut and pitch. 3. The process according to claim 2, in which at least a portion of the deasphalted hydrocarbon cut is sent to the hydrocracking step c) as a mixture with the vacuum gas oil fraction separated in step b) and optionally with a straight run vacuum gas oil fraction. 4. The process according to claim 2, in which the deasphalted hydrocarbon cut is sent to a second hydroconversion step in the presence of hydrogen and at least one ebullated bed hydroconversion catalyst. 5. The process according to claim 4, in which the effluent obtained from the second hydroconversion step undergoes a separation step f) in order to produce at least one fraction comprising a gasoline cut and a gas oil cut, a vacuum gas oil fraction and a residual unconverted fraction. 6. The process according to claim 5, in which the vacuum gas oil fraction obtained from the separation step f) is sent to the hydrocracking step c) as a mixture with the vacuum gas oil fraction obtained from step b) and optionally with a straight run vacuum gas oil fraction. 7. The process according to claim 2, in which at least a portion of the vacuum gas oil fraction obtained from the fractionation step d) is recycled to the inlet of the deasphalting step. 8. The process according to claim 1, in which the hydroconversion step a) is operated under an absolute pressure in the range 5 to 35 MPa, at a temperature of 260° C. to 600° C. and at an hourly space velocity of 0.05 h−1 to 10 h−1. 9. The process according to claim 1, in which the hydrocracking step c) is operated at an average bed temperature of the catalytic bed in the range 300° C. to 550° C., a pressure in the range 5 to 35 MPa and a liquid hourly space velocity in the range 0.1 to 10 h−1. 10. The process according to claim 2, in which in the deasphalting step, the typical temperature at the head of the extractor is in the range 60° C. to 220° C. and the temperature at the bottom of the extractor is in the range 50° C. to 190° C. 11. The process according to claim 1, in which the feed is selected from heavy hydrocarbon feeds of the atmospheric residue or vacuum residue type obtained, for example, by straight run oil cut distillation or by vacuum distillation of crude oil, distillate type feeds such as vacuum gas oils or deasphalted oils, asphalts obtained from oil residue solvent deasphalting, coal in suspension in a hydrocarbon fraction such as, for example, gas oil obtained by vacuum distillation of crude oil or a distillate obtained from the liquefaction of coal, used alone or as a mixture. | 1,700 |
2,130 | 13,774,037 | 1,718 | A substrate mounting table and a plasma etching apparatus can supply a power to a temperature controlling heater electrode effectively while preventing atmosphere from being leaked and preventing processing uniformity in a surface of a substrate from being deteriorated. The substrate mounting table and the plasma etching apparatus include an insulating member having therein an electrostatic chuck electrode and a temperature controlling heater electrode; a plate-shaped temperature controlling member having therein a temperature controlling medium path through which a temperature controlling medium is circulated; a cylindrical member made of an insulating material and provided within a through hole formed in the plate-shaped temperature controlling member; and a lead line, provided within the cylindrical member, having one end connected to the temperature controlling heater electrode and the other end connected to a connecting terminal provided at a bottom surface side of the cylindrical member. | 1. A substrate mounting table comprising:
an insulating member having therein an electrostatic chuck electrode configured to attract a substrate and a temperature controlling heater electrode; a plate-shaped temperature controlling member having therein a temperature controlling medium path through which a temperature controlling medium is circulated; a cylindrical member made of an insulating material and provided within a through hole formed in the plate-shaped temperature controlling member; and a lead line, provided within the cylindrical member, having one end connected to a first electrode terminal fastened to the temperature controlling heater electrode and the other end connected to a second electrode terminal provided at a bottom surface side of the cylindrical member. 2. The substrate mounting table of claim 1,
wherein a flange is formed at a lower end portion of the cylindrical member, and the flange is engaged with the plate-shaped temperature controlling member. 3. The substrate mounting table of claim 1, further comprising:
a power supply unit having a power supply terminal which is electrically connected with the second electrode terminal from below the second electrode terminal while being pressurized to the second electrode, wherein a power is supplied to the temperature controlling heater electrode from the power supply unit. 4. The substrate mounting table of claim 1,
wherein a resin is filled in a part of an inside of the cylindrical member at a side of the insulating member. 5. The substrate mounting table of claim 1,
wherein a gap is provided between an end portion of the cylindrical member and the insulating member, and a resin is filled in the gap. 6. The substrate mounting table of claim 1,
wherein a part of the lead line at a side of the temperature controlling heater electrode is formed in a straight line shape, and the other part of the lead line is curved. 7. The substrate mounting table of claim 4,
wherein a part of the lead line, the part being embedded in the resin, is formed in a straight line shape, and the other part of the lead line is curved. 8. A plasma etching apparatus comprising:
a processing chamber which is evacuable to a vacuum atmosphere; an etching gas supply unit configured to supply an etching gas into the processing chamber; a gas exhaust unit configured to evacuate an inside of the processing chamber; a plasma generating unit configured to generate plasma of the etching gas; and a substrate mounting table that is disposed within the processing chamber and configured to hold a substrate thereon, wherein the substrate mounting table comprises: an insulating member having therein an electrostatic chuck electrode configured to attract a substrate and a temperature controlling heater electrode; a plate-shaped temperature controlling member having therein a temperature controlling medium path through which a temperature controlling medium is circulated; a cylindrical member made of an insulating material and provided within a through hole formed in the plate-shaped temperature controlling plate-shaped member; and a lead line, provided within the cylindrical member, having one end connected to a first electrode terminal fastened to the temperature controlling heater electrode and the other end connected to a second electrode terminal provided at a bottom surface side of the cylindrical member. | A substrate mounting table and a plasma etching apparatus can supply a power to a temperature controlling heater electrode effectively while preventing atmosphere from being leaked and preventing processing uniformity in a surface of a substrate from being deteriorated. The substrate mounting table and the plasma etching apparatus include an insulating member having therein an electrostatic chuck electrode and a temperature controlling heater electrode; a plate-shaped temperature controlling member having therein a temperature controlling medium path through which a temperature controlling medium is circulated; a cylindrical member made of an insulating material and provided within a through hole formed in the plate-shaped temperature controlling member; and a lead line, provided within the cylindrical member, having one end connected to the temperature controlling heater electrode and the other end connected to a connecting terminal provided at a bottom surface side of the cylindrical member.1. A substrate mounting table comprising:
an insulating member having therein an electrostatic chuck electrode configured to attract a substrate and a temperature controlling heater electrode; a plate-shaped temperature controlling member having therein a temperature controlling medium path through which a temperature controlling medium is circulated; a cylindrical member made of an insulating material and provided within a through hole formed in the plate-shaped temperature controlling member; and a lead line, provided within the cylindrical member, having one end connected to a first electrode terminal fastened to the temperature controlling heater electrode and the other end connected to a second electrode terminal provided at a bottom surface side of the cylindrical member. 2. The substrate mounting table of claim 1,
wherein a flange is formed at a lower end portion of the cylindrical member, and the flange is engaged with the plate-shaped temperature controlling member. 3. The substrate mounting table of claim 1, further comprising:
a power supply unit having a power supply terminal which is electrically connected with the second electrode terminal from below the second electrode terminal while being pressurized to the second electrode, wherein a power is supplied to the temperature controlling heater electrode from the power supply unit. 4. The substrate mounting table of claim 1,
wherein a resin is filled in a part of an inside of the cylindrical member at a side of the insulating member. 5. The substrate mounting table of claim 1,
wherein a gap is provided between an end portion of the cylindrical member and the insulating member, and a resin is filled in the gap. 6. The substrate mounting table of claim 1,
wherein a part of the lead line at a side of the temperature controlling heater electrode is formed in a straight line shape, and the other part of the lead line is curved. 7. The substrate mounting table of claim 4,
wherein a part of the lead line, the part being embedded in the resin, is formed in a straight line shape, and the other part of the lead line is curved. 8. A plasma etching apparatus comprising:
a processing chamber which is evacuable to a vacuum atmosphere; an etching gas supply unit configured to supply an etching gas into the processing chamber; a gas exhaust unit configured to evacuate an inside of the processing chamber; a plasma generating unit configured to generate plasma of the etching gas; and a substrate mounting table that is disposed within the processing chamber and configured to hold a substrate thereon, wherein the substrate mounting table comprises: an insulating member having therein an electrostatic chuck electrode configured to attract a substrate and a temperature controlling heater electrode; a plate-shaped temperature controlling member having therein a temperature controlling medium path through which a temperature controlling medium is circulated; a cylindrical member made of an insulating material and provided within a through hole formed in the plate-shaped temperature controlling plate-shaped member; and a lead line, provided within the cylindrical member, having one end connected to a first electrode terminal fastened to the temperature controlling heater electrode and the other end connected to a second electrode terminal provided at a bottom surface side of the cylindrical member. | 1,700 |
2,131 | 12,228,875 | 1,786 | The invention relates to a skin cleansing and/or care article, such as a makeup remover pad based on hydrophilic cotton fibres, intended to apply and/or remove liquid or semi-solid substances to/from the skin, comprising at least two outer layers ( 10 a , 10 b ) made of an absorbent fibrous material that are joined together and at least one series of yarns ( 10 d ) placed between said outer layers ( 10 a , 10 b ), the thickness of at least one of the outer layers ( 10 b ) being less than the average diameter of the yarns so as to create a raised pattern at the surface of the article.
Thus configured, the invention is capable of providing a skin cleansing and/or care article having a raised pattern at its surface which is formed not by compression of laps of fibres, but by the presence, under the outer layers of the article, of a series of yarns having a large diameter. | 1. A skin care pad (1) suitable for application of substances to the skin as well as removal of substances from the skin, said pad having at least one surface having a raised pattern defined thereupon, said skin care pad comprising: (a) at least two outer layers (10 a, 10 b) of absorbent fibrous material joined together; and (b) at least one series of yarns (10 c, 10 d, 10 e, 10 f) placed between said outer layers (10 a, 10 b), characterized in that the thickness of at least one of the outer layers (10 b) is less than the average diameter of the yarns. 2. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the raised pattern has protrusions (5) of height H between 0.2 and 2.0 mm. 3. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 2, characterized in that the raised pattern has protrusions (5) of height H between 0.3 and 0.5 mm. 4. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the ratio Rh of the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is wet to the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is dry is greater than 0.7. 5. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 2, characterized in that the ratio Rh of the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is wet to the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is dry is greater than 1. 6. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the raised pattern defines a plurality of cavities. 7. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that it has a tensile strength in the dry state of at least 35 N in the machine direction and of at least 20 N in the cross direction according to the test method given in the description. 8. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that it has an average friction coefficient in the dry state and in the wet state greater than 0.35 and, an average friction coefficient in the wet state greater than the average friction coefficient in the dry state. 9. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises two series of yarns (10 e, 10 f) placed between the outer layers (10 a, 10 b), the yarns of each of the series being substantially parallel to one another and forming an angle α with the yarns of the other series. 10. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 9, characterized in that the raised pattern has protrusions (5) of height H between 0.2 and 2.0 mm. 11. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 9, characterized in that the raised pattern has protrusions (5) of height H between 0.3 and 0.5 mm. 12. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 11 characterized in that the ratio Rh of the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is wet to the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is dry is greater than 0.7. 13. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 10 characterized in that the ratio Rh of the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is wet to the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is dry is greater than 1. 14. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 9 characterized in that the angle α is approximately equal to 90°. 15. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 14, characterized in that the raised pattern has protrusions (5) of height H between 0.2 and 2.0 mm. 16. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 14, characterized in that the raised pattern has protrusions (5) of height H between 0.3 and 0.5 mm. 17. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 14, characterized in that the ratio Rh of the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is wet to the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is dry is greater than 0.7. 18. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 15, characterized in that the ratio Rh of the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is wet to the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is dry is greater than 1. 19. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 14, characterized in that the two series of yarns are firmly attached within a single woven grid (10 c). 20. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 19, characterized in that the raised pattern has protrusions (5) of height H between 0.2 and 2.0 mm. 21. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 19, characterized in that the raised pattern has protrusions (5) of height H between 0.3 and 0.5 mm. 22. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 19, characterized in that the ratio Rh of the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is wet to the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is dry is greater than 0.7. 23. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 20, characterized in that the ratio Rh of the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is wet to the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is dry is greater than 1. 24. A skin care pad (1) suitable for application of substances to the skin as well as removal of substances from the skin, said pad having at least one surface having a raised pattern defined thereupon, said skin care pad comprising: (a) at least two outer layers (10 a, 10 b) made of an absorbent fibrous material that are joined together; and (b) at least one series of yarns (10 c, 10 d, 10 e, 10 f) placed between said outer layers (10 a, 10 b), characterized in that the series of yarns creates a raised pattern at the surface of the article, said pattern having protrusion (5) of a height H and in that the ratio Rh of the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is wet to the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is dry is greater than 0.7. 25. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 16, characterized in that the raised pattern defines a plurality of cavities intended to receive the cleansing and/or care product. 26. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 16, characterized in that it has a tensile strength in the dry state of at least 35 N in the machine direction and of at least 20 N in the cross direction, according to the test method given in the description. 27. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 16, characterized in that it has an average friction coefficient in the dry state and in the wet state greater than 0.35 and, an average friction coefficient in the wet state greater than the average friction coefficient in the dry state. 28. A method of manufacturing a skin care pad (1), comprising the following steps:
a) forming at least a first outer layer (10 a) of said pad (1) from a lap of absorbent fibres; b) formation of at least a second outer layer (10 b) of said pad (1) from a lap of absorbent fibres; c) placement of at least a first series of yarns (10 c, 10 d, 10 e) between said first (10 a) and second (10 b) outer layers; and d) joining said outer layers (10 a, 10 b) and said series of yarns (10 c, 10 d, 10 e). 29. The method according to claim 28, characterized in that joining of the outer layers (10 a, 10 b) and of the series of yarns (10 c, 10 d, 10 e, 10 f) is carried out by means of a technique chosen from hydroentanglement, glueing and hot-melt bonding. 30. The method according to claim 28, characterized in that a second series of yarns (10 f, 10 f 1, 10 f 2) is placed between the first and second outer layers (10 a, 10 b), the yarns of each of the first (10 e) and second (10 f, 10 f 1, 10 f2) series being substantially parallel to one another and forming an angle α with the yarns of the other series. 31. The method according to claim 30, characterized in that the yarns of the first series (10 e) are deposited after and on top of the yarns of the second series (10 f). 32. The method according to claim 30, characterized in that the yarns of the second series (10 f 1, 10 f 2) are deposited so as to form, with the yarns of the first series (10 e), a structure similar to a textile screen, the yarns of the first series (10 e) forming the warp yarns and the yarns of the second series (10 f 1, 10 f 2) forming the weft yarns. 33. The method according to claim 32, characterized in that the angle α is approximately equal to 90°. 34. The method according to claim 31, characterized in that the laps of fibres (10 a, 10 b) primarily comprise hydrophilic cotton fibres. 35. The method according to claim 31, characterized in that the laps of fibres (10 a, 10 b) comprise from 70 to 100% of cotton fibres and from 0 to 30% of artificial fibres, chosen from the group consisting of viscose fibres, polyester fibres, polyester/polyester two component fibres, polypropylene/polypropylene two component fibres or polyester/polypropylene two component fibres, or mixtures thereof. 36. The method according to claim 30, characterized in that the yarns (10 c, 10 d, 10 e, 10 f) are manufactured from a material chosen from polymers of natural, artificial or synthetic origin, metallic materials and mineral materials. 37. The method according to claim 30, characterized in that the yarns (10 c, 10 d, 10 e, 10 f) are formed according to a method chosen from spinning, extrusion and moulding. 38. A skin care pad (1), such as a makeup remover pad based on hydrophilic cotton fibres, adapted to apply and/or remove liquid or semi-solid substances to/from the skin, comprising at least a first outer layer made of an absorbent fibrous material and at least a second outer layer and further comprising a series of yarns between the outer layers, said yarns forming a raised pattern at the surface of the article. | The invention relates to a skin cleansing and/or care article, such as a makeup remover pad based on hydrophilic cotton fibres, intended to apply and/or remove liquid or semi-solid substances to/from the skin, comprising at least two outer layers ( 10 a , 10 b ) made of an absorbent fibrous material that are joined together and at least one series of yarns ( 10 d ) placed between said outer layers ( 10 a , 10 b ), the thickness of at least one of the outer layers ( 10 b ) being less than the average diameter of the yarns so as to create a raised pattern at the surface of the article.
Thus configured, the invention is capable of providing a skin cleansing and/or care article having a raised pattern at its surface which is formed not by compression of laps of fibres, but by the presence, under the outer layers of the article, of a series of yarns having a large diameter.1. A skin care pad (1) suitable for application of substances to the skin as well as removal of substances from the skin, said pad having at least one surface having a raised pattern defined thereupon, said skin care pad comprising: (a) at least two outer layers (10 a, 10 b) of absorbent fibrous material joined together; and (b) at least one series of yarns (10 c, 10 d, 10 e, 10 f) placed between said outer layers (10 a, 10 b), characterized in that the thickness of at least one of the outer layers (10 b) is less than the average diameter of the yarns. 2. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the raised pattern has protrusions (5) of height H between 0.2 and 2.0 mm. 3. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 2, characterized in that the raised pattern has protrusions (5) of height H between 0.3 and 0.5 mm. 4. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the ratio Rh of the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is wet to the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is dry is greater than 0.7. 5. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 2, characterized in that the ratio Rh of the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is wet to the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is dry is greater than 1. 6. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the raised pattern defines a plurality of cavities. 7. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that it has a tensile strength in the dry state of at least 35 N in the machine direction and of at least 20 N in the cross direction according to the test method given in the description. 8. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that it has an average friction coefficient in the dry state and in the wet state greater than 0.35 and, an average friction coefficient in the wet state greater than the average friction coefficient in the dry state. 9. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises two series of yarns (10 e, 10 f) placed between the outer layers (10 a, 10 b), the yarns of each of the series being substantially parallel to one another and forming an angle α with the yarns of the other series. 10. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 9, characterized in that the raised pattern has protrusions (5) of height H between 0.2 and 2.0 mm. 11. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 9, characterized in that the raised pattern has protrusions (5) of height H between 0.3 and 0.5 mm. 12. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 11 characterized in that the ratio Rh of the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is wet to the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is dry is greater than 0.7. 13. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 10 characterized in that the ratio Rh of the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is wet to the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is dry is greater than 1. 14. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 9 characterized in that the angle α is approximately equal to 90°. 15. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 14, characterized in that the raised pattern has protrusions (5) of height H between 0.2 and 2.0 mm. 16. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 14, characterized in that the raised pattern has protrusions (5) of height H between 0.3 and 0.5 mm. 17. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 14, characterized in that the ratio Rh of the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is wet to the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is dry is greater than 0.7. 18. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 15, characterized in that the ratio Rh of the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is wet to the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is dry is greater than 1. 19. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 14, characterized in that the two series of yarns are firmly attached within a single woven grid (10 c). 20. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 19, characterized in that the raised pattern has protrusions (5) of height H between 0.2 and 2.0 mm. 21. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 19, characterized in that the raised pattern has protrusions (5) of height H between 0.3 and 0.5 mm. 22. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 19, characterized in that the ratio Rh of the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is wet to the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is dry is greater than 0.7. 23. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 20, characterized in that the ratio Rh of the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is wet to the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is dry is greater than 1. 24. A skin care pad (1) suitable for application of substances to the skin as well as removal of substances from the skin, said pad having at least one surface having a raised pattern defined thereupon, said skin care pad comprising: (a) at least two outer layers (10 a, 10 b) made of an absorbent fibrous material that are joined together; and (b) at least one series of yarns (10 c, 10 d, 10 e, 10 f) placed between said outer layers (10 a, 10 b), characterized in that the series of yarns creates a raised pattern at the surface of the article, said pattern having protrusion (5) of a height H and in that the ratio Rh of the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is wet to the height H of the protrusions (5) of the raised pattern when the article is dry is greater than 0.7. 25. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 16, characterized in that the raised pattern defines a plurality of cavities intended to receive the cleansing and/or care product. 26. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 16, characterized in that it has a tensile strength in the dry state of at least 35 N in the machine direction and of at least 20 N in the cross direction, according to the test method given in the description. 27. The skin care pad (1) according to claim 16, characterized in that it has an average friction coefficient in the dry state and in the wet state greater than 0.35 and, an average friction coefficient in the wet state greater than the average friction coefficient in the dry state. 28. A method of manufacturing a skin care pad (1), comprising the following steps:
a) forming at least a first outer layer (10 a) of said pad (1) from a lap of absorbent fibres; b) formation of at least a second outer layer (10 b) of said pad (1) from a lap of absorbent fibres; c) placement of at least a first series of yarns (10 c, 10 d, 10 e) between said first (10 a) and second (10 b) outer layers; and d) joining said outer layers (10 a, 10 b) and said series of yarns (10 c, 10 d, 10 e). 29. The method according to claim 28, characterized in that joining of the outer layers (10 a, 10 b) and of the series of yarns (10 c, 10 d, 10 e, 10 f) is carried out by means of a technique chosen from hydroentanglement, glueing and hot-melt bonding. 30. The method according to claim 28, characterized in that a second series of yarns (10 f, 10 f 1, 10 f 2) is placed between the first and second outer layers (10 a, 10 b), the yarns of each of the first (10 e) and second (10 f, 10 f 1, 10 f2) series being substantially parallel to one another and forming an angle α with the yarns of the other series. 31. The method according to claim 30, characterized in that the yarns of the first series (10 e) are deposited after and on top of the yarns of the second series (10 f). 32. The method according to claim 30, characterized in that the yarns of the second series (10 f 1, 10 f 2) are deposited so as to form, with the yarns of the first series (10 e), a structure similar to a textile screen, the yarns of the first series (10 e) forming the warp yarns and the yarns of the second series (10 f 1, 10 f 2) forming the weft yarns. 33. The method according to claim 32, characterized in that the angle α is approximately equal to 90°. 34. The method according to claim 31, characterized in that the laps of fibres (10 a, 10 b) primarily comprise hydrophilic cotton fibres. 35. The method according to claim 31, characterized in that the laps of fibres (10 a, 10 b) comprise from 70 to 100% of cotton fibres and from 0 to 30% of artificial fibres, chosen from the group consisting of viscose fibres, polyester fibres, polyester/polyester two component fibres, polypropylene/polypropylene two component fibres or polyester/polypropylene two component fibres, or mixtures thereof. 36. The method according to claim 30, characterized in that the yarns (10 c, 10 d, 10 e, 10 f) are manufactured from a material chosen from polymers of natural, artificial or synthetic origin, metallic materials and mineral materials. 37. The method according to claim 30, characterized in that the yarns (10 c, 10 d, 10 e, 10 f) are formed according to a method chosen from spinning, extrusion and moulding. 38. A skin care pad (1), such as a makeup remover pad based on hydrophilic cotton fibres, adapted to apply and/or remove liquid or semi-solid substances to/from the skin, comprising at least a first outer layer made of an absorbent fibrous material and at least a second outer layer and further comprising a series of yarns between the outer layers, said yarns forming a raised pattern at the surface of the article. | 1,700 |
2,132 | 14,115,840 | 1,767 | The present invention relates to a tyre, the tread of which comprises a rubber composition comprising at least:
from 35 to 65 phr of an emulsion styrene/butadiene copolymer “E-SBR”, referred to as first diene elastomer, the content of trans-1,4-butadienyl units of which is greater than 50% by weight of the total of the butadienyl units; from 35 to 65 phr of a polybutadiene (BR), as second diene elastomer; optionally, from 0 to 30 phr of another diene elastomer referred to as third diene elastomer; from 90 to 150 phr of a reinforcing inorganic filler; a plasticizing system comprising:
according to a content A of between 10 and 60 phr, a hydrocarbon resin exhibiting a Tg of greater than 20° C.; according to a content B of between 10 and 60 phr, a plasticizer which is liquid at 20° C., the Tg of which is less than −20° C.; it being understood that A+B is greater than 45 phr.
The use of such an emulsion SBR and of BR in the amounts required, in combination with high contents of inorganic filler and of plasticizer in the tread compositions of the tyre according to the invention, makes it possible to obtain an improved wet grip and an improved wear resistance in comparison with a control composition, without damaging the rolling resistance. | 1. A tire, the tread of which comprises a rubber composition comprising at least:
from 35 to 65 phr of an emulsion styrene/butadiene copolymer “E-SBR”, referred to as first diene elastomer, the content of trans-1,4-butadienyl units of which is greater than 50% by weight of the total of the butadienyl units; from 35 to 65 phr of a polybutadiene (BR), as second diene elastomer; optionally, from 0 to 30 phr of another diene elastomer referred to as third diene elastomer; from 90 to 150 phr of a reinforcing inorganic filler; a plasticizing system comprising: according to a content A of between 10 and 60 phr, a hydrocarbon resin exhibiting a Ts of greater than 20° C.; according to a content B of between 10 and 60 phr, a plasticizer which is liquid at 20° C., the Tg of which is less than −20° C.; it being understood that A+B is greater than 45 phr. 2. A tire according to claim 1, in which the content of trans-1,4-butadienyl units of the E-SBR is greater than 60%. 3. A tire according to claim 1, in which the styrene content of the E-SBR is at most equal to 50% by weight of the copolymer. 4. A tire according to claim 1, in which the rubber composition comprises from 45 to 65 phr of E-SBR. 5. A tire according to claim 1, in which the rubber composition comprises from 35 to 55 phr of BR. 6. A tire according to claim 1, in which the third diene elastomer is selected from the group consisting of natural rubber, synthetic polyisoprenes, butadiene copolymers, isoprene copolymers and the mixtures of these elastomers. 7. A tire according to claim 1, in which A±B is between 50 and 100 phr. 8. A tire according to claim 1, in which the hydrocarbon resin is selected from the group consisting of cyclopentadiene homopolymer or copolymer resins, dicyclopentadiene homopolymer or copolymer resins, terpene homopolymer or copolymer resins, C5 fraction homopolymer or copolymer resins, C9 fraction homopolymer or copolymer resins, α-methylstyrene homopolymer or copolymer resins and the mixtures of these resins. 9. A tire according to claim 1, in which the liquid plasticizer is selected from the group consisting of liquid diene polymers, polyolefin oils, naphthenic oils, paraffinic oils, DAE oils, MES oils, TDAE oils, RAE oils, TRAE oils, SRAE mineral oils, vegetable oils, ether plasticizers, ester plasticizers, phosphate plasticizers, sulphonate plasticizers and the mixtures of these compounds. 10. A tire according to claim 9, in which le liquid plasticizing agent is selected from the group consisting of MES oils, TDAE oils, naphthenic oils, vegetable oils and the mixtures of these oils. 11. A tire according to claim 1, in which the reinforcing inorganic filler comprises silica. 12. A tire according to claim 11, in which the rubber composition comprises a mixture of carbon black and silica. | The present invention relates to a tyre, the tread of which comprises a rubber composition comprising at least:
from 35 to 65 phr of an emulsion styrene/butadiene copolymer “E-SBR”, referred to as first diene elastomer, the content of trans-1,4-butadienyl units of which is greater than 50% by weight of the total of the butadienyl units; from 35 to 65 phr of a polybutadiene (BR), as second diene elastomer; optionally, from 0 to 30 phr of another diene elastomer referred to as third diene elastomer; from 90 to 150 phr of a reinforcing inorganic filler; a plasticizing system comprising:
according to a content A of between 10 and 60 phr, a hydrocarbon resin exhibiting a Tg of greater than 20° C.; according to a content B of between 10 and 60 phr, a plasticizer which is liquid at 20° C., the Tg of which is less than −20° C.; it being understood that A+B is greater than 45 phr.
The use of such an emulsion SBR and of BR in the amounts required, in combination with high contents of inorganic filler and of plasticizer in the tread compositions of the tyre according to the invention, makes it possible to obtain an improved wet grip and an improved wear resistance in comparison with a control composition, without damaging the rolling resistance.1. A tire, the tread of which comprises a rubber composition comprising at least:
from 35 to 65 phr of an emulsion styrene/butadiene copolymer “E-SBR”, referred to as first diene elastomer, the content of trans-1,4-butadienyl units of which is greater than 50% by weight of the total of the butadienyl units; from 35 to 65 phr of a polybutadiene (BR), as second diene elastomer; optionally, from 0 to 30 phr of another diene elastomer referred to as third diene elastomer; from 90 to 150 phr of a reinforcing inorganic filler; a plasticizing system comprising: according to a content A of between 10 and 60 phr, a hydrocarbon resin exhibiting a Ts of greater than 20° C.; according to a content B of between 10 and 60 phr, a plasticizer which is liquid at 20° C., the Tg of which is less than −20° C.; it being understood that A+B is greater than 45 phr. 2. A tire according to claim 1, in which the content of trans-1,4-butadienyl units of the E-SBR is greater than 60%. 3. A tire according to claim 1, in which the styrene content of the E-SBR is at most equal to 50% by weight of the copolymer. 4. A tire according to claim 1, in which the rubber composition comprises from 45 to 65 phr of E-SBR. 5. A tire according to claim 1, in which the rubber composition comprises from 35 to 55 phr of BR. 6. A tire according to claim 1, in which the third diene elastomer is selected from the group consisting of natural rubber, synthetic polyisoprenes, butadiene copolymers, isoprene copolymers and the mixtures of these elastomers. 7. A tire according to claim 1, in which A±B is between 50 and 100 phr. 8. A tire according to claim 1, in which the hydrocarbon resin is selected from the group consisting of cyclopentadiene homopolymer or copolymer resins, dicyclopentadiene homopolymer or copolymer resins, terpene homopolymer or copolymer resins, C5 fraction homopolymer or copolymer resins, C9 fraction homopolymer or copolymer resins, α-methylstyrene homopolymer or copolymer resins and the mixtures of these resins. 9. A tire according to claim 1, in which the liquid plasticizer is selected from the group consisting of liquid diene polymers, polyolefin oils, naphthenic oils, paraffinic oils, DAE oils, MES oils, TDAE oils, RAE oils, TRAE oils, SRAE mineral oils, vegetable oils, ether plasticizers, ester plasticizers, phosphate plasticizers, sulphonate plasticizers and the mixtures of these compounds. 10. A tire according to claim 9, in which le liquid plasticizing agent is selected from the group consisting of MES oils, TDAE oils, naphthenic oils, vegetable oils and the mixtures of these oils. 11. A tire according to claim 1, in which the reinforcing inorganic filler comprises silica. 12. A tire according to claim 11, in which the rubber composition comprises a mixture of carbon black and silica. | 1,700 |
2,133 | 13,632,351 | 1,726 | Methods for improving the efficiency of solar cells, and a solar cell thereof. One aspect involves a solar cell with a semiconductor layer ( 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 ) with a natural band gap NB (NB 2 , NB 3 , NB 4 , NB 5 , NB 6 , NB 7 ). This semiconductor layer also has at least one electrode ( 100, 101, 110, 111, 120, 121 ) designed to produce an ambient voltage V (V 1 , V 2 , V 3 , V 4 , V 5 , V 6 , V 7 ) into the layer. The incoming photons therefore experience a modified NB−V=B band gap (B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , B 4 , B 5 , B 6 , B 7 ), referred here to as the apparent band gap. Photons with E>B 1 will be absorbed into the band gap B, and the electron in the semiconductor valence band will get excited onto the conduction band thus resulting in photocurrent. The ability to tune the apparent band gap B provides an enormous strength to optimize the incoming photon collection. | 1. A method for operating a solar cell, comprising at least two semiconductor layers, comprising:
raw solar spectrum hitting first semiconductor layer with band gap NB1 (600); passing photons with energy E<NB1 through the first semiconductor layer (620); absorbing photons with energy E>NB1 and converting to photocurrent, secondary photons left with E−NB1 remain from the absorbed photons (630); photons with energy E<NB1 and secondary photons with energy equal to E−NB1 are incident on a second semiconductor layer with band gap NB2 (640); determining a secondary photon population spectrum left by an incident solar spectrum through the first semiconductor layer from spectrometer measurements; and optimizing combined fit of semiconductor layer responses to the incoming solar spectrum and emerging spectra through each semiconductor layer to maximize collected photocurrent or power. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the steps 620, 630, 640 are repeated for at least one additional semiconductor layers and natural band gap. 3. A method for producing a solar cell comprising at least two semiconductor layers, comprising the following steps:
shining sunlight on a first semiconductor layer with natural band gap NB1 (710); recording a spectrum of resulting unabsorbed sunlight through the first semiconductor layer with a spectrometer (730); subjecting resulting unabsorbed sunlight incident on a second semiconductor layer with natural band gap NB2 (740); and optimizing combined fit of semiconductor layer responses to the incoming solar spectrum and the recorded spectra through each semiconductor layer to maximize collected photocurrent or power. 4. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein a concentration N or a total number of the atom, molecule or ion species in at least one semiconductor layer, layer thickness, or the actual atom, molecule or ion species itself are tuned to maximize the captured photocurrent from the incident sunlight, and a fit of the resulting unabsorbed sunlight spectrum with the response of a next subsequent semiconductor layer. | Methods for improving the efficiency of solar cells, and a solar cell thereof. One aspect involves a solar cell with a semiconductor layer ( 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 ) with a natural band gap NB (NB 2 , NB 3 , NB 4 , NB 5 , NB 6 , NB 7 ). This semiconductor layer also has at least one electrode ( 100, 101, 110, 111, 120, 121 ) designed to produce an ambient voltage V (V 1 , V 2 , V 3 , V 4 , V 5 , V 6 , V 7 ) into the layer. The incoming photons therefore experience a modified NB−V=B band gap (B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , B 4 , B 5 , B 6 , B 7 ), referred here to as the apparent band gap. Photons with E>B 1 will be absorbed into the band gap B, and the electron in the semiconductor valence band will get excited onto the conduction band thus resulting in photocurrent. The ability to tune the apparent band gap B provides an enormous strength to optimize the incoming photon collection.1. A method for operating a solar cell, comprising at least two semiconductor layers, comprising:
raw solar spectrum hitting first semiconductor layer with band gap NB1 (600); passing photons with energy E<NB1 through the first semiconductor layer (620); absorbing photons with energy E>NB1 and converting to photocurrent, secondary photons left with E−NB1 remain from the absorbed photons (630); photons with energy E<NB1 and secondary photons with energy equal to E−NB1 are incident on a second semiconductor layer with band gap NB2 (640); determining a secondary photon population spectrum left by an incident solar spectrum through the first semiconductor layer from spectrometer measurements; and optimizing combined fit of semiconductor layer responses to the incoming solar spectrum and emerging spectra through each semiconductor layer to maximize collected photocurrent or power. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the steps 620, 630, 640 are repeated for at least one additional semiconductor layers and natural band gap. 3. A method for producing a solar cell comprising at least two semiconductor layers, comprising the following steps:
shining sunlight on a first semiconductor layer with natural band gap NB1 (710); recording a spectrum of resulting unabsorbed sunlight through the first semiconductor layer with a spectrometer (730); subjecting resulting unabsorbed sunlight incident on a second semiconductor layer with natural band gap NB2 (740); and optimizing combined fit of semiconductor layer responses to the incoming solar spectrum and the recorded spectra through each semiconductor layer to maximize collected photocurrent or power. 4. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein a concentration N or a total number of the atom, molecule or ion species in at least one semiconductor layer, layer thickness, or the actual atom, molecule or ion species itself are tuned to maximize the captured photocurrent from the incident sunlight, and a fit of the resulting unabsorbed sunlight spectrum with the response of a next subsequent semiconductor layer. | 1,700 |
2,134 | 14,479,513 | 1,786 | A resin-impregnated fiber tube for an inner lining of ducts and pipelines contains, in addition to identical or different types of fibrous material, at least one polymer reaction resin for impregnating the fibrous material and subsequent hardening, as well as at least one chemical additive based on urea or a chemically modified urea, wherein the chemical additive acts as a thixotroping agent. The resin-impregnated fiber tube may also contain a thickening agent, wherein oxides or hydroxides of alkaline earth metals are preferably used. The resin-impregnated fiber tube is preferably hardened by UV light. | 1. A resin-saturated fibrous tube for lining conduits and pipe work lines, the resin-saturated fibrous tube comprising:
a fibrous material; at least one curable polymeric liquid resin impregnating said fibrous material; and at least one chemical additive based on urea or a chemically modified urea, wherein said chemical additive acting as a thixotroping agent. 2. The resin-saturated fibrous tube according to claim 1, further comprising an thickening agent for thickening said curable polymeric liquid resin. 3. The resin-saturated fibrous tube according to claim 2, wherein said thickening agent used for thickening said curable polymeric liquid resin is selected from the group consisting of an oxide of alkaline earth metals, a hydroxide of alkaline earth metals, an oxide of magnesium, an oxide of calcium, a hydroxide of magnesium and a hydroxide of calcium. 4. The resin-saturated fibrous tube according to claim 2, further comprising:
said at least one curable polymeric liquid resin being 40 to 50 weight percent; said fibrous material being 40 to 50 weight percent of a same or different types of fibrous materials; said thickening agent being 0 to 5 weight percent; and said chemical additive being 0.1 to 5 weight percent. 5. The resin-saturated fibrous tube according to claim 4, further comprising:
42 to 49 weight percent of said at least one curable polymeric liquid resin; 42 to 49 weight percent of said fibrous material; 0. 5 to 4 weight percent of said thickening agent; and 0.5 to 5 weight percent of said chemical additive. 6. The resin-saturated fibrous tube according to claim 1, wherein said curable polymeric liquid resin is selected from the group consisting of solutions of a polyester or a vinyl ester in styrene, polyacrylates and polymethacrylates. 7. The resin-saturated fibrous tube according to claim 1, wherein said fibrous material has glass fibers. 8. The resin-saturated fibrous tube according to claim 1, wherein said fibrous material is selected from the group consisting of a laid fabric, a woven fabric, and a nonwoven fabric. 9. The resin-saturated fibrous tube according to claim 1, wherein said chemical additive is a urea-based chemical additive containing a modified urea of a polyurethane dissolved in N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide or N-ethylpyrrolidone. 10. The resin-saturated fibrous tube according to claim 5, further comprising:
45 to 48 weight percent of said at least one curable polymeric liquid resin; 45 to 48 weight percent of said fibrous material; 1 to 2.5 weight percent of said thickening agent; and 0.7 to 4.5 weight percent of said chemical additive. 11. A process for producing a resin-saturated fibrous tube, which comprises the steps of:
admixing a fibrous material having fibers with a liquid resin at temperatures of 5° C. to 40° C. for wetting the fibers via the liquid resin; and adding a chemical additive based on urea or on chemically modified urea to the liquid resin before the wetting of the fibrous material with the liquid resin. 12. The process according to claim 11, which further comprises additionally admixing a thickening agent to a mixture of the fibrous material, the liquid resin and the chemical additive. 13. The process according to claim 11, which further comprises:
providing the liquid resin with a photo-initiator; and curing the resin-saturated fibrous tube with UV light after the fibrous material has been wetted. 14. The process according to claim 11, which further comprises:
admixing the fibrous material having the fibers with the liquid resin at temperatures of 15° C. to 30° C. for wetting the fibers via the liquid resin; and adding the chemical additive based on urea or on chemically modified urea to the liquid resin before the wetting of the fibrous material with the liquid resin at a temperature of 15° C. to 30° C. 15. The process according to claim 12, which further comprises providing the thickening agent in a form of a pulverulent solid or in a form of a paste dispersed in a liquid vehicle. 16. A production method, which comprises the step of providing a modified urea as a thixotroping agent in a liquid resin in a production of a fibrous tube saturated with a liquid resin. | A resin-impregnated fiber tube for an inner lining of ducts and pipelines contains, in addition to identical or different types of fibrous material, at least one polymer reaction resin for impregnating the fibrous material and subsequent hardening, as well as at least one chemical additive based on urea or a chemically modified urea, wherein the chemical additive acts as a thixotroping agent. The resin-impregnated fiber tube may also contain a thickening agent, wherein oxides or hydroxides of alkaline earth metals are preferably used. The resin-impregnated fiber tube is preferably hardened by UV light.1. A resin-saturated fibrous tube for lining conduits and pipe work lines, the resin-saturated fibrous tube comprising:
a fibrous material; at least one curable polymeric liquid resin impregnating said fibrous material; and at least one chemical additive based on urea or a chemically modified urea, wherein said chemical additive acting as a thixotroping agent. 2. The resin-saturated fibrous tube according to claim 1, further comprising an thickening agent for thickening said curable polymeric liquid resin. 3. The resin-saturated fibrous tube according to claim 2, wherein said thickening agent used for thickening said curable polymeric liquid resin is selected from the group consisting of an oxide of alkaline earth metals, a hydroxide of alkaline earth metals, an oxide of magnesium, an oxide of calcium, a hydroxide of magnesium and a hydroxide of calcium. 4. The resin-saturated fibrous tube according to claim 2, further comprising:
said at least one curable polymeric liquid resin being 40 to 50 weight percent; said fibrous material being 40 to 50 weight percent of a same or different types of fibrous materials; said thickening agent being 0 to 5 weight percent; and said chemical additive being 0.1 to 5 weight percent. 5. The resin-saturated fibrous tube according to claim 4, further comprising:
42 to 49 weight percent of said at least one curable polymeric liquid resin; 42 to 49 weight percent of said fibrous material; 0. 5 to 4 weight percent of said thickening agent; and 0.5 to 5 weight percent of said chemical additive. 6. The resin-saturated fibrous tube according to claim 1, wherein said curable polymeric liquid resin is selected from the group consisting of solutions of a polyester or a vinyl ester in styrene, polyacrylates and polymethacrylates. 7. The resin-saturated fibrous tube according to claim 1, wherein said fibrous material has glass fibers. 8. The resin-saturated fibrous tube according to claim 1, wherein said fibrous material is selected from the group consisting of a laid fabric, a woven fabric, and a nonwoven fabric. 9. The resin-saturated fibrous tube according to claim 1, wherein said chemical additive is a urea-based chemical additive containing a modified urea of a polyurethane dissolved in N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide or N-ethylpyrrolidone. 10. The resin-saturated fibrous tube according to claim 5, further comprising:
45 to 48 weight percent of said at least one curable polymeric liquid resin; 45 to 48 weight percent of said fibrous material; 1 to 2.5 weight percent of said thickening agent; and 0.7 to 4.5 weight percent of said chemical additive. 11. A process for producing a resin-saturated fibrous tube, which comprises the steps of:
admixing a fibrous material having fibers with a liquid resin at temperatures of 5° C. to 40° C. for wetting the fibers via the liquid resin; and adding a chemical additive based on urea or on chemically modified urea to the liquid resin before the wetting of the fibrous material with the liquid resin. 12. The process according to claim 11, which further comprises additionally admixing a thickening agent to a mixture of the fibrous material, the liquid resin and the chemical additive. 13. The process according to claim 11, which further comprises:
providing the liquid resin with a photo-initiator; and curing the resin-saturated fibrous tube with UV light after the fibrous material has been wetted. 14. The process according to claim 11, which further comprises:
admixing the fibrous material having the fibers with the liquid resin at temperatures of 15° C. to 30° C. for wetting the fibers via the liquid resin; and adding the chemical additive based on urea or on chemically modified urea to the liquid resin before the wetting of the fibrous material with the liquid resin at a temperature of 15° C. to 30° C. 15. The process according to claim 12, which further comprises providing the thickening agent in a form of a pulverulent solid or in a form of a paste dispersed in a liquid vehicle. 16. A production method, which comprises the step of providing a modified urea as a thixotroping agent in a liquid resin in a production of a fibrous tube saturated with a liquid resin. | 1,700 |
2,135 | 14,227,476 | 1,798 | An in situ flue gas analyzer includes a probe extendable into a flue. The probe has a measurement cell providing a signal responsive to a concentration of a gas within the flue. A controller is coupled to the probe and configured to provide an output based on the signal from the measurement cell. A first media access unit is coupled to the controller and is operably coupleable to a first process communication link. The first media access unit is configured to communicate in accordance with an all-digital process communication protocol. A second media access unit is coupled to the controller and is operably coupleable to a second process communication link. The second media access unit is configured to communicate in accordance with a second process communication protocol that is different than the all-digital process communication protocol. The first and second media access units are enabled simultaneously. | 1. An in situ flue gas analyzer comprising:
a probe extendable into a flue, the probe having a measurement cell providing a signal responsive to a concentration of a gas within the flue; a controller coupled to the probe and configured to provide an output based on the signal from the measurement cell; a first media access unit coupled to the controller and operably coupleable to a first process communication link, the first media access unit being configured to communicate in accordance with an all-digital process communication protocol; a second media access unit coupled to the controller and operably coupleable to a second process communication link, the second media access unit being configured to communicate in accordance with a second process communication protocol that is different than the all-digital process communication protocol; and wherein the first and second media access units are enabled simultaneously 2. The in situ flue gas analyzer of claim 1, wherein the measurement cell includes an oxygen sensor. 3. The in situ flue gas analyzer of claim 1, wherein the all-digital process communication protocol is in accordance with the FOUNDATION Fieldbus protocol. 4. The in situ flue gas analyzer of claim 1, wherein a communication rate of the all-digital process communication protocol is faster than a communication rate of the second process communication protocol. 5. The in situ flue gas analyzer of claim 1, wherein the second process communication protocol is a hybrid process communication protocol. 6. The in situ flue gas analyzer of claim 5, wherein the hybrid process communication protocol superimposes a digital signal on an analog signal. 7. A process combustion control system comprising:
a combustion source operably coupled to a source of fuel and a source of air, the combustion source being configured to provide combustion gasses through a flue; a combustion controller coupled to at least one of the source of fuel and source of air; an in situ flue gas analyzer coupled to the combustion controller and disposed to sense a concentration of a gas of interest within the flue and convey process information related to the concentration to the combustion controller in accordance with an all-digital process communication protocol; and wherein the in situ flue gas analyzer is communicatively coupled to a second device and communicates with the second device, in accordance with a second process communication protocol different than the all-digital process communication protocol, wherein communication with the combustion controller and the second device occurs substantially simultaneously. 8. The process combustion control system of claim 7, wherein the gas of interest is oxygen. 9. The process combustion control system of claim 7, wherein the in situ flue gas analyzer communicates with the combustion controller at a first communication rate, and communicates with the second device at a second rate that is less than the first rate. 10. The process combustion control system of claim 7, wherein the second device is a user interface. 11. The process combustion control system of claim 10, wherein the second process communication protocol is in accordance with the Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART) protocol. 12. A method of operating an in situ flue gas analyzer, the method comprising:
disposing a probe of the in situ flue gas analyzer within a flue; measuring a concentration of a gas on interest using the probe; communicating information regarding the measured concentration to a combustion controller in accordance with an all-digital process communication protocol; and communicating with a second device in accordance with a second process communication protocol different than the all-digital process communication protocol. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the all-digital process communication protocol is the FOUNDATION Fieldbus protocol. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the second process communication protocol is the Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART) protocol. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein communication with the combustion controller and the second device occurs substantially simultaneously. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein communication with the combustion controller occurs at a first communication rate, and communication with the second device occurs at a second rate that is less than the first rate. | An in situ flue gas analyzer includes a probe extendable into a flue. The probe has a measurement cell providing a signal responsive to a concentration of a gas within the flue. A controller is coupled to the probe and configured to provide an output based on the signal from the measurement cell. A first media access unit is coupled to the controller and is operably coupleable to a first process communication link. The first media access unit is configured to communicate in accordance with an all-digital process communication protocol. A second media access unit is coupled to the controller and is operably coupleable to a second process communication link. The second media access unit is configured to communicate in accordance with a second process communication protocol that is different than the all-digital process communication protocol. The first and second media access units are enabled simultaneously.1. An in situ flue gas analyzer comprising:
a probe extendable into a flue, the probe having a measurement cell providing a signal responsive to a concentration of a gas within the flue; a controller coupled to the probe and configured to provide an output based on the signal from the measurement cell; a first media access unit coupled to the controller and operably coupleable to a first process communication link, the first media access unit being configured to communicate in accordance with an all-digital process communication protocol; a second media access unit coupled to the controller and operably coupleable to a second process communication link, the second media access unit being configured to communicate in accordance with a second process communication protocol that is different than the all-digital process communication protocol; and wherein the first and second media access units are enabled simultaneously 2. The in situ flue gas analyzer of claim 1, wherein the measurement cell includes an oxygen sensor. 3. The in situ flue gas analyzer of claim 1, wherein the all-digital process communication protocol is in accordance with the FOUNDATION Fieldbus protocol. 4. The in situ flue gas analyzer of claim 1, wherein a communication rate of the all-digital process communication protocol is faster than a communication rate of the second process communication protocol. 5. The in situ flue gas analyzer of claim 1, wherein the second process communication protocol is a hybrid process communication protocol. 6. The in situ flue gas analyzer of claim 5, wherein the hybrid process communication protocol superimposes a digital signal on an analog signal. 7. A process combustion control system comprising:
a combustion source operably coupled to a source of fuel and a source of air, the combustion source being configured to provide combustion gasses through a flue; a combustion controller coupled to at least one of the source of fuel and source of air; an in situ flue gas analyzer coupled to the combustion controller and disposed to sense a concentration of a gas of interest within the flue and convey process information related to the concentration to the combustion controller in accordance with an all-digital process communication protocol; and wherein the in situ flue gas analyzer is communicatively coupled to a second device and communicates with the second device, in accordance with a second process communication protocol different than the all-digital process communication protocol, wherein communication with the combustion controller and the second device occurs substantially simultaneously. 8. The process combustion control system of claim 7, wherein the gas of interest is oxygen. 9. The process combustion control system of claim 7, wherein the in situ flue gas analyzer communicates with the combustion controller at a first communication rate, and communicates with the second device at a second rate that is less than the first rate. 10. The process combustion control system of claim 7, wherein the second device is a user interface. 11. The process combustion control system of claim 10, wherein the second process communication protocol is in accordance with the Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART) protocol. 12. A method of operating an in situ flue gas analyzer, the method comprising:
disposing a probe of the in situ flue gas analyzer within a flue; measuring a concentration of a gas on interest using the probe; communicating information regarding the measured concentration to a combustion controller in accordance with an all-digital process communication protocol; and communicating with a second device in accordance with a second process communication protocol different than the all-digital process communication protocol. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the all-digital process communication protocol is the FOUNDATION Fieldbus protocol. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the second process communication protocol is the Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART) protocol. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein communication with the combustion controller and the second device occurs substantially simultaneously. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein communication with the combustion controller occurs at a first communication rate, and communication with the second device occurs at a second rate that is less than the first rate. | 1,700 |
2,136 | 13,195,986 | 1,787 | A signal device includes a signal composite made with a coextruded film having at least two layers, a polymer skin layer and a stimulation layer. The stimulation layer includes a cooling agent and a polymer binder. The stimulation layer may be about 50 to 98 percent by weight of the signal composite. The signal device may be used in an absorbent article to provide a cooling sensation after a body-fluid insult has taken place. | 1. A signal device comprising;
a signal composite that comprises a coextruded film having two layers, a first polymer skin layer, and a stimulation layer comprising a first cooling agent and a polymer binder; wherein the stimulation layer comprises 50 to 98 percent by weight of the signal composite. 2. The signal device of claim 1 wherein the first polymer skin layer comprises a water-soluble polymer and/or a water swellable polymer. 3. The signal device of claim 2 wherein the water-soluble and/or water-swellable polymer is selected from the group consisting of modified thermal starch, polyvinyl alcohol, acrylic polymer, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, polyacrylamide, polyester, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer and a combination thereof. 4. The signal device of claim 1 wherein the polymer binder is water-soluble and/or water-swellable. 5. The signal device of claim 1 wherein the first cooling agent is selected from the group consisting of xylitol, sorbitol, urea and a combination thereof. 6. The signal device of claim 1 further comprising a second polymer skin layer attached to a surface of the stimulation layer opposite the first polymer skin layer, such that the stimulation layer is disposed between the first and second polymer skin layers. 7. The signal device of claim 6 further comprising a coextruded third layer attached to the second polymer skin layer. 8. The signal device of claim 7 wherein the coextruded third layer comprises a second stimulation layer, and wherein the second stimulation layer comprises a second cooling agent that is different in composition from the first cooling agent. 9. The signal device of claim 6 wherein the second polymer skin layer comprises a water-soluble polymer and/or water swellable polymer. 10. The signal device of claim 1 wherein the first polymer skin layer is insoluble. 11. The signal device of claim 10 wherein the first polymer skin layer having perforations therein allows liquid to reach the stimulation layer. 12. The signal device of claim 1 wherein the first polymer skin layer is 2 to 10 percent of the total weight of the signal composite. 13. The signal device of claim 1 further comprising a web bonded to the stimulation composite. 14. The signal device of claim 13 further comprising an adhesive for binding the web to the stimulation composite. 15. A signal composite laminate comprising;
a first coextruded film comprisng two layers, a first outer skin layer comprising a water-soluble and/or water-swellable polymer, and a first stimulation layer comprising a cooling agent and a first polymer binder; and a second coextruded film having two layers, a second outer skin layer comprising a water-soluble polymer and a second stimulation layer comprising a second polymer binder; wherein the first coextruded film is bonded to the second coextruded film; and wherein the first stimulation layer comprises 50 to 98 percent by weight of the first coextruded film. 16. A method for making a signal composite comprising the steps of:
coextruding a polymer skin layer and a first stimulation layer to form a film, wherein the first stimulation layer comprises a binder and a cooling agent, and wherein the cooling agent comprises 50 to 98 percent of the total weight of the signal composite, and wherein the polymer skin layer is 2 to 10 percent of the total weight of the signal composite. 17. The method of claim 16 further comprising the step of laminating the film to a web. 18. The method of claim 16 further comprising the step of the coextruding a second polymer skin layer or a second stimulation layer adjacent the first stimulation layer. | A signal device includes a signal composite made with a coextruded film having at least two layers, a polymer skin layer and a stimulation layer. The stimulation layer includes a cooling agent and a polymer binder. The stimulation layer may be about 50 to 98 percent by weight of the signal composite. The signal device may be used in an absorbent article to provide a cooling sensation after a body-fluid insult has taken place.1. A signal device comprising;
a signal composite that comprises a coextruded film having two layers, a first polymer skin layer, and a stimulation layer comprising a first cooling agent and a polymer binder; wherein the stimulation layer comprises 50 to 98 percent by weight of the signal composite. 2. The signal device of claim 1 wherein the first polymer skin layer comprises a water-soluble polymer and/or a water swellable polymer. 3. The signal device of claim 2 wherein the water-soluble and/or water-swellable polymer is selected from the group consisting of modified thermal starch, polyvinyl alcohol, acrylic polymer, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, polyacrylamide, polyester, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer and a combination thereof. 4. The signal device of claim 1 wherein the polymer binder is water-soluble and/or water-swellable. 5. The signal device of claim 1 wherein the first cooling agent is selected from the group consisting of xylitol, sorbitol, urea and a combination thereof. 6. The signal device of claim 1 further comprising a second polymer skin layer attached to a surface of the stimulation layer opposite the first polymer skin layer, such that the stimulation layer is disposed between the first and second polymer skin layers. 7. The signal device of claim 6 further comprising a coextruded third layer attached to the second polymer skin layer. 8. The signal device of claim 7 wherein the coextruded third layer comprises a second stimulation layer, and wherein the second stimulation layer comprises a second cooling agent that is different in composition from the first cooling agent. 9. The signal device of claim 6 wherein the second polymer skin layer comprises a water-soluble polymer and/or water swellable polymer. 10. The signal device of claim 1 wherein the first polymer skin layer is insoluble. 11. The signal device of claim 10 wherein the first polymer skin layer having perforations therein allows liquid to reach the stimulation layer. 12. The signal device of claim 1 wherein the first polymer skin layer is 2 to 10 percent of the total weight of the signal composite. 13. The signal device of claim 1 further comprising a web bonded to the stimulation composite. 14. The signal device of claim 13 further comprising an adhesive for binding the web to the stimulation composite. 15. A signal composite laminate comprising;
a first coextruded film comprisng two layers, a first outer skin layer comprising a water-soluble and/or water-swellable polymer, and a first stimulation layer comprising a cooling agent and a first polymer binder; and a second coextruded film having two layers, a second outer skin layer comprising a water-soluble polymer and a second stimulation layer comprising a second polymer binder; wherein the first coextruded film is bonded to the second coextruded film; and wherein the first stimulation layer comprises 50 to 98 percent by weight of the first coextruded film. 16. A method for making a signal composite comprising the steps of:
coextruding a polymer skin layer and a first stimulation layer to form a film, wherein the first stimulation layer comprises a binder and a cooling agent, and wherein the cooling agent comprises 50 to 98 percent of the total weight of the signal composite, and wherein the polymer skin layer is 2 to 10 percent of the total weight of the signal composite. 17. The method of claim 16 further comprising the step of laminating the film to a web. 18. The method of claim 16 further comprising the step of the coextruding a second polymer skin layer or a second stimulation layer adjacent the first stimulation layer. | 1,700 |
2,137 | 13,524,372 | 1,774 | The present invention relates to a static mixer ( 9 ) for installation in a fluid line, in particular exhaust line ( 5 ) of a combustion engine ( 1 ), with an annular body ( 10 ) comprising at least one blade row ( 11 ) with a plurality of guide blades ( 12 ) standing away from the annular body ( 10 ) to the inside.
A cost-effective producibility is obtained when the annular body ( 10 ) in the circumferential direction ( 13 ) consists of at least two part bodies ( 14 ), when part bodies ( 14 ) adjacent in the circumferential direction ( 13 ) are fastened to one another and when each part body ( 14 ) comprises a plurality of guide blades ( 12 ). | 1. A static mixer for installation in a fluid line, in particular exhaust line of a combustion engine, with an annular body, comprising at least one blade row with a plurality of guide blades standing away from the annular body to the inside, wherein,
the annular body in a circumferential direction consists of at least two part bodies, part bodies adjacent in the circumferential direction are fastened to one another, each part body comprises a plurality of guide blades. 2. The mixer according to claim 1,
wherein, the part bodies adjacent in the circumferential direction inter-engage into one another in a region of circumferential ends of the part bodies and are pressed together. 3. The mixer according to claim 2,
wherein, the part bodies adjacent in the circumferential direction are arranged in the circumferential direction abutting with their circumferential ends. 4. The mixer according to claim 1,
wherein, each part body on a one circumferential end comprises at least one coupling protrusion standing away in the circumferential direction and on an other circumferential end at least one coupling receptacle complementary thereto, wherein four connecting part bodies adjacent in the circumferential direction the at least one coupling protrusion of the one part body is in engagement with the at least one coupling receptacle of the other part body. 5. The mixer according to claim 4,
wherein, coupling protrusion and coupling receptacle are formed for forming a positive connection, in particular an undercut, in the circumferential direction. 6. The mixer according to claim 4,
wherein, the abutting circumferential ends are radially pressed together in a region of the inter-engaging coupling protrusion and coupling receptacle. 7. The mixer according to claim 1,
wherein, the part bodies are identical parts. 8. The mixer according to claim 1,
wherein, the respective blade row is arranged on the annular body axially at a face end. 9. The mixer according to claim 8,
wherein, the annular body comprises a blade row each on both axial face ends. 10. The mixer according to claim 9,
wherein, the respective part body between the axial face ends of the annular body comprises a radial through-opening. 11. The mixer according to claim 1,
wherein, the guide blades in the respective blade row are arranged in a contactless manner relative to one another. 12. The mixer according to claim 1,
wherein, at least in one such blade row a plurality of guide blades terminate on a circular core zone radially inside, while at least one guide blade protrudes as far as into the core zone. 13. The mixer according to claim 1,
wherein, each part body with its guide blades is integrally produced from one piece. 14. The mixer according to claim 1,
wherein, each part body with its guide blades is a shaped sheet metal part produced from a single sheet metal body through forming. 15. An exhaust system for a combustion engine, in particular of a motor vehicle, with an exhaust line, in which at least one static mixer according to claim 1 is arranged. | The present invention relates to a static mixer ( 9 ) for installation in a fluid line, in particular exhaust line ( 5 ) of a combustion engine ( 1 ), with an annular body ( 10 ) comprising at least one blade row ( 11 ) with a plurality of guide blades ( 12 ) standing away from the annular body ( 10 ) to the inside.
A cost-effective producibility is obtained when the annular body ( 10 ) in the circumferential direction ( 13 ) consists of at least two part bodies ( 14 ), when part bodies ( 14 ) adjacent in the circumferential direction ( 13 ) are fastened to one another and when each part body ( 14 ) comprises a plurality of guide blades ( 12 ).1. A static mixer for installation in a fluid line, in particular exhaust line of a combustion engine, with an annular body, comprising at least one blade row with a plurality of guide blades standing away from the annular body to the inside, wherein,
the annular body in a circumferential direction consists of at least two part bodies, part bodies adjacent in the circumferential direction are fastened to one another, each part body comprises a plurality of guide blades. 2. The mixer according to claim 1,
wherein, the part bodies adjacent in the circumferential direction inter-engage into one another in a region of circumferential ends of the part bodies and are pressed together. 3. The mixer according to claim 2,
wherein, the part bodies adjacent in the circumferential direction are arranged in the circumferential direction abutting with their circumferential ends. 4. The mixer according to claim 1,
wherein, each part body on a one circumferential end comprises at least one coupling protrusion standing away in the circumferential direction and on an other circumferential end at least one coupling receptacle complementary thereto, wherein four connecting part bodies adjacent in the circumferential direction the at least one coupling protrusion of the one part body is in engagement with the at least one coupling receptacle of the other part body. 5. The mixer according to claim 4,
wherein, coupling protrusion and coupling receptacle are formed for forming a positive connection, in particular an undercut, in the circumferential direction. 6. The mixer according to claim 4,
wherein, the abutting circumferential ends are radially pressed together in a region of the inter-engaging coupling protrusion and coupling receptacle. 7. The mixer according to claim 1,
wherein, the part bodies are identical parts. 8. The mixer according to claim 1,
wherein, the respective blade row is arranged on the annular body axially at a face end. 9. The mixer according to claim 8,
wherein, the annular body comprises a blade row each on both axial face ends. 10. The mixer according to claim 9,
wherein, the respective part body between the axial face ends of the annular body comprises a radial through-opening. 11. The mixer according to claim 1,
wherein, the guide blades in the respective blade row are arranged in a contactless manner relative to one another. 12. The mixer according to claim 1,
wherein, at least in one such blade row a plurality of guide blades terminate on a circular core zone radially inside, while at least one guide blade protrudes as far as into the core zone. 13. The mixer according to claim 1,
wherein, each part body with its guide blades is integrally produced from one piece. 14. The mixer according to claim 1,
wherein, each part body with its guide blades is a shaped sheet metal part produced from a single sheet metal body through forming. 15. An exhaust system for a combustion engine, in particular of a motor vehicle, with an exhaust line, in which at least one static mixer according to claim 1 is arranged. | 1,700 |
2,138 | 14,717,473 | 1,715 | A non-aqueous solvent composition comprising 0 to 10 wt. % of N-alkyl pyrrolidone, 0 to 5 wt. % of dimethyl sulfoxide, 10 to 50 wt. % of γ-butyrolactone, 10 to 50 wt. % of at least one monoalcohol, 10 to 60 wt. % of at least one organic solvent inert towards isocyanate groups, other than γ-butyrolactone, other than N-alkyl pyrrolidone, and consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and, optionally, nitrogen, and 0 to 10 wt. % of at least one additive. The non-aqueous solvent composition can be used as barrier liquid within a coating installation of an industrial mass production coating line for the application of water-borne two-component polyurethane coatings. | 1. A method of operating a coating installation of an industrial mass production coating line, wherein the method comprises:
providing the coating installation comprising a release valve for a non-aqueous hardener component; and filling the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve with a non-aqueous solvent composition comprising:
0 to 10 wt. % of N-alkyl pyrrolidone,
0 to 5 wt. % of dimethyl sulfoxide,
10 to 50 wt. % of γ-butyrolactone,
10 to 50 wt. % of at least one monoalcohol,
10 to 60 wt. % of at least one organic solvent inert towards isocyanate groups, other than γ-butyrolactone, other than N-alkyl pyrrolidone, and consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and, optionally, nitrogen, and
0 to 10 wt. % of at least one additive. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein filling the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve comprises entirely filling the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve with the non-aqueous solvent composition. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating installation further comprises a mixer and a connection between the non-aqueous hardener release valve and an entrance of the mixer, and wherein filling the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve comprises filling the connection between the non-aqueous hardener release valve and the entrance of the mixer with the non-aqueous solvent composition. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the coating installation further comprises storage tanks for an aqueous base component and the non-aqueous hardener component, circulation lines for the components from the respective storage tanks, and a connection between each circulating line and the mixer, wherein the connection between the circulating line for the non-aqueous hardener component and the mixer includes the non-aqueous hardener release valve, and wherein filling the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve comprises filling the connection between the non-aqueous hardener release valve and the entrance of the mixer with the non-aqueous solvent composition. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the coating installation further comprises spray-application devices and connecting pipework downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve, and wherein filling the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve comprises filling the mixer, the spray-application devices, and connecting pipework with the non-aqueous solvent composition. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve is filled with the non-aqueous solvent composition wherein the at least one additive is selected from the group consisting of defoamers, wetting agents, and surfactants. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve is filled with the non-aqueous solvent composition wherein the γ-butyrolactone makes up 25 to 35 wt. % of the non-aqueous solvent composition. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve is filled with the non-aqueous solvent composition wherein the at least one monoalcohol makes up 25 to 35 wt. % of the non-aqueous solvent composition. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve is filled with the non-aqueous solvent composition wherein the at least one organic solvent inert towards isocyanate groups, other than γ-butyrolactone, other than N-alkyl pyrrolidone, and consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen makes up 25 to 35 wt. % of the non-aqueous solvent composition. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve is filled with the non-aqueous solvent composition comprising 25 to 35 wt. % of γ-butyrolactone, 25 to 35 wt. % of at least one monoalcohol, and 30 to 50 wt. % of at least one organic solvent inert towards isocyanate groups, other than γ-butyrolactone, and consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve is filled with the non-aqueous solvent composition wherein the monoalcohol is a C3-C8 monoalcohol. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve is filled with the non-aqueous solvent composition wherein the C3-C8 monoalcohol is a saturated C3-C8 monoalcohol. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve is filled with the non-aqueous solvent composition wherein the non-aqueous solvent composition is free of n-alkyl pyrrolidone. 14. A method of operating a coating installation of an industrial mass production coating line, wherein the method comprises:
providing the coating installation comprising storage tanks for an aqueous base component and a non-aqueous hardener component, circulation lines for the components from the respective storage tanks, and a connection between each circulating line and a mixer, wherein the connection between the circulating line for the non-aqueous hardener component and the mixer includes a non-aqueous hardener release valve; and filling the connection between the non-aqueous hardener release valve and the entrance of the mixer with a non-aqueous solvent composition comprising:
0 to 10 wt. % of N-alkyl pyrrolidone,
0 to 5 wt. % of dimethyl sulfoxide,
10 to 50 wt. % of γ-butyrolactone,
10 to 50 wt. % of at least one monoalcohol,
10 to 60 wt. % of at least one organic solvent inert towards isocyanate groups, other than γ-butyrolactone, other than N-alkyl pyrrolidone, and consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and, optionally, nitrogen, and
0 to 10 wt. % of at least one additive. 15. A method of operating a coating installation of an industrial mass production coating line, wherein the method comprises:
providing the coating installation comprising a release valve for a non-aqueous hardener component; and filling the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve with a non-aqueous solvent composition comprising:
0 to 5 wt. % of dimethyl sulfoxide,
25 to 35 wt. % of γ-butyrolactone,
25 to 35 wt. % of at least one saturated C3-C8 monoalcohol,
30 to 50 wt. % of at least one organic solvent inert towards isocyanate groups, other than γ-butyrolactone, other than N-alkyl pyrrolidone, and consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and, optionally, nitrogen, and
0 to 10 wt. % of at least one additive.
wherein the non-aqueous solvent composition is free of N-alkyl pyrrolidone. | A non-aqueous solvent composition comprising 0 to 10 wt. % of N-alkyl pyrrolidone, 0 to 5 wt. % of dimethyl sulfoxide, 10 to 50 wt. % of γ-butyrolactone, 10 to 50 wt. % of at least one monoalcohol, 10 to 60 wt. % of at least one organic solvent inert towards isocyanate groups, other than γ-butyrolactone, other than N-alkyl pyrrolidone, and consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and, optionally, nitrogen, and 0 to 10 wt. % of at least one additive. The non-aqueous solvent composition can be used as barrier liquid within a coating installation of an industrial mass production coating line for the application of water-borne two-component polyurethane coatings.1. A method of operating a coating installation of an industrial mass production coating line, wherein the method comprises:
providing the coating installation comprising a release valve for a non-aqueous hardener component; and filling the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve with a non-aqueous solvent composition comprising:
0 to 10 wt. % of N-alkyl pyrrolidone,
0 to 5 wt. % of dimethyl sulfoxide,
10 to 50 wt. % of γ-butyrolactone,
10 to 50 wt. % of at least one monoalcohol,
10 to 60 wt. % of at least one organic solvent inert towards isocyanate groups, other than γ-butyrolactone, other than N-alkyl pyrrolidone, and consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and, optionally, nitrogen, and
0 to 10 wt. % of at least one additive. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein filling the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve comprises entirely filling the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve with the non-aqueous solvent composition. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating installation further comprises a mixer and a connection between the non-aqueous hardener release valve and an entrance of the mixer, and wherein filling the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve comprises filling the connection between the non-aqueous hardener release valve and the entrance of the mixer with the non-aqueous solvent composition. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the coating installation further comprises storage tanks for an aqueous base component and the non-aqueous hardener component, circulation lines for the components from the respective storage tanks, and a connection between each circulating line and the mixer, wherein the connection between the circulating line for the non-aqueous hardener component and the mixer includes the non-aqueous hardener release valve, and wherein filling the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve comprises filling the connection between the non-aqueous hardener release valve and the entrance of the mixer with the non-aqueous solvent composition. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the coating installation further comprises spray-application devices and connecting pipework downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve, and wherein filling the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve comprises filling the mixer, the spray-application devices, and connecting pipework with the non-aqueous solvent composition. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve is filled with the non-aqueous solvent composition wherein the at least one additive is selected from the group consisting of defoamers, wetting agents, and surfactants. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve is filled with the non-aqueous solvent composition wherein the γ-butyrolactone makes up 25 to 35 wt. % of the non-aqueous solvent composition. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve is filled with the non-aqueous solvent composition wherein the at least one monoalcohol makes up 25 to 35 wt. % of the non-aqueous solvent composition. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve is filled with the non-aqueous solvent composition wherein the at least one organic solvent inert towards isocyanate groups, other than γ-butyrolactone, other than N-alkyl pyrrolidone, and consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen makes up 25 to 35 wt. % of the non-aqueous solvent composition. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve is filled with the non-aqueous solvent composition comprising 25 to 35 wt. % of γ-butyrolactone, 25 to 35 wt. % of at least one monoalcohol, and 30 to 50 wt. % of at least one organic solvent inert towards isocyanate groups, other than γ-butyrolactone, and consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve is filled with the non-aqueous solvent composition wherein the monoalcohol is a C3-C8 monoalcohol. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve is filled with the non-aqueous solvent composition wherein the C3-C8 monoalcohol is a saturated C3-C8 monoalcohol. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve is filled with the non-aqueous solvent composition wherein the non-aqueous solvent composition is free of n-alkyl pyrrolidone. 14. A method of operating a coating installation of an industrial mass production coating line, wherein the method comprises:
providing the coating installation comprising storage tanks for an aqueous base component and a non-aqueous hardener component, circulation lines for the components from the respective storage tanks, and a connection between each circulating line and a mixer, wherein the connection between the circulating line for the non-aqueous hardener component and the mixer includes a non-aqueous hardener release valve; and filling the connection between the non-aqueous hardener release valve and the entrance of the mixer with a non-aqueous solvent composition comprising:
0 to 10 wt. % of N-alkyl pyrrolidone,
0 to 5 wt. % of dimethyl sulfoxide,
10 to 50 wt. % of γ-butyrolactone,
10 to 50 wt. % of at least one monoalcohol,
10 to 60 wt. % of at least one organic solvent inert towards isocyanate groups, other than γ-butyrolactone, other than N-alkyl pyrrolidone, and consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and, optionally, nitrogen, and
0 to 10 wt. % of at least one additive. 15. A method of operating a coating installation of an industrial mass production coating line, wherein the method comprises:
providing the coating installation comprising a release valve for a non-aqueous hardener component; and filling the coating installation downstream of the non-aqueous hardener release valve with a non-aqueous solvent composition comprising:
0 to 5 wt. % of dimethyl sulfoxide,
25 to 35 wt. % of γ-butyrolactone,
25 to 35 wt. % of at least one saturated C3-C8 monoalcohol,
30 to 50 wt. % of at least one organic solvent inert towards isocyanate groups, other than γ-butyrolactone, other than N-alkyl pyrrolidone, and consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and, optionally, nitrogen, and
0 to 10 wt. % of at least one additive.
wherein the non-aqueous solvent composition is free of N-alkyl pyrrolidone. | 1,700 |
2,139 | 14,443,949 | 1,737 | Methods of Printing and Electrostatic Ink Compositions Here is described a method of printing on a plastic substrate, the method comprising: providing an electrostatic ink composition comprising a carrier liquid, and particles comprising a resin, and a slip agent dispersed in the carrier liquid; forming a latent electrostatic image on a surface; contacting the surface with the electrostatic ink composition, such that at least some of the particles and the slip agent are transferred to the surface to form a developed toner image on the surface; and transferring the toner image to the plastic substrate. Electrostatic ink compositions and plastic substrates are also disclosed. | 1. A method of printing on a plastic substrate, the method comprising
providing an electrostatic ink composition comprising a carrier liquid, and particles comprising a resin and a slip agent dispersed in the carrier liquid; forming a latent electrostatic image on a surface; contacting the surface with the electrostatic ink composition, such that at least some of the particles and the slip agent are transferred to the surface to form a developed toner image on the surface; and transferring the toner image to the plastic substrate. 2. A method of printing according to claim 1, wherein the electrostatic ink composition further comprises a white colorant or lacks a colorant. 3. A method of printing according to claim 2, wherein the white colorant is selected from TiO2, calcium carbonate, zinc oxide, and mixtures thereof. 4. A method of printing according to claim 1, wherein the plastic substrate comprises a sheet of plastic. 5. A method of printing according to claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a sheet of plastic for forming into or in the form of a shrink sleeve. 6. A method of printing according to claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a plastic selected from a polyalkylene, polyethylene terephthalate glycol, polystyrene, poly vinyl chloride, polyethylene-2,6-napthalate, polyhexamethylene adipamide, polymers of alpha mono-olefinically unsaturated hydrocarbons, vinyl acetate, methylacrylate, 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate, isoprene, butadiene acrylamide, ethylacrylate and N-methyl-n-vinyl acetamide. 7. A method of printing according to claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a plastic selected from an oriented polypropylene and an oriented polyethylene. 8. A method of printing according to claim 1, wherein the slip agent is selected from a fatty amide and a castor oil derivative. 9. A method of printing according to claim 1, wherein the slip agent is selected from a fatty amide of the formula (I) and a fatty amide of the formula (II)
R1C(O)NHR2 (I),
wherein R1 is an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having at least 7 carbon atoms and R2 is selected from hydrogen and an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having at least 7 carbon atoms,
R3C(O)NHCH2CH2NHC(O)R4 (II),
wherein each of R3 and R4 is independently an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having at least 7 carbon atoms. 10. A method of printing according to claim 1, wherein the slip agent constitutes from 1 to 6 wt % of the solids content of electrostatic ink composition. 11. A method of printing according to claim 1, wherein the slip agent constitutes from 1 to 3 wt % of the solids content of the electrostatic ink composition. 12. An electrostatic ink composition comprising a carrier liquid, and particles comprising a resin and a slip agent. 13. An electrostatic ink composition according to claim 12, wherein the slip agent is selected from a fatty amide and a castor oil derivative. 14. An electrostatic ink composition according to claim 12, wherein the slip agent is selected from a fatty amide of the formula (I) and a fatty amide of the formula (II)
R1C(O)NHR2 (I),
wherein R1 is an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having at least 7 carbon atoms and R2 is selected from hydrogen and an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having at least 7 carbon atoms,
R3C(O)NHCH2CH2NHC(O)R4 (II),
wherein each of R3 and R4 is independently an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having at least 7 carbon atoms. 15. A plastic substrate having printed thereon an ink comprising a resin and a slip agent. | Methods of Printing and Electrostatic Ink Compositions Here is described a method of printing on a plastic substrate, the method comprising: providing an electrostatic ink composition comprising a carrier liquid, and particles comprising a resin, and a slip agent dispersed in the carrier liquid; forming a latent electrostatic image on a surface; contacting the surface with the electrostatic ink composition, such that at least some of the particles and the slip agent are transferred to the surface to form a developed toner image on the surface; and transferring the toner image to the plastic substrate. Electrostatic ink compositions and plastic substrates are also disclosed.1. A method of printing on a plastic substrate, the method comprising
providing an electrostatic ink composition comprising a carrier liquid, and particles comprising a resin and a slip agent dispersed in the carrier liquid; forming a latent electrostatic image on a surface; contacting the surface with the electrostatic ink composition, such that at least some of the particles and the slip agent are transferred to the surface to form a developed toner image on the surface; and transferring the toner image to the plastic substrate. 2. A method of printing according to claim 1, wherein the electrostatic ink composition further comprises a white colorant or lacks a colorant. 3. A method of printing according to claim 2, wherein the white colorant is selected from TiO2, calcium carbonate, zinc oxide, and mixtures thereof. 4. A method of printing according to claim 1, wherein the plastic substrate comprises a sheet of plastic. 5. A method of printing according to claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a sheet of plastic for forming into or in the form of a shrink sleeve. 6. A method of printing according to claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a plastic selected from a polyalkylene, polyethylene terephthalate glycol, polystyrene, poly vinyl chloride, polyethylene-2,6-napthalate, polyhexamethylene adipamide, polymers of alpha mono-olefinically unsaturated hydrocarbons, vinyl acetate, methylacrylate, 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate, isoprene, butadiene acrylamide, ethylacrylate and N-methyl-n-vinyl acetamide. 7. A method of printing according to claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a plastic selected from an oriented polypropylene and an oriented polyethylene. 8. A method of printing according to claim 1, wherein the slip agent is selected from a fatty amide and a castor oil derivative. 9. A method of printing according to claim 1, wherein the slip agent is selected from a fatty amide of the formula (I) and a fatty amide of the formula (II)
R1C(O)NHR2 (I),
wherein R1 is an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having at least 7 carbon atoms and R2 is selected from hydrogen and an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having at least 7 carbon atoms,
R3C(O)NHCH2CH2NHC(O)R4 (II),
wherein each of R3 and R4 is independently an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having at least 7 carbon atoms. 10. A method of printing according to claim 1, wherein the slip agent constitutes from 1 to 6 wt % of the solids content of electrostatic ink composition. 11. A method of printing according to claim 1, wherein the slip agent constitutes from 1 to 3 wt % of the solids content of the electrostatic ink composition. 12. An electrostatic ink composition comprising a carrier liquid, and particles comprising a resin and a slip agent. 13. An electrostatic ink composition according to claim 12, wherein the slip agent is selected from a fatty amide and a castor oil derivative. 14. An electrostatic ink composition according to claim 12, wherein the slip agent is selected from a fatty amide of the formula (I) and a fatty amide of the formula (II)
R1C(O)NHR2 (I),
wherein R1 is an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having at least 7 carbon atoms and R2 is selected from hydrogen and an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having at least 7 carbon atoms,
R3C(O)NHCH2CH2NHC(O)R4 (II),
wherein each of R3 and R4 is independently an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having at least 7 carbon atoms. 15. A plastic substrate having printed thereon an ink comprising a resin and a slip agent. | 1,700 |
2,140 | 14,113,937 | 1,797 | The invention relates to a punching device for processing samples, in particular dried samples, applied to a sample card, preferably liquids containing DNA, such as blood, saliva and the like, comprising at least one punching means ( 110 ) with a punch and a lower die, wherein the punch is movable between a resting position at a distance from the lower die and a punching position closer to the lower die, and wherein the punching means ( 110 ) has a receiving opening, into which a sample card can be introduced by means of a movable gripping unit ( 300 ) of the punching device ( 10 ) and can be positioned in relation to the punching means ( 110 ), and a punching drive ( 14 ), which can be coupled or is coupled to the punch of the punching means ( 110 ) and which drives the punch between the resting position and the punching position. The punching means ( 110 ) is designed in such a way that a piece of sample ( 274 ) punched out from the sample card can be discharged at an outlet opening of the lower die into a receiving recess ( 28 ) of a receiving container ( 12 ) arranged below the punching means ( 110 ). According to the invention, it is proposed that it comprises a receiving plate ( 210 ), which supports the receiving container ( 12 ) and has a light source ( 212 ) illuminating at least part of the receiving plate ( 210 ), wherein the light source ( 212 ) is arranged in such a way that at least part of a receiving container ( 12 ) located on the receiving plate ( 210 ), in particular of receiving recesses ( 28 ) provided therein, can be illuminated from the direction of the receiving plate ( 210 ), in particular from below. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for evaluating at least a result of a punching operation, in particular by means of a punching device ( 10 ) according to the invention. | 1. A punching device for processing in particular dried samples (36-1, . . . , 36-4) applied to a sample card (22), preferably of liquids containing DNA such as blood, saliva and the like, comprising
at least one punching means (110) having a punch and a lower die, wherein the punch is movable between a rest position in which it is away from the lower die and a punching position in which it is close to the lower die, and wherein the punching means (110) has a receiving opening into which a sample card (22) is introducible by means of a movable gripper unit (300) of the punching device (10) and is positionable relative to the punching means (110), and a punching drive (14) which is couplable or coupled to the punch of the punching means (110) and by way of which the movement of the punch between the rest position and the punching position is driven, wherein the punching means (110) is set up such that a sample piece (274) punched out of the sample card (22) can be dispensed at an outlet opening of the lower die into a receiving recess (28) in a receiving container (12) arranged beneath the punching means (110), characterized in that it has a receiving plate (210) supporting a receiving container (12) and having a light source (212) illuminating at least a part of the receiving plate (210), wherein the light source (212) is arranged such that at least a part of a receiving container (12) located on the receiving plate (210), in particular receiving recesses (28) provided in said receiving container (12), can be illuminated from the direction of the receiving plate (210), in particular from below. 2. The punching device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that at least one electroluminescent film (212) is provided as light source on the receiving plate (210). 3. The punching device as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the receiving plate (210) is a transparent plate, preferably a glass plate, wherein the EL film (212) is arranged preferably on the underside of the receiving plate (210). 4. The punching device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that it furthermore comprises an image capturing device (18) which is arranged such that an article to be at least partially captured thereby, in particular a receiving container (12) located on the receiving plate (210), or receiving recesses (28) provided in said receiving container (12), can be arranged between the image plane of the image capturing device (18) and the light source (212), such that the light source (212) is located behind the article (12) to be captured, as seen from the image capturing plane. 5. The punching device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that it has a transport frame (214) resting on the receiving plate (210) and able to move in the plate plane, at least one receiving container (12) being receivable in said transport frame (214). 6. The punching device as claimed in claim 5, characterized in that the receiving plate (210) forms a cover of a housing (220) for a drive unit (230) which enables the movement of the transport frame (214) on the receiving plate (210). 7. The punching device as claimed in claim 6, characterized in that the transport frame (214) is coupled in a contactless manner by means of magnets (242, 244, 252, 254) to the drive unit (230) covered by the receiving plate (210). 8. The punching device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the gripper unit (300) comprises a sample card gripper means and a further gripper means for receiving containers (12), wherein receiving containers (12) are transportable by means of the gripper unit (300) from waiting positions (211) outside the receiving plate (210) to processing positions on the receiving plate (210) and vice versa. 9. The punching device as claimed in claim 5, characterized in that the gripper unit (300) is configured such that receiving containers (12) can be moved toward and away from the transport frame (214) by means of the gripper unit (300). 10. A method for evaluating at least one result of a punching operation, in particular by means of a punching device (10) as claimed in claim 1, comprising the steps of:
punching at least one sample piece (274) out of at least one sample card (22) by means of a punching means (110), receiving the at least one sample piece (274) in a receiving container (12), in particular in a receiving recess (28) of the receiving container (12), illuminating the receiving container (12) or the punched sample card (22) by means of a light source (212), capturing an image of the receiving container (12) or of the punched sample card (22) by means of an image capturing device (18), wherein the receiving container (12) or the punched sample card (22) is arranged between the light source (212) and an image capturing plane of the image capturing device (18) such that light from the light source (212) which reaches the image capturing device (18) passes through translucent portions of the receiving container (12) or of the sample card (22). 11. The method as claimed in claim 10, wherein an image captured by the image capturing device (18) is evaluated so as to establish at which points of the image light from the light source (212) passes through or is covered. 12. The method as claimed in claim 10, wherein an evaluation is made in an image of the receiving container (12) as to whether at least one receiving recess (28) of the receiving container (12) contains at least one sample piece (274) punched out of a sample card (22), said sample piece (274) at least partially preventing light from the light source (212) from passing through. 13. The method as claimed in claim 10, wherein an evaluation is made in an image of the sample card (22) as to at which points of the sample card (22) punched-out openings (42), through which the light from the light source (212) passes, are present. 14. The method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the light source (212) emits light in the visible wave range, in particular at a wavelength which corresponds to a desired color, for instance blue, green, red or the like. 15. The method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the result of an evaluation of a captured image is compared with already known comparative values in order to check the correct progress of the punching operation, a check preferably being made as to whether a previously punched-out sample piece (274) is contained in a predetermined receiving recess (28) or/and it preferably being determined whether the punching out has taken place at a previously determined point of the sample card (22). | The invention relates to a punching device for processing samples, in particular dried samples, applied to a sample card, preferably liquids containing DNA, such as blood, saliva and the like, comprising at least one punching means ( 110 ) with a punch and a lower die, wherein the punch is movable between a resting position at a distance from the lower die and a punching position closer to the lower die, and wherein the punching means ( 110 ) has a receiving opening, into which a sample card can be introduced by means of a movable gripping unit ( 300 ) of the punching device ( 10 ) and can be positioned in relation to the punching means ( 110 ), and a punching drive ( 14 ), which can be coupled or is coupled to the punch of the punching means ( 110 ) and which drives the punch between the resting position and the punching position. The punching means ( 110 ) is designed in such a way that a piece of sample ( 274 ) punched out from the sample card can be discharged at an outlet opening of the lower die into a receiving recess ( 28 ) of a receiving container ( 12 ) arranged below the punching means ( 110 ). According to the invention, it is proposed that it comprises a receiving plate ( 210 ), which supports the receiving container ( 12 ) and has a light source ( 212 ) illuminating at least part of the receiving plate ( 210 ), wherein the light source ( 212 ) is arranged in such a way that at least part of a receiving container ( 12 ) located on the receiving plate ( 210 ), in particular of receiving recesses ( 28 ) provided therein, can be illuminated from the direction of the receiving plate ( 210 ), in particular from below. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for evaluating at least a result of a punching operation, in particular by means of a punching device ( 10 ) according to the invention.1. A punching device for processing in particular dried samples (36-1, . . . , 36-4) applied to a sample card (22), preferably of liquids containing DNA such as blood, saliva and the like, comprising
at least one punching means (110) having a punch and a lower die, wherein the punch is movable between a rest position in which it is away from the lower die and a punching position in which it is close to the lower die, and wherein the punching means (110) has a receiving opening into which a sample card (22) is introducible by means of a movable gripper unit (300) of the punching device (10) and is positionable relative to the punching means (110), and a punching drive (14) which is couplable or coupled to the punch of the punching means (110) and by way of which the movement of the punch between the rest position and the punching position is driven, wherein the punching means (110) is set up such that a sample piece (274) punched out of the sample card (22) can be dispensed at an outlet opening of the lower die into a receiving recess (28) in a receiving container (12) arranged beneath the punching means (110), characterized in that it has a receiving plate (210) supporting a receiving container (12) and having a light source (212) illuminating at least a part of the receiving plate (210), wherein the light source (212) is arranged such that at least a part of a receiving container (12) located on the receiving plate (210), in particular receiving recesses (28) provided in said receiving container (12), can be illuminated from the direction of the receiving plate (210), in particular from below. 2. The punching device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that at least one electroluminescent film (212) is provided as light source on the receiving plate (210). 3. The punching device as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the receiving plate (210) is a transparent plate, preferably a glass plate, wherein the EL film (212) is arranged preferably on the underside of the receiving plate (210). 4. The punching device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that it furthermore comprises an image capturing device (18) which is arranged such that an article to be at least partially captured thereby, in particular a receiving container (12) located on the receiving plate (210), or receiving recesses (28) provided in said receiving container (12), can be arranged between the image plane of the image capturing device (18) and the light source (212), such that the light source (212) is located behind the article (12) to be captured, as seen from the image capturing plane. 5. The punching device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that it has a transport frame (214) resting on the receiving plate (210) and able to move in the plate plane, at least one receiving container (12) being receivable in said transport frame (214). 6. The punching device as claimed in claim 5, characterized in that the receiving plate (210) forms a cover of a housing (220) for a drive unit (230) which enables the movement of the transport frame (214) on the receiving plate (210). 7. The punching device as claimed in claim 6, characterized in that the transport frame (214) is coupled in a contactless manner by means of magnets (242, 244, 252, 254) to the drive unit (230) covered by the receiving plate (210). 8. The punching device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the gripper unit (300) comprises a sample card gripper means and a further gripper means for receiving containers (12), wherein receiving containers (12) are transportable by means of the gripper unit (300) from waiting positions (211) outside the receiving plate (210) to processing positions on the receiving plate (210) and vice versa. 9. The punching device as claimed in claim 5, characterized in that the gripper unit (300) is configured such that receiving containers (12) can be moved toward and away from the transport frame (214) by means of the gripper unit (300). 10. A method for evaluating at least one result of a punching operation, in particular by means of a punching device (10) as claimed in claim 1, comprising the steps of:
punching at least one sample piece (274) out of at least one sample card (22) by means of a punching means (110), receiving the at least one sample piece (274) in a receiving container (12), in particular in a receiving recess (28) of the receiving container (12), illuminating the receiving container (12) or the punched sample card (22) by means of a light source (212), capturing an image of the receiving container (12) or of the punched sample card (22) by means of an image capturing device (18), wherein the receiving container (12) or the punched sample card (22) is arranged between the light source (212) and an image capturing plane of the image capturing device (18) such that light from the light source (212) which reaches the image capturing device (18) passes through translucent portions of the receiving container (12) or of the sample card (22). 11. The method as claimed in claim 10, wherein an image captured by the image capturing device (18) is evaluated so as to establish at which points of the image light from the light source (212) passes through or is covered. 12. The method as claimed in claim 10, wherein an evaluation is made in an image of the receiving container (12) as to whether at least one receiving recess (28) of the receiving container (12) contains at least one sample piece (274) punched out of a sample card (22), said sample piece (274) at least partially preventing light from the light source (212) from passing through. 13. The method as claimed in claim 10, wherein an evaluation is made in an image of the sample card (22) as to at which points of the sample card (22) punched-out openings (42), through which the light from the light source (212) passes, are present. 14. The method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the light source (212) emits light in the visible wave range, in particular at a wavelength which corresponds to a desired color, for instance blue, green, red or the like. 15. The method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the result of an evaluation of a captured image is compared with already known comparative values in order to check the correct progress of the punching operation, a check preferably being made as to whether a previously punched-out sample piece (274) is contained in a predetermined receiving recess (28) or/and it preferably being determined whether the punching out has taken place at a previously determined point of the sample card (22). | 1,700 |
2,141 | 14,684,206 | 1,784 | A composite member suitable for a heat radiation member of a semiconductor element and a method of manufacturing the same are provided. This composite member is a composite of magnesium or a magnesium alloy and SiC, and it has porosity lower than 3%. This composite member can be manufactured by forming an oxide film on a surface of raw material SiC, arranging coated SiC having the oxide film formed in a cast, and infiltrating this coated SiC aggregate with a molten metal (magnesium or the magnesium alloy). The porosity of the composite member can be lowered by improving wettability between SiC and the molten metal by forming the oxide film. According to this manufacturing method, a composite member having excellent thermal characteristics such as a coefficient of thermal expansion not lower than 4 ppm/K and not higher than 10 ppm/K and thermal conductivity not lower than 180 W/m·K can be manufactured. | 1. A composite member made of a composite of magnesium or a magnesium alloy and SiC, characterized in that
said composite member has porosity lower than 3%, said SiC is present in a form dispersed in said magnesium or said magnesium alloy, and said composite member contains 50 volume % or more and 86.3 volume % or less of said SiC. 2. The composite member according to claim 1, characterized in that
said composite member has thermal conductivity not lower than 180 W/m·K. 3. The composite member according to claim 1, characterized in that
said composite member has a coefficient of thermal expansion not lower than 4 ppm/K and not higher than 10 ppm/K. 4. A composite member, characterized by comprising:
a substrate composed of a composite material made of a composite of magnesium or a magnesium alloy and SiC and containing 50 volume % or more SiC; and a metal coating layer covering at least one surface of said substrate. 5. The composite member according to claim 4, characterized in that
a metal component of said composite material and a metal forming said metal coating layer have a continuous texture. 6. The composite member according to claim 4, characterized in that
a metal component of said composite material and a metal forming said metal coating layer are different in composition. | A composite member suitable for a heat radiation member of a semiconductor element and a method of manufacturing the same are provided. This composite member is a composite of magnesium or a magnesium alloy and SiC, and it has porosity lower than 3%. This composite member can be manufactured by forming an oxide film on a surface of raw material SiC, arranging coated SiC having the oxide film formed in a cast, and infiltrating this coated SiC aggregate with a molten metal (magnesium or the magnesium alloy). The porosity of the composite member can be lowered by improving wettability between SiC and the molten metal by forming the oxide film. According to this manufacturing method, a composite member having excellent thermal characteristics such as a coefficient of thermal expansion not lower than 4 ppm/K and not higher than 10 ppm/K and thermal conductivity not lower than 180 W/m·K can be manufactured.1. A composite member made of a composite of magnesium or a magnesium alloy and SiC, characterized in that
said composite member has porosity lower than 3%, said SiC is present in a form dispersed in said magnesium or said magnesium alloy, and said composite member contains 50 volume % or more and 86.3 volume % or less of said SiC. 2. The composite member according to claim 1, characterized in that
said composite member has thermal conductivity not lower than 180 W/m·K. 3. The composite member according to claim 1, characterized in that
said composite member has a coefficient of thermal expansion not lower than 4 ppm/K and not higher than 10 ppm/K. 4. A composite member, characterized by comprising:
a substrate composed of a composite material made of a composite of magnesium or a magnesium alloy and SiC and containing 50 volume % or more SiC; and a metal coating layer covering at least one surface of said substrate. 5. The composite member according to claim 4, characterized in that
a metal component of said composite material and a metal forming said metal coating layer have a continuous texture. 6. The composite member according to claim 4, characterized in that
a metal component of said composite material and a metal forming said metal coating layer are different in composition. | 1,700 |
2,142 | 13,034,407 | 1,712 | A glass container and related methods of manufacturing and coating glass containers. The glass container includes a hybrid sol-gel cross-linked on at least a portion of an exterior glass surface of the glass container. | 1. A method of coating an exterior surface of a glass container that includes the steps of:
(a) providing a heated hybrid sol-gel having a composition including at least one silane and at least one solvent; (b) coating the exterior glass surface of the glass container with said heated hybrid sol-gel; and (c) heating said coated exterior glass surface of the glass container to cross-link said hybrid sol-gel and result in a coating on said exterior glass surface of the glass container having greater than 90% silicate-based material by weight. 2. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said composition in step (a) includes between 50% and 60% by weight of at least one silane and between 40% and 50% by weight of at least one solvent, said hybrid sol-gel is heated to a temperature between 70 degrees Celsius and 130 degrees Celsius in step (a), said temperature in step (b) is between 90 degrees Celsius and 130 degrees Celsius, and said heating step (c) is carried out at a temperature of between 130 degrees Celsius and 170 degrees Celsius and for a time between ten minutes and ten hours. 3. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said composition in step (a) includes between 52% and 58% by weight of at least one silane and between 42% and 46% by weight of at least one solvent, said temperature in step (a) is between 90 degrees Celsius and 110 degrees Celsius, said temperature in step (b) is between 95 degrees Celsius and 125 degrees Celsius, and said heating step (c) is carried out at a temperature of between 140 degrees Celsius and 160 degrees Celsius. 4. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said composition in step (a) includes about 56% by weight of at least one silane and about 44% by weight of at least one solvent, said temperature in step (a) is about 100 degrees Celsius, said temperature in step (b) is about 110 degrees Celsius, and said heating step (c) is carried out at a temperature of about 150 degrees Celsius. 5. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said at least one silane in step (a) includes at least one of methyltriethoxysilane, dimethyldiethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane, diphenyldiethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, diphenyldimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxisilane, 3-glycidoxypropyldimethoxyethoxysilane, aminopropylmethyldimethosilane, aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, gamma mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, or vinyltrimethoxysilane, and wherein said at least one solvent in step (a) includes at least one of denatured ethanol, anhydrous ethanol, methanol, normal propanol, isopropanol, butanol, diethylene glycol, acetones, methylethylketons, tryethyleneglycols, vinylpyrrolidones, toluene, glycerine, phenol, benzyl alcohol, or dioxane. 6. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said at least one silane in step (a) includes methyltriethoxysilane and dimethyldiethoxysilane, and wherein said at least one solvent includes at least one of denatured ethanol or anhydrous ethanol. 7. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said at least one silane in step (a) includes phenyltriethoxysilane and diphenyldiethoxysilane, and wherein said at least one solvent includes anhydrous ethanol. 8. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said at least one silane in step (a) includes phenyltrimethoxysilane and diphenyldimethoxysilane, and wherein said at least one solvent includes methanol. 9. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said composition in step (a) includes a silane to solvent weight ratio of between 1.5:1 and 1:1. 10. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said composition in step (a) includes a silane to solvent weight ratio of about 1.3:1. 11. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said hybrid sol-gel is doped with an ultraviolet blocking material, wherein ultraviolet blocking material is not applied in a separate step. 12. The method set forth in claim 11 wherein said ultraviolet blocking material is at least one of cerium oxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, bismuth oxide, or barium titanate. 13. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said hybrid sol-gel is doped with at least one metal alkoxide that is not applied in a separate step. 14. The method set forth in claim 13 wherein said at least one metal alkoxide is at least one of cerium alkoxide or titanium dialkoxide. 15. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said at least one silane includes at least one of methyltriethoxysilane, dimethyldiethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane, diphenyldiethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, diphenyldimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxisilane, 3-glycidoxypropyldimethoxyethoxysilane, aminopropylmethyldimethosilane, aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, gamma mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, or vinyltrimethoxysilane. 16. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said at least one solvent includes at least one of denatured ethanol, anhydrous ethanol, methanol, normal propanol, isopropanol, butanol, diethylene glycol, acetones, methylethylketones, tryethyleneglycols, vinylpyrrolidones, toluene, glycerine, phenol, benzyl alcohol, or dioxane. 17. A glass container made by the method set form in claim 1. 18. A glass container that includes:
an axially closed base at an axial end of the glass container; a body extending axially from said base and being circumferentially closed; an axially open mouth at another end of the glass container opposite of said base; an exterior glass surface; and a cross-linked hybrid sol-gel on at least a portion of said exterior glass surface. 19. The glass container set forth in claim 18 wherein said cross-linked hybrid sol-gel has greater than 90% silicate-based material by weight for increasing strength of the glass container and for increasing fragment-retention. 20. The glass container set forth in claim 19, wherein said cross-linked hybrid sol-gel includes at least one silane. 21. The glass container set forth in claim 20, wherein said at least one silane includes a first silane and a multiple of said first silane. 22. The glass container set forth in claim 21, wherein said first silane includes at least one ofmethyltriethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane, or phenyltrimethoxysilane, and said multiple of said first silane includes at least one of dimethyldiethoxysilane, diphenyldiethoxysilane, diphenyldimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxisilane, 3-glycidoxypropyldimethoxyethoxysilane, aminopropylmethyldimethosilane, aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, gamma mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, or vinyltrimethoxysilane. 23. The glass container set forth in claim 20, wherein said hybrid sol-gel includes an ultraviolet blocking material including at least one of cerium oxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, bismuth oxide, or barium titanate. 24. A glass container that includes:
an axially closed base at an axial end of the glass container; a body extending axially from said base and being circumferentially closed; an axially open mouth at another end of the glass container opposite of said base; an exterior glass surface; and a coating of hybrid sol-gel on at least a portion of said exterior glass surface, wherein said hybrid sol-gel includes at least one silane and at least one solvent. 25. The method set forth in claim 24 wherein said composition in step (a) includes a silane to solvent weight ratio of between 1.5:1 and 1:1. 26. The method set forth in claim 24 wherein said composition in step (a) includes a silane to solvent weight ratio of about 1.3:1. 27. The glass container set forth in claim 24, wherein said at least one silane includes a first silane and a multiple of said first silane. 28. The glass container set forth in claim 24, wherein said first silane includes at least one of methyltriethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane, or phenyltrimethoxysilane, and said multiple of said first silane includes at least one of dimethyldiethoxysilane, diphenyldiethoxysilane, diphenyldimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxisilane, 3-glycidoxypropyldimethoxyethoxysilane, aminopropylmethyldimethosilane, aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, gamma mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, or vinyltrimethoxysilane. 29. The glass container set forth in claim 24, wherein said at least one solvent includes at least one of denatured ethanol, anhydrous ethanol, methanol, normal propanol, isopropanol, butanol, diethylene glycol, acetones, methylethylketones, tryethyleneglycols, vinylpyrrolidones, toluene, glycerine, phenol, benzyl alcohol, or dioxane. 30. The glass container set forth in claim 24, wherein said hybrid sol-gel also includes an ultraviolet blocking material including at least one of cerium oxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, bismuth oxide, or barium titanate. 31. A method of manufacturing that includes the steps of:
(a) forming a glass container; (b) applying a hot end coating to an exterior glass surface of said glass container; (c) annealing said glass container; (d) heating a hybrid sol-gel to a temperature of between 70 degrees Celsius and 130 degrees Celsius, wherein a composition of said hybrid sol-gel includes 50% to 60% by weight of at least one silane, 40% to 50% by weight of at least one solvent, and optionally also including at least one dopant, wherein said heated hybrid sol-gel has a viscosity of between 0.001 Pa-s and 100 Pa-s; (e) coating said exterior glass surface of the glass container with said heated hybrid sol-gel, at a temperature between 80 degrees Celsius and 140 degrees Celsius; (f) heating said coated exterior glass surface of the glass container at a temperature between 140 degrees Celsius and 160 degrees Celsius for a time between ten minutes and ten hours to cross-link said hybrid sol-gel and result in a coating on said exterior glass surface of the glass container having greater than 90% silicate-based material by weight to increase at least one of strength or fragment retention of the glass container; and thereafter (g) applying a cold end coating to said exterior glass surface of said glass container. 32. The method set forth in claim 31 wherein said step (d) is carried out after step (c) begins but before step (c) ends. | A glass container and related methods of manufacturing and coating glass containers. The glass container includes a hybrid sol-gel cross-linked on at least a portion of an exterior glass surface of the glass container.1. A method of coating an exterior surface of a glass container that includes the steps of:
(a) providing a heated hybrid sol-gel having a composition including at least one silane and at least one solvent; (b) coating the exterior glass surface of the glass container with said heated hybrid sol-gel; and (c) heating said coated exterior glass surface of the glass container to cross-link said hybrid sol-gel and result in a coating on said exterior glass surface of the glass container having greater than 90% silicate-based material by weight. 2. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said composition in step (a) includes between 50% and 60% by weight of at least one silane and between 40% and 50% by weight of at least one solvent, said hybrid sol-gel is heated to a temperature between 70 degrees Celsius and 130 degrees Celsius in step (a), said temperature in step (b) is between 90 degrees Celsius and 130 degrees Celsius, and said heating step (c) is carried out at a temperature of between 130 degrees Celsius and 170 degrees Celsius and for a time between ten minutes and ten hours. 3. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said composition in step (a) includes between 52% and 58% by weight of at least one silane and between 42% and 46% by weight of at least one solvent, said temperature in step (a) is between 90 degrees Celsius and 110 degrees Celsius, said temperature in step (b) is between 95 degrees Celsius and 125 degrees Celsius, and said heating step (c) is carried out at a temperature of between 140 degrees Celsius and 160 degrees Celsius. 4. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said composition in step (a) includes about 56% by weight of at least one silane and about 44% by weight of at least one solvent, said temperature in step (a) is about 100 degrees Celsius, said temperature in step (b) is about 110 degrees Celsius, and said heating step (c) is carried out at a temperature of about 150 degrees Celsius. 5. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said at least one silane in step (a) includes at least one of methyltriethoxysilane, dimethyldiethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane, diphenyldiethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, diphenyldimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxisilane, 3-glycidoxypropyldimethoxyethoxysilane, aminopropylmethyldimethosilane, aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, gamma mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, or vinyltrimethoxysilane, and wherein said at least one solvent in step (a) includes at least one of denatured ethanol, anhydrous ethanol, methanol, normal propanol, isopropanol, butanol, diethylene glycol, acetones, methylethylketons, tryethyleneglycols, vinylpyrrolidones, toluene, glycerine, phenol, benzyl alcohol, or dioxane. 6. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said at least one silane in step (a) includes methyltriethoxysilane and dimethyldiethoxysilane, and wherein said at least one solvent includes at least one of denatured ethanol or anhydrous ethanol. 7. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said at least one silane in step (a) includes phenyltriethoxysilane and diphenyldiethoxysilane, and wherein said at least one solvent includes anhydrous ethanol. 8. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said at least one silane in step (a) includes phenyltrimethoxysilane and diphenyldimethoxysilane, and wherein said at least one solvent includes methanol. 9. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said composition in step (a) includes a silane to solvent weight ratio of between 1.5:1 and 1:1. 10. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said composition in step (a) includes a silane to solvent weight ratio of about 1.3:1. 11. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said hybrid sol-gel is doped with an ultraviolet blocking material, wherein ultraviolet blocking material is not applied in a separate step. 12. The method set forth in claim 11 wherein said ultraviolet blocking material is at least one of cerium oxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, bismuth oxide, or barium titanate. 13. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said hybrid sol-gel is doped with at least one metal alkoxide that is not applied in a separate step. 14. The method set forth in claim 13 wherein said at least one metal alkoxide is at least one of cerium alkoxide or titanium dialkoxide. 15. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said at least one silane includes at least one of methyltriethoxysilane, dimethyldiethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane, diphenyldiethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, diphenyldimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxisilane, 3-glycidoxypropyldimethoxyethoxysilane, aminopropylmethyldimethosilane, aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, gamma mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, or vinyltrimethoxysilane. 16. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said at least one solvent includes at least one of denatured ethanol, anhydrous ethanol, methanol, normal propanol, isopropanol, butanol, diethylene glycol, acetones, methylethylketones, tryethyleneglycols, vinylpyrrolidones, toluene, glycerine, phenol, benzyl alcohol, or dioxane. 17. A glass container made by the method set form in claim 1. 18. A glass container that includes:
an axially closed base at an axial end of the glass container; a body extending axially from said base and being circumferentially closed; an axially open mouth at another end of the glass container opposite of said base; an exterior glass surface; and a cross-linked hybrid sol-gel on at least a portion of said exterior glass surface. 19. The glass container set forth in claim 18 wherein said cross-linked hybrid sol-gel has greater than 90% silicate-based material by weight for increasing strength of the glass container and for increasing fragment-retention. 20. The glass container set forth in claim 19, wherein said cross-linked hybrid sol-gel includes at least one silane. 21. The glass container set forth in claim 20, wherein said at least one silane includes a first silane and a multiple of said first silane. 22. The glass container set forth in claim 21, wherein said first silane includes at least one ofmethyltriethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane, or phenyltrimethoxysilane, and said multiple of said first silane includes at least one of dimethyldiethoxysilane, diphenyldiethoxysilane, diphenyldimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxisilane, 3-glycidoxypropyldimethoxyethoxysilane, aminopropylmethyldimethosilane, aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, gamma mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, or vinyltrimethoxysilane. 23. The glass container set forth in claim 20, wherein said hybrid sol-gel includes an ultraviolet blocking material including at least one of cerium oxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, bismuth oxide, or barium titanate. 24. A glass container that includes:
an axially closed base at an axial end of the glass container; a body extending axially from said base and being circumferentially closed; an axially open mouth at another end of the glass container opposite of said base; an exterior glass surface; and a coating of hybrid sol-gel on at least a portion of said exterior glass surface, wherein said hybrid sol-gel includes at least one silane and at least one solvent. 25. The method set forth in claim 24 wherein said composition in step (a) includes a silane to solvent weight ratio of between 1.5:1 and 1:1. 26. The method set forth in claim 24 wherein said composition in step (a) includes a silane to solvent weight ratio of about 1.3:1. 27. The glass container set forth in claim 24, wherein said at least one silane includes a first silane and a multiple of said first silane. 28. The glass container set forth in claim 24, wherein said first silane includes at least one of methyltriethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane, or phenyltrimethoxysilane, and said multiple of said first silane includes at least one of dimethyldiethoxysilane, diphenyldiethoxysilane, diphenyldimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxisilane, 3-glycidoxypropyldimethoxyethoxysilane, aminopropylmethyldimethosilane, aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, gamma mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, or vinyltrimethoxysilane. 29. The glass container set forth in claim 24, wherein said at least one solvent includes at least one of denatured ethanol, anhydrous ethanol, methanol, normal propanol, isopropanol, butanol, diethylene glycol, acetones, methylethylketones, tryethyleneglycols, vinylpyrrolidones, toluene, glycerine, phenol, benzyl alcohol, or dioxane. 30. The glass container set forth in claim 24, wherein said hybrid sol-gel also includes an ultraviolet blocking material including at least one of cerium oxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, bismuth oxide, or barium titanate. 31. A method of manufacturing that includes the steps of:
(a) forming a glass container; (b) applying a hot end coating to an exterior glass surface of said glass container; (c) annealing said glass container; (d) heating a hybrid sol-gel to a temperature of between 70 degrees Celsius and 130 degrees Celsius, wherein a composition of said hybrid sol-gel includes 50% to 60% by weight of at least one silane, 40% to 50% by weight of at least one solvent, and optionally also including at least one dopant, wherein said heated hybrid sol-gel has a viscosity of between 0.001 Pa-s and 100 Pa-s; (e) coating said exterior glass surface of the glass container with said heated hybrid sol-gel, at a temperature between 80 degrees Celsius and 140 degrees Celsius; (f) heating said coated exterior glass surface of the glass container at a temperature between 140 degrees Celsius and 160 degrees Celsius for a time between ten minutes and ten hours to cross-link said hybrid sol-gel and result in a coating on said exterior glass surface of the glass container having greater than 90% silicate-based material by weight to increase at least one of strength or fragment retention of the glass container; and thereafter (g) applying a cold end coating to said exterior glass surface of said glass container. 32. The method set forth in claim 31 wherein said step (d) is carried out after step (c) begins but before step (c) ends. | 1,700 |
2,143 | 14,365,438 | 1,762 | A pre-polymerized catalyst component for the polymerization of olefins endowed with high activity and morphological stability comprises (i) a non-stereospecific solid catalyst component comprising Ti, Mg and a halogen and having a porosity, due to pores with radius up to 1 μm, ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 cm 3 /g and (ii) an amount of an ethylene/alpha-olefin block (co)polymer ranging from 0.1 up to 5 g per g of said solid catalyst component (i), said pre-polymerized catalyst component being characterized by a mercury porosity due to pores up to 1 μm of less than 70% the mercury porosity value of the said non-stereospecific solid catalyst component (i). | 1. A pre-polymerized catalyst component for the polymerization of olefins CH2═CHR, wherein R is hydrogen or a C1-C12 hydrocarbon group, comprising (i) a non-stereospecific solid catalyst component comprising Ti, Mg and a halogen and having a porosity, due to pores with radius up to 1 μm, ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 cm3/g and (ii) an amount of an ethylene/alpha-olefin block (co)polymer ranging from 0.1 up to 5 g per g of said solid catalyst component (i), said pre-polymerized catalyst component being characterized by a mercury porosity due to pores up to 1 μm of less than 70% the mercury porosity value of the said non-stereospecific solid catalyst component (i). 2. The pre-polymerized catalyst component according to claim 1 in which the alpha-olefin is selected from those of CH2═CHR1, wherein R1 is a C1-C6 linear alkyl group 3. The pre-polymerized catalyst component according to claim 1 in which the alpha-olefin is propylene. 4. The pre-polymerized catalyst component according to claim 1 in which the amount of ethylene/alpha-olefin block (co)polymer is less than 3 g per g of solid catalyst component. 5. The pre-polymerized catalyst component of claim 1 in which the amount of ethylene polymerized fraction ranges from 10 to 90%, of the total amount of ethylene/alpha-olefin prepolymer. 6. The pre-polymerized catalyst component according to claim 1 in which at least 55% of the mercury porosity is due to pores having pore radius up to 0.2 μm. 7. The pre-polymerized catalyst component according to claim 1 in which the mercury porosity of the prepolymerized catalyst component is of less than 65% the mercury porosity value of the solid catalyst component (i). 8. The pre-polymerized catalyst component according to claim 1 in which the solid catalyst component further comprises an electron donor compound selected from esters of aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic acids, alkoxybenzenes, cyclic alkyl ethers, and electron donor compound of formula (I) below
RR1C(OR4)—CR2R3(OR5) (I)
in which R, R1, R2 and R3 are, independently, hydrogen or C1-C20 hydrocarbon groups which can also be condensed to form a cycle, R4 and R5 are C1-C20 alkyl groups, or R6CO— groups where R6 is a C1-C20 alkyl or aryl group, or they can be joined with R and R3 respectively to form a cycle; said R to R6 groups possibly containing heteroatoms selected from O, Si, halogens, S, N and P. 9. A catalyst system for the polymerization of olefins comprising the product obtained by contacting (A) a pre-polymerized catalyst component according to claim 1; and (B) an Al-alkyl compound. 10. A process for the (co)polymerization of ethylene characterized in that it is carried out in the presence of a catalyst comprising (A) a pre-polymerized catalyst component according to claim 1; and (B) an Al-alkyl compound. | A pre-polymerized catalyst component for the polymerization of olefins endowed with high activity and morphological stability comprises (i) a non-stereospecific solid catalyst component comprising Ti, Mg and a halogen and having a porosity, due to pores with radius up to 1 μm, ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 cm 3 /g and (ii) an amount of an ethylene/alpha-olefin block (co)polymer ranging from 0.1 up to 5 g per g of said solid catalyst component (i), said pre-polymerized catalyst component being characterized by a mercury porosity due to pores up to 1 μm of less than 70% the mercury porosity value of the said non-stereospecific solid catalyst component (i).1. A pre-polymerized catalyst component for the polymerization of olefins CH2═CHR, wherein R is hydrogen or a C1-C12 hydrocarbon group, comprising (i) a non-stereospecific solid catalyst component comprising Ti, Mg and a halogen and having a porosity, due to pores with radius up to 1 μm, ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 cm3/g and (ii) an amount of an ethylene/alpha-olefin block (co)polymer ranging from 0.1 up to 5 g per g of said solid catalyst component (i), said pre-polymerized catalyst component being characterized by a mercury porosity due to pores up to 1 μm of less than 70% the mercury porosity value of the said non-stereospecific solid catalyst component (i). 2. The pre-polymerized catalyst component according to claim 1 in which the alpha-olefin is selected from those of CH2═CHR1, wherein R1 is a C1-C6 linear alkyl group 3. The pre-polymerized catalyst component according to claim 1 in which the alpha-olefin is propylene. 4. The pre-polymerized catalyst component according to claim 1 in which the amount of ethylene/alpha-olefin block (co)polymer is less than 3 g per g of solid catalyst component. 5. The pre-polymerized catalyst component of claim 1 in which the amount of ethylene polymerized fraction ranges from 10 to 90%, of the total amount of ethylene/alpha-olefin prepolymer. 6. The pre-polymerized catalyst component according to claim 1 in which at least 55% of the mercury porosity is due to pores having pore radius up to 0.2 μm. 7. The pre-polymerized catalyst component according to claim 1 in which the mercury porosity of the prepolymerized catalyst component is of less than 65% the mercury porosity value of the solid catalyst component (i). 8. The pre-polymerized catalyst component according to claim 1 in which the solid catalyst component further comprises an electron donor compound selected from esters of aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic acids, alkoxybenzenes, cyclic alkyl ethers, and electron donor compound of formula (I) below
RR1C(OR4)—CR2R3(OR5) (I)
in which R, R1, R2 and R3 are, independently, hydrogen or C1-C20 hydrocarbon groups which can also be condensed to form a cycle, R4 and R5 are C1-C20 alkyl groups, or R6CO— groups where R6 is a C1-C20 alkyl or aryl group, or they can be joined with R and R3 respectively to form a cycle; said R to R6 groups possibly containing heteroatoms selected from O, Si, halogens, S, N and P. 9. A catalyst system for the polymerization of olefins comprising the product obtained by contacting (A) a pre-polymerized catalyst component according to claim 1; and (B) an Al-alkyl compound. 10. A process for the (co)polymerization of ethylene characterized in that it is carried out in the presence of a catalyst comprising (A) a pre-polymerized catalyst component according to claim 1; and (B) an Al-alkyl compound. | 1,700 |
2,144 | 14,357,470 | 1,721 | A subject-matter of the invention is a conducting substrate ( 1 ) for a photovoltaic cell, comprising a carrier substrate ( 2 ) and an electrode coating ( 6 ) formed on the carrier substrate ( 2 ). The electrode coating ( 6 ) comprises a main molybdenum-based layer ( 8 ) formed on the carrier substrate ( 2 ), a barrier layer to selenization ( 10 ) formed on the main molybdenum-based layer ( 8 ) and, on the barrier layer to selenization ( 10 ), an upper layer ( 12 ) based on a metal M capable of forming, after sulfurization and/or selenization, an ohmic contact layer with a photoactive semiconducting material. The barrier layer to selenization ( 10 ) has a thickness of less than or equal to 50 nm, preferably of less than or equal to 30 nm, more preferably of less than or equal to 20 nm. | 1. A conducting substrate, comprising:
a carrier substrate; and an electrode coating formed on the carrier substrate, wherein the electrode coating comprises: a main molybdenum-comprising layer formed on the carrier substrate; a selenization barrier layer formed on the main molybdenum-comprising layer, the selenization barrier layer having a thickness of less than or equal to 50 nm; and an upper layer comprising a metal M capable of forming, after sulfurization and/or selenization, an ohmic contact layer with a photoactive semiconducting material formed on the selenization barrier layer. 2. The conducting substrate of claim 1, wherein the selenization barrier layer comprises a metal nitride or oxynitride of titanium, molybdenum, zirconium, or tantalum, wherein an oxygen content, x, of the metal nitride or oxynitride satisfies the relation x=O/(O+N) with x=0 or 0<x<1. 3. The conducting substrate of claim 2, wherein the selenization barrier layer comprises a metal oxynitride of titanium, molybdenum, zirconium, or tantalum and the metal oxynitride has an oxygen content x=O/(O+N) with 0<x<1. 4. The conducting substrate of claim 1, wherein the selenization barrier layer molybdenum-comprising compound with a high content of oxygen and/or nitrogen. 5. The conducting substrate of claim 4, wherein the selenization barrier layer has a resistivity of between 20 μohm.cm and 50 μohm.cm. 6. The conducting substrate of claim 1, wherein the metal M is capable of forming a compound of a semiconducting sulfide and/or selenide type of p type with a concentration of charge carriers of greater than or equal to 1016/cm3 and a work function of greater than or equal to 4.5 eV. 7. The conducting substrate of claim 6, wherein the upper layer comprising the metal M is a molybdenum-comprising and/or tungsten-comprising layer. 8. A semiconducting device, comprising:
a carrier substrate; and an electrode coating formed on the carrier substrate, wherein the electrode coating comprises:
a main molybdenum-comprising layer;
a selenization barrier layer formed on the main molybdenum-comprising layer;
a photoactive layer comprising a photoactive semiconducting material comprising copper and selenium and/or sulfur chalcopyrite, the photoactive layer being formed on the selenization barrier layer; and
between the selenization barrier layer and the photoactive layer, an ohmic contact layer comprising a compound of a sulfide and/or selenide of a metal M. 9. The semiconducting device of claim 8, wherein the ohmic contact layer is a semiconducting material of p type with a concentration of charge carriers of greater than or equal to 1016/cm3 and a work function of greater than or equal to 4.5 eV. 10. The semiconducting device of claim 9, wherein the ohmic contact layer comprises a compound of molybdenum and/or tungsten sulfide and/or selenide type. 11. A photovoltaic cell comprising:
the semiconducting device of claim 8; and a transparent electrode coating formed on the photoactive layer of semiconducting device. 12. A process for manufacturing a conducting substrate, the process comprising:
depositing a main molybdenum-comprising layer on a carrier substrate; depositing a selenization barrier layer on the main molybdenum-comprising layer; depositing, on the selenization barrier layer, an upper layer comprising a metal M capable of forming, after sulfurization and/or selenization, an ohmic contact layer with a photoactive semiconducting material; and transforming the upper layer comprising the metal M into a sulfide and/or selenide of the metal M. 13. The process of claim 12, further comprising:
forming a photoactive layer, by selenizing and/or sulfurizing, on the upper layer comprising the metal M, wherein the transformation of the upper layer is carried out before or during the formation of the photoactive layer. 14. The process of claim 12, wherein, after sulfurization and/or selenization, the upper layer is a semiconductor of p type with a concentration of charge carriers of greater than or equal to 1016/cm3 and a work function of greater than or equal to 4.5 eV. 15. The process of claim 13, wherein the formation of the photoactive layer comprises selenization and/or sulfurization at a temperature of greater than or equal to 300° C. 16. The conducting substrate of claim 1, wherein the selenization barrier layer has a thickness of less than or equal to 30 nm. 17. The conducting substrate of claim 1, wherein the selenization barrier layer has a thickness of less than or equal to 20 nm. 18. The conducting substrate of claim 3, wherein the metal oxynitride has an oxygen content x=O/(O+N) with 0.05<x<0.95. 19. The conducting substrate of claim 3, wherein the metal oxynitride has an oxygen content x=O/(O+N) with 0.1<x<0.9. | A subject-matter of the invention is a conducting substrate ( 1 ) for a photovoltaic cell, comprising a carrier substrate ( 2 ) and an electrode coating ( 6 ) formed on the carrier substrate ( 2 ). The electrode coating ( 6 ) comprises a main molybdenum-based layer ( 8 ) formed on the carrier substrate ( 2 ), a barrier layer to selenization ( 10 ) formed on the main molybdenum-based layer ( 8 ) and, on the barrier layer to selenization ( 10 ), an upper layer ( 12 ) based on a metal M capable of forming, after sulfurization and/or selenization, an ohmic contact layer with a photoactive semiconducting material. The barrier layer to selenization ( 10 ) has a thickness of less than or equal to 50 nm, preferably of less than or equal to 30 nm, more preferably of less than or equal to 20 nm.1. A conducting substrate, comprising:
a carrier substrate; and an electrode coating formed on the carrier substrate, wherein the electrode coating comprises: a main molybdenum-comprising layer formed on the carrier substrate; a selenization barrier layer formed on the main molybdenum-comprising layer, the selenization barrier layer having a thickness of less than or equal to 50 nm; and an upper layer comprising a metal M capable of forming, after sulfurization and/or selenization, an ohmic contact layer with a photoactive semiconducting material formed on the selenization barrier layer. 2. The conducting substrate of claim 1, wherein the selenization barrier layer comprises a metal nitride or oxynitride of titanium, molybdenum, zirconium, or tantalum, wherein an oxygen content, x, of the metal nitride or oxynitride satisfies the relation x=O/(O+N) with x=0 or 0<x<1. 3. The conducting substrate of claim 2, wherein the selenization barrier layer comprises a metal oxynitride of titanium, molybdenum, zirconium, or tantalum and the metal oxynitride has an oxygen content x=O/(O+N) with 0<x<1. 4. The conducting substrate of claim 1, wherein the selenization barrier layer molybdenum-comprising compound with a high content of oxygen and/or nitrogen. 5. The conducting substrate of claim 4, wherein the selenization barrier layer has a resistivity of between 20 μohm.cm and 50 μohm.cm. 6. The conducting substrate of claim 1, wherein the metal M is capable of forming a compound of a semiconducting sulfide and/or selenide type of p type with a concentration of charge carriers of greater than or equal to 1016/cm3 and a work function of greater than or equal to 4.5 eV. 7. The conducting substrate of claim 6, wherein the upper layer comprising the metal M is a molybdenum-comprising and/or tungsten-comprising layer. 8. A semiconducting device, comprising:
a carrier substrate; and an electrode coating formed on the carrier substrate, wherein the electrode coating comprises:
a main molybdenum-comprising layer;
a selenization barrier layer formed on the main molybdenum-comprising layer;
a photoactive layer comprising a photoactive semiconducting material comprising copper and selenium and/or sulfur chalcopyrite, the photoactive layer being formed on the selenization barrier layer; and
between the selenization barrier layer and the photoactive layer, an ohmic contact layer comprising a compound of a sulfide and/or selenide of a metal M. 9. The semiconducting device of claim 8, wherein the ohmic contact layer is a semiconducting material of p type with a concentration of charge carriers of greater than or equal to 1016/cm3 and a work function of greater than or equal to 4.5 eV. 10. The semiconducting device of claim 9, wherein the ohmic contact layer comprises a compound of molybdenum and/or tungsten sulfide and/or selenide type. 11. A photovoltaic cell comprising:
the semiconducting device of claim 8; and a transparent electrode coating formed on the photoactive layer of semiconducting device. 12. A process for manufacturing a conducting substrate, the process comprising:
depositing a main molybdenum-comprising layer on a carrier substrate; depositing a selenization barrier layer on the main molybdenum-comprising layer; depositing, on the selenization barrier layer, an upper layer comprising a metal M capable of forming, after sulfurization and/or selenization, an ohmic contact layer with a photoactive semiconducting material; and transforming the upper layer comprising the metal M into a sulfide and/or selenide of the metal M. 13. The process of claim 12, further comprising:
forming a photoactive layer, by selenizing and/or sulfurizing, on the upper layer comprising the metal M, wherein the transformation of the upper layer is carried out before or during the formation of the photoactive layer. 14. The process of claim 12, wherein, after sulfurization and/or selenization, the upper layer is a semiconductor of p type with a concentration of charge carriers of greater than or equal to 1016/cm3 and a work function of greater than or equal to 4.5 eV. 15. The process of claim 13, wherein the formation of the photoactive layer comprises selenization and/or sulfurization at a temperature of greater than or equal to 300° C. 16. The conducting substrate of claim 1, wherein the selenization barrier layer has a thickness of less than or equal to 30 nm. 17. The conducting substrate of claim 1, wherein the selenization barrier layer has a thickness of less than or equal to 20 nm. 18. The conducting substrate of claim 3, wherein the metal oxynitride has an oxygen content x=O/(O+N) with 0.05<x<0.95. 19. The conducting substrate of claim 3, wherein the metal oxynitride has an oxygen content x=O/(O+N) with 0.1<x<0.9. | 1,700 |
2,145 | 12,409,371 | 1,716 | A method and apparatus for planarizing a substrate are provided. A substrate carrier head with an improved cover for holding the substrate securely is provided. The cover may have a bead that is larger than the recess into which it fits, such that the compression forms a conformal seal inside the recess. The bead may also be left uncoated to enhance adhesion of the bead to the surface of the groove. The surface of the cover may be roughened to reduce adhesion of the substrate to the cover without using a non-stick coating. | 1. A membrane for a substrate carrier head, comprising:
a surface for engaging the substrate; and a bead at the edge of the surface for engaging a receiving structure in the carrier head, wherein the surface has an Ra roughness at least about 10 micro-inches. 2. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the surface has an Ra roughness at least about 15 micro-inches. 3. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the surface adheres to the substrate with a sticking force less than about 0.02 lbs. 4. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the surface adheres to the substrate with a sticking force less than about 0.01 lbs. 5. A membrane for a substrate carrier head, comprising:
a mounting surface for engaging the substrate; a peripheral portion extending from the mounting surface; a bead extending from the peripheral portion; and a non-stick coating covering a portion of the membrane to form a coated portion and an uncoated portion, wherein the uncoated portion includes the bead. 6. The membrane of claim 5, wherein the uncoated portion includes the peripheral portion. 7. The membrane of claim 5, wherein a leak rate of the membrane is less than about 0.2 psi/min. 8. The membrane of claim 5, wherein a surface of the bead adheres to metal with a sticking tension of at least 6.0 Pa. 9. A method of forming a membrane for a planarizing apparatus, comprising:
forming a flexible article with a flat central portion, a contoured peripheral portion, and a bead around the edge; applying a mask to a portion of the flexible article; coating the article with a non-stick coating; and removing the mask. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the flexible article is formed from a material selected from the group comprising silicone rubber, butyl rubber, natural rubber, EPDM rubber, polyimide, and thermoplastic elastomer. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein applying a mask to the portion of the flexible article comprises fitting a flexible covering over the portion of the article. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the portion of the flexible article includes the bead. 13. A membrane for a substrate carrier head, comprising:
a surface for engaging the substrate; and a bead at the edge of the surface for engaging a receiving structure on the carrier head, wherein the width of the bead is larger than the width of the receiving structure. 14. The membrane of claim 13, wherein the bead has a circular cross-sectional shape. 15. A carrier head for manipulating a substrate in a chemical mechanical polishing apparatus, comprising:
a housing; a base coupled to the housing; and a cover coupled to the base, wherein the cover comprises a bead that engages a receiving structure on the base, and the thickness of the bead is larger than the width of the receiving structure. 16. The carrier head of claim 15, wherein the receiving structure is a groove. 17. The carrier head of claim 15, wherein the bead undergoes a compression ratio of at least about 10% when engaged with the receiving structure. 18. The carrier head of claim 17, wherein the bead undergoes a compression ratio of between about 12% and about 20% when engaged with the receiving structure. 19. The carrier head of claim 15, wherein the cover has a leakage rate less than about 0.2 psi/min. 20. The carrier head of claim 15, wherein the surface of the bead conforms to the surface of the groove to form a seal. 21. A method of forming a seal between a substrate carrier head and a membrane, comprising:
providing a groove in a portion of the substrate carrier head, forming a bead around the edge of the membrane having thickness greater than the width of the groove; inserting the bead into the groove; and compressing the bead inside the groove such that the surface of the bead comforms to the surface of the groove to form a seal. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the thickness of the bead is at least about 10% greater than the width of the groove. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein compressing the bead inside the groove comprises deforming the bead with a compression ratio of between about 12% and 20%. | A method and apparatus for planarizing a substrate are provided. A substrate carrier head with an improved cover for holding the substrate securely is provided. The cover may have a bead that is larger than the recess into which it fits, such that the compression forms a conformal seal inside the recess. The bead may also be left uncoated to enhance adhesion of the bead to the surface of the groove. The surface of the cover may be roughened to reduce adhesion of the substrate to the cover without using a non-stick coating.1. A membrane for a substrate carrier head, comprising:
a surface for engaging the substrate; and a bead at the edge of the surface for engaging a receiving structure in the carrier head, wherein the surface has an Ra roughness at least about 10 micro-inches. 2. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the surface has an Ra roughness at least about 15 micro-inches. 3. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the surface adheres to the substrate with a sticking force less than about 0.02 lbs. 4. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the surface adheres to the substrate with a sticking force less than about 0.01 lbs. 5. A membrane for a substrate carrier head, comprising:
a mounting surface for engaging the substrate; a peripheral portion extending from the mounting surface; a bead extending from the peripheral portion; and a non-stick coating covering a portion of the membrane to form a coated portion and an uncoated portion, wherein the uncoated portion includes the bead. 6. The membrane of claim 5, wherein the uncoated portion includes the peripheral portion. 7. The membrane of claim 5, wherein a leak rate of the membrane is less than about 0.2 psi/min. 8. The membrane of claim 5, wherein a surface of the bead adheres to metal with a sticking tension of at least 6.0 Pa. 9. A method of forming a membrane for a planarizing apparatus, comprising:
forming a flexible article with a flat central portion, a contoured peripheral portion, and a bead around the edge; applying a mask to a portion of the flexible article; coating the article with a non-stick coating; and removing the mask. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the flexible article is formed from a material selected from the group comprising silicone rubber, butyl rubber, natural rubber, EPDM rubber, polyimide, and thermoplastic elastomer. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein applying a mask to the portion of the flexible article comprises fitting a flexible covering over the portion of the article. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the portion of the flexible article includes the bead. 13. A membrane for a substrate carrier head, comprising:
a surface for engaging the substrate; and a bead at the edge of the surface for engaging a receiving structure on the carrier head, wherein the width of the bead is larger than the width of the receiving structure. 14. The membrane of claim 13, wherein the bead has a circular cross-sectional shape. 15. A carrier head for manipulating a substrate in a chemical mechanical polishing apparatus, comprising:
a housing; a base coupled to the housing; and a cover coupled to the base, wherein the cover comprises a bead that engages a receiving structure on the base, and the thickness of the bead is larger than the width of the receiving structure. 16. The carrier head of claim 15, wherein the receiving structure is a groove. 17. The carrier head of claim 15, wherein the bead undergoes a compression ratio of at least about 10% when engaged with the receiving structure. 18. The carrier head of claim 17, wherein the bead undergoes a compression ratio of between about 12% and about 20% when engaged with the receiving structure. 19. The carrier head of claim 15, wherein the cover has a leakage rate less than about 0.2 psi/min. 20. The carrier head of claim 15, wherein the surface of the bead conforms to the surface of the groove to form a seal. 21. A method of forming a seal between a substrate carrier head and a membrane, comprising:
providing a groove in a portion of the substrate carrier head, forming a bead around the edge of the membrane having thickness greater than the width of the groove; inserting the bead into the groove; and compressing the bead inside the groove such that the surface of the bead comforms to the surface of the groove to form a seal. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the thickness of the bead is at least about 10% greater than the width of the groove. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein compressing the bead inside the groove comprises deforming the bead with a compression ratio of between about 12% and 20%. | 1,700 |
2,146 | 14,127,144 | 1,747 | An apparatus comprising a heater configured to heat smokeable material to volatilize at least one component of the smokeable material, wherein the heater is elongate and comprises a plurality of independently controllable heating regions arranged sequentially along a longitudinal axis of the heater. | 1. An apparatus comprising a heater configured to heat smokeable material to volatilize at least one component of the smokeable material, wherein the heater is elongate and comprises a plurality of independently controllable heating regions arranged sequentially along a longitudinal axis of the heater. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a length of each heating region is less than a length of the heater. 3. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each heating region comprises a longitudinal heating element having a length which is less than a length of the heater. 4. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the heating regions are arranged in end-to-end relationship along the longitudinal axis of the heater. 5. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the heater comprises a longitudinal surface which extends over the plurality of heating regions. 6. An apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the heater is configured to heat smokeable material located around an outside of the longitudinal surface of the heater. 7. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein each heating region comprises a disk-shaped section of heater. 8. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the heater is arranged along a longitudinal axis of the apparatus and smokeable material is located co-axially outwardly of a longitudinal surface of the heater. 9. An apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the smokeable material comprises a substantially tubular body of smokeable material. 10. An apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the heater is configured to heat smokeable material located inside a longitudinal surface of the heater. 11. An apparatus according to any of claim 1 to 5, or 10, wherein each heating region comprises a ring-shaped section of heater. 12. An apparatus according to any of claim 1 to 5, 10 or 11, wherein the heater is arranged along a longitudinal axis of the apparatus and smokeable material is located co-axially inwardly of a longitudinal surface of the heater. 13. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the heater comprises an embossed exterior surface configured to heat smokeable material. 14. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the heater is substantially cylindrical in shape. 15. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein each heating region comprises a substantially cylindrical section of the heater. 16. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the heater is configured to heat the smokeable material to a temperature in a range of approximately 100° C. to 250° C. 17. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein each heating region is arranged to heat a different section of the smokeable material. 18. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, comprising a controller configured to activate the heating regions sequentially over a period of time. 19. An apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the controller is configured to activate each heating region in response to a puff. 20. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the heater is a substantially ceramics heater responsive to electrical energy to emit thermal energy. 21. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the apparatus is configured to heat the smokeable material without combusting the smokeable material. 22. A heater configured to heat smokeable material to volatilize at least one component of the smokeable material, wherein the heater is elongate and comprises a plurality of independently controllable heating regions arranged sequentially along a longitudinal axis of the heater. | An apparatus comprising a heater configured to heat smokeable material to volatilize at least one component of the smokeable material, wherein the heater is elongate and comprises a plurality of independently controllable heating regions arranged sequentially along a longitudinal axis of the heater.1. An apparatus comprising a heater configured to heat smokeable material to volatilize at least one component of the smokeable material, wherein the heater is elongate and comprises a plurality of independently controllable heating regions arranged sequentially along a longitudinal axis of the heater. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a length of each heating region is less than a length of the heater. 3. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each heating region comprises a longitudinal heating element having a length which is less than a length of the heater. 4. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the heating regions are arranged in end-to-end relationship along the longitudinal axis of the heater. 5. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the heater comprises a longitudinal surface which extends over the plurality of heating regions. 6. An apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the heater is configured to heat smokeable material located around an outside of the longitudinal surface of the heater. 7. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein each heating region comprises a disk-shaped section of heater. 8. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the heater is arranged along a longitudinal axis of the apparatus and smokeable material is located co-axially outwardly of a longitudinal surface of the heater. 9. An apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the smokeable material comprises a substantially tubular body of smokeable material. 10. An apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the heater is configured to heat smokeable material located inside a longitudinal surface of the heater. 11. An apparatus according to any of claim 1 to 5, or 10, wherein each heating region comprises a ring-shaped section of heater. 12. An apparatus according to any of claim 1 to 5, 10 or 11, wherein the heater is arranged along a longitudinal axis of the apparatus and smokeable material is located co-axially inwardly of a longitudinal surface of the heater. 13. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the heater comprises an embossed exterior surface configured to heat smokeable material. 14. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the heater is substantially cylindrical in shape. 15. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein each heating region comprises a substantially cylindrical section of the heater. 16. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the heater is configured to heat the smokeable material to a temperature in a range of approximately 100° C. to 250° C. 17. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein each heating region is arranged to heat a different section of the smokeable material. 18. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, comprising a controller configured to activate the heating regions sequentially over a period of time. 19. An apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the controller is configured to activate each heating region in response to a puff. 20. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the heater is a substantially ceramics heater responsive to electrical energy to emit thermal energy. 21. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the apparatus is configured to heat the smokeable material without combusting the smokeable material. 22. A heater configured to heat smokeable material to volatilize at least one component of the smokeable material, wherein the heater is elongate and comprises a plurality of independently controllable heating regions arranged sequentially along a longitudinal axis of the heater. | 1,700 |
2,147 | 13,174,310 | 1,747 | There is provided a method of making a heat treated (HT) coated article to be used in shower door applications, window applications, or any other suitable applications where transparent coated articles are desired. For example, certain embodiments of this invention relate to a method of making a coated article including a step of heat treating a glass substrate coated with at least a layer of or including diamond-like carbon (DLC) and an overlying protective film thereon. In certain example embodiments, the protective film may be of or include both (a) an oxygen blocking or barrier layer, and (b) a release layer. Following and/or during heat treatment (e.g., thermal tempering, or the like) the protective film may be removed. Other embodiments of this invention relate to the pre-HT coated article, or the post-HT coated article. | 1. A method of making a coated article, the method comprising:
providing a glass substrate including first and second major surfaces, the first major surface being exposed to a tin bath during fabrication of the glass substrate and the second major surface being opposite the first major surface and being acid etched; ion beam treating the first major surface of the substrate so as to remove a surface portion of the substrate, the surface portion comprising tin, tin oxide, and/or surface contaminants; disposing a zirconium-inclusive layer on the first major surface following said ion beam treating; and disposing a layer comprising diamond-like carbon (DLC), directly or indirectly, on the zirconium-inclusive layer; wherein the glass substrate with the zirconium-inclusive layer and the layer comprising DLC is heat treatable at a temperature sufficient for thermal tempering, heat strengthening, and/or heat bending so as to cause burnoff of the layer comprising DLC but without also causing significant burnoff of the zirconium-inclusive layer. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the zirconium-inclusive layer comprises zirconium nitride prior to heat treatment. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the zirconium-inclusive layer comprises zirconium oxide following heat treatment. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying a temporary protective sheet in liquid or solid form over the layer comprising DLC. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising heat treating the glass substrate with the zirconium-inclusive layer and the layer comprising DLC thereon. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising heat treating the glass substrate with the zirconium-inclusive layer and the layer comprising DLC thereon. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising removing the temporary protective sheet prior to said heat treating. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein at least part of the zirconium-inclusive layer is exposed so as to be an outermost layer of the coated article as a result of said heat treatment. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the ion beam treating is performed using Ar. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the ion beam treating is performed using N2. 11. A method of making a heat treated coated article, the method comprising:
providing a glass substrate including first and second major surfaces,
the first major surface having been exposed to a tin bath during fabrication of the glass substrate and having been ion beam treated so as to remove a surface portion thereof comprising tin, tin oxide, and/or surface contaminants,
the second major surface being opposite the first major surface and having been acid etched,
the first major surface supporting, in order moving away from the substrate, a zirconium-inclusive layer and a layer comprising diamond-like carbon (DLC); and
heat treating the glass substrate with the zirconium-inclusive layer and the layer comprising DLC thereon, so as to remove the layer comprising DLC and cause at least a portion of the zirconium-inclusive layer to be exposed as an outermost layer of the heat treated coated article. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising removing a temporary protective sheet applied over the zirconium-inclusive layer and the layer comprising DLC prior to said heat treating. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising removing a temporary protective sheet applied over the zirconium-inclusive layer and the layer comprising DLC as a result of said heat treating. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the zirconium-inclusive layer consists essentially of zirconium nitride prior to the heat treating and consists essentially of zirconium oxide after the heat treating. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the layer comprising DLC is 1-10 nm thick prior to the heat treating. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the zirconium-inclusive layer is 15-150 nm thick before and after said heat treating. 17. A heat treatable coated article, comprising:
a glass substrate having first and second major surfaces, the first major surface being a tin side of the substrate and being ion-beam etched or milled so as to remove tin, tin oxide, and/or surface contaminants from a surface portion thereof, the second major surface being acid etched; wherein the first major surface at least temporarily supports, in order moving away from the substrate:
a layer comprising zirconium nitride, and
a layer comprising diamond-like carbon (DLC), and
wherein the glass substrate is heat treatable so as to (a) cause removal of the layer comprising DLC, and (b) convert the layer comprising zirconium nitride to a layer comprising zirconium oxide, and wherein the ion-beam etched or milled first major surface causes haze to be lower following treatment than it otherwise would be if the first major surface were not ion-beam etched or milled. 18. The coated article of claim 17, wherein the layer comprising DLC is 1-10 nm thick prior to heat treatment. 19. The coated article of claim 18, wherein the zirconium-inclusive layer is 15-150 nm thick before and after heat treatment. 20. A heat treated coated article, comprising:
a glass substrate having first and second major surfaces, the first major surface being a tin side of the substrate and being ion-beam etched or milled so as to remove tin, tin oxide, and/or surface contaminants from a surface portion thereof, the second major surface being acid etched; wherein the first major surface supports, in order moving away from the substrate, a layer comprising zirconium nitride and a layer comprising diamond-like carbon (DLC); wherein the ion-beam etched or milled first major surface causes haze to be lower following treatment than it otherwise would be if the first major surface were not ion-beam etched or milled. | There is provided a method of making a heat treated (HT) coated article to be used in shower door applications, window applications, or any other suitable applications where transparent coated articles are desired. For example, certain embodiments of this invention relate to a method of making a coated article including a step of heat treating a glass substrate coated with at least a layer of or including diamond-like carbon (DLC) and an overlying protective film thereon. In certain example embodiments, the protective film may be of or include both (a) an oxygen blocking or barrier layer, and (b) a release layer. Following and/or during heat treatment (e.g., thermal tempering, or the like) the protective film may be removed. Other embodiments of this invention relate to the pre-HT coated article, or the post-HT coated article.1. A method of making a coated article, the method comprising:
providing a glass substrate including first and second major surfaces, the first major surface being exposed to a tin bath during fabrication of the glass substrate and the second major surface being opposite the first major surface and being acid etched; ion beam treating the first major surface of the substrate so as to remove a surface portion of the substrate, the surface portion comprising tin, tin oxide, and/or surface contaminants; disposing a zirconium-inclusive layer on the first major surface following said ion beam treating; and disposing a layer comprising diamond-like carbon (DLC), directly or indirectly, on the zirconium-inclusive layer; wherein the glass substrate with the zirconium-inclusive layer and the layer comprising DLC is heat treatable at a temperature sufficient for thermal tempering, heat strengthening, and/or heat bending so as to cause burnoff of the layer comprising DLC but without also causing significant burnoff of the zirconium-inclusive layer. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the zirconium-inclusive layer comprises zirconium nitride prior to heat treatment. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the zirconium-inclusive layer comprises zirconium oxide following heat treatment. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying a temporary protective sheet in liquid or solid form over the layer comprising DLC. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising heat treating the glass substrate with the zirconium-inclusive layer and the layer comprising DLC thereon. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising heat treating the glass substrate with the zirconium-inclusive layer and the layer comprising DLC thereon. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising removing the temporary protective sheet prior to said heat treating. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein at least part of the zirconium-inclusive layer is exposed so as to be an outermost layer of the coated article as a result of said heat treatment. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the ion beam treating is performed using Ar. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the ion beam treating is performed using N2. 11. A method of making a heat treated coated article, the method comprising:
providing a glass substrate including first and second major surfaces,
the first major surface having been exposed to a tin bath during fabrication of the glass substrate and having been ion beam treated so as to remove a surface portion thereof comprising tin, tin oxide, and/or surface contaminants,
the second major surface being opposite the first major surface and having been acid etched,
the first major surface supporting, in order moving away from the substrate, a zirconium-inclusive layer and a layer comprising diamond-like carbon (DLC); and
heat treating the glass substrate with the zirconium-inclusive layer and the layer comprising DLC thereon, so as to remove the layer comprising DLC and cause at least a portion of the zirconium-inclusive layer to be exposed as an outermost layer of the heat treated coated article. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising removing a temporary protective sheet applied over the zirconium-inclusive layer and the layer comprising DLC prior to said heat treating. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising removing a temporary protective sheet applied over the zirconium-inclusive layer and the layer comprising DLC as a result of said heat treating. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the zirconium-inclusive layer consists essentially of zirconium nitride prior to the heat treating and consists essentially of zirconium oxide after the heat treating. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the layer comprising DLC is 1-10 nm thick prior to the heat treating. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the zirconium-inclusive layer is 15-150 nm thick before and after said heat treating. 17. A heat treatable coated article, comprising:
a glass substrate having first and second major surfaces, the first major surface being a tin side of the substrate and being ion-beam etched or milled so as to remove tin, tin oxide, and/or surface contaminants from a surface portion thereof, the second major surface being acid etched; wherein the first major surface at least temporarily supports, in order moving away from the substrate:
a layer comprising zirconium nitride, and
a layer comprising diamond-like carbon (DLC), and
wherein the glass substrate is heat treatable so as to (a) cause removal of the layer comprising DLC, and (b) convert the layer comprising zirconium nitride to a layer comprising zirconium oxide, and wherein the ion-beam etched or milled first major surface causes haze to be lower following treatment than it otherwise would be if the first major surface were not ion-beam etched or milled. 18. The coated article of claim 17, wherein the layer comprising DLC is 1-10 nm thick prior to heat treatment. 19. The coated article of claim 18, wherein the zirconium-inclusive layer is 15-150 nm thick before and after heat treatment. 20. A heat treated coated article, comprising:
a glass substrate having first and second major surfaces, the first major surface being a tin side of the substrate and being ion-beam etched or milled so as to remove tin, tin oxide, and/or surface contaminants from a surface portion thereof, the second major surface being acid etched; wherein the first major surface supports, in order moving away from the substrate, a layer comprising zirconium nitride and a layer comprising diamond-like carbon (DLC); wherein the ion-beam etched or milled first major surface causes haze to be lower following treatment than it otherwise would be if the first major surface were not ion-beam etched or milled. | 1,700 |
2,148 | 13,904,442 | 1,741 | A method for specifying the material of glass or glass ceramic components by either the minimum service life of a component as a function of a predefined mechanical stress or the mechanical resistance as a function of a predefined service life during which mechanical stress occurs. The method enables a leaner dimensioning of mechanically stressed glass and glass ceramic components. | 1. A method for selecting a material of a glass or glass ceramic component, comprising:
specifying one of the following parameters for the material: a minimum service life of the glass or glass ceramic component as a function of a predefined mechanical stress; or a mechanical resistance as a function of a predefined service life, during which a mechanical stress occurs; wherein
t
=
σ
B
,
r
n
+
1
σ
.
r
·
1
(
n
+
1
)
·
σ
B
,
c
t is the minimum service life;
n is the stress corrosion coefficient of the material of the glass or glass ceramic component;
{dot over (σ)}r is a rate of stress increase;
σB,c is the mechanical stress expressed as a mechanical tensile stress occurring during the service life of the glass or glass ceramic component; and
σB,r is the minimum strength of the component expressed as a mechanical tensile stress until fracture occurs under the effect of the mechanical stress in the glass or glass ceramic component increasing according to the rate of stress increase {dot over (σ)}r; and
selecting 2. A method for producing a glass or glass ceramic component, comprising:
determining a minimum service life of the glass or glass ceramic component and a mechanical stress to which the glass or glass ceramic component is exposed; and determining dimensions of the glass or glass ceramic component such that under the predefined mechanical stress at least the predefined minimum service life is achieved without fracture of the component; and forming the glass or glass ceramic component with the determined dimensions; wherein the step of determining the dimensions of the glass or glass ceramic component is based on the relationship
t
=
σ
B
,
r
n
+
1
σ
.
r
·
1
(
n
+
1
)
·
σ
B
,
c
t is the minimum service life;
n is the stress corrosion coefficient of the material of the glass or glass ceramic component;
{dot over (σ)}r is a rate of stress increase;
σB,c is the mechanical stress expressed as a mechanical tensile stress occurring during the service life of the glass or glass ceramic component; and
σB,r is the minimum strength of the component expressed as a mechanical tensile stress until fracture occurs under the effect of the mechanical tensile stress in the glass or glass ceramic component increasing according to the rate of stress increase {dot over (σ)}r; and
wherein the dimensions of the glass or glass ceramic component are chosen such that the load to which the glass or glass ceramic component is exposed on average during the minimum service life does not cause tensile stresses in the material of the glass or glass ceramic component greater than σB,c on average. 3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the glass or glass ceramic component is dimensioned such that the predefined minimum service life is extended by up to 50%, or such that a mechanical resistance of up to 50% greater than σB,c is achieved without fracture. 4. The method as claimed in claim 2, further comprising subjecting a surface of the glass or glass ceramic component to a material-removing treatment after being formed. 5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the material-removing treatment comprises abrasive removal and etching. 6. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the minimum strength σB,r is determined by exposing a plurality of samples of the glass or glass ceramic material to a mechanical tensile stress that is increasing according to the rate of stress increase {dot over (σ)}r until the respective sample breaks, and wherein then the minimum strength σB,r is determined as a threshold value from the values of the stress subjected upon fracture. 7. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the threshold value is determined by fitting a three-parameter Weibull distribution to the measured values and determining the minimum strength as that tensile stress at which the Weibull distribution becomes zero, or which is lower by not more than 20% than the tensile stress at which the Weibull distribution disappears. 8. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the stress corrosion coefficient n is determined by subjecting a plurality of samples of the glass or glass-ceramic material to an increasing mechanical stress until fracture using different rates of stress increase, and wherein the stress corrosion coefficient is determined by fitting the relationship:
ln
(
σ
f
)
=
ln
(
σ
.
)
n
+
1
+
const
.
to the measured values by varying the parameter const. and the stress corrosion coefficient n, wherein σf is the tensile stress upon fracture, and {dot over (σ)} is the rate of stress increase. | A method for specifying the material of glass or glass ceramic components by either the minimum service life of a component as a function of a predefined mechanical stress or the mechanical resistance as a function of a predefined service life during which mechanical stress occurs. The method enables a leaner dimensioning of mechanically stressed glass and glass ceramic components.1. A method for selecting a material of a glass or glass ceramic component, comprising:
specifying one of the following parameters for the material: a minimum service life of the glass or glass ceramic component as a function of a predefined mechanical stress; or a mechanical resistance as a function of a predefined service life, during which a mechanical stress occurs; wherein
t
=
σ
B
,
r
n
+
1
σ
.
r
·
1
(
n
+
1
)
·
σ
B
,
c
t is the minimum service life;
n is the stress corrosion coefficient of the material of the glass or glass ceramic component;
{dot over (σ)}r is a rate of stress increase;
σB,c is the mechanical stress expressed as a mechanical tensile stress occurring during the service life of the glass or glass ceramic component; and
σB,r is the minimum strength of the component expressed as a mechanical tensile stress until fracture occurs under the effect of the mechanical stress in the glass or glass ceramic component increasing according to the rate of stress increase {dot over (σ)}r; and
selecting 2. A method for producing a glass or glass ceramic component, comprising:
determining a minimum service life of the glass or glass ceramic component and a mechanical stress to which the glass or glass ceramic component is exposed; and determining dimensions of the glass or glass ceramic component such that under the predefined mechanical stress at least the predefined minimum service life is achieved without fracture of the component; and forming the glass or glass ceramic component with the determined dimensions; wherein the step of determining the dimensions of the glass or glass ceramic component is based on the relationship
t
=
σ
B
,
r
n
+
1
σ
.
r
·
1
(
n
+
1
)
·
σ
B
,
c
t is the minimum service life;
n is the stress corrosion coefficient of the material of the glass or glass ceramic component;
{dot over (σ)}r is a rate of stress increase;
σB,c is the mechanical stress expressed as a mechanical tensile stress occurring during the service life of the glass or glass ceramic component; and
σB,r is the minimum strength of the component expressed as a mechanical tensile stress until fracture occurs under the effect of the mechanical tensile stress in the glass or glass ceramic component increasing according to the rate of stress increase {dot over (σ)}r; and
wherein the dimensions of the glass or glass ceramic component are chosen such that the load to which the glass or glass ceramic component is exposed on average during the minimum service life does not cause tensile stresses in the material of the glass or glass ceramic component greater than σB,c on average. 3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the glass or glass ceramic component is dimensioned such that the predefined minimum service life is extended by up to 50%, or such that a mechanical resistance of up to 50% greater than σB,c is achieved without fracture. 4. The method as claimed in claim 2, further comprising subjecting a surface of the glass or glass ceramic component to a material-removing treatment after being formed. 5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the material-removing treatment comprises abrasive removal and etching. 6. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the minimum strength σB,r is determined by exposing a plurality of samples of the glass or glass ceramic material to a mechanical tensile stress that is increasing according to the rate of stress increase {dot over (σ)}r until the respective sample breaks, and wherein then the minimum strength σB,r is determined as a threshold value from the values of the stress subjected upon fracture. 7. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the threshold value is determined by fitting a three-parameter Weibull distribution to the measured values and determining the minimum strength as that tensile stress at which the Weibull distribution becomes zero, or which is lower by not more than 20% than the tensile stress at which the Weibull distribution disappears. 8. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the stress corrosion coefficient n is determined by subjecting a plurality of samples of the glass or glass-ceramic material to an increasing mechanical stress until fracture using different rates of stress increase, and wherein the stress corrosion coefficient is determined by fitting the relationship:
ln
(
σ
f
)
=
ln
(
σ
.
)
n
+
1
+
const
.
to the measured values by varying the parameter const. and the stress corrosion coefficient n, wherein σf is the tensile stress upon fracture, and {dot over (σ)} is the rate of stress increase. | 1,700 |
2,149 | 14,605,480 | 1,791 | Crunchy granola clusters comprising flakes from at least one grain, crisps from at least one grain, at least one protein, pregelatinized starch and a source of soluble oat bran fiber, and syrup, and optionally a long chain polysaccharide. | 1. Crunchy granola clusters comprising flakes from at least one grain, crisps from at least one grain, at least one dairy protein, a pregelatinized starch and a source of soluble oat bran fiber, and syrup. 2. The crunchy granola clusters according to claim 1 wherein the crisps from at least one grain are coated with a sugar solution comprising sugar and a glucose syrup having a DE between 25 and 30, and dried to a moisture content of less than about 3% by weight. 3. The crunchy granola clusters according to claim 2 wherein the crisps are rice crisps comprising soluble oat bran fiber. 4. The crunchy granola clusters according to claim 1 wherein the flakes are selected from the group consisting of oat, wheat, corn, rye triticale, barley, quinoa and any combination thereof. 5. The crunchy granola clusters according to claim 1 wherein the flakes are oat flakes and, optionally, wheat flakes. 6. The crunchy granola clusters according to claim 1 wherein the dairy protein is selected from the group consisting of whey, whey protein concentrate, nonfat dried milk and combinations thereof. 7. A multi-texture cereal comprising the crunchy granola clusters according to claim 1 and dry grain flakes, wherein the dry grain flakes have a moisture level of 2%-13% by weight. 8. The multi-texture cereal according to claim 7 wherein the dry grain flakes are selected from the group consisting of oats, wheat, barley, rye, quinoa and multigrain. 9. The multi-texture cereal according to claim 7 wherein the crunchy granola clusters comprise 5% to 80% of the multi-texture cereal. 10. A ready to eat cereal comprising the crunchy granola clusters according to claim 1 wherein the crunchy granola clusters comprise 50% to 100% of the cereal. 11. A microwavable crunchy and creamy granola cereal comprising
a) crunchy granola clusters comprising flakes from at least one grain, crisps from at least one grain, at least one dairy protein, a pregelatinized starch and a source of soluble oat bran fiber, and syrup; and b) creamy granola comprising flakes from at least one grain, at least one protein, sodium bicarbonate, and syrup; and c) optionally at least one of fruits or nuts. 12. The granola cereal according to claim 11 wherein the flakes in a) and b) are each selected from the group consisting of oat, wheat, corn, rye triticale, barley, and any combination thereof. 13. The granola cereal according to claim 11 wherein the flakes in a) are oat flakes and, optionally, wheat flakes. 14. The granola cereal according to claim 11 wherein the dairy protein in a) and b) are each selected from the group consisting of whey, whey protein concentrate, nonfat dried milk, and combinations thereof. 15. The granola cereal according to claim 11 wherein the cereal comprises 50 to 70 wt % crunchy granola clusters, 30 to 50 wt % creamy granola, and 0 to 10 wt % fruits or nuts. 16. A method of preparing a microwavable crunchy and creamy granola cereal comprising:
a) forming crunchy granola clusters by combining dry ingredients comprising flakes from at least one grain, crisps from at least one grain, at least one dairy protein, a pregelatinized starch and a source of soluble oat bran fiber, with syrup; and b) forming creamy granola by combining dry ingredients comprising flakes from at least one grain, at least one protein, and sodium bicarbonate, with syrup; and c) combining the crunchy granola clusters, creamy granola, and optionally at least one of fruits or nuts. | Crunchy granola clusters comprising flakes from at least one grain, crisps from at least one grain, at least one protein, pregelatinized starch and a source of soluble oat bran fiber, and syrup, and optionally a long chain polysaccharide.1. Crunchy granola clusters comprising flakes from at least one grain, crisps from at least one grain, at least one dairy protein, a pregelatinized starch and a source of soluble oat bran fiber, and syrup. 2. The crunchy granola clusters according to claim 1 wherein the crisps from at least one grain are coated with a sugar solution comprising sugar and a glucose syrup having a DE between 25 and 30, and dried to a moisture content of less than about 3% by weight. 3. The crunchy granola clusters according to claim 2 wherein the crisps are rice crisps comprising soluble oat bran fiber. 4. The crunchy granola clusters according to claim 1 wherein the flakes are selected from the group consisting of oat, wheat, corn, rye triticale, barley, quinoa and any combination thereof. 5. The crunchy granola clusters according to claim 1 wherein the flakes are oat flakes and, optionally, wheat flakes. 6. The crunchy granola clusters according to claim 1 wherein the dairy protein is selected from the group consisting of whey, whey protein concentrate, nonfat dried milk and combinations thereof. 7. A multi-texture cereal comprising the crunchy granola clusters according to claim 1 and dry grain flakes, wherein the dry grain flakes have a moisture level of 2%-13% by weight. 8. The multi-texture cereal according to claim 7 wherein the dry grain flakes are selected from the group consisting of oats, wheat, barley, rye, quinoa and multigrain. 9. The multi-texture cereal according to claim 7 wherein the crunchy granola clusters comprise 5% to 80% of the multi-texture cereal. 10. A ready to eat cereal comprising the crunchy granola clusters according to claim 1 wherein the crunchy granola clusters comprise 50% to 100% of the cereal. 11. A microwavable crunchy and creamy granola cereal comprising
a) crunchy granola clusters comprising flakes from at least one grain, crisps from at least one grain, at least one dairy protein, a pregelatinized starch and a source of soluble oat bran fiber, and syrup; and b) creamy granola comprising flakes from at least one grain, at least one protein, sodium bicarbonate, and syrup; and c) optionally at least one of fruits or nuts. 12. The granola cereal according to claim 11 wherein the flakes in a) and b) are each selected from the group consisting of oat, wheat, corn, rye triticale, barley, and any combination thereof. 13. The granola cereal according to claim 11 wherein the flakes in a) are oat flakes and, optionally, wheat flakes. 14. The granola cereal according to claim 11 wherein the dairy protein in a) and b) are each selected from the group consisting of whey, whey protein concentrate, nonfat dried milk, and combinations thereof. 15. The granola cereal according to claim 11 wherein the cereal comprises 50 to 70 wt % crunchy granola clusters, 30 to 50 wt % creamy granola, and 0 to 10 wt % fruits or nuts. 16. A method of preparing a microwavable crunchy and creamy granola cereal comprising:
a) forming crunchy granola clusters by combining dry ingredients comprising flakes from at least one grain, crisps from at least one grain, at least one dairy protein, a pregelatinized starch and a source of soluble oat bran fiber, with syrup; and b) forming creamy granola by combining dry ingredients comprising flakes from at least one grain, at least one protein, and sodium bicarbonate, with syrup; and c) combining the crunchy granola clusters, creamy granola, and optionally at least one of fruits or nuts. | 1,700 |
2,150 | 14,200,546 | 1,795 | A method of treating a substrate, wherein the substrate comprises a layer deposited from a trivalent chromium electrolyte, is described. The method includes the steps of providing an anode and the chromium(III) plated substrate as a cathode in an electrolyte comprising (i) a trivalent chromium salt; and (ii) a complexant; and passing an electrical current between the anode and the cathode to passivate the chromium(III) plated substrate. The substrate may be first plated with a plated nickel layer so that the chromium(III) plated layer is deposited over the nickel plated layer. | 1. A method of treating a substrate, wherein the substrate comprises a plated layer comprising chromium deposited from a trivalent chromium electrolyte, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) providing an anode and the substrate as a cathode in an electrolyte comprising (i) a trivalent chromium salt; and (ii) a complexant; (b) passing an electrical current between the anode and the cathode to deposit a passivate film on the substrate. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is first plated with a nickel plating layer and the chromium(III) plated layer is deposited over the nickel layer. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the trivalent chromium salt is selected from the group consisting of chromium sulfate, basic chromium sulfate, chromium chloride, and combinations of one or more of the foregoing. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the trivalent chromium salt comprises basic chromium sulfate. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte comprises between about 0.01 M and about 0.5 M of the trivalent chromium salt. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the electrolyte comprises between about 0.02 M and about 0.2 M of the trivalent chromium salt. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the complexant is a hydroxy organic acid. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the hydroxy organic acid is selected from the group consisting of malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, gluconic acid and salts of any of the foregoing. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the hydroxy organic acid is selected from the group consisting of malic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid and gluconic acid and salts of any of the foregoing. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the trivalent chromium salt and the complexant are present in the electrolyte at a molar ratio of between about 0.3:1 to about 0.7:1 based on the chromium content. 11. The method according to claim 1 wherein the electrolyte further comprises a conductivity salt. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the conductivity salt is selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, and combinations of one or more of the foregoing. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte is maintained at a temperature of between about 20 and about 40°. 14. The method according to claim 1 wherein the substrate is contacted with the electrolyte for between about 20 seconds and about 5 minutes. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the substrate is contacted with the electrolyte for between about 40 and about 240 seconds. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein a current density during passivation of the substrate is between about 0.1 and about 2.0 A/dm2. 17. A substrate comprising a plated layer deposited from a trivalent chromium electrolyte passivated according to the process of claim 1, wherein the passivated chromium(III) plated layer exhibits a polarization resistance of at least about 4.0×105 Ω/cm2. 18. The substrate according to claim 17, wherein the passivated chromium(III) plated layer exhibits a polarization resistance of at least about 8.0×105 Ω/cm2. 19. The substrate according to claim 18, wherein the passivated chromium(III) plated layer exhibits a polarization resistance of at least about 9.0×105 Ω/cm2. | A method of treating a substrate, wherein the substrate comprises a layer deposited from a trivalent chromium electrolyte, is described. The method includes the steps of providing an anode and the chromium(III) plated substrate as a cathode in an electrolyte comprising (i) a trivalent chromium salt; and (ii) a complexant; and passing an electrical current between the anode and the cathode to passivate the chromium(III) plated substrate. The substrate may be first plated with a plated nickel layer so that the chromium(III) plated layer is deposited over the nickel plated layer.1. A method of treating a substrate, wherein the substrate comprises a plated layer comprising chromium deposited from a trivalent chromium electrolyte, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) providing an anode and the substrate as a cathode in an electrolyte comprising (i) a trivalent chromium salt; and (ii) a complexant; (b) passing an electrical current between the anode and the cathode to deposit a passivate film on the substrate. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is first plated with a nickel plating layer and the chromium(III) plated layer is deposited over the nickel layer. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the trivalent chromium salt is selected from the group consisting of chromium sulfate, basic chromium sulfate, chromium chloride, and combinations of one or more of the foregoing. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the trivalent chromium salt comprises basic chromium sulfate. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte comprises between about 0.01 M and about 0.5 M of the trivalent chromium salt. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the electrolyte comprises between about 0.02 M and about 0.2 M of the trivalent chromium salt. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the complexant is a hydroxy organic acid. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the hydroxy organic acid is selected from the group consisting of malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, gluconic acid and salts of any of the foregoing. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the hydroxy organic acid is selected from the group consisting of malic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid and gluconic acid and salts of any of the foregoing. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the trivalent chromium salt and the complexant are present in the electrolyte at a molar ratio of between about 0.3:1 to about 0.7:1 based on the chromium content. 11. The method according to claim 1 wherein the electrolyte further comprises a conductivity salt. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the conductivity salt is selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, and combinations of one or more of the foregoing. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte is maintained at a temperature of between about 20 and about 40°. 14. The method according to claim 1 wherein the substrate is contacted with the electrolyte for between about 20 seconds and about 5 minutes. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the substrate is contacted with the electrolyte for between about 40 and about 240 seconds. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein a current density during passivation of the substrate is between about 0.1 and about 2.0 A/dm2. 17. A substrate comprising a plated layer deposited from a trivalent chromium electrolyte passivated according to the process of claim 1, wherein the passivated chromium(III) plated layer exhibits a polarization resistance of at least about 4.0×105 Ω/cm2. 18. The substrate according to claim 17, wherein the passivated chromium(III) plated layer exhibits a polarization resistance of at least about 8.0×105 Ω/cm2. 19. The substrate according to claim 18, wherein the passivated chromium(III) plated layer exhibits a polarization resistance of at least about 9.0×105 Ω/cm2. | 1,700 |
2,151 | 14,443,395 | 1,796 | The object is to obtain a printed product excellent in fastness to washing. To achieve the object, a printing method is provided. The printing method includes a forming step of forming a solvent UV ink layer ( 2 ) on a printing target object ( 1 ), a drying step of drying the solvent UV ink layer ( 2 ), a decorating step of forming a decorative layer ( 3 ) on the dried solvent UV ink layer ( 2 ), and a curing step of curing the decorated solvent UV ink layer ( 2 ) by irradiating the same with ultraviolet. | 1. A printing method, comprising:
a forming step of forming a solvent UV ink layer on a printing target object; a drying step of drying the solvent UV ink layer; a decorating step of adhering a decorative material to the dried solvent UV ink layer or forming a decorative layer containing the decorative material on the dried solvent UV ink layer; and a curing step of curing the decorated solvent UV ink layer by ultraviolet irradiation. 2. The printing method according to claim 1, wherein
in the drying step, the solvent UV ink layer is preheated at a temperature equal to or higher than 40° C. and equal to or lower than 60° C., the preheated solvent UV ink layer is heated at a temperature equal to or higher than 35° C. and equal to or lower than 55° C., and the heated solvent UV ink layer is post-heated at a temperature equal to or higher than 40° C. and equal to or lower than 60° C. 3. The printing method according to claim 1, wherein
in the forming step, the solvent UV ink layer is formed by using a solvent UV ink which contains a resin of UV curing type and an organic solvent selected from a group consisting of ketones, alcohols, ethers, hydrocarbons, glycols, glycol ether acetates, glycol ethers, esters, and pyrrolidones. 4. The printing method according to claim 3, wherein
the solvent UV ink contains the organic solvent by a weight percent equal to or greater than 50 wt. % and equal to or less than 99 wt. % of a total quantity of an ink composition. 5. The printing method according to claim 1, wherein
the printing target object is fabric. 6. A printed product, comprising:
a solvent UV ink layer formed on a printing target object, wherein a decorative material is adhered to the solvent UV ink layer or a decorative layer containing the decorative material is formed on the solvent UV ink layer. 7. The printing method according to claim 2, wherein
in the forming step, the solvent UV ink layer is formed by using a solvent UV ink which contains a resin of UV curing type and an organic solvent selected from a group consisting of ketones, alcohols, ethers, hydrocarbons, glycols, glycol ether acetates, glycol ethers, esters, and pyrrolidones. 8. The printing method according to claim 7, wherein
the solvent UV ink contains the organic solvent by a weight percent equal to or greater than 50 wt. % and equal to or less than 99 wt. % of a total quantity of an ink composition. | The object is to obtain a printed product excellent in fastness to washing. To achieve the object, a printing method is provided. The printing method includes a forming step of forming a solvent UV ink layer ( 2 ) on a printing target object ( 1 ), a drying step of drying the solvent UV ink layer ( 2 ), a decorating step of forming a decorative layer ( 3 ) on the dried solvent UV ink layer ( 2 ), and a curing step of curing the decorated solvent UV ink layer ( 2 ) by irradiating the same with ultraviolet.1. A printing method, comprising:
a forming step of forming a solvent UV ink layer on a printing target object; a drying step of drying the solvent UV ink layer; a decorating step of adhering a decorative material to the dried solvent UV ink layer or forming a decorative layer containing the decorative material on the dried solvent UV ink layer; and a curing step of curing the decorated solvent UV ink layer by ultraviolet irradiation. 2. The printing method according to claim 1, wherein
in the drying step, the solvent UV ink layer is preheated at a temperature equal to or higher than 40° C. and equal to or lower than 60° C., the preheated solvent UV ink layer is heated at a temperature equal to or higher than 35° C. and equal to or lower than 55° C., and the heated solvent UV ink layer is post-heated at a temperature equal to or higher than 40° C. and equal to or lower than 60° C. 3. The printing method according to claim 1, wherein
in the forming step, the solvent UV ink layer is formed by using a solvent UV ink which contains a resin of UV curing type and an organic solvent selected from a group consisting of ketones, alcohols, ethers, hydrocarbons, glycols, glycol ether acetates, glycol ethers, esters, and pyrrolidones. 4. The printing method according to claim 3, wherein
the solvent UV ink contains the organic solvent by a weight percent equal to or greater than 50 wt. % and equal to or less than 99 wt. % of a total quantity of an ink composition. 5. The printing method according to claim 1, wherein
the printing target object is fabric. 6. A printed product, comprising:
a solvent UV ink layer formed on a printing target object, wherein a decorative material is adhered to the solvent UV ink layer or a decorative layer containing the decorative material is formed on the solvent UV ink layer. 7. The printing method according to claim 2, wherein
in the forming step, the solvent UV ink layer is formed by using a solvent UV ink which contains a resin of UV curing type and an organic solvent selected from a group consisting of ketones, alcohols, ethers, hydrocarbons, glycols, glycol ether acetates, glycol ethers, esters, and pyrrolidones. 8. The printing method according to claim 7, wherein
the solvent UV ink contains the organic solvent by a weight percent equal to or greater than 50 wt. % and equal to or less than 99 wt. % of a total quantity of an ink composition. | 1,700 |
2,152 | 12,257,093 | 1,716 | A method and apparatus for removing native oxides from a substrate surface is provided. In one aspect, the apparatus comprises a support assembly. In one embodiment, the support assembly includes a shaft coupled to a disk-shaped body. The shaft has a vacuum conduit, a heat transfer fluid conduit and a gas conduit formed therein. The disk-shaped body includes an upper surface, a lower surface and a cylindrical outer surface. A thermocouple is embedded in the disk-shaped body. A flange extends radially outward from the cylindrical outer surface, wherein the lower surface of the disk-shaped body comprises one side of the flange. A fluid channel is formed in the disk-shaped body proximate the flange and lower surface. The fluid channel is coupled to the heat transfer fluid conduit of the shaft. A plurality of grooves are formed in the upper surface of the disk-shaped body, and are coupled by a hole in the disk-shaped body to the vacuum conduit of the shaft. A gas conduit is formed through the disk-shaped body and couples the gas conduit of the shaft to the cylindrical outer surface of the disk-shaped body. The gas conduit in the disk-shaped body has an orientation substantially perpendicular to a centerline of the disk-shaped body. | 1. A support assembly, comprising:
a substantially disk-shaped body; a shaft coupled to the disk-shaped body, the shaft having a vacuum conduit, a heat transfer fluid conduit and a gas conduit; and wherein the disk-shaped body comprises:
an upper surface, a lower surface and a cylindrical outer surface;
a thermocouple embedded in the disk-shaped body;
a flange extending radially outward from the cylindrical outer surface, the lower surface comprising one side of the flange;
a fluid channel formed in the disk-shaped body proximate the flange and the lower surface, the fluid channel coupled to the heat transfer fluid conduit of the shaft;
a plurality of grooves formed in the upper surface;
a hole coupling at least one of the grooves to the vacuum conduit of the shaft; and
a body gas conduit formed through the disk-shaped body and coupling the gas conduit of the shaft to the cylindrical outer surface, the body gas conduit having an orientation substantially perpendicular to a centerline of the disk-shaped body. 2. The support assembly of claim 1 further comprising a top plate disposed on the upper surface of the disk-shaped body, the top plate having a plurality of holes aligning with the grooves of the disk-shaped body. 3. The support assembly of claim 2, wherein the top plate is a detachable member that rests on the upper surface of the disk-shaped body. 4. The support assembly of claim 2, wherein the top plate includes a plurality of raised dimples disposed on an upper surface thereof to minimize contact with a substrate supported thereon. 5. The support assembly of claim 4, wherein the top plate is ceramic. 6. The support assembly of claim 5, wherein the top plate has one or more vertical bores aligned with a bore in the disk-shaped body for housing a moveable support pin therethrough, the support pin being comprised of ceramic material. 7. The support assembly of claim 6, wherein the one or more vertical bores are lined with a ceramic sleeve to reduce friction with the moveable support pin. 8. The support assembly of claim 1, further comprising an annular aluminum ring disposed about the cylindrical outer surface of the disk-shaped body, such that a passage created about the disk-shaped body is in fluid communication with the body gas conduit formed in the disk-shaped body, the annular ring comprising:
a cylindrical ring body having an inner wall sized to maintain a gap between the cylindrical outer surface of the disk-shaped body; a top lip extending radially inward from the ring body over the top surface of the disk-shaped body; and a bottom lip extending downward from of the ring body and circumscribing the flange, the bottom lip having an inner wall and ring body having a concentric orientation. 9. The support assembly of claim 1, wherein the disk-shaped body is fabricated from aluminum. 10. The support assembly of claim 1 further comprising:
a detachable ceramic top plate disposed on the upper surface of the disk-shaped body, the top plate having a plurality of holes aligning with the grooves of the body, the top plate comprising a plurality of raised dimples disposed on an upper surface thereof to minimize contact with a substrate supported thereon, the top plate having one or more vertical bores aligned with a bore in the disk-shaped body; a moveable ceramic support pin disposed in the aligned bores; a ceramic sleeve disposed in each of the vertical bores to reduce friction with the moveable support pin; an annular ring disposed about the cylindrical outer surface of the disk-shaped body, such that a passage created about the disk-shaped body is in fluid communication with the body gas conduit formed in the disk-shaped body, the annular ring comprising:
a cylindrical ring body having an inner wall sized to maintain a gap between the cylindrical outer surface of the disk-shaped body;
a top lip extending radially inward from the ring body over the top surface of the disk-shaped body; and
a bottom lip extending downward from of the ring body and circumscribing the flange, the bottom lip having an inner wall and ring body having a concentric orientation. 11. An edge ring for a support assembly configured to engage a substrate support member having a flange extending from a cylindrical outer surface of a disk-shaped body, the edge ring comprising:
a cylindrical aluminum ring body having an inner wall, the inner wall sized to maintain a gap between the cylindrical outer surface of the disk-shaped body; a top lip extending radially inward from the ring body over a top surface of the disk-shaped body; and a bottom lip extending downward from of the ring body and circumscribing the flange, the bottom lip having an inner wall and ring body having a concentric orientation. 12. An electrode for a plasma processing chamber, the electrode comprising:
a nickel plated body having a gas inlet formed therethrough, the body comprising:
an upper section having a lower disk surface, an upper disk surface and an outer disk diameter; and
a expanding section extending from the lower disk surface to a lower body surface, the expanding section having an outer body diameter that has a diameter less than a diameter of the outer disk diameter, the expanding section having a conical inner diameter wall extending into the expanding section from the lower disk surface, the inner diameter wall tapering towards the upper section, the gas inlet opening to a cavity defined by the inner diameter wall. 13. The electrode of claim 12, wherein the inner diameter wall has a slope of at least 1:1. 14. The electrode of claim 12, wherein the inner diameter wall has a slope of at least 5:1. 15. The electrode of claim 12, wherein the inner diameter wall has a slope in the range of 1:1 to 20:1. 16. The electrode of claim 12, wherein the gas inlet extends from the outer disk diameter of the upper section to the cavity defined by the inner diameter wall. 17. The electrode of claim 12 further comprising:
an o-ring gland formed on the lower surface of the upper section. 18. The electrode of claim 12, wherein the upper section is configured to be coupled to an RF power source. | A method and apparatus for removing native oxides from a substrate surface is provided. In one aspect, the apparatus comprises a support assembly. In one embodiment, the support assembly includes a shaft coupled to a disk-shaped body. The shaft has a vacuum conduit, a heat transfer fluid conduit and a gas conduit formed therein. The disk-shaped body includes an upper surface, a lower surface and a cylindrical outer surface. A thermocouple is embedded in the disk-shaped body. A flange extends radially outward from the cylindrical outer surface, wherein the lower surface of the disk-shaped body comprises one side of the flange. A fluid channel is formed in the disk-shaped body proximate the flange and lower surface. The fluid channel is coupled to the heat transfer fluid conduit of the shaft. A plurality of grooves are formed in the upper surface of the disk-shaped body, and are coupled by a hole in the disk-shaped body to the vacuum conduit of the shaft. A gas conduit is formed through the disk-shaped body and couples the gas conduit of the shaft to the cylindrical outer surface of the disk-shaped body. The gas conduit in the disk-shaped body has an orientation substantially perpendicular to a centerline of the disk-shaped body.1. A support assembly, comprising:
a substantially disk-shaped body; a shaft coupled to the disk-shaped body, the shaft having a vacuum conduit, a heat transfer fluid conduit and a gas conduit; and wherein the disk-shaped body comprises:
an upper surface, a lower surface and a cylindrical outer surface;
a thermocouple embedded in the disk-shaped body;
a flange extending radially outward from the cylindrical outer surface, the lower surface comprising one side of the flange;
a fluid channel formed in the disk-shaped body proximate the flange and the lower surface, the fluid channel coupled to the heat transfer fluid conduit of the shaft;
a plurality of grooves formed in the upper surface;
a hole coupling at least one of the grooves to the vacuum conduit of the shaft; and
a body gas conduit formed through the disk-shaped body and coupling the gas conduit of the shaft to the cylindrical outer surface, the body gas conduit having an orientation substantially perpendicular to a centerline of the disk-shaped body. 2. The support assembly of claim 1 further comprising a top plate disposed on the upper surface of the disk-shaped body, the top plate having a plurality of holes aligning with the grooves of the disk-shaped body. 3. The support assembly of claim 2, wherein the top plate is a detachable member that rests on the upper surface of the disk-shaped body. 4. The support assembly of claim 2, wherein the top plate includes a plurality of raised dimples disposed on an upper surface thereof to minimize contact with a substrate supported thereon. 5. The support assembly of claim 4, wherein the top plate is ceramic. 6. The support assembly of claim 5, wherein the top plate has one or more vertical bores aligned with a bore in the disk-shaped body for housing a moveable support pin therethrough, the support pin being comprised of ceramic material. 7. The support assembly of claim 6, wherein the one or more vertical bores are lined with a ceramic sleeve to reduce friction with the moveable support pin. 8. The support assembly of claim 1, further comprising an annular aluminum ring disposed about the cylindrical outer surface of the disk-shaped body, such that a passage created about the disk-shaped body is in fluid communication with the body gas conduit formed in the disk-shaped body, the annular ring comprising:
a cylindrical ring body having an inner wall sized to maintain a gap between the cylindrical outer surface of the disk-shaped body; a top lip extending radially inward from the ring body over the top surface of the disk-shaped body; and a bottom lip extending downward from of the ring body and circumscribing the flange, the bottom lip having an inner wall and ring body having a concentric orientation. 9. The support assembly of claim 1, wherein the disk-shaped body is fabricated from aluminum. 10. The support assembly of claim 1 further comprising:
a detachable ceramic top plate disposed on the upper surface of the disk-shaped body, the top plate having a plurality of holes aligning with the grooves of the body, the top plate comprising a plurality of raised dimples disposed on an upper surface thereof to minimize contact with a substrate supported thereon, the top plate having one or more vertical bores aligned with a bore in the disk-shaped body; a moveable ceramic support pin disposed in the aligned bores; a ceramic sleeve disposed in each of the vertical bores to reduce friction with the moveable support pin; an annular ring disposed about the cylindrical outer surface of the disk-shaped body, such that a passage created about the disk-shaped body is in fluid communication with the body gas conduit formed in the disk-shaped body, the annular ring comprising:
a cylindrical ring body having an inner wall sized to maintain a gap between the cylindrical outer surface of the disk-shaped body;
a top lip extending radially inward from the ring body over the top surface of the disk-shaped body; and
a bottom lip extending downward from of the ring body and circumscribing the flange, the bottom lip having an inner wall and ring body having a concentric orientation. 11. An edge ring for a support assembly configured to engage a substrate support member having a flange extending from a cylindrical outer surface of a disk-shaped body, the edge ring comprising:
a cylindrical aluminum ring body having an inner wall, the inner wall sized to maintain a gap between the cylindrical outer surface of the disk-shaped body; a top lip extending radially inward from the ring body over a top surface of the disk-shaped body; and a bottom lip extending downward from of the ring body and circumscribing the flange, the bottom lip having an inner wall and ring body having a concentric orientation. 12. An electrode for a plasma processing chamber, the electrode comprising:
a nickel plated body having a gas inlet formed therethrough, the body comprising:
an upper section having a lower disk surface, an upper disk surface and an outer disk diameter; and
a expanding section extending from the lower disk surface to a lower body surface, the expanding section having an outer body diameter that has a diameter less than a diameter of the outer disk diameter, the expanding section having a conical inner diameter wall extending into the expanding section from the lower disk surface, the inner diameter wall tapering towards the upper section, the gas inlet opening to a cavity defined by the inner diameter wall. 13. The electrode of claim 12, wherein the inner diameter wall has a slope of at least 1:1. 14. The electrode of claim 12, wherein the inner diameter wall has a slope of at least 5:1. 15. The electrode of claim 12, wherein the inner diameter wall has a slope in the range of 1:1 to 20:1. 16. The electrode of claim 12, wherein the gas inlet extends from the outer disk diameter of the upper section to the cavity defined by the inner diameter wall. 17. The electrode of claim 12 further comprising:
an o-ring gland formed on the lower surface of the upper section. 18. The electrode of claim 12, wherein the upper section is configured to be coupled to an RF power source. | 1,700 |
2,153 | 13,102,993 | 1,797 | The present invention relates to compositions and methods for analyzing analytes of interest in liquid samples by mass spectrometry, and preferably in patient samples. Preferred analytes of interest include sirolimus (rapamycin), corticosteroids, bile acids and lamotrigine (lamictal). In one embodiment, by careful selection of target ions, a number of corticosteroids can be analyzed simultaneously and without interference from closely related molecules. In another embodiment, the present methods combine high turbulence liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry performed in positive and negative mode in a single assay to enable the detection and quantification of the composition of bile acid pools. By combining mass spectrometry and high-throughput chromatography, the methods and compositions described herein can provide a rapid, sensitive, and accurate assay for use in large clinical laboratories. | 1. A method for determining the amount of lamotrigine in a test sample by mass spectrometry, comprising:
(a) subjecting the test sample to high turbulence liquid chromatography (HTLC) to purify lamotrigine from said test sample; (b) ionizing lamotrigine purified from said sample to produce one or more lamotrigine ions detectable by mass spectrometry; and (c) detecting the amount of one or more lamotrigine ions by mass spectrometry, wherein the detected amount of lamotrigine ions is related to the amount of lamotrigine in the test sample. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more lamotrigine ions produced in step (b) comprise one or more ions selected from the group of ions with mass to charge ratio (m/z) of about 255.9 and about 210.8. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein mass spectrometry is tandem mass spectrometry. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein step (b) comprises:
(i) ionizing the purified lamotrigine to provide a precursor ion having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) of about 255.9; (ii) isolating the precursor ion by mass spectroscopy; and (iii) effecting a collision between the isolated precursor ion and an inert collision gas to produce said lamotrigine ion, wherein the ion has a mass/charge ratio of about 210.8. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said ionizing of step (b) is conducted in positive ion mode. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the purifying of step (a) is conducted with a HTLC C-18 extraction column. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the extraction column comprises a styrene-divinylbenzene cross-linked copolymer packing material. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising subjecting the purified lamotrigine from step (a) to liquid chromatography prior to the ionization of step (b). 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said liquid chromatography comprises high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). 10. The method of claim 9, wherein said HPLC is conducted with a phenyl analytical column. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the purified lamotrigine is ionized by electrospray ionization. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the test sample comprises a biological sample. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the test sample comprises a body fluid obtained from a human patient. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the test sample comprises blood, plasma, or serum. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein said method is capable of detecting lamotrigine at about 0.5 μg/mL or above. 16. A method for determining the amount of lamotrigine in a test sample by tandem mass spectrometry, comprising:
(a) punting lamotrigine from said test sample; (b) ionizing lamotrigine purified from said sample to produce lamotrigine precursor ions detectable by mass spectrometry, wherein said precursor ions have a mass to charge ratio (m/z) of about 255.9; (c) fragmenting said precursor ion into one or more fragment ions detectable by mass spectrometry, wherein one of said fragment ions has m/z of about 210.8; and (d) detecting the amount of one or more of the parent and fragment ions of steps (b) and (c) ions by mass spectrometry, wherein the amount of ions detected is related to the amount of lamotrigine in the test sample. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the purifying in step (a) comprises subjecting said test sample to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 18. The method of claim 17, wherein said HPLC is conducted with a phenyl analytical column. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the purifying in step (a) comprises extracting lamotrigine from said test sample with a high turbulence liquid chromatography (HTLC) column. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein said HTLC extraction column is a C-18 extraction column. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein said HTLC extraction column comprises a styrene-divinylbenzene cross-linked copolymer packing material. 22. The method of claim 16, wherein said ionizing of step (b) is conducted in positive ion mode. 23. The method of claim 16, wherein the purified lamotrigine is ionized by electrospray ionization. 24. The method of claim 16, wherein the test sample comprises a biological sample. 25. The method of claim 16, wherein the test sample comprises a body fluid obtained from a human patient. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the test sample comprises blood, plasma, or serum. 27. The method of claim 16, wherein said method is capable of detecting lamotrigine at about 0.5 μg/mL or above. | The present invention relates to compositions and methods for analyzing analytes of interest in liquid samples by mass spectrometry, and preferably in patient samples. Preferred analytes of interest include sirolimus (rapamycin), corticosteroids, bile acids and lamotrigine (lamictal). In one embodiment, by careful selection of target ions, a number of corticosteroids can be analyzed simultaneously and without interference from closely related molecules. In another embodiment, the present methods combine high turbulence liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry performed in positive and negative mode in a single assay to enable the detection and quantification of the composition of bile acid pools. By combining mass spectrometry and high-throughput chromatography, the methods and compositions described herein can provide a rapid, sensitive, and accurate assay for use in large clinical laboratories.1. A method for determining the amount of lamotrigine in a test sample by mass spectrometry, comprising:
(a) subjecting the test sample to high turbulence liquid chromatography (HTLC) to purify lamotrigine from said test sample; (b) ionizing lamotrigine purified from said sample to produce one or more lamotrigine ions detectable by mass spectrometry; and (c) detecting the amount of one or more lamotrigine ions by mass spectrometry, wherein the detected amount of lamotrigine ions is related to the amount of lamotrigine in the test sample. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more lamotrigine ions produced in step (b) comprise one or more ions selected from the group of ions with mass to charge ratio (m/z) of about 255.9 and about 210.8. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein mass spectrometry is tandem mass spectrometry. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein step (b) comprises:
(i) ionizing the purified lamotrigine to provide a precursor ion having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) of about 255.9; (ii) isolating the precursor ion by mass spectroscopy; and (iii) effecting a collision between the isolated precursor ion and an inert collision gas to produce said lamotrigine ion, wherein the ion has a mass/charge ratio of about 210.8. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said ionizing of step (b) is conducted in positive ion mode. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the purifying of step (a) is conducted with a HTLC C-18 extraction column. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the extraction column comprises a styrene-divinylbenzene cross-linked copolymer packing material. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising subjecting the purified lamotrigine from step (a) to liquid chromatography prior to the ionization of step (b). 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said liquid chromatography comprises high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). 10. The method of claim 9, wherein said HPLC is conducted with a phenyl analytical column. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the purified lamotrigine is ionized by electrospray ionization. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the test sample comprises a biological sample. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the test sample comprises a body fluid obtained from a human patient. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the test sample comprises blood, plasma, or serum. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein said method is capable of detecting lamotrigine at about 0.5 μg/mL or above. 16. A method for determining the amount of lamotrigine in a test sample by tandem mass spectrometry, comprising:
(a) punting lamotrigine from said test sample; (b) ionizing lamotrigine purified from said sample to produce lamotrigine precursor ions detectable by mass spectrometry, wherein said precursor ions have a mass to charge ratio (m/z) of about 255.9; (c) fragmenting said precursor ion into one or more fragment ions detectable by mass spectrometry, wherein one of said fragment ions has m/z of about 210.8; and (d) detecting the amount of one or more of the parent and fragment ions of steps (b) and (c) ions by mass spectrometry, wherein the amount of ions detected is related to the amount of lamotrigine in the test sample. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the purifying in step (a) comprises subjecting said test sample to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 18. The method of claim 17, wherein said HPLC is conducted with a phenyl analytical column. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the purifying in step (a) comprises extracting lamotrigine from said test sample with a high turbulence liquid chromatography (HTLC) column. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein said HTLC extraction column is a C-18 extraction column. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein said HTLC extraction column comprises a styrene-divinylbenzene cross-linked copolymer packing material. 22. The method of claim 16, wherein said ionizing of step (b) is conducted in positive ion mode. 23. The method of claim 16, wherein the purified lamotrigine is ionized by electrospray ionization. 24. The method of claim 16, wherein the test sample comprises a biological sample. 25. The method of claim 16, wherein the test sample comprises a body fluid obtained from a human patient. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the test sample comprises blood, plasma, or serum. 27. The method of claim 16, wherein said method is capable of detecting lamotrigine at about 0.5 μg/mL or above. | 1,700 |
2,154 | 14,131,379 | 1,727 | An electrode for an electrochemical cell includes platinum catalysts, carbon support particles and an ionomer. The carbon support particles support the platinum catalysts, and the ionomer connects the platinum catalysts. The electrode has a platinum less than about 0.2 mg/cm 2 and an ionomer-to-carbon ratio between about 0.5 and about 0.9. A membrane electrode assembly includes a proton exchange membrane, a cathode layer and an anode layer. The cathode layer includes platinum catalysts, carbon support particles for supporting the platinum catalysts and an ionomer connecting the platinum catalysts. The cathode layer has a platinum loading less than about 0.2 mg/cm 2 and an ionomer-to-carbon ratio between about 0.5 and about 0.9. The anode layer includes platinum catalysts, carbon support particles for supporting the platinum catalysts and an ionomer connecting the platinum catalysts. | 1. An electrode for an electrochemical cell, the electrode comprising:
platinum catalysts; carbon support particles for supporting the platinum catalysts; and an ionomer connecting the platinum catalysts, wherein the electrode has a platinum loading less than about 0.2 mg/cm2 and an ionomer-to-carbon ratio between about 0.5 and about 0.9. 2. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the ionomer-to-carbon ratio is between about 0.6 and about 0.8. 3. The electrode of claim 2, wherein the ionomer-to-carbon ratio is between about 0.6 and about 0.7. 4. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a metal weight percent between about 20% and about 70%. 5. The electrode of claim 4, wherein the electrode has a metal weight percent of between about 40% and about 60%. 6. The electrode of claim 5, wherein the electrode has a metal weight percent of about 50%. 7. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the ionomer has an equivalent weight between about 700 and about 1100. 8. The electrode of claim 7, wherein the ionomer has an equivalent weight between about 800 and about 900. 9. The electrode of claim 8, wherein the ionomer has an equivalent weight between about 820 and about 840. 10. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a platinum loading between about 0.05 mg/cm2 and about 0.15 mg/cm2. 11. The electrode of claim 10, wherein the electrode has a platinum loading of about 0.1 mg/cm2. 12. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a thickness between about 2 microns and about 5 microns. 13. A membrane electrode assembly comprising:
a proton exchange membrane; a cathode layer comprising:
platinum catalysts;
carbon support particles for supporting the platinum catalysts; and
an ionomer connecting the platinum catalysts,
wherein the cathode layer has a platinum loading less than about 0.2 mg/cm2 and an ionomer-to-carbon ratio between about 0.5 and about 0.9; and
an anode layer comprising:
platinum catalysts; and
carbon support particles for supporting the platinum catalysts; and
an ionomer connecting the platinum catalysts. 14. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 13, wherein the anode layer has a platinum loading less than about 0.2 mg/cm2 and an ionomer-to-carbon ratio between about 0.5 and about 0.9. 15. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 13, wherein the ionomer-to-carbon ratio is between about 0.6 and about 0.8. 16. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 15, wherein the ionomer-to-carbon ratio is between about 0.6 and about 0.7. 17. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 13, wherein the electrode has a metal weight percent of between about 40% and about 60%. 18. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 17, wherein the electrode has a metal weight percent of about 50%. 19. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 13, wherein the ionomer has an equivalent weight between about 800 and about 900. 20. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 19, wherein the ionomer has an equivalent weight between about 820 and about 840. | An electrode for an electrochemical cell includes platinum catalysts, carbon support particles and an ionomer. The carbon support particles support the platinum catalysts, and the ionomer connects the platinum catalysts. The electrode has a platinum less than about 0.2 mg/cm 2 and an ionomer-to-carbon ratio between about 0.5 and about 0.9. A membrane electrode assembly includes a proton exchange membrane, a cathode layer and an anode layer. The cathode layer includes platinum catalysts, carbon support particles for supporting the platinum catalysts and an ionomer connecting the platinum catalysts. The cathode layer has a platinum loading less than about 0.2 mg/cm 2 and an ionomer-to-carbon ratio between about 0.5 and about 0.9. The anode layer includes platinum catalysts, carbon support particles for supporting the platinum catalysts and an ionomer connecting the platinum catalysts.1. An electrode for an electrochemical cell, the electrode comprising:
platinum catalysts; carbon support particles for supporting the platinum catalysts; and an ionomer connecting the platinum catalysts, wherein the electrode has a platinum loading less than about 0.2 mg/cm2 and an ionomer-to-carbon ratio between about 0.5 and about 0.9. 2. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the ionomer-to-carbon ratio is between about 0.6 and about 0.8. 3. The electrode of claim 2, wherein the ionomer-to-carbon ratio is between about 0.6 and about 0.7. 4. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a metal weight percent between about 20% and about 70%. 5. The electrode of claim 4, wherein the electrode has a metal weight percent of between about 40% and about 60%. 6. The electrode of claim 5, wherein the electrode has a metal weight percent of about 50%. 7. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the ionomer has an equivalent weight between about 700 and about 1100. 8. The electrode of claim 7, wherein the ionomer has an equivalent weight between about 800 and about 900. 9. The electrode of claim 8, wherein the ionomer has an equivalent weight between about 820 and about 840. 10. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a platinum loading between about 0.05 mg/cm2 and about 0.15 mg/cm2. 11. The electrode of claim 10, wherein the electrode has a platinum loading of about 0.1 mg/cm2. 12. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a thickness between about 2 microns and about 5 microns. 13. A membrane electrode assembly comprising:
a proton exchange membrane; a cathode layer comprising:
platinum catalysts;
carbon support particles for supporting the platinum catalysts; and
an ionomer connecting the platinum catalysts,
wherein the cathode layer has a platinum loading less than about 0.2 mg/cm2 and an ionomer-to-carbon ratio between about 0.5 and about 0.9; and
an anode layer comprising:
platinum catalysts; and
carbon support particles for supporting the platinum catalysts; and
an ionomer connecting the platinum catalysts. 14. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 13, wherein the anode layer has a platinum loading less than about 0.2 mg/cm2 and an ionomer-to-carbon ratio between about 0.5 and about 0.9. 15. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 13, wherein the ionomer-to-carbon ratio is between about 0.6 and about 0.8. 16. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 15, wherein the ionomer-to-carbon ratio is between about 0.6 and about 0.7. 17. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 13, wherein the electrode has a metal weight percent of between about 40% and about 60%. 18. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 17, wherein the electrode has a metal weight percent of about 50%. 19. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 13, wherein the ionomer has an equivalent weight between about 800 and about 900. 20. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 19, wherein the ionomer has an equivalent weight between about 820 and about 840. | 1,700 |
2,155 | 14,345,842 | 1,797 | A muitimode gas sensor platform ( 100 ) can comprise an array of electrode pairs ( 108 ) oriented on a substrate ( 102 ) and a plurality of detection zones ( 104 ), wherein at least a portion of individual electrode pairs ( 106 ) are separately addressable. Each detection zone ( 104 ) can comprise at least one set of individual electrode pairs ( 106 ) within the array, where the individual electrode pairs ( 106 ) have organic nanofibers ( 108 ) uniformly deposited thereon. The organic nanofibers ( 108 ) can be responsive to association with a corresponding target material and at least one detection zone ( 104 ) can be electronically responsive to the corresponding target material. | 1. A multimode gas sensor platform, comprising:
an array of electrode pairs oriented on a substrate, wherein individual electrode pairs are separately addressable; and a plurality of detection zones, each detection zone comprising at least one set of individual electrode pairs within the array, said at least one set of individual electrode pairs having organic nanofibers uniformly deposited thereon, said organic nanofibers being responsive to association with a corresponding target material and at least one detection zone being electronically responsive to the corresponding target material. 2. The multimode platform of claim 1, wherein the corresponding target material for each detection zone is independently one or more of explosive compounds, explosive byproducts, explosive precursors, and drugs. 3. The multimode platform of claim 1, wherein the organic nanofibers form a porous film of entangled nanofibers. 4. (canceled) 5. The multimode platform of claim 1, wherein each of the detection zones are configured to detect an explosive compound selected from the group consisting of: trinitrotoluene (TNT); dinitrotoluene (DNT); 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane (DMNB); 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX); pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN); Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX); nitromethane; nitroglycerin; nitrocellulose; ethylene glycol dinitrate; dimethyl methylphosphonate; ammonium nitrate, urea nitrate; acetone peroxides; triacetone triperoxide (TATP); peroxyacetone; tri-cyclic acetone peroxide (TCAP); diacetone diperoxide (DADP); hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD); and composites or combinations thereof. 6. The multimode platform of claim 1, wherein the individual electrode pairs are interdigitated electrodes. 7. The multimode platform of claim 1, wherein the organic nanofibers are individually selected from the group consisting of: carbazole-cornered, arylene-ethynylene tetracyclic macromolecules, indolocarbazole derivatives thereof, a substituted perylene tetracarboxylic diimide molecule, a substituted a 3,4,9,10-tetracarboxyl perylene molecule, and mixtures thereof. 8. The multimode platform of claim 7, wherein the organic nanofibers are individually selected from the group consisting of a 3,4,9,10-tetracarboxyl perylene compound having structure I:
where R is a morphology control group, A is a linking group, B is a electron donor that is selective for transferring electrons to PTCDI backbone upon irradiation to make the resulting nanostructures conductive, and R1 through R8 are side groups; a alkyl-substituted, carbazole-cornered, arylene-ethynylene tetracyclic macromolecule of formula II:
wherein R1-R4 are alkyl groups and wherein at least some of the macromolecules are cofacially stacked; and mixtures thereof. 9. The multimode platform of claim 1, wherein the plurality of detection zones includes at least one visual detection zone comprising organic nanofibers that fluoresce or have a visual color change when exposed to an explosive compound, an explosive byproduct, or an explosive precursor. 10. The multimode platform of claim 9, wherein the organic nanofibers are selected from the group consisting of a linear carbazole oligomer, a porous hydrophilic material modified with a titanium oxo compound, and mixtures thereof. 11. The multimode platform of claim 10, wherein the organic nanofibers are individually selected from the group consisting of a 3,4,9,10-tetracarboxyl perylene compound having the structure of formula III:
where A and A′ are independently chosen from N—R1, N—R2, and O such that both A and A′ are not O, and R1 through R10 are amine binding moieties, solubility enhancing groups, or hydrogen such that at least one of R1 through R10 is an amine binding moiety; a linear carbazole oligomer having the structure of formula IV:
where n is 3 to 9, Rn are independently selected amine side groups, and at least one Rn is a C1 to C14 alkyl; a carbazole-cornered, arylene-ethynylene tetracyclic macromolecules of formula V:
wherein R1-R4 are alkyl-containing groups that facilitate cofacial stacking to form tubular morphology, and wherein at least some of the macromolecules are cofacially stacked; a porous hydrophilic material modified with a titanium oxo compound having the structure of formula VI:
where L is a ligand, wherein the porous hydrophilic material is capable of detecting hydrogen peroxide vapor by complexing the titanium oxo compound with the hydrogen peroxide to provide a color change; and mixtures thereof. 12. A sensor for detecting explosives, comprising:
a housing having an inlet and an outlet; the multimode platform of claim 1 positioned in the housing between the inlet and the outlet; and a light source configured to illuminate at least a first detection zone within the plurality of detection zones. 13. The sensor of claim 12, wherein the substrate of the multimode platform includes a plurality of holes allowing air flow from a top surface of the substrate to a bottom surface of the substrate. 14. The sensor of claim 13, wherein the multimode platform is isolated within the housing such that the air flow is forced through the plurality of holes. 15. The sensor of claim 12, wherein the plurality of detection zones include at least one visual detection zone comprising organic nanofibers that fluoresce or have a visual color change when exposed to the corresponding target material and the sensor further comprises a photodetector configured to detect the fluorescence or visual color change. 16. The sensor of claim 12, further comprising a second light source that is configured to illuminate a second detection zone within the plurality of detection zones. 17. (canceled) 18. The sensor of claim 12, further comprising a forced air mechanism adapted to move air across at least a portion of the plurality of detection zones. 19. The sensor of claim 12, further comprising a microcontroller module adapted to measure a binding profile of a test sample and to correlate the binding profile with predetermined target compound binding profiles. 20-27. (canceled) 28. A method of detecting an explosive, comprising:
exposing the multimode platform of claim 1 to a target sample; and measuring electrical responses of the organic nanofibers. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the multimode platform further comprises a visual detection zone comprising organic nanofibers that fluoresce or have a visual color change when exposed to an explosive compound, an explosive byproduct, or an explosive precursor and measuring the fluorescence response or visual color change response of the organic nanofibers. 30. The method of claim 28, wherein the organic nanofibers are individually selected from the group consisting of: carbazole-cornered, arylene-ethynylene tetracyclic macromolecules, indolocarbazole derivatives thereof, a substituted perylene tetracarboxylic diimide molecule, a substituted a 3,4,9,10-tetracarboxyl perylene molecule, and mixtures thereof. 31. The method of claim 28, further comprising measuring a characteristic based on the electrical responses selected from the group consisting of a change in resistance, rate of response, rate of recovery, and reversibility of binding. 32. (canceled) 33. The method of claim 31, further comprising identifying the target sample using the characteristic by parameterization of the sensor responses using the Langmuir Equation:
R
i
(
k
i
,
j
,
p
j
)
∝
k
i
,
j
p
j
1
+
k
i
,
j
p
j
+
C
where Ri is the response of the i-th sensor, ki,j is the adsorption coefficient of the j-th analyte on the i-th sensor material, pj is the partial pressure of the j-th analyte, and C is a constant, where each Ri is measured and the constants ki,j are known and stored in a library. 34. (canceled) | A muitimode gas sensor platform ( 100 ) can comprise an array of electrode pairs ( 108 ) oriented on a substrate ( 102 ) and a plurality of detection zones ( 104 ), wherein at least a portion of individual electrode pairs ( 106 ) are separately addressable. Each detection zone ( 104 ) can comprise at least one set of individual electrode pairs ( 106 ) within the array, where the individual electrode pairs ( 106 ) have organic nanofibers ( 108 ) uniformly deposited thereon. The organic nanofibers ( 108 ) can be responsive to association with a corresponding target material and at least one detection zone ( 104 ) can be electronically responsive to the corresponding target material.1. A multimode gas sensor platform, comprising:
an array of electrode pairs oriented on a substrate, wherein individual electrode pairs are separately addressable; and a plurality of detection zones, each detection zone comprising at least one set of individual electrode pairs within the array, said at least one set of individual electrode pairs having organic nanofibers uniformly deposited thereon, said organic nanofibers being responsive to association with a corresponding target material and at least one detection zone being electronically responsive to the corresponding target material. 2. The multimode platform of claim 1, wherein the corresponding target material for each detection zone is independently one or more of explosive compounds, explosive byproducts, explosive precursors, and drugs. 3. The multimode platform of claim 1, wherein the organic nanofibers form a porous film of entangled nanofibers. 4. (canceled) 5. The multimode platform of claim 1, wherein each of the detection zones are configured to detect an explosive compound selected from the group consisting of: trinitrotoluene (TNT); dinitrotoluene (DNT); 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane (DMNB); 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX); pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN); Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX); nitromethane; nitroglycerin; nitrocellulose; ethylene glycol dinitrate; dimethyl methylphosphonate; ammonium nitrate, urea nitrate; acetone peroxides; triacetone triperoxide (TATP); peroxyacetone; tri-cyclic acetone peroxide (TCAP); diacetone diperoxide (DADP); hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD); and composites or combinations thereof. 6. The multimode platform of claim 1, wherein the individual electrode pairs are interdigitated electrodes. 7. The multimode platform of claim 1, wherein the organic nanofibers are individually selected from the group consisting of: carbazole-cornered, arylene-ethynylene tetracyclic macromolecules, indolocarbazole derivatives thereof, a substituted perylene tetracarboxylic diimide molecule, a substituted a 3,4,9,10-tetracarboxyl perylene molecule, and mixtures thereof. 8. The multimode platform of claim 7, wherein the organic nanofibers are individually selected from the group consisting of a 3,4,9,10-tetracarboxyl perylene compound having structure I:
where R is a morphology control group, A is a linking group, B is a electron donor that is selective for transferring electrons to PTCDI backbone upon irradiation to make the resulting nanostructures conductive, and R1 through R8 are side groups; a alkyl-substituted, carbazole-cornered, arylene-ethynylene tetracyclic macromolecule of formula II:
wherein R1-R4 are alkyl groups and wherein at least some of the macromolecules are cofacially stacked; and mixtures thereof. 9. The multimode platform of claim 1, wherein the plurality of detection zones includes at least one visual detection zone comprising organic nanofibers that fluoresce or have a visual color change when exposed to an explosive compound, an explosive byproduct, or an explosive precursor. 10. The multimode platform of claim 9, wherein the organic nanofibers are selected from the group consisting of a linear carbazole oligomer, a porous hydrophilic material modified with a titanium oxo compound, and mixtures thereof. 11. The multimode platform of claim 10, wherein the organic nanofibers are individually selected from the group consisting of a 3,4,9,10-tetracarboxyl perylene compound having the structure of formula III:
where A and A′ are independently chosen from N—R1, N—R2, and O such that both A and A′ are not O, and R1 through R10 are amine binding moieties, solubility enhancing groups, or hydrogen such that at least one of R1 through R10 is an amine binding moiety; a linear carbazole oligomer having the structure of formula IV:
where n is 3 to 9, Rn are independently selected amine side groups, and at least one Rn is a C1 to C14 alkyl; a carbazole-cornered, arylene-ethynylene tetracyclic macromolecules of formula V:
wherein R1-R4 are alkyl-containing groups that facilitate cofacial stacking to form tubular morphology, and wherein at least some of the macromolecules are cofacially stacked; a porous hydrophilic material modified with a titanium oxo compound having the structure of formula VI:
where L is a ligand, wherein the porous hydrophilic material is capable of detecting hydrogen peroxide vapor by complexing the titanium oxo compound with the hydrogen peroxide to provide a color change; and mixtures thereof. 12. A sensor for detecting explosives, comprising:
a housing having an inlet and an outlet; the multimode platform of claim 1 positioned in the housing between the inlet and the outlet; and a light source configured to illuminate at least a first detection zone within the plurality of detection zones. 13. The sensor of claim 12, wherein the substrate of the multimode platform includes a plurality of holes allowing air flow from a top surface of the substrate to a bottom surface of the substrate. 14. The sensor of claim 13, wherein the multimode platform is isolated within the housing such that the air flow is forced through the plurality of holes. 15. The sensor of claim 12, wherein the plurality of detection zones include at least one visual detection zone comprising organic nanofibers that fluoresce or have a visual color change when exposed to the corresponding target material and the sensor further comprises a photodetector configured to detect the fluorescence or visual color change. 16. The sensor of claim 12, further comprising a second light source that is configured to illuminate a second detection zone within the plurality of detection zones. 17. (canceled) 18. The sensor of claim 12, further comprising a forced air mechanism adapted to move air across at least a portion of the plurality of detection zones. 19. The sensor of claim 12, further comprising a microcontroller module adapted to measure a binding profile of a test sample and to correlate the binding profile with predetermined target compound binding profiles. 20-27. (canceled) 28. A method of detecting an explosive, comprising:
exposing the multimode platform of claim 1 to a target sample; and measuring electrical responses of the organic nanofibers. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the multimode platform further comprises a visual detection zone comprising organic nanofibers that fluoresce or have a visual color change when exposed to an explosive compound, an explosive byproduct, or an explosive precursor and measuring the fluorescence response or visual color change response of the organic nanofibers. 30. The method of claim 28, wherein the organic nanofibers are individually selected from the group consisting of: carbazole-cornered, arylene-ethynylene tetracyclic macromolecules, indolocarbazole derivatives thereof, a substituted perylene tetracarboxylic diimide molecule, a substituted a 3,4,9,10-tetracarboxyl perylene molecule, and mixtures thereof. 31. The method of claim 28, further comprising measuring a characteristic based on the electrical responses selected from the group consisting of a change in resistance, rate of response, rate of recovery, and reversibility of binding. 32. (canceled) 33. The method of claim 31, further comprising identifying the target sample using the characteristic by parameterization of the sensor responses using the Langmuir Equation:
R
i
(
k
i
,
j
,
p
j
)
∝
k
i
,
j
p
j
1
+
k
i
,
j
p
j
+
C
where Ri is the response of the i-th sensor, ki,j is the adsorption coefficient of the j-th analyte on the i-th sensor material, pj is the partial pressure of the j-th analyte, and C is a constant, where each Ri is measured and the constants ki,j are known and stored in a library. 34. (canceled) | 1,700 |
2,156 | 14,897,011 | 1,763 | The present invention relates to a composition comprising at least two grafted copolymers having a polyolefin basic polymer chain and polyamide grafts, the polyamide grafts being 5 wt % and 35 wt % of the composition bonded to the first and second copolymer as well as a third component selected among certain polyamides, polyethylenes or polypropylenes or a mixture thereof. The invention also relates to a multilayer structure comprising a plurality of adjacent layers, at least one of which consists of the aforementioned composition. | 1. A thermoplastic composition comprising:
a first copolymer grafted by polyamide grafts and consisting of a polyolefin backbone containing a residue of at least one unsaturated monomer (X) and a plurality of polyamide grafts, the polyamide grafts are attached to the polyolefin backbone by the residue of the unsaturated monomer (X) comprising a function capable of reacting by a condensation reaction with a polyamide having at least one amine end group and/or at least one carboxylic acid end group, the residue of the unsaturated monomer (X) is fixed to the backbone by grafting or copolymerization; a second copolymer consisting of an elastomeric copolymer grafted by polyamide grafts and consisting of a polyolefin backbone selected from a maleicized ethylene-propylene copolymer, a maleicized ethylene-butene copolymer, a maleicized ethylene-hexene copolymer, a maleicized ethylene-octene copolymer, a maleicized ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer, an ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer and a plurality of polyamide grafts; a third component consisting of a polyamide, a polyethylene or a polypropylene, or a mixture thereof; wherein, the following weight ratios are satisfied:
between 10% and 30% by weight of the composition for the polyolefin backbone of the abovementioned first copolymer,
between 10% and 30% by weight of the composition for the polyolefin backbone of the abovementioned second copolymer,
between 5% and 35% by weight of the composition of polyamide grafts, fixed to the first and second copolymer,
between 30% and 60% by weight of the abovementioned third component. 2. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the unsaturated monomer (X) is maleic anhydride. 3. The composition as claimed in claim 2, wherein the first copolymer is an ethylene/alkyl (meth)acrylate/maleic anhydride terpolymer. 4. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the abovementioned grafted polymer is nanostructured. 5. The composition as claimed in claim 1, where the number-average molar mass of the abovementioned polyamide grafts of the abovementioned grafted polymer is within the range from 1000 to 10,000 g/mol. 6. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polyamide grafts consist of monofunctional-NH2-terminated polyamide PA-6 grafts. 7. The composition as claimed in claim 6, wherein the polyamide of the third component consists of a polyamide 6, a polyamide 11, polyamide 12, polyamide 6,6, polyamide 6,9, polyamide 6,10, polyamide 6,12, polyamide 10,12, polyamide 10,10, polyamide 12,12, semiarometic polyamide, polyphthalamides obtained from terephthalic and/or isophthalic acid, and their coppolyamides. 8. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the abovementioned first copolymer and the abovementioned second copolymer represent a maximum of 50% by weight of the composition. 9. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the composition additionally comprises a plasticizer, an adhesion promoter, a UV stabilizer and/or a UV absorber, an antioxidant, a flame retardant, and/or a dyeing/whitening agent. 10. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the composition consists solely of the first and the second of the abovementioned grafted copolymers and the abovementioned third component. 11. A multilayer structure comprising a plurality of adjacent layers, wherein at least one of these layers consists of the composition as defined in claim 1. | The present invention relates to a composition comprising at least two grafted copolymers having a polyolefin basic polymer chain and polyamide grafts, the polyamide grafts being 5 wt % and 35 wt % of the composition bonded to the first and second copolymer as well as a third component selected among certain polyamides, polyethylenes or polypropylenes or a mixture thereof. The invention also relates to a multilayer structure comprising a plurality of adjacent layers, at least one of which consists of the aforementioned composition.1. A thermoplastic composition comprising:
a first copolymer grafted by polyamide grafts and consisting of a polyolefin backbone containing a residue of at least one unsaturated monomer (X) and a plurality of polyamide grafts, the polyamide grafts are attached to the polyolefin backbone by the residue of the unsaturated monomer (X) comprising a function capable of reacting by a condensation reaction with a polyamide having at least one amine end group and/or at least one carboxylic acid end group, the residue of the unsaturated monomer (X) is fixed to the backbone by grafting or copolymerization; a second copolymer consisting of an elastomeric copolymer grafted by polyamide grafts and consisting of a polyolefin backbone selected from a maleicized ethylene-propylene copolymer, a maleicized ethylene-butene copolymer, a maleicized ethylene-hexene copolymer, a maleicized ethylene-octene copolymer, a maleicized ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer, an ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer and a plurality of polyamide grafts; a third component consisting of a polyamide, a polyethylene or a polypropylene, or a mixture thereof; wherein, the following weight ratios are satisfied:
between 10% and 30% by weight of the composition for the polyolefin backbone of the abovementioned first copolymer,
between 10% and 30% by weight of the composition for the polyolefin backbone of the abovementioned second copolymer,
between 5% and 35% by weight of the composition of polyamide grafts, fixed to the first and second copolymer,
between 30% and 60% by weight of the abovementioned third component. 2. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the unsaturated monomer (X) is maleic anhydride. 3. The composition as claimed in claim 2, wherein the first copolymer is an ethylene/alkyl (meth)acrylate/maleic anhydride terpolymer. 4. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the abovementioned grafted polymer is nanostructured. 5. The composition as claimed in claim 1, where the number-average molar mass of the abovementioned polyamide grafts of the abovementioned grafted polymer is within the range from 1000 to 10,000 g/mol. 6. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polyamide grafts consist of monofunctional-NH2-terminated polyamide PA-6 grafts. 7. The composition as claimed in claim 6, wherein the polyamide of the third component consists of a polyamide 6, a polyamide 11, polyamide 12, polyamide 6,6, polyamide 6,9, polyamide 6,10, polyamide 6,12, polyamide 10,12, polyamide 10,10, polyamide 12,12, semiarometic polyamide, polyphthalamides obtained from terephthalic and/or isophthalic acid, and their coppolyamides. 8. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the abovementioned first copolymer and the abovementioned second copolymer represent a maximum of 50% by weight of the composition. 9. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the composition additionally comprises a plasticizer, an adhesion promoter, a UV stabilizer and/or a UV absorber, an antioxidant, a flame retardant, and/or a dyeing/whitening agent. 10. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the composition consists solely of the first and the second of the abovementioned grafted copolymers and the abovementioned third component. 11. A multilayer structure comprising a plurality of adjacent layers, wherein at least one of these layers consists of the composition as defined in claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,157 | 13,049,840 | 1,793 | Processes for the production of reduced calorie sweetening compositions having a natural sweetener such as a steviol glycosides (e.g., rebaudioside A) and sucrose as the major components is described, as well as the product of such processes having unique physical and sensory characteristics. In particular, a co-crystallization process of manufacturing a reduced calorie sweetening composition that comprises both sucrose and at least one natural sweetener as a co-crystallized product is disclosed, as well as the free-flowing powder product resultant therefrom. | 1. A process for the preparation of a sucrose and natural sweetener co-crystallization product, the process comprising the steps of:
contacting a solution of sucrose at an elevated temperature with a natural sweetener at an elevated temperature to produce a solution of sucrose and natural sweetener; heating the solution of a mixture of sucrose and natural sweetener for a period of time; and producing a co-crystallization sucrose/natural sweetener product by co-crystallizing the heated solution mixture using a controlled, co-crystallization process with air cooling and vacuum evaporation. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the natural sweetener is an extract of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni). 3. The process of claim 2, wherein the natural sweetener is rebaudioside A. 4. The process of claim 1, further comprising contacting the solution of a mixture of sucrose and natural sweetener with invert syrup. 5. The process of claim 4, wherein the invert syrup contacts the sucrose solution before the natural sweetener contacts the sucrose solution. 6. A reduced-calorie sugar composition comprising dry powder particles and which comprise a co-crystallization product of sucrose and a natural sweetener, the composition's dry powder particles having:
a size between 100 and 2000 microns in size, an exhibited powder flowability with an angle of repose (AOR) of about 45° or less, and which are characterized by an XRPD profile having one or more distinct peaks within the range of from about 10 to 27 degrees 2 Theta (+/−5 degrees). 7. The co-crystallization product of claim 6, having an XRPD profile with at least one peak at about 20 degrees 2 Theta (+/−5 degrees). 8. The co-crystallization product of claim 6, having a angle of repose (AOR) of about 40° or less. 9. The co-crystallization product of claim 6, characterized by having a DSC curve with an endothermic peak at about 179° C. 10. The co-crystallization product of claim 6, characterized by peaks in the carbon-13 NMR spectrum having chemical shift values of about 104.8, about 104.1, about 101.9, about 98.4, about 96.3, about 94.4, and about 92.5 ppm. 11. The co-crystallization product of claim 6, wherein the natural sweetener in the co-crystallization product is present in an amount of about 0.01 to about 50% by weight of the product. 12. A reduced-calorie sweetener containing a co-crystallized Stevia-derived sweet substance, the sweetener comprising:
a Stevia-derived sweet substance; and sucrose, wherein the weight % of sucrose with respect to the weight % of the Stevia-derived sweet substance is at least 10 times greater, and wherein the sweetener has a taste flavor profile substantially the same as natural sucrose, as shown in FIG. 3. 13. The sucrose and natural sweetener co-crystallization product prepared in accordance with the process of claim 1. 14. The product of claim 13, having a granular physical form, the granules having an angle of repose (AOR) between about 20° and about 50°. 15. A comestible including the co-crystallization product prepared in accordance with claim 1. 16. The comestible of claim 15, selected from the group consisting of bakery goods, ice cream, sauces, desserts, and breads. | Processes for the production of reduced calorie sweetening compositions having a natural sweetener such as a steviol glycosides (e.g., rebaudioside A) and sucrose as the major components is described, as well as the product of such processes having unique physical and sensory characteristics. In particular, a co-crystallization process of manufacturing a reduced calorie sweetening composition that comprises both sucrose and at least one natural sweetener as a co-crystallized product is disclosed, as well as the free-flowing powder product resultant therefrom.1. A process for the preparation of a sucrose and natural sweetener co-crystallization product, the process comprising the steps of:
contacting a solution of sucrose at an elevated temperature with a natural sweetener at an elevated temperature to produce a solution of sucrose and natural sweetener; heating the solution of a mixture of sucrose and natural sweetener for a period of time; and producing a co-crystallization sucrose/natural sweetener product by co-crystallizing the heated solution mixture using a controlled, co-crystallization process with air cooling and vacuum evaporation. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the natural sweetener is an extract of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni). 3. The process of claim 2, wherein the natural sweetener is rebaudioside A. 4. The process of claim 1, further comprising contacting the solution of a mixture of sucrose and natural sweetener with invert syrup. 5. The process of claim 4, wherein the invert syrup contacts the sucrose solution before the natural sweetener contacts the sucrose solution. 6. A reduced-calorie sugar composition comprising dry powder particles and which comprise a co-crystallization product of sucrose and a natural sweetener, the composition's dry powder particles having:
a size between 100 and 2000 microns in size, an exhibited powder flowability with an angle of repose (AOR) of about 45° or less, and which are characterized by an XRPD profile having one or more distinct peaks within the range of from about 10 to 27 degrees 2 Theta (+/−5 degrees). 7. The co-crystallization product of claim 6, having an XRPD profile with at least one peak at about 20 degrees 2 Theta (+/−5 degrees). 8. The co-crystallization product of claim 6, having a angle of repose (AOR) of about 40° or less. 9. The co-crystallization product of claim 6, characterized by having a DSC curve with an endothermic peak at about 179° C. 10. The co-crystallization product of claim 6, characterized by peaks in the carbon-13 NMR spectrum having chemical shift values of about 104.8, about 104.1, about 101.9, about 98.4, about 96.3, about 94.4, and about 92.5 ppm. 11. The co-crystallization product of claim 6, wherein the natural sweetener in the co-crystallization product is present in an amount of about 0.01 to about 50% by weight of the product. 12. A reduced-calorie sweetener containing a co-crystallized Stevia-derived sweet substance, the sweetener comprising:
a Stevia-derived sweet substance; and sucrose, wherein the weight % of sucrose with respect to the weight % of the Stevia-derived sweet substance is at least 10 times greater, and wherein the sweetener has a taste flavor profile substantially the same as natural sucrose, as shown in FIG. 3. 13. The sucrose and natural sweetener co-crystallization product prepared in accordance with the process of claim 1. 14. The product of claim 13, having a granular physical form, the granules having an angle of repose (AOR) between about 20° and about 50°. 15. A comestible including the co-crystallization product prepared in accordance with claim 1. 16. The comestible of claim 15, selected from the group consisting of bakery goods, ice cream, sauces, desserts, and breads. | 1,700 |
2,158 | 13,990,292 | 1,767 | Desired combinations of physical properties can be achieved with a pavement marking composition including non-crosslinked elastomeric materials dispersed within a polymeric material. Notably, the pavement marking composition does not include any reinforcing materials, such as, for example, ceramic fibers, asbestos, silicon dioxide, and/or talc. Despite the lack of reinforcing materials, the pavement marking composition has good tensile strength in both the downweb and crossweb directions. | 1. A pavement marking composition, comprising:
a non-crosslinked elastomeric material; wherein the pavement marking composition lacks a reinforcing material. 2. The pavement marking composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a Tg that is less than −10° C. 3. The pavement marking composition of claim 1, further comprising a PVC resin. 4. The pavement marking composition of claim 1,
wherein the pavement marking composition has a downweb/crossweb tensile strength ratio that is less than 150 percent at 25° C. 5. The pavement marking composition of claim 1, wherein the pavement marking composition has a downweb/crossweb 10% secant modulus ratio less than 150 percent. 6. The pavement marking composition of claim 1, wherein the pavement marking composition has a crossweb tensile strength that is greater than 3.5 kg/cm2 at 70° C. 7. A pavement marking composition, comprising:
a non-crosslinked elastomeric material; wherein the pavement marking composition has a Tg that is less than −10° C. 8. The pavement marking composition of claim 7, wherein the pavement marking composition lacks a reinforcing material. 9. The pavement marking composition of claim 7, further comprising a PVC resin. 10. The pavement marking composition of claim 7, wherein the pavement marking composition has a downweb/crossweb tensile strength ratio that is less than 150 percent at 25° C. 11. The pavement marking composition of claim 7, wherein the pavement marking composition has a downweb/crossweb 10% secant modulus ratio less than 150 percent. 12. The pavement marking composition of claim 7, wherein the pavement marking composition has a crossweb 10% secant modulus greater than 30 kg/cm2 at 70° C. 13. The pavement marking composition of claim 12, further having a crossweb 10% secant modulus that is less than 400 kg/cm2 at 0° C. 14. A pavement marking composition, comprising:
a non-crosslinked elastomeric material; wherein the pavement marking composition has a crossweb tensile strength that is greater than 3.5 kg/cm2 at 70° C. 15. The pavement marking composition of claim 14, wherein the pavement marking composition has a Tg that is less than −10° C. 16. The pavement marking composition of claim 14, wherein the pavement marking composition lacks a reinforcing material. 17. The pavement marking composition of claim 14, further having a crossweb tensile strength that is less than 50 kg/cm2 at 0° C. 18. The pavement marking composition of claim 14, further having a downweb/crossweb 10% secant modulus ratio at 25° C. that is less than 150 percent 19. The pavement marking composition of claim 1, further having a crossweb tensile strength that is less than 50 kg/cm2 at 0° C. 20. A pavement marker including the pavement marking composition of claim 1 and further including glass beads. 21. A pavement marker including the pavement marking composition of claim 7 and further including glass beads. 22. A pavement marker including the pavement marking composition of claim 14 and further including glass beads. | Desired combinations of physical properties can be achieved with a pavement marking composition including non-crosslinked elastomeric materials dispersed within a polymeric material. Notably, the pavement marking composition does not include any reinforcing materials, such as, for example, ceramic fibers, asbestos, silicon dioxide, and/or talc. Despite the lack of reinforcing materials, the pavement marking composition has good tensile strength in both the downweb and crossweb directions.1. A pavement marking composition, comprising:
a non-crosslinked elastomeric material; wherein the pavement marking composition lacks a reinforcing material. 2. The pavement marking composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a Tg that is less than −10° C. 3. The pavement marking composition of claim 1, further comprising a PVC resin. 4. The pavement marking composition of claim 1,
wherein the pavement marking composition has a downweb/crossweb tensile strength ratio that is less than 150 percent at 25° C. 5. The pavement marking composition of claim 1, wherein the pavement marking composition has a downweb/crossweb 10% secant modulus ratio less than 150 percent. 6. The pavement marking composition of claim 1, wherein the pavement marking composition has a crossweb tensile strength that is greater than 3.5 kg/cm2 at 70° C. 7. A pavement marking composition, comprising:
a non-crosslinked elastomeric material; wherein the pavement marking composition has a Tg that is less than −10° C. 8. The pavement marking composition of claim 7, wherein the pavement marking composition lacks a reinforcing material. 9. The pavement marking composition of claim 7, further comprising a PVC resin. 10. The pavement marking composition of claim 7, wherein the pavement marking composition has a downweb/crossweb tensile strength ratio that is less than 150 percent at 25° C. 11. The pavement marking composition of claim 7, wherein the pavement marking composition has a downweb/crossweb 10% secant modulus ratio less than 150 percent. 12. The pavement marking composition of claim 7, wherein the pavement marking composition has a crossweb 10% secant modulus greater than 30 kg/cm2 at 70° C. 13. The pavement marking composition of claim 12, further having a crossweb 10% secant modulus that is less than 400 kg/cm2 at 0° C. 14. A pavement marking composition, comprising:
a non-crosslinked elastomeric material; wherein the pavement marking composition has a crossweb tensile strength that is greater than 3.5 kg/cm2 at 70° C. 15. The pavement marking composition of claim 14, wherein the pavement marking composition has a Tg that is less than −10° C. 16. The pavement marking composition of claim 14, wherein the pavement marking composition lacks a reinforcing material. 17. The pavement marking composition of claim 14, further having a crossweb tensile strength that is less than 50 kg/cm2 at 0° C. 18. The pavement marking composition of claim 14, further having a downweb/crossweb 10% secant modulus ratio at 25° C. that is less than 150 percent 19. The pavement marking composition of claim 1, further having a crossweb tensile strength that is less than 50 kg/cm2 at 0° C. 20. A pavement marker including the pavement marking composition of claim 1 and further including glass beads. 21. A pavement marker including the pavement marking composition of claim 7 and further including glass beads. 22. A pavement marker including the pavement marking composition of claim 14 and further including glass beads. | 1,700 |
2,159 | 13,071,843 | 1,793 | A flavor gradient capsule having concentric shells with flavor increasing from outside to inside, to balance desensitization of flavor receptors during a slow dissolution in the mouth. The capsule has a core with a concentrated flavorant, an inner shell substantially surrounding the core with the same flavorant at a lower concentration, and an outer shell substantially surrounding the inner shell, with the same flavorant at a yet lower concentration. Also disclosed are methods of making such flavor gradient capsules and orally-enjoyable products incorporating the same. | 1. A method of preparing an edible flavor gradient capsule, comprising the steps of:
coating a core comprising a concentrated flavorant with an inner shell comprising the same flavorant at a lower concentration than exists in the core; and subsequently coating the inner shell with an outer shell comprising the same flavorant at a lower concentration than exists in the inner shell, to form a flavor gradient capsule. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentrated flavorant is present in an amount sufficient to cause harshness, bitterness, burning, and/or pain in the absence of prior exposure to the same flavorant at the lower concentration. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising successively coating the outer shell with one or more additional shells, wherein each successive shell comprises a lower concentration of said flavorant than the preceding shell. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein a total number of shells is at least five. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein a total number of shells is at least ten. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the flavorant in the inner shell or outer shell is not present in an amount sufficient to cause harshness, bitterness, burning, and/or pain in the absence of prior exposure to the same flavorant at lower concentration. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said core and shells comprise a substance selected from the group consisting of sugars, gums, and polyols. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said flavor gradient capsule has a mass of less than one gram. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said flavor gradient capsule has a mass of less than 200 mg. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of said coating steps comprises pan coating. 11. An edible flavor gradient capsule, comprising:
a core comprising a concentrated flavorant; an inner shell substantially surrounding the core, comprising the same flavorant at a lower concentration than exists in the core; and an outer shell substantially surrounding the inner shell, comprising the same flavorant at a lower concentration than exists in the inner shell. 12. The edible flavor gradient capsule of claim 11, wherein the concentrated flavorant is present in an amount sufficient to cause harshness, bitterness, burning, and/or pain in the absence of prior exposure to the same flavorant at the lower concentration. 13. The edible flavor gradient capsule of claim 11,
further comprising one or more additional shells, each of which surrounds a preceding shell and comprises a concentration of said flavorant which is lower than that of the preceding shell. 14. The edible flavor gradient capsule of claim 13, wherein a total number of shells is at least five. 15. The edible flavor gradient capsule of claim 14, wherein a total number of shells is at least ten. 16. The edible flavor gradient capsule of claim 11, wherein said core and shells comprise a substance selected from the group consisting of sugars, gums, and polyols. 17. The edible flavor gradient capsule of claim 11, wherein said flavor gradient capsule has a mass of less than one gram. 18. The edible flavor gradient capsule of claim 17, wherein said flavor gradient capsule has a mass of less than 500 mg. 19. The edible flavor gradient capsule of claim 18, wherein said flavor gradient capsule has a mass of less than 200 mg. 20. An orally-enjoyable product comprising at least one flavor gradient capsule according to claim 11. | A flavor gradient capsule having concentric shells with flavor increasing from outside to inside, to balance desensitization of flavor receptors during a slow dissolution in the mouth. The capsule has a core with a concentrated flavorant, an inner shell substantially surrounding the core with the same flavorant at a lower concentration, and an outer shell substantially surrounding the inner shell, with the same flavorant at a yet lower concentration. Also disclosed are methods of making such flavor gradient capsules and orally-enjoyable products incorporating the same.1. A method of preparing an edible flavor gradient capsule, comprising the steps of:
coating a core comprising a concentrated flavorant with an inner shell comprising the same flavorant at a lower concentration than exists in the core; and subsequently coating the inner shell with an outer shell comprising the same flavorant at a lower concentration than exists in the inner shell, to form a flavor gradient capsule. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentrated flavorant is present in an amount sufficient to cause harshness, bitterness, burning, and/or pain in the absence of prior exposure to the same flavorant at the lower concentration. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising successively coating the outer shell with one or more additional shells, wherein each successive shell comprises a lower concentration of said flavorant than the preceding shell. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein a total number of shells is at least five. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein a total number of shells is at least ten. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the flavorant in the inner shell or outer shell is not present in an amount sufficient to cause harshness, bitterness, burning, and/or pain in the absence of prior exposure to the same flavorant at lower concentration. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said core and shells comprise a substance selected from the group consisting of sugars, gums, and polyols. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said flavor gradient capsule has a mass of less than one gram. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said flavor gradient capsule has a mass of less than 200 mg. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of said coating steps comprises pan coating. 11. An edible flavor gradient capsule, comprising:
a core comprising a concentrated flavorant; an inner shell substantially surrounding the core, comprising the same flavorant at a lower concentration than exists in the core; and an outer shell substantially surrounding the inner shell, comprising the same flavorant at a lower concentration than exists in the inner shell. 12. The edible flavor gradient capsule of claim 11, wherein the concentrated flavorant is present in an amount sufficient to cause harshness, bitterness, burning, and/or pain in the absence of prior exposure to the same flavorant at the lower concentration. 13. The edible flavor gradient capsule of claim 11,
further comprising one or more additional shells, each of which surrounds a preceding shell and comprises a concentration of said flavorant which is lower than that of the preceding shell. 14. The edible flavor gradient capsule of claim 13, wherein a total number of shells is at least five. 15. The edible flavor gradient capsule of claim 14, wherein a total number of shells is at least ten. 16. The edible flavor gradient capsule of claim 11, wherein said core and shells comprise a substance selected from the group consisting of sugars, gums, and polyols. 17. The edible flavor gradient capsule of claim 11, wherein said flavor gradient capsule has a mass of less than one gram. 18. The edible flavor gradient capsule of claim 17, wherein said flavor gradient capsule has a mass of less than 500 mg. 19. The edible flavor gradient capsule of claim 18, wherein said flavor gradient capsule has a mass of less than 200 mg. 20. An orally-enjoyable product comprising at least one flavor gradient capsule according to claim 11. | 1,700 |
2,160 | 12,374,012 | 1,789 | A multi-ply web of flexible material, such as paper and nonwoven material, includes a fluorescent whitening agent. The multi-ply web includes at least a first ply and a second ply which are interconnected in one or more adhesive interconnection zones by an adhesive composition including polyvinyl alcohol or a cellulose ether, and a cationic polymer. Also disclosed is a method for improving the bleed fastness of a fluorescent whitening agent in one or more adhesive interconnection zones of a multi-ply web of flexible material, such as paper and nonwoven material, which multi-ply web includes at least a first ply and a second ply which are interconnected in the adhesive zone(s) by an adhesive composition including polyvinyl alcohol or a cellulose ether. The method includes a step of incorporating a cationic polymer in the adhesive composition comprising polyvinyl alcohol or a cellulose ether. | 1-24. (canceled) 25. A multi-ply web of flexible material, selected from the group consisting essentially of paper, nonwoven material and mixtures thereof, said flexible material comprising a fluorescent whitening agent, whereby the multi-ply web comprises at least a first ply and a second ply which are interconnected in one or more adhesive interconnection zones by an adhesive composition comprising a cellulose ether, wherein said adhesive composition further comprises a cationic polymer. 26. The multi-ply web according to claim 25, wherein said cellulose ether is methyl cellulose. 27. The multi-ply web according to claim 25, wherein said adhesive composition comprises 0.2-3% w/w cationic polymer. 28. The multi-ply web according to claim 27, wherein said adhesive composition comprises 1-10% w/w of a cellulose ether. 29. A multi-ply web of flexible material selected from the group consisting essentially of paper, nonwoven material and mixtures thereof, said flexible material comprising a fluorescent whitening agent, whereby the multi-ply web comprises at least a first ply and a second ply which are interconnected in one or more adhesive interconnection zones by an adhesive composition comprising polyvinyl alcohol, wherein said adhesive composition further comprises a cationic polymer. 30. The multi-ply web according to claim 29, wherein said adhesive composition comprises 0.2-4% w/w cationic polymer. 31. The multi-ply web according to claim 30, wherein said adhesive composition comprises 2-12% w/w polyvinyl alcohol. 32. The multi-ply web according to claim 24, wherein said cationic polymer is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic polyamines, polyethylene imines, modified polyethylene imines, polycondensation products of cationic cyanamide derivatives, polycondensation products of dicyandiamide, cationic polyvinyl amines, polyvinyl formamide, polyvinyl formamide derivatives, polyallyl amines, copolymers between a cationic acrylate and acrylamide, homopolymers of diallyl-dimethyl-ammonium chloride, copolymers between diallyl-dimethyl-ammonium chloride and acrylamide, and cationic modifications of non-ionic polyacrylamide. 33. The multi-ply web according to claim 32, wherein said cationic polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly-diallyl-dimethyl-ammonium chloride, aliphatic polyamines, cationic polyvinyl amines, polyvinyl formamide, polyvinyl formamide derivatives, cationic polyacrylamides and polyethylene imines. 34. The multi-ply web according to claim 24, wherein the flexible material comprises recycled flexible material. 35. A product, selected from the group consisting essentially of a roll, folded towel, wipe, handkerchief and napkin, of web-shaped material, wherein said web-shaped material is a multi-ply web according to any of claim 24. 36. The product of web-shaped material according to claim 35, wherein said web-shaped material is a wet strong paper. 37. The product of web-shaped material according to claim 35, wherein said web-shaped material is tissue paper. 38. A method for improving the bleed fastness of a fluorescent whitening agent in one or more adhesive interconnection zones of a multi-ply web of flexible material, selected from the group consisting essentially of paper, nonwoven material and mixtures thereof, whereby said multi-ply web comprises at least a first ply and a second ply which are interconnected in said one or more adhesive interconnection zones by an adhesive composition comprising a cellulose ether, wherein the method comprises a step of incorporating a cationic polymer in said adhesive composition comprising a cellulose ether. 39. The method according to claim 38, wherein the cellulose ether is methyl cellulose. 40. The method according to claim 38, wherein the step of incorporating a cationic polymer in said adhesive composition comprises providing said adhesive composition with 0.2-3% w/w cationic polymer. 41. The method according to claim 40, wherein said adhesive composition comprises 1-10% w/w of a cellulose ether. 42. A method for improving the bleed fastness of a fluorescent whitening agent in one or more adhesive interconnection zones of a multi-ply web of flexible material, selected from the group consisting essentially of paper, nonwoven material and mixtures thereof, whereby said multi-ply web comprises at least a first ply and a second ply which are interconnected in said one or more adhesive interconnection zones by an adhesive composition comprising polyvinyl alcohol, wherein the method comprises a step of incorporating a cationic polymer in said adhesive composition comprising polyvinyl alcohol. 43. The method according to claim 42, wherein the step of incorporating a cationic polymer in said adhesive composition comprises providing said adhesive composition with 0.2-4% w/w cationic polymer. 44. The method according to claim 43, wherein said adhesive composition comprises 2-12% w/w polyvinyl alcohol. 45. The method according to any of claims 38, wherein the step of incorporating a cationic polymer in said adhesive composition is performed before interconnecting plies of the multi-ply web by the adhesive composition. 46. The method according to any of claims 38, wherein said cationic polymer is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic polyamines, polyethylene imines, modified polyethylene imines, polycondensation products of cationic cyanamide derivatives, polycondensation products of dicyandiamide, cationic polyvinyl amines, polyvinyl formamide, polyvinyl formamide derivatives, polyallyl amines, copolymers between a cationic acrylate and acrylamide, homopolymers of diallyl-dimethyl-ammonium chloride, copolymers between diallyl-dimethyl-ammonium chloride and acrylamide, and cationic modifications of non-ionic polyacrylamide. 47. The method according to claim 46, wherein said cationic polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly-diallyl-dimethyl-ammonium chloride, aliphatic polyamines, cationic polyvinyl amines, polyvinyl formamide, polyvinyl formamide derivatives, cationic polyacrylamides and polyethylene imines. 48. The method according to any of claims 38, wherein the flexible material comprises recycled flexible material. | A multi-ply web of flexible material, such as paper and nonwoven material, includes a fluorescent whitening agent. The multi-ply web includes at least a first ply and a second ply which are interconnected in one or more adhesive interconnection zones by an adhesive composition including polyvinyl alcohol or a cellulose ether, and a cationic polymer. Also disclosed is a method for improving the bleed fastness of a fluorescent whitening agent in one or more adhesive interconnection zones of a multi-ply web of flexible material, such as paper and nonwoven material, which multi-ply web includes at least a first ply and a second ply which are interconnected in the adhesive zone(s) by an adhesive composition including polyvinyl alcohol or a cellulose ether. The method includes a step of incorporating a cationic polymer in the adhesive composition comprising polyvinyl alcohol or a cellulose ether.1-24. (canceled) 25. A multi-ply web of flexible material, selected from the group consisting essentially of paper, nonwoven material and mixtures thereof, said flexible material comprising a fluorescent whitening agent, whereby the multi-ply web comprises at least a first ply and a second ply which are interconnected in one or more adhesive interconnection zones by an adhesive composition comprising a cellulose ether, wherein said adhesive composition further comprises a cationic polymer. 26. The multi-ply web according to claim 25, wherein said cellulose ether is methyl cellulose. 27. The multi-ply web according to claim 25, wherein said adhesive composition comprises 0.2-3% w/w cationic polymer. 28. The multi-ply web according to claim 27, wherein said adhesive composition comprises 1-10% w/w of a cellulose ether. 29. A multi-ply web of flexible material selected from the group consisting essentially of paper, nonwoven material and mixtures thereof, said flexible material comprising a fluorescent whitening agent, whereby the multi-ply web comprises at least a first ply and a second ply which are interconnected in one or more adhesive interconnection zones by an adhesive composition comprising polyvinyl alcohol, wherein said adhesive composition further comprises a cationic polymer. 30. The multi-ply web according to claim 29, wherein said adhesive composition comprises 0.2-4% w/w cationic polymer. 31. The multi-ply web according to claim 30, wherein said adhesive composition comprises 2-12% w/w polyvinyl alcohol. 32. The multi-ply web according to claim 24, wherein said cationic polymer is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic polyamines, polyethylene imines, modified polyethylene imines, polycondensation products of cationic cyanamide derivatives, polycondensation products of dicyandiamide, cationic polyvinyl amines, polyvinyl formamide, polyvinyl formamide derivatives, polyallyl amines, copolymers between a cationic acrylate and acrylamide, homopolymers of diallyl-dimethyl-ammonium chloride, copolymers between diallyl-dimethyl-ammonium chloride and acrylamide, and cationic modifications of non-ionic polyacrylamide. 33. The multi-ply web according to claim 32, wherein said cationic polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly-diallyl-dimethyl-ammonium chloride, aliphatic polyamines, cationic polyvinyl amines, polyvinyl formamide, polyvinyl formamide derivatives, cationic polyacrylamides and polyethylene imines. 34. The multi-ply web according to claim 24, wherein the flexible material comprises recycled flexible material. 35. A product, selected from the group consisting essentially of a roll, folded towel, wipe, handkerchief and napkin, of web-shaped material, wherein said web-shaped material is a multi-ply web according to any of claim 24. 36. The product of web-shaped material according to claim 35, wherein said web-shaped material is a wet strong paper. 37. The product of web-shaped material according to claim 35, wherein said web-shaped material is tissue paper. 38. A method for improving the bleed fastness of a fluorescent whitening agent in one or more adhesive interconnection zones of a multi-ply web of flexible material, selected from the group consisting essentially of paper, nonwoven material and mixtures thereof, whereby said multi-ply web comprises at least a first ply and a second ply which are interconnected in said one or more adhesive interconnection zones by an adhesive composition comprising a cellulose ether, wherein the method comprises a step of incorporating a cationic polymer in said adhesive composition comprising a cellulose ether. 39. The method according to claim 38, wherein the cellulose ether is methyl cellulose. 40. The method according to claim 38, wherein the step of incorporating a cationic polymer in said adhesive composition comprises providing said adhesive composition with 0.2-3% w/w cationic polymer. 41. The method according to claim 40, wherein said adhesive composition comprises 1-10% w/w of a cellulose ether. 42. A method for improving the bleed fastness of a fluorescent whitening agent in one or more adhesive interconnection zones of a multi-ply web of flexible material, selected from the group consisting essentially of paper, nonwoven material and mixtures thereof, whereby said multi-ply web comprises at least a first ply and a second ply which are interconnected in said one or more adhesive interconnection zones by an adhesive composition comprising polyvinyl alcohol, wherein the method comprises a step of incorporating a cationic polymer in said adhesive composition comprising polyvinyl alcohol. 43. The method according to claim 42, wherein the step of incorporating a cationic polymer in said adhesive composition comprises providing said adhesive composition with 0.2-4% w/w cationic polymer. 44. The method according to claim 43, wherein said adhesive composition comprises 2-12% w/w polyvinyl alcohol. 45. The method according to any of claims 38, wherein the step of incorporating a cationic polymer in said adhesive composition is performed before interconnecting plies of the multi-ply web by the adhesive composition. 46. The method according to any of claims 38, wherein said cationic polymer is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic polyamines, polyethylene imines, modified polyethylene imines, polycondensation products of cationic cyanamide derivatives, polycondensation products of dicyandiamide, cationic polyvinyl amines, polyvinyl formamide, polyvinyl formamide derivatives, polyallyl amines, copolymers between a cationic acrylate and acrylamide, homopolymers of diallyl-dimethyl-ammonium chloride, copolymers between diallyl-dimethyl-ammonium chloride and acrylamide, and cationic modifications of non-ionic polyacrylamide. 47. The method according to claim 46, wherein said cationic polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly-diallyl-dimethyl-ammonium chloride, aliphatic polyamines, cationic polyvinyl amines, polyvinyl formamide, polyvinyl formamide derivatives, cationic polyacrylamides and polyethylene imines. 48. The method according to any of claims 38, wherein the flexible material comprises recycled flexible material. | 1,700 |
2,161 | 14,630,951 | 1,723 | A battery thermal management system according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, a battery assembly and a coolant subsystem that circulates coolant through the battery assembly. The battery assembly is heated by a first portion of the coolant from an engine if a temperature of the battery assembly is below a first temperature threshold and is cooled by a second portion of the coolant from a chiller if the temperature is above a second temperature threshold. | 1. A battery thermal management system, comprising:
a battery assembly; a coolant subsystem that circulates coolant through said battery assembly; and said battery assembly is heated by a first portion of said coolant from an engine if a temperature of said battery assembly is below a first temperature threshold and is cooled by a second portion of said coolant from a chiller if said temperature is above a second temperature threshold. 2. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said coolant subsystem includes said engine, a radiator, a three-way valve, a temperature sensor, a T-joint, a pump, and a chiller loop that includes said chiller. 3. The system as recited in claim 1, comprising a refrigerant subsystem that circulates a refrigerant, said refrigerant exchanging heat with said second portion of said coolant within said chiller. 4. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said coolant subsystem includes a three-way valve that controls the flow of said first portion and said second portion of said coolant to said battery assembly. 5. The system as recited in claim 4, wherein said three-way valve is positioned between said engine and said battery assembly and between said chiller and said battery assembly. 6. The system as recited in claim 1, comprising a controller configured to control communication of said first portion and said second portion of said coolant through said battery assembly. 7. The system as recited in claim 6, wherein said controller is configured to open a first inlet of a three-way valve to deliver said first portion of said coolant to said battery assembly and is configured to open a second inlet of said three-way valve to deliver said second portion of said coolant to said battery assembly. 8. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said coolant subsystem includes a radiator configured to cool said engine. 9. The system as recited in claim 1, comprising a T-joint that splits a flow of coolant exiting said battery assembly between a chiller loop that includes said chiller and said engine. 10. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said engine includes a thermostat that controls flow of said coolant exiting said engine. 11. A method, comprising:
heating a battery assembly using coolant from an engine if a temperature of the battery assembly is below a first temperature threshold; and cooling the battery assembly using coolant from a chiller if the temperature is above a second temperature threshold. 12. The method as recited in claim 11, comprising performing heat transfer between the coolant from the chiller and a refrigerant. 13. The method as recited in claim 11, comprising opening a first inlet of a three-way valve to deliver the coolant from the engine to the battery assembly if the temperature is below the first temperature threshold. 14. The method as recited in claim 13, comprising opening a second inlet of the three-way valve to deliver the coolant from the chiller to the battery assembly if the temperature is above the second temperature threshold. 15. The method as recited in claim 11, comprising monitoring a temperature of the battery assembly prior to the heating and cooling steps. 16. The method as recited in claim 11, comprising dividing the flow of the coolant from the engine between a radiator and a three-way valve positioned upstream from the battery assembly. | A battery thermal management system according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, a battery assembly and a coolant subsystem that circulates coolant through the battery assembly. The battery assembly is heated by a first portion of the coolant from an engine if a temperature of the battery assembly is below a first temperature threshold and is cooled by a second portion of the coolant from a chiller if the temperature is above a second temperature threshold.1. A battery thermal management system, comprising:
a battery assembly; a coolant subsystem that circulates coolant through said battery assembly; and said battery assembly is heated by a first portion of said coolant from an engine if a temperature of said battery assembly is below a first temperature threshold and is cooled by a second portion of said coolant from a chiller if said temperature is above a second temperature threshold. 2. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said coolant subsystem includes said engine, a radiator, a three-way valve, a temperature sensor, a T-joint, a pump, and a chiller loop that includes said chiller. 3. The system as recited in claim 1, comprising a refrigerant subsystem that circulates a refrigerant, said refrigerant exchanging heat with said second portion of said coolant within said chiller. 4. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said coolant subsystem includes a three-way valve that controls the flow of said first portion and said second portion of said coolant to said battery assembly. 5. The system as recited in claim 4, wherein said three-way valve is positioned between said engine and said battery assembly and between said chiller and said battery assembly. 6. The system as recited in claim 1, comprising a controller configured to control communication of said first portion and said second portion of said coolant through said battery assembly. 7. The system as recited in claim 6, wherein said controller is configured to open a first inlet of a three-way valve to deliver said first portion of said coolant to said battery assembly and is configured to open a second inlet of said three-way valve to deliver said second portion of said coolant to said battery assembly. 8. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said coolant subsystem includes a radiator configured to cool said engine. 9. The system as recited in claim 1, comprising a T-joint that splits a flow of coolant exiting said battery assembly between a chiller loop that includes said chiller and said engine. 10. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said engine includes a thermostat that controls flow of said coolant exiting said engine. 11. A method, comprising:
heating a battery assembly using coolant from an engine if a temperature of the battery assembly is below a first temperature threshold; and cooling the battery assembly using coolant from a chiller if the temperature is above a second temperature threshold. 12. The method as recited in claim 11, comprising performing heat transfer between the coolant from the chiller and a refrigerant. 13. The method as recited in claim 11, comprising opening a first inlet of a three-way valve to deliver the coolant from the engine to the battery assembly if the temperature is below the first temperature threshold. 14. The method as recited in claim 13, comprising opening a second inlet of the three-way valve to deliver the coolant from the chiller to the battery assembly if the temperature is above the second temperature threshold. 15. The method as recited in claim 11, comprising monitoring a temperature of the battery assembly prior to the heating and cooling steps. 16. The method as recited in claim 11, comprising dividing the flow of the coolant from the engine between a radiator and a three-way valve positioned upstream from the battery assembly. | 1,700 |
2,162 | 13,876,978 | 1,767 | A method for producing a rubber composition containing a rubber component (A) of at least one selected from natural rubbers and synthetic dienic rubbers, a filler containing an inorganic filler (B), and a silane coupling agent (C) of a compound having a mercapto group, wherein the rubber composition is kneaded in multiple stages, in the first stage of kneading, the rubber component (A), all or a part of the inorganic filler (B), and all or a part of the silane coupling agent (C) are kneaded, then in the first stage or in the subsequent kneading stage, at least one compound selected from an acidic compound (D) and a basic compound (E) is added, and the highest temperature of the rubber composition in the final stage of kneading is from 60 to 120° C. | 1. A method for producing a rubber composition containing a rubber component (A) of at least one selected from natural rubbers and synthetic dienic rubbers, a filler containing an inorganic filler (B), and a silane coupling agent (C) of a compound having a mercapto group, wherein the rubber composition is kneaded in multiple stages, in the first stage of kneading, the rubber component (A), all or a part of the inorganic filler (B), and all or a part of the silane coupling agent (C) are kneaded, then in the first stage or in the subsequent kneading stage, at least one compound selected from an acidic compound (D) and a basic compound (E) is added, and the highest temperature of the rubber composition in the final stage of kneading is from 60 to 120° C. 2. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the mercapto group-having compound is at least one compound selected from a group consisting of compounds represented by the following general formulae (I) and (II):
[wherein R1, R2 and R3 each independently represents a group selected from —O—CjH2j+1, —(O—CkH2k—)a—O—CmH2m+1 and —CnH2n+1; j, m and n each independently indicates from 0 to 12; k and a each independently indicates from 1 to 12; R4 represents a group selected from linear, branched or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated alkylene group, cycloalkelene group, cycloalkylalkylene group, cycloalkenylalkylene group, alkenylene group, cycloalkenylene group, cycloalkylalkenylene group, cycloalkenylalkenylene group, arylene group and aralkylene group, having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms];
[wherein W represents a group selected from —NR8—, —O— and —CR9R10— (where R8 and R9 each represents —CpH2p+1, R10 represents —CqH2q+1, p and q each independently indicates from 0 to 20); R5 and R6 each independently represents -M-CrH2r— (where M represents —O— or —CH2—, and r indicates from 1 to 20); R7 represents a group selected from —O—CjH2j+1, —(O—CkH2k—)a—O—CmH2m+1 and —CnH2n+1; j, m and n each independently indicates from 0 to 12; k and a each independently indicates from 1 to 12; R4 represents a group selected from linear, branched or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated alkylene group, cycloalkylene group, cycloalkylalkylene group, cycloalkenylalkylene group, alkenylene group, cycloalkenylene group, cycloalkylalkenylene group, cycloalkenylalkenylene group, arylene group and aralkylene group, having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms]. 3. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the acidic compound (D) is added in the kneading stage after the first stage of kneading. 4. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the basic compound (E) is added in the kneading stage after the first stage of kneading. 5. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the acidic compound (D) and the basic compound (E) are added in the final stage of kneading. 6. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the acidic compound (D) is added in the kneading stage after the kneading stage in which the basic compound (E) has been added. 7. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the highest temperature of the rubber composition in the final stage of kneading is from 100 to 120° C. 8. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the acidic compound (D) is stearic acid. 9. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the basic compound (E) is at least one compound selected from a group consisting of N-phenyl-N′-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N-phenyl-N′-(1-methylheptyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N-phenyl-N′-isopropyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-di-2-naphthyl-p-phenylenediamine and N-phenyl-N′-(3-methacryloyloxy-2-hydroxypropyl)-p-phenylenediamine. 10. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the highest temperature of the rubber composition in the first stage of kneading is from 120 to 190° C. 11. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein a synthetic rubber produced according to a solution polymerization method accounts for at least 70% by mass of the rubber component (A). 12. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic filler (B) is silica. 13. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic filler (B) accounts for at least 30% by mass of the filler. 14. A rubber composition produced according to the rubber composition production method of claim 1. 15. A tire using the rubber composition of claim 14. | A method for producing a rubber composition containing a rubber component (A) of at least one selected from natural rubbers and synthetic dienic rubbers, a filler containing an inorganic filler (B), and a silane coupling agent (C) of a compound having a mercapto group, wherein the rubber composition is kneaded in multiple stages, in the first stage of kneading, the rubber component (A), all or a part of the inorganic filler (B), and all or a part of the silane coupling agent (C) are kneaded, then in the first stage or in the subsequent kneading stage, at least one compound selected from an acidic compound (D) and a basic compound (E) is added, and the highest temperature of the rubber composition in the final stage of kneading is from 60 to 120° C.1. A method for producing a rubber composition containing a rubber component (A) of at least one selected from natural rubbers and synthetic dienic rubbers, a filler containing an inorganic filler (B), and a silane coupling agent (C) of a compound having a mercapto group, wherein the rubber composition is kneaded in multiple stages, in the first stage of kneading, the rubber component (A), all or a part of the inorganic filler (B), and all or a part of the silane coupling agent (C) are kneaded, then in the first stage or in the subsequent kneading stage, at least one compound selected from an acidic compound (D) and a basic compound (E) is added, and the highest temperature of the rubber composition in the final stage of kneading is from 60 to 120° C. 2. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the mercapto group-having compound is at least one compound selected from a group consisting of compounds represented by the following general formulae (I) and (II):
[wherein R1, R2 and R3 each independently represents a group selected from —O—CjH2j+1, —(O—CkH2k—)a—O—CmH2m+1 and —CnH2n+1; j, m and n each independently indicates from 0 to 12; k and a each independently indicates from 1 to 12; R4 represents a group selected from linear, branched or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated alkylene group, cycloalkelene group, cycloalkylalkylene group, cycloalkenylalkylene group, alkenylene group, cycloalkenylene group, cycloalkylalkenylene group, cycloalkenylalkenylene group, arylene group and aralkylene group, having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms];
[wherein W represents a group selected from —NR8—, —O— and —CR9R10— (where R8 and R9 each represents —CpH2p+1, R10 represents —CqH2q+1, p and q each independently indicates from 0 to 20); R5 and R6 each independently represents -M-CrH2r— (where M represents —O— or —CH2—, and r indicates from 1 to 20); R7 represents a group selected from —O—CjH2j+1, —(O—CkH2k—)a—O—CmH2m+1 and —CnH2n+1; j, m and n each independently indicates from 0 to 12; k and a each independently indicates from 1 to 12; R4 represents a group selected from linear, branched or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated alkylene group, cycloalkylene group, cycloalkylalkylene group, cycloalkenylalkylene group, alkenylene group, cycloalkenylene group, cycloalkylalkenylene group, cycloalkenylalkenylene group, arylene group and aralkylene group, having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms]. 3. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the acidic compound (D) is added in the kneading stage after the first stage of kneading. 4. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the basic compound (E) is added in the kneading stage after the first stage of kneading. 5. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the acidic compound (D) and the basic compound (E) are added in the final stage of kneading. 6. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the acidic compound (D) is added in the kneading stage after the kneading stage in which the basic compound (E) has been added. 7. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the highest temperature of the rubber composition in the final stage of kneading is from 100 to 120° C. 8. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the acidic compound (D) is stearic acid. 9. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the basic compound (E) is at least one compound selected from a group consisting of N-phenyl-N′-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N-phenyl-N′-(1-methylheptyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N-phenyl-N′-isopropyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-di-2-naphthyl-p-phenylenediamine and N-phenyl-N′-(3-methacryloyloxy-2-hydroxypropyl)-p-phenylenediamine. 10. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the highest temperature of the rubber composition in the first stage of kneading is from 120 to 190° C. 11. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein a synthetic rubber produced according to a solution polymerization method accounts for at least 70% by mass of the rubber component (A). 12. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic filler (B) is silica. 13. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic filler (B) accounts for at least 30% by mass of the filler. 14. A rubber composition produced according to the rubber composition production method of claim 1. 15. A tire using the rubber composition of claim 14. | 1,700 |
2,163 | 13,120,109 | 1,718 | Systems, apparatus and methods are provided to apply barrier and/or lubricant materials onto the interior surface of a container, such systems including a container having a chamber; a gas supply source for supplying monomer gas through a gas inlet duct having a portion extending into the chamber; a photolysis source and/or pyrolyzing surface for photolyzing and/or pyrolyzing at least a portion of the monomer gas to form a reactive gas comprising at least one reactive moiety; optionally a temperature controller for maintaining the interior surface of the container at a temperature which is less than the temperature of the pyrolyzing surface to facilitate deposition and polymerization of the reactive moiety on the interior surface of the container; and an outlet duct at the open end or a second end of the container for removing excess reactive gas from the chamber. | 1. A system for coating at least a portion of an interior wall surface of a container, comprising:
(a) a container comprising an open end, a second end opposite the open end, and a wall extending therebetween, the wall having an exterior wall surface and an interior wall surface, the container having a chamber within an area defined by the interior wall surface between the open end and the second end of the container; (b) a monomer gas supply source for supplying at least one monomer gas; (c) a gas inlet duct positioned at the open end of the container and having a portion extending into a portion of the chamber for supplying at least one monomer gas received from the monomer gas supply source into the chamber; (d) a pyrolyzing surface for pyrolyzing at least a portion of the monomer gas supplied to the chamber of the container to form a reactive gas comprising at least one reactive moiety from the monomer gas; (e) a temperature controller for maintaining the interior wall surface of the container at a temperature which is less than the temperature of the pyrolyzing surface to facilitate deposition and polymerization of the reactive moiety on at least a portion of the interior wall surface of the container; and (f) an outlet duct positioned at the open end of the container or the second end of the container for removing excess reactive gas from the chamber. 2. (canceled) 3. The system according to claim 1, wherein the container is selected from the group consisting of syringes, drug cartridges, needleless injectors, liquid dispensing devices, liquid metering devices, sample collection tubes, catheters, vials and tubing. 4. The system according to claim 3, wherein the container comprises a syringe barrel. 5. The system according to claim 4, wherein the container comprises a syringe barrel having an open end, a second, opposite end having a needle or cannula attachable thereto, and optionally a shield or tip cap covering at least a portion of the exterior of the attachable needle or cannula. 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. The system according to claim 1, wherein the monomer gas comprises at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of organosilicon monomers, halocarbon monomers, azurine monomers, thiirane monomers, unsaturated olefinic monomers and mixtures thereof. 9. (canceled) 10. The system according to claim 8, wherein the halocarbon monomer is selected from the group consisting of hexafluoropropylene oxide, tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluorocyclopropane, octafluorocyclobutane, perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride, octafluoropropane, trifluoromethane, difluoromethane, difluorodichloromethane, difluorodibromomethane, difluorobromomethane, difluorochloromethane; trifluorochloromethane, tetrafluorocyclopropane, tetrachlorodifluorocyclopropane, trichlorotrifluoroethane, dichlorotetrafluorocyclopropane and mixtures thereof. 11. (canceled) 12. The system according to claim 1, wherein the gas inlet duct has a plurality of apertures in a sidewall of the tube. 13. The system according to claim 1, wherein the gas inlet duct is prepared from a porous material. 14. The system according to claim 12, wherein the gas inlet duct further comprises at least one plate extending radially from an exterior sidewall of the tube proximate an aperture in the sidewall of the tube. 15. The system according to claim 1, wherein the pyrolyzing surface comprises a hot filament wire. 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. The system according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the interior wall surface of the container is at least 20° C. less than the temperature of the pyrolyzing surface. 21. (canceled) 22. (canceled) 23. (canceled) 24. The system according to claim 1, wherein the system further comprises at least one treatment selected from the group consisting of oxidative treatment, heat treatment, and irradiation with an isotope, electron beam, or ultraviolet radiation. 25. (canceled) 26. (canceled) 27. (canceled) 28. (canceled) 29. (canceled) 30. (canceled) 31. A system for coating at least a portion of an interior wall surface of a container, comprising:
(a) a container comprising an open end, a second end opposite the open end, and a wall extending therebetween, the wall having an exterior wall surface and an interior wall surface, the container having a chamber within an area defined by the interior wall surface between the open end and the second end of the container; (b) a monomer gas supply source for supplying at least one monomer gas; (c) a gas inlet duct positioned at the open end of the container and having a portion extending into a portion of the chamber for supplying at least one monomer gas received from the monomer gas supply source into the chamber; (d) a photolysis energy source for providing photons to at least a portion of the monomer gas supplied to the chamber of the container to form a reactive gas comprising at least one reactive moiety from the monomer gas; and (e) an outlet duct positioned at the open end of the container or the second end of the container for removing excess reactive gas from the chamber. 32. The system according to claim 31, wherein the photolysis energy source is ultraviolet radiation having a predetermined wavelength. 33. The system according to claim 31, wherein the photolysis energy source is gamma radiation having a predetermined wavelength. 34. The system according to claim 3I, wherein the photolysis energy source is obtained from a laser source. 35. (canceled) 36. (canceled) 37. (canceled) 38. The system according to claim 31, wherein the system further comprises a catalyst which activates products from the photolysis reaction to form the reactive gas comprising at least one reactive moiety. 39. The system according to claim 31, wherein the system further comprises a pyrolyzing surface for pyrolyzing at least a portion of the monomer gas to form a reactive gas comprising at least one reactive moiety. 40. (canceled) 41. (canceled) 42. (canceled) 43. (canceled) 44. (canceled) 45. (canceled) 46. (canceled) 47. (canceled) 48. (canceled) 49. (canceled) 50. (canceled) 51. (canceled) 52. A stopper for a medical article, the stopper having an exterior surface for sliding engagement with an interior surface of a chamber of a medical article and adapted to sealingly engage the interior surface of the chamber, wherein the exterior surface of the stopper has a coating thereon prepared by (1) photolyzing chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and/or thermal-CVD or (2) pyrolyzing-CVD induced or enhanced deposition and polymerization of reactive moieties. 53. The stopper according to claim 52, wherein the stopper is formed from rubber. 54. The stopper according to claim 52, wherein the coating comprises the exterior surface of the stopper. 55. The stopper according to claim 52, wherein the reactive moieties are produced by (1) photolyzing chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and/or thermal-CVD or (2) pyrolyzing-CVD of at least one monomer gas. 56. The stopper according to claim 55, wherein the coating layer is prepared by hot filament pyrolyzing chemical vapor deposition. 57. The stopper according to claim 55, wherein the monomer gas comprises at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of organosilicon monomers, halocarbon monomers, azurine monomers, thiirane monomers, unsaturated olefinic monomers and mixtures thereof. 58. The stopper according to claim 52, wherein the coating layer is prepared by hot filament chemical vapor deposition of at least one halocarbon monomer selected from the group consisting of hexafluoropropylene oxide, tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluorocyclopropane, octafluorocyclobutane, perfluorooctanesufonyl fluoride, octafluoropropane, trifluoromethane, difluoromethane, difluorodichloromethane, difluorodibromomethane, difluorobromomethane, difluorochloromethane, trifluorochloromethane, tetrafluorocyclopropane, tetrachlorodifluorocyclopropane, trichlorotrifluoroethane, dichlorotetrafluorocyclopropane and mixtures thereof. 59. The stopper according to claim 52, wherein the coating comprises polytetrafluoroethylene. 60. The stopper according to claim 52, wherein the stopper is plasma treated prior to deposition of the coating. 61. A medical article comprising:
(a) the stopper according to claim 52; and (b) a chamber having an inner surface adapted to sealingly engage the exterior surface of the stopper. | Systems, apparatus and methods are provided to apply barrier and/or lubricant materials onto the interior surface of a container, such systems including a container having a chamber; a gas supply source for supplying monomer gas through a gas inlet duct having a portion extending into the chamber; a photolysis source and/or pyrolyzing surface for photolyzing and/or pyrolyzing at least a portion of the monomer gas to form a reactive gas comprising at least one reactive moiety; optionally a temperature controller for maintaining the interior surface of the container at a temperature which is less than the temperature of the pyrolyzing surface to facilitate deposition and polymerization of the reactive moiety on the interior surface of the container; and an outlet duct at the open end or a second end of the container for removing excess reactive gas from the chamber.1. A system for coating at least a portion of an interior wall surface of a container, comprising:
(a) a container comprising an open end, a second end opposite the open end, and a wall extending therebetween, the wall having an exterior wall surface and an interior wall surface, the container having a chamber within an area defined by the interior wall surface between the open end and the second end of the container; (b) a monomer gas supply source for supplying at least one monomer gas; (c) a gas inlet duct positioned at the open end of the container and having a portion extending into a portion of the chamber for supplying at least one monomer gas received from the monomer gas supply source into the chamber; (d) a pyrolyzing surface for pyrolyzing at least a portion of the monomer gas supplied to the chamber of the container to form a reactive gas comprising at least one reactive moiety from the monomer gas; (e) a temperature controller for maintaining the interior wall surface of the container at a temperature which is less than the temperature of the pyrolyzing surface to facilitate deposition and polymerization of the reactive moiety on at least a portion of the interior wall surface of the container; and (f) an outlet duct positioned at the open end of the container or the second end of the container for removing excess reactive gas from the chamber. 2. (canceled) 3. The system according to claim 1, wherein the container is selected from the group consisting of syringes, drug cartridges, needleless injectors, liquid dispensing devices, liquid metering devices, sample collection tubes, catheters, vials and tubing. 4. The system according to claim 3, wherein the container comprises a syringe barrel. 5. The system according to claim 4, wherein the container comprises a syringe barrel having an open end, a second, opposite end having a needle or cannula attachable thereto, and optionally a shield or tip cap covering at least a portion of the exterior of the attachable needle or cannula. 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. The system according to claim 1, wherein the monomer gas comprises at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of organosilicon monomers, halocarbon monomers, azurine monomers, thiirane monomers, unsaturated olefinic monomers and mixtures thereof. 9. (canceled) 10. The system according to claim 8, wherein the halocarbon monomer is selected from the group consisting of hexafluoropropylene oxide, tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluorocyclopropane, octafluorocyclobutane, perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride, octafluoropropane, trifluoromethane, difluoromethane, difluorodichloromethane, difluorodibromomethane, difluorobromomethane, difluorochloromethane; trifluorochloromethane, tetrafluorocyclopropane, tetrachlorodifluorocyclopropane, trichlorotrifluoroethane, dichlorotetrafluorocyclopropane and mixtures thereof. 11. (canceled) 12. The system according to claim 1, wherein the gas inlet duct has a plurality of apertures in a sidewall of the tube. 13. The system according to claim 1, wherein the gas inlet duct is prepared from a porous material. 14. The system according to claim 12, wherein the gas inlet duct further comprises at least one plate extending radially from an exterior sidewall of the tube proximate an aperture in the sidewall of the tube. 15. The system according to claim 1, wherein the pyrolyzing surface comprises a hot filament wire. 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. The system according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the interior wall surface of the container is at least 20° C. less than the temperature of the pyrolyzing surface. 21. (canceled) 22. (canceled) 23. (canceled) 24. The system according to claim 1, wherein the system further comprises at least one treatment selected from the group consisting of oxidative treatment, heat treatment, and irradiation with an isotope, electron beam, or ultraviolet radiation. 25. (canceled) 26. (canceled) 27. (canceled) 28. (canceled) 29. (canceled) 30. (canceled) 31. A system for coating at least a portion of an interior wall surface of a container, comprising:
(a) a container comprising an open end, a second end opposite the open end, and a wall extending therebetween, the wall having an exterior wall surface and an interior wall surface, the container having a chamber within an area defined by the interior wall surface between the open end and the second end of the container; (b) a monomer gas supply source for supplying at least one monomer gas; (c) a gas inlet duct positioned at the open end of the container and having a portion extending into a portion of the chamber for supplying at least one monomer gas received from the monomer gas supply source into the chamber; (d) a photolysis energy source for providing photons to at least a portion of the monomer gas supplied to the chamber of the container to form a reactive gas comprising at least one reactive moiety from the monomer gas; and (e) an outlet duct positioned at the open end of the container or the second end of the container for removing excess reactive gas from the chamber. 32. The system according to claim 31, wherein the photolysis energy source is ultraviolet radiation having a predetermined wavelength. 33. The system according to claim 31, wherein the photolysis energy source is gamma radiation having a predetermined wavelength. 34. The system according to claim 3I, wherein the photolysis energy source is obtained from a laser source. 35. (canceled) 36. (canceled) 37. (canceled) 38. The system according to claim 31, wherein the system further comprises a catalyst which activates products from the photolysis reaction to form the reactive gas comprising at least one reactive moiety. 39. The system according to claim 31, wherein the system further comprises a pyrolyzing surface for pyrolyzing at least a portion of the monomer gas to form a reactive gas comprising at least one reactive moiety. 40. (canceled) 41. (canceled) 42. (canceled) 43. (canceled) 44. (canceled) 45. (canceled) 46. (canceled) 47. (canceled) 48. (canceled) 49. (canceled) 50. (canceled) 51. (canceled) 52. A stopper for a medical article, the stopper having an exterior surface for sliding engagement with an interior surface of a chamber of a medical article and adapted to sealingly engage the interior surface of the chamber, wherein the exterior surface of the stopper has a coating thereon prepared by (1) photolyzing chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and/or thermal-CVD or (2) pyrolyzing-CVD induced or enhanced deposition and polymerization of reactive moieties. 53. The stopper according to claim 52, wherein the stopper is formed from rubber. 54. The stopper according to claim 52, wherein the coating comprises the exterior surface of the stopper. 55. The stopper according to claim 52, wherein the reactive moieties are produced by (1) photolyzing chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and/or thermal-CVD or (2) pyrolyzing-CVD of at least one monomer gas. 56. The stopper according to claim 55, wherein the coating layer is prepared by hot filament pyrolyzing chemical vapor deposition. 57. The stopper according to claim 55, wherein the monomer gas comprises at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of organosilicon monomers, halocarbon monomers, azurine monomers, thiirane monomers, unsaturated olefinic monomers and mixtures thereof. 58. The stopper according to claim 52, wherein the coating layer is prepared by hot filament chemical vapor deposition of at least one halocarbon monomer selected from the group consisting of hexafluoropropylene oxide, tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluorocyclopropane, octafluorocyclobutane, perfluorooctanesufonyl fluoride, octafluoropropane, trifluoromethane, difluoromethane, difluorodichloromethane, difluorodibromomethane, difluorobromomethane, difluorochloromethane, trifluorochloromethane, tetrafluorocyclopropane, tetrachlorodifluorocyclopropane, trichlorotrifluoroethane, dichlorotetrafluorocyclopropane and mixtures thereof. 59. The stopper according to claim 52, wherein the coating comprises polytetrafluoroethylene. 60. The stopper according to claim 52, wherein the stopper is plasma treated prior to deposition of the coating. 61. A medical article comprising:
(a) the stopper according to claim 52; and (b) a chamber having an inner surface adapted to sealingly engage the exterior surface of the stopper. | 1,700 |
2,164 | 14,703,929 | 1,711 | A spray hose assembly for a washing machine appliance is provided. The spray hose assembly includes a hose assembly fluidly connecting a spray nozzle and an outlet of a fluid source valve. The fluid source valve additionally includes a first attachment end and a second attachment end. The first and second attachment ends of the fluid source valve are configured to be fluidly connected between a water source and a supply line of the washing machine appliance such that the water source valve may provide a flow of water to the spray hose assembly without preventing the washing machine appliance from maintaining fluid connection with the water source. | 1. A spray hose assembly for a washing machine appliance comprising:
a hose assembly extending between a first end and a second end for directing a flow of liquid; a liquid spray nozzle fluidly connected to the hose assembly at the first end; and a fluid source valve including an outlet fluidly connected to the hose assembly at the second end of the hose assembly, the fluid source valve further including a first attachment end and a second attachment end for fluidly connecting the spray hose assembly to a fluid source of the washing machine appliance. 2. The spray hose assembly of claim 1, further comprising
a handle positioned at the first end of the hose assembly, the handle including the liquid spray nozzle. 3. The spray hose assembly of claim 2, wherein the handle includes a magnet for removably attaching the handle to a ferrous object. 4. The spray hose assembly of claim 2, wherein the handle additionally includes an activation member, the activation member configured to selectively allow a flow of liquid from the hose assembly through the liquid spray nozzle. 5. The spray hose assembly of claim 1, wherein the first attachment end of the fluid source valve is a male attachment end, and wherein the second attachment end of the fluid source valve is a female attachment end. 6. The spray hose assembly of claim 1, wherein the first attachment end and the second attachment end of the fluid source valve are each male attachment ends. 7. The spray hose assembly of claim 1, wherein the hose assembly of the spray hose assembly includes a flexible hose extending between the first end and the second end. 8. The spray hose assembly of claim 1, wherein the hose assembly of the spray hose assembly includes primary hose, a hot water hose, a cold water hose, and a three-way splitter valve, the three way splitter valve fluidly connecting the primary hose, the hot water hose, and the cold water hose. 9. The spray hose assembly of claim 8, wherein the fluid source valve is a cold water source valve fluidly connected to the cold water hose, and wherein the spray hose assembly further comprises
a hot water source valve fluidly connected to the hot water source hose. 10. The spray hose assembly of claim 9, wherein the hot water source valve includes a male attachment end and a female attachment end for fluidly connecting the spray hose assembly to a hot water source of the washing machine appliance. 11. A washing machine appliance comprising:
a cabinet; a tub positioned within the cabinet; a basket rotatably mounted within the tub, the basket defining a wash chamber for receipt of articles for washing; a supply line for fluidly connecting a spout of the washing machine appliance to a water source; and a spray hose assembly comprising
a hose assembly extending between a first end and a second end;
a water nozzle fluidly connected to the hose assembly at the first end; and
a water source valve including an outlet fluidly connected to the hose assembly at the second end of the hose assembly, a first attachment end, and a second attachment end, the first attachment end fluidly connected to the water source and the second attachment end fluidly connected to the supply line such that the water source is configured to provide water to the hose assembly and the supply line. 12. The washing machine appliance of claim 11, wherein the spray hose assembly further comprises a handle positioned at the first end of the hose assembly, the handle including the nozzle. 13. The washing machine appliance of claim 12, wherein the handle includes a magnet for removably attaching the handle to the cabinet of the washing machine appliance. 14. The washing machine appliance of claim 12, wherein the handle additionally includes an activation member, the activation member configured to selectively allow a flow of water from the hose assembly through the nozzle. 15. The washing machine appliance of claim 11, wherein the first attachment end of the water source valve is a male attachment end, and wherein the second attachment end of the water source valve is a female attachment end. 16. The washing machine appliance of claim 11, wherein the first attachment end and the second attachment end of the water source valve are each male attachment ends. 17. The washing machine appliance of claim 11, wherein the hose assembly of the spray hose assembly includes a flexible hose extending between the first end and the second end. 18. The washing machine appliance of claim 11, wherein the hose assembly of the spray hose assembly further includes primary hose, a hot water hose, a cold water hose, and a three-way splitter valve, the three way splitter valve fluidly connecting the primary hose, the hot water hose, and the cold water hose. 19. The washing machine appliance of claim 18, wherein the fluid source valve is a cold water source valve fluidly connected to the cold water hose, and wherein the spray hose assembly further comprises
a hot water source valve fluidly connected to the hot water source hose. 20. The washing machine appliance of claim 19, wherein the hot water source valve includes a male attachment end and a female attachment end for fluidly connecting the spray hose assembly to a hot water source of the washing machine appliance. | A spray hose assembly for a washing machine appliance is provided. The spray hose assembly includes a hose assembly fluidly connecting a spray nozzle and an outlet of a fluid source valve. The fluid source valve additionally includes a first attachment end and a second attachment end. The first and second attachment ends of the fluid source valve are configured to be fluidly connected between a water source and a supply line of the washing machine appliance such that the water source valve may provide a flow of water to the spray hose assembly without preventing the washing machine appliance from maintaining fluid connection with the water source.1. A spray hose assembly for a washing machine appliance comprising:
a hose assembly extending between a first end and a second end for directing a flow of liquid; a liquid spray nozzle fluidly connected to the hose assembly at the first end; and a fluid source valve including an outlet fluidly connected to the hose assembly at the second end of the hose assembly, the fluid source valve further including a first attachment end and a second attachment end for fluidly connecting the spray hose assembly to a fluid source of the washing machine appliance. 2. The spray hose assembly of claim 1, further comprising
a handle positioned at the first end of the hose assembly, the handle including the liquid spray nozzle. 3. The spray hose assembly of claim 2, wherein the handle includes a magnet for removably attaching the handle to a ferrous object. 4. The spray hose assembly of claim 2, wherein the handle additionally includes an activation member, the activation member configured to selectively allow a flow of liquid from the hose assembly through the liquid spray nozzle. 5. The spray hose assembly of claim 1, wherein the first attachment end of the fluid source valve is a male attachment end, and wherein the second attachment end of the fluid source valve is a female attachment end. 6. The spray hose assembly of claim 1, wherein the first attachment end and the second attachment end of the fluid source valve are each male attachment ends. 7. The spray hose assembly of claim 1, wherein the hose assembly of the spray hose assembly includes a flexible hose extending between the first end and the second end. 8. The spray hose assembly of claim 1, wherein the hose assembly of the spray hose assembly includes primary hose, a hot water hose, a cold water hose, and a three-way splitter valve, the three way splitter valve fluidly connecting the primary hose, the hot water hose, and the cold water hose. 9. The spray hose assembly of claim 8, wherein the fluid source valve is a cold water source valve fluidly connected to the cold water hose, and wherein the spray hose assembly further comprises
a hot water source valve fluidly connected to the hot water source hose. 10. The spray hose assembly of claim 9, wherein the hot water source valve includes a male attachment end and a female attachment end for fluidly connecting the spray hose assembly to a hot water source of the washing machine appliance. 11. A washing machine appliance comprising:
a cabinet; a tub positioned within the cabinet; a basket rotatably mounted within the tub, the basket defining a wash chamber for receipt of articles for washing; a supply line for fluidly connecting a spout of the washing machine appliance to a water source; and a spray hose assembly comprising
a hose assembly extending between a first end and a second end;
a water nozzle fluidly connected to the hose assembly at the first end; and
a water source valve including an outlet fluidly connected to the hose assembly at the second end of the hose assembly, a first attachment end, and a second attachment end, the first attachment end fluidly connected to the water source and the second attachment end fluidly connected to the supply line such that the water source is configured to provide water to the hose assembly and the supply line. 12. The washing machine appliance of claim 11, wherein the spray hose assembly further comprises a handle positioned at the first end of the hose assembly, the handle including the nozzle. 13. The washing machine appliance of claim 12, wherein the handle includes a magnet for removably attaching the handle to the cabinet of the washing machine appliance. 14. The washing machine appliance of claim 12, wherein the handle additionally includes an activation member, the activation member configured to selectively allow a flow of water from the hose assembly through the nozzle. 15. The washing machine appliance of claim 11, wherein the first attachment end of the water source valve is a male attachment end, and wherein the second attachment end of the water source valve is a female attachment end. 16. The washing machine appliance of claim 11, wherein the first attachment end and the second attachment end of the water source valve are each male attachment ends. 17. The washing machine appliance of claim 11, wherein the hose assembly of the spray hose assembly includes a flexible hose extending between the first end and the second end. 18. The washing machine appliance of claim 11, wherein the hose assembly of the spray hose assembly further includes primary hose, a hot water hose, a cold water hose, and a three-way splitter valve, the three way splitter valve fluidly connecting the primary hose, the hot water hose, and the cold water hose. 19. The washing machine appliance of claim 18, wherein the fluid source valve is a cold water source valve fluidly connected to the cold water hose, and wherein the spray hose assembly further comprises
a hot water source valve fluidly connected to the hot water source hose. 20. The washing machine appliance of claim 19, wherein the hot water source valve includes a male attachment end and a female attachment end for fluidly connecting the spray hose assembly to a hot water source of the washing machine appliance. | 1,700 |
2,165 | 14,107,259 | 1,741 | Methods for forming optical fiber preforms are disclosed. According to one embodiment, a method for forming an optical fiber preform includes forming a preform core portion from silica-based glass soot. The silica-based glass soot may include at least one dopant species for altering an index of refraction of the preform core portion. A selective diffusion layer of silica-based glass soot may be formed around the preform core portion to form a soot preform. The selective diffusion layer may have an as-formed density greater than the density of the preform core portion. A diffusing species may be diffused through the selective diffusion layer into the preform core portion. The soot preform may be sintered such that the selective diffusion layer has a barrier density which is greater than the as-formed density and the selective diffusion layer prevents diffusion of the at least one dopant species through the selective diffusion layer. | 1. A method for forming an optical fiber preform, the method comprising:
forming a preform core portion from silica-based glass soot such that the preform core portion has a preform core density, wherein the silica-based glass soot comprises at least one dopant species for altering an index of refraction of the preform core portion; forming a selective diffusion layer of silica-based glass soot around the preform core portion to form a soot preform comprising the preform core portion and the selective diffusion layer, wherein the selective diffusion layer has an as-formed density greater than the preform core density; diffusing at least one diffusing species through the selective diffusion layer into the preform core portion; and sintering the soot preform such that the selective diffusion layer has a barrier density which is greater than the as-formed density such that the selective diffusion layer prevents diffusion of the at least one dopant species through the selective diffusion layer. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the selective diffusion layer has a normalized as-formed density greater than or equal to 0.6 and less than or equal to 0.91. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the selective diffusion layer consists essentially of silica and the as-formed density of the selective diffusion layer is greater than or equal to about 1.3 g/cm3 and less than or equal to about 2.0 g/cm3. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the barrier density is greater than about 2.0 g/cm3. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the selective diffusion layer comprises doped silica and the as-formed density of the selective diffusion layer is greater than or equal to about 1.68 g/cm3 and less than or equal to about 2.55 g/cm3. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the barrier density is greater than about 2.55 g/cm3. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the selective diffusion layer has a radial thickness greater than or equal to 100 μm. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the selective diffusion layer comprises the at least one dopant species. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the selective diffusion layer is substantially free of dopant. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one dopant species comprises GeO2. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one diffusing species comprises at least one of chlorine, SiCl4, CO, SiF4, GeCl4, SOCl2, CF4, C2F6, D2O, and H2O. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the soot preform is sintered by heating the soot preform at a rate greater than or equal to 1° C./min and less than or equal to 10° C./min. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the soot preform is sintered by positioning the soot preform in a heating zone and moving at least one of the soot preform and the heating zone relative to the other at an apparent traverse rate greater than or equal to about 2 mm/min and less than or equal to about 50 mm/min, wherein the heating zone has a temperature greater than or equal to about 1400° C. and less than or equal to about 1550° C. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the preform core portion is formed by reacting silica-based glass precursor materials and at least one dopant precursor material in a flame of a gas-fed burner as the flame is traversed over a bait rod in an axial direction; and the selective diffusion layer is formed by increasing a flow rate of a fuel-oxygen mixture to the flame of the gas-fed burner thereby increasing a temperature of the flame. 15. The method of claim 1 further comprising forming an inner cladding layer around the selective diffusion layer prior to diffusing the at least one diffusing species through the selective diffusion layer, wherein the inner cladding layer has an inner cladding density which is less than the as-formed density of the selective diffusion layer. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising:
forming an outer selective diffusion layer of silica-based glass soot around the inner cladding layer prior to diffusing the at least one diffusing species through the selective diffusion layer, wherein the outer selective diffusion layer has an outer as-formed density greater than the preform core density and the inner cladding density; forming an outer cladding layer around the outer selective diffusion layer, wherein the outer cladding layer has an outer cladding density which is less than the outer as-formed density of the outer selective diffusion layer; and diffusing at least one second diffusing species into the outer cladding layer after the outer selective diffusion layer reaches an outer barrier density during sintering thereby preventing diffusion of the at least one second diffusing species through the outer selective diffusion layer. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the at least one second diffusing species comprises at least one of chlorine, SiCl4, CO, SiF4, GeCl4, SOCl2, CF4, C2F6, D2O, and H2O. 18. A method for forming an optical fiber preform, the method comprising:
constructing a soot preform by:
forming a preform core portion;
forming an inner cladding layer around the preform core portion, wherein the inner cladding layer has an inner cladding density;
forming an outer selective diffusion layer around the inner cladding layer, wherein the outer selective diffusion layer has an outer as-formed density greater than the inner cladding density; and
forming an outer cladding layer around the outer selective diffusion layer, wherein the outer cladding layer has an outer cladding density which is less than the outer as-formed density;
diffusing at least one diffusing species through the outer selective diffusion layer into the inner cladding layer; and sintering the soot preform such that the outer selective diffusion layer has an outer barrier density greater than the outer as-formed density and the outer selective diffusion layer prevents diffusion of the at least one diffusing species through the outer selective diffusion layer. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising diffusing at least one second diffusing species into the outer cladding layer after the outer selective diffusion layer reaches the outer barrier density during sintering thereby preventing diffusion of the at least one second diffusing species through the outer selective diffusion layer. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the preform core portion comprises an inner selective diffusion layer. | Methods for forming optical fiber preforms are disclosed. According to one embodiment, a method for forming an optical fiber preform includes forming a preform core portion from silica-based glass soot. The silica-based glass soot may include at least one dopant species for altering an index of refraction of the preform core portion. A selective diffusion layer of silica-based glass soot may be formed around the preform core portion to form a soot preform. The selective diffusion layer may have an as-formed density greater than the density of the preform core portion. A diffusing species may be diffused through the selective diffusion layer into the preform core portion. The soot preform may be sintered such that the selective diffusion layer has a barrier density which is greater than the as-formed density and the selective diffusion layer prevents diffusion of the at least one dopant species through the selective diffusion layer.1. A method for forming an optical fiber preform, the method comprising:
forming a preform core portion from silica-based glass soot such that the preform core portion has a preform core density, wherein the silica-based glass soot comprises at least one dopant species for altering an index of refraction of the preform core portion; forming a selective diffusion layer of silica-based glass soot around the preform core portion to form a soot preform comprising the preform core portion and the selective diffusion layer, wherein the selective diffusion layer has an as-formed density greater than the preform core density; diffusing at least one diffusing species through the selective diffusion layer into the preform core portion; and sintering the soot preform such that the selective diffusion layer has a barrier density which is greater than the as-formed density such that the selective diffusion layer prevents diffusion of the at least one dopant species through the selective diffusion layer. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the selective diffusion layer has a normalized as-formed density greater than or equal to 0.6 and less than or equal to 0.91. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the selective diffusion layer consists essentially of silica and the as-formed density of the selective diffusion layer is greater than or equal to about 1.3 g/cm3 and less than or equal to about 2.0 g/cm3. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the barrier density is greater than about 2.0 g/cm3. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the selective diffusion layer comprises doped silica and the as-formed density of the selective diffusion layer is greater than or equal to about 1.68 g/cm3 and less than or equal to about 2.55 g/cm3. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the barrier density is greater than about 2.55 g/cm3. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the selective diffusion layer has a radial thickness greater than or equal to 100 μm. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the selective diffusion layer comprises the at least one dopant species. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the selective diffusion layer is substantially free of dopant. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one dopant species comprises GeO2. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one diffusing species comprises at least one of chlorine, SiCl4, CO, SiF4, GeCl4, SOCl2, CF4, C2F6, D2O, and H2O. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the soot preform is sintered by heating the soot preform at a rate greater than or equal to 1° C./min and less than or equal to 10° C./min. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the soot preform is sintered by positioning the soot preform in a heating zone and moving at least one of the soot preform and the heating zone relative to the other at an apparent traverse rate greater than or equal to about 2 mm/min and less than or equal to about 50 mm/min, wherein the heating zone has a temperature greater than or equal to about 1400° C. and less than or equal to about 1550° C. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the preform core portion is formed by reacting silica-based glass precursor materials and at least one dopant precursor material in a flame of a gas-fed burner as the flame is traversed over a bait rod in an axial direction; and the selective diffusion layer is formed by increasing a flow rate of a fuel-oxygen mixture to the flame of the gas-fed burner thereby increasing a temperature of the flame. 15. The method of claim 1 further comprising forming an inner cladding layer around the selective diffusion layer prior to diffusing the at least one diffusing species through the selective diffusion layer, wherein the inner cladding layer has an inner cladding density which is less than the as-formed density of the selective diffusion layer. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising:
forming an outer selective diffusion layer of silica-based glass soot around the inner cladding layer prior to diffusing the at least one diffusing species through the selective diffusion layer, wherein the outer selective diffusion layer has an outer as-formed density greater than the preform core density and the inner cladding density; forming an outer cladding layer around the outer selective diffusion layer, wherein the outer cladding layer has an outer cladding density which is less than the outer as-formed density of the outer selective diffusion layer; and diffusing at least one second diffusing species into the outer cladding layer after the outer selective diffusion layer reaches an outer barrier density during sintering thereby preventing diffusion of the at least one second diffusing species through the outer selective diffusion layer. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the at least one second diffusing species comprises at least one of chlorine, SiCl4, CO, SiF4, GeCl4, SOCl2, CF4, C2F6, D2O, and H2O. 18. A method for forming an optical fiber preform, the method comprising:
constructing a soot preform by:
forming a preform core portion;
forming an inner cladding layer around the preform core portion, wherein the inner cladding layer has an inner cladding density;
forming an outer selective diffusion layer around the inner cladding layer, wherein the outer selective diffusion layer has an outer as-formed density greater than the inner cladding density; and
forming an outer cladding layer around the outer selective diffusion layer, wherein the outer cladding layer has an outer cladding density which is less than the outer as-formed density;
diffusing at least one diffusing species through the outer selective diffusion layer into the inner cladding layer; and sintering the soot preform such that the outer selective diffusion layer has an outer barrier density greater than the outer as-formed density and the outer selective diffusion layer prevents diffusion of the at least one diffusing species through the outer selective diffusion layer. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising diffusing at least one second diffusing species into the outer cladding layer after the outer selective diffusion layer reaches the outer barrier density during sintering thereby preventing diffusion of the at least one second diffusing species through the outer selective diffusion layer. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the preform core portion comprises an inner selective diffusion layer. | 1,700 |
2,166 | 14,786,254 | 1,798 | The invention relates to a fluidic system comprising at least one bead chamber ( 311 ) containing a lyophilized reagent (LB) and a reaction chamber in a cartridge. In one embodiment, a series of bead chambers with different lyophilized reagents may be provided such that sample fluid can sequentially pass through them. In another embodiment, bead chambers may be located on a movable carrier, for example a rotating carousel, from which they may selectively be connected to a reaction chamber in a cartridge. In still another embodiment, the bead chamber ( 311 ) may comprise at least one flexible wall (FW) allowing for a minimization of dead volume associated with the extraction of lyophilized reagent (LB). | 1. A fluidic system for processing a sample fluid, comprising:
a cartridge including with at least one reaction chamber for processing the sample fluid; at least one bead chamber comprising a solid reagents selectively added to the sample fluid; wherein the at least one bead chamber comprises at least one flexible wall, and wherein said flexible wall bulges outward, increasing the volume of the bead chamber such that the sample fluid is drawn in when a reduced pressure is applied to an outside of the flexible wall, or pre-stretched. 2. A method for adding a reagent to a sample fluid in a fluidic system, said method comprising:
storing the reagent in a solid form in a bead chamber of the fluidic system; pumping liquid into said bead chamber to dissolve the reagent; pumping the liquid with the dissolved reagent into a reaction chamber of the fluidic system; wherein the bead chamber comprises at least one flexible wall, and wherein said flexible wall bulges outward, increasing the volume of the bead chamber such that the sample fluid is drawn in when a reduced pressure is applied to an outside of the flexible wall, or is pre-stretched. 3. A fluidic system for processing a sample fluid, comprising:
a cartridge including at least one reaction chamber for processing the sample fluid; at least one bead chamber comprising a solid reagent selectively added to the sample fluid, wherein the at least one bead chamber comprises at least one flexible wall and at least two compartments, one compartment accommodating the reagent and the other compartment comprising the flexible wall. 4. A fluidic system for processing a sample fluid, comprising:
a cartridge including at least one reaction chamber for processing the sample fluid; at least one bead chamber comprising a solid reagent selectively added to the sample fluid; wherein at least two bead chambers are located on a movable carrier such that any bead chamber of the at least two bead chambers is selectively coupled to the at least one reaction chamber. 5. The fluidic system of claim 1, wherein the reagent is lyophilized. 6. The fluidic system of claim 1 wherein the at least one bead chamber comprises at least two compartments, one compartment accommodating the reagent and the other compartment comprising the flexible wall. 7. The fluidic system of claim 1, wherein at least two bead chambers are located on a movable carrier such that any bead chamber of the at least two chambers is selectively coupled to the at least one reaction chamber. 8. The fluidic system of claim 7, wherein the carrier is a rotatable carousel. 9. The fluidic system of claim 7, wherein the carrier is attached to the cartridge. 10. The fluidic system or the method of claim 7, wherein a movable intermediate element is disposed between the carrier and the cartridge. 11. The fluidic system of claim 1, further comprising at least two bead chambers that are fluidically connected in series, wherein consecutive bead chambers are separated by valves. 12. The fluidic system of claim 1, wherein the at least one bead chamber is separated by a destructible seal from the at least one reaction chamber. 13. The fluidic system of claim 1, wherein the at least one bead chamber is connected to a vent port via a controllable valve. 14. The fluidic system of claim 1, further comprising a pressure source for selectively applying a pressure to the at least one reaction chamber. 15. The fluidic system of claim 1, further comprising a pressure source for selectively applying a pressure to the flexible wall. | The invention relates to a fluidic system comprising at least one bead chamber ( 311 ) containing a lyophilized reagent (LB) and a reaction chamber in a cartridge. In one embodiment, a series of bead chambers with different lyophilized reagents may be provided such that sample fluid can sequentially pass through them. In another embodiment, bead chambers may be located on a movable carrier, for example a rotating carousel, from which they may selectively be connected to a reaction chamber in a cartridge. In still another embodiment, the bead chamber ( 311 ) may comprise at least one flexible wall (FW) allowing for a minimization of dead volume associated with the extraction of lyophilized reagent (LB).1. A fluidic system for processing a sample fluid, comprising:
a cartridge including with at least one reaction chamber for processing the sample fluid; at least one bead chamber comprising a solid reagents selectively added to the sample fluid; wherein the at least one bead chamber comprises at least one flexible wall, and wherein said flexible wall bulges outward, increasing the volume of the bead chamber such that the sample fluid is drawn in when a reduced pressure is applied to an outside of the flexible wall, or pre-stretched. 2. A method for adding a reagent to a sample fluid in a fluidic system, said method comprising:
storing the reagent in a solid form in a bead chamber of the fluidic system; pumping liquid into said bead chamber to dissolve the reagent; pumping the liquid with the dissolved reagent into a reaction chamber of the fluidic system; wherein the bead chamber comprises at least one flexible wall, and wherein said flexible wall bulges outward, increasing the volume of the bead chamber such that the sample fluid is drawn in when a reduced pressure is applied to an outside of the flexible wall, or is pre-stretched. 3. A fluidic system for processing a sample fluid, comprising:
a cartridge including at least one reaction chamber for processing the sample fluid; at least one bead chamber comprising a solid reagent selectively added to the sample fluid, wherein the at least one bead chamber comprises at least one flexible wall and at least two compartments, one compartment accommodating the reagent and the other compartment comprising the flexible wall. 4. A fluidic system for processing a sample fluid, comprising:
a cartridge including at least one reaction chamber for processing the sample fluid; at least one bead chamber comprising a solid reagent selectively added to the sample fluid; wherein at least two bead chambers are located on a movable carrier such that any bead chamber of the at least two bead chambers is selectively coupled to the at least one reaction chamber. 5. The fluidic system of claim 1, wherein the reagent is lyophilized. 6. The fluidic system of claim 1 wherein the at least one bead chamber comprises at least two compartments, one compartment accommodating the reagent and the other compartment comprising the flexible wall. 7. The fluidic system of claim 1, wherein at least two bead chambers are located on a movable carrier such that any bead chamber of the at least two chambers is selectively coupled to the at least one reaction chamber. 8. The fluidic system of claim 7, wherein the carrier is a rotatable carousel. 9. The fluidic system of claim 7, wherein the carrier is attached to the cartridge. 10. The fluidic system or the method of claim 7, wherein a movable intermediate element is disposed between the carrier and the cartridge. 11. The fluidic system of claim 1, further comprising at least two bead chambers that are fluidically connected in series, wherein consecutive bead chambers are separated by valves. 12. The fluidic system of claim 1, wherein the at least one bead chamber is separated by a destructible seal from the at least one reaction chamber. 13. The fluidic system of claim 1, wherein the at least one bead chamber is connected to a vent port via a controllable valve. 14. The fluidic system of claim 1, further comprising a pressure source for selectively applying a pressure to the at least one reaction chamber. 15. The fluidic system of claim 1, further comprising a pressure source for selectively applying a pressure to the flexible wall. | 1,700 |
2,167 | 14,464,235 | 1,792 | The present invention relates to an edible container made of liquid, sugar, and one or more hydrocolloids. The edible container may hold hot or cold liquids for extended periods of time. | 1. An edible container comprising:
liquid; sugar; and one or more hydrocolloids. 2. The edible container of claim 1, wherein: the liquid is water, and the one or more hydrocolloids are agar, carrageenan, and pectin. 3. The edible container of claim 1, wherein the liquid has a concentration of 24% to 77% by weight, the sugar has a concentration of 5% to 48% by weight, and the one or more hydrocolloids have a concentration of 1% to 11% by weight. 4. The edible container of claim 2, wherein the water has a concentration of 25% to 76% by weight, the sugar has a concentration of 5% to 41% by weight, the agar has a concentration of 0.2% to 2.5% by weight, the carrageenan has a concentration of 1.2% to 5.1% by weight, and the pectin has a concentration of 0.1% to 2.8% by weight. 5. The edible container of claim 2, further comprising vegetable glycerin, CaCl2, and citric acid. 6. The edible container of claim 1, further comprising a coloring agent. 7. The edible container of claim 6, wherein the coloring agent is white, orange, red, green, or yellow. 8. The edible container of claim 1, further comprising a flavoring agent. 9. The edible container of claim 8, wherein the flavoring agent is vanilla, lemon, bitters, jalapeno, or lime. 10. The edible container of claim 1, wherein the container is translucent. 11. The edible container of claim 1, wherein the container is opaque. 12. The edible container of claim 1, wherein the container is clear and colorless. 13. The edible container of claim 1, wherein the container is flexible. 14. The edible container of claim 1, wherein the container is able to hold liquids for up to twenty-four hours before degrading. 15. The edible container of claim 1, wherein the container is able to contain liquids ranging in temperature from 32 to 180 degrees Fahrenheit. 16. A method for making an edible container comprising the steps of:
combining liquid, sugar, and one or more hydrocolloids; heating the mixture to dissolve the sugar and one or more hydrocolloids and to set the one or more hydrocolloids; and pouring the heated mixture into a mold so as to allow the mixture to harden. 17. The method of claim 16 further comprising the step of combining a coloring agent with the liquid, sugar, and one or more hydrocolloids. 18. The method of claim 16 further comprising the step of combining a flavoring agent with the liquid, sugar, and one or more hydrocolloids. 19. A method for making an edible container comprising the steps of:
placing water and CaCl2 in a pot and allowing the CaCl2 to dissolve into the water; adding a sugar to the pot to form a mixture after the CaCl2 is dissolved; heating the pot while continuing to whisk the mixture until the sugar dissolves; adding a citric acid to the mixture in which the sugar is dissolved; adding a vegetable glycerin to the mixture to which the citric acid is added; when the mixture to which the glycerin is added reaches about 150° F., adding an agar to the mixture so as to form a thin coat over a surface of the mixture; whisking the mixture containing the agar to dissolve the agar; boiling the mixture in which the agar is dissolved; when the boiled mixture is cooled to about 200° F., adding a pectin to the mixture; stirring the mixture containing the pectin; adding the vegetable glycerin to the stirred mixture; when the stirred mixture reaches about 185° F., adding a carrageenan while blending the mixture, so that, when all the carrageenan is in the mixture, the mixture reaches 180° F. and not beyond 190° F.; blending the mixture containing the carrageenan; and pouring the blended mixture into a mold so as to allow the mixture to harden. | The present invention relates to an edible container made of liquid, sugar, and one or more hydrocolloids. The edible container may hold hot or cold liquids for extended periods of time.1. An edible container comprising:
liquid; sugar; and one or more hydrocolloids. 2. The edible container of claim 1, wherein: the liquid is water, and the one or more hydrocolloids are agar, carrageenan, and pectin. 3. The edible container of claim 1, wherein the liquid has a concentration of 24% to 77% by weight, the sugar has a concentration of 5% to 48% by weight, and the one or more hydrocolloids have a concentration of 1% to 11% by weight. 4. The edible container of claim 2, wherein the water has a concentration of 25% to 76% by weight, the sugar has a concentration of 5% to 41% by weight, the agar has a concentration of 0.2% to 2.5% by weight, the carrageenan has a concentration of 1.2% to 5.1% by weight, and the pectin has a concentration of 0.1% to 2.8% by weight. 5. The edible container of claim 2, further comprising vegetable glycerin, CaCl2, and citric acid. 6. The edible container of claim 1, further comprising a coloring agent. 7. The edible container of claim 6, wherein the coloring agent is white, orange, red, green, or yellow. 8. The edible container of claim 1, further comprising a flavoring agent. 9. The edible container of claim 8, wherein the flavoring agent is vanilla, lemon, bitters, jalapeno, or lime. 10. The edible container of claim 1, wherein the container is translucent. 11. The edible container of claim 1, wherein the container is opaque. 12. The edible container of claim 1, wherein the container is clear and colorless. 13. The edible container of claim 1, wherein the container is flexible. 14. The edible container of claim 1, wherein the container is able to hold liquids for up to twenty-four hours before degrading. 15. The edible container of claim 1, wherein the container is able to contain liquids ranging in temperature from 32 to 180 degrees Fahrenheit. 16. A method for making an edible container comprising the steps of:
combining liquid, sugar, and one or more hydrocolloids; heating the mixture to dissolve the sugar and one or more hydrocolloids and to set the one or more hydrocolloids; and pouring the heated mixture into a mold so as to allow the mixture to harden. 17. The method of claim 16 further comprising the step of combining a coloring agent with the liquid, sugar, and one or more hydrocolloids. 18. The method of claim 16 further comprising the step of combining a flavoring agent with the liquid, sugar, and one or more hydrocolloids. 19. A method for making an edible container comprising the steps of:
placing water and CaCl2 in a pot and allowing the CaCl2 to dissolve into the water; adding a sugar to the pot to form a mixture after the CaCl2 is dissolved; heating the pot while continuing to whisk the mixture until the sugar dissolves; adding a citric acid to the mixture in which the sugar is dissolved; adding a vegetable glycerin to the mixture to which the citric acid is added; when the mixture to which the glycerin is added reaches about 150° F., adding an agar to the mixture so as to form a thin coat over a surface of the mixture; whisking the mixture containing the agar to dissolve the agar; boiling the mixture in which the agar is dissolved; when the boiled mixture is cooled to about 200° F., adding a pectin to the mixture; stirring the mixture containing the pectin; adding the vegetable glycerin to the stirred mixture; when the stirred mixture reaches about 185° F., adding a carrageenan while blending the mixture, so that, when all the carrageenan is in the mixture, the mixture reaches 180° F. and not beyond 190° F.; blending the mixture containing the carrageenan; and pouring the blended mixture into a mold so as to allow the mixture to harden. | 1,700 |
2,168 | 12,441,936 | 1,787 | The present invention relates to method for treating a substrate or a surface thereof bearing Si—H groups to confer to it a physical and/or biochemical surface-modified property, wherein it comprises at least a step consisting of exposing, within a liquid medium, said substrate or a surface thereof with at least a polymer, said polymer containing: at least three reactive sites able to attach to said substrate or said surface by reacting with Si—H groups and further creating covalent bonds, and at least a molecule or a part thereof able to confer said modified property to said substrate or said surface thereof, said step being carried out in efficient conditions to promote the covalent grafting of said polymer to said substrate or surface thereof and the molecular weight of said polymer being greater than 1000 g/mol. | 1. A method for treating a substrate or a surface thereof bearing Si—H groups to confer to it a physical and/or biochemical surface-modified property, wherein it comprises at least a step consisting of exposing, within a liquid medium, said substrate or a surface thereof with at least a polymer, said polymer containing:
at least three reactive sites able to attach to said substrate or said surface by reacting with Si—H groups and further creating covalent bonds, and at least a molecule or a part thereof able to confer said modified property to said substrate or said surface thereof, said step being carried out in efficient conditions to promote the covalent grafting of said polymer to said substrate or surface thereof and the molecular weight of said polymer being greater than 1 000 g/mol. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the molecular weight of the polymer is greater than 3 000 g/mol, preferably greater than 5 000 g/mol, or vary between 10 000 and 8 000 g/mol, more preferably between 20 000 and 2 000 000 g/mol, in particular between 30 000 and 700 000 g/mol and for example between 50 000 and 500 000 g/mol. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the reactive site able to attach to the substrate or the surface thereof is an alkene group and more specifically a vinyl group, or an acetylene group. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the polymer comprises at least three monomer units comprising an alkene group, preferably a vinyl group, or an acetylene group. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the modified property is selected from the group consisting in: hydrophilic character; improved hydrophobic character, cytotoxic properties such as antibiotic, bactericidal, viricidal and/or fungicidal properties; cell-adhesion property; improved biocompatibility such as protein repellency or adhesion property; electric conductivity property and reactivity property which renders said surface able to immobilize biomolecules. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein it comprises at least a step consisting of exposing, within a liquid medium, said substrate or a surface thereof with at least a polymer, said polymer being a copolymer, said copolymer containing at least a monomer unit of type A including at least a reactive site able to attach to said substrate or said surface by covalent bonds and at least a monomer unit of type B including at least a molecule able to confer said modified property to said substrate or said surface thereof, said step being carried out in efficient conditions to promote the covalent grafting of said copolymer to said substrate or surface thereof and the molecular weight of said copolymer being greater than 1 000 g/mol. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the copolymer is a statistical copolymer. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the polymer or copolymer comprises a polymeric chain backbone chosen among polyethylene, polyacrylamide, polyacrylate, polyvinyl derivatives such as polyvinylpyrrolidene, polystyrene, optionally substituted on the phenyl group by a (C1-C4)alkyl, polyalcohol such as polyvinylalcohol or polyallylalcohol, polyvinylbenzyl, polyamine such as polyethyleneimine or polyallylamin, polymethacrylate such as polymethylmethacrylate, polymethacrylamide, polyether, such as polyethylene glycol, polyester such as poly(DL-lactide), polyamide, polyurethane, poly(ethylene-alt-succinimide), polysaccharide derivatives such as dextran, cellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, or methylcellulose, polyureas, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene and poly(diallyldimethylammonium) which inherently contains a quaternary ammonium group. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the polymer or the copolymer comprises a polymeric chain backbone which is a methylcellulose. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the physical and/or biochemical surface-modified property is imparted by the presence within the polymer or the copolymer of a property-modifier group which may be chosen among monosaccharides, zwitterionic moieties or polymer chains of water-soluble polymers having a molecular weight of less than 5 000 g/mol, and more specifically less than 1 000 g/mol; polyethylene oxide; polyethylene glycol; amino-terminated polyethylene glycol; polypropylene glycol; polypropylene oxide; polypropylene glycol bis(2-amino-propyl ether); polyalcohols, for example polyvinylalcohol; polysaccarides and related compounds; poly(vinyl pyridine); polyacids, for example poly(acrylic acid); polyacrylamides e.g. poly(N isopropylacrylamide) and polyallylamine, fluorinated groups, (C1-C10)alkyl groups, polysarcosine, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, aminopenicillanic acid, quaternary ammonium groups, quaternary phosphonium groups guanidinium groups, imidazolium groups and sulfunium groups. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein it is followed by a curing step. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the liquid medium is an aqueous medium. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the substrate or surface thereof bearing Si—H groups is a silicone substrate or a hydrogen-terminated silicon substrate. 14. A polymer containing:
at least three reactive sites able to attach to a substrate or said surface bearing Si—H groups by reacting with said Si—H groups and further creating covalent bonds, and at least a molecule or a part thereof able to confer a physical and/or biochemical modified property to said substrate or said surface thereof, the molecular weight of said polymer being greater than 1 000 g/mol. 15. A copolymer containing at least a monomer unit of type A including at least a reactive site able to attach to a substrate or said surface bearing Si—H groups by reacting with said Si—H groups and further creating covalent bonds and at least a monomer unit of type B including at least a molecule or a part thereof able to confer a physical and/or biochemical modified property to said substrate or said surface thereof, the molecular weight of said copolymer being greater than 1 000 g/mol. 16. A composition for treating a substrate or a surface thereof bearing Si—H groups, wherein it comprises, in a liquid medium, a polymer or a copolymer according to claim 14. 17. A substrate bearing Si—H groups that has been provided on its surface with a modified physical and/or biochemical property, obtainable by a method according to claim 1. 18. A medical device comprising a substrate according to claim 17, wherein said substrate is a silicone substrate. 19. A preparation process of a copolymer according to claim 15, wherein a starting homopolymer comprising at least two reactive sites is reacted at least with:
a reagent that by reacting with at least one reactive site gives rise to a copolymer containing a reactive site able to attach to a substrate or a surface thereof bearing Si—H groups by reacting with said Si—H groups and further creating covalent bonds and/or with another reagent that by reacting with at least one reactive site gives rise to a copolymer able to confer a modified physical and/or biochemical property to said substrate or a surface thereof. | The present invention relates to method for treating a substrate or a surface thereof bearing Si—H groups to confer to it a physical and/or biochemical surface-modified property, wherein it comprises at least a step consisting of exposing, within a liquid medium, said substrate or a surface thereof with at least a polymer, said polymer containing: at least three reactive sites able to attach to said substrate or said surface by reacting with Si—H groups and further creating covalent bonds, and at least a molecule or a part thereof able to confer said modified property to said substrate or said surface thereof, said step being carried out in efficient conditions to promote the covalent grafting of said polymer to said substrate or surface thereof and the molecular weight of said polymer being greater than 1000 g/mol.1. A method for treating a substrate or a surface thereof bearing Si—H groups to confer to it a physical and/or biochemical surface-modified property, wherein it comprises at least a step consisting of exposing, within a liquid medium, said substrate or a surface thereof with at least a polymer, said polymer containing:
at least three reactive sites able to attach to said substrate or said surface by reacting with Si—H groups and further creating covalent bonds, and at least a molecule or a part thereof able to confer said modified property to said substrate or said surface thereof, said step being carried out in efficient conditions to promote the covalent grafting of said polymer to said substrate or surface thereof and the molecular weight of said polymer being greater than 1 000 g/mol. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the molecular weight of the polymer is greater than 3 000 g/mol, preferably greater than 5 000 g/mol, or vary between 10 000 and 8 000 g/mol, more preferably between 20 000 and 2 000 000 g/mol, in particular between 30 000 and 700 000 g/mol and for example between 50 000 and 500 000 g/mol. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the reactive site able to attach to the substrate or the surface thereof is an alkene group and more specifically a vinyl group, or an acetylene group. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the polymer comprises at least three monomer units comprising an alkene group, preferably a vinyl group, or an acetylene group. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the modified property is selected from the group consisting in: hydrophilic character; improved hydrophobic character, cytotoxic properties such as antibiotic, bactericidal, viricidal and/or fungicidal properties; cell-adhesion property; improved biocompatibility such as protein repellency or adhesion property; electric conductivity property and reactivity property which renders said surface able to immobilize biomolecules. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein it comprises at least a step consisting of exposing, within a liquid medium, said substrate or a surface thereof with at least a polymer, said polymer being a copolymer, said copolymer containing at least a monomer unit of type A including at least a reactive site able to attach to said substrate or said surface by covalent bonds and at least a monomer unit of type B including at least a molecule able to confer said modified property to said substrate or said surface thereof, said step being carried out in efficient conditions to promote the covalent grafting of said copolymer to said substrate or surface thereof and the molecular weight of said copolymer being greater than 1 000 g/mol. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the copolymer is a statistical copolymer. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the polymer or copolymer comprises a polymeric chain backbone chosen among polyethylene, polyacrylamide, polyacrylate, polyvinyl derivatives such as polyvinylpyrrolidene, polystyrene, optionally substituted on the phenyl group by a (C1-C4)alkyl, polyalcohol such as polyvinylalcohol or polyallylalcohol, polyvinylbenzyl, polyamine such as polyethyleneimine or polyallylamin, polymethacrylate such as polymethylmethacrylate, polymethacrylamide, polyether, such as polyethylene glycol, polyester such as poly(DL-lactide), polyamide, polyurethane, poly(ethylene-alt-succinimide), polysaccharide derivatives such as dextran, cellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, or methylcellulose, polyureas, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene and poly(diallyldimethylammonium) which inherently contains a quaternary ammonium group. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the polymer or the copolymer comprises a polymeric chain backbone which is a methylcellulose. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the physical and/or biochemical surface-modified property is imparted by the presence within the polymer or the copolymer of a property-modifier group which may be chosen among monosaccharides, zwitterionic moieties or polymer chains of water-soluble polymers having a molecular weight of less than 5 000 g/mol, and more specifically less than 1 000 g/mol; polyethylene oxide; polyethylene glycol; amino-terminated polyethylene glycol; polypropylene glycol; polypropylene oxide; polypropylene glycol bis(2-amino-propyl ether); polyalcohols, for example polyvinylalcohol; polysaccarides and related compounds; poly(vinyl pyridine); polyacids, for example poly(acrylic acid); polyacrylamides e.g. poly(N isopropylacrylamide) and polyallylamine, fluorinated groups, (C1-C10)alkyl groups, polysarcosine, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, aminopenicillanic acid, quaternary ammonium groups, quaternary phosphonium groups guanidinium groups, imidazolium groups and sulfunium groups. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein it is followed by a curing step. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the liquid medium is an aqueous medium. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the substrate or surface thereof bearing Si—H groups is a silicone substrate or a hydrogen-terminated silicon substrate. 14. A polymer containing:
at least three reactive sites able to attach to a substrate or said surface bearing Si—H groups by reacting with said Si—H groups and further creating covalent bonds, and at least a molecule or a part thereof able to confer a physical and/or biochemical modified property to said substrate or said surface thereof, the molecular weight of said polymer being greater than 1 000 g/mol. 15. A copolymer containing at least a monomer unit of type A including at least a reactive site able to attach to a substrate or said surface bearing Si—H groups by reacting with said Si—H groups and further creating covalent bonds and at least a monomer unit of type B including at least a molecule or a part thereof able to confer a physical and/or biochemical modified property to said substrate or said surface thereof, the molecular weight of said copolymer being greater than 1 000 g/mol. 16. A composition for treating a substrate or a surface thereof bearing Si—H groups, wherein it comprises, in a liquid medium, a polymer or a copolymer according to claim 14. 17. A substrate bearing Si—H groups that has been provided on its surface with a modified physical and/or biochemical property, obtainable by a method according to claim 1. 18. A medical device comprising a substrate according to claim 17, wherein said substrate is a silicone substrate. 19. A preparation process of a copolymer according to claim 15, wherein a starting homopolymer comprising at least two reactive sites is reacted at least with:
a reagent that by reacting with at least one reactive site gives rise to a copolymer containing a reactive site able to attach to a substrate or a surface thereof bearing Si—H groups by reacting with said Si—H groups and further creating covalent bonds and/or with another reagent that by reacting with at least one reactive site gives rise to a copolymer able to confer a modified physical and/or biochemical property to said substrate or a surface thereof. | 1,700 |
2,169 | 14,160,956 | 1,717 | Two-component coating compositions, methods for their preparation and use are disclosed. The two-component coating compositions include an isocyanate-functional component and an isocyanate-reactive component comprising a hydroxyl-functional polymer. The isocyanate-functional component includes: (a) an aliphatic polyisocyanate containing allophanate structural units; and (b) a cycloaliphatic polyisocyanate comprising an allophanate group and an isocyanurate trimer group. | 1. A two-component coating composition comprising:
(1) an isocyanate-functional component, and (2) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising a hydroxyl-functional acrylic polymer and/or a hydroxyl-functional polyester, wherein the isocyanate-functional component comprises:
(a) an aliphatic polyisocyanate containing allophanate structural units and having the structure:
in which: (i) Q1 and Q2 independently of one another are the radical of an aliphatic diisocyanate, (ii) R1 and R2 independently of one another are hydrogen or a C1-C4 alkyl radical, (iii) Y is the radical of a starter molecule with a functionality of from 2 to 6, (iv) n is a number from 2 to 6, and (v) m corresponds to a number of monomer units such that the number-average molecular weight of the polyether on which the structure is based is 300 to 20,000 g/mol; and
(b) a cycloaliphatic polyisocyanate comprising an allophanate group and an isocyanurate trimer group. 2. The two-component coating composition of claim 1, wherein the aliphatic polyisocyanate containing allophanate structural units corresponds to the general formula:
in which Q is the radical of an aliphatic diisocyanate. 3. The two-component coating composition of claim 2, in which Q is —(CH2)6—. 4. The two-component coating composition of claim 1, wherein the aliphatic polyisocyanate has an isocyanate functionality of at least 4, a glass transition temperature less than −40° C., and a % NCO less than 10%. 5. The two-component coating composition of claim 1, wherein the cycloaliphatic polyisocyanate is derived from isophorone diisocyanate and has: (i) an NCO content of 10% to 47% by weight, (ii) a viscosity of less than 10,000 mPas, and (iii) isocyanurate and allophanate groups in a molar ratio of monoisocyanurates to monoallophanates of 10:1 to 1:5. 6. The two-component coating composition of claim 1, wherein the isocyanate-functional component comprises: (a) 50 to 90 weight percent, based on the total weight of isocyanate-functional materials in the isocyanate-functional component, of the cycloaliphatic polyisocyanate, and (b) 10 to 50 weight percent, based on the total weight of isocyanate-functional materials in the isocyanate-functional component, of the aliphatic polyisocyanate. 7. The two-component coating composition of claim 1, wherein the isocyanate-reactive component comprises a hydroxyl-functional acrylic polymer. 8. The two-component coating composition of claim 7, wherein the hydroxyl-functional acrylic polymer comprises a reaction product of reactants comprising:
(a) 10 to 40 percent by weight of one or more vinyl aromatic monomers; (b) 5 to 40 percent by weight of one or more olefinic monomers containing hydroxyl groups; (c) 10 to 30 percent by weight of one or more (meth)acrylic esters of an alcohol containing 1 to 8 carbon atoms; and (d) 0.1 to 2 percent by weight of one or more (meth)acrylic acids, wherein the weight percents are based on the total weight of the reactants used to make the acrylic polymer. 9. The two-component coating composition of claim 1, wherein the isocyanate-functional component and the isocyanate-reactive component are present in amounts such that the ratio of isocyanate groups to hydroxyl groups in the composition is 0.5:1 to 5:1. 10. A method of using the two-component coating composition of claim 1, comprising applying the coating composition to a substrate such that the cured coating has a dry film thickness of at least 3 mils. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the substrate comprises a storage tank, a process vessel, pipework, a pump, a building structure, or a bridge structure 12. A method for coating a substrate, comprising:
(a) combining (1) an isocyanate-functional component with (2) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising a hydroxyl-functional polymer in relative amounts to provide a ratio of isocyanate groups to hydroxyl groups in the combined composition of 0.5 to 5.0:1; and (b) depositing the combined composition over at least a portion of a substrate, wherein the isocyanate-functional component comprises:
(i) an aliphatic polyisocyanate containing allophanate structural units and having the structure:
in which Q1 and Q2 independently of one another are the radical of an aliphatic diisocyanate, R1 and R2 independently of one another are hydrogen or a C1-C4 alkyl radical, Y is the radical of a starter molecule with a functionality of from 2 to 6, n is a number from 2 to 6, and m corresponds to a number of monomer units such that the number-average molecular weight of the polyether on which the structure is based is 300 to 20,000 g/mol; and
(H) a cycloaliphatic polyisocyanate comprising an allophanate group and an isocyanurate trimer group. 13. The method of claim 12, in which Q1 and Q2 are —(CH2)6—. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the aliphatic polyisocyanate is prepared by a process comprising: (1) reacting a polyisocyanate (a) and a polyether polyol (b) that contains less than or equal to 0.02 milliequivalent of unsaturated end groups per gram of polyol, has a polydispersity of from 1.0 to 1.5 and an OH functionality of at least 1.9 to give an isocyanate-functional polyurethane polymer, and (2) partly or fully allophanatizing the urethane groups of the isocyanate-functional polyurethane polymer by further reaction with a polyisocyanate. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the aliphatic polyisocyanate containing allophanate structural units corresponds to the general formula:
in which Q is —(CH2)6. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the cycloaliphatic polyisocyanate is derived from isophorone diisocyanate and has: (i) an NCO content of 10% to 47% by weight, (ii) a viscosity of less than 10,000 mPas, and (iii) isocyanurate and allophanate groups in a molar ratio of monoisocyanurates to monoallophanates of 10:1 to 1:5. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the isocyanate functional component comprises: (a) 50 to 90 percent by weight, based on the total weight of isocyanate-functional materials in the isocyanate-functional component, of the cycloaliphatic polyisocyanate; and (b) 10 to 50 percent by weight, based on the total weight of isocyanate-functional materials in the isocyanate-functional component, of the aliphatic polyisocyanate. 18. The method of claim 12, wherein the isocyanate-reactive component comprising a hydroxyl-functional acrylic polymer. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the hydroxyl-functional acrylic polymer comprises a reaction product of reactants comprising:
(a) 10 to 40 percent by weight of one or more vinyl aromatic monomers; (b) 5 to 40 percent by weight of one or more olefinic monomers containing hydroxyl groups; (c) 10 to 30 percent by weight of one or more (meth)acrylic esters of an alcohol containing 1 to 8 carbon atoms; and (d) 0.1 to 2 percent by weight of one or more (meth)acrylic acids, wherein the weight percents are based on the total weight of the reactants used to make the acrylic polymer. | Two-component coating compositions, methods for their preparation and use are disclosed. The two-component coating compositions include an isocyanate-functional component and an isocyanate-reactive component comprising a hydroxyl-functional polymer. The isocyanate-functional component includes: (a) an aliphatic polyisocyanate containing allophanate structural units; and (b) a cycloaliphatic polyisocyanate comprising an allophanate group and an isocyanurate trimer group.1. A two-component coating composition comprising:
(1) an isocyanate-functional component, and (2) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising a hydroxyl-functional acrylic polymer and/or a hydroxyl-functional polyester, wherein the isocyanate-functional component comprises:
(a) an aliphatic polyisocyanate containing allophanate structural units and having the structure:
in which: (i) Q1 and Q2 independently of one another are the radical of an aliphatic diisocyanate, (ii) R1 and R2 independently of one another are hydrogen or a C1-C4 alkyl radical, (iii) Y is the radical of a starter molecule with a functionality of from 2 to 6, (iv) n is a number from 2 to 6, and (v) m corresponds to a number of monomer units such that the number-average molecular weight of the polyether on which the structure is based is 300 to 20,000 g/mol; and
(b) a cycloaliphatic polyisocyanate comprising an allophanate group and an isocyanurate trimer group. 2. The two-component coating composition of claim 1, wherein the aliphatic polyisocyanate containing allophanate structural units corresponds to the general formula:
in which Q is the radical of an aliphatic diisocyanate. 3. The two-component coating composition of claim 2, in which Q is —(CH2)6—. 4. The two-component coating composition of claim 1, wherein the aliphatic polyisocyanate has an isocyanate functionality of at least 4, a glass transition temperature less than −40° C., and a % NCO less than 10%. 5. The two-component coating composition of claim 1, wherein the cycloaliphatic polyisocyanate is derived from isophorone diisocyanate and has: (i) an NCO content of 10% to 47% by weight, (ii) a viscosity of less than 10,000 mPas, and (iii) isocyanurate and allophanate groups in a molar ratio of monoisocyanurates to monoallophanates of 10:1 to 1:5. 6. The two-component coating composition of claim 1, wherein the isocyanate-functional component comprises: (a) 50 to 90 weight percent, based on the total weight of isocyanate-functional materials in the isocyanate-functional component, of the cycloaliphatic polyisocyanate, and (b) 10 to 50 weight percent, based on the total weight of isocyanate-functional materials in the isocyanate-functional component, of the aliphatic polyisocyanate. 7. The two-component coating composition of claim 1, wherein the isocyanate-reactive component comprises a hydroxyl-functional acrylic polymer. 8. The two-component coating composition of claim 7, wherein the hydroxyl-functional acrylic polymer comprises a reaction product of reactants comprising:
(a) 10 to 40 percent by weight of one or more vinyl aromatic monomers; (b) 5 to 40 percent by weight of one or more olefinic monomers containing hydroxyl groups; (c) 10 to 30 percent by weight of one or more (meth)acrylic esters of an alcohol containing 1 to 8 carbon atoms; and (d) 0.1 to 2 percent by weight of one or more (meth)acrylic acids, wherein the weight percents are based on the total weight of the reactants used to make the acrylic polymer. 9. The two-component coating composition of claim 1, wherein the isocyanate-functional component and the isocyanate-reactive component are present in amounts such that the ratio of isocyanate groups to hydroxyl groups in the composition is 0.5:1 to 5:1. 10. A method of using the two-component coating composition of claim 1, comprising applying the coating composition to a substrate such that the cured coating has a dry film thickness of at least 3 mils. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the substrate comprises a storage tank, a process vessel, pipework, a pump, a building structure, or a bridge structure 12. A method for coating a substrate, comprising:
(a) combining (1) an isocyanate-functional component with (2) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising a hydroxyl-functional polymer in relative amounts to provide a ratio of isocyanate groups to hydroxyl groups in the combined composition of 0.5 to 5.0:1; and (b) depositing the combined composition over at least a portion of a substrate, wherein the isocyanate-functional component comprises:
(i) an aliphatic polyisocyanate containing allophanate structural units and having the structure:
in which Q1 and Q2 independently of one another are the radical of an aliphatic diisocyanate, R1 and R2 independently of one another are hydrogen or a C1-C4 alkyl radical, Y is the radical of a starter molecule with a functionality of from 2 to 6, n is a number from 2 to 6, and m corresponds to a number of monomer units such that the number-average molecular weight of the polyether on which the structure is based is 300 to 20,000 g/mol; and
(H) a cycloaliphatic polyisocyanate comprising an allophanate group and an isocyanurate trimer group. 13. The method of claim 12, in which Q1 and Q2 are —(CH2)6—. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the aliphatic polyisocyanate is prepared by a process comprising: (1) reacting a polyisocyanate (a) and a polyether polyol (b) that contains less than or equal to 0.02 milliequivalent of unsaturated end groups per gram of polyol, has a polydispersity of from 1.0 to 1.5 and an OH functionality of at least 1.9 to give an isocyanate-functional polyurethane polymer, and (2) partly or fully allophanatizing the urethane groups of the isocyanate-functional polyurethane polymer by further reaction with a polyisocyanate. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the aliphatic polyisocyanate containing allophanate structural units corresponds to the general formula:
in which Q is —(CH2)6. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the cycloaliphatic polyisocyanate is derived from isophorone diisocyanate and has: (i) an NCO content of 10% to 47% by weight, (ii) a viscosity of less than 10,000 mPas, and (iii) isocyanurate and allophanate groups in a molar ratio of monoisocyanurates to monoallophanates of 10:1 to 1:5. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the isocyanate functional component comprises: (a) 50 to 90 percent by weight, based on the total weight of isocyanate-functional materials in the isocyanate-functional component, of the cycloaliphatic polyisocyanate; and (b) 10 to 50 percent by weight, based on the total weight of isocyanate-functional materials in the isocyanate-functional component, of the aliphatic polyisocyanate. 18. The method of claim 12, wherein the isocyanate-reactive component comprising a hydroxyl-functional acrylic polymer. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the hydroxyl-functional acrylic polymer comprises a reaction product of reactants comprising:
(a) 10 to 40 percent by weight of one or more vinyl aromatic monomers; (b) 5 to 40 percent by weight of one or more olefinic monomers containing hydroxyl groups; (c) 10 to 30 percent by weight of one or more (meth)acrylic esters of an alcohol containing 1 to 8 carbon atoms; and (d) 0.1 to 2 percent by weight of one or more (meth)acrylic acids, wherein the weight percents are based on the total weight of the reactants used to make the acrylic polymer. | 1,700 |
2,170 | 14,245,223 | 1,717 | A pipeline field joint coating applicator machine. The machine having a first frame arranged to be mounted on a pipeline, the frame carrying an induction heating coil which encircles the field joint for heating. A second frame mounted on the pipeline and rotatable thereabout, which second frame carries a pipeline field joint coating applicator. A dust extraction hood mounted on the second frame having lateral sides with respective holes therein through which the pipeline may pass. The dust extraction hood is coupled to a vacuum source and a filter such that air may be drawn into the hood via one or both of the holes so that coating material-contaminated air is filtered. | 1. A pipeline field joint coating applicator machine comprising:
a first frame arranged to be mounted on a pipeline and which first frame carries an induction heating coil encircling the pipeline for heating field joints of the pipeline on which the first frame is mounted; a second frame arranged to be mounted on the pipeline and rotatable thereabout, which second frame carries a pipeline field joint coating applicator and which second frame is arranged axially adjacent the first frame; a dust extraction hood mounted on the second frame and arranged to surround the coating applicator, which dust extraction hood has two lateral sides, in which lateral sides respective holes are formed through which holes the pipeline may pass; the dust extraction hood being coupled to a vacuum source and a filter such that air may be drawn into the hood via one or both of the holes in the lateral sides of the hood under action of the vacuum source and air so drawn into the hood which is then contaminated with coating material from the applicator is filtered from the coating material via the filter. 2. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 1, wherein the holes are of variable diameter thereby to control the rate of air ingress into the hood. 3. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 1, wherein the first and second frames are linked and move axially along the pipeline as a unit. 4. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 1, wherein the filter and the vacuum source are mounted externally of the hood and are both coupled thereto via connection hoses. 5. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 4, wherein the hoses pass through one or both of the holes in the lateral sides of the hood. 6. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 1, wherein the hood includes at least one removable viewing screen for allowing an operator of the machine to view the coating process. 7. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 6, wherein the viewing screen is a hinged flap of the hood. 8. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 1, wherein the hood includes a hopper for funnelling coating material-laden air from the hood to the filter. 9. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 1, wherein one or both of the vacuum source and the filter may be mounted within the hood. 10. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 1, further including at least one flexible delivery hose, through which flexible delivery hose coating material is delivered to the coating applicator via at least one of the respective holes in the hood. 11. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 6, wherein the coating applicator is moveable towards and away from the pipeline to allow cleaning of the applicator. 12. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 11, wherein the coating applicator is hingedly mounted to the second frame in order to permit movement towards and away from the pipeline. 13. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 1, wherein both the first frame and the second frame are formed from at least two sectioned, hingedly coupled together, thereby to permit the machine to be placed around and removed from a continuous pipeline. 14. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 1, further including at least one high-pressure hose for supplying compressed air into the hood in order to blow coating material which may have coated the inside of the hood. 15. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 14, further including a nozzle, coupled to the at least one high-pressure hose, which nozzle is mounted on the coating applicator such that on rotation the second frame, both the second frame and interior of the hood may be cleaned by blowing of the compressed air. | A pipeline field joint coating applicator machine. The machine having a first frame arranged to be mounted on a pipeline, the frame carrying an induction heating coil which encircles the field joint for heating. A second frame mounted on the pipeline and rotatable thereabout, which second frame carries a pipeline field joint coating applicator. A dust extraction hood mounted on the second frame having lateral sides with respective holes therein through which the pipeline may pass. The dust extraction hood is coupled to a vacuum source and a filter such that air may be drawn into the hood via one or both of the holes so that coating material-contaminated air is filtered.1. A pipeline field joint coating applicator machine comprising:
a first frame arranged to be mounted on a pipeline and which first frame carries an induction heating coil encircling the pipeline for heating field joints of the pipeline on which the first frame is mounted; a second frame arranged to be mounted on the pipeline and rotatable thereabout, which second frame carries a pipeline field joint coating applicator and which second frame is arranged axially adjacent the first frame; a dust extraction hood mounted on the second frame and arranged to surround the coating applicator, which dust extraction hood has two lateral sides, in which lateral sides respective holes are formed through which holes the pipeline may pass; the dust extraction hood being coupled to a vacuum source and a filter such that air may be drawn into the hood via one or both of the holes in the lateral sides of the hood under action of the vacuum source and air so drawn into the hood which is then contaminated with coating material from the applicator is filtered from the coating material via the filter. 2. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 1, wherein the holes are of variable diameter thereby to control the rate of air ingress into the hood. 3. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 1, wherein the first and second frames are linked and move axially along the pipeline as a unit. 4. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 1, wherein the filter and the vacuum source are mounted externally of the hood and are both coupled thereto via connection hoses. 5. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 4, wherein the hoses pass through one or both of the holes in the lateral sides of the hood. 6. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 1, wherein the hood includes at least one removable viewing screen for allowing an operator of the machine to view the coating process. 7. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 6, wherein the viewing screen is a hinged flap of the hood. 8. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 1, wherein the hood includes a hopper for funnelling coating material-laden air from the hood to the filter. 9. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 1, wherein one or both of the vacuum source and the filter may be mounted within the hood. 10. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 1, further including at least one flexible delivery hose, through which flexible delivery hose coating material is delivered to the coating applicator via at least one of the respective holes in the hood. 11. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 6, wherein the coating applicator is moveable towards and away from the pipeline to allow cleaning of the applicator. 12. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 11, wherein the coating applicator is hingedly mounted to the second frame in order to permit movement towards and away from the pipeline. 13. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 1, wherein both the first frame and the second frame are formed from at least two sectioned, hingedly coupled together, thereby to permit the machine to be placed around and removed from a continuous pipeline. 14. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 1, further including at least one high-pressure hose for supplying compressed air into the hood in order to blow coating material which may have coated the inside of the hood. 15. The pipeline field joint coating applicator machine of claim 14, further including a nozzle, coupled to the at least one high-pressure hose, which nozzle is mounted on the coating applicator such that on rotation the second frame, both the second frame and interior of the hood may be cleaned by blowing of the compressed air. | 1,700 |
2,171 | 14,254,920 | 1,767 | The present invention relates to a primer coating composition that includes, (a) a (meth)acrylic polymer that includes hydroxyl groups, and which has a Tg of at least 30° C. The primer coating composition further includes, (b) a polyester that includes hydroxyl groups, and which has a weight average molecular weight of less than 3000, and a hydroxyl value of at least 100. The primer coating composition also includes, (c) a crosslinking agent having at least two isocyanate groups. The present invention also relates to a coated article that includes a repaired area that includes a primer coating formed from the primer coating composition of the present invention. The primer coating compositions, in accordance with some embodiments, provide reduced or minimal ringing defects. | 1. A primer coating composition comprising:
(a) a (meth)acrylic polymer comprising hydroxyl groups, and having a Tg of at least 30° C.; (b) a polyester comprising hydroxyl groups, and having a weight average molecular weight of less than 3000, and a hydroxyl value of at least 100; and (c) a crosslinking agent having at least two isocyanate groups. 2. The primer coating composition of claim 1 wherein said (meth)acrylic polymer has a Tg of from 30° C. to 100° C. 3. The primer coating composition of claim 2 wherein said (meth)acrylic polymer has a Tg of from 40° C. to 90° C. 4. The primer coating composition of claim 1 wherein said (meth)acrylic polymer has a hydroxyl value of from 15 to 100, and a weight average molecular weight of from 5,000 to 25,000. 5. The primer coating composition of claim 1 wherein said (meth)acrylic polymer comprises residues of a high Tg (meth)acrylate monomer chosen from methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, iso-butyl methacrylate, sec-butyl methacrylate, t-butyl acrylate, t-butyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, isobornyl acrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, tetramethyl cyclohexyl methacrylate, and combinations thereof. 6. The primer coating composition of claim 5 wherein said (meth)acrylic polymer is substantially free of aromatic groups. 7. The primer coating composition of claim 1 wherein said polyester has a weight average molecular weight of from 500 to less than 3,000, and a hydroxyl value of from 100 to 300. 8. The primer coating composition of claim 7 wherein said polyester has a weight average molecular weight of from 800 to 2,000, and a hydroxyl value of from 120 to 250. 9. The primer coating composition of claim 1 wherein said polyester is an aliphatic polyester. 10. The primer coating composition of claim 9 wherein said polyester comprises residues of at least one polyol having at least two hydroxyl groups. 11. The primer coating composition of claim 10 wherein each polyol has at least three hydroxyl groups. 12. The primer coating composition of claim 11 wherein said polyester comprises residues of at least one cyclic carboxylic acid ester. 13. The primer coating composition of claim 9 wherein said polyester consists essentially of,
residues of at least one polyol having three hydroxyl groups, and
residues of at least one cyclic carboxylic acid ester. 14. The primer coating composition of claim 1 wherein said crosslinking agent comprises an aliphatic crosslinking agent. 15. The primer coating composition of claim 14 wherein said crosslinking agent comprises at least one isocyanurate adduct of an aliphatic diisocyanate. 16. The primer coating composition of claim 15 wherein said aliphatic diisocyanate is chosen from 1,4-tetramethylene diisocyanate, 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate, 1,4-cyclohexyl diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, 4,4′-methylene-bis(cyclohexyl isocyanate), and combinations thereof. 17. The primer coating composition of claim 1 wherein,
said (meth)acrylic polymer is present in said primer composition in an amount of from 50 percent by weight to 96 percent by weight, based on solids weight of said (meth)acrylic polymer and said polyester, and
said polyester is present in said primer composition in an amount of from 4 percent by weight to 50 percent by weight, based on solids weight of said (meth)acrylic polymer and said polyester. 18. The primer coating composition of claim 1 wherein said primer coating composition has an equivalent ratio of isocyanate groups to hydroxyl groups of from
0.5:1to 1.8:1. 19. The primer coating composition of claim 1 wherein said primer coating composition has an equivalent ratio of isocyanate groups to hydroxyl groups of from
0.6:1 to 1.6:1. 20. The primer coating composition of claim 1 wherein said primer coating composition has an equivalent ratio of isocyanate groups to hydroxyl groups of from
0.8:1 to 1.3:1. 21. The primer coating composition of claim 1 wherein said primer coating composition comprises at least one pigment. 22. A coated article comprising:
(a) a substrate comprising a coated area comprising a first coating, and a repaired area, wherein said repaired area resides within said coated area; (b) a primer layer residing within said repaired area, wherein said primer layer is formed from a primer coating composition comprising:
(i) a (meth)acrylic polymer comprising hydroxyl groups, and having a Tg of at least 30° C.,
(ii) a polyester comprising hydroxyl groups, and having a weight average molecular weight of less than 3000, and a hydroxyl value of at least 100, and
(iii) a crosslinking agent having at least two isocyanate groups; and
(c) at least one second coating residing over said primer layer, said first coating and said second coating being substantially flush with each other. 23. The coated article of claim 22 wherein said coated article is substantially free of visually observable ringing defects in said second coating. | The present invention relates to a primer coating composition that includes, (a) a (meth)acrylic polymer that includes hydroxyl groups, and which has a Tg of at least 30° C. The primer coating composition further includes, (b) a polyester that includes hydroxyl groups, and which has a weight average molecular weight of less than 3000, and a hydroxyl value of at least 100. The primer coating composition also includes, (c) a crosslinking agent having at least two isocyanate groups. The present invention also relates to a coated article that includes a repaired area that includes a primer coating formed from the primer coating composition of the present invention. The primer coating compositions, in accordance with some embodiments, provide reduced or minimal ringing defects.1. A primer coating composition comprising:
(a) a (meth)acrylic polymer comprising hydroxyl groups, and having a Tg of at least 30° C.; (b) a polyester comprising hydroxyl groups, and having a weight average molecular weight of less than 3000, and a hydroxyl value of at least 100; and (c) a crosslinking agent having at least two isocyanate groups. 2. The primer coating composition of claim 1 wherein said (meth)acrylic polymer has a Tg of from 30° C. to 100° C. 3. The primer coating composition of claim 2 wherein said (meth)acrylic polymer has a Tg of from 40° C. to 90° C. 4. The primer coating composition of claim 1 wherein said (meth)acrylic polymer has a hydroxyl value of from 15 to 100, and a weight average molecular weight of from 5,000 to 25,000. 5. The primer coating composition of claim 1 wherein said (meth)acrylic polymer comprises residues of a high Tg (meth)acrylate monomer chosen from methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, iso-butyl methacrylate, sec-butyl methacrylate, t-butyl acrylate, t-butyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, isobornyl acrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, tetramethyl cyclohexyl methacrylate, and combinations thereof. 6. The primer coating composition of claim 5 wherein said (meth)acrylic polymer is substantially free of aromatic groups. 7. The primer coating composition of claim 1 wherein said polyester has a weight average molecular weight of from 500 to less than 3,000, and a hydroxyl value of from 100 to 300. 8. The primer coating composition of claim 7 wherein said polyester has a weight average molecular weight of from 800 to 2,000, and a hydroxyl value of from 120 to 250. 9. The primer coating composition of claim 1 wherein said polyester is an aliphatic polyester. 10. The primer coating composition of claim 9 wherein said polyester comprises residues of at least one polyol having at least two hydroxyl groups. 11. The primer coating composition of claim 10 wherein each polyol has at least three hydroxyl groups. 12. The primer coating composition of claim 11 wherein said polyester comprises residues of at least one cyclic carboxylic acid ester. 13. The primer coating composition of claim 9 wherein said polyester consists essentially of,
residues of at least one polyol having three hydroxyl groups, and
residues of at least one cyclic carboxylic acid ester. 14. The primer coating composition of claim 1 wherein said crosslinking agent comprises an aliphatic crosslinking agent. 15. The primer coating composition of claim 14 wherein said crosslinking agent comprises at least one isocyanurate adduct of an aliphatic diisocyanate. 16. The primer coating composition of claim 15 wherein said aliphatic diisocyanate is chosen from 1,4-tetramethylene diisocyanate, 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate, 1,4-cyclohexyl diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, 4,4′-methylene-bis(cyclohexyl isocyanate), and combinations thereof. 17. The primer coating composition of claim 1 wherein,
said (meth)acrylic polymer is present in said primer composition in an amount of from 50 percent by weight to 96 percent by weight, based on solids weight of said (meth)acrylic polymer and said polyester, and
said polyester is present in said primer composition in an amount of from 4 percent by weight to 50 percent by weight, based on solids weight of said (meth)acrylic polymer and said polyester. 18. The primer coating composition of claim 1 wherein said primer coating composition has an equivalent ratio of isocyanate groups to hydroxyl groups of from
0.5:1to 1.8:1. 19. The primer coating composition of claim 1 wherein said primer coating composition has an equivalent ratio of isocyanate groups to hydroxyl groups of from
0.6:1 to 1.6:1. 20. The primer coating composition of claim 1 wherein said primer coating composition has an equivalent ratio of isocyanate groups to hydroxyl groups of from
0.8:1 to 1.3:1. 21. The primer coating composition of claim 1 wherein said primer coating composition comprises at least one pigment. 22. A coated article comprising:
(a) a substrate comprising a coated area comprising a first coating, and a repaired area, wherein said repaired area resides within said coated area; (b) a primer layer residing within said repaired area, wherein said primer layer is formed from a primer coating composition comprising:
(i) a (meth)acrylic polymer comprising hydroxyl groups, and having a Tg of at least 30° C.,
(ii) a polyester comprising hydroxyl groups, and having a weight average molecular weight of less than 3000, and a hydroxyl value of at least 100, and
(iii) a crosslinking agent having at least two isocyanate groups; and
(c) at least one second coating residing over said primer layer, said first coating and said second coating being substantially flush with each other. 23. The coated article of claim 22 wherein said coated article is substantially free of visually observable ringing defects in said second coating. | 1,700 |
2,172 | 12,092,642 | 1,792 | A method of packaging ovenable fish or meat and which comprises the steps of providing a dual-ovenable thermoformable polymeric receiving film having a first and second surface and a dual-ovenable polymeric covering film having a first and second surface, wherein said receiving film consists of a mono-layer polyester or polyamide substrate, an optional barrier layer, and an optional heat-sealable layer which where present constitutes the first surface of the receiving film, wherein said receiving and covering films are separate pieces of film and wherein at least one of said first surfaces of said receiving and covering films is a heat-sealable surface; providing a raised outer portion and an indented central portion in said receiving film by thermoforming; disposing on the first surface of the receiving film a portion of meat or fish; disposing the covering film over the portion of meat or fish such that the first surface of the covering film is disposed towards the first surface of the receiving film; contacting the peripheral portions of the first surface of the receiving film and the first surface of the covering film and forming a heat-seal bond therebetween; and optionally freezing the packaged meat or fish is described. | 1. A method of packaging ovenable fish or meat, said method comprising the steps of:
(i) providing a dual-ovenable thermoformable polymeric receiving film having a first and second surface and a dual-ovenable polymeric covering film having a first and second surface, wherein said receiving film consists of a mono-layer polyester or polyamide substrate, an optional barrier layer, and an optional heat-sealable layer which where present constitutes the first surface of the receiving film, wherein said receiving and covering films are separate pieces of film and wherein at least one of said first surfaces of said receiving and covering films is a heat-sealable surface; (ii) providing a raised outer portion and an indented central portion in said receiving film by thermoforming; (iii) disposing on the first surface of the receiving film a portion of meat or fish; (iv) disposing the covering film over the portion of meat or fish such that the first surface of the covering film is disposed towards the first surface of the receiving film; (v) contacting the peripheral portions of the first surface of the receiving film and the first surface of the covering film and forming a heat-seal bond therebetween; &and (vi) optionally freezing the packaged meat or fish. 2. A method of cooking fish or meat comprising the steps of:
(i) providing a dual-ovenable thermoformable polymeric receiving film having a first and second surface and a dual-ovenable polymeric covering film having a first and second surface, wherein said receiving film consists of a mono-layer polyester or polyamide substrate, an optional barrier layer, and an optional heat-sealable layer which where present constitutes the first surface of the receiving film, wherein said receiving and covering films are separate pieces of film and wherein at least one of said first surfaces of said receiving and covering films is a heat-sealable surface; (ii) providing a raised outer portion and an indented central portion in said receiving film by thermoforming; (iii) disposing on the first surface of the receiving film a portion of meat or fish; (iv) disposing the covering film over the portion of meat or fish such that the first surface of the covering film is disposed towards the first surface of the receiving film; (v) contacting the peripheral portions of the first surface of the receiving film and the first surface of the covering film and forming a heat-seal bond therebetween; (vi) optionally freezing the packaged meat or fish; and (vii) cooking the packaged fish or meat in an oven. 3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the forming of the receiving film is effected using the technique of vacuum thermoforming. 4. The method according to claim 1 wherein said receiving film is a thermoformable polyester film. 5. The method according to a claim 1 wherein said receiving film comprises a substrate layer of copolyester comprising repeating units derived from an aromatic dicarboxylic acid, an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid of the general formula CnH2n(COOH)2 wherein n is 2 to 10, and one or more diol(s). 6. The method according to claim 5 wherein the aliphatic dicarboxylic acid is present in the copolyester in an amount of from 1 to 20 mole % based on the total amount of dicarboxylic acid components in the copolyester. 7. The method according to claim 1 wherein the first surface of the covering film is the heat-sealable surface. 8. The method according to claim 1 wherein said receiving film comprises an additional heat-sealable layer, the heat-sealable layer constituting said first surface of the receiving film. 9. The method according to claim 8 wherein said heat-sealable layer comprises a copolyester derived from an aliphatic diol, an aromatic dicarboxylic acid and an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, wherein the concentration of the aromatic dicarboxylic acid is in the range from 45 to 75 mol/based on the dicarboxylic acid components of the copolyester, and the concentration of the aliphatic dicarboxylic acid is in the range from 25 to 55 mole % based on the dicarboxylic acid components of the copolyester. 10. The method according to claim 1 wherein the thermoformable receiving film comprises a polyamide. 11. The method according to claim 1 wherein the covering film comprises polyester. 12. The method according to claim 1 wherein the covering film comprises polyethylene terephthalate. 13. The method according to claim 1 wherein said covering film comprises a substrate layer and a heat-sealable layer, the heat-sealable layer constituting said first surface of the covering film. 14. The method according to claim 13 wherein said heat-sealable layer comprises a copolyester derived from an aliphatic diol, an aromatic dicarboxylic acid and an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, wherein the concentration of the aromatic dicarboxylic acid is in the range from 45 to 80 mol % based on the dicarboxylic acid components of the copolyester, and the concentration of the aliphatic dicarboxylic acid is in the range from 20 to 55 mole % based on the dicarboxylic acid components of the copolyester. 15. The method according to claim 1 wherein said receiving and covering films comprise a barrier layer, the barrier layer constituting the second surfaces of the receiving and covering films, wherein the water vapour transmission rate is in the range of 0.01 to 10 g/100 inches2/day, and/or the oxygen transmission rate is in the range of 0.01 to 10 cm3/100 inches2/day/atm. 16. The method according to claim 15 wherein the barrier layer comprises PVdC. 17. The method according to claim 1 wherein the covering film and optionally the receiving film exhibit a haze of <10%. 18. The method according to claim 2 wherein the packaged meat or fish is frozen and is transferred directly from the freezer to the oven. 19. The method according to claim 1 wherein said oven is a microwave or convection oven. 20. The method according to claim 1 wherein said receiving and covering films comprise a barrier layer, the barrier layer constituting the second surfaces of the receiving and covering films, wherein the water vapour transmission rate is in the range of 0.01 to 1.0 g/100 inches2/day. 21. The method according to claim 1 wherein said receiving and covering films comprise a barrier layer, the barrier layer constituting the second surfaces of the receiving and covering films, wherein the water vapour transmission rate is in the range of 0.1 to 1 g/100 inches2/day. 22. The method according to claim 1 wherein said receiving and covering films comprise a barrier layer, the barrier layer constituting the second surfaces of the receiving and covering films, wherein the oxygen transmission rate is in the range of 0.01 to 1 cm3/100 inches2/day/atm. 23. The method according to claim 1 wherein said receiving and covering films comprise a barrier layer, the barrier layer constituting the second surfaces of the receiving and covering films, wherein the oxygen transmission rate is in the range of 0.1 to 1 cm3/100 inches2/day/atm. | A method of packaging ovenable fish or meat and which comprises the steps of providing a dual-ovenable thermoformable polymeric receiving film having a first and second surface and a dual-ovenable polymeric covering film having a first and second surface, wherein said receiving film consists of a mono-layer polyester or polyamide substrate, an optional barrier layer, and an optional heat-sealable layer which where present constitutes the first surface of the receiving film, wherein said receiving and covering films are separate pieces of film and wherein at least one of said first surfaces of said receiving and covering films is a heat-sealable surface; providing a raised outer portion and an indented central portion in said receiving film by thermoforming; disposing on the first surface of the receiving film a portion of meat or fish; disposing the covering film over the portion of meat or fish such that the first surface of the covering film is disposed towards the first surface of the receiving film; contacting the peripheral portions of the first surface of the receiving film and the first surface of the covering film and forming a heat-seal bond therebetween; and optionally freezing the packaged meat or fish is described.1. A method of packaging ovenable fish or meat, said method comprising the steps of:
(i) providing a dual-ovenable thermoformable polymeric receiving film having a first and second surface and a dual-ovenable polymeric covering film having a first and second surface, wherein said receiving film consists of a mono-layer polyester or polyamide substrate, an optional barrier layer, and an optional heat-sealable layer which where present constitutes the first surface of the receiving film, wherein said receiving and covering films are separate pieces of film and wherein at least one of said first surfaces of said receiving and covering films is a heat-sealable surface; (ii) providing a raised outer portion and an indented central portion in said receiving film by thermoforming; (iii) disposing on the first surface of the receiving film a portion of meat or fish; (iv) disposing the covering film over the portion of meat or fish such that the first surface of the covering film is disposed towards the first surface of the receiving film; (v) contacting the peripheral portions of the first surface of the receiving film and the first surface of the covering film and forming a heat-seal bond therebetween; &and (vi) optionally freezing the packaged meat or fish. 2. A method of cooking fish or meat comprising the steps of:
(i) providing a dual-ovenable thermoformable polymeric receiving film having a first and second surface and a dual-ovenable polymeric covering film having a first and second surface, wherein said receiving film consists of a mono-layer polyester or polyamide substrate, an optional barrier layer, and an optional heat-sealable layer which where present constitutes the first surface of the receiving film, wherein said receiving and covering films are separate pieces of film and wherein at least one of said first surfaces of said receiving and covering films is a heat-sealable surface; (ii) providing a raised outer portion and an indented central portion in said receiving film by thermoforming; (iii) disposing on the first surface of the receiving film a portion of meat or fish; (iv) disposing the covering film over the portion of meat or fish such that the first surface of the covering film is disposed towards the first surface of the receiving film; (v) contacting the peripheral portions of the first surface of the receiving film and the first surface of the covering film and forming a heat-seal bond therebetween; (vi) optionally freezing the packaged meat or fish; and (vii) cooking the packaged fish or meat in an oven. 3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the forming of the receiving film is effected using the technique of vacuum thermoforming. 4. The method according to claim 1 wherein said receiving film is a thermoformable polyester film. 5. The method according to a claim 1 wherein said receiving film comprises a substrate layer of copolyester comprising repeating units derived from an aromatic dicarboxylic acid, an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid of the general formula CnH2n(COOH)2 wherein n is 2 to 10, and one or more diol(s). 6. The method according to claim 5 wherein the aliphatic dicarboxylic acid is present in the copolyester in an amount of from 1 to 20 mole % based on the total amount of dicarboxylic acid components in the copolyester. 7. The method according to claim 1 wherein the first surface of the covering film is the heat-sealable surface. 8. The method according to claim 1 wherein said receiving film comprises an additional heat-sealable layer, the heat-sealable layer constituting said first surface of the receiving film. 9. The method according to claim 8 wherein said heat-sealable layer comprises a copolyester derived from an aliphatic diol, an aromatic dicarboxylic acid and an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, wherein the concentration of the aromatic dicarboxylic acid is in the range from 45 to 75 mol/based on the dicarboxylic acid components of the copolyester, and the concentration of the aliphatic dicarboxylic acid is in the range from 25 to 55 mole % based on the dicarboxylic acid components of the copolyester. 10. The method according to claim 1 wherein the thermoformable receiving film comprises a polyamide. 11. The method according to claim 1 wherein the covering film comprises polyester. 12. The method according to claim 1 wherein the covering film comprises polyethylene terephthalate. 13. The method according to claim 1 wherein said covering film comprises a substrate layer and a heat-sealable layer, the heat-sealable layer constituting said first surface of the covering film. 14. The method according to claim 13 wherein said heat-sealable layer comprises a copolyester derived from an aliphatic diol, an aromatic dicarboxylic acid and an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, wherein the concentration of the aromatic dicarboxylic acid is in the range from 45 to 80 mol % based on the dicarboxylic acid components of the copolyester, and the concentration of the aliphatic dicarboxylic acid is in the range from 20 to 55 mole % based on the dicarboxylic acid components of the copolyester. 15. The method according to claim 1 wherein said receiving and covering films comprise a barrier layer, the barrier layer constituting the second surfaces of the receiving and covering films, wherein the water vapour transmission rate is in the range of 0.01 to 10 g/100 inches2/day, and/or the oxygen transmission rate is in the range of 0.01 to 10 cm3/100 inches2/day/atm. 16. The method according to claim 15 wherein the barrier layer comprises PVdC. 17. The method according to claim 1 wherein the covering film and optionally the receiving film exhibit a haze of <10%. 18. The method according to claim 2 wherein the packaged meat or fish is frozen and is transferred directly from the freezer to the oven. 19. The method according to claim 1 wherein said oven is a microwave or convection oven. 20. The method according to claim 1 wherein said receiving and covering films comprise a barrier layer, the barrier layer constituting the second surfaces of the receiving and covering films, wherein the water vapour transmission rate is in the range of 0.01 to 1.0 g/100 inches2/day. 21. The method according to claim 1 wherein said receiving and covering films comprise a barrier layer, the barrier layer constituting the second surfaces of the receiving and covering films, wherein the water vapour transmission rate is in the range of 0.1 to 1 g/100 inches2/day. 22. The method according to claim 1 wherein said receiving and covering films comprise a barrier layer, the barrier layer constituting the second surfaces of the receiving and covering films, wherein the oxygen transmission rate is in the range of 0.01 to 1 cm3/100 inches2/day/atm. 23. The method according to claim 1 wherein said receiving and covering films comprise a barrier layer, the barrier layer constituting the second surfaces of the receiving and covering films, wherein the oxygen transmission rate is in the range of 0.1 to 1 cm3/100 inches2/day/atm. | 1,700 |
2,173 | 14,226,225 | 1,765 | To provide a coating fluid for a gate insulating film, which can be baked at a low temperature of at most 180° C.; a gate insulating film having excellent solvent resistance and further having good characteristics in e.g. specific resistance or semiconductor mobility; and an organic transistor employing the gate insulating film.
A coating fluid for a gate insulating film, which comprises a polyimide obtainable by cyclodehydration of a polyamic acid having repeating units of a specific structure, a gate insulating film employing the coating fluid, and the organic transistor employing the gate insulating film. | 1-10. (canceled) 11. A process for producing an organic transistor, comprising:
applying a solution containing at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of a glycol, a lactate and a Ketone, and a polyimide on a substrate and a gate electrode and baking at a temperature of at most 180° C.; wherein the organic solvent soluble polyimide is obtained by cycloclohydration of a polyamic acid having repeating units represented by the following formula (1),
wherein A is a tetravalent organic group, B1 is at least one bivalent organic group selected from the following formulae (2) to (9), and B2 is a bivalent organic group other than the following formulae (2) to (9):
wherein each R5 independently is a hydrogen, a methyl group or a trifluoromethyl group,
each of b 1 and b2 represents a compositional ratio, and b 1 and b2 have a relationship of 0.5≦(b1/(b1+b2))≦1 in ratio (mol). 12. The process according to claim 11, wherein in the formula (1), A is a tetravalent organic group having an alicyclic structure. 13. The process according to claim 12, wherein the tetravalent organic group having an alicyclic structure is at least one member selected from the group consisting of the following formulae (10) to (14):
in the formula (10), each of R1, R2, R3 and R4 which are independent of one another, is hydrogen, fluorine or a C1-4 organic group. 14. The process according to claim 11, wherein in the formula (1), B1 represents the above formula (2), (4), (6) or (8). 15. The process according to claim 11, wherein in the formula (1), R6 in B1 represents a methyl group or a trifluoromethyl group. 16. The process according to claim 11, wherein the baking process is carried out at most 150° C. 17. The process according to claim 11, wherein in the organic-solvent soluble polyimide has an imidated ratio of at least 50%. 18. The process according to claim 11, wherein the solvent in the solution containing the organic-solvent soluble polyimide has a boiling point of at most 200° C. 19. The process according to claim 11, wherein in the organic-solvent soluble polyimide comprises a polyimide having a weight average molecular weight from 15,100 to 16,900. 20. The process according to claim 11, comprising a polyimide having repeating units B1 in formula (1) at least one selected from the group consisting of the above formula (2), (3), (4) or (5). 21. The process according to claim 11, comprising a polyimide having repeating units B1 in formula (1) at least one selected from the group consisting of the above formula (6) or (7). 22. The process according to claim 11, comprising a polyimide having repeating units B1 in formula (1) at least one selected from, the group consisting of the above formula (8) or (9). 23. The process according to claim 11, wherein the substrate is a plastic substrate selected from the group consisting of a polycarbonate substrate and a polyethylene terephthalate substrate. 24. The process according to claim 11, wherein the solution further comprises a polyamic acid. 25. The process according to claim 11, wherein the solution is applied to a substrate comprising a gate electrode, a source electrode, a drain electrode and a gate insulating film, and the baking forms an organic semiconductor layer on the gate insulating film, the source electrode and the drain electrode. 26. The process according to claim 25, wherein the gate insulating film has a specific resistance of at least 5.7×1015 Ω·cm. 27. The process according to claim 25, wherein the substrate is made of at least one plastic selected from the group consisting of polycarbonate plastic and polyethylene terephthalate. 28. The process according to claim 11, wherein the substrate is a flexible plastic. 29. The process according to claim 11, wherein the solvent does not contain an amide. | To provide a coating fluid for a gate insulating film, which can be baked at a low temperature of at most 180° C.; a gate insulating film having excellent solvent resistance and further having good characteristics in e.g. specific resistance or semiconductor mobility; and an organic transistor employing the gate insulating film.
A coating fluid for a gate insulating film, which comprises a polyimide obtainable by cyclodehydration of a polyamic acid having repeating units of a specific structure, a gate insulating film employing the coating fluid, and the organic transistor employing the gate insulating film.1-10. (canceled) 11. A process for producing an organic transistor, comprising:
applying a solution containing at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of a glycol, a lactate and a Ketone, and a polyimide on a substrate and a gate electrode and baking at a temperature of at most 180° C.; wherein the organic solvent soluble polyimide is obtained by cycloclohydration of a polyamic acid having repeating units represented by the following formula (1),
wherein A is a tetravalent organic group, B1 is at least one bivalent organic group selected from the following formulae (2) to (9), and B2 is a bivalent organic group other than the following formulae (2) to (9):
wherein each R5 independently is a hydrogen, a methyl group or a trifluoromethyl group,
each of b 1 and b2 represents a compositional ratio, and b 1 and b2 have a relationship of 0.5≦(b1/(b1+b2))≦1 in ratio (mol). 12. The process according to claim 11, wherein in the formula (1), A is a tetravalent organic group having an alicyclic structure. 13. The process according to claim 12, wherein the tetravalent organic group having an alicyclic structure is at least one member selected from the group consisting of the following formulae (10) to (14):
in the formula (10), each of R1, R2, R3 and R4 which are independent of one another, is hydrogen, fluorine or a C1-4 organic group. 14. The process according to claim 11, wherein in the formula (1), B1 represents the above formula (2), (4), (6) or (8). 15. The process according to claim 11, wherein in the formula (1), R6 in B1 represents a methyl group or a trifluoromethyl group. 16. The process according to claim 11, wherein the baking process is carried out at most 150° C. 17. The process according to claim 11, wherein in the organic-solvent soluble polyimide has an imidated ratio of at least 50%. 18. The process according to claim 11, wherein the solvent in the solution containing the organic-solvent soluble polyimide has a boiling point of at most 200° C. 19. The process according to claim 11, wherein in the organic-solvent soluble polyimide comprises a polyimide having a weight average molecular weight from 15,100 to 16,900. 20. The process according to claim 11, comprising a polyimide having repeating units B1 in formula (1) at least one selected from the group consisting of the above formula (2), (3), (4) or (5). 21. The process according to claim 11, comprising a polyimide having repeating units B1 in formula (1) at least one selected from the group consisting of the above formula (6) or (7). 22. The process according to claim 11, comprising a polyimide having repeating units B1 in formula (1) at least one selected from, the group consisting of the above formula (8) or (9). 23. The process according to claim 11, wherein the substrate is a plastic substrate selected from the group consisting of a polycarbonate substrate and a polyethylene terephthalate substrate. 24. The process according to claim 11, wherein the solution further comprises a polyamic acid. 25. The process according to claim 11, wherein the solution is applied to a substrate comprising a gate electrode, a source electrode, a drain electrode and a gate insulating film, and the baking forms an organic semiconductor layer on the gate insulating film, the source electrode and the drain electrode. 26. The process according to claim 25, wherein the gate insulating film has a specific resistance of at least 5.7×1015 Ω·cm. 27. The process according to claim 25, wherein the substrate is made of at least one plastic selected from the group consisting of polycarbonate plastic and polyethylene terephthalate. 28. The process according to claim 11, wherein the substrate is a flexible plastic. 29. The process according to claim 11, wherein the solvent does not contain an amide. | 1,700 |
2,174 | 14,037,887 | 1,735 | A method of manufacturing a component and a method of thermal management are provided. The methods include forming at least one portion of the component, printing a cooling member of the component and attaching the at least one portion to the cooling member of the component. The cooling member includes at least one cooling feature. The at least one cooling feature includes at least one cooling channel adjacent to a surface of the component, wherein printing allows for near-net shape geometry of the cooling member with the at least one cooling channel being located within a range of about 127 (0.005 inches) to about 762 micrometers (0.030 inches) from the surface of the component. The method of thermal management also includes transporting a fluid through at least one fluid pathway defined by the at least one cooling channel within the component to cool the component. | 1. A method of manufacturing a component comprising:
forming at least one portion of the component; printing a cooling member of the component, the cooling member including at least one cooling feature, the at least one cooling feature including at least one cooling channel adjacent to a surface of the component, wherein printing allows for near-net shape geometry of the cooling member with the at least one cooling channel being located within a range of about 127 (0.005 inches) to about 762 micrometers (0.030 inches) from the surface of the component; and attaching the at least one portion to the cooling member of the component. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one cooling feature further includes at least one cooling cavity adjacent to the at least one cooling channel. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of printing further includes creating a first opening in the at least one cooling channel, the first opening joining the at least one cooling cavity to the at least one cooling channel. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the step of printing further includes creating a second opening in the at least one cooling channel, the second opening being in the surface of the component. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the at least one portion of the component further includes at least one cooling cavity. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the at least one cooling cavity of the at least one portion aligns with the at least one cooling cavity of the cooling member. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of forming includes casting or three-dimensional printing of the at least one portion. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of printing uses a three-dimensional printing process. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of attaching includes welding, brazing transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding, diffusion bonding, mechanical attachment, or combinations thereof. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one portion is selected from a first material and the cooling member is selected from a second material. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the first material is the same as the second material. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the first material is different than the second material. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the first material is selected from nickel, iron, cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, aluminum, titanium, stainless steel, nickel based superalloys, cobalt super alloys or combinations thereof. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the second material is selected from nickel, iron, cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, aluminum, titanium, stainless steel, nickel based superalloys, cobalt super alloys or combinations thereof. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one cooling channel is located at least less than about 508 micrometers (0.020 inches) away from the surface of the component. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one cooling channel is located at least less than about 254 micrometers (0.010 inches) away from the surface of the component. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one cooling channel has a varying geometry throughout the cooling member. 18. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying at least one protective coating after the step of attaching. 19. A method of thermal management of a component comprising:
forming at least one portion of the component; printing a cooling member of the component, the cooling member including at least one cooling feature, the at least one cooling feature including at least one cooling channel adjacent to a surface of the component, wherein printing allows for near-net shape geometry of the cooling member with the at least one cooling channel being located within a range of about 127 (0.005 inches) to about 762 micrometers (0.030 inches) from the surface of the component; attaching the at least one portion to the cooling member of the component; and transporting a fluid through at least one fluid pathway defined by the at least one cooling channel within the component to cool the component. 20. The method of claim 20, wherein the at least one cooling channel is located at least less than about 508 micrometers (0.020 inches) away from the surface of the component. | A method of manufacturing a component and a method of thermal management are provided. The methods include forming at least one portion of the component, printing a cooling member of the component and attaching the at least one portion to the cooling member of the component. The cooling member includes at least one cooling feature. The at least one cooling feature includes at least one cooling channel adjacent to a surface of the component, wherein printing allows for near-net shape geometry of the cooling member with the at least one cooling channel being located within a range of about 127 (0.005 inches) to about 762 micrometers (0.030 inches) from the surface of the component. The method of thermal management also includes transporting a fluid through at least one fluid pathway defined by the at least one cooling channel within the component to cool the component.1. A method of manufacturing a component comprising:
forming at least one portion of the component; printing a cooling member of the component, the cooling member including at least one cooling feature, the at least one cooling feature including at least one cooling channel adjacent to a surface of the component, wherein printing allows for near-net shape geometry of the cooling member with the at least one cooling channel being located within a range of about 127 (0.005 inches) to about 762 micrometers (0.030 inches) from the surface of the component; and attaching the at least one portion to the cooling member of the component. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one cooling feature further includes at least one cooling cavity adjacent to the at least one cooling channel. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of printing further includes creating a first opening in the at least one cooling channel, the first opening joining the at least one cooling cavity to the at least one cooling channel. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the step of printing further includes creating a second opening in the at least one cooling channel, the second opening being in the surface of the component. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the at least one portion of the component further includes at least one cooling cavity. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the at least one cooling cavity of the at least one portion aligns with the at least one cooling cavity of the cooling member. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of forming includes casting or three-dimensional printing of the at least one portion. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of printing uses a three-dimensional printing process. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of attaching includes welding, brazing transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding, diffusion bonding, mechanical attachment, or combinations thereof. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one portion is selected from a first material and the cooling member is selected from a second material. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the first material is the same as the second material. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the first material is different than the second material. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the first material is selected from nickel, iron, cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, aluminum, titanium, stainless steel, nickel based superalloys, cobalt super alloys or combinations thereof. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the second material is selected from nickel, iron, cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, aluminum, titanium, stainless steel, nickel based superalloys, cobalt super alloys or combinations thereof. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one cooling channel is located at least less than about 508 micrometers (0.020 inches) away from the surface of the component. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one cooling channel is located at least less than about 254 micrometers (0.010 inches) away from the surface of the component. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one cooling channel has a varying geometry throughout the cooling member. 18. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying at least one protective coating after the step of attaching. 19. A method of thermal management of a component comprising:
forming at least one portion of the component; printing a cooling member of the component, the cooling member including at least one cooling feature, the at least one cooling feature including at least one cooling channel adjacent to a surface of the component, wherein printing allows for near-net shape geometry of the cooling member with the at least one cooling channel being located within a range of about 127 (0.005 inches) to about 762 micrometers (0.030 inches) from the surface of the component; attaching the at least one portion to the cooling member of the component; and transporting a fluid through at least one fluid pathway defined by the at least one cooling channel within the component to cool the component. 20. The method of claim 20, wherein the at least one cooling channel is located at least less than about 508 micrometers (0.020 inches) away from the surface of the component. | 1,700 |
2,175 | 15,480,193 | 1,712 | The invention relates to a method for burning in a coating of an aluminium or an aluminium alloy printing plate support, in the case of which the printing plate is heated to a burning in temperature, maintained at this temperature for a predefined duration and subsequently cooled. Deformations can be minimised even further after the burning in process if at least in a temperature range between 150° C. and the burning in temperature, preferably 100° C. and the burning in temperature, the temperature differences of the metal temperature of the printing plate measured along a line in the longitudinal direction of the printing plate during the heating and cooling are maximum 40° C. over a length of 40 cm and the temperature differences of the metal temperature of the printing plate measured along a line perpendicular to the longitudinal direction are less than 10° C. during the heating and cooling. | 1. A method for burning in a coating of a printing plate support, wherein the printing plate comprises aluminium or an aluminium alloy as the support material, in the case of which the printing plate is heated to a burning in temperature, maintained at this temperature for a predefined duration and subsequently cooled,
characterised in that at least in a temperature range between 150° C. and the burning in temperature, preferably 100° C. and the burning in temperature, the temperature differences of the metal temperature of the printing plate measured along a line in the longitudinal direction of the printing plate during the heating and during the cooling are maximum 40° C. over a length of 40 cm and the temperature differences of the metal temperature of the printing plate measured along a line perpendicular to the longitudinal direction are less than 10° C. during the heating and during the cooling. 2. The method according to claim 1,
characterised in that the burning in takes place in a furnace in a discontinuous manner, preferably in a batch furnace or in a continuous furnace operating in a discontinuous manner. 3. The method according to claim 1,
characterised in that at least in a temperature range between 150° C. and the burning in temperature, preferably 100° C. and the burning in temperature, the temperature differences of the metal temperature of the printing plate during the heating and during the cooling measured along a line perpendicular to the longitudinal direction are maximum 5° C., preferably maximum 2° C. 4. The method according to claim 1,
characterised in that printing plate supports with a width of at least 400 mm and a length of at least 600 mm, preferably with a width of at least 1000 mm and a length of at least 2000 mm are subjected to the burning in process. 5. The method according to claim 1,
characterised in that the burning in temperature of the metal of the printing plate is between 220° C. and 320° C. with a burning in duration of between 1 and 15 minutes, preferably 240° C. to 300° C. with a burning in duration of 2 to 10 minutes. 6. The method according to claim 1,
characterised in that the printing plates are transported using transport means which prevent or sharply reduce heat dissipation from the printing plate support via the transport means. 7. The method according to claim 1,
characterised in that the cooling is carried out using cooling means, in particular convective cooling media such that the entire printing plate support is simultaneously cooled in a controlled manner during the cooling. 8. A continuous furnace for carrying out a method according to claim 1 having a burning in area for heating and maintaining a printing plate at a burning in temperature and means for transporting the printing plate to be burned in into the burning in area and means for transporting the printing plate out of the burning in area,
characterised in that
the burning in area of the continuous furnace is at least the size of the printing plate, the means for transporting the printing plate into the burning in area and the means for transporting the printing plate out of the burning in area are designed for the discontinuous transport of the printing plate into the burning in area and out of the burning in area. 9. The continuous furnace according to claim 8,
characterised in that wire belt conveyors that can operate in a discontinuous manner are provided as the means for transporting the printing plate into the burning in area and out of the burning in area of the continuous furnace. 10. The continuous furnace according to claim 8,
characterised in that the means for transporting the printing plate into and out of the burning in area have very low heat conductivity in the contact regions with the printing plates due to the geometry and/or the materials of the contact regions used. 11. The continuous furnace according to claim 8,
characterised in that an inlet area is provided in which the printing plates can be heated from room temperature to maximum 150° C., preferably maximum 100° C. and out of which the printing plates can be transported into the burning in area. 12. The continuous furnace according to claim 8,
characterised in that an outlet area is provided in which the printing plates are cooled from the burning in temperature to less than 100° C., preferably less than 50° C. or less than 30° C. 13. The continuous furnace according to claim 8,
characterised in that the inlet area and the outlet area are designed as a buffer or store and can receive a plurality of printing plates to be heated or to be cooled. 14. The continuous furnace according to claim 8,
characterised in that a rinsing device is provided which is provided on the outlet side of the outlet area and in which the printing plates are rinsed with a fluid rinsing medium and further cooled. | The invention relates to a method for burning in a coating of an aluminium or an aluminium alloy printing plate support, in the case of which the printing plate is heated to a burning in temperature, maintained at this temperature for a predefined duration and subsequently cooled. Deformations can be minimised even further after the burning in process if at least in a temperature range between 150° C. and the burning in temperature, preferably 100° C. and the burning in temperature, the temperature differences of the metal temperature of the printing plate measured along a line in the longitudinal direction of the printing plate during the heating and cooling are maximum 40° C. over a length of 40 cm and the temperature differences of the metal temperature of the printing plate measured along a line perpendicular to the longitudinal direction are less than 10° C. during the heating and cooling.1. A method for burning in a coating of a printing plate support, wherein the printing plate comprises aluminium or an aluminium alloy as the support material, in the case of which the printing plate is heated to a burning in temperature, maintained at this temperature for a predefined duration and subsequently cooled,
characterised in that at least in a temperature range between 150° C. and the burning in temperature, preferably 100° C. and the burning in temperature, the temperature differences of the metal temperature of the printing plate measured along a line in the longitudinal direction of the printing plate during the heating and during the cooling are maximum 40° C. over a length of 40 cm and the temperature differences of the metal temperature of the printing plate measured along a line perpendicular to the longitudinal direction are less than 10° C. during the heating and during the cooling. 2. The method according to claim 1,
characterised in that the burning in takes place in a furnace in a discontinuous manner, preferably in a batch furnace or in a continuous furnace operating in a discontinuous manner. 3. The method according to claim 1,
characterised in that at least in a temperature range between 150° C. and the burning in temperature, preferably 100° C. and the burning in temperature, the temperature differences of the metal temperature of the printing plate during the heating and during the cooling measured along a line perpendicular to the longitudinal direction are maximum 5° C., preferably maximum 2° C. 4. The method according to claim 1,
characterised in that printing plate supports with a width of at least 400 mm and a length of at least 600 mm, preferably with a width of at least 1000 mm and a length of at least 2000 mm are subjected to the burning in process. 5. The method according to claim 1,
characterised in that the burning in temperature of the metal of the printing plate is between 220° C. and 320° C. with a burning in duration of between 1 and 15 minutes, preferably 240° C. to 300° C. with a burning in duration of 2 to 10 minutes. 6. The method according to claim 1,
characterised in that the printing plates are transported using transport means which prevent or sharply reduce heat dissipation from the printing plate support via the transport means. 7. The method according to claim 1,
characterised in that the cooling is carried out using cooling means, in particular convective cooling media such that the entire printing plate support is simultaneously cooled in a controlled manner during the cooling. 8. A continuous furnace for carrying out a method according to claim 1 having a burning in area for heating and maintaining a printing plate at a burning in temperature and means for transporting the printing plate to be burned in into the burning in area and means for transporting the printing plate out of the burning in area,
characterised in that
the burning in area of the continuous furnace is at least the size of the printing plate, the means for transporting the printing plate into the burning in area and the means for transporting the printing plate out of the burning in area are designed for the discontinuous transport of the printing plate into the burning in area and out of the burning in area. 9. The continuous furnace according to claim 8,
characterised in that wire belt conveyors that can operate in a discontinuous manner are provided as the means for transporting the printing plate into the burning in area and out of the burning in area of the continuous furnace. 10. The continuous furnace according to claim 8,
characterised in that the means for transporting the printing plate into and out of the burning in area have very low heat conductivity in the contact regions with the printing plates due to the geometry and/or the materials of the contact regions used. 11. The continuous furnace according to claim 8,
characterised in that an inlet area is provided in which the printing plates can be heated from room temperature to maximum 150° C., preferably maximum 100° C. and out of which the printing plates can be transported into the burning in area. 12. The continuous furnace according to claim 8,
characterised in that an outlet area is provided in which the printing plates are cooled from the burning in temperature to less than 100° C., preferably less than 50° C. or less than 30° C. 13. The continuous furnace according to claim 8,
characterised in that the inlet area and the outlet area are designed as a buffer or store and can receive a plurality of printing plates to be heated or to be cooled. 14. The continuous furnace according to claim 8,
characterised in that a rinsing device is provided which is provided on the outlet side of the outlet area and in which the printing plates are rinsed with a fluid rinsing medium and further cooled. | 1,700 |
2,176 | 14,531,875 | 1,712 | In one embodiment, a method for forming an alkali resistant coating includes forming a first oxide material above a substrate and forming a second oxide material above the first oxide material to form a multilayer dielectric coating, wherein the second oxide material is on a side of the multilayer dielectric coating for contacting an alkali. In another embodiment, a method for forming an alkali resistant coating includes forming two or more alternating layers of high and low refractive index oxide materials above a substrate, wherein an innermost layer of the two or more alternating layers is on an alkali-contacting side of the alkali resistant coating, and wherein the innermost layer of the two or more alternating layers comprises at least one of: alumina, zirconia, and hafnia. | 1. A method for forming an alkali resistant coating, the method comprising:
forming a first oxide material above a substrate; and forming a second oxide material above the first oxide material to form a multilayer dielectric coating, wherein the second oxide material is on a side of the multilayer dielectric coating for contacting an alkali. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the alkali resistant coating produces reflectances of less than about 5% at an angle of incidence for a laser beam having a wavelength of between about 650 nm and about 900 nm. 3. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the alkali resistant coating produces reflectances of greater than about 98% at pump wavelengths having an angle of incidence of between about 50° and about 90°. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the substrate defines a structure having an interior, wherein the first oxide material and the second oxide material form concentric layers in the interior of the structure, and wherein the second oxide material is an innermost layer of the concentric layers. 5. The method as recited in claim 4, wherein the innermost layer of the concentric layers protects subsequent layers from alkali attack, the innermost layer of the concentric layers comprising at least one of: alumina, zirconia, and hafnia. 6. The method as recited in claim 5, wherein the innermost layer of the concentric layers comprises alumina, and wherein a density of the innermost layer is greater than about 97% of a theoretical density of alumina. 7. The method as recited in claim 5, wherein the subsequent layers comprise alternating layers of at least two of: alumina, zirconia, tantala, niobia, hafnia, magnesium oxide, beryllium oxide, and silica. 8. The method as recited in claim 5, wherein the innermost layer of the concentric layers is formed to a thickness of greater than about 500 nm. 9. The method as recited in claim 5, wherein the innermost layer is deposited via at least one of: atomic layer deposition (ALD) that employs organometallic compounds that decompose on a surface to produce a single atomic layer, ion beam sputtering (IBS) that uses ions to sputter material from a target and deposit the sputtered target material on a surface, and ion beam assisted vapor deposition. 10. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises one of:
sapphire, polycrystalline alumina, fused silica, glass, niobium, stainless steel, or an iron/nickel alloy. 11. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the first oxide material has an index of refraction that is different than an index of refraction of the second oxide material. 12. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the first oxide material is formed to a thickness greater than about 500 nm. 13. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the first oxide material is formed to thickness greater than about 1000 nm. 14. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the first oxide material is not porous and does not absorb water. 15. A method for forming an alkali resistant coating, comprising:
forming two or more alternating layers of high and low refractive index oxide materials above a substrate, wherein an innermost layer of the two or more alternating layers is on an alkali-contacting side of the alkali resistant coating, wherein the innermost layer of the two or more alternating layers comprises at least one of: alumina, zirconia, and hafnia. 16. The method as recited in claim 15, wherein the two or more alternating layers comprises at least one of:
one or more anti-reflection (AR) layers configured to reflect less than about 5% of radiation having a wavelength between about 650 nm and about 900 nm for an angle of incidence of about 0°; and one or more high reflection (HR) layers configured to reflect greater than about 98% of radiation having a wavelength between about 650 nm and 900 nm for an angle of incidence between about 50° and about 90°. 17. The method as recited in claim 15, wherein the innermost layer of the two or more alternating layers is configured to be in direct contact with an alkali vapor on the alkali-contacting side of the substrate. 18. The method as recited in claim 15, wherein the two or more alternating layer are alternating layers of zirconia and alumina. 19. The method as recited in claim 18, wherein the innermost layer comprises alumina, and wherein a density of the innermost layer is greater than about 97% of a theoretical density of alumina. 20. The method as recited in claim 15, wherein the substrate comprises one of: sapphire, polycrystalline alumina, fused silica, glass, niobium, stainless steel, or an iron/nickel alloy. | In one embodiment, a method for forming an alkali resistant coating includes forming a first oxide material above a substrate and forming a second oxide material above the first oxide material to form a multilayer dielectric coating, wherein the second oxide material is on a side of the multilayer dielectric coating for contacting an alkali. In another embodiment, a method for forming an alkali resistant coating includes forming two or more alternating layers of high and low refractive index oxide materials above a substrate, wherein an innermost layer of the two or more alternating layers is on an alkali-contacting side of the alkali resistant coating, and wherein the innermost layer of the two or more alternating layers comprises at least one of: alumina, zirconia, and hafnia.1. A method for forming an alkali resistant coating, the method comprising:
forming a first oxide material above a substrate; and forming a second oxide material above the first oxide material to form a multilayer dielectric coating, wherein the second oxide material is on a side of the multilayer dielectric coating for contacting an alkali. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the alkali resistant coating produces reflectances of less than about 5% at an angle of incidence for a laser beam having a wavelength of between about 650 nm and about 900 nm. 3. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the alkali resistant coating produces reflectances of greater than about 98% at pump wavelengths having an angle of incidence of between about 50° and about 90°. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the substrate defines a structure having an interior, wherein the first oxide material and the second oxide material form concentric layers in the interior of the structure, and wherein the second oxide material is an innermost layer of the concentric layers. 5. The method as recited in claim 4, wherein the innermost layer of the concentric layers protects subsequent layers from alkali attack, the innermost layer of the concentric layers comprising at least one of: alumina, zirconia, and hafnia. 6. The method as recited in claim 5, wherein the innermost layer of the concentric layers comprises alumina, and wherein a density of the innermost layer is greater than about 97% of a theoretical density of alumina. 7. The method as recited in claim 5, wherein the subsequent layers comprise alternating layers of at least two of: alumina, zirconia, tantala, niobia, hafnia, magnesium oxide, beryllium oxide, and silica. 8. The method as recited in claim 5, wherein the innermost layer of the concentric layers is formed to a thickness of greater than about 500 nm. 9. The method as recited in claim 5, wherein the innermost layer is deposited via at least one of: atomic layer deposition (ALD) that employs organometallic compounds that decompose on a surface to produce a single atomic layer, ion beam sputtering (IBS) that uses ions to sputter material from a target and deposit the sputtered target material on a surface, and ion beam assisted vapor deposition. 10. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises one of:
sapphire, polycrystalline alumina, fused silica, glass, niobium, stainless steel, or an iron/nickel alloy. 11. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the first oxide material has an index of refraction that is different than an index of refraction of the second oxide material. 12. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the first oxide material is formed to a thickness greater than about 500 nm. 13. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the first oxide material is formed to thickness greater than about 1000 nm. 14. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the first oxide material is not porous and does not absorb water. 15. A method for forming an alkali resistant coating, comprising:
forming two or more alternating layers of high and low refractive index oxide materials above a substrate, wherein an innermost layer of the two or more alternating layers is on an alkali-contacting side of the alkali resistant coating, wherein the innermost layer of the two or more alternating layers comprises at least one of: alumina, zirconia, and hafnia. 16. The method as recited in claim 15, wherein the two or more alternating layers comprises at least one of:
one or more anti-reflection (AR) layers configured to reflect less than about 5% of radiation having a wavelength between about 650 nm and about 900 nm for an angle of incidence of about 0°; and one or more high reflection (HR) layers configured to reflect greater than about 98% of radiation having a wavelength between about 650 nm and 900 nm for an angle of incidence between about 50° and about 90°. 17. The method as recited in claim 15, wherein the innermost layer of the two or more alternating layers is configured to be in direct contact with an alkali vapor on the alkali-contacting side of the substrate. 18. The method as recited in claim 15, wherein the two or more alternating layer are alternating layers of zirconia and alumina. 19. The method as recited in claim 18, wherein the innermost layer comprises alumina, and wherein a density of the innermost layer is greater than about 97% of a theoretical density of alumina. 20. The method as recited in claim 15, wherein the substrate comprises one of: sapphire, polycrystalline alumina, fused silica, glass, niobium, stainless steel, or an iron/nickel alloy. | 1,700 |
2,177 | 14,346,363 | 1,784 | A high-strength hot-dip galvanized steel sheet has excellent workability, namely, excellent ductility and hole expansion formability, and high yield ratio. The steel sheet has a chemical composition containing by mass %: C: 0.05-0.15%; Si: 0.10-0.90%; Mn: 1.0-1.9%; P: 0.005-0.10%; S: 0.0050% or less; Al: 0.01-0.10%; N: 0.0050% or less; Nb: 0.010-0.100%; and the balance being Fe and incidental impurities, in which: the steel sheet has a complex phase that includes: ferrite having an average crystal grain size of 15 μm or less to at least 90% in volume fraction; martensite having an average crystal grain size of 3.0 μm or less to 0.5% or more and less than 5.0% in volume fraction; pearlite to 5.0% or less in volume fraction; and the balance being a phase generated at low temperature. | 1-10. (canceled) 11. A hot-dip galvanized steel sheet having a chemical composition containing by mass %:
C: 0.05% to 0.15%; Si: 0.10% to 0.90%; Mn: 1.0% to 1.9%; P: 0.005% to 0.10%; S: 0.0050% or less; Al: 0.01% to 0.10%; N: 0.0050% or less; Nb: 0.010% to 0.100%; and the balance including Fe and incidental impurities, wherein the steel sheet has a complex phase that includes: ferrite having an average crystal grain size of 15 μm or less to at least 90% in volume fraction; martensite having an average crystal grain size of 3.0 μm or less to 0.5% or more and less than 5.0% in volume fraction; pearlite to 5.0% or less in volume fraction; and the balance being a phase generated at low temperature, and wherein the steel sheet has a yield ratio of at least 70% and a tensile strength of at least 590 MPa. 12. The hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to claim 11, further contains Nb-based precipitates having an average grain diameter of 0.10 μm or less. 13. The hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to claim 11, further comprising, by mass %, in place of part of Fe component, 0.10% or less of Ti. 14. The hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to claim 11, wherein a value obtained by dividing a volume fraction of ferrite having a grain size of 5 μm or less in the microstructure by a volume fraction of the entire ferrite in the microstructure of the steel sheet satisfies 0.25 or more. 15. The hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to claim 12, wherein a value obtained by dividing a volume fraction of ferrite having a grain size of 5 μm or less in the microstructure by a volume fraction of the entire ferrite in the microstructure of the steel sheet satisfies 0.25 or more. 16. The hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to claim 13, wherein a value obtained by dividing a volume fraction of ferrite having a grain size of 5 μm or less in the microstructure by a volume fraction of the entire ferrite in the microstructure of the steel sheet satisfies 0.25 or more. 17. The hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to claim 11, further comprising by mass %, in place of part of Fe component, at least one component selected from the following components:
V: 0.10% or less; Cr: 0.50% or less; Mo: 0.50% or less; Cu: 0.50% or less; Ni: 0.50% or less; and B: 0.0030% or less. 18. The hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to claim 11, further comprising by mass %, in place of part of Fe component, at least one component selected from the following components:
Ca: 0.001% to 0.005%; and REM: 0.001% to 0.005%. 19. The hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to claim 11, wherein the galvanized coating is galvannealed coating. 20. The hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to claim 13, wherein the galvanized coating is galvannealed coating. 21. A method of manufacturing a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, comprising,
preparing a steel slab having the chemical composition according to claim 11; hot rolling the steel slab with a hot-rolling start temperature of 1,150° C. to 1,270° C. and a finish rolling completing temperature of 830° C. to 950° C. to be formed into a hot rolled steel sheet, which is cooled and then coiled at a coiling temperature of 450° C. to 650° C.; which is pickled and then cold rolled to be formed into a cold rolled steel sheet; heating thereafter the cold rolled steel sheet at an average heating rate of at least 5° C./s to a temperature range of 650° C. or above; holding the heated steel sheet at 730° C. to 880° C. for 15 seconds to 600 seconds; subsequently cooling the held steel sheet at an average cooling rate of 3° C./s to 30° C./s to a temperature of 600° C. or below; subjecting thereafter the cooled steel sheet to hot-dip galvanizing process to be formed into a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet; and cooling the hot-dip galvanized steel sheet to a room temperature. 22. A method of manufacturing a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, comprising,
preparing a steel slab having the chemical composition according to claim 13; hot rolling the steel slab with a hot-rolling start temperature of 1,150° C. to 1,270° C. and a finish rolling completing temperature of 830° C. to 950° C. to be formed into a hot rolled steel sheet, which is cooled and then coiled at a coiling temperature of 450° C. to 650° C.; which is pickled and then cold rolled to be formed into a cold rolled steel sheet;
heating thereafter the cold rolled steel sheet at an average heating rate of at least 5° C./s to a temperature of 650° C. or above;
holding the heated steel sheet at 730° C. to 880° C. for 15 seconds to 600 seconds; subsequently cooling the held steel sheet at an average cooling rate of 3° C./s to 30° C./s to a temperature of 600° C. or below; subjecting thereafter the cooled steel sheet to hot-dip galvanizing process to be formed into a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet; and cooling the hot-dip galvanized steel sheet to a room temperature. 23. A method of manufacturing a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, comprising,
preparing a steel slab having the chemical composition according to claim 17; hot rolling the steel slab under the conditions with a hot-rolling start temperature of 1,150° C. to 1,270° C. and a finish rolling completing temperature of 830° C. to 950° C. to be formed into a hot rolled steel sheet, which is cooled and then coiled at a coiling temperature of 450° C. to 650° C.; which is pickled and then cold rolled to be formed into a cold rolled steel sheet; heating thereafter the cold rolled steel sheet at an average heating rate of at least 5° C./s to a temperature of 650° C. or above; holding the heated steel sheet at 730° C. to 880° C. for 15 seconds to 600 seconds; subsequently cooling the held steel sheet at an average cooling rate of 3° C./s to 30° C./s to a temperature of 600° C. or below; subjecting thereafter the cooled steel sheet to hot-dip galvanizing process to be formed into a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet; and cooling the hot-dip galvanized steel sheet to a room temperature. 24. A method of manufacturing a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, comprising,
preparing a steel slab having the chemical composition according to claim 18; hot rolling the steel slab under the conditions with a hot-rolling start temperature of 1,150° C. to 1,270° C. and a finish rolling completing temperature of 830° C. to 950° C. to be formed into a hot rolled steel sheet, which is cooled and then coiled at a coiling temperature of 450° C. to 650° C.; which is pickled and then cold rolled to be formed into a cold rolled steel sheet; heating thereafter the cold rolled steel sheet at an average heating rate of at least 5° C./s to a temperature of 650° C. or above; holding the heated steel sheet at 730° C. to 880° C. for 15 seconds to 600 seconds; subsequently cooling the held steel sheet at an average cooling rate of 3° C./s to 30° C./s to a temperature of 600° C. or below; subjecting thereafter the cooled steel sheet to hot-dip galvanizing process to be formed into a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet; and cooling the hot-dip galvanized steel sheet to a room temperature. 25. A method of manufacturing a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, comprising:
preparing a steel slab having the chemical composition according to claim 11; hot rolling the steel slab under the conditions with a hot-rolling start temperature of 1,150° C. to 1,270° C. and a finish rolling completing temperature of 830° C. to 950° C. to be formed into a hot rolled steel sheet, which is cooled and then coiled at a coiling temperature of 450° C. to 650° C.; which is pickled; heating thereafter the pickled steel sheet at an average heating rate of at least 5° C./s to a temperature of 650° C. or above; holding the heated steel sheet at 730° C. to 880° C. for 15 seconds to 600 seconds; subsequently cooling the held steel sheet at an average cooling rate of 3° C./s to 30° C./s to a temperature of 600° C. or below; subjecting thereafter the cooled steel sheet to hot-dip galvanizing process to be formed into a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet; and cooling the hot-dip galvanized steel sheet to a room temperature. 26. A method of manufacturing a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, comprising:
preparing a steel slab having the chemical composition according to claim 13; hot rolling the steel slab under the conditions with a hot-rolling start temperature of 1,150° C. to 1,270° C. and a finish rolling completing temperature of 830° C. to 950° C. to be formed into a hot rolled steel sheet, which is cooled and then coiled at a coiling temperature of 450° C. to 650° C.; which is pickled; heating thereafter the pickled steel sheet at an average heating rate of at least 5° C./s to a temperature of 650° C. or above; holding the heated steel sheet at 730° C. to 880° C. for 15 seconds to 600 seconds; subsequently cooling the held steel sheet at an average cooling rate of 3° C./s to 30° C./s to a temperature of 600° C. or below; subjecting thereafter the cooled steel sheet to hot-dip galvanizing process to be formed into a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet; and cooling the hot-dip galvanized steel sheet to a room temperature. 27. A method of manufacturing a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, comprising:
preparing a steel slab having the chemical composition according to claim 17; hot rolling the steel slab under the conditions with a hot-rolling start temperature of 1,150° C. to 1,270° C. and a finish rolling completing temperature of 830° C. to 950° C. to be formed into a hot rolled steel sheet, which is cooled and then coiled at a coiling temperature of 450° C. to 650° C.; which is pickled; heating thereafter the pickled steel sheet at an average heating rate of at least 5° C./s to a temperature of 650° C. or above; holding the heated steel sheet at 730° C. to 880° C. for 15 seconds to 600 seconds; subsequently cooling the held steel sheet at an average cooling rate of 3° C./s to 30° C./s to a temperature of 600° C. or below; subjecting thereafter the cooled steel sheet to hot-dip galvanizing process to be formed into a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet; and cooling the hot-dip galvanized steel sheet to a room temperature. 28. A method of manufacturing a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, comprising:
preparing a steel slab having the chemical compositions according to claim 18; hot rolling the steel slab under the conditions with a hot-rolling start temperature of 1,150° C. to 1,270° C. and a finish rolling completing temperature of 830° C. to 950° C. to be formed into a hot rolled steel sheet, which is cooled and then coiled at a coiling temperature 450° C. to 650° C.; which is pickled; heating thereafter the pickled steel sheet at an average heating rate of at least 5° C./s to a temperature of 650° C. or above; holding the heated steel sheet at 730° C. to 880° C. for 15 seconds to 600 seconds; subsequently cooling the held steel sheet at an average cooling rate of 3° C./s to 30° C./s to a temperature of 600° C. or below; subjecting thereafter the cooled steel sheet to hot-dip galvanizing process to be formed into a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet; and cooling the hot-dip galvanized steel sheet to a room temperature. 29. The method according to claim 21, further comprising:
subjecting the hot-dip galvanized steel sheet to galvannealing process at a temperature of 450° C. to 600° C. after the hot-dip galvanizing process. 30. The method according to claim 25, further comprising:
subjecting the hot-dip galvanized steel sheet to galvannealing process at a temperature of 450° C. to 600° C. after the hot-dip galvanizing process. | A high-strength hot-dip galvanized steel sheet has excellent workability, namely, excellent ductility and hole expansion formability, and high yield ratio. The steel sheet has a chemical composition containing by mass %: C: 0.05-0.15%; Si: 0.10-0.90%; Mn: 1.0-1.9%; P: 0.005-0.10%; S: 0.0050% or less; Al: 0.01-0.10%; N: 0.0050% or less; Nb: 0.010-0.100%; and the balance being Fe and incidental impurities, in which: the steel sheet has a complex phase that includes: ferrite having an average crystal grain size of 15 μm or less to at least 90% in volume fraction; martensite having an average crystal grain size of 3.0 μm or less to 0.5% or more and less than 5.0% in volume fraction; pearlite to 5.0% or less in volume fraction; and the balance being a phase generated at low temperature.1-10. (canceled) 11. A hot-dip galvanized steel sheet having a chemical composition containing by mass %:
C: 0.05% to 0.15%; Si: 0.10% to 0.90%; Mn: 1.0% to 1.9%; P: 0.005% to 0.10%; S: 0.0050% or less; Al: 0.01% to 0.10%; N: 0.0050% or less; Nb: 0.010% to 0.100%; and the balance including Fe and incidental impurities, wherein the steel sheet has a complex phase that includes: ferrite having an average crystal grain size of 15 μm or less to at least 90% in volume fraction; martensite having an average crystal grain size of 3.0 μm or less to 0.5% or more and less than 5.0% in volume fraction; pearlite to 5.0% or less in volume fraction; and the balance being a phase generated at low temperature, and wherein the steel sheet has a yield ratio of at least 70% and a tensile strength of at least 590 MPa. 12. The hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to claim 11, further contains Nb-based precipitates having an average grain diameter of 0.10 μm or less. 13. The hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to claim 11, further comprising, by mass %, in place of part of Fe component, 0.10% or less of Ti. 14. The hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to claim 11, wherein a value obtained by dividing a volume fraction of ferrite having a grain size of 5 μm or less in the microstructure by a volume fraction of the entire ferrite in the microstructure of the steel sheet satisfies 0.25 or more. 15. The hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to claim 12, wherein a value obtained by dividing a volume fraction of ferrite having a grain size of 5 μm or less in the microstructure by a volume fraction of the entire ferrite in the microstructure of the steel sheet satisfies 0.25 or more. 16. The hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to claim 13, wherein a value obtained by dividing a volume fraction of ferrite having a grain size of 5 μm or less in the microstructure by a volume fraction of the entire ferrite in the microstructure of the steel sheet satisfies 0.25 or more. 17. The hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to claim 11, further comprising by mass %, in place of part of Fe component, at least one component selected from the following components:
V: 0.10% or less; Cr: 0.50% or less; Mo: 0.50% or less; Cu: 0.50% or less; Ni: 0.50% or less; and B: 0.0030% or less. 18. The hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to claim 11, further comprising by mass %, in place of part of Fe component, at least one component selected from the following components:
Ca: 0.001% to 0.005%; and REM: 0.001% to 0.005%. 19. The hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to claim 11, wherein the galvanized coating is galvannealed coating. 20. The hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to claim 13, wherein the galvanized coating is galvannealed coating. 21. A method of manufacturing a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, comprising,
preparing a steel slab having the chemical composition according to claim 11; hot rolling the steel slab with a hot-rolling start temperature of 1,150° C. to 1,270° C. and a finish rolling completing temperature of 830° C. to 950° C. to be formed into a hot rolled steel sheet, which is cooled and then coiled at a coiling temperature of 450° C. to 650° C.; which is pickled and then cold rolled to be formed into a cold rolled steel sheet; heating thereafter the cold rolled steel sheet at an average heating rate of at least 5° C./s to a temperature range of 650° C. or above; holding the heated steel sheet at 730° C. to 880° C. for 15 seconds to 600 seconds; subsequently cooling the held steel sheet at an average cooling rate of 3° C./s to 30° C./s to a temperature of 600° C. or below; subjecting thereafter the cooled steel sheet to hot-dip galvanizing process to be formed into a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet; and cooling the hot-dip galvanized steel sheet to a room temperature. 22. A method of manufacturing a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, comprising,
preparing a steel slab having the chemical composition according to claim 13; hot rolling the steel slab with a hot-rolling start temperature of 1,150° C. to 1,270° C. and a finish rolling completing temperature of 830° C. to 950° C. to be formed into a hot rolled steel sheet, which is cooled and then coiled at a coiling temperature of 450° C. to 650° C.; which is pickled and then cold rolled to be formed into a cold rolled steel sheet;
heating thereafter the cold rolled steel sheet at an average heating rate of at least 5° C./s to a temperature of 650° C. or above;
holding the heated steel sheet at 730° C. to 880° C. for 15 seconds to 600 seconds; subsequently cooling the held steel sheet at an average cooling rate of 3° C./s to 30° C./s to a temperature of 600° C. or below; subjecting thereafter the cooled steel sheet to hot-dip galvanizing process to be formed into a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet; and cooling the hot-dip galvanized steel sheet to a room temperature. 23. A method of manufacturing a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, comprising,
preparing a steel slab having the chemical composition according to claim 17; hot rolling the steel slab under the conditions with a hot-rolling start temperature of 1,150° C. to 1,270° C. and a finish rolling completing temperature of 830° C. to 950° C. to be formed into a hot rolled steel sheet, which is cooled and then coiled at a coiling temperature of 450° C. to 650° C.; which is pickled and then cold rolled to be formed into a cold rolled steel sheet; heating thereafter the cold rolled steel sheet at an average heating rate of at least 5° C./s to a temperature of 650° C. or above; holding the heated steel sheet at 730° C. to 880° C. for 15 seconds to 600 seconds; subsequently cooling the held steel sheet at an average cooling rate of 3° C./s to 30° C./s to a temperature of 600° C. or below; subjecting thereafter the cooled steel sheet to hot-dip galvanizing process to be formed into a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet; and cooling the hot-dip galvanized steel sheet to a room temperature. 24. A method of manufacturing a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, comprising,
preparing a steel slab having the chemical composition according to claim 18; hot rolling the steel slab under the conditions with a hot-rolling start temperature of 1,150° C. to 1,270° C. and a finish rolling completing temperature of 830° C. to 950° C. to be formed into a hot rolled steel sheet, which is cooled and then coiled at a coiling temperature of 450° C. to 650° C.; which is pickled and then cold rolled to be formed into a cold rolled steel sheet; heating thereafter the cold rolled steel sheet at an average heating rate of at least 5° C./s to a temperature of 650° C. or above; holding the heated steel sheet at 730° C. to 880° C. for 15 seconds to 600 seconds; subsequently cooling the held steel sheet at an average cooling rate of 3° C./s to 30° C./s to a temperature of 600° C. or below; subjecting thereafter the cooled steel sheet to hot-dip galvanizing process to be formed into a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet; and cooling the hot-dip galvanized steel sheet to a room temperature. 25. A method of manufacturing a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, comprising:
preparing a steel slab having the chemical composition according to claim 11; hot rolling the steel slab under the conditions with a hot-rolling start temperature of 1,150° C. to 1,270° C. and a finish rolling completing temperature of 830° C. to 950° C. to be formed into a hot rolled steel sheet, which is cooled and then coiled at a coiling temperature of 450° C. to 650° C.; which is pickled; heating thereafter the pickled steel sheet at an average heating rate of at least 5° C./s to a temperature of 650° C. or above; holding the heated steel sheet at 730° C. to 880° C. for 15 seconds to 600 seconds; subsequently cooling the held steel sheet at an average cooling rate of 3° C./s to 30° C./s to a temperature of 600° C. or below; subjecting thereafter the cooled steel sheet to hot-dip galvanizing process to be formed into a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet; and cooling the hot-dip galvanized steel sheet to a room temperature. 26. A method of manufacturing a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, comprising:
preparing a steel slab having the chemical composition according to claim 13; hot rolling the steel slab under the conditions with a hot-rolling start temperature of 1,150° C. to 1,270° C. and a finish rolling completing temperature of 830° C. to 950° C. to be formed into a hot rolled steel sheet, which is cooled and then coiled at a coiling temperature of 450° C. to 650° C.; which is pickled; heating thereafter the pickled steel sheet at an average heating rate of at least 5° C./s to a temperature of 650° C. or above; holding the heated steel sheet at 730° C. to 880° C. for 15 seconds to 600 seconds; subsequently cooling the held steel sheet at an average cooling rate of 3° C./s to 30° C./s to a temperature of 600° C. or below; subjecting thereafter the cooled steel sheet to hot-dip galvanizing process to be formed into a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet; and cooling the hot-dip galvanized steel sheet to a room temperature. 27. A method of manufacturing a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, comprising:
preparing a steel slab having the chemical composition according to claim 17; hot rolling the steel slab under the conditions with a hot-rolling start temperature of 1,150° C. to 1,270° C. and a finish rolling completing temperature of 830° C. to 950° C. to be formed into a hot rolled steel sheet, which is cooled and then coiled at a coiling temperature of 450° C. to 650° C.; which is pickled; heating thereafter the pickled steel sheet at an average heating rate of at least 5° C./s to a temperature of 650° C. or above; holding the heated steel sheet at 730° C. to 880° C. for 15 seconds to 600 seconds; subsequently cooling the held steel sheet at an average cooling rate of 3° C./s to 30° C./s to a temperature of 600° C. or below; subjecting thereafter the cooled steel sheet to hot-dip galvanizing process to be formed into a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet; and cooling the hot-dip galvanized steel sheet to a room temperature. 28. A method of manufacturing a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, comprising:
preparing a steel slab having the chemical compositions according to claim 18; hot rolling the steel slab under the conditions with a hot-rolling start temperature of 1,150° C. to 1,270° C. and a finish rolling completing temperature of 830° C. to 950° C. to be formed into a hot rolled steel sheet, which is cooled and then coiled at a coiling temperature 450° C. to 650° C.; which is pickled; heating thereafter the pickled steel sheet at an average heating rate of at least 5° C./s to a temperature of 650° C. or above; holding the heated steel sheet at 730° C. to 880° C. for 15 seconds to 600 seconds; subsequently cooling the held steel sheet at an average cooling rate of 3° C./s to 30° C./s to a temperature of 600° C. or below; subjecting thereafter the cooled steel sheet to hot-dip galvanizing process to be formed into a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet; and cooling the hot-dip galvanized steel sheet to a room temperature. 29. The method according to claim 21, further comprising:
subjecting the hot-dip galvanized steel sheet to galvannealing process at a temperature of 450° C. to 600° C. after the hot-dip galvanizing process. 30. The method according to claim 25, further comprising:
subjecting the hot-dip galvanized steel sheet to galvannealing process at a temperature of 450° C. to 600° C. after the hot-dip galvanizing process. | 1,700 |
2,178 | 14,901,284 | 1,731 | A construction comprising a sintered polycrystalline super-hard layer having mutually opposite reinforced boundaries, each of which is bonded to a respective reinforcement structure, in which the super-hard layer comprises polycrystalline diamond (PCD) material or polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) material. The construction will be configured such that the equivalent circle diameter of each reinforced boundary is at least ten times the mean thickness of the super-hard layer between them. The reinforcement structures will be substantially free of material having a melting point of less than 2,000 degrees Celsius, at least adjacent the reinforced boundaries. | 1. A construction comprising:
a sintered polycrystalline super-hard layer comprising mutually opposite reinforced boundaries, each of which is bonded to a respective reinforcement structure; wherein the super-hard layer comprises polycrystalline diamond (PCD) material or polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) material; the construction configured such that an equivalent circle diameter of each reinforced boundary is at least ten times a mean thickness of the super-hard layer between them; and the reinforcement structures being substantially free of material with a melting point of less than 2,000 degrees Celsius, at least adjacent the reinforced boundaries; and at least one of the reinforcement structures comprises any of molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W) and rhenium (Re) in any of elemental metallic form, alloy form, intermetallic material or a chemical compound. 2. The construction as claimed in claim 1, in which the mean thickness of the super-hard layer is from 0.5 millimeters (mm) to 3 mm. 3. The construction as claimed in claim 1, in which each of the reinforcement structures has a mean thickness of from 0.1 to 5 millimeters (mm). 4. The construction as claimed in claim 1, in which each reinforcement structure is substantially free of sinter promotion material for the super-hard layer, at least adjacent the respective reinforced boundary. 5. The construction as claimed in claim 1, in which each of the reinforcement structures has a mean Young's modulus of at least 250 gigapascals (GPa) or a tensile strength of at least 500 megapascals (MPa). 6. A method of making the construction as claimed in claim 1, the method comprising:
providing an aggregation layer comprising a plurality of super-hard grains and a source of sinter promotion material, configured to have a pair of mutually opposite boundaries and a mean thickness between the boundaries, suitable for forming the super-hard layer to be comprised in the construction; providing at least two reinforcement structures, each structure comprising a contact area adjacent which the reinforcement structure is substantially free of material having a melting point of less than 2,000 degrees Celsius; wherein at least one of the reinforcement structures comprises any of molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W) and rhenium (Re) in any of elemental metallic form, alloy form, intermetallic material or a chemical compound; arranging a unit assembly such that the contact area of each of the reinforcement structures abuts a respective boundary of the aggregation layer and has an equivalent circle diameter of at least ten times the mean thickness of the super-hard layer to be comprised in the construction; encapsulating the unit assembly within a capsule for an ultra-high pressure press apparatus to provide an encapsulated pre-sinter stack; and subjecting the encapsulated pre-sinter stack to an ultra-high sinter pressure and sufficiently high sinter temperature and for a sufficient sinter period to form the construction. 7. (canceled) 8. The method-as claimed in claim 6, the equivalent circle diameter of each of the contact areas is 20 to 120 times the mean thickness of the super-hard layer to be comprised in the construction. 9. (canceled) 10. The method as claimed in claim 6, in which the super-hard grains comprise cubic boron nitride (cBN) material and the source of sinter promotion material comprises aluminium (Al), titanium (Ti), cobalt (Co) or nickel (Ni), or a combination thereof, in elemental form or included in a chemical compound. 11. The method as claimed in claim 6, in which the super-hard grains comprise diamond material and the source of sinter promotion material comprises cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) or silicon (Si), or a combination thereof, in elemental form or included in a chemical compound. 12. The method as claimed in claim 6, in which the thickness of the aggregation layer between the boundaries does not vary by more than 10 percent. 13. The method as claimed in claim 6, in which the aggregation layer has a mean thickness between the boundaries of from 1.0 to 3.5 millimeters (mm). 14. The method as claimed in claim 6, in which each of the reinforcement structures has a mean thickness of from 0.05 to 5 millimeters. 15. (canceled) 16. The method as claimed in claim 6, in which each of the reinforcement structures is substantially free of a source of sinter promotion material for sintering the aggregation layer, at least adjacent the end surface. 17. The method as claimed in claim 6, in which the aggregation layer comprises cBN grains and each of the reinforcement structures is substantially free of aluminium (Al) and cobalt (Co), at least adjacent the end surface. 18. The method as claimed in claim 6, further comprising encapsulating a plurality of unit assemblies to provide the pre-sinter stack. 19. The method as claimed in claim 18, in which adjacent pairs of unit assemblies are separated by a separation structure configured and comprising material such that the adjacent pairs of unit assemblies will not substantially bond to each other responsive to being subjected to the sinter pressure and sinter temperature for the sinter period. 20. The method as claimed in claim 18, in which the separation structure comprises a refractory metal coated with a film comprising oxide of the metal, molybdenum coated with a film comprising molybdenum oxide, or both. 21. (canceled) 22. The method as claimed in claim 18 further comprising
providing a structure comprising metal and being substantially free of material having a melting point of at less than 2,000 degrees Celsius,
treating the structure to induce a chemical reaction at a surface of the structure to produce material that is chemically more inert than the metal, and
using the structure as a separation structure. 23. (canceled) 24. The method of processing a construction as claimed in claim 1, the method comprising
cutting the construction to provide a plurality of segments, wherein each segment comprises a pair of segmented reinforcement structures bonded to opposite end boundaries of a segmented super-hard layer. | A construction comprising a sintered polycrystalline super-hard layer having mutually opposite reinforced boundaries, each of which is bonded to a respective reinforcement structure, in which the super-hard layer comprises polycrystalline diamond (PCD) material or polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) material. The construction will be configured such that the equivalent circle diameter of each reinforced boundary is at least ten times the mean thickness of the super-hard layer between them. The reinforcement structures will be substantially free of material having a melting point of less than 2,000 degrees Celsius, at least adjacent the reinforced boundaries.1. A construction comprising:
a sintered polycrystalline super-hard layer comprising mutually opposite reinforced boundaries, each of which is bonded to a respective reinforcement structure; wherein the super-hard layer comprises polycrystalline diamond (PCD) material or polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) material; the construction configured such that an equivalent circle diameter of each reinforced boundary is at least ten times a mean thickness of the super-hard layer between them; and the reinforcement structures being substantially free of material with a melting point of less than 2,000 degrees Celsius, at least adjacent the reinforced boundaries; and at least one of the reinforcement structures comprises any of molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W) and rhenium (Re) in any of elemental metallic form, alloy form, intermetallic material or a chemical compound. 2. The construction as claimed in claim 1, in which the mean thickness of the super-hard layer is from 0.5 millimeters (mm) to 3 mm. 3. The construction as claimed in claim 1, in which each of the reinforcement structures has a mean thickness of from 0.1 to 5 millimeters (mm). 4. The construction as claimed in claim 1, in which each reinforcement structure is substantially free of sinter promotion material for the super-hard layer, at least adjacent the respective reinforced boundary. 5. The construction as claimed in claim 1, in which each of the reinforcement structures has a mean Young's modulus of at least 250 gigapascals (GPa) or a tensile strength of at least 500 megapascals (MPa). 6. A method of making the construction as claimed in claim 1, the method comprising:
providing an aggregation layer comprising a plurality of super-hard grains and a source of sinter promotion material, configured to have a pair of mutually opposite boundaries and a mean thickness between the boundaries, suitable for forming the super-hard layer to be comprised in the construction; providing at least two reinforcement structures, each structure comprising a contact area adjacent which the reinforcement structure is substantially free of material having a melting point of less than 2,000 degrees Celsius; wherein at least one of the reinforcement structures comprises any of molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W) and rhenium (Re) in any of elemental metallic form, alloy form, intermetallic material or a chemical compound; arranging a unit assembly such that the contact area of each of the reinforcement structures abuts a respective boundary of the aggregation layer and has an equivalent circle diameter of at least ten times the mean thickness of the super-hard layer to be comprised in the construction; encapsulating the unit assembly within a capsule for an ultra-high pressure press apparatus to provide an encapsulated pre-sinter stack; and subjecting the encapsulated pre-sinter stack to an ultra-high sinter pressure and sufficiently high sinter temperature and for a sufficient sinter period to form the construction. 7. (canceled) 8. The method-as claimed in claim 6, the equivalent circle diameter of each of the contact areas is 20 to 120 times the mean thickness of the super-hard layer to be comprised in the construction. 9. (canceled) 10. The method as claimed in claim 6, in which the super-hard grains comprise cubic boron nitride (cBN) material and the source of sinter promotion material comprises aluminium (Al), titanium (Ti), cobalt (Co) or nickel (Ni), or a combination thereof, in elemental form or included in a chemical compound. 11. The method as claimed in claim 6, in which the super-hard grains comprise diamond material and the source of sinter promotion material comprises cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) or silicon (Si), or a combination thereof, in elemental form or included in a chemical compound. 12. The method as claimed in claim 6, in which the thickness of the aggregation layer between the boundaries does not vary by more than 10 percent. 13. The method as claimed in claim 6, in which the aggregation layer has a mean thickness between the boundaries of from 1.0 to 3.5 millimeters (mm). 14. The method as claimed in claim 6, in which each of the reinforcement structures has a mean thickness of from 0.05 to 5 millimeters. 15. (canceled) 16. The method as claimed in claim 6, in which each of the reinforcement structures is substantially free of a source of sinter promotion material for sintering the aggregation layer, at least adjacent the end surface. 17. The method as claimed in claim 6, in which the aggregation layer comprises cBN grains and each of the reinforcement structures is substantially free of aluminium (Al) and cobalt (Co), at least adjacent the end surface. 18. The method as claimed in claim 6, further comprising encapsulating a plurality of unit assemblies to provide the pre-sinter stack. 19. The method as claimed in claim 18, in which adjacent pairs of unit assemblies are separated by a separation structure configured and comprising material such that the adjacent pairs of unit assemblies will not substantially bond to each other responsive to being subjected to the sinter pressure and sinter temperature for the sinter period. 20. The method as claimed in claim 18, in which the separation structure comprises a refractory metal coated with a film comprising oxide of the metal, molybdenum coated with a film comprising molybdenum oxide, or both. 21. (canceled) 22. The method as claimed in claim 18 further comprising
providing a structure comprising metal and being substantially free of material having a melting point of at less than 2,000 degrees Celsius,
treating the structure to induce a chemical reaction at a surface of the structure to produce material that is chemically more inert than the metal, and
using the structure as a separation structure. 23. (canceled) 24. The method of processing a construction as claimed in claim 1, the method comprising
cutting the construction to provide a plurality of segments, wherein each segment comprises a pair of segmented reinforcement structures bonded to opposite end boundaries of a segmented super-hard layer. | 1,700 |
2,179 | 13,264,210 | 1,798 | The present invention provides a device for DNA sequencing, comprising DNA base calling at an early stage in the detection and processing of time controlled fluorescence detection for DNA sequencing applications. | 1. A device for time controlled fluorescence detection for DNA sequencing applications comprising:
A containment area for holding sequencing reaction components A first light source capable of emitting a first light pulse at a first wavelength, and a second light source capable of emitting a second light pulse at a second wavelength, the first wavelength being different from the second wavelength, and the first and second light pulses being incident alternately upon the containment area A detector pixel, arranged to cooperate with the containment area for detection of light emanating from the containment area, comprising:
A detector
An output arranged for transfer of an electrical signal from the detector pixel
A gating means to gate the detector arranged so as not to detect the first and second light pulses emitted by the first and second light sources Characterized in that the detector pixel further comprises a first accumulator and a second accumulator, arranged to cooperate with the detector and the output, The first accumulator dedicated for collection of electrical signal from the detector in response to the first light pulse incident upon the sequencing reaction components The second accumulator dedicated for collection of electrical signal from the detector in response to the second light pulse incident upon the sequencing reaction components. 2. A device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the output is arranged to provide the status of the first and second accumulators. 3. A device as claimed in claim 1, wherein a content of the first and second accumulators, is arranged for periodic transfer via the output to a processing device. 4. A device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the device further comprises a third light source capable of emitting a third light pulse at a third wavelength, and a fourth light source capable of emitting a fourth light pulse at a fourth wavelength, the third wavelength being different from the fourth wavelength, and the third and fourth light pulses being incident, sequentially, with each other and with the first and second light pulses, upon the containment area. 5. A device as claimed in claim 4 wherein the detector pixel further comprises
a third accumulator, dedicated for collection of electrical signal from the detector in response to the third light pulse incident upon the sequencing reaction components and
a fourth accumulator, dedicated for collection of electrical signal from the detector in response to the fourth light pulse incident upon the sequencing reaction components. 6. A device according to claim 1 wherein the first, second, third or fourth light sources comprise a pulsed laser. 7. A device according to claim 6 wherein the pulsed laser is pulsed with a period in a range between 10 ns and 1 μs, most preferably being pulsed with a period in a range between 100 ns and 400 ns. 8. A device according to claim 6 wherein the time differential between two sequential firings of the pulsed laser is in a range between 10 ns and 1 μs, most preferably being 100 ns. 9. A device according to claim 1 wherein the detector comprises a SPAD array. 10. A device according to claim 1 wherein the detector pixel further comprises at least one lookup table, arranged as memory on the detector pixel. 11. An array comprising a number of devices according to claim 1. 12. An array comprising a number of devices according to claim 1 wherein at least one lookup table is provided on the array. | The present invention provides a device for DNA sequencing, comprising DNA base calling at an early stage in the detection and processing of time controlled fluorescence detection for DNA sequencing applications.1. A device for time controlled fluorescence detection for DNA sequencing applications comprising:
A containment area for holding sequencing reaction components A first light source capable of emitting a first light pulse at a first wavelength, and a second light source capable of emitting a second light pulse at a second wavelength, the first wavelength being different from the second wavelength, and the first and second light pulses being incident alternately upon the containment area A detector pixel, arranged to cooperate with the containment area for detection of light emanating from the containment area, comprising:
A detector
An output arranged for transfer of an electrical signal from the detector pixel
A gating means to gate the detector arranged so as not to detect the first and second light pulses emitted by the first and second light sources Characterized in that the detector pixel further comprises a first accumulator and a second accumulator, arranged to cooperate with the detector and the output, The first accumulator dedicated for collection of electrical signal from the detector in response to the first light pulse incident upon the sequencing reaction components The second accumulator dedicated for collection of electrical signal from the detector in response to the second light pulse incident upon the sequencing reaction components. 2. A device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the output is arranged to provide the status of the first and second accumulators. 3. A device as claimed in claim 1, wherein a content of the first and second accumulators, is arranged for periodic transfer via the output to a processing device. 4. A device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the device further comprises a third light source capable of emitting a third light pulse at a third wavelength, and a fourth light source capable of emitting a fourth light pulse at a fourth wavelength, the third wavelength being different from the fourth wavelength, and the third and fourth light pulses being incident, sequentially, with each other and with the first and second light pulses, upon the containment area. 5. A device as claimed in claim 4 wherein the detector pixel further comprises
a third accumulator, dedicated for collection of electrical signal from the detector in response to the third light pulse incident upon the sequencing reaction components and
a fourth accumulator, dedicated for collection of electrical signal from the detector in response to the fourth light pulse incident upon the sequencing reaction components. 6. A device according to claim 1 wherein the first, second, third or fourth light sources comprise a pulsed laser. 7. A device according to claim 6 wherein the pulsed laser is pulsed with a period in a range between 10 ns and 1 μs, most preferably being pulsed with a period in a range between 100 ns and 400 ns. 8. A device according to claim 6 wherein the time differential between two sequential firings of the pulsed laser is in a range between 10 ns and 1 μs, most preferably being 100 ns. 9. A device according to claim 1 wherein the detector comprises a SPAD array. 10. A device according to claim 1 wherein the detector pixel further comprises at least one lookup table, arranged as memory on the detector pixel. 11. An array comprising a number of devices according to claim 1. 12. An array comprising a number of devices according to claim 1 wherein at least one lookup table is provided on the array. | 1,700 |
2,180 | 12,855,984 | 1,788 | Polylactic acid fibers formed from a thermoplastic composition that contains polylactic acid and a polymeric toughening additive are provided. The present inventors have discovered that the specific nature of the components and process by which they are blended may be carefully controlled to achieve a composition having desirable morphological features. More particularly, the toughening additive can be dispersed as discrete physical domains within a continuous phase of the polylactic acid. These domains have a particular size, shape, and distribution such that upon fiber drawing, they absorb energy and become elongated. This allows the resulting composition to exhibit a more pliable and softer behavior than the otherwise rigid polylactic acid. Through selective control over the components and method employed, the present inventors have discovered that the resulting fibers may thus exhibit good mechanical properties, both during and after melt spinning. | 1. A polylactic acid fiber extending in a longitudinal direction and having an average diameter of from about 2 to about 25 micrometers, the fiber comprising a thermoplastic composition that contains a plurality of discrete domains dispersed within a continuous phase, the discrete domains containing a polymeric toughening additive and the continuous phase containing polylactic acid, wherein at least one of the discrete domains is elongated in the longitudinal direction of the fiber and has a length of from about 5 to about 400 micrometers, wherein the fiber exhibits a peak elongation of about 25% or more and a tenacity of from about 0.75 to about 6 grams-force per denier. 2. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the solubility parameter for the polylactic acid to the solubility parameter of the polymeric toughening additive is from about 0.5 to about 1.5. 3. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 2, wherein the polymeric toughening additive has a solubility parameter of from about 15 to about 30 MJoules1/2/m3/2. 4. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the melt flow rate for the polylactic acid to the melt flow rate of the polymeric toughening additive is from about 0.2 to about 8. 5. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 4, wherein the polymeric toughening additive has a melt flow rate of from about 5 to about 150 grams per 10 minutes, determined at a load of 2160 grams at a temperature of 190° C. 6. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the Young's modulus elasticity of the polylactic acid to the Young's modulus of elasticity of the polymeric toughening additive is from about 2 to about 500. 7. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 6, wherein the polymeric toughening additive has a Young's modulus of elasticity of from about 10 to about 200 Megapascals. 8. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 1, wherein the polymeric toughening additive exhibits a peak elongation of from about 100% to about 2000%. 9. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 1, wherein the polymeric toughening additive includes a polyolefin, polyurethane, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyester, polytetrafluoroethylene, acrylic resin, polyamide, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polystyrene, or a combination thereof. 10. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 9, wherein the toughening additive includes a polyolefin. 11. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 10, wherein the polyolefin is a propylene homopolymer, propylene/α-olefin copolymer, ethylene/α-olefin copolymer, or a combination thereof. 12. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 1, wherein the polymeric toughening additive constitutes from about 2 wt. % to about 25 wt. % of the thermoplastic composition and the polylactic acid constitute from about 75 wt. % to about 98 wt. % of the thermoplastic composition. 13. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic composition is generally free of a plasticizer. 14. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 1, wherein the discrete domain has a length of from about 20 micrometers to about 250 micrometers. 15. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 1, wherein the discrete domain has an aspect ratio of from about 3 to about 200. 16. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 1, wherein the volume content of the domains is from about 3% to about 20% per cubic centimeter of the composition. 17. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 1, wherein the fiber exhibits a peak elongation of from about 40% to about 350%. 18. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 1, wherein the fiber exhibits a tenacity of from about 1.5 to about 4.0 grams-force per denier. 19. A nonwoven web comprising the fiber of claim 1. 20. An absorbent article comprising an absorbent core positioned between a liquid-permeable layer and a generally liquid-impermeable layer, the absorbent article comprising the nonwoven web of claim 19. 21. A method for forming a polylactic acid fiber, the method comprising:
blending a polylactic acid with a polymeric toughening additive to form a thermoplastic composition, wherein the composition contains a plurality of discrete domains dispersed within a continuous phase, the discrete domains containing the polymeric toughening additive and the continuous phase containing the polylactic acid; extruding the thermoplastic composition through a die; and drawing the extruded composition to form a fiber, wherein the domains of the drawn fiber are elongated in a longitudinal direction of the fiber so that the length of the elongated domains is greater than the length of the domains prior to drawing. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein melt blending occurs at a temperature of from about 175° C. to about 220° C. and at an apparent shear rate of from about 100 seconds−1 to about 1000 seconds−1. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the draw ratio is from about 200:1 to about 8500:1. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the draw ratio is from about 1000:1 to about 6000:1. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein the length of the domains before drawing is from about 0.5 to about 20 micrometers. 26. The method of claim 21, wherein the length of the elongated domains after drawing is from about 5 to about 400 micrometers. 27. The method of claim 21, wherein the polymeric toughening additive has a solubility parameter of from about 15 to about 30 MJoules1/2/m3/2. 28. The method of claim 21, wherein the polymeric toughening additive has a melt flow rate of from about 5 to about 150 grams per 10 minutes, determined at a load of 2160 grams at a temperature of 190° C. 29. The method of claim 21, wherein the polymeric toughening additive has a Young's modulus of elasticity of from about 2 to about 500 Megapascals. 30. The method of claim 21, wherein the polymeric toughening additive exhibits a peak elongation of from about 100% to about 2000%. 31. The method of claim 21, wherein the toughening additive includes a polyolefin. 32. The method of claim 21, wherein the polymeric toughening additive constitutes from about 2 wt. % to about 25 wt. % of the thermoplastic composition and the polylactic acid constitute from about 75 wt. % to about 98 wt. % of the thermoplastic composition. 33. A method for forming a nonwoven web, the method comprising:
blending a polylactic acid with a polymeric toughening additive to form a thermoplastic composition, wherein the composition contains a plurality of discrete domains dispersed within a continuous phase, the discrete domains containing the polymeric toughening additive and the continuous phase containing the polylactic acid; extruding the thermoplastic composition through a die; drawing the extruded composition to form a fiber, wherein the domains are elongated in a longitudinal direction of the fiber so that the length of the elongated domains is greater than the length of the domains prior to drawing; and randomly depositing the fibers onto a surface to form a nonwoven web. | Polylactic acid fibers formed from a thermoplastic composition that contains polylactic acid and a polymeric toughening additive are provided. The present inventors have discovered that the specific nature of the components and process by which they are blended may be carefully controlled to achieve a composition having desirable morphological features. More particularly, the toughening additive can be dispersed as discrete physical domains within a continuous phase of the polylactic acid. These domains have a particular size, shape, and distribution such that upon fiber drawing, they absorb energy and become elongated. This allows the resulting composition to exhibit a more pliable and softer behavior than the otherwise rigid polylactic acid. Through selective control over the components and method employed, the present inventors have discovered that the resulting fibers may thus exhibit good mechanical properties, both during and after melt spinning.1. A polylactic acid fiber extending in a longitudinal direction and having an average diameter of from about 2 to about 25 micrometers, the fiber comprising a thermoplastic composition that contains a plurality of discrete domains dispersed within a continuous phase, the discrete domains containing a polymeric toughening additive and the continuous phase containing polylactic acid, wherein at least one of the discrete domains is elongated in the longitudinal direction of the fiber and has a length of from about 5 to about 400 micrometers, wherein the fiber exhibits a peak elongation of about 25% or more and a tenacity of from about 0.75 to about 6 grams-force per denier. 2. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the solubility parameter for the polylactic acid to the solubility parameter of the polymeric toughening additive is from about 0.5 to about 1.5. 3. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 2, wherein the polymeric toughening additive has a solubility parameter of from about 15 to about 30 MJoules1/2/m3/2. 4. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the melt flow rate for the polylactic acid to the melt flow rate of the polymeric toughening additive is from about 0.2 to about 8. 5. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 4, wherein the polymeric toughening additive has a melt flow rate of from about 5 to about 150 grams per 10 minutes, determined at a load of 2160 grams at a temperature of 190° C. 6. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the Young's modulus elasticity of the polylactic acid to the Young's modulus of elasticity of the polymeric toughening additive is from about 2 to about 500. 7. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 6, wherein the polymeric toughening additive has a Young's modulus of elasticity of from about 10 to about 200 Megapascals. 8. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 1, wherein the polymeric toughening additive exhibits a peak elongation of from about 100% to about 2000%. 9. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 1, wherein the polymeric toughening additive includes a polyolefin, polyurethane, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyester, polytetrafluoroethylene, acrylic resin, polyamide, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polystyrene, or a combination thereof. 10. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 9, wherein the toughening additive includes a polyolefin. 11. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 10, wherein the polyolefin is a propylene homopolymer, propylene/α-olefin copolymer, ethylene/α-olefin copolymer, or a combination thereof. 12. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 1, wherein the polymeric toughening additive constitutes from about 2 wt. % to about 25 wt. % of the thermoplastic composition and the polylactic acid constitute from about 75 wt. % to about 98 wt. % of the thermoplastic composition. 13. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic composition is generally free of a plasticizer. 14. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 1, wherein the discrete domain has a length of from about 20 micrometers to about 250 micrometers. 15. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 1, wherein the discrete domain has an aspect ratio of from about 3 to about 200. 16. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 1, wherein the volume content of the domains is from about 3% to about 20% per cubic centimeter of the composition. 17. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 1, wherein the fiber exhibits a peak elongation of from about 40% to about 350%. 18. The polylactic acid fiber of claim 1, wherein the fiber exhibits a tenacity of from about 1.5 to about 4.0 grams-force per denier. 19. A nonwoven web comprising the fiber of claim 1. 20. An absorbent article comprising an absorbent core positioned between a liquid-permeable layer and a generally liquid-impermeable layer, the absorbent article comprising the nonwoven web of claim 19. 21. A method for forming a polylactic acid fiber, the method comprising:
blending a polylactic acid with a polymeric toughening additive to form a thermoplastic composition, wherein the composition contains a plurality of discrete domains dispersed within a continuous phase, the discrete domains containing the polymeric toughening additive and the continuous phase containing the polylactic acid; extruding the thermoplastic composition through a die; and drawing the extruded composition to form a fiber, wherein the domains of the drawn fiber are elongated in a longitudinal direction of the fiber so that the length of the elongated domains is greater than the length of the domains prior to drawing. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein melt blending occurs at a temperature of from about 175° C. to about 220° C. and at an apparent shear rate of from about 100 seconds−1 to about 1000 seconds−1. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the draw ratio is from about 200:1 to about 8500:1. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the draw ratio is from about 1000:1 to about 6000:1. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein the length of the domains before drawing is from about 0.5 to about 20 micrometers. 26. The method of claim 21, wherein the length of the elongated domains after drawing is from about 5 to about 400 micrometers. 27. The method of claim 21, wherein the polymeric toughening additive has a solubility parameter of from about 15 to about 30 MJoules1/2/m3/2. 28. The method of claim 21, wherein the polymeric toughening additive has a melt flow rate of from about 5 to about 150 grams per 10 minutes, determined at a load of 2160 grams at a temperature of 190° C. 29. The method of claim 21, wherein the polymeric toughening additive has a Young's modulus of elasticity of from about 2 to about 500 Megapascals. 30. The method of claim 21, wherein the polymeric toughening additive exhibits a peak elongation of from about 100% to about 2000%. 31. The method of claim 21, wherein the toughening additive includes a polyolefin. 32. The method of claim 21, wherein the polymeric toughening additive constitutes from about 2 wt. % to about 25 wt. % of the thermoplastic composition and the polylactic acid constitute from about 75 wt. % to about 98 wt. % of the thermoplastic composition. 33. A method for forming a nonwoven web, the method comprising:
blending a polylactic acid with a polymeric toughening additive to form a thermoplastic composition, wherein the composition contains a plurality of discrete domains dispersed within a continuous phase, the discrete domains containing the polymeric toughening additive and the continuous phase containing the polylactic acid; extruding the thermoplastic composition through a die; drawing the extruded composition to form a fiber, wherein the domains are elongated in a longitudinal direction of the fiber so that the length of the elongated domains is greater than the length of the domains prior to drawing; and randomly depositing the fibers onto a surface to form a nonwoven web. | 1,700 |
2,181 | 13,449,230 | 1,732 | There is disclosed a method to synthesize microporous crystalline material comprising a metal containing chabazite having a crystal size greater than 0.5 microns and a silica-to-alumina ratio (SAR) between 5 and 15, wherein the method is carried out without the use of an organic structural directing agent and without requiring calcination. There is also disclosed a large crystal organic free chabazite made according to the disclosed method. In addition, there are disclosed methods of using the disclosed crystalline material, such as in the selective catalytic reduction of NO x in exhaust gases. | 1. A microporous crystalline material comprising an aluminosilicate zeolite synthesized without the use of an organic structural directing agent, wherein said zeolite comprises a chabazite (CHA) structure having copper and/or iron, a silica-to-alumina ratio (SAR) ranging from 5 to 15, and a crystal size greater than 0.5 microns. 2. A microporous crystalline material of claim 1, wherein said copper and/or iron is introduced by liquid-phase or solid ion-exchange or incorporated by direct-synthesis. 3. A microporous crystalline material of claim 2, wherein the Cu/Al molar ratio is at least 0.08. 4. A microporous crystalline material of claim 1, wherein said copper and/or iron containing chabazite retains at least 60% of surface area after exposure to 700° C. for 16 hours in the presence of up to 10 volume percent of water vapor. 5. A microporous crystalline material of claim 2, wherein said iron comprises at least 0.5 weight percent of the total weight of said material. 6. A microporous crystalline material of claim 5, wherein said iron comprises an amount ranging from 0.5 to 10.0 weight percent of the total weight of said material. 7. A method of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx in exhaust gas, said method comprising:
contacting exhaust gas with an article comprising a metal-containing CHA type zeolite synthesized without the use of an organic structural directing agent, said zeolite having a crystal size greater than 0.5 microns and a silica-to-alumina ratio (SAR) between 5 and 15. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein said contacting step is performed in the presence of ammonia, urea or an ammonia generating compound. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein said metal comprises copper and/or iron. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein said copper or iron is introduced by liquid-phase or solid ion-exchange or incorporated by direct-synthesis. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein said copper comprises Cu/Al molar ratio at least 0.08. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein said iron comprises at least 0.5 weight percent of the total weight of said material. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein said iron comprises an amount ranging from 0.5 to 10.0 weight percent of the total weight of said material. 14. A method of making a microporous crystalline material comprising a aluminosilicate zeolite having a CHA structure, a silica-to-alumina ratio (SAR) ranging from 5 to 15, and a crystal size greater than 0.5 microns; said method comprising mixing sources of potassium, alumina, silica, water and optionally a chabazite seed material to form a gel, wherein said gel has potassium to silica (K/SiO2) molar ratio of less than 0.5 and hydroxide to silica (OH/SiO2) molar ratio less than 0.35; heating said gel in a vessel at a temperature ranging from 80° C. to 200° C. to form a crystalline large crystal chabazite product; ammonium-exchanging said product. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising adding zeolite crystallization seeds to said product prior to said heating step. 16. The method of claim 14 further treating said product with a hexafluorosilicate salt to increase the SAR of the product. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein said potassium source is chosen from potassium hydroxide, potassium silicate, potassium-containing zeolites or mixtures thereof. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein said alumina and silica sources are chosen from potassium-exchanged, proton-exchanged, ammonium-exchanged zeolite Y, potassium silicate or mixtures thereof. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said zeolite Y has a SAR between 4 and 20. 20. The method of claims 16, wherein said hexafluorosilicate treatment consists of contacting the large-crystal chabazite zeolite with a hexafluorosilicate salt. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein said hexafluorosilicate salt is chosen from ammonium hexafluorosilicate or hexafluorosilicic acid. 22. The method of claim 7, wherein said article is in the form of a channeled or honeycombed-shaped body; a packed bed; microspheres; or structural pieces. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein said packed bed comprises balls, pebbles, pellets, tablets, extrudates, other particles, or combinations thereof. 24. The method of claim 22, where said structural pieces are in the form of plates or tubes. 25. The method of claim 22, wherein the channeled or honeycombed-shaped body or structural piece is formed by extruding a mixture comprising the chabazite zeolite. 26. The method of claim 22, wherein the channeled or honeycombed-shaped body or structural piece is formed by coating or depositing a mixture comprising the chabazite zeolite on a preformed substrate. | There is disclosed a method to synthesize microporous crystalline material comprising a metal containing chabazite having a crystal size greater than 0.5 microns and a silica-to-alumina ratio (SAR) between 5 and 15, wherein the method is carried out without the use of an organic structural directing agent and without requiring calcination. There is also disclosed a large crystal organic free chabazite made according to the disclosed method. In addition, there are disclosed methods of using the disclosed crystalline material, such as in the selective catalytic reduction of NO x in exhaust gases.1. A microporous crystalline material comprising an aluminosilicate zeolite synthesized without the use of an organic structural directing agent, wherein said zeolite comprises a chabazite (CHA) structure having copper and/or iron, a silica-to-alumina ratio (SAR) ranging from 5 to 15, and a crystal size greater than 0.5 microns. 2. A microporous crystalline material of claim 1, wherein said copper and/or iron is introduced by liquid-phase or solid ion-exchange or incorporated by direct-synthesis. 3. A microporous crystalline material of claim 2, wherein the Cu/Al molar ratio is at least 0.08. 4. A microporous crystalline material of claim 1, wherein said copper and/or iron containing chabazite retains at least 60% of surface area after exposure to 700° C. for 16 hours in the presence of up to 10 volume percent of water vapor. 5. A microporous crystalline material of claim 2, wherein said iron comprises at least 0.5 weight percent of the total weight of said material. 6. A microporous crystalline material of claim 5, wherein said iron comprises an amount ranging from 0.5 to 10.0 weight percent of the total weight of said material. 7. A method of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx in exhaust gas, said method comprising:
contacting exhaust gas with an article comprising a metal-containing CHA type zeolite synthesized without the use of an organic structural directing agent, said zeolite having a crystal size greater than 0.5 microns and a silica-to-alumina ratio (SAR) between 5 and 15. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein said contacting step is performed in the presence of ammonia, urea or an ammonia generating compound. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein said metal comprises copper and/or iron. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein said copper or iron is introduced by liquid-phase or solid ion-exchange or incorporated by direct-synthesis. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein said copper comprises Cu/Al molar ratio at least 0.08. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein said iron comprises at least 0.5 weight percent of the total weight of said material. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein said iron comprises an amount ranging from 0.5 to 10.0 weight percent of the total weight of said material. 14. A method of making a microporous crystalline material comprising a aluminosilicate zeolite having a CHA structure, a silica-to-alumina ratio (SAR) ranging from 5 to 15, and a crystal size greater than 0.5 microns; said method comprising mixing sources of potassium, alumina, silica, water and optionally a chabazite seed material to form a gel, wherein said gel has potassium to silica (K/SiO2) molar ratio of less than 0.5 and hydroxide to silica (OH/SiO2) molar ratio less than 0.35; heating said gel in a vessel at a temperature ranging from 80° C. to 200° C. to form a crystalline large crystal chabazite product; ammonium-exchanging said product. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising adding zeolite crystallization seeds to said product prior to said heating step. 16. The method of claim 14 further treating said product with a hexafluorosilicate salt to increase the SAR of the product. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein said potassium source is chosen from potassium hydroxide, potassium silicate, potassium-containing zeolites or mixtures thereof. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein said alumina and silica sources are chosen from potassium-exchanged, proton-exchanged, ammonium-exchanged zeolite Y, potassium silicate or mixtures thereof. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said zeolite Y has a SAR between 4 and 20. 20. The method of claims 16, wherein said hexafluorosilicate treatment consists of contacting the large-crystal chabazite zeolite with a hexafluorosilicate salt. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein said hexafluorosilicate salt is chosen from ammonium hexafluorosilicate or hexafluorosilicic acid. 22. The method of claim 7, wherein said article is in the form of a channeled or honeycombed-shaped body; a packed bed; microspheres; or structural pieces. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein said packed bed comprises balls, pebbles, pellets, tablets, extrudates, other particles, or combinations thereof. 24. The method of claim 22, where said structural pieces are in the form of plates or tubes. 25. The method of claim 22, wherein the channeled or honeycombed-shaped body or structural piece is formed by extruding a mixture comprising the chabazite zeolite. 26. The method of claim 22, wherein the channeled or honeycombed-shaped body or structural piece is formed by coating or depositing a mixture comprising the chabazite zeolite on a preformed substrate. | 1,700 |
2,182 | 12,063,626 | 1,725 | Robust separator, which has on a substrate and in the intermediate spaces of the substrate, which comprises fibres of an electrically nonconducting material, an electrically nonconductive coating of oxide particles which are adhesively bonded to one another and to the substrate by an inorganic adhesive and comprise at least one oxide, selected from Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 and SiO 2 , wherein polymer particles are also present in the ceramic coating in addition to the oxide particles of Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 and/or SiO 2 . These separators are particularly easy to handle, since they are mechanically very stable. | 1. A separator which has, on a substrate and in the voids of the substrate, which comprises fibers of an electrically nonconductive material, a porous electrically nonconductive ceramic coating comprising oxide particles which are adhesively bonded to one another and to the substrate by an inorganic adhesive and comprise at least one oxide selected from Al2O3, ZrO2 and SiO2, wherein polymer particles are also present in the ceramic coating in addition to the oxide particles of Al2O3, ZrO2 and/or SiO2. 2. The separator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polymer particles have a melting point of more than 100° C. 3. The separator as claimed in claim 1, wherein, in the separator, a volume fraction of the oxide particles to the polymer particles is from 2:1 to 100:1. 4. The separator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polymer particles have a mean particle size which corresponds to from 0.1 to 30 times the mean particle size of the oxide particles. 5. The separator as claimed in claim 4, wherein the polymer particles comprise particles having a mean particle size which is smaller than 0.5 times a thickness of the separator. 6. The separator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the substrate is a nonwoven polymer fabric which comprises polymer fibers selected from the group consisting of polyacrylonitrile, polyamide, polyester and polyolefin fibers. 7. The separator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the inorganic adhesive is at least one selected from the group consisting of oxides of the elements Al, Si and Zr. 8. The separator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ceramic coating on the internal and external surfaces comprises a film of polymers. 9. The separator as claimed in claim 8, wherein the film has a thickness of from 10 nm to 5 μm. 10. The separator as claimed in claim 8, wherein the film has a foam-like structure. 11. (canceled) 12. A method for the production of a separator as claimed in claim 1, wherein a substrate which comprises fibers of an electrically nonconductive material and voids between the fibers is provided with a ceramic coating, for which purpose a suspension is applied on and in the substrate and said suspension is solidified by heating at least once on or in the substrate, the suspension comprising a sol and at least two particle fractions suspended in the sol, the first fraction comprises at least one oxide particle selected from the group consisting of oxides of elements Al, Zr and Si and the second fraction of which comprises polymer particles. 13. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the proportion by volume of the particles of the oxide particle fraction used to the particles of the polymer particle fraction used is from 2:1 to 100:1. 14. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein at least one oxide particle fraction whose particles have a mean particle size of from 0.1 to 10 μm is used. 15. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein a polymer particle fraction whose particle has a mean particle size which corresponds to from 0.1 to 30 times the mean particle size of the suspended oxide particles is used. 16. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein an adhesion promoter which is selected from organofunctional silanes is also added to the suspension, prior to application to the substrate. 17. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the substrate used is a nonwoven polymer fabric which comprises fibers selected the group consisting of from a polyacrylonitrile, polyester, polyamide and polyolefin. 18. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the sol is obtained by hydrolyzing a precursor compound of at least one of the elements Al, Zr and Si with water or an acid diluted with water. 19. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the suspension present on and in the substrate is solidified by heating to 50 to 350° C. 20. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein, after solidification of the suspension, the resulting ceramic coating is first treated with a solution of a polymer and the solvent is then removed. 21. A method for producing batteries comprising inserting a separator as claimed in claim 1 into the batteries. 22. A lithium battery comprising a separator as claimed in claim 1. 23. A vehicle comprising a lithium battery as claimed in claim 22. | Robust separator, which has on a substrate and in the intermediate spaces of the substrate, which comprises fibres of an electrically nonconducting material, an electrically nonconductive coating of oxide particles which are adhesively bonded to one another and to the substrate by an inorganic adhesive and comprise at least one oxide, selected from Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 and SiO 2 , wherein polymer particles are also present in the ceramic coating in addition to the oxide particles of Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 and/or SiO 2 . These separators are particularly easy to handle, since they are mechanically very stable.1. A separator which has, on a substrate and in the voids of the substrate, which comprises fibers of an electrically nonconductive material, a porous electrically nonconductive ceramic coating comprising oxide particles which are adhesively bonded to one another and to the substrate by an inorganic adhesive and comprise at least one oxide selected from Al2O3, ZrO2 and SiO2, wherein polymer particles are also present in the ceramic coating in addition to the oxide particles of Al2O3, ZrO2 and/or SiO2. 2. The separator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polymer particles have a melting point of more than 100° C. 3. The separator as claimed in claim 1, wherein, in the separator, a volume fraction of the oxide particles to the polymer particles is from 2:1 to 100:1. 4. The separator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polymer particles have a mean particle size which corresponds to from 0.1 to 30 times the mean particle size of the oxide particles. 5. The separator as claimed in claim 4, wherein the polymer particles comprise particles having a mean particle size which is smaller than 0.5 times a thickness of the separator. 6. The separator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the substrate is a nonwoven polymer fabric which comprises polymer fibers selected from the group consisting of polyacrylonitrile, polyamide, polyester and polyolefin fibers. 7. The separator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the inorganic adhesive is at least one selected from the group consisting of oxides of the elements Al, Si and Zr. 8. The separator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ceramic coating on the internal and external surfaces comprises a film of polymers. 9. The separator as claimed in claim 8, wherein the film has a thickness of from 10 nm to 5 μm. 10. The separator as claimed in claim 8, wherein the film has a foam-like structure. 11. (canceled) 12. A method for the production of a separator as claimed in claim 1, wherein a substrate which comprises fibers of an electrically nonconductive material and voids between the fibers is provided with a ceramic coating, for which purpose a suspension is applied on and in the substrate and said suspension is solidified by heating at least once on or in the substrate, the suspension comprising a sol and at least two particle fractions suspended in the sol, the first fraction comprises at least one oxide particle selected from the group consisting of oxides of elements Al, Zr and Si and the second fraction of which comprises polymer particles. 13. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the proportion by volume of the particles of the oxide particle fraction used to the particles of the polymer particle fraction used is from 2:1 to 100:1. 14. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein at least one oxide particle fraction whose particles have a mean particle size of from 0.1 to 10 μm is used. 15. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein a polymer particle fraction whose particle has a mean particle size which corresponds to from 0.1 to 30 times the mean particle size of the suspended oxide particles is used. 16. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein an adhesion promoter which is selected from organofunctional silanes is also added to the suspension, prior to application to the substrate. 17. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the substrate used is a nonwoven polymer fabric which comprises fibers selected the group consisting of from a polyacrylonitrile, polyester, polyamide and polyolefin. 18. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the sol is obtained by hydrolyzing a precursor compound of at least one of the elements Al, Zr and Si with water or an acid diluted with water. 19. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the suspension present on and in the substrate is solidified by heating to 50 to 350° C. 20. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein, after solidification of the suspension, the resulting ceramic coating is first treated with a solution of a polymer and the solvent is then removed. 21. A method for producing batteries comprising inserting a separator as claimed in claim 1 into the batteries. 22. A lithium battery comprising a separator as claimed in claim 1. 23. A vehicle comprising a lithium battery as claimed in claim 22. | 1,700 |
2,183 | 13,589,219 | 1,764 | An aqueous including a particulate polymer having a particle diameter of from 0.5 microns to 150 microns, the polymer including, as copolymerized units, from 0.1% to 50%, by weight based on the polymer weight, monomer having a Hansch parameter of from 2.5 to 10, the polymer having been formed in the presence of a non-formaldehyde reductant such as, for example, from 0.01% to 0.5%, by weight based on the polymer weight, isoascorbic acid; and from 0.1% to 5%, by weight based on polymer weight, thickener is provided as is a method for forming a coated substrate and the coated substrate so formed. | 1. An aqueous composition comprising:
a particulate polymer having a particle diameter of from 0.5 microns to 150 microns, said polymer comprising, as copolymerized units, from 0.1% to 50%, by weight based on said polymer weight, monomer having a Hansch parameter of from 2.5 to 10, said polymer having been formed in the presence of a non-formaldehyde reductant; and
from 0.1% to 5%, by weight based on polymer weight, thickener. 2. The aqueous composition of claim 1 wherein said non-formaldehyde reductant is from 0.01% to 0.5%, by weight based on said polymer weight, isoascorbic acid. 3. The aqueous composition of claim 1 wherein said particulate polymer has been formed by an emulsion polymerization process, a seeded growth process or a suspension polymerization process. 4. The aqueous composition of claim 1 wherein said particulate polymer has been formed by a single stage process or a multiple stage process. 5. The aqueous composition of claim 1 wherein said thickener is selected from the group consisting of associative thickeners, partially associative thickeners, and non-associative thickeners, and mixtures thereof. 6. The aqueous composition of claim 1 further comprising a clay thickener. 7. The aqueous composition of claim 1 further comprising solid inorganic particles. 8. The aqueous composition of claim 1 further comprising an emulsion polymer or a polyurethane dispersion having a calculated Tg of from −60° C. to 150° C. and a particle diameter of from 50 nm to 490 nm. 9. A method for providing a coated substrate comprising
(a) forming the aqueous coating composition of claim 1; (b) applying said aqueous coating composition to a substrate; and (c) drying, or allowing to dry, said applied aqueous coating composition. 10. A coated substrate formed by
(a) providing the aqueous coating composition of claim 1; (b) applying said aqueous coating composition to a substrate; and (c) drying, or allowing to dry, said applied aqueous coating composition. | An aqueous including a particulate polymer having a particle diameter of from 0.5 microns to 150 microns, the polymer including, as copolymerized units, from 0.1% to 50%, by weight based on the polymer weight, monomer having a Hansch parameter of from 2.5 to 10, the polymer having been formed in the presence of a non-formaldehyde reductant such as, for example, from 0.01% to 0.5%, by weight based on the polymer weight, isoascorbic acid; and from 0.1% to 5%, by weight based on polymer weight, thickener is provided as is a method for forming a coated substrate and the coated substrate so formed.1. An aqueous composition comprising:
a particulate polymer having a particle diameter of from 0.5 microns to 150 microns, said polymer comprising, as copolymerized units, from 0.1% to 50%, by weight based on said polymer weight, monomer having a Hansch parameter of from 2.5 to 10, said polymer having been formed in the presence of a non-formaldehyde reductant; and
from 0.1% to 5%, by weight based on polymer weight, thickener. 2. The aqueous composition of claim 1 wherein said non-formaldehyde reductant is from 0.01% to 0.5%, by weight based on said polymer weight, isoascorbic acid. 3. The aqueous composition of claim 1 wherein said particulate polymer has been formed by an emulsion polymerization process, a seeded growth process or a suspension polymerization process. 4. The aqueous composition of claim 1 wherein said particulate polymer has been formed by a single stage process or a multiple stage process. 5. The aqueous composition of claim 1 wherein said thickener is selected from the group consisting of associative thickeners, partially associative thickeners, and non-associative thickeners, and mixtures thereof. 6. The aqueous composition of claim 1 further comprising a clay thickener. 7. The aqueous composition of claim 1 further comprising solid inorganic particles. 8. The aqueous composition of claim 1 further comprising an emulsion polymer or a polyurethane dispersion having a calculated Tg of from −60° C. to 150° C. and a particle diameter of from 50 nm to 490 nm. 9. A method for providing a coated substrate comprising
(a) forming the aqueous coating composition of claim 1; (b) applying said aqueous coating composition to a substrate; and (c) drying, or allowing to dry, said applied aqueous coating composition. 10. A coated substrate formed by
(a) providing the aqueous coating composition of claim 1; (b) applying said aqueous coating composition to a substrate; and (c) drying, or allowing to dry, said applied aqueous coating composition. | 1,700 |
2,184 | 14,424,699 | 1,798 | Methods, apparatus, systems and articles of manufacture are disclosed herein to implement flexible bioreactor control systems. An example apparatus disclosed herein includes a processor coupled to a memory, the processor programmed to determine whether the map value included in the process task object is a valid map value, the process task object to correspond to a task executed by a bioreactor, a control device or a measurement device of the bioreactor control system configuration, in response to determining the map value is a valid map value, decode the map value to identify the source location of a first input of the process task object, pull a value from the source location to update the input value of the process task object, and facilitate execution of the process task with the input value. | 1. An apparatus to control execution of a process task within a configuration of a bioreactor control system, the process task defined by a process task object that includes a map value to identify a source location for an input value of the process task object, the apparatus comprising:
a processor coupled to a memory, the processor programmed to:
determine whether the map value included in the process task object is a valid map value, the process task object to correspond to a task executed by a bioreactor, a control device or a measurement device of the bioreactor control system configuration;
in response to determining the map value is a valid map value, decode the map value to identify the source location of a first input of the process task object;
pull a value from the source location to update the input value of the process task object; and
facilitate execution of the process task with the input value. 2. An apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein the map value is to identify an output of a second process task object. 3. An apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein the map value is to identify a table entry. 4. An apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein the process task object is one of a plurality of process task objects included in a process recipe. 5. An apparatus as defined in claim 4, wherein the process recipe is to define a sequence of actions within the bioreactor control system configuration to produce a product. 6. An apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein to decode the map value further comprises the processor to determine a device type and a device number. 7. An apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein execution of the process task is to transform the input value into an output value. 8. A method to control execution of a process task within a configuration of a bioreactor control system, the method comprising:
determining whether a map value included in a process task object is a valid map value, the process task object corresponding to a task executed by a process control device within the bioreactor control system, and the map value identifying a source location for an input value of the process task object; responsive to determining the map value is a valid map value, pulling a value from the source location to update the input value of the process task object; and facilitating execution of the process with the input value. 9. A method as defined in claim 8, wherein the map value identifies an output of a second process task object. 10. A method as defined in claim 8, wherein the map value identifies a table entry. 11. A method as defined in claim 8, wherein the process task object is one of a plurality of process task objects included in a process recipe. 12. A method as defined in claim 11, wherein the process recipe defines a sequence of actions within the bioreactor control system configuration to produce a product. 13. A method as defined in claim 8, wherein decoding the map value further comprises determining a device type and a device number of a process control device in the bioreactor control system. 14. A method as defined in claim 8, facilitating execution of the process task further comprises transforming the input value into an output value. 15. A tangible machine accessible storage medium having instructions thereon that, when executed, cause the machine to at least:
determine whether a map value included in a process task object is a valid map value, the process task object to correspond to a task executed by a process control device within a bioreactor control system, and the map value to identify a source location for an input value of the process task object; in response to determining the map value is a valid map value, decode the map value to identify the source location of a first input of the process task object; pull a value from the source location to update the input value of the process task object; and facilitate execution of the process task with the input value. 16. A machine accessible storage medium as defined in claim 15, wherein the map value is to identify an output of a second process task object. 17. A machine accessible storage medium as defined in claim 15, wherein the map value is to identify a table entry. 18. A machine accessible storage medium as defined in claim 15, wherein the process task object is one of a plurality of process task objects included in a process recipe. 19. A machine accessible storage medium as defined in claim 18, wherein the process recipe is to define a sequence of actions within the bioreactor control system configuration to produce a product. 20. A machine accessible storage medium as defined in claim 15, further comprising instructions that, when executed, cause the machine to determine a device type and a device number. 21. A machine accessible storage medium as defined in claim 15, further comprising instructions that, when executed, cause the machine to transform the input value into an output value. | Methods, apparatus, systems and articles of manufacture are disclosed herein to implement flexible bioreactor control systems. An example apparatus disclosed herein includes a processor coupled to a memory, the processor programmed to determine whether the map value included in the process task object is a valid map value, the process task object to correspond to a task executed by a bioreactor, a control device or a measurement device of the bioreactor control system configuration, in response to determining the map value is a valid map value, decode the map value to identify the source location of a first input of the process task object, pull a value from the source location to update the input value of the process task object, and facilitate execution of the process task with the input value.1. An apparatus to control execution of a process task within a configuration of a bioreactor control system, the process task defined by a process task object that includes a map value to identify a source location for an input value of the process task object, the apparatus comprising:
a processor coupled to a memory, the processor programmed to:
determine whether the map value included in the process task object is a valid map value, the process task object to correspond to a task executed by a bioreactor, a control device or a measurement device of the bioreactor control system configuration;
in response to determining the map value is a valid map value, decode the map value to identify the source location of a first input of the process task object;
pull a value from the source location to update the input value of the process task object; and
facilitate execution of the process task with the input value. 2. An apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein the map value is to identify an output of a second process task object. 3. An apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein the map value is to identify a table entry. 4. An apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein the process task object is one of a plurality of process task objects included in a process recipe. 5. An apparatus as defined in claim 4, wherein the process recipe is to define a sequence of actions within the bioreactor control system configuration to produce a product. 6. An apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein to decode the map value further comprises the processor to determine a device type and a device number. 7. An apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein execution of the process task is to transform the input value into an output value. 8. A method to control execution of a process task within a configuration of a bioreactor control system, the method comprising:
determining whether a map value included in a process task object is a valid map value, the process task object corresponding to a task executed by a process control device within the bioreactor control system, and the map value identifying a source location for an input value of the process task object; responsive to determining the map value is a valid map value, pulling a value from the source location to update the input value of the process task object; and facilitating execution of the process with the input value. 9. A method as defined in claim 8, wherein the map value identifies an output of a second process task object. 10. A method as defined in claim 8, wherein the map value identifies a table entry. 11. A method as defined in claim 8, wherein the process task object is one of a plurality of process task objects included in a process recipe. 12. A method as defined in claim 11, wherein the process recipe defines a sequence of actions within the bioreactor control system configuration to produce a product. 13. A method as defined in claim 8, wherein decoding the map value further comprises determining a device type and a device number of a process control device in the bioreactor control system. 14. A method as defined in claim 8, facilitating execution of the process task further comprises transforming the input value into an output value. 15. A tangible machine accessible storage medium having instructions thereon that, when executed, cause the machine to at least:
determine whether a map value included in a process task object is a valid map value, the process task object to correspond to a task executed by a process control device within a bioreactor control system, and the map value to identify a source location for an input value of the process task object; in response to determining the map value is a valid map value, decode the map value to identify the source location of a first input of the process task object; pull a value from the source location to update the input value of the process task object; and facilitate execution of the process task with the input value. 16. A machine accessible storage medium as defined in claim 15, wherein the map value is to identify an output of a second process task object. 17. A machine accessible storage medium as defined in claim 15, wherein the map value is to identify a table entry. 18. A machine accessible storage medium as defined in claim 15, wherein the process task object is one of a plurality of process task objects included in a process recipe. 19. A machine accessible storage medium as defined in claim 18, wherein the process recipe is to define a sequence of actions within the bioreactor control system configuration to produce a product. 20. A machine accessible storage medium as defined in claim 15, further comprising instructions that, when executed, cause the machine to determine a device type and a device number. 21. A machine accessible storage medium as defined in claim 15, further comprising instructions that, when executed, cause the machine to transform the input value into an output value. | 1,700 |
2,185 | 14,551,049 | 1,746 | A method of making the asphalt shingles includes applying a substrate to a layer of shingle-forming material, the substrate having indicators at predetermined spaced-apart distances, with the indicators being sensed as the shingle-forming layer is moved along a predetermined path, with adhesive zones being applied to the shingle such that the application of the adhesive zones is synchronized in response to sensing the locations of the indicators, and with the shingle-forming layer then being cut into individual shingles. | 1. A method of making an asphalt shingle in a manufacturing environment, in which the shingle has a headlap region and a tab region, with granules applied to an upper surface of the shingle that is to be weather-exposed in the installed condition on a roof, the method comprising:
(a) providing a shingle-forming layer comprised of shingle reinforcement material impregnated with a bitumen material, the layer having a butt region and a tab region, and including the step of delivering the layer along a predetermined path; (b) providing a layer of granules on an upper surface of the shingle-forming layer; (c) applying a substrate layer with a plurality of indicators carried thereby to the shingle-forming layer, with the indicators being provided at predetermined spaced-apart distances from each other; (d) sensing the locations of the indicators; (e) then actuating the placement of adhesive zones onto the upper surface of headlap portions of the shingle-forming layer and synchronizing the placement of the adhesive zones on the upper surface of the shingle-forming layer in response to the sensing step of clause (d); and (f) cutting the shingle-forming layer into individual shingles. 2. The method of claim 1, including the step of cutting slots in the tab region of the shingle-forming layer to separate the tab region into a plurality of spaced-apart tabs. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the slot cutting step includes synchronizing the placement of the slots in the shingle-forming layer in response to the sensing step of clause (d) of claim 1. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the synchronizing step includes changing the relative placement of any of:
(a) the adhesive zones; and (b) the slots
in response to the sensing step of clause (d) of claim 1. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the placement of adhesive zones is done with an adhesive applicator and wherein the placement of slots is done with a slot cutter, and wherein the step of changing the relative placement includes effecting a change in the delivering of the shingle-forming layer to any of:
(a) the adhesive applicator; and (b) the slot cutter. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of changing the relative placement includes effecting a change in position of any of:
(a) the adhesive applicator; and (b) the slot cutter relative to the delivering of the shingle-forming layer. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the synchronizing step includes changing the relative placement of any of:
(a) the adhesive zones; and (b) the slots
in response to the sensing step of clause (d) of claim 1. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the placement of adhesive zones is done with an adhesive applicator and wherein the placement of slots is done with a slot cutter, and wherein the step of changing the relative placement includes effecting a change in the delivering of the shingle-forming layer to any of:
(a) the adhesive applicator; and (b) the slot cutter. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the step of changing the relative placement includes effecting a change in position of any of:
(a) the adhesive applicator; and (b) the slot cutter relative to the delivering of the shingle-forming layer. 10. The method of claim 3, wherein the synchronizing step includes changing the relative placement of any of:
(a) the adhesive zones; and (b) the slots
in response to the sensing step of clause (d) of claim 1. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the placement of adhesive zones is done with an adhesive applicator and wherein the placement of slots is done with a slot cutter, and wherein the step of changing the relative placement includes effecting a change in the delivering of the shingle-forming layer to any of:
(a) the adhesive applicator; and (b) the slot cutter. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the step of changing the relative placement includes effecting a change in position of any of:
(a) the adhesive applicator; and (b) the slot cutter relative to the delivering of the shingle-forming layer. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the placement step of clause (e) of claim 1 leaves an adhesive-free zone on the top surface of the shingle-forming layer of at least a length L and width W in the headlap portion above a central area of each of the tabs, where the slots are of a length L and width W extending from a lower edge of the tab region to the headlap region. 14. The method of claim 2, wherein the placement step of clause (e) of claim 1 leaves an adhesive-free zone on the top surface of the shingle-forming layer of at least a length L and width W in the headlap portion above a central area of each of the tabs, where the slots are of a length L and width W extending from a lower edge of the tab region to the headlap region. 15. The method of claim 3, wherein the placement step of clause (e) of claim 1 leaves an adhesive-free zone on the top surface of the shingle-forming layer of at least a length L and width W in the headlap portion above a central area of each of the tabs, where the slots are of a length L and width W extending from a lower edge of the tab region to the headlap region. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the indicators comprise physical marks on the substrate. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the physical marks comprise holes in the substrate. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the indicators are sensed by a magnetic detection device, an infrared device, a barcode reader, a metal detection device, a hole detection device, a CCD image reader, or a photocell. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a tape bearing indicators. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising providing the substrate from a roll. | A method of making the asphalt shingles includes applying a substrate to a layer of shingle-forming material, the substrate having indicators at predetermined spaced-apart distances, with the indicators being sensed as the shingle-forming layer is moved along a predetermined path, with adhesive zones being applied to the shingle such that the application of the adhesive zones is synchronized in response to sensing the locations of the indicators, and with the shingle-forming layer then being cut into individual shingles.1. A method of making an asphalt shingle in a manufacturing environment, in which the shingle has a headlap region and a tab region, with granules applied to an upper surface of the shingle that is to be weather-exposed in the installed condition on a roof, the method comprising:
(a) providing a shingle-forming layer comprised of shingle reinforcement material impregnated with a bitumen material, the layer having a butt region and a tab region, and including the step of delivering the layer along a predetermined path; (b) providing a layer of granules on an upper surface of the shingle-forming layer; (c) applying a substrate layer with a plurality of indicators carried thereby to the shingle-forming layer, with the indicators being provided at predetermined spaced-apart distances from each other; (d) sensing the locations of the indicators; (e) then actuating the placement of adhesive zones onto the upper surface of headlap portions of the shingle-forming layer and synchronizing the placement of the adhesive zones on the upper surface of the shingle-forming layer in response to the sensing step of clause (d); and (f) cutting the shingle-forming layer into individual shingles. 2. The method of claim 1, including the step of cutting slots in the tab region of the shingle-forming layer to separate the tab region into a plurality of spaced-apart tabs. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the slot cutting step includes synchronizing the placement of the slots in the shingle-forming layer in response to the sensing step of clause (d) of claim 1. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the synchronizing step includes changing the relative placement of any of:
(a) the adhesive zones; and (b) the slots
in response to the sensing step of clause (d) of claim 1. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the placement of adhesive zones is done with an adhesive applicator and wherein the placement of slots is done with a slot cutter, and wherein the step of changing the relative placement includes effecting a change in the delivering of the shingle-forming layer to any of:
(a) the adhesive applicator; and (b) the slot cutter. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of changing the relative placement includes effecting a change in position of any of:
(a) the adhesive applicator; and (b) the slot cutter relative to the delivering of the shingle-forming layer. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the synchronizing step includes changing the relative placement of any of:
(a) the adhesive zones; and (b) the slots
in response to the sensing step of clause (d) of claim 1. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the placement of adhesive zones is done with an adhesive applicator and wherein the placement of slots is done with a slot cutter, and wherein the step of changing the relative placement includes effecting a change in the delivering of the shingle-forming layer to any of:
(a) the adhesive applicator; and (b) the slot cutter. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the step of changing the relative placement includes effecting a change in position of any of:
(a) the adhesive applicator; and (b) the slot cutter relative to the delivering of the shingle-forming layer. 10. The method of claim 3, wherein the synchronizing step includes changing the relative placement of any of:
(a) the adhesive zones; and (b) the slots
in response to the sensing step of clause (d) of claim 1. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the placement of adhesive zones is done with an adhesive applicator and wherein the placement of slots is done with a slot cutter, and wherein the step of changing the relative placement includes effecting a change in the delivering of the shingle-forming layer to any of:
(a) the adhesive applicator; and (b) the slot cutter. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the step of changing the relative placement includes effecting a change in position of any of:
(a) the adhesive applicator; and (b) the slot cutter relative to the delivering of the shingle-forming layer. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the placement step of clause (e) of claim 1 leaves an adhesive-free zone on the top surface of the shingle-forming layer of at least a length L and width W in the headlap portion above a central area of each of the tabs, where the slots are of a length L and width W extending from a lower edge of the tab region to the headlap region. 14. The method of claim 2, wherein the placement step of clause (e) of claim 1 leaves an adhesive-free zone on the top surface of the shingle-forming layer of at least a length L and width W in the headlap portion above a central area of each of the tabs, where the slots are of a length L and width W extending from a lower edge of the tab region to the headlap region. 15. The method of claim 3, wherein the placement step of clause (e) of claim 1 leaves an adhesive-free zone on the top surface of the shingle-forming layer of at least a length L and width W in the headlap portion above a central area of each of the tabs, where the slots are of a length L and width W extending from a lower edge of the tab region to the headlap region. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the indicators comprise physical marks on the substrate. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the physical marks comprise holes in the substrate. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the indicators are sensed by a magnetic detection device, an infrared device, a barcode reader, a metal detection device, a hole detection device, a CCD image reader, or a photocell. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a tape bearing indicators. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising providing the substrate from a roll. | 1,700 |
2,186 | 13,547,092 | 1,746 | Laminated structures include a thin glass sheet with a thickness of less than 600 μm being attached to a metal sheet with an adhesive layer including a thickness of about 100 μm or less. These laminated structures can include planar or curved shapes. Methods of manufacturing a laminated structure are also provided including the step of attaching a glass sheet with a thickness of less than 600 μm to a metal sheet with an adhesive layer including a thickness of about 300 μm or less. | 1. A laminated structure comprising:
a metal sheet; a glass sheet including a thickness T1 of less than 600 μm; and an adhesive layer attaching the glass sheet to the metal sheet, the adhesive layer including a thickness T2 of about 300 μm or less. 2. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the thickness T1 of the glass sheet is about 300 μm or less. 3. The laminated structure of claim 2, wherein the thickness T1 of the glass sheet is from about 50 μm to about 300 μm. 4. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the glass sheet comprises glass selected from the group consisting of soda lime glass, borosilicate and alkaline earth boro-aluminosilicate. 5. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the thickness T2 of the adhesive layer is from about 20 μm to about 75 μm. 6. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the thickness T2 of the adhesive layer is from about 25 μm to about 50 μm. 7. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer is substantially transparent. 8. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the metal sheet comprises steel. 9. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the metal sheet has a thickness T3 from about 0.5 mm to about 2 mm. 10-20. (canceled) 21. A laminated structure comprising:
a metal sheet; a glass sheet including a thickness T1 of less than 600 μm; and an adhesive layer attaching the glass sheet to the metal sheet, the adhesive layer including a thickness T2 of about 1.5 mm or less. 22. The laminated structure of claim 21, wherein the thickness T1 of the glass sheet is about 300 μm or less. 23. The laminated structure of claim 22, wherein the thickness T1 of the glass sheet is from about 50 μm to about 300 μm. 24. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the glass sheet comprises chemically strengthened glass. 25. The laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the glass sheet is a conformable glass sheet. 26. The laminate structure of claim 25 wherein the conformable glass sheet has a minimum radius of curvature Rg determined as a function of:
E
·
T
1
2
Rg
≤
15
MPa
wherein E represents Young's Modulus of the glass sheet. 27. The laminate structure of claim 25 wherein the metal sheet is non-planar and the glass sheet is cold formed to the metal sheet. 28. The laminate structure of claim 25 wherein the metal sheet has a non-planar geometry and the glass sheet is pre-formed to said non-planar geometry. 29. The laminated structure of claim 21, wherein the glass sheet comprises chemically strengthened glass. 30. The laminate structure of claim 21, wherein the glass sheet is a conformable glass sheet. 31. The laminate structure of claim 30 wherein the conformable glass sheet has a minimum radius of curvature Rg determined as a function of:
E
·
T
1
2
Rg
≤
15
MPa
wherein E represents Young's Modulus of the glass sheet. 32. The laminate structure of claim 30 wherein the metal sheet is non-planar and the glass sheet is cold formed to the metal sheet. 33. The laminate structure of claim 30 wherein the metal sheet has a non-planar geometry and the glass sheet is pre-formed to said non-planar geometry. | Laminated structures include a thin glass sheet with a thickness of less than 600 μm being attached to a metal sheet with an adhesive layer including a thickness of about 100 μm or less. These laminated structures can include planar or curved shapes. Methods of manufacturing a laminated structure are also provided including the step of attaching a glass sheet with a thickness of less than 600 μm to a metal sheet with an adhesive layer including a thickness of about 300 μm or less.1. A laminated structure comprising:
a metal sheet; a glass sheet including a thickness T1 of less than 600 μm; and an adhesive layer attaching the glass sheet to the metal sheet, the adhesive layer including a thickness T2 of about 300 μm or less. 2. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the thickness T1 of the glass sheet is about 300 μm or less. 3. The laminated structure of claim 2, wherein the thickness T1 of the glass sheet is from about 50 μm to about 300 μm. 4. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the glass sheet comprises glass selected from the group consisting of soda lime glass, borosilicate and alkaline earth boro-aluminosilicate. 5. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the thickness T2 of the adhesive layer is from about 20 μm to about 75 μm. 6. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the thickness T2 of the adhesive layer is from about 25 μm to about 50 μm. 7. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer is substantially transparent. 8. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the metal sheet comprises steel. 9. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the metal sheet has a thickness T3 from about 0.5 mm to about 2 mm. 10-20. (canceled) 21. A laminated structure comprising:
a metal sheet; a glass sheet including a thickness T1 of less than 600 μm; and an adhesive layer attaching the glass sheet to the metal sheet, the adhesive layer including a thickness T2 of about 1.5 mm or less. 22. The laminated structure of claim 21, wherein the thickness T1 of the glass sheet is about 300 μm or less. 23. The laminated structure of claim 22, wherein the thickness T1 of the glass sheet is from about 50 μm to about 300 μm. 24. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the glass sheet comprises chemically strengthened glass. 25. The laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the glass sheet is a conformable glass sheet. 26. The laminate structure of claim 25 wherein the conformable glass sheet has a minimum radius of curvature Rg determined as a function of:
E
·
T
1
2
Rg
≤
15
MPa
wherein E represents Young's Modulus of the glass sheet. 27. The laminate structure of claim 25 wherein the metal sheet is non-planar and the glass sheet is cold formed to the metal sheet. 28. The laminate structure of claim 25 wherein the metal sheet has a non-planar geometry and the glass sheet is pre-formed to said non-planar geometry. 29. The laminated structure of claim 21, wherein the glass sheet comprises chemically strengthened glass. 30. The laminate structure of claim 21, wherein the glass sheet is a conformable glass sheet. 31. The laminate structure of claim 30 wherein the conformable glass sheet has a minimum radius of curvature Rg determined as a function of:
E
·
T
1
2
Rg
≤
15
MPa
wherein E represents Young's Modulus of the glass sheet. 32. The laminate structure of claim 30 wherein the metal sheet is non-planar and the glass sheet is cold formed to the metal sheet. 33. The laminate structure of claim 30 wherein the metal sheet has a non-planar geometry and the glass sheet is pre-formed to said non-planar geometry. | 1,700 |
2,187 | 13,181,043 | 1,771 | A process wherein an electron donor agent is provided for the decomposition of sulfones and sulfoxides formed after the oxidative desulfurization of a sulfur-containing hydrocarbon stream. | 1. A method of upgrading a hydrocarbon feedstock by removal of sulfones and sulfoxides therefrom, which comprises the steps of
a. supplying a hydrocarbon feedstock to an oxidation reactor, the hydrocarbon feedstock comprising sulfur-containing compounds; b. contacting the hydrocarbon feedstock with an oxidant in the presence of a catalyst in the oxidation reactor under conditions sufficient to selectively oxidize sulfur compounds present in the hydrocarbon feedstock to produce a hydrocarbon stream that comprises hydrocarbons and oxidized sulfur-containing compounds; c. separating the oxidized sulfur-containing hydrocarbon stream into an aqueous phase and a non-aqueous oxidized effluent; d. recovering the non-aqueous oxidized effluent and contacting it with an electron donor agent to oxidize sulfones and sulfoxides present in the non-aqueous oxidized effluent; and, e. separating and recovering the hydrocarbon stream from which the sulfones and sulfoxides have been removed. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein from about 1 to about 5 mole equivalents of an electron donor agent is used based on the sulfone and sulfoxide content of the feedstock. 3. The process according to claim 2, wherein from about 1 to about 3 mole equivalents of an electron donor agent is used. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the decomposition is effected at a temperature from about 100° C. to about 300° C. 5. The process according to claim 4, wherein the decomposition is effected at about 100° C. to about 200° C. 6. The process according to claim 5, wherein the decomposition is effected about 100° C. to about 150° C. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the decomposition is conducted at a pressure of about 3 kg/cm2 to about 30 kg/cm2. 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the decomposition is conducted at about 0.05 h−1 to about 4.0 h−1. 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the electron donor agent must have an oxidation potential sufficient to effect reductive cleavage of the sulfones and the sulfoxides. 10. The process according to claim 9, wherein the electron donor is a tetraazaalkene. 11. The process according to claim 8, wherein the bisimidazole is bisimidazolylidene. 12. The process according to claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbon feedstock is crude oil, oil, shale oil, coal liquids, intermediate refinery products and distilled fractions thereof. 13. The process according to claim 9, wherein the electron donor agent has at least a half potential of −1.2V in dimethylformanide when referenced to a saturated calomel electrode. 14. The process according to claim 12, wherein the hydrocarbon feeds stock boils in the range of about 36° C. to about 2000° C. 15. The process according to claim 1, wherein after step c), the non-aqueous oxidized effluent is subjected to solvent extraction. 16. The process according to claim 15, wherein the solvent is a polar solvent. 17. The process according to claim 15, wherein the extraction is conducted between about 20° C. and about 60° C. and at a pressure between about 1 and about 10 bars. 18. The process according to claim 15, wherein after the step of extraction, the extracted effluent is subjected to adsorption. 19. The process of claim 18, wherein the adsorbent materials are selected from the group consisting of activated carbon, silica gel, alumina, natural clays, polar polymers applied silica gel, activated carbon and alumina. 20. The process according to claim 18, wherein the adsorption zone is operated between about 20° C. and about 60° C. and at a pressure between about 1 and about 15 bars. | A process wherein an electron donor agent is provided for the decomposition of sulfones and sulfoxides formed after the oxidative desulfurization of a sulfur-containing hydrocarbon stream.1. A method of upgrading a hydrocarbon feedstock by removal of sulfones and sulfoxides therefrom, which comprises the steps of
a. supplying a hydrocarbon feedstock to an oxidation reactor, the hydrocarbon feedstock comprising sulfur-containing compounds; b. contacting the hydrocarbon feedstock with an oxidant in the presence of a catalyst in the oxidation reactor under conditions sufficient to selectively oxidize sulfur compounds present in the hydrocarbon feedstock to produce a hydrocarbon stream that comprises hydrocarbons and oxidized sulfur-containing compounds; c. separating the oxidized sulfur-containing hydrocarbon stream into an aqueous phase and a non-aqueous oxidized effluent; d. recovering the non-aqueous oxidized effluent and contacting it with an electron donor agent to oxidize sulfones and sulfoxides present in the non-aqueous oxidized effluent; and, e. separating and recovering the hydrocarbon stream from which the sulfones and sulfoxides have been removed. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein from about 1 to about 5 mole equivalents of an electron donor agent is used based on the sulfone and sulfoxide content of the feedstock. 3. The process according to claim 2, wherein from about 1 to about 3 mole equivalents of an electron donor agent is used. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the decomposition is effected at a temperature from about 100° C. to about 300° C. 5. The process according to claim 4, wherein the decomposition is effected at about 100° C. to about 200° C. 6. The process according to claim 5, wherein the decomposition is effected about 100° C. to about 150° C. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the decomposition is conducted at a pressure of about 3 kg/cm2 to about 30 kg/cm2. 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the decomposition is conducted at about 0.05 h−1 to about 4.0 h−1. 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the electron donor agent must have an oxidation potential sufficient to effect reductive cleavage of the sulfones and the sulfoxides. 10. The process according to claim 9, wherein the electron donor is a tetraazaalkene. 11. The process according to claim 8, wherein the bisimidazole is bisimidazolylidene. 12. The process according to claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbon feedstock is crude oil, oil, shale oil, coal liquids, intermediate refinery products and distilled fractions thereof. 13. The process according to claim 9, wherein the electron donor agent has at least a half potential of −1.2V in dimethylformanide when referenced to a saturated calomel electrode. 14. The process according to claim 12, wherein the hydrocarbon feeds stock boils in the range of about 36° C. to about 2000° C. 15. The process according to claim 1, wherein after step c), the non-aqueous oxidized effluent is subjected to solvent extraction. 16. The process according to claim 15, wherein the solvent is a polar solvent. 17. The process according to claim 15, wherein the extraction is conducted between about 20° C. and about 60° C. and at a pressure between about 1 and about 10 bars. 18. The process according to claim 15, wherein after the step of extraction, the extracted effluent is subjected to adsorption. 19. The process of claim 18, wherein the adsorbent materials are selected from the group consisting of activated carbon, silica gel, alumina, natural clays, polar polymers applied silica gel, activated carbon and alumina. 20. The process according to claim 18, wherein the adsorption zone is operated between about 20° C. and about 60° C. and at a pressure between about 1 and about 15 bars. | 1,700 |
2,188 | 13,717,980 | 1,773 | A filter system that includes a filter element having an opening and an annular shaped sealing lip surrounding the opening. The system includes an end cap engaging and covering the opening, having an annular shaped sealing edge engaging the sealing lip, and having a parallel sided cylindrical guide portion positioned within the opening, and having an elongated cavity portion having a non-threaded first portion and a threaded second portion. | 1. A filter system comprising,
(a) an elongated hollow tubular filter element with a top end defining an opening of a first diameter, the top end having a flat annular shaped sealing lip surrounding the opening; and, (b) an end cap engaging and covering the opening, having an annular shaped sealing edge engaging the sealing lip, and having a parallel sided cylindrical guide portion positioned within the opening, and having an elongated cavity portion having a non-threaded first portion and a threaded second portion. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the sealing edge further includes a knife edge for engaging the sealing lip. 3. A filter system comprising,
(a) a vessel having a plurality of risers positioned therein, with the risers each having a first threaded end; (b) a plurality of elongated hollow tubular filter elements each having a top end defining an opening of a first diameter, the top end having a flat annular shaped sealing lip surrounding the opening, with each filter element positioned on a riser with the riser extending through the filter element with the threaded end extending out through the opening; and, (c) an end cap engaging and covering the opening, having an annular shaped sealing edge engaging the sealing lip, and having a parallel sided cylindrical guide portion positioned within the opening, and having an elongated cavity portion engaging the threaded end, with the elongated cavity portion having a non-threaded first portion and a threaded second portion. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the sealing edge further includes a knife edge for engaging the sealing lip. 5. A method of positioning an elongated hollow tubular filter element within a filter vessel having riser elements therein, with the risers each having a first threaded end, the method comprising:
(a) positioning the elongated hollow tubular filter element on at least one of the risers, wherein the filter element comprises a top end defining an opening of a first diameter, the top end having a flat annular shaped sealing lip surrounding the opening, with each filter element positioned on a riser with the riser first threaded end extending through the filter element and out through the opening; and, (b) positioning an end cap on the opening, wherein the end cap comprises an annular shaped sealing edge, comprises a parallel sided cylindrical guide portion, and comprises an elongated cavity portion having a non-threaded first portion and a threaded second portion, wherein positioning the end cap comprises covering the opening with the end cap, engaging the sealing edge with the sealing lip, positioning the riser first threaded end in the elongated cavity portion and engaged the threaded end and the threaded second portion. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the sealing edge further includes a knife edge for engaging the sealing lip. 7. A method of positioning an end cap on a filter element, wherein the filter element is positioned within a filter vessel having riser elements therein with the risers each having a first threaded end, and wherein the filter element comprises a top end defining an opening of a first diameter, the top end having a flat annular shaped sealing lip surrounding the opening, with each filter element positioned on a riser with the riser first threaded end extending through the filter element and out through the opening, the method comprising:
(a) positioning an end cap on the opening, wherein the end cap comprises an annular shaped sealing edge, comprises a parallel sided cylindrical guide portion, and comprises an elongated cavity portion having a non-threaded first portion and a threaded second portion, wherein positioning the end cap comprises covering the opening with the end cap, engaging the sealing edge with the sealing lip, positioning the riser first threaded end in the elongated cavity portion and engaged the threaded end and the threaded second portion. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the sealing edge further includes a knife edge for engaging the sealing lip. | A filter system that includes a filter element having an opening and an annular shaped sealing lip surrounding the opening. The system includes an end cap engaging and covering the opening, having an annular shaped sealing edge engaging the sealing lip, and having a parallel sided cylindrical guide portion positioned within the opening, and having an elongated cavity portion having a non-threaded first portion and a threaded second portion.1. A filter system comprising,
(a) an elongated hollow tubular filter element with a top end defining an opening of a first diameter, the top end having a flat annular shaped sealing lip surrounding the opening; and, (b) an end cap engaging and covering the opening, having an annular shaped sealing edge engaging the sealing lip, and having a parallel sided cylindrical guide portion positioned within the opening, and having an elongated cavity portion having a non-threaded first portion and a threaded second portion. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the sealing edge further includes a knife edge for engaging the sealing lip. 3. A filter system comprising,
(a) a vessel having a plurality of risers positioned therein, with the risers each having a first threaded end; (b) a plurality of elongated hollow tubular filter elements each having a top end defining an opening of a first diameter, the top end having a flat annular shaped sealing lip surrounding the opening, with each filter element positioned on a riser with the riser extending through the filter element with the threaded end extending out through the opening; and, (c) an end cap engaging and covering the opening, having an annular shaped sealing edge engaging the sealing lip, and having a parallel sided cylindrical guide portion positioned within the opening, and having an elongated cavity portion engaging the threaded end, with the elongated cavity portion having a non-threaded first portion and a threaded second portion. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the sealing edge further includes a knife edge for engaging the sealing lip. 5. A method of positioning an elongated hollow tubular filter element within a filter vessel having riser elements therein, with the risers each having a first threaded end, the method comprising:
(a) positioning the elongated hollow tubular filter element on at least one of the risers, wherein the filter element comprises a top end defining an opening of a first diameter, the top end having a flat annular shaped sealing lip surrounding the opening, with each filter element positioned on a riser with the riser first threaded end extending through the filter element and out through the opening; and, (b) positioning an end cap on the opening, wherein the end cap comprises an annular shaped sealing edge, comprises a parallel sided cylindrical guide portion, and comprises an elongated cavity portion having a non-threaded first portion and a threaded second portion, wherein positioning the end cap comprises covering the opening with the end cap, engaging the sealing edge with the sealing lip, positioning the riser first threaded end in the elongated cavity portion and engaged the threaded end and the threaded second portion. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the sealing edge further includes a knife edge for engaging the sealing lip. 7. A method of positioning an end cap on a filter element, wherein the filter element is positioned within a filter vessel having riser elements therein with the risers each having a first threaded end, and wherein the filter element comprises a top end defining an opening of a first diameter, the top end having a flat annular shaped sealing lip surrounding the opening, with each filter element positioned on a riser with the riser first threaded end extending through the filter element and out through the opening, the method comprising:
(a) positioning an end cap on the opening, wherein the end cap comprises an annular shaped sealing edge, comprises a parallel sided cylindrical guide portion, and comprises an elongated cavity portion having a non-threaded first portion and a threaded second portion, wherein positioning the end cap comprises covering the opening with the end cap, engaging the sealing edge with the sealing lip, positioning the riser first threaded end in the elongated cavity portion and engaged the threaded end and the threaded second portion. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the sealing edge further includes a knife edge for engaging the sealing lip. | 1,700 |
2,189 | 14,285,126 | 1,792 | Food stuffs are cooked at precise temperatures, which are optionally below 100° C., in a vessel that is evacuated to exclude air, in which low pressure steam replaces the air. When a sufficient quantity of air is excluded and replaced with water vapor, the temperature of vapor is accurately measured inside the vessel below the lid to control the temperatures within about 1° C. Air is preferably excluded via a controlled heated process for a relatively short period of time at high temperature to generate steam, the temperature is lowered to condense water vapor upon which the lid will sealingly engage the rim of the vessel, forming a partial vacuum in the cooking vessel. | 1) A cooking assembly comprising:
a. an induction heating base having an upper surface for supporting a cookware vessel, one or more induction heating coils disposed below the upper surface, and a controller that is responsive to energize the one or more induction heating coils, b. a cookware vessel having a bottom portion adapted to be supported by the upper surface of the induction heating base, substantially upright sidewall extending upward there from to terminate at a rim, the sidewall encircling said bottom portion to form an interior portion capable of retaining a fluid, c. a lid adapted with a gasket to engage said cookware vessel at the rim thereof to form a vacuum seal therewith, the lid having at least one sealable penetration formed in the surface thereof, d. a transmitter device adapted for removable supported engagement with the lid and in signal communication with the controller, the transmitter device having a thermal probe that enters an interior portion of the vessel via the sealable penetration of the lid, e. wherein the programmable controller is operative to energize and de-energize the one or more induction coils to maintain a pre-determined temperature entered into the controller in response to the temperature measured by the thermal probe, f. wherein the gasket and sealable penetration in the lid are adapted to maintain at least one of an at least partial vacuum and a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure in the interior portion of the vessel, g. wherein the cooking assembly includes a means to reduce the partial pressure of air in the cookware vessel to 0.3 Bar and less. 2) The cooking assembly of claims 1 wherein the means to reduce the partial pressure of air in the cookware vessel to 0.3 Bar and less is the programmable controller first energizing the inductions coils at least until the thermal probe detects the temperature of about 200° F. 3) The cooking assembly of claims 1 wherein the transmitter is wired or wireless. 4) The cooking assembly of claim 1 wherein the programmable controller is operative to de-energize the induction coils upon at a calculated time after the reception of a signal from the transmitter that a first predetermined temperature is reached, in which the time to reach the first temperature is used to determine the calculated time. 5) The cooking assembly of claim 4 in which the calculated time is sufficient to provide for the production of a quantity of water vapor that is operative to expel air from the vessel so that a vacuum seal is formed between the lid and rim via the gasket after the induction coil is de-energized at the calculated time. 6) The cooking assembly of claim 5 in which the calculated time is sufficient to provide for the production of a quantity of water vapor that is operative to expel air from the vessel is the time to reach at least about 94°, less 60 seconds, then divided by 2. 7) The cooking assembly of claim 1 wherein the transmitter is wireless and comprises a processor to calculate transmit times based on temperature variation with time. 8) The cooking assembly of claim 1 wherein the lid further comprises an annular handle that surrounds the sealable penetration in the lid and the transmitter is adapted to nest within the inner annulus of the annular handle, wherein the thermal probe penetrates and seals the sealable penetration via a removable grommet. 9) A cooking assembly comprising:
a. a cookware vessel having a bottom, substantially upright sidewalls extending upward there from to terminate at a rim, the sidewall encircling said bottom portion to form an interior portion capable of retaining a fluid, b. a sealing means to form a vacuum within the vessel, c. a heating means for providing thermal communication with said cookware vessel, d. a controller to modulate the output of the heating means, e. a thermal probe adapted to measure a temperature of at least a portion of the vessel or the environment thereof, f. a transmitter device adapted to receive the output of the thermal probe and transmits values thereof to the controller g. wherein the programmable controller is operative to energize and de-energize the one or more induction coils to maintain a pre-determined temperature entered into the controller in response to the temperature measured by the transmitter device, h. wherein the cooking assembly includes a means to reduce the partial pressure of air in the vacuum sealed vessel to 0.3 Bar and less. 10) A cooking assembly according to claim 9 wherein the sealing means is a gasket and lid and the gasket is adapted to engage a portion of the vessel rim. 11) A cooking assembly according to claim 10 further comprising a sealable penetration in the lid that is closed by the thermal probe which extends into the vessel interior. 12) A cooking assembly according to claim 11 wherein the gasket and sealable penetration in the lid are operable to maintain an at least partial vacuum and a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure in an interior portion of the vessel. 13) A cooking assembly according to claim 12 wherein the gasket is operative to be urged downward by the lid when the vessel is evacuated so that the visible portion thereof above the vessel rim is disposed below the vessel rim after evacuation. 14) A cooking assembly according to claim 12 wherein the gasket has an F shape and the sidewall portion of the vessel sidewall below the rim has a curvilinear portion that contacts multiple portions of the F shaped gasket when a vacuum is formed in the interior of the vessel. 15) A process for cooking, the process comprising the steps of:
a) providing a vessel capable of retaining fluid therein having a lid that is in sealable engagement with the rim thereof, b) introducing at least one of water and an aqueous fluid in the vessel, c) placing a foodstuff in the vessel, d) placing the lid on the vessel, e) heating the vessel to a first temperature at least until the water is converted to a sufficient quantity of water vapor to replace the atmospheric content of the vessel, f) reducing the heating power to the vessel to bring the vessel to a 2nd temperature lower than the first temperature, wherein the condensation of the water vapor within the vessel causes an internal reduction pressure sufficient to engage the lid to seal with the rim of the vessel. g) maintaining the vessel at the 2nd temperature for a predetermined amount of time. 16) The process for cooking according to claim 15 wherein the step of heating to a first temperature is from a radiant heat source below the vessel. 17) The process for cooking according to claim 15 wherein the radiant heat source is an induction cooking base. 18) The process for cooking according to claim 17 wherein lid further comprises means to measure the temperature in the vessel and the step of maintaining the vessel at the second temperature further comprises the induction cooking base applying a series of spaced apart power pulses, wherein the maximum temperature rise from each pulse is measured with the means to measure temperature, and the power in each subsequent pulse is determined by the measured variance from the first temperature. 19) The process for cooking according to claim 16 wherein lid further comprises means to measure the temperature in the vessel and the step of heating the vessel to a first temperature at least until the water is converted to a sufficient quantity of water vapor to replace the atmospheric content of the vessel is terminated is a time calculated from a first time to reach a predetermined temperature. 20) The process for cooking according to claim 19 wherein the predetermined temperature is at least about 94°, the time to terminate the heating to the first temperature is the first temperature, less 60 seconds, then divided by 2. | Food stuffs are cooked at precise temperatures, which are optionally below 100° C., in a vessel that is evacuated to exclude air, in which low pressure steam replaces the air. When a sufficient quantity of air is excluded and replaced with water vapor, the temperature of vapor is accurately measured inside the vessel below the lid to control the temperatures within about 1° C. Air is preferably excluded via a controlled heated process for a relatively short period of time at high temperature to generate steam, the temperature is lowered to condense water vapor upon which the lid will sealingly engage the rim of the vessel, forming a partial vacuum in the cooking vessel.1) A cooking assembly comprising:
a. an induction heating base having an upper surface for supporting a cookware vessel, one or more induction heating coils disposed below the upper surface, and a controller that is responsive to energize the one or more induction heating coils, b. a cookware vessel having a bottom portion adapted to be supported by the upper surface of the induction heating base, substantially upright sidewall extending upward there from to terminate at a rim, the sidewall encircling said bottom portion to form an interior portion capable of retaining a fluid, c. a lid adapted with a gasket to engage said cookware vessel at the rim thereof to form a vacuum seal therewith, the lid having at least one sealable penetration formed in the surface thereof, d. a transmitter device adapted for removable supported engagement with the lid and in signal communication with the controller, the transmitter device having a thermal probe that enters an interior portion of the vessel via the sealable penetration of the lid, e. wherein the programmable controller is operative to energize and de-energize the one or more induction coils to maintain a pre-determined temperature entered into the controller in response to the temperature measured by the thermal probe, f. wherein the gasket and sealable penetration in the lid are adapted to maintain at least one of an at least partial vacuum and a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure in the interior portion of the vessel, g. wherein the cooking assembly includes a means to reduce the partial pressure of air in the cookware vessel to 0.3 Bar and less. 2) The cooking assembly of claims 1 wherein the means to reduce the partial pressure of air in the cookware vessel to 0.3 Bar and less is the programmable controller first energizing the inductions coils at least until the thermal probe detects the temperature of about 200° F. 3) The cooking assembly of claims 1 wherein the transmitter is wired or wireless. 4) The cooking assembly of claim 1 wherein the programmable controller is operative to de-energize the induction coils upon at a calculated time after the reception of a signal from the transmitter that a first predetermined temperature is reached, in which the time to reach the first temperature is used to determine the calculated time. 5) The cooking assembly of claim 4 in which the calculated time is sufficient to provide for the production of a quantity of water vapor that is operative to expel air from the vessel so that a vacuum seal is formed between the lid and rim via the gasket after the induction coil is de-energized at the calculated time. 6) The cooking assembly of claim 5 in which the calculated time is sufficient to provide for the production of a quantity of water vapor that is operative to expel air from the vessel is the time to reach at least about 94°, less 60 seconds, then divided by 2. 7) The cooking assembly of claim 1 wherein the transmitter is wireless and comprises a processor to calculate transmit times based on temperature variation with time. 8) The cooking assembly of claim 1 wherein the lid further comprises an annular handle that surrounds the sealable penetration in the lid and the transmitter is adapted to nest within the inner annulus of the annular handle, wherein the thermal probe penetrates and seals the sealable penetration via a removable grommet. 9) A cooking assembly comprising:
a. a cookware vessel having a bottom, substantially upright sidewalls extending upward there from to terminate at a rim, the sidewall encircling said bottom portion to form an interior portion capable of retaining a fluid, b. a sealing means to form a vacuum within the vessel, c. a heating means for providing thermal communication with said cookware vessel, d. a controller to modulate the output of the heating means, e. a thermal probe adapted to measure a temperature of at least a portion of the vessel or the environment thereof, f. a transmitter device adapted to receive the output of the thermal probe and transmits values thereof to the controller g. wherein the programmable controller is operative to energize and de-energize the one or more induction coils to maintain a pre-determined temperature entered into the controller in response to the temperature measured by the transmitter device, h. wherein the cooking assembly includes a means to reduce the partial pressure of air in the vacuum sealed vessel to 0.3 Bar and less. 10) A cooking assembly according to claim 9 wherein the sealing means is a gasket and lid and the gasket is adapted to engage a portion of the vessel rim. 11) A cooking assembly according to claim 10 further comprising a sealable penetration in the lid that is closed by the thermal probe which extends into the vessel interior. 12) A cooking assembly according to claim 11 wherein the gasket and sealable penetration in the lid are operable to maintain an at least partial vacuum and a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure in an interior portion of the vessel. 13) A cooking assembly according to claim 12 wherein the gasket is operative to be urged downward by the lid when the vessel is evacuated so that the visible portion thereof above the vessel rim is disposed below the vessel rim after evacuation. 14) A cooking assembly according to claim 12 wherein the gasket has an F shape and the sidewall portion of the vessel sidewall below the rim has a curvilinear portion that contacts multiple portions of the F shaped gasket when a vacuum is formed in the interior of the vessel. 15) A process for cooking, the process comprising the steps of:
a) providing a vessel capable of retaining fluid therein having a lid that is in sealable engagement with the rim thereof, b) introducing at least one of water and an aqueous fluid in the vessel, c) placing a foodstuff in the vessel, d) placing the lid on the vessel, e) heating the vessel to a first temperature at least until the water is converted to a sufficient quantity of water vapor to replace the atmospheric content of the vessel, f) reducing the heating power to the vessel to bring the vessel to a 2nd temperature lower than the first temperature, wherein the condensation of the water vapor within the vessel causes an internal reduction pressure sufficient to engage the lid to seal with the rim of the vessel. g) maintaining the vessel at the 2nd temperature for a predetermined amount of time. 16) The process for cooking according to claim 15 wherein the step of heating to a first temperature is from a radiant heat source below the vessel. 17) The process for cooking according to claim 15 wherein the radiant heat source is an induction cooking base. 18) The process for cooking according to claim 17 wherein lid further comprises means to measure the temperature in the vessel and the step of maintaining the vessel at the second temperature further comprises the induction cooking base applying a series of spaced apart power pulses, wherein the maximum temperature rise from each pulse is measured with the means to measure temperature, and the power in each subsequent pulse is determined by the measured variance from the first temperature. 19) The process for cooking according to claim 16 wherein lid further comprises means to measure the temperature in the vessel and the step of heating the vessel to a first temperature at least until the water is converted to a sufficient quantity of water vapor to replace the atmospheric content of the vessel is terminated is a time calculated from a first time to reach a predetermined temperature. 20) The process for cooking according to claim 19 wherein the predetermined temperature is at least about 94°, the time to terminate the heating to the first temperature is the first temperature, less 60 seconds, then divided by 2. | 1,700 |
2,190 | 12,662,443 | 1,794 | A method is provided for making a coated article including an anti-bacterial and/or anti-fungal coating. In certain example embodiments, the method includes providing a first sputtering target including Zr; providing a second sputtering target including Zn; and co-sputtering from at least the first and second sputtering targets to form a layer comprising Zn x Zr y O z on a glass substrate. A coated article having an anti-bacterial and/or anti-fungal coating made using this method may also be provided. | 1. A method of making a coated article, the method comprising:
providing a first sputtering target comprising Zr; providing a second sputtering target comprising Zn; and co-sputtering at least the first and second sputtering targets to form a layer comprising ZnxZryOz on a glass substrate, wherein the layer comprises from about 0.25% to 15% (atomic) Zn, from about 20% to 50% (atomic) Zr, and from about 40% to 80% (atomic) O. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the layer is sputter-deposited so as to comprise from about 0.5% to 10% (atomic) Zn, from about 25% to 45% (atomic) Zr, and from about 50% to 70% (atomic) O. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the layer is sputter-deposited so as to comprise from about 1% to 8% (atomic) Zn, from about 30% to 40% (atomic) Zr, and from about 55% to 65% (atomic) O. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising thermally tempering the coated article. 5. A method of making a coated article, the method comprising:
providing a first sputtering target comprising Zr; providing a second sputtering target comprising Zn; and sequentially sputtering from at least the first and second sputtering targets onto a glass substrate to form at least a first layer comprising Zr, and a second layer comprising Zn located directly on the first layer comprising Zr; and thermally tempering the glass substrate with said first and second layers thereon to form a coated article comprising a layer comprising zinc zirconium oxide with anti-bacterial and/or anti-fungal properties. 6. A method of making an anti-bacterial and/or anti-fungal coated article, the method comprising:
sputtering Zn and Zr onto a glass substrate in the presence of at least oxygen; and forming a layer comprising ZnxZryOz on the glass substrate, wherein said layer comprises from about 0.25% to 15% (atomic) Zn, from about 20% to 50% (atomic) Zr, and from about 40% to 80% (atomic) O, and wherein the layer substantially inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising thermally tempering the coated article. 8. A method for making a coated article, the method comprising:
providing a first sputtering target comprising Zr; providing a second sputtering target comprising Zn; and co-sputtering from at least the first and second sputtering targets onto a glass substrate to form a layer comprising ZnxZryOz, wherein a different sputtering power is applied for each of the first and second targets in order to control the composition of the layer. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the power for the Zn target is from about 1.6 to 3.6 kW, and the power for the Zr target is from about 1.5 to 3.5 kW. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the layer comprises from about 0.25% to 15% (atomic) Zn, from about 20% to 50% (atomic) Zr, and from about 40% to 80% (atomic) O. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising thermally tempering the coated article. 12. A method for making a coated article, the method comprising:
providing a first sputtering target comprising Zr; providing a second sputtering target comprising Zn; and co-sputtering from at least the first and second sputtering targets to form a layer comprising ZnxZryOz on a glass substrate, wherein the first and second sputtering targets are offset from each other by an angle theta (θ) which is greater than zero degrees. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the angle theta (θ) is greater than 5 degrees and less than about 60 degrees. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the angle theta (θ) is from about 30 to about 45 degrees. 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising thermally tempering the coated article. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the layer comprises from about 0.25% to 15% (atomic) Zn, from about 20% to 50% (atomic) Zr, and from about 40% to 80% (atomic) O. 17. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing a barrier layer between the glass substrate and the layer comprising ZnxZryOz. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein said barrier layer comprises silicon nitride, silicon oxide, and/or silicon oxynitride. 19. The method of claim 6, further comprising providing a barrier layer underneath the layer comprising ZnxZryOz. 20. A method of making a coated article, the method comprising:
providing a first sputtering target comprising Zr; providing a second sputtering target comprising Zn; and co-sputtering at least the first and second sputtering targets to form a layer comprising a nitride of Zr doped with Zn on a glass substrate, wherein the layer comprises from about 0.25% to 20% (atomic) Zn. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising heat treating the glass substrate with the layer comprising the nitride of Zr doped with Zn thereon, and wherein said heat treating causes the layer to transform into a layer comprising an oxide of Zr doped with Zn. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the layer comprising the oxide of Zr doped with Zn comprises from about 0.5% to 10% (atomic) Zn, from about 25% to 45% (atomic) Zr, and from about 50% to 70% (atomic) O. 23. A coated article with anti-bacterial and/or anti-fungal properties, comprising:
a layer comprising ZnxZryOz on a glass substrate, the layer having anti-bacterial and/or anti-fungal properties, and wherein said layer comprises from about 0.25% to 15% (atomic) Zn, from about 20% to 50% (atomic) Zr, and from about 40% to 80% (atomic) O. | A method is provided for making a coated article including an anti-bacterial and/or anti-fungal coating. In certain example embodiments, the method includes providing a first sputtering target including Zr; providing a second sputtering target including Zn; and co-sputtering from at least the first and second sputtering targets to form a layer comprising Zn x Zr y O z on a glass substrate. A coated article having an anti-bacterial and/or anti-fungal coating made using this method may also be provided.1. A method of making a coated article, the method comprising:
providing a first sputtering target comprising Zr; providing a second sputtering target comprising Zn; and co-sputtering at least the first and second sputtering targets to form a layer comprising ZnxZryOz on a glass substrate, wherein the layer comprises from about 0.25% to 15% (atomic) Zn, from about 20% to 50% (atomic) Zr, and from about 40% to 80% (atomic) O. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the layer is sputter-deposited so as to comprise from about 0.5% to 10% (atomic) Zn, from about 25% to 45% (atomic) Zr, and from about 50% to 70% (atomic) O. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the layer is sputter-deposited so as to comprise from about 1% to 8% (atomic) Zn, from about 30% to 40% (atomic) Zr, and from about 55% to 65% (atomic) O. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising thermally tempering the coated article. 5. A method of making a coated article, the method comprising:
providing a first sputtering target comprising Zr; providing a second sputtering target comprising Zn; and sequentially sputtering from at least the first and second sputtering targets onto a glass substrate to form at least a first layer comprising Zr, and a second layer comprising Zn located directly on the first layer comprising Zr; and thermally tempering the glass substrate with said first and second layers thereon to form a coated article comprising a layer comprising zinc zirconium oxide with anti-bacterial and/or anti-fungal properties. 6. A method of making an anti-bacterial and/or anti-fungal coated article, the method comprising:
sputtering Zn and Zr onto a glass substrate in the presence of at least oxygen; and forming a layer comprising ZnxZryOz on the glass substrate, wherein said layer comprises from about 0.25% to 15% (atomic) Zn, from about 20% to 50% (atomic) Zr, and from about 40% to 80% (atomic) O, and wherein the layer substantially inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising thermally tempering the coated article. 8. A method for making a coated article, the method comprising:
providing a first sputtering target comprising Zr; providing a second sputtering target comprising Zn; and co-sputtering from at least the first and second sputtering targets onto a glass substrate to form a layer comprising ZnxZryOz, wherein a different sputtering power is applied for each of the first and second targets in order to control the composition of the layer. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the power for the Zn target is from about 1.6 to 3.6 kW, and the power for the Zr target is from about 1.5 to 3.5 kW. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the layer comprises from about 0.25% to 15% (atomic) Zn, from about 20% to 50% (atomic) Zr, and from about 40% to 80% (atomic) O. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising thermally tempering the coated article. 12. A method for making a coated article, the method comprising:
providing a first sputtering target comprising Zr; providing a second sputtering target comprising Zn; and co-sputtering from at least the first and second sputtering targets to form a layer comprising ZnxZryOz on a glass substrate, wherein the first and second sputtering targets are offset from each other by an angle theta (θ) which is greater than zero degrees. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the angle theta (θ) is greater than 5 degrees and less than about 60 degrees. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the angle theta (θ) is from about 30 to about 45 degrees. 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising thermally tempering the coated article. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the layer comprises from about 0.25% to 15% (atomic) Zn, from about 20% to 50% (atomic) Zr, and from about 40% to 80% (atomic) O. 17. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing a barrier layer between the glass substrate and the layer comprising ZnxZryOz. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein said barrier layer comprises silicon nitride, silicon oxide, and/or silicon oxynitride. 19. The method of claim 6, further comprising providing a barrier layer underneath the layer comprising ZnxZryOz. 20. A method of making a coated article, the method comprising:
providing a first sputtering target comprising Zr; providing a second sputtering target comprising Zn; and co-sputtering at least the first and second sputtering targets to form a layer comprising a nitride of Zr doped with Zn on a glass substrate, wherein the layer comprises from about 0.25% to 20% (atomic) Zn. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising heat treating the glass substrate with the layer comprising the nitride of Zr doped with Zn thereon, and wherein said heat treating causes the layer to transform into a layer comprising an oxide of Zr doped with Zn. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the layer comprising the oxide of Zr doped with Zn comprises from about 0.5% to 10% (atomic) Zn, from about 25% to 45% (atomic) Zr, and from about 50% to 70% (atomic) O. 23. A coated article with anti-bacterial and/or anti-fungal properties, comprising:
a layer comprising ZnxZryOz on a glass substrate, the layer having anti-bacterial and/or anti-fungal properties, and wherein said layer comprises from about 0.25% to 15% (atomic) Zn, from about 20% to 50% (atomic) Zr, and from about 40% to 80% (atomic) O. | 1,700 |
2,191 | 12,922,598 | 1,782 | A non-foil packaging laminate for liquid food packaging comprises a core layer of paper or paperboard, outermost liquid tight, heat sealable layers of polyolefin and, applied onto the inner side of the layer of paper or paperboard, and an oxygen gas barrier layer formed by liquid film coating of a liquid gas barrier composition and subsequent drying. The liquid composition contains a polymer binder dispersed or dissolved in a liquid medium. The disclosure also involves a method for manufacturing of the packaging laminate and a packaging container made from the packaging laminate. | 1. Packaging laminate having gas barrier properties, for packaging of a liquid food product, comprising a core layer of paper or paperboard, a first outermost liquid tight, heat sealable polyolefin layer, a second innermost liquid tight, heat sealable polyolefin layer and, coated onto the inner side of the core layer of paper or paperboard, an oxygen gas barrier layer formed by liquid film coating of a liquid gas barrier composition and subsequent drying, the liquid composition containing a polymer binder dispersed or dissolved in an aqueous or solvent medium, a vapour deposited barrier layer coated onto a polymer substrate film, which vapour deposition coated film is arranged between said oxygen gas barrier layer and said innermost heat sealable polyolefin layer, and the vapour deposition coated film is bonded to the coated core layer by an intermediate polymer layer. 2. Packaging laminate for liquid food packaging according to claim 1, wherein said polymer binder is a polymer having gas barrier properties. 3. Packaging laminate for liquid food packaging according to claim 1, wherein said polymer binder is selected from the group consisting of vinyl alcohol-based polymers, and acrylic acid or methacrylic acid polymers, polysaccharides, polysaccharide derivatives and combinations of two or more thereof. 4. Packaging laminate for liquid food packaging according to claim 1, wherein said polymer binder is PVOH, having a saponification degree of at least 98%. 5. Packaging laminate according to claim 1, wherein said liquid composition further comprises inorganic particles. 6. Packaging laminate according to claim 5, wherein said inorganic particles are laminar in shape, or flake-formed. 7. Packaging laminate according to claim 6, wherein said inorganic particles mainly consist of laminar nano-sized clay particles having an aspect ratio of from 50 to 5000. 8. Packaging laminate according to claim 6, wherein said inorganic particles mainly consist of laminar talcum particles having an aspect ratio of from 10 to 500. 9. Packaging laminate according to claim 1, wherein said oxygen gas barrier layer is applied at a total amount of from 0.1 to 5 g/m2. 10. Packaging laminate according to claim 1, wherein said oxygen gas barrier layer is applied in two or more subsequent steps with intermediate drying, as two or more part-layers, at an amount of from 0.5 to 2 g/m2 each. 11. Packaging laminate according to claim 1, wherein the oxygen gas barrier layer is directly adjacent the core layer of paper or paperboard. 12. Packaging laminate according to claim 1, wherein the vapour deposition coated layer is a layer consisting essentially of aluminium or aluminium oxide. 13. Packaging laminate according to claim 1, wherein the vapour deposition coated layer is a metallised layer. 14. Packaging laminate according to claim 1, the vapour deposition coated layer is a carbon-based layer. 15. Packaging laminate according to claim 1, wherein the vapour deposition coated layer is applied at a thickness of from 5 to 200 nm (from 50 to 5000 Å). 16. Packaging laminate according to claim 1, wherein the substrate polymer film for vapour deposition is a polyolefin-based film. 17. Packaging laminate according to claim 1, wherein the substrate polymer film for vapour deposition also comprises said innermost heat sealable polymer layer. 18. Packaging laminate according to claim 1, wherein said innermost heat sealable polymer layer is mainly comprised of low density polyethylene, preferably mainly consisting of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). 19. Packaging laminate according to claim 16, wherein said substrate polymer film is a mono-oriented film consisting of said innermost heat sealable polymer. 20. Packaging laminate according to claim 19, wherein said mono-oriented film comprises in the majority low density polyethylene, preferably linear low density polyethylene. 21. Packaging laminate according to claim 19, wherein said mono-oriented film has a thickness of 20 μm or below. 22. Packaging laminate according to claim 19, wherein the mono-oriented film comprises a skin layer of polyolefin modified with functional groups, onto which skin layer the vapour deposition coating is applied. 23. Packaging laminate according to claim 22, wherein the modified polyolefin is an ethylene (meth)acrylic acid copolymer (EAA or EMAA). 24. Packaging laminate according to claim 1, wherein said vapour deposited film is bonded to the paper or paperboard layer by an intermediate polymer layer selected from polyolefins and polyolefin-based adhesive polymers. 25. Packaging laminate according claim 24, wherein the intermediate polymer bonding layer further comprises inorganic particles in the form of black pigments to improve the light barrier properties of the packaging laminate. 26. Packaging laminate according to claim 24, wherein the intermediate polymer bonding layer further comprises inorganic particles in the form of white pigments to improve the light barrier properties of the packaging laminate. 27. Packaging laminate according to claim 26, wherein the vapour deposition coated substrate polymer film further comprises inorganic particles in the form of black pigments to improve the light barrier properties of the packaging laminate, preferably carbon black. 28. Method of manufacturing a packaging laminate according to claim 1, comprising:
providing a layer of paper or paperboard, providing a liquid gas barrier composition containing a polymer binder dispersed or dissolved in an aqueous or solvent-based liquid medium, forming a thin oxygen gas barrier layer comprising said polymer binder by coating the liquid composition onto a first side of said layer of paper or paperboard and subsequently drying to evaporate the liquid, providing a polymer substrate film, vapour depositing a barrier layer onto the substrate polymer film, laminating the vapour deposited film to the inner side of the oxygen gas barrier layer by an intermediate polymer layer, providing an innermost layer of a heat sealable polymer inside of the vapour deposited layer, and providing an outermost layer of a heat sealable polymer outside of the core layer. 29. Method according to claim 28, wherein the oxygen gas barrier layer is coated directly onto the inner side of the core layer of paper or paperboard. 30. Method according to claim 28, wherein the liquid gas barrier composition further contains inorganic particles. 31. Method according to claim 28, wherein the oxygen gas barrier polymer contained in the liquid composition is selected from a group consisting of PVOH, water-dispersible EVOH, acrylic or methacrylic acid polymers, polysaccharides, polysaccharide derivatives and combinations of two or more thereof. 32. Method according to claim 28, wherein the oxygen gas barrier layer is applied in a total amount of from 0.1 to 5 g/m2. 33. Method according to claim 28, wherein the oxygen gas barrier layer is applied as two or more part-layers in two or more subsequent steps with intermediate drying, at an amount of from 0.5 to 2 g/m2 each. 34. Method according to claim 28, wherein the polymer substrate film 34 a for vapour deposition is produced by extrusion blowing of a film, which includes the innermost layer of heat sealable polymer. 35. Method according to claim 34, further comprising mono-orienting the blown polymer substrate film before vapour deposition coating, the polymer substrate film comprising in the majority linear low density polyethylene. 36. Method according to claim 35, wherein the polymer substrate film, comprising in the majority the linear low density polyethylene, is mono-oriented to a thickness of 20 μm or below. 37. Method according to claim 28, wherein a layer of aluminium metal or aluminium oxide is vapour deposited onto the substrate polymer film. 38. Method according to claim 28, wherein the vapour deposition coated layer is applied at a thickness of from 5 to 200 nm (from 50 to 2000 Å). 39. Method according to claim 28, wherein the vapour deposited film is laminated to the inner side of the oxygen gas barrier layer, by extrusion laminating with an intermediate polymer bonding layer. 40. Method according to claim 28, further comprising liquid film coating an intermediate polymer bonding layer onto the applied oxygen gas barrier layer, drying, and subsequently heat-pressure laminating the polymer substrate film coated with the vapour deposited metal compound to the intermediate thermoplastic bonding layer. 41. Packaging container manufactured from the packaging laminate as specified in claim 1. | A non-foil packaging laminate for liquid food packaging comprises a core layer of paper or paperboard, outermost liquid tight, heat sealable layers of polyolefin and, applied onto the inner side of the layer of paper or paperboard, and an oxygen gas barrier layer formed by liquid film coating of a liquid gas barrier composition and subsequent drying. The liquid composition contains a polymer binder dispersed or dissolved in a liquid medium. The disclosure also involves a method for manufacturing of the packaging laminate and a packaging container made from the packaging laminate.1. Packaging laminate having gas barrier properties, for packaging of a liquid food product, comprising a core layer of paper or paperboard, a first outermost liquid tight, heat sealable polyolefin layer, a second innermost liquid tight, heat sealable polyolefin layer and, coated onto the inner side of the core layer of paper or paperboard, an oxygen gas barrier layer formed by liquid film coating of a liquid gas barrier composition and subsequent drying, the liquid composition containing a polymer binder dispersed or dissolved in an aqueous or solvent medium, a vapour deposited barrier layer coated onto a polymer substrate film, which vapour deposition coated film is arranged between said oxygen gas barrier layer and said innermost heat sealable polyolefin layer, and the vapour deposition coated film is bonded to the coated core layer by an intermediate polymer layer. 2. Packaging laminate for liquid food packaging according to claim 1, wherein said polymer binder is a polymer having gas barrier properties. 3. Packaging laminate for liquid food packaging according to claim 1, wherein said polymer binder is selected from the group consisting of vinyl alcohol-based polymers, and acrylic acid or methacrylic acid polymers, polysaccharides, polysaccharide derivatives and combinations of two or more thereof. 4. Packaging laminate for liquid food packaging according to claim 1, wherein said polymer binder is PVOH, having a saponification degree of at least 98%. 5. Packaging laminate according to claim 1, wherein said liquid composition further comprises inorganic particles. 6. Packaging laminate according to claim 5, wherein said inorganic particles are laminar in shape, or flake-formed. 7. Packaging laminate according to claim 6, wherein said inorganic particles mainly consist of laminar nano-sized clay particles having an aspect ratio of from 50 to 5000. 8. Packaging laminate according to claim 6, wherein said inorganic particles mainly consist of laminar talcum particles having an aspect ratio of from 10 to 500. 9. Packaging laminate according to claim 1, wherein said oxygen gas barrier layer is applied at a total amount of from 0.1 to 5 g/m2. 10. Packaging laminate according to claim 1, wherein said oxygen gas barrier layer is applied in two or more subsequent steps with intermediate drying, as two or more part-layers, at an amount of from 0.5 to 2 g/m2 each. 11. Packaging laminate according to claim 1, wherein the oxygen gas barrier layer is directly adjacent the core layer of paper or paperboard. 12. Packaging laminate according to claim 1, wherein the vapour deposition coated layer is a layer consisting essentially of aluminium or aluminium oxide. 13. Packaging laminate according to claim 1, wherein the vapour deposition coated layer is a metallised layer. 14. Packaging laminate according to claim 1, the vapour deposition coated layer is a carbon-based layer. 15. Packaging laminate according to claim 1, wherein the vapour deposition coated layer is applied at a thickness of from 5 to 200 nm (from 50 to 5000 Å). 16. Packaging laminate according to claim 1, wherein the substrate polymer film for vapour deposition is a polyolefin-based film. 17. Packaging laminate according to claim 1, wherein the substrate polymer film for vapour deposition also comprises said innermost heat sealable polymer layer. 18. Packaging laminate according to claim 1, wherein said innermost heat sealable polymer layer is mainly comprised of low density polyethylene, preferably mainly consisting of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). 19. Packaging laminate according to claim 16, wherein said substrate polymer film is a mono-oriented film consisting of said innermost heat sealable polymer. 20. Packaging laminate according to claim 19, wherein said mono-oriented film comprises in the majority low density polyethylene, preferably linear low density polyethylene. 21. Packaging laminate according to claim 19, wherein said mono-oriented film has a thickness of 20 μm or below. 22. Packaging laminate according to claim 19, wherein the mono-oriented film comprises a skin layer of polyolefin modified with functional groups, onto which skin layer the vapour deposition coating is applied. 23. Packaging laminate according to claim 22, wherein the modified polyolefin is an ethylene (meth)acrylic acid copolymer (EAA or EMAA). 24. Packaging laminate according to claim 1, wherein said vapour deposited film is bonded to the paper or paperboard layer by an intermediate polymer layer selected from polyolefins and polyolefin-based adhesive polymers. 25. Packaging laminate according claim 24, wherein the intermediate polymer bonding layer further comprises inorganic particles in the form of black pigments to improve the light barrier properties of the packaging laminate. 26. Packaging laminate according to claim 24, wherein the intermediate polymer bonding layer further comprises inorganic particles in the form of white pigments to improve the light barrier properties of the packaging laminate. 27. Packaging laminate according to claim 26, wherein the vapour deposition coated substrate polymer film further comprises inorganic particles in the form of black pigments to improve the light barrier properties of the packaging laminate, preferably carbon black. 28. Method of manufacturing a packaging laminate according to claim 1, comprising:
providing a layer of paper or paperboard, providing a liquid gas barrier composition containing a polymer binder dispersed or dissolved in an aqueous or solvent-based liquid medium, forming a thin oxygen gas barrier layer comprising said polymer binder by coating the liquid composition onto a first side of said layer of paper or paperboard and subsequently drying to evaporate the liquid, providing a polymer substrate film, vapour depositing a barrier layer onto the substrate polymer film, laminating the vapour deposited film to the inner side of the oxygen gas barrier layer by an intermediate polymer layer, providing an innermost layer of a heat sealable polymer inside of the vapour deposited layer, and providing an outermost layer of a heat sealable polymer outside of the core layer. 29. Method according to claim 28, wherein the oxygen gas barrier layer is coated directly onto the inner side of the core layer of paper or paperboard. 30. Method according to claim 28, wherein the liquid gas barrier composition further contains inorganic particles. 31. Method according to claim 28, wherein the oxygen gas barrier polymer contained in the liquid composition is selected from a group consisting of PVOH, water-dispersible EVOH, acrylic or methacrylic acid polymers, polysaccharides, polysaccharide derivatives and combinations of two or more thereof. 32. Method according to claim 28, wherein the oxygen gas barrier layer is applied in a total amount of from 0.1 to 5 g/m2. 33. Method according to claim 28, wherein the oxygen gas barrier layer is applied as two or more part-layers in two or more subsequent steps with intermediate drying, at an amount of from 0.5 to 2 g/m2 each. 34. Method according to claim 28, wherein the polymer substrate film 34 a for vapour deposition is produced by extrusion blowing of a film, which includes the innermost layer of heat sealable polymer. 35. Method according to claim 34, further comprising mono-orienting the blown polymer substrate film before vapour deposition coating, the polymer substrate film comprising in the majority linear low density polyethylene. 36. Method according to claim 35, wherein the polymer substrate film, comprising in the majority the linear low density polyethylene, is mono-oriented to a thickness of 20 μm or below. 37. Method according to claim 28, wherein a layer of aluminium metal or aluminium oxide is vapour deposited onto the substrate polymer film. 38. Method according to claim 28, wherein the vapour deposition coated layer is applied at a thickness of from 5 to 200 nm (from 50 to 2000 Å). 39. Method according to claim 28, wherein the vapour deposited film is laminated to the inner side of the oxygen gas barrier layer, by extrusion laminating with an intermediate polymer bonding layer. 40. Method according to claim 28, further comprising liquid film coating an intermediate polymer bonding layer onto the applied oxygen gas barrier layer, drying, and subsequently heat-pressure laminating the polymer substrate film coated with the vapour deposited metal compound to the intermediate thermoplastic bonding layer. 41. Packaging container manufactured from the packaging laminate as specified in claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,192 | 14,828,583 | 1,781 | Disclosed herein are laminated structures comprising a metal sheet including a first face and a second face, a first glass sheet, and a first interlayer attaching the first glass sheet to the first face of the metal sheet. Also disclosed herein are methods of manufacturing a laminated structure comprising the steps of laminating a metal sheet and a glass sheet together with an interlayer. | 1. A laminated structure comprising:
a metal sheet having a first face and a second face with a thickness extending between the first face and the second face ranging from about 0.1 mm to about 5 mm; a first glass sheet having a thickness ranging from about 0.1 mm to about 2.5 mm; and a first interlayer attaching the first glass sheet to the first face of the metal sheet, wherein the metal sheet has a coefficient of thermal expansion that is within about 30% of a coefficient of thermal expansion of the glass sheet. 2. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the first interlayer comprises a layer of polyvinyl butyral or an ionomer. 3. The laminated structure of claim 2, wherein the layer of polyvinyl butyral has a thickness ranging from about 0.1 mm to about 0.8 mm. 4. The laminated structure of claim 2, wherein the layer of ionomer has a thickness ranging from about 0.1 mm to about 2 mm. 5. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the Young's modulus of the first interlayer is greater than or equal to about 15 MPa. 6. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein first interlayer comprises a Young's modulus of about 275 MPa or greater. 7. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the first glass sheet comprises an acid-etched glass sheet. 8. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the first glass sheet has a thickness ranging from about 0.3 mm to about 1.5 mm. 9. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the first glass sheet is chemically strengthened and/or thermally tempered. 10. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the first glass sheet comprises at least one anti-glare surface and/or at least one anti-microbial surface. 11. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the coefficient of thermal expansion of the metal sheet ranges from about 7.5×10−6/° C. to about 11×10−6/° C. 12. The laminated structure of claim 1, further comprising:
a second glass sheet having a thickness ranging from about 0.1 mm to about 2.5 mm; and a second interlayer attaching the second glass sheet to the second face of the metal sheet, wherein the second glass sheet is optionally chemically strengthened. 13. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the laminated structure comprises at least one length or width dimension greater than about 300 mm. 14. A method of manufacturing a laminated structure comprising:
(i) providing a metal sheet having a first face and a second face with a thickness extending between the first face and the second face ranging from about 0.1 mm to about 5 mm; (ii) providing a glass sheet having a thickness ranging from about 0.1 mm to about 2.5 mm; and (iii) attaching the glass sheet to the first face of the metal sheet with a first interlayer, wherein the metal sheet has a coefficient of thermal expansion that is within about 30% of a coefficient of thermal expansion of the glass sheet. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising the step of treating the glass sheet to produce at least one anti-glare surface, wherein the treating step is chosen from acid etching, creamy etching, masked acid etching, sol-gel processing, mechanical roughening, and combinations thereof. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising a step of strengthening the glass sheet, wherein the strengthening step is chosen from acid etching, chemical strengthening, thermal tempering, and combinations thereof. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the glass sheet has a thickness ranging from about 0.3 mm to about 1.5 mm. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the glass sheet comprises at least one anti-glare and/or at least one anti-microbial surface. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the first interlayer comprises a layer of polyvinyl butyral or an ionomer. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the coefficient of thermal expansion of the metal sheet ranges from about 7.5×10−6/° C. to about 11×10−6/° C. | Disclosed herein are laminated structures comprising a metal sheet including a first face and a second face, a first glass sheet, and a first interlayer attaching the first glass sheet to the first face of the metal sheet. Also disclosed herein are methods of manufacturing a laminated structure comprising the steps of laminating a metal sheet and a glass sheet together with an interlayer.1. A laminated structure comprising:
a metal sheet having a first face and a second face with a thickness extending between the first face and the second face ranging from about 0.1 mm to about 5 mm; a first glass sheet having a thickness ranging from about 0.1 mm to about 2.5 mm; and a first interlayer attaching the first glass sheet to the first face of the metal sheet, wherein the metal sheet has a coefficient of thermal expansion that is within about 30% of a coefficient of thermal expansion of the glass sheet. 2. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the first interlayer comprises a layer of polyvinyl butyral or an ionomer. 3. The laminated structure of claim 2, wherein the layer of polyvinyl butyral has a thickness ranging from about 0.1 mm to about 0.8 mm. 4. The laminated structure of claim 2, wherein the layer of ionomer has a thickness ranging from about 0.1 mm to about 2 mm. 5. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the Young's modulus of the first interlayer is greater than or equal to about 15 MPa. 6. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein first interlayer comprises a Young's modulus of about 275 MPa or greater. 7. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the first glass sheet comprises an acid-etched glass sheet. 8. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the first glass sheet has a thickness ranging from about 0.3 mm to about 1.5 mm. 9. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the first glass sheet is chemically strengthened and/or thermally tempered. 10. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the first glass sheet comprises at least one anti-glare surface and/or at least one anti-microbial surface. 11. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the coefficient of thermal expansion of the metal sheet ranges from about 7.5×10−6/° C. to about 11×10−6/° C. 12. The laminated structure of claim 1, further comprising:
a second glass sheet having a thickness ranging from about 0.1 mm to about 2.5 mm; and a second interlayer attaching the second glass sheet to the second face of the metal sheet, wherein the second glass sheet is optionally chemically strengthened. 13. The laminated structure of claim 1, wherein the laminated structure comprises at least one length or width dimension greater than about 300 mm. 14. A method of manufacturing a laminated structure comprising:
(i) providing a metal sheet having a first face and a second face with a thickness extending between the first face and the second face ranging from about 0.1 mm to about 5 mm; (ii) providing a glass sheet having a thickness ranging from about 0.1 mm to about 2.5 mm; and (iii) attaching the glass sheet to the first face of the metal sheet with a first interlayer, wherein the metal sheet has a coefficient of thermal expansion that is within about 30% of a coefficient of thermal expansion of the glass sheet. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising the step of treating the glass sheet to produce at least one anti-glare surface, wherein the treating step is chosen from acid etching, creamy etching, masked acid etching, sol-gel processing, mechanical roughening, and combinations thereof. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising a step of strengthening the glass sheet, wherein the strengthening step is chosen from acid etching, chemical strengthening, thermal tempering, and combinations thereof. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the glass sheet has a thickness ranging from about 0.3 mm to about 1.5 mm. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the glass sheet comprises at least one anti-glare and/or at least one anti-microbial surface. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the first interlayer comprises a layer of polyvinyl butyral or an ionomer. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the coefficient of thermal expansion of the metal sheet ranges from about 7.5×10−6/° C. to about 11×10−6/° C. | 1,700 |
2,193 | 14,435,793 | 1,783 | A carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition of the present invention includes: sizing agent-coated carbon fibers in which carbon fibers are coated with a sizing agent; and a matrix resin. The sizing agent includes at least an aliphatic epoxy compound (A) and an aromatic epoxy compound (B1) as an aromatic compound (B). The sizing agent-coated carbon fibers have a ratio (a)/(b) of 0.50 to 0.90 where (a) is the height (cps) of a component having a binding energy (284.6 eV) attributed to CHx, C—C, and C═C and (b) is the height (cps) of a component having binding energy (286.1 eV) attributed to C—O in a C 1s core spectrum of the surface of the sizing agent measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at a photoelectron takeoff angle of 15°. | 1. A carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition comprising:
sizing agent-coated carbon fibers in which carbon fibers are coated with a sizing agent; and a matrix resin comprising a thermoplastic resin or a radical polymerizable resin, wherein the sizing agent comprises at least an aliphatic epoxy compound (A) and an aromatic epoxy compound (B1) as an aromatic compound (B), and the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers have a ratio (a)/(b) of 0.50 to 0.90 where (a) is a height (cps) of a component having a binding energy (284.6 eV) attributed to CHx, C—C, and C═C and (b) is a height (cps) of a component having binding energy (286.1 eV) attributed to C—O in a C1s core spectrum of a surface of the sizing agent of the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy using AlKα1,2 as an X-ray source at a photoelectron takeoff angle of 15°. 2. The carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition according to claim 1, wherein a water content of the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers is 0.010% by mass to 0.030% by mass. 3. The carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition according to claim 1, wherein a mass ratio of the aliphatic epoxy compound (A) and the aromatic epoxy compound (B1) in the sizing agent is 52/48 to 80/20. 4. The carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the aliphatic epoxy compound (A) is a polyether polyepoxy compound having two or more epoxy groups in a molecule and/or a polyol polyepoxy compound having two or more epoxy groups in a molecule. 5. The carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition according to claim 4, wherein the aliphatic epoxy compound (A) is a glycidyl ether epoxy compound obtained by causing epichlorohydrin to react with a compound selected from ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, tetrapropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, polybutylene glycol, 1,5-pentanediol, neopentyl glycol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, glycerol, diglycerol, polyglycerol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, sorbitol, and arabitol. 6. The carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the aromatic epoxy compound (B1) is a bisphenol A epoxy compound or a bisphenol F epoxy compound. 7. The carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition according to claim 1, wherein
in the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers, values (I) and (II) determined by a ratio (a)/(b) where
(a) is the height (cps) of a component having a binding energy (284.6 eV) attributed to CHx, C—C, and C═C, and
(b) is the height (cps) of a component having binding energy (286.1 eV) attributed to C—O in a C1s core spectrum of the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy using an X-ray of 400 eV at a photoelectron takeoff angle of 55°
satisfy a relation (III):
0.50≦(I)≦0.90 and 0.60<(II)/(I)<1.0 (III)
where
(I) is a value of (a)/(b) of the surface of the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers before ultrasonic treatment, and
(II) is a value of (a)/(b) of the surface of the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers after washing to reduce an attached amount of the sizing agent to 0.09% by mass to 0.20% by mass by the ultrasonic treatment of the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers in an acetone solvent. 8. The carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the surface of the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers after washing to reduce the attached amount of the sizing agent on the surface of the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers to 0.09% by mass to 0.20% by mass by the ultrasonic treatment in a solvent that dissolves the matrix resin constituting the carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition has a ratio of (a)/(b) of 0.30 to 0.70 where (a) is the height (cps) of a component having a binding energy (284.6 eV) attributed to CHx, C—C, and C═C and (b) is the height (cps) of a component having binding energy (286.1 eV) attributed to C—O in a C1s core spectrum of the surface of the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy using an X ray of 400 eV at a photoelectron takeoff angle of 55°. 9. The carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition according to claim 1, wherein a surface carboxy group concentration (COOH/C) is 0.003 to 0.015 and a surface hydroxy group concentration (COH/C) is 0.001 to 0.050 where the surface carboxy group concentration and the surface hydroxy group concentration are determined by chemical modification X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the carbon fibers. 10. The carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the matrix resin is one or more resins selected from a polyarylene sulfide resin, a polyether ether ketone resin, a polyphenylene ether resin, a polyoxymethylene resin, a polyester resin, a polycarbonate resin, a polystyrene resin, and a polyolefin resin, or a polyamide. 11. (canceled) 12. The carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition according to claim 1, wherein
the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers are formed by attaching the sizing agent in an amount of 0.1 parts by mass to 10.0 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the carbon fibers, and the carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition comprises the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers in an amount of 1% by mass to 80% by mass and the matrix resin in an amount of 20% by mass to 99% by mass. 13. A method for manufacturing the carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition according to claim 1, the method comprising:
coating carbon fibers with a sizing agent comprising at least the aliphatic epoxy compound (A) in an amount of 35% by mass to 65% by mass and an aromatic compound (B) in an amount of 35% by mass to 60% by mass relative to a total amount of the sizing agent except a solvent to produce sizing agent-coated carbon fibers; and adding the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers to a matrix resin. 14. The carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition according to claim 1, wherein
the carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition is any one of the following forms of molding materials (H), (J1), (J2), and (K): the molding material (H): a molding material that has a cylindrical shape and in which the carbon fibers are almost parallelly arranged in an axis center direction and a length of the carbon fibers has substantially the same length as a length of the molding material, the molding material (J1): a molding material in which the carbon fibers are in a form of single fiber and that is substantially oriented in two dimensions, the molding material (J2): a molding material in which the carbon fibers are in a bundle-like form and that is substantially oriented in two dimensions, and the molding material (K): a prepreg. 15. A molding material that is the molding material (H) according to claim 14, comprising:
any one of the following structures (L), (M), and (N): (L): a core-sheath structure formed by covering a circumference of a structure Y with a structure X where the structure Y comprising the carbon fibers as a main component is a core structure and the structure X comprising the matrix resin as a main component is a sheath structure, (M): a structure having a length of 1 mm to 50 mm, and (N): a structure having a form of a long fiber pellet, wherein the molding material (H) comprises an impregnation promoter (D) in an amount of 0.1 parts by mass to 100 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the carbon fibers and is made by impregnating a part of or whole of the impregnation promoter (D) into the carbon fibers. 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. A method for manufacturing the molding material (H) according to claim 14, the method comprising:
at least: coating continuous carbon fibers with a sizing agent comprising at least an aliphatic epoxy compound (A) in an amount of 35% by mass to 65% by mass and an aromatic compound (B) in an amount of 35% by mass to 60% by mass relative to a total amount of the sizing agent except a solvent; obtaining continuous strands by impregnating a melted matrix resin into the continuous sizing agent-coated carbon fibers obtained in said coating; and cooling the strands obtained in said obtaining continuous strands and then cutting the cooled strands to obtain the cylindrical molding material (H). 19. The method for manufacturing the molding material according to claim 18, further comprising:
impregnating a melted impregnation promoter (D) into the continuous sizing agent-coated carbon fibers before said obtaining continuous strands. 20. (canceled) 21. A method for manufacturing the molding material (J1) according to claim 14, comprising
at least: processing carbon fibers to a web-like cloth, a nonwoven cloth-like cloth, a felt-like cloth, or a mat-like cloth; applying a sizing agent comprising at least an aliphatic epoxy compound (A) in an amount of 35% by mass to 65% by mass and an aromatic compound (B) in an amount of 35% by mass to 60% by mass relative to a total amount of the sizing agent except a solvent to the cloth obtained in the processing in an amount of 0.1 parts by mass to 10 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the cloth obtained in the processing; and applying a matrix resin in an amount of 20% by mass to 99% by mass to 1% by mass to 80% by mass of the cloth to which the sizing agent is applied in the applying to form a composite product. 22. (canceled) 23. A method for manufacturing the molding material (J2) according to claim 14, comprising:
at least: coating carbon fibers with a sizing agent comprising at least an aliphatic epoxy compound (A) in an amount of 35% by mass to 65% by mass and an aromatic compound (B) in an amount of 35% by mass to 60% by mass relative to a total amount of the sizing agent except a solvent in an amount of 0.1 parts by mass to 10 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the carbon fibers; cutting the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers obtained in said coating in a length of 1 mm to 50 mm; and mixing the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers cut in said cutting in an amount of 1% by mass to 80% by mass and the matrix resin in an amount of 20% by mass to 99% by mass to form a composite product. 24. (canceled) 25. A method for manufacturing the molding material (K) according to claim 14, comprising:
at least: firstly coating continuous carbon fibers with a sizing agent comprising at least an aliphatic epoxy compound (A) in an amount of 35% by mass to 65% by mass and an aromatic compound (B) in an amount of 35% by mass to 60% by mass relative to a total amount of the sizing agent except a solvent; and secondly passing continuous sizing agent-coated carbon fibers obtained in the firstly coating through a melted matrix resin to further increase the width of the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers to obtain a prepreg having a width of 1 mm to 50 mm. 26. A carbon fiber-reinforced resin molded article formed by molding the carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition according to claim 1. | A carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition of the present invention includes: sizing agent-coated carbon fibers in which carbon fibers are coated with a sizing agent; and a matrix resin. The sizing agent includes at least an aliphatic epoxy compound (A) and an aromatic epoxy compound (B1) as an aromatic compound (B). The sizing agent-coated carbon fibers have a ratio (a)/(b) of 0.50 to 0.90 where (a) is the height (cps) of a component having a binding energy (284.6 eV) attributed to CHx, C—C, and C═C and (b) is the height (cps) of a component having binding energy (286.1 eV) attributed to C—O in a C 1s core spectrum of the surface of the sizing agent measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at a photoelectron takeoff angle of 15°.1. A carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition comprising:
sizing agent-coated carbon fibers in which carbon fibers are coated with a sizing agent; and a matrix resin comprising a thermoplastic resin or a radical polymerizable resin, wherein the sizing agent comprises at least an aliphatic epoxy compound (A) and an aromatic epoxy compound (B1) as an aromatic compound (B), and the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers have a ratio (a)/(b) of 0.50 to 0.90 where (a) is a height (cps) of a component having a binding energy (284.6 eV) attributed to CHx, C—C, and C═C and (b) is a height (cps) of a component having binding energy (286.1 eV) attributed to C—O in a C1s core spectrum of a surface of the sizing agent of the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy using AlKα1,2 as an X-ray source at a photoelectron takeoff angle of 15°. 2. The carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition according to claim 1, wherein a water content of the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers is 0.010% by mass to 0.030% by mass. 3. The carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition according to claim 1, wherein a mass ratio of the aliphatic epoxy compound (A) and the aromatic epoxy compound (B1) in the sizing agent is 52/48 to 80/20. 4. The carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the aliphatic epoxy compound (A) is a polyether polyepoxy compound having two or more epoxy groups in a molecule and/or a polyol polyepoxy compound having two or more epoxy groups in a molecule. 5. The carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition according to claim 4, wherein the aliphatic epoxy compound (A) is a glycidyl ether epoxy compound obtained by causing epichlorohydrin to react with a compound selected from ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, tetrapropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, polybutylene glycol, 1,5-pentanediol, neopentyl glycol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, glycerol, diglycerol, polyglycerol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, sorbitol, and arabitol. 6. The carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the aromatic epoxy compound (B1) is a bisphenol A epoxy compound or a bisphenol F epoxy compound. 7. The carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition according to claim 1, wherein
in the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers, values (I) and (II) determined by a ratio (a)/(b) where
(a) is the height (cps) of a component having a binding energy (284.6 eV) attributed to CHx, C—C, and C═C, and
(b) is the height (cps) of a component having binding energy (286.1 eV) attributed to C—O in a C1s core spectrum of the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy using an X-ray of 400 eV at a photoelectron takeoff angle of 55°
satisfy a relation (III):
0.50≦(I)≦0.90 and 0.60<(II)/(I)<1.0 (III)
where
(I) is a value of (a)/(b) of the surface of the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers before ultrasonic treatment, and
(II) is a value of (a)/(b) of the surface of the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers after washing to reduce an attached amount of the sizing agent to 0.09% by mass to 0.20% by mass by the ultrasonic treatment of the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers in an acetone solvent. 8. The carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the surface of the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers after washing to reduce the attached amount of the sizing agent on the surface of the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers to 0.09% by mass to 0.20% by mass by the ultrasonic treatment in a solvent that dissolves the matrix resin constituting the carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition has a ratio of (a)/(b) of 0.30 to 0.70 where (a) is the height (cps) of a component having a binding energy (284.6 eV) attributed to CHx, C—C, and C═C and (b) is the height (cps) of a component having binding energy (286.1 eV) attributed to C—O in a C1s core spectrum of the surface of the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy using an X ray of 400 eV at a photoelectron takeoff angle of 55°. 9. The carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition according to claim 1, wherein a surface carboxy group concentration (COOH/C) is 0.003 to 0.015 and a surface hydroxy group concentration (COH/C) is 0.001 to 0.050 where the surface carboxy group concentration and the surface hydroxy group concentration are determined by chemical modification X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the carbon fibers. 10. The carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the matrix resin is one or more resins selected from a polyarylene sulfide resin, a polyether ether ketone resin, a polyphenylene ether resin, a polyoxymethylene resin, a polyester resin, a polycarbonate resin, a polystyrene resin, and a polyolefin resin, or a polyamide. 11. (canceled) 12. The carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition according to claim 1, wherein
the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers are formed by attaching the sizing agent in an amount of 0.1 parts by mass to 10.0 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the carbon fibers, and the carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition comprises the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers in an amount of 1% by mass to 80% by mass and the matrix resin in an amount of 20% by mass to 99% by mass. 13. A method for manufacturing the carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition according to claim 1, the method comprising:
coating carbon fibers with a sizing agent comprising at least the aliphatic epoxy compound (A) in an amount of 35% by mass to 65% by mass and an aromatic compound (B) in an amount of 35% by mass to 60% by mass relative to a total amount of the sizing agent except a solvent to produce sizing agent-coated carbon fibers; and adding the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers to a matrix resin. 14. The carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition according to claim 1, wherein
the carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition is any one of the following forms of molding materials (H), (J1), (J2), and (K): the molding material (H): a molding material that has a cylindrical shape and in which the carbon fibers are almost parallelly arranged in an axis center direction and a length of the carbon fibers has substantially the same length as a length of the molding material, the molding material (J1): a molding material in which the carbon fibers are in a form of single fiber and that is substantially oriented in two dimensions, the molding material (J2): a molding material in which the carbon fibers are in a bundle-like form and that is substantially oriented in two dimensions, and the molding material (K): a prepreg. 15. A molding material that is the molding material (H) according to claim 14, comprising:
any one of the following structures (L), (M), and (N): (L): a core-sheath structure formed by covering a circumference of a structure Y with a structure X where the structure Y comprising the carbon fibers as a main component is a core structure and the structure X comprising the matrix resin as a main component is a sheath structure, (M): a structure having a length of 1 mm to 50 mm, and (N): a structure having a form of a long fiber pellet, wherein the molding material (H) comprises an impregnation promoter (D) in an amount of 0.1 parts by mass to 100 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the carbon fibers and is made by impregnating a part of or whole of the impregnation promoter (D) into the carbon fibers. 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. A method for manufacturing the molding material (H) according to claim 14, the method comprising:
at least: coating continuous carbon fibers with a sizing agent comprising at least an aliphatic epoxy compound (A) in an amount of 35% by mass to 65% by mass and an aromatic compound (B) in an amount of 35% by mass to 60% by mass relative to a total amount of the sizing agent except a solvent; obtaining continuous strands by impregnating a melted matrix resin into the continuous sizing agent-coated carbon fibers obtained in said coating; and cooling the strands obtained in said obtaining continuous strands and then cutting the cooled strands to obtain the cylindrical molding material (H). 19. The method for manufacturing the molding material according to claim 18, further comprising:
impregnating a melted impregnation promoter (D) into the continuous sizing agent-coated carbon fibers before said obtaining continuous strands. 20. (canceled) 21. A method for manufacturing the molding material (J1) according to claim 14, comprising
at least: processing carbon fibers to a web-like cloth, a nonwoven cloth-like cloth, a felt-like cloth, or a mat-like cloth; applying a sizing agent comprising at least an aliphatic epoxy compound (A) in an amount of 35% by mass to 65% by mass and an aromatic compound (B) in an amount of 35% by mass to 60% by mass relative to a total amount of the sizing agent except a solvent to the cloth obtained in the processing in an amount of 0.1 parts by mass to 10 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the cloth obtained in the processing; and applying a matrix resin in an amount of 20% by mass to 99% by mass to 1% by mass to 80% by mass of the cloth to which the sizing agent is applied in the applying to form a composite product. 22. (canceled) 23. A method for manufacturing the molding material (J2) according to claim 14, comprising:
at least: coating carbon fibers with a sizing agent comprising at least an aliphatic epoxy compound (A) in an amount of 35% by mass to 65% by mass and an aromatic compound (B) in an amount of 35% by mass to 60% by mass relative to a total amount of the sizing agent except a solvent in an amount of 0.1 parts by mass to 10 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the carbon fibers; cutting the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers obtained in said coating in a length of 1 mm to 50 mm; and mixing the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers cut in said cutting in an amount of 1% by mass to 80% by mass and the matrix resin in an amount of 20% by mass to 99% by mass to form a composite product. 24. (canceled) 25. A method for manufacturing the molding material (K) according to claim 14, comprising:
at least: firstly coating continuous carbon fibers with a sizing agent comprising at least an aliphatic epoxy compound (A) in an amount of 35% by mass to 65% by mass and an aromatic compound (B) in an amount of 35% by mass to 60% by mass relative to a total amount of the sizing agent except a solvent; and secondly passing continuous sizing agent-coated carbon fibers obtained in the firstly coating through a melted matrix resin to further increase the width of the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers to obtain a prepreg having a width of 1 mm to 50 mm. 26. A carbon fiber-reinforced resin molded article formed by molding the carbon fiber-reinforced resin composition according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,194 | 13,980,459 | 1,721 | Electroconductive paste compositions, particularly for solar cells, contain electroconductive metal particles, glass particles, and an organic vehicle. The electroconductive metal particles are provided as a mixture of silver powder particles and at least one selected from nickel powder, tin (IV) oxide powder, and core-shell particles having a silver shell and a core of nickel and/or tin (IV) oxide. The pastes may be used in the manufacture of contacts or electrodes for the front side or back side of solar cells. | 1. An electroconductive paste composition comprising:
(a) electroconductive metal particles; (b) glass frit; and (c) an organic vehicle; wherein the electroconductive metal particles comprise a mixture of silver powder and at least one selected from the group consisting of nickel powder, tin (IV) oxide powder, and core-shell particles comprising a silver shell and a core of nickel and/or tin (IV) oxide. 2. The composition according to claim 1, comprising about 40 to about 95% electroconductive metal particles, about 0.5 to about 6% glass frit, and about 5 to about 35% organic vehicle, all percentages being by weight based on the total weight of the composition. 3. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the electroconductive metal particles comprise a mixture of silver powder and core-shell particles comprising a silver shell and a core of nickel and/or tin (IV) oxide, and wherein the silver shell comprises about 50 to 95 wt % and the core comprises about 5 to 50 wt %, all percentages being based on the total weight of the core-shell particles. 4. The composition according to claim 3, wherein the core-shell particles comprise about 90 wt % silver shell and about 10 wt % core, all percentages being based on the total weight of the core-shell particles. 5. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the electroconductive metal particles comprise a mixture of silver powder and core-shell particles comprising a silver shell and a core of nickel and/or tin(IV)oxide, and wherein the core-shell particles have a diameter of about 0.2 to about 20 microns. 6. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the electroconductive metal particles comprise a mixture of silver powder and core-shell particles comprising a silver shell and a core of nickel and/or tin(IV)oxide, and wherein a ratio of silver powder to core-shell particles in the mixture is about 95:5 to about 5:95. 7. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the electroconductive metal particles comprise a mixture of silver powder and nickel and/or tin (IV) oxide powder, and wherein the nickel and/or tin (IV) oxide powder comprises about 0.1% to about 50% by weight based on a total weight of the mixture. 8. A solar cell electrode or contact formed by applying the electroconductive paste composition according to claim 1 to a substrate and firing the paste to form the electrode or contact. 9. The solar cell electrode or contact according to claim 8, wherein the paste composition comprises about 40 to about 95% electroconductive metal particles, about 0.5 to about 6% glass frit, and about 5 to about 35% organic vehicle, all percentages being by weight based on the total weight of the composition. 10. The solar cell electrode or contact according to claim 8, wherein the electroconductive metal particles in the paste composition comprise a mixture of silver powder and core-shell particles comprising a silver shell and a core of nickel and/or tin (IV) oxide, and wherein the silver shell comprises about 50 to 95 wt % and the core comprises about 5 to 50 wt %, all percentages being based on the total weight of the core-shell particles. 11. The solar cell electrode or contact according to claim 10, wherein the core-shell particles comprise about 90 wt % silver shell and about 10 wt % core, all percentages being based on the total weight of the core-shell particles. 12. The solar cell electrode or contact according to claim 8, wherein the electroconductive metal particles in the paste composition comprise a mixture of silver powder and core-shell particles comprising a silver shell and a core of nickel and/or tin(IV)oxide, and wherein the core-shell particles have a diameter of about 0.2 to about 20 microns. 13. The solar cell electrode or contact according to claim 8, wherein the electroconductive metal particles in the paste composition comprise a mixture of silver powder and core-shell particles comprising a silver shell and a core of nickel and/or tin (IV) oxide, and wherein a ratio of silver powder to core-shell particles in the mixture is about 95:5 to about 5:95. 14. The solar cell electrode or contact according to claim 8, wherein the electroconductive metal particles in the paste composition comprise a mixture of silver powder and nickel and/or tin (IV) oxide powder, and wherein the nickel and/or tin (1V) oxide powder comprises about 0.1% to about 50% by weight based on a total weight of the mixture. | Electroconductive paste compositions, particularly for solar cells, contain electroconductive metal particles, glass particles, and an organic vehicle. The electroconductive metal particles are provided as a mixture of silver powder particles and at least one selected from nickel powder, tin (IV) oxide powder, and core-shell particles having a silver shell and a core of nickel and/or tin (IV) oxide. The pastes may be used in the manufacture of contacts or electrodes for the front side or back side of solar cells.1. An electroconductive paste composition comprising:
(a) electroconductive metal particles; (b) glass frit; and (c) an organic vehicle; wherein the electroconductive metal particles comprise a mixture of silver powder and at least one selected from the group consisting of nickel powder, tin (IV) oxide powder, and core-shell particles comprising a silver shell and a core of nickel and/or tin (IV) oxide. 2. The composition according to claim 1, comprising about 40 to about 95% electroconductive metal particles, about 0.5 to about 6% glass frit, and about 5 to about 35% organic vehicle, all percentages being by weight based on the total weight of the composition. 3. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the electroconductive metal particles comprise a mixture of silver powder and core-shell particles comprising a silver shell and a core of nickel and/or tin (IV) oxide, and wherein the silver shell comprises about 50 to 95 wt % and the core comprises about 5 to 50 wt %, all percentages being based on the total weight of the core-shell particles. 4. The composition according to claim 3, wherein the core-shell particles comprise about 90 wt % silver shell and about 10 wt % core, all percentages being based on the total weight of the core-shell particles. 5. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the electroconductive metal particles comprise a mixture of silver powder and core-shell particles comprising a silver shell and a core of nickel and/or tin(IV)oxide, and wherein the core-shell particles have a diameter of about 0.2 to about 20 microns. 6. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the electroconductive metal particles comprise a mixture of silver powder and core-shell particles comprising a silver shell and a core of nickel and/or tin(IV)oxide, and wherein a ratio of silver powder to core-shell particles in the mixture is about 95:5 to about 5:95. 7. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the electroconductive metal particles comprise a mixture of silver powder and nickel and/or tin (IV) oxide powder, and wherein the nickel and/or tin (IV) oxide powder comprises about 0.1% to about 50% by weight based on a total weight of the mixture. 8. A solar cell electrode or contact formed by applying the electroconductive paste composition according to claim 1 to a substrate and firing the paste to form the electrode or contact. 9. The solar cell electrode or contact according to claim 8, wherein the paste composition comprises about 40 to about 95% electroconductive metal particles, about 0.5 to about 6% glass frit, and about 5 to about 35% organic vehicle, all percentages being by weight based on the total weight of the composition. 10. The solar cell electrode or contact according to claim 8, wherein the electroconductive metal particles in the paste composition comprise a mixture of silver powder and core-shell particles comprising a silver shell and a core of nickel and/or tin (IV) oxide, and wherein the silver shell comprises about 50 to 95 wt % and the core comprises about 5 to 50 wt %, all percentages being based on the total weight of the core-shell particles. 11. The solar cell electrode or contact according to claim 10, wherein the core-shell particles comprise about 90 wt % silver shell and about 10 wt % core, all percentages being based on the total weight of the core-shell particles. 12. The solar cell electrode or contact according to claim 8, wherein the electroconductive metal particles in the paste composition comprise a mixture of silver powder and core-shell particles comprising a silver shell and a core of nickel and/or tin(IV)oxide, and wherein the core-shell particles have a diameter of about 0.2 to about 20 microns. 13. The solar cell electrode or contact according to claim 8, wherein the electroconductive metal particles in the paste composition comprise a mixture of silver powder and core-shell particles comprising a silver shell and a core of nickel and/or tin (IV) oxide, and wherein a ratio of silver powder to core-shell particles in the mixture is about 95:5 to about 5:95. 14. The solar cell electrode or contact according to claim 8, wherein the electroconductive metal particles in the paste composition comprise a mixture of silver powder and nickel and/or tin (IV) oxide powder, and wherein the nickel and/or tin (1V) oxide powder comprises about 0.1% to about 50% by weight based on a total weight of the mixture. | 1,700 |
2,195 | 13,701,155 | 1,784 | A known protective layer has a high Cr content and additionally containing a silicon, forms brittle phases, which become additionally embrittled under the influence of carbon during use. A proposed protective layer has the following composition: 24% to 26% cobalt, 10.5% to 11.5% aluminum, 0.1% to 0.7% yttrium and/or at least one equivalent metal from the group of scandium and the rare earth elements, 12% to 15% chromium, optionally 0.1% to 3% tantalum, optionally 0.05% to 0.5% silicon, with the remainder being nickel. | 1.-14. (canceled) 15. An alloy, comprising:
24 wt %-26 wt % cobalt; 12 wt %-15 wt % chromium; 5 wt %-11.5 wt % aluminum; 0.1 wt %-0.7 wt % at least one metal comprising scandium and/or a rare earth element; nickel; and no rhenium. 16. The alloy as claimed in claim 15, wherein the alloy comprises 25 wt % cobalt, 12 wt % to 14 wt % chromium or 13 wt % chromium, 11 wt % aluminum, yttrium, 0.1 wt % to 3 wt % tantalum, 0.05 wt % to 0.6 wt % silicon, and 43.2 wt % to 53.4 wt % nickel or balance nickel. 17. The alloy as claimed in claim 15, wherein the alloy comprises 0.2 wt %-0.4 wt % yttrium or 0.3 wt % yttrium. 18. The alloy as claimed in claim 15, wherein the alloy comprises at least 0.1 wt % silicon. 19. The alloy as claimed in claim 15, wherein the alloy comprises 0.2 wt % to 0.4 wt % silicon or 0.3 wt % silicon. 20. The alloy as claimed in claim 15, wherein the alloy comprises at least 0.5 wt % tantalum or at least 1.0 wt % tantalum. 21. The alloy as claimed in claim 15, wherein the alloy comprises no zirconium and/or no titanium and/or no gallium and/or no germanium and/or no platinum and/or no hafnium and/or no cerium. 22. The alloy as claimed in claim 15, wherein the alloy consists of cobalt, chromium, aluminum, yttrium, nickel, and optional constituents: silicon and/or tantalum. 23. The alloy as claimed in claim 15, wherein the alloy consists of cobalt, chromium, aluminum, yttrium, nickel, and silicon. 24. The alloy as claimed in claim 15, wherein the alloy consists of cobalt, chromium, aluminum, yttrium, silicon, tantalum, and nickel. 25. The alloy as claimed in claim 15, wherein the alloy consists of cobalt, chromium, aluminum, yttrium, nickel, and tantalum. 26. The alloy as claimed in claim 15, wherein nickel foams a matrix. 27. A protective layer for protecting a component against corrosion and/or oxidation at a high temperature, comprising:
an alloy as claimed in claim 15. 28. The protective layer as claimed in claim 27, wherein the protective layer is applied by plasma spraying, atmospheric plasma spraying or high velocity spraying 29. A component of a gas turbine, comprising:
a protective layer as claimed in claim 27 to protect the component against corrosion and oxidation at a high temperature; and a ceramic thermal barrier layer applied onto the protective layer. 30. The component as claimed in claim 29, wherein the component is used in a gas turbine, and wherein a substrate of the component is nickel-based or cobalt-based. | A known protective layer has a high Cr content and additionally containing a silicon, forms brittle phases, which become additionally embrittled under the influence of carbon during use. A proposed protective layer has the following composition: 24% to 26% cobalt, 10.5% to 11.5% aluminum, 0.1% to 0.7% yttrium and/or at least one equivalent metal from the group of scandium and the rare earth elements, 12% to 15% chromium, optionally 0.1% to 3% tantalum, optionally 0.05% to 0.5% silicon, with the remainder being nickel.1.-14. (canceled) 15. An alloy, comprising:
24 wt %-26 wt % cobalt; 12 wt %-15 wt % chromium; 5 wt %-11.5 wt % aluminum; 0.1 wt %-0.7 wt % at least one metal comprising scandium and/or a rare earth element; nickel; and no rhenium. 16. The alloy as claimed in claim 15, wherein the alloy comprises 25 wt % cobalt, 12 wt % to 14 wt % chromium or 13 wt % chromium, 11 wt % aluminum, yttrium, 0.1 wt % to 3 wt % tantalum, 0.05 wt % to 0.6 wt % silicon, and 43.2 wt % to 53.4 wt % nickel or balance nickel. 17. The alloy as claimed in claim 15, wherein the alloy comprises 0.2 wt %-0.4 wt % yttrium or 0.3 wt % yttrium. 18. The alloy as claimed in claim 15, wherein the alloy comprises at least 0.1 wt % silicon. 19. The alloy as claimed in claim 15, wherein the alloy comprises 0.2 wt % to 0.4 wt % silicon or 0.3 wt % silicon. 20. The alloy as claimed in claim 15, wherein the alloy comprises at least 0.5 wt % tantalum or at least 1.0 wt % tantalum. 21. The alloy as claimed in claim 15, wherein the alloy comprises no zirconium and/or no titanium and/or no gallium and/or no germanium and/or no platinum and/or no hafnium and/or no cerium. 22. The alloy as claimed in claim 15, wherein the alloy consists of cobalt, chromium, aluminum, yttrium, nickel, and optional constituents: silicon and/or tantalum. 23. The alloy as claimed in claim 15, wherein the alloy consists of cobalt, chromium, aluminum, yttrium, nickel, and silicon. 24. The alloy as claimed in claim 15, wherein the alloy consists of cobalt, chromium, aluminum, yttrium, silicon, tantalum, and nickel. 25. The alloy as claimed in claim 15, wherein the alloy consists of cobalt, chromium, aluminum, yttrium, nickel, and tantalum. 26. The alloy as claimed in claim 15, wherein nickel foams a matrix. 27. A protective layer for protecting a component against corrosion and/or oxidation at a high temperature, comprising:
an alloy as claimed in claim 15. 28. The protective layer as claimed in claim 27, wherein the protective layer is applied by plasma spraying, atmospheric plasma spraying or high velocity spraying 29. A component of a gas turbine, comprising:
a protective layer as claimed in claim 27 to protect the component against corrosion and oxidation at a high temperature; and a ceramic thermal barrier layer applied onto the protective layer. 30. The component as claimed in claim 29, wherein the component is used in a gas turbine, and wherein a substrate of the component is nickel-based or cobalt-based. | 1,700 |
2,196 | 14,963,878 | 1,781 | An article comprises a substrate comprising a ceramic matrix composite; a first layer disposed over the substrate, the first layer comprising an interconnected first silicide, and a second phase; and a second layer disposed over the first layer, the second layer comprising a second silicide in mass transfer communication with the first silicide. | 1. An article, comprising:
a substrate comprising a ceramic matrix composite; a first layer disposed over the substrate, the first layer comprising an interconnected first silicide, and a second phase; and a second layer disposed over the first layer, the second layer comprising a second silicide in mass transfer communication with the first silicide. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the second layer consists essentially of the second silicide. 3. The article of claim 1, wherein the first silicide and the second silicide are nominally identical materials. 4. The article of claim 1, wherein the second silicide comprises a lower silicide. 5. The article of claim 1, wherein the first silicide and the second silicide are compounds of the same metal element. 6. The article of claim 1, wherein the second silicide comprises a silicide of molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, niobium, titanium, ruthenium, or a combination including one or more of the aforementioned elements. 7. The article of claim 1, wherein the second silicide comprises a disilicide, lower silicide, or a combination of these. 8. The article of claim 1, wherein the second silicide comprises a metal element, and wherein silicon has a faster diffusion rate through the silicide at a given temperature above about 1200 degrees Celsius than does the metal element. 9. The article of claim 1, wherein, for a given temperature above about 1200 degrees Celsius, silicon diffusion through the second silicide exceeds the rate at which oxygen diffuses through silica. 10. The article of claim 1, wherein the second layer has a thickness in a range from about 1 micrometer to about 25 micrometers. 11. The article of claim 1, wherein the second phase of the first layer has a coefficient of thermal expansion less than or equal to that of silicon carbide. 12. The article of claim 1, wherein the second phase comprises a ceramic material comprising carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, or a combination of these. 13. The article of claim 12, wherein the ceramic material comprises a carbide, a nitride, an oxide, or a combination of these. 14. The article of claim 1, wherein the second phase comprises silicon carbide or silicon nitride or a rare-earth disilicate or SiAlON. 15. The article of claim 1, wherein the second layer comprises at least 80% by volume of the second silicide. 16. The article of claim 1, wherein the second layer comprises at least 95% by volume of the second silicide. 17. The article of claim 1, wherein the second has a thickness in a range from 1 micrometer to 5 micrometers. 18. The article of claim 1, wherein the first layer has an effective coefficient of thermal expansion below about 6 parts per million per degree Celsius. 19. The article of claim 1, wherein a volume fraction of silicide in the first layer is in a range from about 10 percent to about 70 percent. 20. The article of claim 1, wherein a volume fraction of silicide in the first layer is in a range from about 20 percent to about 40 percent. 21. The article of claim 1, wherein the first silicide comprises a disilicide. 22. The article of claim 1, wherein the first silicide includes a disilicide and a lower silicide. 23. The article of claim 1, wherein the first silicide comprises a silicide of molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, niobium, titanium, ruthenium, or a combination including one or more of the aforementioned elements. 24. The article of claim 1, further comprising a top layer disposed over the second layer, the top layer comprising an oxide. 25. The article of claim 24, wherein the oxide comprises a silicate, an aluminosilicate, yttria-stabilized zirconia, or a combination including any of the aforementioned. 26. The article of claim 24, further comprising an additional layer disposed between the second layer and the top layer, wherein the additional layer comprises silica. 27. The article of claim 26, wherein the additional layer further comprises a dopant. 28. The article of claim 27, wherein the dopant comprises aluminum, boron, an alkaline metal, an alkaline earth metal, or any combination including one or more of these. 29. The article of claim 26, wherein the additional layer has a thickness in a range from 1 micrometer to 10 micrometers. 30. The article of claim 29, wherein the first layer has a thickness in a range from 25 micrometers to 100 micrometers. 31. The article of claim 30, wherein the second layer has a thickness in a range from 1 micrometer to 25 micrometers. 32. The article of claim 1, wherein the article is a combustion liner for a gas turbine assembly, a transition piece for a gas turbine assembly, a shroud for a gas turbine assembly, a vane for a gas turbine assembly, or a blade for a gas turbine assembly. 33. An article comprising:
a substrate comprising a ceramic matrix composite; a first layer disposed over the substrate, the first layer comprising an interconnected first silicide phase, and a second phase, the second phase comprising silicon carbide or a rare-earth disilicate, wherein a volume fraction of silicide in the first layer is in the range from about 10 percent to about 40 percent; a second layer disposed over the first layer, the second layer comprising a second silicide in mass transfer communication with the first silicide; and a top layer disposed over the second layer, the top layer comprising an oxide. 34. The article of claim 33, further comprising:
an additional layer disposed between the second layer and the top layer, wherein the additional layer comprises silica. 35. The article of claim 34:
wherein the additional layer further comprises a dopant comprising aluminum, boron, an alkaline metal, an alkaline earth metal, or any combination including one or more of these. | An article comprises a substrate comprising a ceramic matrix composite; a first layer disposed over the substrate, the first layer comprising an interconnected first silicide, and a second phase; and a second layer disposed over the first layer, the second layer comprising a second silicide in mass transfer communication with the first silicide.1. An article, comprising:
a substrate comprising a ceramic matrix composite; a first layer disposed over the substrate, the first layer comprising an interconnected first silicide, and a second phase; and a second layer disposed over the first layer, the second layer comprising a second silicide in mass transfer communication with the first silicide. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the second layer consists essentially of the second silicide. 3. The article of claim 1, wherein the first silicide and the second silicide are nominally identical materials. 4. The article of claim 1, wherein the second silicide comprises a lower silicide. 5. The article of claim 1, wherein the first silicide and the second silicide are compounds of the same metal element. 6. The article of claim 1, wherein the second silicide comprises a silicide of molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, niobium, titanium, ruthenium, or a combination including one or more of the aforementioned elements. 7. The article of claim 1, wherein the second silicide comprises a disilicide, lower silicide, or a combination of these. 8. The article of claim 1, wherein the second silicide comprises a metal element, and wherein silicon has a faster diffusion rate through the silicide at a given temperature above about 1200 degrees Celsius than does the metal element. 9. The article of claim 1, wherein, for a given temperature above about 1200 degrees Celsius, silicon diffusion through the second silicide exceeds the rate at which oxygen diffuses through silica. 10. The article of claim 1, wherein the second layer has a thickness in a range from about 1 micrometer to about 25 micrometers. 11. The article of claim 1, wherein the second phase of the first layer has a coefficient of thermal expansion less than or equal to that of silicon carbide. 12. The article of claim 1, wherein the second phase comprises a ceramic material comprising carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, or a combination of these. 13. The article of claim 12, wherein the ceramic material comprises a carbide, a nitride, an oxide, or a combination of these. 14. The article of claim 1, wherein the second phase comprises silicon carbide or silicon nitride or a rare-earth disilicate or SiAlON. 15. The article of claim 1, wherein the second layer comprises at least 80% by volume of the second silicide. 16. The article of claim 1, wherein the second layer comprises at least 95% by volume of the second silicide. 17. The article of claim 1, wherein the second has a thickness in a range from 1 micrometer to 5 micrometers. 18. The article of claim 1, wherein the first layer has an effective coefficient of thermal expansion below about 6 parts per million per degree Celsius. 19. The article of claim 1, wherein a volume fraction of silicide in the first layer is in a range from about 10 percent to about 70 percent. 20. The article of claim 1, wherein a volume fraction of silicide in the first layer is in a range from about 20 percent to about 40 percent. 21. The article of claim 1, wherein the first silicide comprises a disilicide. 22. The article of claim 1, wherein the first silicide includes a disilicide and a lower silicide. 23. The article of claim 1, wherein the first silicide comprises a silicide of molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, niobium, titanium, ruthenium, or a combination including one or more of the aforementioned elements. 24. The article of claim 1, further comprising a top layer disposed over the second layer, the top layer comprising an oxide. 25. The article of claim 24, wherein the oxide comprises a silicate, an aluminosilicate, yttria-stabilized zirconia, or a combination including any of the aforementioned. 26. The article of claim 24, further comprising an additional layer disposed between the second layer and the top layer, wherein the additional layer comprises silica. 27. The article of claim 26, wherein the additional layer further comprises a dopant. 28. The article of claim 27, wherein the dopant comprises aluminum, boron, an alkaline metal, an alkaline earth metal, or any combination including one or more of these. 29. The article of claim 26, wherein the additional layer has a thickness in a range from 1 micrometer to 10 micrometers. 30. The article of claim 29, wherein the first layer has a thickness in a range from 25 micrometers to 100 micrometers. 31. The article of claim 30, wherein the second layer has a thickness in a range from 1 micrometer to 25 micrometers. 32. The article of claim 1, wherein the article is a combustion liner for a gas turbine assembly, a transition piece for a gas turbine assembly, a shroud for a gas turbine assembly, a vane for a gas turbine assembly, or a blade for a gas turbine assembly. 33. An article comprising:
a substrate comprising a ceramic matrix composite; a first layer disposed over the substrate, the first layer comprising an interconnected first silicide phase, and a second phase, the second phase comprising silicon carbide or a rare-earth disilicate, wherein a volume fraction of silicide in the first layer is in the range from about 10 percent to about 40 percent; a second layer disposed over the first layer, the second layer comprising a second silicide in mass transfer communication with the first silicide; and a top layer disposed over the second layer, the top layer comprising an oxide. 34. The article of claim 33, further comprising:
an additional layer disposed between the second layer and the top layer, wherein the additional layer comprises silica. 35. The article of claim 34:
wherein the additional layer further comprises a dopant comprising aluminum, boron, an alkaline metal, an alkaline earth metal, or any combination including one or more of these. | 1,700 |
2,197 | 14,037,422 | 1,723 | According to various embodiments, an integrated circuit structure may include: an electronic circuit being arranged on a surface of a carrier, and a solid state electrolyte battery being at least partially arranged within the carrier, wherein at least a part of the solid state electrolyte battery being arranged within the carrier is overlapping with the electronic circuit along a direction parallel to the surface of the carrier. | 1. An integrated circuit structure, comprising:
an electronic circuit being arranged on a surface of a carrier; and a solid state electrolyte battery being at least partially arranged within the carrier, wherein at least a part of the solid state electrolyte battery being arranged within the carrier is overlapping with the electronic circuit along a direction parallel to the surface of the carrier. 2. The integrated circuit structure of claim 1,
wherein the solid state electrolyte battery is formed within a cavity provided in the carrier. 3. The integrated circuit structure of claim 2,
wherein the cavity comprises at least one cavity opening at the surface of the carrier, wherein the cavity is overlapping with the electronic circuit along a direction parallel to the surface of the carrier. 4. The integrated circuit structure of claim 1,
wherein the solid state electrolyte battery is electrically coupled with at least part of the electronic circuit. 5. The integrated circuit structure of claim 1,
wherein the solid state electrolyte battery comprises a layer stack comprising at least one cathode layer, at least one anode layer, and at least one electrolyte layer being arranged between the at least one cathode layer and the at least one anode layer. 6. The integrated circuit structure of claim 5,
wherein the layer stack further comprises an anode current collector layer adjoining the at least one anode layer and a cathode current collector layer adjoining the at least one cathode layer. 7. The integrated circuit structure of claim 1, further comprising:
an electrically insulating layer disposed between at least the carrier and the solid state electrolyte battery. 8. The integrated circuit structure of claim 5,
wherein the layer stack is conformally disposed over the inner surface of the cavity. 9. A battery structure, comprising:
at least one cavity arranged within a carrier, the cavity comprises a cavity opening at a surface of the carrier, wherein at least a part of the cavity has an extension along a direction parallel to the surface of the carrier being larger than the extension of the cavity opening along the same direction; and a solid state electrolyte battery being at least partially arranged within the cavity. 10. The battery structure of claim 9,
wherein the solid state electrolyte battery comprises a layer stack comprising at least one cathode layer, at least one anode layer, and at least one electrolyte layer being arranged between the at least one cathode layer and the at least one anode layer. 11. The battery structure of claim 10,
wherein the layer stack further comprises an anode current collector layer adjoining the at least one anode layer and a cathode current collector layer adjoining the at least one cathode layer. 12. The battery structure of claim 10,
wherein the layer stack further comprises at least one dielectric layer arranged between the carrier and the solid state electrolyte battery. 13. The battery structure of claim 10,
wherein the layer stack is conformally disposed over the inner surface of the cavity. 14. An integrated circuit structure, comprising:
an electronic circuit being arranged on a surface of a carrier; and a solid state electrolyte battery being at least partially arranged within the carrier, wherein at least a part of the solid state electrolyte battery being arranged within the carrier is laterally overlapping with the electronic circuit. 15. The integrated circuit structure of claim 14,
wherein the solid state electrolyte battery is formed within a cavity provided in the carrier. 16. The integrated circuit structure of claim 15,
wherein the cavity comprises at least one cavity opening at the surface of the carrier, wherein the cavity is laterally overlapping with the electronic circuit. 17. The integrated circuit structure of claim 14,
wherein the solid state electrolyte battery is electrically coupled with at least part of the electronic circuit. 18. The integrated circuit structure of claim 14,
wherein the solid state electrolyte battery comprises a layer stack comprising at least one cathode layer, at least one anode layer, and at least one electrolyte layer being arranged between the at least one cathode layer and the at least one anode layer. 19. The integrated circuit structure of claim 18,
wherein the layer stack further comprises an anode current collector layer adjoining the at least one anode layer and a cathode current collector layer adjoining the at least one cathode layer. 20. The integrated circuit structure of claim 14, further comprising:
an electrically insulating layer disposed between at least the carrier and the solid state electrolyte battery. | According to various embodiments, an integrated circuit structure may include: an electronic circuit being arranged on a surface of a carrier, and a solid state electrolyte battery being at least partially arranged within the carrier, wherein at least a part of the solid state electrolyte battery being arranged within the carrier is overlapping with the electronic circuit along a direction parallel to the surface of the carrier.1. An integrated circuit structure, comprising:
an electronic circuit being arranged on a surface of a carrier; and a solid state electrolyte battery being at least partially arranged within the carrier, wherein at least a part of the solid state electrolyte battery being arranged within the carrier is overlapping with the electronic circuit along a direction parallel to the surface of the carrier. 2. The integrated circuit structure of claim 1,
wherein the solid state electrolyte battery is formed within a cavity provided in the carrier. 3. The integrated circuit structure of claim 2,
wherein the cavity comprises at least one cavity opening at the surface of the carrier, wherein the cavity is overlapping with the electronic circuit along a direction parallel to the surface of the carrier. 4. The integrated circuit structure of claim 1,
wherein the solid state electrolyte battery is electrically coupled with at least part of the electronic circuit. 5. The integrated circuit structure of claim 1,
wherein the solid state electrolyte battery comprises a layer stack comprising at least one cathode layer, at least one anode layer, and at least one electrolyte layer being arranged between the at least one cathode layer and the at least one anode layer. 6. The integrated circuit structure of claim 5,
wherein the layer stack further comprises an anode current collector layer adjoining the at least one anode layer and a cathode current collector layer adjoining the at least one cathode layer. 7. The integrated circuit structure of claim 1, further comprising:
an electrically insulating layer disposed between at least the carrier and the solid state electrolyte battery. 8. The integrated circuit structure of claim 5,
wherein the layer stack is conformally disposed over the inner surface of the cavity. 9. A battery structure, comprising:
at least one cavity arranged within a carrier, the cavity comprises a cavity opening at a surface of the carrier, wherein at least a part of the cavity has an extension along a direction parallel to the surface of the carrier being larger than the extension of the cavity opening along the same direction; and a solid state electrolyte battery being at least partially arranged within the cavity. 10. The battery structure of claim 9,
wherein the solid state electrolyte battery comprises a layer stack comprising at least one cathode layer, at least one anode layer, and at least one electrolyte layer being arranged between the at least one cathode layer and the at least one anode layer. 11. The battery structure of claim 10,
wherein the layer stack further comprises an anode current collector layer adjoining the at least one anode layer and a cathode current collector layer adjoining the at least one cathode layer. 12. The battery structure of claim 10,
wherein the layer stack further comprises at least one dielectric layer arranged between the carrier and the solid state electrolyte battery. 13. The battery structure of claim 10,
wherein the layer stack is conformally disposed over the inner surface of the cavity. 14. An integrated circuit structure, comprising:
an electronic circuit being arranged on a surface of a carrier; and a solid state electrolyte battery being at least partially arranged within the carrier, wherein at least a part of the solid state electrolyte battery being arranged within the carrier is laterally overlapping with the electronic circuit. 15. The integrated circuit structure of claim 14,
wherein the solid state electrolyte battery is formed within a cavity provided in the carrier. 16. The integrated circuit structure of claim 15,
wherein the cavity comprises at least one cavity opening at the surface of the carrier, wherein the cavity is laterally overlapping with the electronic circuit. 17. The integrated circuit structure of claim 14,
wherein the solid state electrolyte battery is electrically coupled with at least part of the electronic circuit. 18. The integrated circuit structure of claim 14,
wherein the solid state electrolyte battery comprises a layer stack comprising at least one cathode layer, at least one anode layer, and at least one electrolyte layer being arranged between the at least one cathode layer and the at least one anode layer. 19. The integrated circuit structure of claim 18,
wherein the layer stack further comprises an anode current collector layer adjoining the at least one anode layer and a cathode current collector layer adjoining the at least one cathode layer. 20. The integrated circuit structure of claim 14, further comprising:
an electrically insulating layer disposed between at least the carrier and the solid state electrolyte battery. | 1,700 |
2,198 | 14,132,325 | 1,787 | Disclosed herein is a television housing and a method of fabricating the same. The television housing includes a stainless steel (SUS) frame and a plastic member adjoining at least one surface of the stainless steel frame. The plastic member includes: a base resin including about 60 wt % to about 95 wt % of (A) a polycarbonate resin and about 5 wt % to about 40 wt % of (B) a rubber-modified aromatic vinyl graft copolymer resin; and about 5 parts by weight to about 25 parts by weight of (C) bondable glass fibers based on about about 100 parts by weight of the base resin including the (A) polycarbonate resin and the (B) rubber-modified aromatic vinyl graft copolymer resin, and has a tensile strength from about 70 MPa to about 130 MPa at about 23° C. The plastic member employs the bondable glass fibers, and thus can prevent whitening due to an ejector pin upon release at high temperature. | 1. A television housing having a structure comprising:
a stainless steel (SUS) frame; and a plastic member adjoining at least one surface of the stainless steel frame, wherein the plastic member comprises a base resin comprising about 60 wt % to about 95 wt % of (A) a polycarbonate resin; and about 5 wt % to about 40 wt % of (B) a rubber-modified aromatic vinyl graft copolymer resin; and about 5 parts by weight to about 25 parts by weight of (C) bondable glass fibers based on about 100 parts by weight of the base resin including the (A) polycarbonate resin and the (B) rubber-modified aromatic vinyl graft copolymer resin, wherein the plastic member has a tensile strength from about 70 MPa to about 130 MPa at about 23° C. 2. The television housing according to claim 1, wherein the plastic member is molded by a steam molding process. 3. The television housing according to claim 1, wherein the steam molding process is rapid heat cycle molding (RHCM). 4. The television housing according to claim 1, wherein the bondable glass fibers are coated with a resin comprising epoxy resin, urethane resin, silane resin or a combination thereof. 5. The television housing according to claim 1, wherein the plastic member further comprises a phosphorus flame retardant, a halogen flame retardant, or a combination thereof. 6. The television housing according to claim 1, wherein the plastic member further comprises an additive selected from the group consisting of impact reinforcing agents, anti-dripping agents, antimicrobials, heat stabilizers, antioxidants, release agents, light stabilizers, inorganic additives, surfactants, plasticizers, lubricants, antistatic agents, colorants and combinations thereof. 7. A method of fabricating a television housing, comprising:
preparing a plastic member by injection of (A) a polycarbonate resin, (B) a rubber-modified vinyl graft copolymer resin and (C) bondable glass fibers into a mold in a steam molding process, followed by releasing the plastic member at about 30° C. to about 90° C.; and coupling the plastic member to a stainless steel (SUS) frame. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the plastic member has a tensile strength from about 70 MPa to about 130 MPa at about 23° C. 9. The method according to claim 7, wherein the steam molding process is rapid heat cycle molding (RHCM). | Disclosed herein is a television housing and a method of fabricating the same. The television housing includes a stainless steel (SUS) frame and a plastic member adjoining at least one surface of the stainless steel frame. The plastic member includes: a base resin including about 60 wt % to about 95 wt % of (A) a polycarbonate resin and about 5 wt % to about 40 wt % of (B) a rubber-modified aromatic vinyl graft copolymer resin; and about 5 parts by weight to about 25 parts by weight of (C) bondable glass fibers based on about about 100 parts by weight of the base resin including the (A) polycarbonate resin and the (B) rubber-modified aromatic vinyl graft copolymer resin, and has a tensile strength from about 70 MPa to about 130 MPa at about 23° C. The plastic member employs the bondable glass fibers, and thus can prevent whitening due to an ejector pin upon release at high temperature.1. A television housing having a structure comprising:
a stainless steel (SUS) frame; and a plastic member adjoining at least one surface of the stainless steel frame, wherein the plastic member comprises a base resin comprising about 60 wt % to about 95 wt % of (A) a polycarbonate resin; and about 5 wt % to about 40 wt % of (B) a rubber-modified aromatic vinyl graft copolymer resin; and about 5 parts by weight to about 25 parts by weight of (C) bondable glass fibers based on about 100 parts by weight of the base resin including the (A) polycarbonate resin and the (B) rubber-modified aromatic vinyl graft copolymer resin, wherein the plastic member has a tensile strength from about 70 MPa to about 130 MPa at about 23° C. 2. The television housing according to claim 1, wherein the plastic member is molded by a steam molding process. 3. The television housing according to claim 1, wherein the steam molding process is rapid heat cycle molding (RHCM). 4. The television housing according to claim 1, wherein the bondable glass fibers are coated with a resin comprising epoxy resin, urethane resin, silane resin or a combination thereof. 5. The television housing according to claim 1, wherein the plastic member further comprises a phosphorus flame retardant, a halogen flame retardant, or a combination thereof. 6. The television housing according to claim 1, wherein the plastic member further comprises an additive selected from the group consisting of impact reinforcing agents, anti-dripping agents, antimicrobials, heat stabilizers, antioxidants, release agents, light stabilizers, inorganic additives, surfactants, plasticizers, lubricants, antistatic agents, colorants and combinations thereof. 7. A method of fabricating a television housing, comprising:
preparing a plastic member by injection of (A) a polycarbonate resin, (B) a rubber-modified vinyl graft copolymer resin and (C) bondable glass fibers into a mold in a steam molding process, followed by releasing the plastic member at about 30° C. to about 90° C.; and coupling the plastic member to a stainless steel (SUS) frame. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the plastic member has a tensile strength from about 70 MPa to about 130 MPa at about 23° C. 9. The method according to claim 7, wherein the steam molding process is rapid heat cycle molding (RHCM). | 1,700 |
2,199 | 13,268,228 | 1,766 | A process for producing an activated monomer composition comprising at least one lactam and/or lactone, one catalyst, and one activator permits storage of the resultant monomer composition, since this is stable with respect to polymerization. Said monomer composition is used inter alia in producing a polyamide molding via ring-opening, anionic polymerization. | 1. A process for producing a composition (C) comprising the following components:
i) at least one monomer (M) selected from lactams and lactones; ii) at least one catalyst (K); iii) at least one activator (A);
comprising the following steps:
a) mixing of components (M), (K), and (A), and also optionally further components at a temperature of from 50 to 200° C.;
b) cooling of the mixture obtained in step a) to a temperature of from 0° C. to 60° C.;
c) optionally pelletization of the cooled mixture. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the composition (C) comprises at least one further component selected from fillers and/or reinforcing materials (F), polymers (P), and further additions (Z). 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein monomer (M) used comprises at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of caprolactam, piperidone, pyrrolidone, laurolactam, and caprolactone. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein catalyst (K) used comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of sodium caprolactamate, potassium caprolactamate, magnesium bromide caprolactamate, magnesium chloride caprolactamate, magnesium biscaprolactamate, sodium hydride, sodium, sodium hydroxide, sodium ethanolate, sodium methanolate, sodium propanolate, sodium butanolate, potassium hydride, potassium, potassium hydroxide, potassium methanolate, potassium ethanolate, potassium propanolate, and potassium butanolate. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein activator (A) used comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of aliphatic diisocyanates, aromatic diisocyanates, polyisocyanates, aliphatic diacyl halides, and aromatic diacyl halides. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the mixture is cooled in step b) to a temperature of from 0° C. to 60° C. within a period of from 1 to 60 seconds. 7. A process for producing a polyamide molding via anionic polymerization, where the polymerization process uses at least one monomer (M1) which has been selected from lactams and lactones and which, prior to the start of the polymerization process, has been processed with at least one additive (X1) to give pellets, and where the pellets comprising at least one monomer (M1) are then polymerized, where the mixture made of monomer (M1) with additive (X1) is optionally mixed in solid form or melt prior to or during the polymerization process with at least one further monomer (M2) selected from lactams and lactones and/or at least one further additive (X2). 8. The process for producing a polyamide molding according to claim 7, where the at least one monomer (M1) and the optional further monomer (M2) have respectively been selected mutually independently from the group comprising lactams having from 6 to 16 carbon atoms in the ring. 9. The process for producing a polyamide molding according to claim 7, where the processing of the at least one monomer (M1) with the at least one additive (X1) to give pellets takes place via mixing of the dry components. 10. The process for producing a polyamide molding according to claim 7, where the polyamide molding comprises a filler and/or of reinforcing material in the range from 30 to 90% by weight. 11. A process for producing a polyamide molding, where a composition (C) comprising
i) at least one monomer (M) selected from lactams and lactones; ii) at least one catalyst (K); iii) at least one activator (A); obtainable via a process comprising the following steps: a) mixing of components (M), (K), and (A), and also optionally further components at a temperature of from 50 to 200° C.; b) cooling of the mixture obtained in step a) to a temperature of from 0° C. to 60° C.; c) optionally pelletization of the cooled mixture; is polymerized via heating to a temperature of from 120 to 250° C. 12. The process for producing a polyamide molding according to claim 11 comprising the following steps:
i) melting the composition (C) at a temperature of from 50° C. to 200° C.;
j) charging the molten composition (C) to a mold cavity;
k) polymerizing the composition (C) via heating to a temperature of from 120° C. to 250° C. 13. The process for producing a polyamide molding according to claim 11, wherein the polyamide molding comprises a filler and/or of reinforcing material in the range from 30 to 90% by weight. 14. A polyamide molding obtainable via a process according to claim 7. 15. A polyamide molding obtainable via a process according to claim 11. | A process for producing an activated monomer composition comprising at least one lactam and/or lactone, one catalyst, and one activator permits storage of the resultant monomer composition, since this is stable with respect to polymerization. Said monomer composition is used inter alia in producing a polyamide molding via ring-opening, anionic polymerization.1. A process for producing a composition (C) comprising the following components:
i) at least one monomer (M) selected from lactams and lactones; ii) at least one catalyst (K); iii) at least one activator (A);
comprising the following steps:
a) mixing of components (M), (K), and (A), and also optionally further components at a temperature of from 50 to 200° C.;
b) cooling of the mixture obtained in step a) to a temperature of from 0° C. to 60° C.;
c) optionally pelletization of the cooled mixture. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the composition (C) comprises at least one further component selected from fillers and/or reinforcing materials (F), polymers (P), and further additions (Z). 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein monomer (M) used comprises at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of caprolactam, piperidone, pyrrolidone, laurolactam, and caprolactone. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein catalyst (K) used comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of sodium caprolactamate, potassium caprolactamate, magnesium bromide caprolactamate, magnesium chloride caprolactamate, magnesium biscaprolactamate, sodium hydride, sodium, sodium hydroxide, sodium ethanolate, sodium methanolate, sodium propanolate, sodium butanolate, potassium hydride, potassium, potassium hydroxide, potassium methanolate, potassium ethanolate, potassium propanolate, and potassium butanolate. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein activator (A) used comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of aliphatic diisocyanates, aromatic diisocyanates, polyisocyanates, aliphatic diacyl halides, and aromatic diacyl halides. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the mixture is cooled in step b) to a temperature of from 0° C. to 60° C. within a period of from 1 to 60 seconds. 7. A process for producing a polyamide molding via anionic polymerization, where the polymerization process uses at least one monomer (M1) which has been selected from lactams and lactones and which, prior to the start of the polymerization process, has been processed with at least one additive (X1) to give pellets, and where the pellets comprising at least one monomer (M1) are then polymerized, where the mixture made of monomer (M1) with additive (X1) is optionally mixed in solid form or melt prior to or during the polymerization process with at least one further monomer (M2) selected from lactams and lactones and/or at least one further additive (X2). 8. The process for producing a polyamide molding according to claim 7, where the at least one monomer (M1) and the optional further monomer (M2) have respectively been selected mutually independently from the group comprising lactams having from 6 to 16 carbon atoms in the ring. 9. The process for producing a polyamide molding according to claim 7, where the processing of the at least one monomer (M1) with the at least one additive (X1) to give pellets takes place via mixing of the dry components. 10. The process for producing a polyamide molding according to claim 7, where the polyamide molding comprises a filler and/or of reinforcing material in the range from 30 to 90% by weight. 11. A process for producing a polyamide molding, where a composition (C) comprising
i) at least one monomer (M) selected from lactams and lactones; ii) at least one catalyst (K); iii) at least one activator (A); obtainable via a process comprising the following steps: a) mixing of components (M), (K), and (A), and also optionally further components at a temperature of from 50 to 200° C.; b) cooling of the mixture obtained in step a) to a temperature of from 0° C. to 60° C.; c) optionally pelletization of the cooled mixture; is polymerized via heating to a temperature of from 120 to 250° C. 12. The process for producing a polyamide molding according to claim 11 comprising the following steps:
i) melting the composition (C) at a temperature of from 50° C. to 200° C.;
j) charging the molten composition (C) to a mold cavity;
k) polymerizing the composition (C) via heating to a temperature of from 120° C. to 250° C. 13. The process for producing a polyamide molding according to claim 11, wherein the polyamide molding comprises a filler and/or of reinforcing material in the range from 30 to 90% by weight. 14. A polyamide molding obtainable via a process according to claim 7. 15. A polyamide molding obtainable via a process according to claim 11. | 1,700 |
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