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2,300 | 14,484,572 | 1,713 | A process for providing a topography to the surface of a dental implant, the surface being made of a ceramic material having yttria-stabilized zirconia, the process including: providing a macroscopic roughness to the surface of the dental implant by a mechanical process and/or injection molding technique; and etching at least a part of the roughened surface, wherein etching is carried out using an etching solution having hydrofluoric acid at a temperature of 70° C. at least, such that discrete grains or agglomerates of grains are removed from the yttria-stabilized zirconia, thereby forming recesses and cavities in the roughened surface is disclosed. | 1-24. (canceled) 25. Process for providing a topography to the surface of a dental implant, said surface being made of a ceramic material comprising yttria-stabilized zirconia, the process comprising:
providing a macroscopic roughness to the surface of the dental implant by a mechanical process and/or injection molding technique; and etching at least a part of the roughened surface, wherein etching is carried out using an etching solution comprising hydrofluoric acid at a temperature of 70° C. at least, such that discrete grains or agglomerates of grains are removed from the yttria-stabilized zirconia, thereby forming recesses and cavities in the roughened surface. 26. Process according to claim 25, wherein the ceramic material consists of yttria-stabilized zirconia. 27. Process according to claim 25, wherein the composition of the yttria-stabilized zirconia comprises 4.5 to 5.5 weight-% of Y2O2 and less than 5 weight-% of HfO2, the total amount of ZrO2, Y2O2 and HfO2 being more than 99.0 weight-%. 28. Process according to claim 25, wherein the yttria-stabilized zirconia has an average grain size from 0.1 μm to 0.6 μm. 29. Process according to claim 25, wherein the macroscopic roughness is provided by sandblasting, milling or injection molding technique. 30. Process according to claim 25, wherein the etching solution comprises at least 50 vol.-% of concentrated hydrofluoric acid. 31. Process according to claim 25, wherein the etching solution further comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, nitric acid, ammonium fluoride, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide and bromic acid. 32. Process according to claim 25, wherein the etching solution further comprises sulfuric acid in an amount up to and including 50 vol.-%. 33. Process according to claim 25, wherein the etching is performed for about 1 minute to about 60 minutes. 34. Process according to claim 25, wherein crater structures are formed by the removal of the discrete grains or agglomerates of grains. 35. Process according to claim 25, the topography being defined by a Core Roughness Depth Sk of less than 1 μm. 36. Process according to claim 25, the topography being defined by a Skewness Ssk of less than 0. 37. Process according to claim 25, wherein the etching is followed by washing the dental implant for removing grains and/or grain agglomerates that loosely adhere to the surface. 38. Process according to claim 25, wherein the etching is performed for about 20 minutes to about 40 minutes. 39. Process according to claim 25, wherein the etching is performed for about 30 minutes. 40. Process for providing crater structures to the surface of a dental implant made of a ceramic material comprising yttria-stabilized zirconia by etching the ceramic material, wherein etching is carried out using an etching solution comprising hydrofluoric acid at a temperature of 70° C. at least, such that discrete grains or agglomerates of grains are removed from the yttria-stabilized zirconia. 41. Process according to claim 40, wherein the ceramic material consists of yttria-stabilized zirconia. 42. Process according to claim 40, wherein the composition of the yttria-stabilized zirconia comprises 4.5 to 5.5 weight-% of Y2O3 and less than 5 weight-% of HfO2, the total amount of ZrO2, Y2O3 and HfO2 being more than 99.0 weight-%. 43. Process according to claim 40, wherein the yttria-stabilized zirconia has an average grain size from 0.1 μm to 0.6 μm. 44. Process according to claim 40, wherein prior to the etching a macroscopic roughness is provided to the surface of the dental implant by a mechanical process and/or injection molding technique. 45. Process according to claim 40, wherein the macroscopic roughness is provided by sandblasting, milling or injection molding technique. 46. Process according to claim 40, wherein the etching solution comprises at least 50 vol.-% of concentrated hydrofluoric acid. 47. Process according to claim 40, wherein the etching solution further comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, nitric acid, ammonium fluoride, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide and bromic acid. 48. Process according to claim 40, wherein the etching solution further comprises sulfuric acid in an amount up to and including 50 vol.-%. 49. Process according to claim 40, wherein the etching is performed for about 1 minute to about 60 minutes. 50. Process according to claim 40, wherein the etching is followed by washing the dental implant for removing grains and/or grain agglomerates that loosely adhere to the surface. 51. Process according to claim 40, wherein the etching is performed for about 20 minutes to about 40 minutes. 52. Process according to claim 40, wherein the etching is performed for about 30 minutes. 53. A Dental implant made by the process of claim 25. 54. Dental implant according to claim 53, the dental implant is a one-part dental implant. | A process for providing a topography to the surface of a dental implant, the surface being made of a ceramic material having yttria-stabilized zirconia, the process including: providing a macroscopic roughness to the surface of the dental implant by a mechanical process and/or injection molding technique; and etching at least a part of the roughened surface, wherein etching is carried out using an etching solution having hydrofluoric acid at a temperature of 70° C. at least, such that discrete grains or agglomerates of grains are removed from the yttria-stabilized zirconia, thereby forming recesses and cavities in the roughened surface is disclosed.1-24. (canceled) 25. Process for providing a topography to the surface of a dental implant, said surface being made of a ceramic material comprising yttria-stabilized zirconia, the process comprising:
providing a macroscopic roughness to the surface of the dental implant by a mechanical process and/or injection molding technique; and etching at least a part of the roughened surface, wherein etching is carried out using an etching solution comprising hydrofluoric acid at a temperature of 70° C. at least, such that discrete grains or agglomerates of grains are removed from the yttria-stabilized zirconia, thereby forming recesses and cavities in the roughened surface. 26. Process according to claim 25, wherein the ceramic material consists of yttria-stabilized zirconia. 27. Process according to claim 25, wherein the composition of the yttria-stabilized zirconia comprises 4.5 to 5.5 weight-% of Y2O2 and less than 5 weight-% of HfO2, the total amount of ZrO2, Y2O2 and HfO2 being more than 99.0 weight-%. 28. Process according to claim 25, wherein the yttria-stabilized zirconia has an average grain size from 0.1 μm to 0.6 μm. 29. Process according to claim 25, wherein the macroscopic roughness is provided by sandblasting, milling or injection molding technique. 30. Process according to claim 25, wherein the etching solution comprises at least 50 vol.-% of concentrated hydrofluoric acid. 31. Process according to claim 25, wherein the etching solution further comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, nitric acid, ammonium fluoride, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide and bromic acid. 32. Process according to claim 25, wherein the etching solution further comprises sulfuric acid in an amount up to and including 50 vol.-%. 33. Process according to claim 25, wherein the etching is performed for about 1 minute to about 60 minutes. 34. Process according to claim 25, wherein crater structures are formed by the removal of the discrete grains or agglomerates of grains. 35. Process according to claim 25, the topography being defined by a Core Roughness Depth Sk of less than 1 μm. 36. Process according to claim 25, the topography being defined by a Skewness Ssk of less than 0. 37. Process according to claim 25, wherein the etching is followed by washing the dental implant for removing grains and/or grain agglomerates that loosely adhere to the surface. 38. Process according to claim 25, wherein the etching is performed for about 20 minutes to about 40 minutes. 39. Process according to claim 25, wherein the etching is performed for about 30 minutes. 40. Process for providing crater structures to the surface of a dental implant made of a ceramic material comprising yttria-stabilized zirconia by etching the ceramic material, wherein etching is carried out using an etching solution comprising hydrofluoric acid at a temperature of 70° C. at least, such that discrete grains or agglomerates of grains are removed from the yttria-stabilized zirconia. 41. Process according to claim 40, wherein the ceramic material consists of yttria-stabilized zirconia. 42. Process according to claim 40, wherein the composition of the yttria-stabilized zirconia comprises 4.5 to 5.5 weight-% of Y2O3 and less than 5 weight-% of HfO2, the total amount of ZrO2, Y2O3 and HfO2 being more than 99.0 weight-%. 43. Process according to claim 40, wherein the yttria-stabilized zirconia has an average grain size from 0.1 μm to 0.6 μm. 44. Process according to claim 40, wherein prior to the etching a macroscopic roughness is provided to the surface of the dental implant by a mechanical process and/or injection molding technique. 45. Process according to claim 40, wherein the macroscopic roughness is provided by sandblasting, milling or injection molding technique. 46. Process according to claim 40, wherein the etching solution comprises at least 50 vol.-% of concentrated hydrofluoric acid. 47. Process according to claim 40, wherein the etching solution further comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, nitric acid, ammonium fluoride, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide and bromic acid. 48. Process according to claim 40, wherein the etching solution further comprises sulfuric acid in an amount up to and including 50 vol.-%. 49. Process according to claim 40, wherein the etching is performed for about 1 minute to about 60 minutes. 50. Process according to claim 40, wherein the etching is followed by washing the dental implant for removing grains and/or grain agglomerates that loosely adhere to the surface. 51. Process according to claim 40, wherein the etching is performed for about 20 minutes to about 40 minutes. 52. Process according to claim 40, wherein the etching is performed for about 30 minutes. 53. A Dental implant made by the process of claim 25. 54. Dental implant according to claim 53, the dental implant is a one-part dental implant. | 1,700 |
2,301 | 14,020,774 | 1,716 | A tunable ring assembly, a plasma processing chamber having a tunable ring assembly and method for tuning a plasma process is provided. In one embodiment, a tunable ring assembly includes an outer ceramic ring having an exposed top surface and a bottom surface and an inner silicon ring configured to mate with the outer ceramic ring to define an overlap region, the inner silicon ring having an inner surface, a top surface and a notch formed between the inner surface and the top surface, the inner surface defining an inner diameter of the ring assembly, the notch is sized to accept an edge of a substrate, an outer portion of the top surface of the inner silicon ring configured to contact in the overlap region and underlying an inner portion of the bottom surface of the outer ceramic ring. | 1. A ring assembly comprising:
an outer ceramic ring having an exposed top surface and a bottom surface; and an inner silicon ring configured to mate with the outer ceramic ring to define an overlap region, the inner silicon ring having an inner surface, a top surface and a notch formed between the inner surface and the top surface, the inner surface defining an inner diameter of the ring assembly, the notch is sized to accept an edge of a substrate, an outer portion of the top surface of the inner silicon ring configured to contact in the overlap region and underlying an inner portion of the bottom surface of the outer ceramic ring. 2. The ring assembly of claim 1 further comprises a middle ceramic ring underlying the overlap region of the inner silicon ring underlying the inner portion of the bottom surface of the outer ceramic ring. 3. The ring assembly of claim 1 wherein the overlap region extends to the notch. 4. The ring assembly of claim 1 wherein the overlap region has a radial dimension between about zero and about 30 mm. 5. The ring assembly of claim 1 wherein the outer ceramic ring extends along the inner silicon ring to about 30 mm from the notch. 6. The ring assembly of claim 1 wherein the top surface of the inner silicon ring includes an angled surface facing radially outward and upward from the notch. 7. The ring assembly of claim 6 wherein the angled surface is oriented at about 45 degrees relative to the top surface of the inner silicon ring. 8. A plasma processing chamber comprising:
a chamber body; a substrate support pedestal disposed in the chamber body and having a cathode electrode disposed therein; a ring assembly disposed on the substrate support pedestal, the ring assembly comprising:
an outer ceramic ring having an exposed top surface and a bottom surface; and
an inner silicon ring configured to mate with the outer ceramic ring to define an overlap region, the inner silicon ring having an inner surface, a top surface and a notch formed between the inner surface and the top surface, the inner surface defining an inner diameter of the ring assembly, the notch is sized to accept an edge of a substrate, an outer portion of the top surface of the inner silicon ring configured to contact in the overlap region and underlying an inner portion of the bottom surface of the outer ceramic ring and wherein the overlap is disposed over the cathode electrode. 9. The plasma processing chamber of claim 8, wherein the cathode electrode extends beyond the inner silicon ring. 10. The plasma processing chamber of claim 8, further comprises a middle ceramic ring underlying the overlap region of the inner silicon ring underlying the inner portion of the bottom surface of the outer ceramic ring. 11. The plasma processing chamber of claim 8, wherein the overlap region extends to the notch. 12. The plasma processing chamber of claim 8, wherein the overlap region has a radial dimension between about zero and about 30 mm. 13. The plasma processing chamber of claim 8, wherein the outer ceramic ring extends along the inner silicon ring to about 30 mm from the notch. 14. The plasma processing chamber of claim 8, wherein the top surface of the inner silicon ring includes an angled surface facing radially outward and upward from the notch. 15. The plasma processing chamber of claim 14, wherein the angled surface is oriented at about 45 degrees relative to the top surface of the inner silicon ring. 16. A method for tuning an etch rate with a ring assembly, the method comprising:
etching a first substrate circumscribed by the ring assembly, the ring assembly having a ceramic outer ring and a silicon inner ring mating to define an overlap region; replacing at least one of the ceramic outer ring and the silicon inner ring to change the overlap region; and etching a second substrate in the presence of the ring assembly having the changed overlap region. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein replacing comprises:
increasing a dimension of the overlap region. 18. The method of claim 16 wherein replacing comprises:
decreasing a dimension of the overlap region. 19. The method of claim 16 wherein etching the first substrate comprises:
energizing a cathode electrode to drive oxygen from the ceramic outer ring. | A tunable ring assembly, a plasma processing chamber having a tunable ring assembly and method for tuning a plasma process is provided. In one embodiment, a tunable ring assembly includes an outer ceramic ring having an exposed top surface and a bottom surface and an inner silicon ring configured to mate with the outer ceramic ring to define an overlap region, the inner silicon ring having an inner surface, a top surface and a notch formed between the inner surface and the top surface, the inner surface defining an inner diameter of the ring assembly, the notch is sized to accept an edge of a substrate, an outer portion of the top surface of the inner silicon ring configured to contact in the overlap region and underlying an inner portion of the bottom surface of the outer ceramic ring.1. A ring assembly comprising:
an outer ceramic ring having an exposed top surface and a bottom surface; and an inner silicon ring configured to mate with the outer ceramic ring to define an overlap region, the inner silicon ring having an inner surface, a top surface and a notch formed between the inner surface and the top surface, the inner surface defining an inner diameter of the ring assembly, the notch is sized to accept an edge of a substrate, an outer portion of the top surface of the inner silicon ring configured to contact in the overlap region and underlying an inner portion of the bottom surface of the outer ceramic ring. 2. The ring assembly of claim 1 further comprises a middle ceramic ring underlying the overlap region of the inner silicon ring underlying the inner portion of the bottom surface of the outer ceramic ring. 3. The ring assembly of claim 1 wherein the overlap region extends to the notch. 4. The ring assembly of claim 1 wherein the overlap region has a radial dimension between about zero and about 30 mm. 5. The ring assembly of claim 1 wherein the outer ceramic ring extends along the inner silicon ring to about 30 mm from the notch. 6. The ring assembly of claim 1 wherein the top surface of the inner silicon ring includes an angled surface facing radially outward and upward from the notch. 7. The ring assembly of claim 6 wherein the angled surface is oriented at about 45 degrees relative to the top surface of the inner silicon ring. 8. A plasma processing chamber comprising:
a chamber body; a substrate support pedestal disposed in the chamber body and having a cathode electrode disposed therein; a ring assembly disposed on the substrate support pedestal, the ring assembly comprising:
an outer ceramic ring having an exposed top surface and a bottom surface; and
an inner silicon ring configured to mate with the outer ceramic ring to define an overlap region, the inner silicon ring having an inner surface, a top surface and a notch formed between the inner surface and the top surface, the inner surface defining an inner diameter of the ring assembly, the notch is sized to accept an edge of a substrate, an outer portion of the top surface of the inner silicon ring configured to contact in the overlap region and underlying an inner portion of the bottom surface of the outer ceramic ring and wherein the overlap is disposed over the cathode electrode. 9. The plasma processing chamber of claim 8, wherein the cathode electrode extends beyond the inner silicon ring. 10. The plasma processing chamber of claim 8, further comprises a middle ceramic ring underlying the overlap region of the inner silicon ring underlying the inner portion of the bottom surface of the outer ceramic ring. 11. The plasma processing chamber of claim 8, wherein the overlap region extends to the notch. 12. The plasma processing chamber of claim 8, wherein the overlap region has a radial dimension between about zero and about 30 mm. 13. The plasma processing chamber of claim 8, wherein the outer ceramic ring extends along the inner silicon ring to about 30 mm from the notch. 14. The plasma processing chamber of claim 8, wherein the top surface of the inner silicon ring includes an angled surface facing radially outward and upward from the notch. 15. The plasma processing chamber of claim 14, wherein the angled surface is oriented at about 45 degrees relative to the top surface of the inner silicon ring. 16. A method for tuning an etch rate with a ring assembly, the method comprising:
etching a first substrate circumscribed by the ring assembly, the ring assembly having a ceramic outer ring and a silicon inner ring mating to define an overlap region; replacing at least one of the ceramic outer ring and the silicon inner ring to change the overlap region; and etching a second substrate in the presence of the ring assembly having the changed overlap region. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein replacing comprises:
increasing a dimension of the overlap region. 18. The method of claim 16 wherein replacing comprises:
decreasing a dimension of the overlap region. 19. The method of claim 16 wherein etching the first substrate comprises:
energizing a cathode electrode to drive oxygen from the ceramic outer ring. | 1,700 |
2,302 | 13,953,294 | 1,773 | An apparatus and a system is provided that may be utilized to provide stability to air flow through a hood scoop. The present invention may also be utilized to straighten and smooth out air flow through a hood scoop and accompanying air filter media. The present invention utilizes an air filtration media which may be inserted into at least a portion of a vehicle hood scoop and may filter out particulate and may also slow air flow down temporarily in order to straighten and/or smooth turbulent air flow through the air filtration media. Additionally, the present invention may provide an apparatus that may facilitate more uniform pressure inside the hood scoop of the vehicle | 1. An apparatus for filtering and straightening air flow through a filtration media, the apparatus comprising:
a hood scoop mounted on a vehicle; and a filtration media capable of filtering particulate from entering air wherein said filtration media is mounted into the hood scoop of the vehicle. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the filtration media is a vehicle air filter. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising:
an air filtration media wherein the air filtration media has a plurality of honeycomb openings thereon. 4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the hood scoop of the vehicle has an opening thereon whereby the opening is utilized to accommodate intake of air into the engine of the vehicle. 5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the hood scoop of the vehicle has an opening thereon whereby the opening is utilized to accommodate intake of air into the engine of the vehicle and further wherein the filtration media is located in the opening of the hood scoop. 6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the filtration media is located just inside the opening of the hood scoop. 7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the filtration media is mounted in a vertical plane to the outside opening of the hood scoop whereby air entering the hood scoop would defaultly encounter the filtration media before it could further enter the engine of a vehicle and further wherein the filtration media is in direct contact with air flow outside a vehicle. 8. A system for filtration and straightening of air flow into a vehicle engine, the system comprising:
a hood scoop mounted onto a vehicle; and an air filtration media having a front portion and a rear portion whereby the air filtration media is adapted to be releasably attached to the hood scoop mounted onto a vehicle. 9. The system of claim 8 wherein the air filtration media is capable of smoothing and straightening incoming air. 10. The system of claim 8 wherein the air flow entering the air filtration media may be turbulent and further wherein the air filtration is capable of providing uniform air pressure exiting from the rear portion of the media. 11. The system of claim 8 wherein the air filtration media may have at least one side wherein the at least one side is adaptable for fitment against the inside edge of the hood scoop. 12. The system of claim 8 wherein the air filtration media may utilize a plurality of honeycomb openings thereon to stabilize incoming turbulent air directed at the front portion of the air filtration media. 13. The system of claim 8 wherein the air filtration media is substantially fully exposed to air flow entirely outside of the vehicle. 14. The system of claim 8 wherein the air filtration media covers the entire width of the opening in a hood scoop mounted on a vehicle. 15. The system of claim 8 wherein the hood scoop is attached to the front portion of the vehicle in a position above the hood of the vehicle. 16. A method for utilizing a filtration and laminar air flow system, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a vehicle hood scoop mounted to a portion of the vehicle whereby the hood scoop has an opening thereon to accommodate air flow from outside the vehicle and to direct said air flow to the engine of the vehicle; and providing an air filtration media whereby the air filtration media is utilized to filter particulate and to stabilize air pressure entering the vehicle. 17. The method of claim 16 further comprising the step of:
utilizing a plurality of honeycomb shaped openings on the air filtration media to allow for laminar air flow of incoming air, whereby the shape of the openings allows for smoothing and straightening of incoming air into the back portion of the hood scoop and further into the engine of the vehicle. 18. The method of claim 16 further comprising the step of:
providing an air filtration media having a front portion and a rear portion whereby the front portion is adapted to direct at all incoming air flow into the hood scoop and further wherein the air released from the rear portion of the air filtration media is allowed to enter the engine of the vehicle. 19. The method of claim 16 further comprising the step of:
allowing said air filtration media to slow down air speed through the filtration media to provide a more uniform pressure inside the hood scoop. 20. The method of claim 16 further comprising the step of:
allowing for movement of the air filtration media within the hood scoop to maximize air flow into the engine of the vehicle. | An apparatus and a system is provided that may be utilized to provide stability to air flow through a hood scoop. The present invention may also be utilized to straighten and smooth out air flow through a hood scoop and accompanying air filter media. The present invention utilizes an air filtration media which may be inserted into at least a portion of a vehicle hood scoop and may filter out particulate and may also slow air flow down temporarily in order to straighten and/or smooth turbulent air flow through the air filtration media. Additionally, the present invention may provide an apparatus that may facilitate more uniform pressure inside the hood scoop of the vehicle1. An apparatus for filtering and straightening air flow through a filtration media, the apparatus comprising:
a hood scoop mounted on a vehicle; and a filtration media capable of filtering particulate from entering air wherein said filtration media is mounted into the hood scoop of the vehicle. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the filtration media is a vehicle air filter. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising:
an air filtration media wherein the air filtration media has a plurality of honeycomb openings thereon. 4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the hood scoop of the vehicle has an opening thereon whereby the opening is utilized to accommodate intake of air into the engine of the vehicle. 5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the hood scoop of the vehicle has an opening thereon whereby the opening is utilized to accommodate intake of air into the engine of the vehicle and further wherein the filtration media is located in the opening of the hood scoop. 6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the filtration media is located just inside the opening of the hood scoop. 7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the filtration media is mounted in a vertical plane to the outside opening of the hood scoop whereby air entering the hood scoop would defaultly encounter the filtration media before it could further enter the engine of a vehicle and further wherein the filtration media is in direct contact with air flow outside a vehicle. 8. A system for filtration and straightening of air flow into a vehicle engine, the system comprising:
a hood scoop mounted onto a vehicle; and an air filtration media having a front portion and a rear portion whereby the air filtration media is adapted to be releasably attached to the hood scoop mounted onto a vehicle. 9. The system of claim 8 wherein the air filtration media is capable of smoothing and straightening incoming air. 10. The system of claim 8 wherein the air flow entering the air filtration media may be turbulent and further wherein the air filtration is capable of providing uniform air pressure exiting from the rear portion of the media. 11. The system of claim 8 wherein the air filtration media may have at least one side wherein the at least one side is adaptable for fitment against the inside edge of the hood scoop. 12. The system of claim 8 wherein the air filtration media may utilize a plurality of honeycomb openings thereon to stabilize incoming turbulent air directed at the front portion of the air filtration media. 13. The system of claim 8 wherein the air filtration media is substantially fully exposed to air flow entirely outside of the vehicle. 14. The system of claim 8 wherein the air filtration media covers the entire width of the opening in a hood scoop mounted on a vehicle. 15. The system of claim 8 wherein the hood scoop is attached to the front portion of the vehicle in a position above the hood of the vehicle. 16. A method for utilizing a filtration and laminar air flow system, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a vehicle hood scoop mounted to a portion of the vehicle whereby the hood scoop has an opening thereon to accommodate air flow from outside the vehicle and to direct said air flow to the engine of the vehicle; and providing an air filtration media whereby the air filtration media is utilized to filter particulate and to stabilize air pressure entering the vehicle. 17. The method of claim 16 further comprising the step of:
utilizing a plurality of honeycomb shaped openings on the air filtration media to allow for laminar air flow of incoming air, whereby the shape of the openings allows for smoothing and straightening of incoming air into the back portion of the hood scoop and further into the engine of the vehicle. 18. The method of claim 16 further comprising the step of:
providing an air filtration media having a front portion and a rear portion whereby the front portion is adapted to direct at all incoming air flow into the hood scoop and further wherein the air released from the rear portion of the air filtration media is allowed to enter the engine of the vehicle. 19. The method of claim 16 further comprising the step of:
allowing said air filtration media to slow down air speed through the filtration media to provide a more uniform pressure inside the hood scoop. 20. The method of claim 16 further comprising the step of:
allowing for movement of the air filtration media within the hood scoop to maximize air flow into the engine of the vehicle. | 1,700 |
2,303 | 13,808,109 | 1,781 | Nonwoven electret fibrous webs including randomly oriented discrete fibers comprising electret fibers, the webs including a multiplicity of non-hollow projections extending from a major surface of the nonwoven electret fibrous web, and a multiplicity of substantially planar land areas formed between each adjoining projection in a plane defined by and substantially parallel with the major surface. In some exemplary embodiments, the randomly oriented discrete fibers include multi-component fibers having at least a first region having a first melting temperature and a second region having a second melting temperature, wherein the first melting temperature is less than the second melting temperature. At least a portion of the oriented discrete fibers are bonded together at a plurality of intersection points with the first region of the multi-component fibers. In certain embodiments, the patterned air-laid nonwoven electret fibrous webs include particulates. Methods of making and using patterned electret fibrous webs are also disclosed. | 1. A nonwoven electret fibrous web comprising:
a plurality of randomly oriented discrete fibers comprising electret fibers, the nonwoven electret fibrous web further comprising a plurality of non-hollow projections extending from a major surface of the nonwoven electret fibrous web, and a plurality of substantially planar land areas formed between each adjoining projection in a plane defined by and substantially parallel with the major surface, wherein the plurality of randomly oriented discrete fibers further comprises multi-component fibers having at least a first region having a first melting temperature and a second region having a second melting temperature, wherein the first melting temperature is less than the second melting temperature; further wherein at least a portion of the oriented discrete fibers are bonded together at a plurality of intersection points with the first region of the multi-component fibers. 2. A nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 1, wherein the multi-component fibers are present in the fibrous web in an amount of at least 10% by weight of the total weight of the nonwoven electret fibrous web. 3. A nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 1, wherein the multi-component fibers are present in the fibrous web in an amount greater than 0% and less than 10% by weight of the total weight of the nonwoven electret fibrous web. 4. A nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 1, wherein greater than 0% and less than 10% by weight of the plurality of oriented discrete fibers are multi-component fibers. 5-6. (canceled) 7. A nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of particulates, wherein at least a portion of the particulates is bonded to the at least first region of at least a portion of the multi-component fibers. 8. A nonwoven electret fibrous web comprising:
a plurality of randomly oriented discrete fibers comprising electret fibers, the nonwoven electret fibrous web further comprising a plurality of non-hollow projections extending from a major surface of the nonwoven electret fibrous web, and a plurality of substantially planar land areas formed between each adjoining projection in a plane defined by and substantially parallel with the major surface; wherein the plurality of randomly oriented discrete fibers further comprises a first population of monocomponent discrete thermoplastic fibers having a first melting temperature, and a second population of monocomponent discrete fibers having a second melting temperature greater than the first melting temperature, wherein at least a portion of the first population of monocomponent discrete fibers is bonded to at least a portion of the second population of monocomponent discrete fibers. 9. A nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 8, wherein the first population of monocomponent discrete thermoplastic fibers comprises greater than 0% and less than 10% wt. of the plurality of randomly oriented discrete fibers. 10. A nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 8, wherein the first population of monocomponent discrete thermoplastic fibers comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyester, polyamide, polyolefin, cyclic polyolefin, polyolefinic thermoplastic elastomers, poly(meth)acrylate, polyvinyl halide, polyacrylonitrile, polyurethane, polylactic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfone, polyoxymethylene, fluid crystalline polymer, and combinations thereof. 11. A nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 8, wherein the first melting temperature is at least 50° C., and further wherein the second melting temperature is at least 10° C. greater than the first melting temperature. 12. (canceled) 13. The nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 8, further comprising a plurality of particulates, wherein at least a portion of the particulates are bonded to at least a portion of the first population of monocomponent discrete fibers. 14. The nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 13, wherein the plurality of particulates comprises benefiting particulates selected from the group consisting of abrasive particulates, metal particulates, detergent particulates, surfactant particulates, biocide particulates, adsorbent particulates, absorbent particulates, microcapsules, and combinations thereof. 15. The nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 14, wherein the benefiting particulates comprise chemically active particulates selected from the group consisting of activated carbon particulates, activated alumina particulates, silica gel particulates, desiccant particulates, anion exchange resin particulates, cation exchange resin particulates, molecular sieve particulates, diatomaceous earth particulates, anti-microbial compound particulates, and combinations thereof. 16. The nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 15, wherein the chemically active particulates are distributed substantially throughout an entire thickness of the nonwoven electret fibrous web. 17. The nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 16, wherein the chemically active particulates are distributed substantially on a surface of the plurality of non-hollow projections. 18-22. (canceled) 23. The nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 8, wherein each of the plurality of non-hollow projections exhibits a cross-sectional geometric shape, taken in a direction substantially parallel to the first major surface of the nonwoven electret fibrous web, selected from the group consisting of a circle, an oval, a polygon, a helix, and combinations thereof. 24. The nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 8, wherein the plurality of non-hollow projections forms a two-dimensional array on the major surface of the nonwoven electret fibrous web. 25. The nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 8, further comprising a support layer selected from the group consisting of a screen a scrim, a mesh, a nonwoven fabric, a woven fabric, a knitted fabric, a foam layer, a porous film, a perforated film, an array of fibers, a melt-fibrillated fibrous web, a meltblown fibrous web, a spun bond fibrous web, an air-laid fibrous web, a wet-laid fibrous web, a carded fibrous web, a hydro-entangled fibrous web, and combinations thereof. 26. The nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 8, further comprising a fibrous cover layer comprising a plurality of microfibers, a plurality of sub-micrometer fibers, and combinations thereof 27-28. (canceled) 29. A method of making a nonwoven electret fibrous web, comprising:
providing a forming chamber having an upper end and a lower end; introducing a plurality of fibers comprising electret fibers into the upper end of the forming chamber; transporting a population of the fibers to the lower end of the forming chamber as substantially discrete fibers; and capturing the population of substantially discrete fibers as a nonwoven electret fibrous web having an identifiable pattern on a collector having a patterned surface, wherein the identifiable pattern comprises a plurality of non-hollow projections extending from a major surface of the nonwoven electret fibrous web, and a plurality of substantially planar land areas formed between each adjoining projection in a plane defined by and substantially parallel with the major surface, optionally further comprising bonding at least a portion of the plurality of fibers together without the use of an adhesive prior to removal of the web from the patterned collector surface, thereby causing the fibrous web to retain the identifiable pattern. 30. (canceled) 31. The method of claim 29, further comprising:
introducing a plurality of chemically active particulates into the forming chamber and mixing the plurality of discrete fibers with the plurality of chemically active particulates within the forming chamber to form a fibrous particulate mixture before capturing the population of substantially discrete fibers as a nonwoven electret fibrous web; and securing at least a portion of the chemically active particulates to the nonwoven electret fibrous web. 32-43. (canceled) | Nonwoven electret fibrous webs including randomly oriented discrete fibers comprising electret fibers, the webs including a multiplicity of non-hollow projections extending from a major surface of the nonwoven electret fibrous web, and a multiplicity of substantially planar land areas formed between each adjoining projection in a plane defined by and substantially parallel with the major surface. In some exemplary embodiments, the randomly oriented discrete fibers include multi-component fibers having at least a first region having a first melting temperature and a second region having a second melting temperature, wherein the first melting temperature is less than the second melting temperature. At least a portion of the oriented discrete fibers are bonded together at a plurality of intersection points with the first region of the multi-component fibers. In certain embodiments, the patterned air-laid nonwoven electret fibrous webs include particulates. Methods of making and using patterned electret fibrous webs are also disclosed.1. A nonwoven electret fibrous web comprising:
a plurality of randomly oriented discrete fibers comprising electret fibers, the nonwoven electret fibrous web further comprising a plurality of non-hollow projections extending from a major surface of the nonwoven electret fibrous web, and a plurality of substantially planar land areas formed between each adjoining projection in a plane defined by and substantially parallel with the major surface, wherein the plurality of randomly oriented discrete fibers further comprises multi-component fibers having at least a first region having a first melting temperature and a second region having a second melting temperature, wherein the first melting temperature is less than the second melting temperature; further wherein at least a portion of the oriented discrete fibers are bonded together at a plurality of intersection points with the first region of the multi-component fibers. 2. A nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 1, wherein the multi-component fibers are present in the fibrous web in an amount of at least 10% by weight of the total weight of the nonwoven electret fibrous web. 3. A nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 1, wherein the multi-component fibers are present in the fibrous web in an amount greater than 0% and less than 10% by weight of the total weight of the nonwoven electret fibrous web. 4. A nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 1, wherein greater than 0% and less than 10% by weight of the plurality of oriented discrete fibers are multi-component fibers. 5-6. (canceled) 7. A nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of particulates, wherein at least a portion of the particulates is bonded to the at least first region of at least a portion of the multi-component fibers. 8. A nonwoven electret fibrous web comprising:
a plurality of randomly oriented discrete fibers comprising electret fibers, the nonwoven electret fibrous web further comprising a plurality of non-hollow projections extending from a major surface of the nonwoven electret fibrous web, and a plurality of substantially planar land areas formed between each adjoining projection in a plane defined by and substantially parallel with the major surface; wherein the plurality of randomly oriented discrete fibers further comprises a first population of monocomponent discrete thermoplastic fibers having a first melting temperature, and a second population of monocomponent discrete fibers having a second melting temperature greater than the first melting temperature, wherein at least a portion of the first population of monocomponent discrete fibers is bonded to at least a portion of the second population of monocomponent discrete fibers. 9. A nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 8, wherein the first population of monocomponent discrete thermoplastic fibers comprises greater than 0% and less than 10% wt. of the plurality of randomly oriented discrete fibers. 10. A nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 8, wherein the first population of monocomponent discrete thermoplastic fibers comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyester, polyamide, polyolefin, cyclic polyolefin, polyolefinic thermoplastic elastomers, poly(meth)acrylate, polyvinyl halide, polyacrylonitrile, polyurethane, polylactic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfone, polyoxymethylene, fluid crystalline polymer, and combinations thereof. 11. A nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 8, wherein the first melting temperature is at least 50° C., and further wherein the second melting temperature is at least 10° C. greater than the first melting temperature. 12. (canceled) 13. The nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 8, further comprising a plurality of particulates, wherein at least a portion of the particulates are bonded to at least a portion of the first population of monocomponent discrete fibers. 14. The nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 13, wherein the plurality of particulates comprises benefiting particulates selected from the group consisting of abrasive particulates, metal particulates, detergent particulates, surfactant particulates, biocide particulates, adsorbent particulates, absorbent particulates, microcapsules, and combinations thereof. 15. The nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 14, wherein the benefiting particulates comprise chemically active particulates selected from the group consisting of activated carbon particulates, activated alumina particulates, silica gel particulates, desiccant particulates, anion exchange resin particulates, cation exchange resin particulates, molecular sieve particulates, diatomaceous earth particulates, anti-microbial compound particulates, and combinations thereof. 16. The nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 15, wherein the chemically active particulates are distributed substantially throughout an entire thickness of the nonwoven electret fibrous web. 17. The nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 16, wherein the chemically active particulates are distributed substantially on a surface of the plurality of non-hollow projections. 18-22. (canceled) 23. The nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 8, wherein each of the plurality of non-hollow projections exhibits a cross-sectional geometric shape, taken in a direction substantially parallel to the first major surface of the nonwoven electret fibrous web, selected from the group consisting of a circle, an oval, a polygon, a helix, and combinations thereof. 24. The nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 8, wherein the plurality of non-hollow projections forms a two-dimensional array on the major surface of the nonwoven electret fibrous web. 25. The nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 8, further comprising a support layer selected from the group consisting of a screen a scrim, a mesh, a nonwoven fabric, a woven fabric, a knitted fabric, a foam layer, a porous film, a perforated film, an array of fibers, a melt-fibrillated fibrous web, a meltblown fibrous web, a spun bond fibrous web, an air-laid fibrous web, a wet-laid fibrous web, a carded fibrous web, a hydro-entangled fibrous web, and combinations thereof. 26. The nonwoven electret fibrous web of claim 8, further comprising a fibrous cover layer comprising a plurality of microfibers, a plurality of sub-micrometer fibers, and combinations thereof 27-28. (canceled) 29. A method of making a nonwoven electret fibrous web, comprising:
providing a forming chamber having an upper end and a lower end; introducing a plurality of fibers comprising electret fibers into the upper end of the forming chamber; transporting a population of the fibers to the lower end of the forming chamber as substantially discrete fibers; and capturing the population of substantially discrete fibers as a nonwoven electret fibrous web having an identifiable pattern on a collector having a patterned surface, wherein the identifiable pattern comprises a plurality of non-hollow projections extending from a major surface of the nonwoven electret fibrous web, and a plurality of substantially planar land areas formed between each adjoining projection in a plane defined by and substantially parallel with the major surface, optionally further comprising bonding at least a portion of the plurality of fibers together without the use of an adhesive prior to removal of the web from the patterned collector surface, thereby causing the fibrous web to retain the identifiable pattern. 30. (canceled) 31. The method of claim 29, further comprising:
introducing a plurality of chemically active particulates into the forming chamber and mixing the plurality of discrete fibers with the plurality of chemically active particulates within the forming chamber to form a fibrous particulate mixture before capturing the population of substantially discrete fibers as a nonwoven electret fibrous web; and securing at least a portion of the chemically active particulates to the nonwoven electret fibrous web. 32-43. (canceled) | 1,700 |
2,304 | 15,184,513 | 1,783 | A membrane roofing system that includes a waterproof layer that protects an insulation layer and a granule coupled to the waterproof layer. The granule has a 60% or greater reflectivity that reduces transmission of ultraviolet light to the waterproof layer. The granule is coated in a fluorinated acrylic copolymer that resists adsorption and absorption of asphaltic chemicals by the granule from the waterproof layer. | 1. A membrane roofing system, comprising:
a waterproof layer configured to protect an insulation layer; and an aluminum silicate granule having a particle size between 0.2 mm-2.4 mm coupled to the waterproof layer, wherein the aluminum silicate granule has a 65% or greater reflectivity and is configured to reduce transmission of ultraviolet light to the waterproof layer, and wherein the aluminum silicate granule is, before coupling to the waterproof layer, coated in a cationic fluorinated (meth)acrylic copolymer that resists adsorption and absorption of asphaltic chemicals by the aluminum silicate granule from the waterproof layer. 2. The system of claim 1, comprising the insulation layer, wherein the waterproof layer couples to the insulation layer. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the aluminum silicate granule is porous. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the waterproof layer is an asphalt-based membrane. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the waterproof layer comprises a fiberglass, polyester or fiberglass/polyester matrix configured to reinforce the waterproof layer. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the reflectivity of the aluminum silicate granule is greater than 70%. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the reflectivity of the aluminum silicate granule is greater than 80%. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the fluorinated acrylic copolymer coating is at least 0.001% by weight of an uncoated aluminum silicate granule. 9. A built-up roofing system, comprising:
a first waterproof layer configured to protect an insulation layer; a first fiberglass layer configured to support the first waterproof layer; and an aluminum silicate granule having a particle size between 0.2 mm-2.4 mm coupled to the first waterproof layer, wherein the aluminum silicate granule has a 60% or greater reflectivity and is configured to reduce transmission of ultraviolet light to the first waterproof layer, and wherein the aluminum silicate granule is, before coupling to the first waterproof layer, coated in a fluorinated (meth)acrylic copolymer that resists adsorption and absorption of asphaltic chemicals by the aluminum silicate granule. 10. The system of claim 9, comprising a second waterproof layer. 11. The system of claim 9, comprising a second fiberglass, polyester, or fiberglass/polyester reinforced layer. 12. The system of claim 9, comprising the insulation layer. 13. The system of claim 9, wherein the aluminum silicate granule is porous. 14. The system of claim 9, wherein the first waterproof layer is an asphalt-based membrane. 15. The system of claim 9, wherein the reflectivity of the aluminum silicate granule is greater than 70%. 16. The system of claim 9, wherein the reflectivity of the aluminum silicate granule is greater than 80%. 17. The system of claim 9, wherein the fluorinated acrylic copolymer coating is at least 0.001% by weight of an uncoated aluminum silicate granule. 18. A method of manufacturing a roofing system, comprising:
coating an aluminum silicate granule having a particle size between 0.2 mm-2.4 mm and a reflectivity of 60%, wherein the coating comprises a fluorinated (meth) acrylic copolymer that resists adsorption and absorption of asphaltic chemicals by the aluminum silicate granule from a waterproof layer;
drying the coating on the aluminum silicate granule; and
coupling the coated aluminum silicate granule to the waterproof layer. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the waterproof layer is an asphalt-based membrane. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the coating is at least 0.001% by weight of an uncoated aluminum silicate granule of the fluorinated acrylic copolymer. | A membrane roofing system that includes a waterproof layer that protects an insulation layer and a granule coupled to the waterproof layer. The granule has a 60% or greater reflectivity that reduces transmission of ultraviolet light to the waterproof layer. The granule is coated in a fluorinated acrylic copolymer that resists adsorption and absorption of asphaltic chemicals by the granule from the waterproof layer.1. A membrane roofing system, comprising:
a waterproof layer configured to protect an insulation layer; and an aluminum silicate granule having a particle size between 0.2 mm-2.4 mm coupled to the waterproof layer, wherein the aluminum silicate granule has a 65% or greater reflectivity and is configured to reduce transmission of ultraviolet light to the waterproof layer, and wherein the aluminum silicate granule is, before coupling to the waterproof layer, coated in a cationic fluorinated (meth)acrylic copolymer that resists adsorption and absorption of asphaltic chemicals by the aluminum silicate granule from the waterproof layer. 2. The system of claim 1, comprising the insulation layer, wherein the waterproof layer couples to the insulation layer. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the aluminum silicate granule is porous. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the waterproof layer is an asphalt-based membrane. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the waterproof layer comprises a fiberglass, polyester or fiberglass/polyester matrix configured to reinforce the waterproof layer. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the reflectivity of the aluminum silicate granule is greater than 70%. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the reflectivity of the aluminum silicate granule is greater than 80%. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the fluorinated acrylic copolymer coating is at least 0.001% by weight of an uncoated aluminum silicate granule. 9. A built-up roofing system, comprising:
a first waterproof layer configured to protect an insulation layer; a first fiberglass layer configured to support the first waterproof layer; and an aluminum silicate granule having a particle size between 0.2 mm-2.4 mm coupled to the first waterproof layer, wherein the aluminum silicate granule has a 60% or greater reflectivity and is configured to reduce transmission of ultraviolet light to the first waterproof layer, and wherein the aluminum silicate granule is, before coupling to the first waterproof layer, coated in a fluorinated (meth)acrylic copolymer that resists adsorption and absorption of asphaltic chemicals by the aluminum silicate granule. 10. The system of claim 9, comprising a second waterproof layer. 11. The system of claim 9, comprising a second fiberglass, polyester, or fiberglass/polyester reinforced layer. 12. The system of claim 9, comprising the insulation layer. 13. The system of claim 9, wherein the aluminum silicate granule is porous. 14. The system of claim 9, wherein the first waterproof layer is an asphalt-based membrane. 15. The system of claim 9, wherein the reflectivity of the aluminum silicate granule is greater than 70%. 16. The system of claim 9, wherein the reflectivity of the aluminum silicate granule is greater than 80%. 17. The system of claim 9, wherein the fluorinated acrylic copolymer coating is at least 0.001% by weight of an uncoated aluminum silicate granule. 18. A method of manufacturing a roofing system, comprising:
coating an aluminum silicate granule having a particle size between 0.2 mm-2.4 mm and a reflectivity of 60%, wherein the coating comprises a fluorinated (meth) acrylic copolymer that resists adsorption and absorption of asphaltic chemicals by the aluminum silicate granule from a waterproof layer;
drying the coating on the aluminum silicate granule; and
coupling the coated aluminum silicate granule to the waterproof layer. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the waterproof layer is an asphalt-based membrane. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the coating is at least 0.001% by weight of an uncoated aluminum silicate granule of the fluorinated acrylic copolymer. | 1,700 |
2,305 | 14,648,389 | 1,761 | The invention provides a process for the production of a biomass hydrolysate suitable for the production of levulinic acid and formic acid, a biomass hydrolysate obtainable by said process, a process for the production of levulinic acid and formic acid from said biomass, and levulinic acid and formic acid obtainable by said process. The hydrolysis process includes a single hydrolysis step wherein a slurried biomass is subjected to a temperature of between 120 and 200° C., preferably between 160 and 190° C., for a time period of between 2 and 8 hours, preferably between 20 and 140 minutes at a mineral acid concentration of between 1-15 wt %. The process can be carried out starting from lignocellulosic biomass, and also from glucose and fructose. | 1. Process to produce a biomass hydrolysate, suitable for the production of levulinic acid and formic acid, said process comprising a single hydrolysis step, said hydrolysis step comprising:
subjecting a slurried biomass to a temperature of between 120 and 200° C., optionally between 160 and 190° C., for a time period of between 2 minutes and 8 hours, optionally between 20 and 140 minutes, optionally between 70 and 110 minutes, at a mineral acid concentration of between 1-15%. 2. Process according to claim 1 wherein the mineral acid is H2SO4 and wherein the temperature (K), the residence time (T, in min), and the H2SO4 concentration ([H2SO4], in wt %) are selected such that the outcome of equation I is between 0.21E-16 and 1.63E-16.
T*[H2SO4]* exp(−19000/T) (I) 3. Process according to claim 1 wherein the biomass is a lignocellulosic biomass. 4. Process according to claim 1 wherein the biomass comprises glucose or fructose or a combination thereof. 5. Process according to claim 1 wherein the hydrolysis is carried out in a plug-flow type reactor system. 6. Process according to claim 1 wherein the concentration of the biomass in the slurried biomass is between 15 and 50 wt % based on total weight of the slurried biomass. 7. Process according to claim 1 further comprising, prior to the hydrolysis step, an impregnation step. 8. A biomass hydrolysate obtainable by the process of of claim 1. | The invention provides a process for the production of a biomass hydrolysate suitable for the production of levulinic acid and formic acid, a biomass hydrolysate obtainable by said process, a process for the production of levulinic acid and formic acid from said biomass, and levulinic acid and formic acid obtainable by said process. The hydrolysis process includes a single hydrolysis step wherein a slurried biomass is subjected to a temperature of between 120 and 200° C., preferably between 160 and 190° C., for a time period of between 2 and 8 hours, preferably between 20 and 140 minutes at a mineral acid concentration of between 1-15 wt %. The process can be carried out starting from lignocellulosic biomass, and also from glucose and fructose.1. Process to produce a biomass hydrolysate, suitable for the production of levulinic acid and formic acid, said process comprising a single hydrolysis step, said hydrolysis step comprising:
subjecting a slurried biomass to a temperature of between 120 and 200° C., optionally between 160 and 190° C., for a time period of between 2 minutes and 8 hours, optionally between 20 and 140 minutes, optionally between 70 and 110 minutes, at a mineral acid concentration of between 1-15%. 2. Process according to claim 1 wherein the mineral acid is H2SO4 and wherein the temperature (K), the residence time (T, in min), and the H2SO4 concentration ([H2SO4], in wt %) are selected such that the outcome of equation I is between 0.21E-16 and 1.63E-16.
T*[H2SO4]* exp(−19000/T) (I) 3. Process according to claim 1 wherein the biomass is a lignocellulosic biomass. 4. Process according to claim 1 wherein the biomass comprises glucose or fructose or a combination thereof. 5. Process according to claim 1 wherein the hydrolysis is carried out in a plug-flow type reactor system. 6. Process according to claim 1 wherein the concentration of the biomass in the slurried biomass is between 15 and 50 wt % based on total weight of the slurried biomass. 7. Process according to claim 1 further comprising, prior to the hydrolysis step, an impregnation step. 8. A biomass hydrolysate obtainable by the process of of claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,306 | 14,610,394 | 1,781 | The present invention relates to a metal oxide scaffold comprising titanium oxide. The scaffolds of the invention are useful for implantation into a subject for tissue regeneration and for providing a framework for cell growth and stabilization to the regenerating tissue. The invention also relates to methods for producing such metal oxide scaffolds and their uses. | 1. A metal oxide scaffold comprising titanium oxide, said scaffold having a compression strength of about 0.1-150 MPa, wherein the titanium oxide constitutes 40-100 wt % and wherein the titanium oxide is formed from titanium oxide particles comprising less than about 10 ppm of contaminations of secondary and/or tertiary phosphates on the surface of the titanium oxide particles. 2. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1, wherein said compression strength is about 5-15 MPa. 3. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1 having a porosity of about 40-99% preferably 70-90%. 4. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1 having a pore size of about 10-3000 μm, preferably about 20-2000 μm, more preferably about 30-1500 μm and even more preferably about 30-700 μm. 5. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1 having a fractal dimension strut of about 2.0-3.0, preferably about 2.2-2.3. 6. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1 having an inner strut volume of about 0.001-3.0 μm3, preferably about 0.8-1.2 μm3. 7. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1, wherein said pore are interconnective or partially interconnective. 8. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1, further comprising a least one oxide of Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta and/or Al. 9. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1 wherein the titanium oxide constitutes 40-100 wt %, preferably 60-90 wt %, of the metal oxides present in the scaffold. 10. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1 comprising at least one surface which is at least partially covered with fluoride and/or fluorine. 11. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 10, wherein said fluoride is provided in an aqueous solution comprising HF, NaF and/or CaF2, in a gas phase and/or as a vapour. 12. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1 wherein the titanium oxide comprises less than about 10 ppm of contaminations of secondary and/or tertiary phosphates. 13. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1, wherein the titanium oxide comprises TiO2. 14. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1, wherein said metal oxide comprises one or more titanium oxides selected from TiO2, Ti3O, Ti2O, Ti3O2, TiO, Ti2O3, or Ti3O5. 15. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1, wherein the metal oxide consists of one or more oxides of titanium. 16. A metal oxide scaffold claim 15, wherein the oxide of titanium consists of TiO2. 17. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1 for the regeneration, repair, substitution and/or restoration of tissue, such as bone. 18. A medical implant comprising a metal oxide scaffold comprising titanium oxide, said scaffold having a compression strength of about 0.1-150 MPa, wherein the titanium oxide constitutes 40-100 wt % and wherein the titanium oxide is formed from titanium oxide particles comprising less than about 10 ppm of contaminations of secondary and/or tertiary phosphates on the surface of the titanium oxide particles. 19. A slurry for preparing a metal oxide scaffold comprising an aqueous solution of titanium oxide particles, said titanium oxide particles comprising less than about 10 ppm of contaminations of secondary and/or tertiary phosphates on the surface of the titanium oxide particles, wherein the titanium oxide constitutes 40-100 wt % of the titanium oxide particles. 20. (canceled) 21. A method for producing a metal oxide scaffold comprising the steps of
a) preparing a slurry of metal oxide comprising titanium oxide particles, wherein the oxide of titanium particles comprise less than about 10 ppm of contaminations of secondary and/or tertiary phosphates on the surface of the titanium oxide particles, wherein the titanium oxide constitutes 40-100 wt % of the titanium oxide particles, b) providing the slurry of step a) to a porous polymer structure c) allowing the slurry of step b) to solidify d) removing the porous polymer structure from the solidified metal oxide slurry. 22-40. (canceled) | The present invention relates to a metal oxide scaffold comprising titanium oxide. The scaffolds of the invention are useful for implantation into a subject for tissue regeneration and for providing a framework for cell growth and stabilization to the regenerating tissue. The invention also relates to methods for producing such metal oxide scaffolds and their uses.1. A metal oxide scaffold comprising titanium oxide, said scaffold having a compression strength of about 0.1-150 MPa, wherein the titanium oxide constitutes 40-100 wt % and wherein the titanium oxide is formed from titanium oxide particles comprising less than about 10 ppm of contaminations of secondary and/or tertiary phosphates on the surface of the titanium oxide particles. 2. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1, wherein said compression strength is about 5-15 MPa. 3. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1 having a porosity of about 40-99% preferably 70-90%. 4. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1 having a pore size of about 10-3000 μm, preferably about 20-2000 μm, more preferably about 30-1500 μm and even more preferably about 30-700 μm. 5. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1 having a fractal dimension strut of about 2.0-3.0, preferably about 2.2-2.3. 6. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1 having an inner strut volume of about 0.001-3.0 μm3, preferably about 0.8-1.2 μm3. 7. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1, wherein said pore are interconnective or partially interconnective. 8. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1, further comprising a least one oxide of Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta and/or Al. 9. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1 wherein the titanium oxide constitutes 40-100 wt %, preferably 60-90 wt %, of the metal oxides present in the scaffold. 10. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1 comprising at least one surface which is at least partially covered with fluoride and/or fluorine. 11. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 10, wherein said fluoride is provided in an aqueous solution comprising HF, NaF and/or CaF2, in a gas phase and/or as a vapour. 12. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1 wherein the titanium oxide comprises less than about 10 ppm of contaminations of secondary and/or tertiary phosphates. 13. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1, wherein the titanium oxide comprises TiO2. 14. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1, wherein said metal oxide comprises one or more titanium oxides selected from TiO2, Ti3O, Ti2O, Ti3O2, TiO, Ti2O3, or Ti3O5. 15. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1, wherein the metal oxide consists of one or more oxides of titanium. 16. A metal oxide scaffold claim 15, wherein the oxide of titanium consists of TiO2. 17. A metal oxide scaffold according to claim 1 for the regeneration, repair, substitution and/or restoration of tissue, such as bone. 18. A medical implant comprising a metal oxide scaffold comprising titanium oxide, said scaffold having a compression strength of about 0.1-150 MPa, wherein the titanium oxide constitutes 40-100 wt % and wherein the titanium oxide is formed from titanium oxide particles comprising less than about 10 ppm of contaminations of secondary and/or tertiary phosphates on the surface of the titanium oxide particles. 19. A slurry for preparing a metal oxide scaffold comprising an aqueous solution of titanium oxide particles, said titanium oxide particles comprising less than about 10 ppm of contaminations of secondary and/or tertiary phosphates on the surface of the titanium oxide particles, wherein the titanium oxide constitutes 40-100 wt % of the titanium oxide particles. 20. (canceled) 21. A method for producing a metal oxide scaffold comprising the steps of
a) preparing a slurry of metal oxide comprising titanium oxide particles, wherein the oxide of titanium particles comprise less than about 10 ppm of contaminations of secondary and/or tertiary phosphates on the surface of the titanium oxide particles, wherein the titanium oxide constitutes 40-100 wt % of the titanium oxide particles, b) providing the slurry of step a) to a porous polymer structure c) allowing the slurry of step b) to solidify d) removing the porous polymer structure from the solidified metal oxide slurry. 22-40. (canceled) | 1,700 |
2,307 | 14,056,162 | 1,798 | Analyte arrays such as solutes in a slab-shaped gel following electrophoresis, and particularly arrays that are in excess of 3 cm square and up to 25 cm square and higher, are imaged at distances of 5 cm or less by either forming sub-images of the entire array and stitching together the sub-images by computer-based stitching technology, or by using an array of thin-film photoresponsive elements that is coextensive with the analyte array to form a single image of the array. | 1. A method of analyzing a plurality of analytes detectable by light emission and arranged in a two-dimensional array supported by a planar matrix whose length, width, or both length and width measure a minimum of about 3 cm, said method comprising:
(a) placing said planar matrix within 5 cm of a detector selected from the group consisting of:
(1) a plurality of solid-state image sensors that are arranged in a sensor array and that are each positioned to form a sub-image of a segment of said matrix such that said segments collectively cover said entire matrix, and a computer for assembling said sub-images formed at each of said image sensors in accordance with the positions of said image sensors in said sensor array to form an image of said planar matrix in full as a composite of said sub-images, and
(2) a plurality of photoresponsive elements arranged in an array that is at least substantially coextensive with said matrix, thin-film addressing circuitry that controls accumulation of energy by, and release of energy from, said photoresponsive elements, and a data storage medium that correlates energy released from said photoresponsive elements with sites on said planar matrix and forms an image of said planar matrix in full from said energy so released; and
(b) generating said planar matrix image in full by said detector, in a manner that either compensates for or eliminates any irregularities in light intensity across said planar matrix image that are not representative of said two-dimensional array of analytes; and (c) analyzing said analytes from said planar matrix image so generated. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein step (b) comprises applying flat field correction to compensate for or eliminate said irregularities. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said planar matrix is a slab-shaped gel and said two-dimensional array is generated by electrophoretic separation of said analytes within said gel. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein said planar matrix is a blotting membrane and said two-dimensional array is an array of solute bands transferred to said blotting membrane from a slab-shaped gel in which said bands were generated by electrophoretic separation of said analytes within said gel. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein said detector comprises a plurality of solid-state image sensors that are arranged in a sensor array and that are each positioned to form a sub-image of a segment of said matrix such that said segments collectively cover said entire matrix, and a computer for assembling said sub-images formed at each of said image sensors in accordance with the positions of said image sensors in said sensor array to form said image of said planar matrix in full as a composite of said sub-images. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein said solid-state image sensors are CCD or CMOS sensors, and said computer comprises computer-readable instructions for registering said sub-images, for calibrating said sub-images, and for merging overlapping regions between neighboring sub-images. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein said detector comprises a plurality of photoresponsive elements arranged in an array that is at least substantially coextensive with said matrix, thin-film addressing circuitry that controls accumulation of energy by, and release of energy from, said photoresponsive elements, and a data storage medium that correlates energy released from said photoresponsive elements with sites on said planar matrix and forms said image of said planar matrix in full from said energy so released. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein said photoresponsive elements are photodiodes and said thin-firm addressing circuitry comprises thin-film field effect transistors. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein a transparent faceplate is placed between said planar matrix and said detector. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the transparent faceplate is a fiber faceplate or a fiber taper. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the maximum thickness of the transparent faceplate is about 10 mm. 12. A method of analyzing a plurality of analytes detectable by light emission and arranged in a two-dimensional analyte array supported by a planar matrix, the method comprising:
placing the planar matrix within 5 cm of a detector comprising one or more moveable solid-state image sensors; moving the image sensor(s) with respect to the planar matrix and acquiring a plurality of sub-images of the planar matrix; assembling the sub-images into a full image of the planar matrix in accordance with the positions occupied by the image sensor(s) when the sub-images are acquired; and analyzing the analytes using the full image of the planar matrix. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the length, width, or both length and width of the planar matrix measure a minimum of about 3 cm. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the solid state image sensor(s) are moved in discrete steps. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein said assembling comprises stitching together at least two of the sub-images. 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step of compensating for or eliminating any irregularities in light intensity across the full image of the planar matrix, wherein said irregularities are not representative of said two-dimensional analyte array. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein a transparent faceplate is placed between the planar matrix and the detector. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the transparent faceplate is a fiber faceplate or a fiber taper. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the transparent faceplate provides mechanical support to the analyte array. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the maximum thickness of the transparent faceplate is about 10 mm. | Analyte arrays such as solutes in a slab-shaped gel following electrophoresis, and particularly arrays that are in excess of 3 cm square and up to 25 cm square and higher, are imaged at distances of 5 cm or less by either forming sub-images of the entire array and stitching together the sub-images by computer-based stitching technology, or by using an array of thin-film photoresponsive elements that is coextensive with the analyte array to form a single image of the array.1. A method of analyzing a plurality of analytes detectable by light emission and arranged in a two-dimensional array supported by a planar matrix whose length, width, or both length and width measure a minimum of about 3 cm, said method comprising:
(a) placing said planar matrix within 5 cm of a detector selected from the group consisting of:
(1) a plurality of solid-state image sensors that are arranged in a sensor array and that are each positioned to form a sub-image of a segment of said matrix such that said segments collectively cover said entire matrix, and a computer for assembling said sub-images formed at each of said image sensors in accordance with the positions of said image sensors in said sensor array to form an image of said planar matrix in full as a composite of said sub-images, and
(2) a plurality of photoresponsive elements arranged in an array that is at least substantially coextensive with said matrix, thin-film addressing circuitry that controls accumulation of energy by, and release of energy from, said photoresponsive elements, and a data storage medium that correlates energy released from said photoresponsive elements with sites on said planar matrix and forms an image of said planar matrix in full from said energy so released; and
(b) generating said planar matrix image in full by said detector, in a manner that either compensates for or eliminates any irregularities in light intensity across said planar matrix image that are not representative of said two-dimensional array of analytes; and (c) analyzing said analytes from said planar matrix image so generated. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein step (b) comprises applying flat field correction to compensate for or eliminate said irregularities. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said planar matrix is a slab-shaped gel and said two-dimensional array is generated by electrophoretic separation of said analytes within said gel. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein said planar matrix is a blotting membrane and said two-dimensional array is an array of solute bands transferred to said blotting membrane from a slab-shaped gel in which said bands were generated by electrophoretic separation of said analytes within said gel. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein said detector comprises a plurality of solid-state image sensors that are arranged in a sensor array and that are each positioned to form a sub-image of a segment of said matrix such that said segments collectively cover said entire matrix, and a computer for assembling said sub-images formed at each of said image sensors in accordance with the positions of said image sensors in said sensor array to form said image of said planar matrix in full as a composite of said sub-images. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein said solid-state image sensors are CCD or CMOS sensors, and said computer comprises computer-readable instructions for registering said sub-images, for calibrating said sub-images, and for merging overlapping regions between neighboring sub-images. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein said detector comprises a plurality of photoresponsive elements arranged in an array that is at least substantially coextensive with said matrix, thin-film addressing circuitry that controls accumulation of energy by, and release of energy from, said photoresponsive elements, and a data storage medium that correlates energy released from said photoresponsive elements with sites on said planar matrix and forms said image of said planar matrix in full from said energy so released. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein said photoresponsive elements are photodiodes and said thin-firm addressing circuitry comprises thin-film field effect transistors. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein a transparent faceplate is placed between said planar matrix and said detector. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the transparent faceplate is a fiber faceplate or a fiber taper. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the maximum thickness of the transparent faceplate is about 10 mm. 12. A method of analyzing a plurality of analytes detectable by light emission and arranged in a two-dimensional analyte array supported by a planar matrix, the method comprising:
placing the planar matrix within 5 cm of a detector comprising one or more moveable solid-state image sensors; moving the image sensor(s) with respect to the planar matrix and acquiring a plurality of sub-images of the planar matrix; assembling the sub-images into a full image of the planar matrix in accordance with the positions occupied by the image sensor(s) when the sub-images are acquired; and analyzing the analytes using the full image of the planar matrix. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the length, width, or both length and width of the planar matrix measure a minimum of about 3 cm. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the solid state image sensor(s) are moved in discrete steps. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein said assembling comprises stitching together at least two of the sub-images. 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step of compensating for or eliminating any irregularities in light intensity across the full image of the planar matrix, wherein said irregularities are not representative of said two-dimensional analyte array. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein a transparent faceplate is placed between the planar matrix and the detector. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the transparent faceplate is a fiber faceplate or a fiber taper. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the transparent faceplate provides mechanical support to the analyte array. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the maximum thickness of the transparent faceplate is about 10 mm. | 1,700 |
2,308 | 13,848,738 | 1,767 | With respect to synthetic collagen that has so far been difficult to be nano-fiberized, a method for producing uniform and long fibrous nano-fibers containing a synthetic collagen is described. The nano-fibers contain a polypeptide having a peptide fragment represented by Formula ( 1 ):
-(Pro-Y-Gly) n (1),
wherein Y represents hydroxyproline or proline, and n is an integar ranging from 5 to 9000. The producing method includes a step of preparing a spinning solution containing the polypeptide and a polymer, and a step of spinning with an electrospinning method using the spinning solution. | 1. A method of producing a nano-fiber that contains a polypeptide having a peptide fragment represented by Formula (1):
-(Pro-Y-Gly)n- (1),
wherein Y represents a hydroxyproline or proline, and n is an integer ranging from 5 to 9000, the producing method comprising: preparing a spinning solution containing the polypeptide and a polymer, and spinning with an electrospinning method using the spinning solution. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein a concentration of the polypeptide in the spinning solution is from 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein a concentration of the polymer in the spinning solution is from 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein a weight ratio of the polypeptide to the polymer in the spinning solution is from 10:1 to 1:40. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the polymer comprises one, two or more selected from the group consisting of natural collagen, polyethylene glycols, polyvinyl alcohols, and polyglycolic acids. 6. A nano-fiber, containing a polymer and a peptide fragment represented by Formula (1):
-(Pro-Y-Gly)n- (1),
wherein Y represents hydroxyproline or proline, and n is an integer ranging from 5 to 9000. | With respect to synthetic collagen that has so far been difficult to be nano-fiberized, a method for producing uniform and long fibrous nano-fibers containing a synthetic collagen is described. The nano-fibers contain a polypeptide having a peptide fragment represented by Formula ( 1 ):
-(Pro-Y-Gly) n (1),
wherein Y represents hydroxyproline or proline, and n is an integar ranging from 5 to 9000. The producing method includes a step of preparing a spinning solution containing the polypeptide and a polymer, and a step of spinning with an electrospinning method using the spinning solution.1. A method of producing a nano-fiber that contains a polypeptide having a peptide fragment represented by Formula (1):
-(Pro-Y-Gly)n- (1),
wherein Y represents a hydroxyproline or proline, and n is an integer ranging from 5 to 9000, the producing method comprising: preparing a spinning solution containing the polypeptide and a polymer, and spinning with an electrospinning method using the spinning solution. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein a concentration of the polypeptide in the spinning solution is from 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein a concentration of the polymer in the spinning solution is from 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein a weight ratio of the polypeptide to the polymer in the spinning solution is from 10:1 to 1:40. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the polymer comprises one, two or more selected from the group consisting of natural collagen, polyethylene glycols, polyvinyl alcohols, and polyglycolic acids. 6. A nano-fiber, containing a polymer and a peptide fragment represented by Formula (1):
-(Pro-Y-Gly)n- (1),
wherein Y represents hydroxyproline or proline, and n is an integer ranging from 5 to 9000. | 1,700 |
2,309 | 13,803,957 | 1,765 | The present invention provides: a resin composition for a heat-resistant electric wire, containing from 25 to 60 parts by weight of a polyphenylene ether, from 15 to 42 parts by weight of a polypropylene-based resin, from 8 to 27 parts by weight of a styrene-based elastomer, from 5 to 15 parts by weight of a polyamide, and from 1 to 10 parts by weight of an acid-modified polyolefin, in which the polyamide has a melting point of 201° C. or more; and a heat-resistant electric wire using the composition. | 1. A resin composition for a heat-resistant electric wire, comprising:
from 25 to 60 parts by weight of a polyphenylene ether; from 15 to 42 parts by weight of a polypropylene-based resin; from 8 to 27 parts by weight of a styrene-based elastomer; from 5 to 15 parts by weight of a polyamide; and from 1 to 10 parts by weight of an acid-modified polyolefin, wherein the polyamide has a melting point of 201° C. or more. 2. The resin composition for a heat-resistant electric wire according to claim 1,
wherein the melting point of the polyamide is 220° C. or less. 3. The resin composition for a heat-resistant electric wire according to claim 1, further comprising:
a bromine-based flame retardant in an amount of 8 to 20 parts by weight; or a bromine-based flame retardant and a flame retardant aid in a total amount of 8 to 20 parts by weight. 4. The resin composition for a heat-resistant electric wire according to claim 3,
wherein the bromine-based flame retardant is selected from the group consisting of tetrabromobisphenol A, decabromodiphenyl ether, hexabromocyclododecane, bis(tetrabromophthalimide)ethane, TBBA carbonate.oligomer, TTBBA-bis(dibromopropyl ether), BBA epoxy.oligomer, brominated polystyrene, bis(pentabromophenyl)ethane, poly(dibromopropyl ether) and hexabromobenzene. 5. The resin composition for a heat-resistant electric wire according to claim 3,
wherein the flame retardant aid is selected from the group consisting of antimony trioxide, antimony tetroxide, antimony pentoxide, zinc nitrate, zinc stannate and zinc sulfide. 6. The resin composition for a heat-resistant electric wire according to claim 1,
wherein the polyphenylene ether is a poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether), the polypropylene-based resin is a homopolymer of polypropylene, the styrene-based elastomer is a styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene copolymer, the polyamide is polyamide 6 or a copolymer of polyamide 6 and polyamide 66, the acid-modified polyolefin is a maleic acid-modified polypropylene, and the total amount of the resins is 100 parts by weight. 7. A heat-resistant electric wire, comprising:
a coating layer formed from the resin composition for a heat-resistant electric wire according to claim 1. 8. A method for producing a heat-resistant electric wire, comprising:
forming a coating layer from the resin composition for a heat-resistant electric wire according to claim 1. | The present invention provides: a resin composition for a heat-resistant electric wire, containing from 25 to 60 parts by weight of a polyphenylene ether, from 15 to 42 parts by weight of a polypropylene-based resin, from 8 to 27 parts by weight of a styrene-based elastomer, from 5 to 15 parts by weight of a polyamide, and from 1 to 10 parts by weight of an acid-modified polyolefin, in which the polyamide has a melting point of 201° C. or more; and a heat-resistant electric wire using the composition.1. A resin composition for a heat-resistant electric wire, comprising:
from 25 to 60 parts by weight of a polyphenylene ether; from 15 to 42 parts by weight of a polypropylene-based resin; from 8 to 27 parts by weight of a styrene-based elastomer; from 5 to 15 parts by weight of a polyamide; and from 1 to 10 parts by weight of an acid-modified polyolefin, wherein the polyamide has a melting point of 201° C. or more. 2. The resin composition for a heat-resistant electric wire according to claim 1,
wherein the melting point of the polyamide is 220° C. or less. 3. The resin composition for a heat-resistant electric wire according to claim 1, further comprising:
a bromine-based flame retardant in an amount of 8 to 20 parts by weight; or a bromine-based flame retardant and a flame retardant aid in a total amount of 8 to 20 parts by weight. 4. The resin composition for a heat-resistant electric wire according to claim 3,
wherein the bromine-based flame retardant is selected from the group consisting of tetrabromobisphenol A, decabromodiphenyl ether, hexabromocyclododecane, bis(tetrabromophthalimide)ethane, TBBA carbonate.oligomer, TTBBA-bis(dibromopropyl ether), BBA epoxy.oligomer, brominated polystyrene, bis(pentabromophenyl)ethane, poly(dibromopropyl ether) and hexabromobenzene. 5. The resin composition for a heat-resistant electric wire according to claim 3,
wherein the flame retardant aid is selected from the group consisting of antimony trioxide, antimony tetroxide, antimony pentoxide, zinc nitrate, zinc stannate and zinc sulfide. 6. The resin composition for a heat-resistant electric wire according to claim 1,
wherein the polyphenylene ether is a poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether), the polypropylene-based resin is a homopolymer of polypropylene, the styrene-based elastomer is a styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene copolymer, the polyamide is polyamide 6 or a copolymer of polyamide 6 and polyamide 66, the acid-modified polyolefin is a maleic acid-modified polypropylene, and the total amount of the resins is 100 parts by weight. 7. A heat-resistant electric wire, comprising:
a coating layer formed from the resin composition for a heat-resistant electric wire according to claim 1. 8. A method for producing a heat-resistant electric wire, comprising:
forming a coating layer from the resin composition for a heat-resistant electric wire according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,310 | 14,358,384 | 1,791 | Food comprising at least one popcorn grain substantially entire and coated, completely or partially, with at least a first layer of a first melted cheese directly in contact with the popcorn grain, wherein: • a) the first melted cheese has an initial moisture content of less than 35%, or alternatively, • b) the first melted cheese is cooked too and its moisture after cooking is lower than 8%. A second layer of a second cheese may be applied to the food product. Further described is a method for producing said food. | 1. A food (1) comprising at least one popcorn grain (2) substantially entire and coated, completely or partially, with at least a first layer (3) of a first melted cheese directly in contact with the popcorn grain (2); wherein:
a) said first melted cheese has an initial moisture content of less than 35% prior to be melted, or alternatively, b) said first melted cheese is also cooked and its moisture after cooking is lower than 8%, and wherein the food is free of added fat. 2. The food according to claim 1, comprising a plurality of popcorn grains (2) substantially entire, physically separate from each other, wherein each popcorn grain is coated, completely or partially, with at least a first layer (3) of said first cheese. 3. The food according to claim 1, wherein said first cheese has a moisture content lower than 35% before the respective melt or cooking. 4. The food according to claim 1, wherein said first cheese is a hard texture cheese, matured at least 3 months before the respective melt. 5. The food according to claim 1, wherein each layer of melted cheese has a thickness comprised in the range 0.5-5 mm. 6. The food according to claim 1, further comprising at least a second layer (5) of a second cheese enclosing partially or completely the first layer (3) of the first cheese. 7. The food according to claim 6, wherein said second cheese (5) has a moisture content equivalent to or higher than said first cheese. 8. The food according to claim 6, further comprising chopped salt and/or pepper and/or spices and/or herbs dispersed in one or more of the cheese layers, or between the cheese layers. 9. The food according to claim 1, wherein said first layer (3) of a first cheese is coated with a reduction (4) of a sauce. 10. A method for producing a food (1) based on popcorn and cheese, comprising the steps of:
a) positioning a popcorn grain (2) substantially entire on a first sized amount of a first cheese or positioning a first sized amount of the first cheese on the popcorn grain (2); b) heating the first amount of the first cheese up to obtain the melting directly on the surface of the popcorn grain (2) and the partial or whole inclusion of the popcorn grain (2) in a first layer of the first cheese; and c) cooling the so obtained food (1);
wherein said step b) provides for the melting of the first cheese without cooking and the first cheese has an initial moisture content of less than 35%, or step b) provides for the melting and cooking of the first cheese independently from its moisture level and the finished food (1) has a moisture content lower than 8%;
and wherein no animal or plant fat is contemplated to be added to any of the ingredients. 11. The method according to claim 10, further comprising the step of:
d) positioning a second sized amount of the first cheese on the popcorn grain (2);
wherein the step d) is subsequent to the step a) and prior to the step b), and the step b) provides for the heating of the whole first cheese up to obtain the melting and/or the cooking thereof and to obtain the substantially complete inclusion of the popcorn grain (2) in a first layer (3) of the first cheese. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the step of positioning a sized amount of cheese on the popcorn grain (2) is carried out by coating the popcorn grain (2) with a film of corn starch and causing the cheese to adhere to the corn starch. 13. The method according to claim 10, wherein said sized amount is obtained by grating and sifting said first cheese and measuring the weight and/or volume of sifted particles (14) of first cheese. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the medium dimension of the particles (14) of the first grated cheese is in the range of 0.2-5 mm. 15. The method according to claim 10, wherein said first cheese is a hard texture cheese, matured at least 3 months before the respective melting. 16. The method according to claim 10, wherein each heating step of the first cheese is carried out by arranging the first cheese and the popcorn grain (2) in a mold (16), which is in turn inserted, for a period of time in the range of 20-250 seconds, into a microwave oven (19) whose power is in the range of 400-1000 W. 17. The method according to claim 11, comprising one or more of the further steps:
f) melting, on a first layer (3) of the first cheese, further layers (5) of a first and/or second cheese, the second cheese having a moisture content equal to or higher than the first cheese; g) mixing the first and/or second cheese with salt and/or pepper and/or spices and/or sauces and/or flavors; h) strewing corn starch and/or salt and/or pepper and/or spices and/or sauces and/or flavors on the first layer of the first cheese and/or further cheese layers. | Food comprising at least one popcorn grain substantially entire and coated, completely or partially, with at least a first layer of a first melted cheese directly in contact with the popcorn grain, wherein: • a) the first melted cheese has an initial moisture content of less than 35%, or alternatively, • b) the first melted cheese is cooked too and its moisture after cooking is lower than 8%. A second layer of a second cheese may be applied to the food product. Further described is a method for producing said food.1. A food (1) comprising at least one popcorn grain (2) substantially entire and coated, completely or partially, with at least a first layer (3) of a first melted cheese directly in contact with the popcorn grain (2); wherein:
a) said first melted cheese has an initial moisture content of less than 35% prior to be melted, or alternatively, b) said first melted cheese is also cooked and its moisture after cooking is lower than 8%, and wherein the food is free of added fat. 2. The food according to claim 1, comprising a plurality of popcorn grains (2) substantially entire, physically separate from each other, wherein each popcorn grain is coated, completely or partially, with at least a first layer (3) of said first cheese. 3. The food according to claim 1, wherein said first cheese has a moisture content lower than 35% before the respective melt or cooking. 4. The food according to claim 1, wherein said first cheese is a hard texture cheese, matured at least 3 months before the respective melt. 5. The food according to claim 1, wherein each layer of melted cheese has a thickness comprised in the range 0.5-5 mm. 6. The food according to claim 1, further comprising at least a second layer (5) of a second cheese enclosing partially or completely the first layer (3) of the first cheese. 7. The food according to claim 6, wherein said second cheese (5) has a moisture content equivalent to or higher than said first cheese. 8. The food according to claim 6, further comprising chopped salt and/or pepper and/or spices and/or herbs dispersed in one or more of the cheese layers, or between the cheese layers. 9. The food according to claim 1, wherein said first layer (3) of a first cheese is coated with a reduction (4) of a sauce. 10. A method for producing a food (1) based on popcorn and cheese, comprising the steps of:
a) positioning a popcorn grain (2) substantially entire on a first sized amount of a first cheese or positioning a first sized amount of the first cheese on the popcorn grain (2); b) heating the first amount of the first cheese up to obtain the melting directly on the surface of the popcorn grain (2) and the partial or whole inclusion of the popcorn grain (2) in a first layer of the first cheese; and c) cooling the so obtained food (1);
wherein said step b) provides for the melting of the first cheese without cooking and the first cheese has an initial moisture content of less than 35%, or step b) provides for the melting and cooking of the first cheese independently from its moisture level and the finished food (1) has a moisture content lower than 8%;
and wherein no animal or plant fat is contemplated to be added to any of the ingredients. 11. The method according to claim 10, further comprising the step of:
d) positioning a second sized amount of the first cheese on the popcorn grain (2);
wherein the step d) is subsequent to the step a) and prior to the step b), and the step b) provides for the heating of the whole first cheese up to obtain the melting and/or the cooking thereof and to obtain the substantially complete inclusion of the popcorn grain (2) in a first layer (3) of the first cheese. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the step of positioning a sized amount of cheese on the popcorn grain (2) is carried out by coating the popcorn grain (2) with a film of corn starch and causing the cheese to adhere to the corn starch. 13. The method according to claim 10, wherein said sized amount is obtained by grating and sifting said first cheese and measuring the weight and/or volume of sifted particles (14) of first cheese. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the medium dimension of the particles (14) of the first grated cheese is in the range of 0.2-5 mm. 15. The method according to claim 10, wherein said first cheese is a hard texture cheese, matured at least 3 months before the respective melting. 16. The method according to claim 10, wherein each heating step of the first cheese is carried out by arranging the first cheese and the popcorn grain (2) in a mold (16), which is in turn inserted, for a period of time in the range of 20-250 seconds, into a microwave oven (19) whose power is in the range of 400-1000 W. 17. The method according to claim 11, comprising one or more of the further steps:
f) melting, on a first layer (3) of the first cheese, further layers (5) of a first and/or second cheese, the second cheese having a moisture content equal to or higher than the first cheese; g) mixing the first and/or second cheese with salt and/or pepper and/or spices and/or sauces and/or flavors; h) strewing corn starch and/or salt and/or pepper and/or spices and/or sauces and/or flavors on the first layer of the first cheese and/or further cheese layers. | 1,700 |
2,311 | 13,643,393 | 1,764 | The present disclosure is generally directed to a resin composition containing a mixture of high temperature polymers and at least one stabilizer. The stabilizer serves to prevent the polymers from adversely interfering with each other during melt processing. In one embodiment, the high temperature polymers present in the composition may comprise a mixture of an aromatic polyester polymer and a polyarylene sulfide polymer. The stabilizer comprises a phosphite stabilizer. The composition produces molded articles having better thermal stability and reduced mold deposits. | 1. A resin composition comprising:
a polymer mixture comprising an aromatic polyester polymer and a polyarylene sulfide polymer, the aromatic polyester polymer and the polyarylene sulfide polymer being present in the polymer mixture at a weight ratio of from about 5:1 to about 1:5; and at least a first stabilizer comprising a phosphite, the phosphite comprising a monophosphite or a diphosphite having a Spiro isomer content of greater than 90%. 2. A composition as defined in claim 1, wherein the phosphite comprises tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite. 3. A composition as defined in claim 1, wherein the phosphite comprises bis(2,4-dicumylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite. 4. A composition as defined in claim 1, wherein the phosphite comprises distearyl pentaerythritol diphosphite. 5. A composition as defined in claim 1, wherein the polyarylene sulfide polymer has a melt viscosity of less than about 80 Pa·s and wherein the aromatic polyester polymer has a melting point of from about 250° C. to about 400° C. and wherein the polyarylene sulfide polymer comprises a polyphenylene sulfide polymer, the polyphenylene sulfide polymer having a chlorine concentration that ensures the chlorine content of the composition to be less than 900 ppm. 6. A composition as defined in claim 1, further comprising a second stabilizer comprising an organic polyphosphate. 7. A composition as defined in claim 6, wherein the organic polyphosphate has the following formula:
wherein r is either an unsubstituted or a substituted aryl, A is a bridging group containing an alkylene group, one arylene ring, two arylene rings either joined directly to each other or by an alkylene bridging group and n ranges from 1 to about 10. 8. A composition as defined in claim 6, wherein the organic polyphosphate comprises resorcinol bis(di-xylyl phosphate). 9. A composition as defined in claim 6, further comprising a lubricant, the lubricant comprising a polytetrafluoroethylene polymer, a high density polyethylene polymer, an ultra high molecular weight polyethylene polymer, or pentaerythritol stearate. 10. A composition as defined in claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises reinforcing fibers or mineral fillers. 11. A composition as defined in claim 1, further comprising a random ethylene-acrylic ester interpolymer containing maleic anhydride or glycidyl methacrylate. 12. An injection molded article made from the composition defined in claim 1. 13. A pellet comprising the composition defined in claim 9. 14. A composition as defined in claim 1, wherein the aromatic polyester polymer and the polyarylene sulfide polymer are present in the polymer mixture in amounts such that the polymers have a viscosity ratio at 350° C. of from about 1:10 to about 3:1. 15. A continuous injection molding process comprising:
injecting a molten polymer mixture into a mold having a surface area, the polymer mixture comprising an aromatic polyester polymer and a polyarylene sulfide polymer, the aromatic polyester polymer and the polyarylene sulfide polymer being present in the polymer mixture at a rate ratio of from about 5:1 to about 1:5, the polymer mixture further comprising a first stabilizer comprising a phosphite, the phosphite comprising a monophosphite or a diphosphite; and wherein, after four hours of continuous molding, the surface area of the mold is covered by mold deposits in an amount of less than about 20%, the process producing molded articles, the molded articles exhibiting a gloss reduction of less than 10% and displaying a color L reduction of less than 4. | The present disclosure is generally directed to a resin composition containing a mixture of high temperature polymers and at least one stabilizer. The stabilizer serves to prevent the polymers from adversely interfering with each other during melt processing. In one embodiment, the high temperature polymers present in the composition may comprise a mixture of an aromatic polyester polymer and a polyarylene sulfide polymer. The stabilizer comprises a phosphite stabilizer. The composition produces molded articles having better thermal stability and reduced mold deposits.1. A resin composition comprising:
a polymer mixture comprising an aromatic polyester polymer and a polyarylene sulfide polymer, the aromatic polyester polymer and the polyarylene sulfide polymer being present in the polymer mixture at a weight ratio of from about 5:1 to about 1:5; and at least a first stabilizer comprising a phosphite, the phosphite comprising a monophosphite or a diphosphite having a Spiro isomer content of greater than 90%. 2. A composition as defined in claim 1, wherein the phosphite comprises tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite. 3. A composition as defined in claim 1, wherein the phosphite comprises bis(2,4-dicumylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite. 4. A composition as defined in claim 1, wherein the phosphite comprises distearyl pentaerythritol diphosphite. 5. A composition as defined in claim 1, wherein the polyarylene sulfide polymer has a melt viscosity of less than about 80 Pa·s and wherein the aromatic polyester polymer has a melting point of from about 250° C. to about 400° C. and wherein the polyarylene sulfide polymer comprises a polyphenylene sulfide polymer, the polyphenylene sulfide polymer having a chlorine concentration that ensures the chlorine content of the composition to be less than 900 ppm. 6. A composition as defined in claim 1, further comprising a second stabilizer comprising an organic polyphosphate. 7. A composition as defined in claim 6, wherein the organic polyphosphate has the following formula:
wherein r is either an unsubstituted or a substituted aryl, A is a bridging group containing an alkylene group, one arylene ring, two arylene rings either joined directly to each other or by an alkylene bridging group and n ranges from 1 to about 10. 8. A composition as defined in claim 6, wherein the organic polyphosphate comprises resorcinol bis(di-xylyl phosphate). 9. A composition as defined in claim 6, further comprising a lubricant, the lubricant comprising a polytetrafluoroethylene polymer, a high density polyethylene polymer, an ultra high molecular weight polyethylene polymer, or pentaerythritol stearate. 10. A composition as defined in claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises reinforcing fibers or mineral fillers. 11. A composition as defined in claim 1, further comprising a random ethylene-acrylic ester interpolymer containing maleic anhydride or glycidyl methacrylate. 12. An injection molded article made from the composition defined in claim 1. 13. A pellet comprising the composition defined in claim 9. 14. A composition as defined in claim 1, wherein the aromatic polyester polymer and the polyarylene sulfide polymer are present in the polymer mixture in amounts such that the polymers have a viscosity ratio at 350° C. of from about 1:10 to about 3:1. 15. A continuous injection molding process comprising:
injecting a molten polymer mixture into a mold having a surface area, the polymer mixture comprising an aromatic polyester polymer and a polyarylene sulfide polymer, the aromatic polyester polymer and the polyarylene sulfide polymer being present in the polymer mixture at a rate ratio of from about 5:1 to about 1:5, the polymer mixture further comprising a first stabilizer comprising a phosphite, the phosphite comprising a monophosphite or a diphosphite; and wherein, after four hours of continuous molding, the surface area of the mold is covered by mold deposits in an amount of less than about 20%, the process producing molded articles, the molded articles exhibiting a gloss reduction of less than 10% and displaying a color L reduction of less than 4. | 1,700 |
2,312 | 14,364,323 | 1,723 | A battery cell includes a membrane configured to curve outwards when pressure inside the battery cell increases, thereby creating an electrically conductive connection between two poles. A conductor is arranged on an outside of the membrane and is connected to the battery cell such that the outward-curving membrane lifts the conductor from the membrane on one side such that the poles are electrically connected to one another via the conductor. | 1. A battery cell, comprising:
two poles; and a membrane configured to curve outwards when pressure within the battery cell increases to produce an electrically conductive connection between the two poles, wherein a conductor is arranged on an outer side of the membrane and is connected to the battery cell such that the outwardly curving membrane lifts the conductor off from the membrane on one side, electrically conductively connecting the poles to one another via the conductor. 2. The battery cell as claimed in claim 1, wherein an electrical insulator is arranged between the membrane and the conductor such that a current between the two poles must flow through the conductor. 3. The battery cell as claimed in claim 1, further comprising an anti-vibration configured to prevent possible oscillation of the conductor. 4. The battery cell as claimed in claim 1, wherein the conductor is a sheet-metal strip. 5. The battery cell as claimed in claim 1, wherein the conductor is connected to the battery cell via at least one welded joint. 6. The battery cell as claimed in claim 5, wherein the conductor is connected to a battery cell housing via at least one welded joint. 7. The battery cell as claimed in claim 1, wherein the battery cell is a lithium-ion secondary cell. 8. A battery, comprising:
a plurality of battery cells, each of the battery cells including:
two poles; and
a membrane configured to curve outwards when pressure within the battery cell increases to produce an electrically conductive connection between the two poles,
wherein a conductor is arranged on an outer side of the membrane and is connected to the battery cell such that the outwardly curving membrane lifts the conductor off from the membrane on one side, electrically conductively connecting the poles to one another via the conductor. 9. A motor vehicle, comprising:
a battery including a plurality of battery cells, each of the battery cells including:
two poles; and
a membrane configured to curve outwards when pressure within the battery cell increases to produce an electrically conductive connection between the two poles,
wherein a conductor is arranged on an outer side of the membrane and is connected to the battery cell such that the outwardly curving membrane lifts the conductor off from the membrane on one side, electrically conductively connecting the poles to one another via the conductor. | A battery cell includes a membrane configured to curve outwards when pressure inside the battery cell increases, thereby creating an electrically conductive connection between two poles. A conductor is arranged on an outside of the membrane and is connected to the battery cell such that the outward-curving membrane lifts the conductor from the membrane on one side such that the poles are electrically connected to one another via the conductor.1. A battery cell, comprising:
two poles; and a membrane configured to curve outwards when pressure within the battery cell increases to produce an electrically conductive connection between the two poles, wherein a conductor is arranged on an outer side of the membrane and is connected to the battery cell such that the outwardly curving membrane lifts the conductor off from the membrane on one side, electrically conductively connecting the poles to one another via the conductor. 2. The battery cell as claimed in claim 1, wherein an electrical insulator is arranged between the membrane and the conductor such that a current between the two poles must flow through the conductor. 3. The battery cell as claimed in claim 1, further comprising an anti-vibration configured to prevent possible oscillation of the conductor. 4. The battery cell as claimed in claim 1, wherein the conductor is a sheet-metal strip. 5. The battery cell as claimed in claim 1, wherein the conductor is connected to the battery cell via at least one welded joint. 6. The battery cell as claimed in claim 5, wherein the conductor is connected to a battery cell housing via at least one welded joint. 7. The battery cell as claimed in claim 1, wherein the battery cell is a lithium-ion secondary cell. 8. A battery, comprising:
a plurality of battery cells, each of the battery cells including:
two poles; and
a membrane configured to curve outwards when pressure within the battery cell increases to produce an electrically conductive connection between the two poles,
wherein a conductor is arranged on an outer side of the membrane and is connected to the battery cell such that the outwardly curving membrane lifts the conductor off from the membrane on one side, electrically conductively connecting the poles to one another via the conductor. 9. A motor vehicle, comprising:
a battery including a plurality of battery cells, each of the battery cells including:
two poles; and
a membrane configured to curve outwards when pressure within the battery cell increases to produce an electrically conductive connection between the two poles,
wherein a conductor is arranged on an outer side of the membrane and is connected to the battery cell such that the outwardly curving membrane lifts the conductor off from the membrane on one side, electrically conductively connecting the poles to one another via the conductor. | 1,700 |
2,313 | 14,762,737 | 1,734 | The aluminum alloy sheet of the present invention is a specific 6000-series aluminum alloy sheet in which the total sum (total amount) of Mg and Si existing in specific aggregates of atoms (clusters) is regulated and the total sum of Mg and Si existing in the aggregates of atoms is ensured so as to be balanced with the total amount of Mg and Si solid-solutionized in the matrix, and thus BH response (bake hardenability) after natural aging at room temperature and proof strength after BH treatment (bake hardening treatment) are further improved. | 1. An Al—Mg—Si alloy sheet, comprising:
Mg of 0.2 mass % to 2.0 mass %
Si of 0.3 mass % and
Al,
wherein
a ratio of Ncluster to Ntotal is 10% or more and 30% or less,
where
Ntotal is a sum of a number of all Mg atoms and Si atoms measured by a three-dimensional atom probe field ion microscope, and
Ncluster is a sum of a number of all Mg atoms and Si atoms comprised in all aggregates of atoms that satisfy the following conditions: (i) the aggregate of atoms measured by the three-dimensional atom probe field ion microscope comprises either the Mg atoms or the Si atoms or both the Mg atoms and the Si atoms by 10 or more atoms in total; and, (ii) when any atom of the Mg atoms or the Si atoms comprised in the aggregate of atoms is determined to be a reference atom, a distance between the reference atom and any one of other adjacent atoms is 0.75 nm or less. 2. The Al—Mg—Si alloy sheet according to claim 1,
further comprising at least one of Mn of 0.01 mass % to 1.0 mass % and Cu of 0.01 mass % to 1.5 mass %. | The aluminum alloy sheet of the present invention is a specific 6000-series aluminum alloy sheet in which the total sum (total amount) of Mg and Si existing in specific aggregates of atoms (clusters) is regulated and the total sum of Mg and Si existing in the aggregates of atoms is ensured so as to be balanced with the total amount of Mg and Si solid-solutionized in the matrix, and thus BH response (bake hardenability) after natural aging at room temperature and proof strength after BH treatment (bake hardening treatment) are further improved.1. An Al—Mg—Si alloy sheet, comprising:
Mg of 0.2 mass % to 2.0 mass %
Si of 0.3 mass % and
Al,
wherein
a ratio of Ncluster to Ntotal is 10% or more and 30% or less,
where
Ntotal is a sum of a number of all Mg atoms and Si atoms measured by a three-dimensional atom probe field ion microscope, and
Ncluster is a sum of a number of all Mg atoms and Si atoms comprised in all aggregates of atoms that satisfy the following conditions: (i) the aggregate of atoms measured by the three-dimensional atom probe field ion microscope comprises either the Mg atoms or the Si atoms or both the Mg atoms and the Si atoms by 10 or more atoms in total; and, (ii) when any atom of the Mg atoms or the Si atoms comprised in the aggregate of atoms is determined to be a reference atom, a distance between the reference atom and any one of other adjacent atoms is 0.75 nm or less. 2. The Al—Mg—Si alloy sheet according to claim 1,
further comprising at least one of Mn of 0.01 mass % to 1.0 mass % and Cu of 0.01 mass % to 1.5 mass %. | 1,700 |
2,314 | 12,689,394 | 1,741 | A method is described for manufacturing an optical fiber preform, including a tube collapsing phase, and including monitoring the concentration of at least one fluid component of a fluid that is exhausted from the tube, to detect structural integrity of the tube. A system is also described for manufacturing optical fiber preforms. The system comprising a holder configured to hold a tube, a heater configured to heat at least part of the tube to a tube collapsing temperature, a fluid exhaust configured to discharge fluid from the tube, held by the holder. The system also includes a tube integrity monitor configured to monitor structural integrity of the tube, during a collapsing phase, by monitoring fluid that is discharged from the tube. | 1. A method for manufacturing an optical fiber preform, including a tube collapsing phase, the method further comprising:
monitoring a concentration of at least one fluid component of a fluid that is exhausted from a tube during the tube collapsing phase to detect structural integrity of the tube. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein a fluid flow is fed through the tube, wherein a fluid analyzer performs the step of: analyzing fluid discharged from the tube. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the monitoring step includes detection of air. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the monitoring step includes detecting a concentration of oxygen in the fluid. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the monitoring step includes detecting a concentration of an inert gas. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein an alarm signal is generated upon detecting a change in the concentration of at least one fluid component. 7. The method according to claim 6 wherein the change in concentration is at least 10%. 8. The method according to claim 6 wherein the change in concentration is at least 50%. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein breakage of the tube is detected by detecting a change in composition of fluid emanating from the tube. 10. The method according to claim 9 wherein the detecting a change in composition occurs within 30 seconds after the breakage. 11. A system for manufacturing optical fiber preforms, comprising:
a holder configured to hold a tube; a heater configured to heat at least part of the tube to a tube collapsing temperature; a fluid exhaust configured to discharge fluid from the tube, held by the holder; and a tube integrity monitor configured to monitor structural integrity of the tube, during a collapsing phase, by monitoring fluid discharged from the tube. 12. The system according to claim 11, wherein the tube integrity monitor is configured to generate an alarm signal in a case where tube integrity degradation is detected. 13. The system according to claim 11, wherein the tube integrity monitor comprises a detector configured to detect a concentration of at least one component of fluid discharged from the tube. 14. The system according to claim 11, wherein the tube integrity monitor comprises or is associated with a pump, the pump being configured to pump fluid from the interior of the collapsing tube. 15. The system according to claim 11 wherein the tube integrity monitor is configured to monitor concentration of oxygen in the fluid discharged from the tube. 16. The system according to claim 11 wherein the tube integrity monitor is configured to monitor concentration of an inert gas in the fluid discharged from the tube. 17. The system according to claim 11 wherein the tube integrity monitor is configured to monitor concentration of nitrogen in fluid discharged from the tube. | A method is described for manufacturing an optical fiber preform, including a tube collapsing phase, and including monitoring the concentration of at least one fluid component of a fluid that is exhausted from the tube, to detect structural integrity of the tube. A system is also described for manufacturing optical fiber preforms. The system comprising a holder configured to hold a tube, a heater configured to heat at least part of the tube to a tube collapsing temperature, a fluid exhaust configured to discharge fluid from the tube, held by the holder. The system also includes a tube integrity monitor configured to monitor structural integrity of the tube, during a collapsing phase, by monitoring fluid that is discharged from the tube.1. A method for manufacturing an optical fiber preform, including a tube collapsing phase, the method further comprising:
monitoring a concentration of at least one fluid component of a fluid that is exhausted from a tube during the tube collapsing phase to detect structural integrity of the tube. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein a fluid flow is fed through the tube, wherein a fluid analyzer performs the step of: analyzing fluid discharged from the tube. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the monitoring step includes detection of air. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the monitoring step includes detecting a concentration of oxygen in the fluid. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the monitoring step includes detecting a concentration of an inert gas. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein an alarm signal is generated upon detecting a change in the concentration of at least one fluid component. 7. The method according to claim 6 wherein the change in concentration is at least 10%. 8. The method according to claim 6 wherein the change in concentration is at least 50%. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein breakage of the tube is detected by detecting a change in composition of fluid emanating from the tube. 10. The method according to claim 9 wherein the detecting a change in composition occurs within 30 seconds after the breakage. 11. A system for manufacturing optical fiber preforms, comprising:
a holder configured to hold a tube; a heater configured to heat at least part of the tube to a tube collapsing temperature; a fluid exhaust configured to discharge fluid from the tube, held by the holder; and a tube integrity monitor configured to monitor structural integrity of the tube, during a collapsing phase, by monitoring fluid discharged from the tube. 12. The system according to claim 11, wherein the tube integrity monitor is configured to generate an alarm signal in a case where tube integrity degradation is detected. 13. The system according to claim 11, wherein the tube integrity monitor comprises a detector configured to detect a concentration of at least one component of fluid discharged from the tube. 14. The system according to claim 11, wherein the tube integrity monitor comprises or is associated with a pump, the pump being configured to pump fluid from the interior of the collapsing tube. 15. The system according to claim 11 wherein the tube integrity monitor is configured to monitor concentration of oxygen in the fluid discharged from the tube. 16. The system according to claim 11 wherein the tube integrity monitor is configured to monitor concentration of an inert gas in the fluid discharged from the tube. 17. The system according to claim 11 wherein the tube integrity monitor is configured to monitor concentration of nitrogen in fluid discharged from the tube. | 1,700 |
2,315 | 14,305,251 | 1,742 | A method of manufacturing a wood-based board ( 10 ). The method includes applying at least one first fibre mat ( 11 ) including a first mix comprising lignocellulosic particles and a binder on a carrier ( 13 ), applying a second fibre mat ( 12 ) including a second mix including cellulosic particles and a binder on said at least one first fibre mat ( 11 ), and pressing said at least one first fibre mat ( 11 ) into a base layer ( 14 ) and the second fibre mat ( 12 ) into a surface layer ( 15 ) simultaneously, thereby forming a wood-based board ( 10 ). Also, to such a wood-based board ( 10 ). | 1. A method of manufacturing a wood-based board, comprising:
applying at least one first fibre mat, comprising a first mix comprising lignocellulosic particles and a first binder, on a carrier, applying a second fibre mat, comprising a second mix comprising cellulosic particles and a second binder, on said at least one first fibre mat, and pressing said at least one first fibre mat into a base layer and the second fibre mat into a surface layer simultaneously, thereby forming a wood-based board. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of pressing comprises simultaneously adhering said base layer and the surface layer to each other. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of pressing said at least one fibre mat and the second fibre mat comprises applying heat and pressure, and wherein pressure and/or binder content of the second fibre mat are chosen such that the surface layer remains opaque after curing. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein pressing comprises curing said at least one first fibre mat into a base layer and the second fibre mat into a surface layer simultaneously. 5. The method according to claim 1, further comprising printing a print on the second fibre mat before pressing. 6. The method according to claim 1, further comprising printing a print on the surface layer after pressing. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the carrier is a conveyor belt. 8. The method according to claim 1, further comprising applying a protective layer on the surface layer. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cellulosic particles of the second mix are at least partially bleached. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the lignocellulosic particles of the first mix are refined wood fibres, wood chips, unrefined wood fibres, wood strands, or saw dust. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first binder is a thermosetting resin. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second binder is a thermosetting resin. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the wood-based board is a MDF or HDF. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the wood-based board is a particle board or an oriented strand board. 15. A wood-based board, comprising
abase layer comprising lignocellulosic particles and a first binder, a surface layer comprising cellulosic particles and a second binder, and wherein the building panel comprises a portion wherein cellulosic particles from the surface layer are mixed with lignocellulosic particles from said base layer. 16. A wood-based board according to claim 15, wherein the wood-based board is a HDF or MDF. 17. A wood-based board according to claim 15, wherein the wood-based board is a particle board or an oriented strand board. 18. A wood-based board according to claim 15, wherein the first binder is a thermosetting binder. 19. A wood-based board according to claim 15, wherein the second binder is a thermosetting binder. 20. A method of manufacturing a wood-based board, comprising:
applying at least one first fibre mat comprising a first mix comprising lignocellulosic particles and a first binder on a carrier, applying a surface layer comprising cellulosic particles on said at least one first fibre mat prior to pressing the at least one first fibre mat, and pressing the surface layer to said at least one first fibre mat, thereby adhering the surface layer to said at least one first fibre mat and forming a wood-based board. 21. The method according to claim 20, wherein the surface layer comprises a sheet. 22. The method according to claim 20, wherein the surface layer comprises a second fibre mat comprising cellulosic particles and a second binder. 23. The method according to claim 20, wherein pressing comprises curing said at least one first fibre mat into a base layer. 24. The method according to claim 20, further comprising printing a print on the surface layer before or after pressing. 25. The method according to claim 20, wherein the carrier is a conveyor belt. 26. The method according to claim 20, wherein the first binder is a thermosetting binder. | A method of manufacturing a wood-based board ( 10 ). The method includes applying at least one first fibre mat ( 11 ) including a first mix comprising lignocellulosic particles and a binder on a carrier ( 13 ), applying a second fibre mat ( 12 ) including a second mix including cellulosic particles and a binder on said at least one first fibre mat ( 11 ), and pressing said at least one first fibre mat ( 11 ) into a base layer ( 14 ) and the second fibre mat ( 12 ) into a surface layer ( 15 ) simultaneously, thereby forming a wood-based board ( 10 ). Also, to such a wood-based board ( 10 ).1. A method of manufacturing a wood-based board, comprising:
applying at least one first fibre mat, comprising a first mix comprising lignocellulosic particles and a first binder, on a carrier, applying a second fibre mat, comprising a second mix comprising cellulosic particles and a second binder, on said at least one first fibre mat, and pressing said at least one first fibre mat into a base layer and the second fibre mat into a surface layer simultaneously, thereby forming a wood-based board. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of pressing comprises simultaneously adhering said base layer and the surface layer to each other. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of pressing said at least one fibre mat and the second fibre mat comprises applying heat and pressure, and wherein pressure and/or binder content of the second fibre mat are chosen such that the surface layer remains opaque after curing. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein pressing comprises curing said at least one first fibre mat into a base layer and the second fibre mat into a surface layer simultaneously. 5. The method according to claim 1, further comprising printing a print on the second fibre mat before pressing. 6. The method according to claim 1, further comprising printing a print on the surface layer after pressing. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the carrier is a conveyor belt. 8. The method according to claim 1, further comprising applying a protective layer on the surface layer. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cellulosic particles of the second mix are at least partially bleached. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the lignocellulosic particles of the first mix are refined wood fibres, wood chips, unrefined wood fibres, wood strands, or saw dust. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first binder is a thermosetting resin. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second binder is a thermosetting resin. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the wood-based board is a MDF or HDF. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the wood-based board is a particle board or an oriented strand board. 15. A wood-based board, comprising
abase layer comprising lignocellulosic particles and a first binder, a surface layer comprising cellulosic particles and a second binder, and wherein the building panel comprises a portion wherein cellulosic particles from the surface layer are mixed with lignocellulosic particles from said base layer. 16. A wood-based board according to claim 15, wherein the wood-based board is a HDF or MDF. 17. A wood-based board according to claim 15, wherein the wood-based board is a particle board or an oriented strand board. 18. A wood-based board according to claim 15, wherein the first binder is a thermosetting binder. 19. A wood-based board according to claim 15, wherein the second binder is a thermosetting binder. 20. A method of manufacturing a wood-based board, comprising:
applying at least one first fibre mat comprising a first mix comprising lignocellulosic particles and a first binder on a carrier, applying a surface layer comprising cellulosic particles on said at least one first fibre mat prior to pressing the at least one first fibre mat, and pressing the surface layer to said at least one first fibre mat, thereby adhering the surface layer to said at least one first fibre mat and forming a wood-based board. 21. The method according to claim 20, wherein the surface layer comprises a sheet. 22. The method according to claim 20, wherein the surface layer comprises a second fibre mat comprising cellulosic particles and a second binder. 23. The method according to claim 20, wherein pressing comprises curing said at least one first fibre mat into a base layer. 24. The method according to claim 20, further comprising printing a print on the surface layer before or after pressing. 25. The method according to claim 20, wherein the carrier is a conveyor belt. 26. The method according to claim 20, wherein the first binder is a thermosetting binder. | 1,700 |
2,316 | 13,481,190 | 1,789 | Composite materials for use in garments or footwear, and a process for manufacture, and use thereof. Composite materials may have one or more functional properties including water repellency, antimicrobial function, insulation, moisture wicking, directional moisture transfer, body heat reflection, exterior heat reflection, body heat redistribution through conduction, as well as prevention of body heat loss through heat conduction. | 1.-38. (canceled) 39. A heat reflective composite comprising:
a first layer having an inside surface and an outside surface; a second layer having an inside surface and an outside surface; the second layer arranged such that its outside surface is oriented toward the inside surface of the first layer; a metallic infrared reflective material deposited on one surface or both surfaces of the second layer; a substantially liquid-impermeable, vapor-permeable membrane disposed on the inside surface of the first layer; a coating deposited on one surface or both surfaces of one layer or both layers; wherein the coating comprises a functional material; and, the first layer bonded to the second layer. 40. The composite of 39, wherein the first layer comprises a hydrophilic material and a coating comprising a hydrophobic material is deposited on the outside surface of the first layer. 41. The composite of 39, wherein the second layer comprises an insulation material; and is either
coated with a hydrophobic material on the inside surface of the second layer, and coated with a hydrophilic material on the outside surface of the second layer; or, coated with a hydrophobic material on the outside surface of the second layer, and a hydrophilic material on the inside surface of the second layer; or, the insulation material comprises a hydrophilic material and the inside surface of the second layer is coated with a hydrophobic material. 42. The composite of 39, wherein the infrared-reflective material has an emissivity less than 0.5; and, the infrared-reflective material comprises one or more of aluminum, gold, silver, zinc, tin, lead, copper, AgGe, CuZn, CuSn, CuAg, CuAgSn, or any metal, metal alloy, or metal oxide, or combination of these materials. 43.-49. (canceled) 50. A heat reflective composite comprising:
a substrate comprising a moisture vapor permeable, substantially liquid impermeable material; an insulating layer covering the substrate, the insulating layer comprising a open-structured textile such that the substrate is exposed through gaps in the textile; a coating layer deposited on the insulating layer and on the surface of the substrate that is exposed through the gaps; and, a reflective layer comprised of an infrared-reflective metallic material deposited on the coating layer. 51. A heat reflective composite comprising:
a substrate comprising a moisture vapor permeable, substantially liquid impermeable material; a first coating layer comprising a functional material deposited on the surface of the substrate; a reflective layer comprised of an infrared-reflective metallic material deposited on the first coating layer; and, an insulating layer covering the infrared-reflective metallic material, the insulating layer comprising an open-structured textile such that surfaces of the infrared-reflective metallic material are exposed through gaps in the textile. 52. The composite of claim 51, wherein the substrate comprises one or more of a polyether ester, polyether amide, or polyether urethane film; nonwoven fabric, woven fabric, nonwoven fabric-film laminate, woven fabric-film laminate, microperforated film; or a microporous, air-permeable, moisture vapor transmissive, water resistant and drapeable polymeric membrane. 53. The heat reflective composite of claim 51, wherein a second coating layer comprising a functional material is deposited on the insulating layer such that it covers the insulating layer and surfaces of the infrared-reflective metallic material exposed through the gaps. 54. The composite of claim 51, wherein the infrared-reflective metallic material has an emissivity less than 0.5 comprises one or more of a metal, metal alloy, or metal oxide, gold, silver, zinc, tin, lead, copper, AgGe, CuZn, CuSn, CuAg, CuAgSn, or any alloy, oxide, or combination of these materials. 55. The composite of 51, wherein a silver precipitate is added to the metallic infrared reflective material. 56. (canceled) 57. (canceled) 58. A heat reflective composite comprising:
a substrate comprising a moisture vapor permeable, substantially liquid impermeable material; an insulating layer covering the substrate, the insulating layer comprising gaps which expose the substrate, the gaps comprising a pattern; and, a reflective layer comprised of an infrared-reflective metallic material deposited on the insulating layer and on surfaces of the substrate that are exposed through the gaps. 59. The heat reflective composite of claim 58, wherein the substrate comprises one or more of polyether ester, polyether amide, or polyether urethane film; nonwoven fabric, woven fabric, nonwoven fabric-film laminate, woven fabric-film laminate, microperforated film; or, a microporous, air-permeable, moisture vapor transmissive, water resistant and drapeable polymeric membrane. 60. The heat reflective composite of claim 58, wherein the reflective layer comprises one or more of aluminum, gold, silver, zinc, tin, lead, copper, AgGe, CuZn, CuSn, CuAg, CuAgSn, or any alloy, oxide, or combination of these materials having an emissivity less than 0.5. 61. The heat reflective composite of claim 58, wherein the insulating layer comprises a hydrophilic or porous textile. 62. The heat reflective composite of claim 58, wherein the insulating layer is laminated to the substrate; printed on the substrate; knitted into the substrate; or is vapor deposited onto the substrate. 63. (canceled) 64. (canceled) 65. A method of creating a heat reflective composite comprising the steps of:
providing a substrate comprising a moisture vapor permeable, substantially liquid impermeable material; covering the substrate with an insulating layer, the insulating layer comprising gaps which expose surfaces of the substrate, the gaps comprising a pattern; and, depositing a reflective layer comprised of an infrared-reflective metallic material on the insulating layer and on surfaces of the substrate that are exposed through the gaps. 66. The method of claim 65, wherein the pattern comprises an array or lattice of circles or polygons. 67. The method of claim 65, wherein the insulating layer is deposited on the substrate by first masking the substrate and then depositing the insulating layer on the substrate using a vacuum-plasma vapor deposition process. 68. The method of claim 65, wherein a coating comprising a functional material is deposited directly on the surface of the substrate between the substrate and the reflective layer. 69. A metalized membrane composite material comprising:
a monolithic membrane having an inside surface and an outside surface; a layer of infrared-reflective metallic material covering the inside surface of the monolithic membrane; and, a layer of oxide formed on the infrared metallic material by exposing the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material to an oxygen-containing plasma. 70. A metalized membrane composite material comprising:
a membrane having an inside surface and an outside surface; a textile bonded to the inside surface of the membrane; a layer of infrared-reflective metallic material covering the textile; and, a layer of oxide formed on the infrared metallic material by exposing the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material to an oxygen-containing plasma. 71. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 70, further comprising a spacing fabric covering the layer of oxide. 72. A metalized membrane composite material comprising:
a membrane having an inside surface and an outside surface; a layer of infrared-reflective metallic material covering the inside surface of the membrane; a porous textile covering the infrared-metallic material; and, a layer of oxide formed on the infrared metallic material by exposing the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material to an oxygen-containing plasma through the porous textile. 73. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 72, further comprising a spacing fabric covering the porous textile. 74. A metalized membrane composite material comprising:
a membrane having an inside surface and an outside surface; an acrylate coating applied to the inside surface of the membrane; a layer of infrared-reflective metallic material covering the acrylate coating; and, a layer of oxide formed on the infrared metallic material by exposing the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material to an oxygen-containing plasma. 75. A metalized membrane composite material comprising:
a membrane having an inside surface and an outside surface; a layer of infrared-reflective metallic material covering the inside surface of the membrane; a layer of oxide formed on the infrared metallic material by exposing the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material to an oxygen-containing plasma; and, a spacing fabric attached to the layer of oxide. 76. A metalized membrane composite material comprising:
a membrane having an inside surface and an outside surface; a layer of infrared-reflective metallic material covering the inside surface of the membrane; a layer of oxide formed on the infrared metallic material by exposing the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material to an oxygen-containing plasma; and, a textile covering the layer of oxide. 77. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 76, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the textile. 78. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 77, further comprising a second textile covering the outside surface of the membrane. 79. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 78, further comprising a second functional treatment applied to the second textile. 80. A metalized membrane composite material comprising:
a membrane having an inside surface and an outside surface; a layer of infrared-reflective metallic material covering the inside surface of the membrane; a layer of oxide formed on the infrared metallic material by exposing the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material to an oxygen-containing plasma; and, a textile covering the outside surface of the membrane. 81. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 80, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the textile. 82. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 80, further comprising a second textile covering the layer of oxide. 83. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 70, further comprising a textile covering the layer of oxide. 84. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 83, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the textile. 85. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 84, further comprising a second textile covering the outside surface of the membrane. 86. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 85, further comprising a second functional treatment applied to the second textile. 87. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 72, further comprising a textile covering the layer of oxide. 88. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 87, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the textile. 89. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 88, further comprising a second textile covering the outside surface of the membrane. 90. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 89, further comprising a second functional treatment applied to the second textile. 91. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 74, further comprising a textile covering the layer of oxide. 92. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 91, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the textile. 93. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 92, further comprising a second textile covering the outside surface of the membrane. 94. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 93, further comprising a second functional treatment applied to the second textile. 95. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 75, further comprising a spacer fabric covering the layer of oxide. 96. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 95, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the spacer fabric. 97. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 96, further comprising a second textile covering the outside surface of the membrane. 98. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 97, further comprising a second functional treatment applied to the second textile. 99. A metalized textile composite material comprising:
a textile having an inside surface and an outside surface; a layer of infrared-reflective metallic material covering the inside surface of the textile; a layer of oxide formed on the infrared metallic material by exposing the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material to an oxygen-containing plasma; and, a fabric covering the layer of oxide. 100. The metalized textile composite material of claim 99, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the outside surface of the textile. 101. The metalized textile composite material of claim 99, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the fabric. 102. The metalized textile composite material of claim 101, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the outside surface of the textile. 103. The metalized textile composite material of claim 99, wherein the fabric covering the layer of oxide is a spacing fabric. 104. A neoprene and metalized membrane composite material comprising:
a membrane having an inside surface and an outside surface; a layer of infrared-reflective metallic material deposited on the outside surface of the membrane; and, a layer of neoprene covering the infrared-reflective metallic material. 105. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 104, further comprising:
a second membrane having an inside surface and an outside surface; a second layer of infrared-reflective metallic material deposited on the inside surface of the second membrane; and, wherein the second membrane covers the layer of neoprene, and is disposed such that the second layer of infrared-reflective metallic material faces the layer of neoprene. 106. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 104, wherein the layer of neoprene is perforated. 107. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 105, wherein the layer of neoprene is perforated. 108. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 106, further comprising a second layer of neoprene covering the perforated layer of neoprene. 109. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 108, further comprising a third layer of neoprene covering the inside surface of the membrane. 110. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 104, further comprising a layer of oxide formed on the infrared metallic material by exposing the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material to an oxygen-containing plasma. 111. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 105, further comprising a layer of oxide formed on both the layer infrared-reflective metallic material and the second layer of infrared-reflective metallic material by exposing the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material and the second layer of infrared-reflective metallic material to an oxygen-containing plasma. 112. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 110 wherein the layer of neoprene is perforated. 113. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 111 wherein the layer of neoprene is perforated. 114. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 112, further comprising a second layer of neoprene covering the layer of perforated neoprene. 115. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 114, further comprising a third layer of neoprene covering the inside surface of the membrane. 116. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 104, further comprising a textile covering the layer of neoprene. 117. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 116, further comprising a second textile covering the inside surface of the membrane. 118. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 116, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the textile. 119. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 118, further comprising a second textile covering the inside surface of the membrane. 120. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 119, further comprising a second functional treatment applied to the second textile. 121. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 105, further comprising a textile covering the second membrane. 122. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 121, further comprising a second textile covering the membrane. 123. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 121, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the textile. 124. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 123, further comprising a second textile covering the inside surface of the membrane. 125. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 124, further comprising a second functional treatment applied to the second textile. 126. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 104, wherein the layer of neoprene is perforated. 127. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 104, wherein the layer of neoprene is made from a layer of perforated neoprene bonded to a layer of nonperforated neoprene. 128. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 72, further comprising a textile covering the membrane. 129. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 128, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the textile. 130. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 129, further comprising a second textile covering the layer of oxide. 131. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 74, further comprising a textile covering the membrane. 132. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 131, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the textile. 133. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 132, further comprising a second textile covering the layer of oxide. 134. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 75, further comprising a textile covering the membrane. 135. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 134, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the textile. 136. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 135, further comprising a second textile covering the layer of oxide. 137. The heat reflective composite of claim 39 wherein the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material is protected from corrosion by a protective synthetic metal oxide formed by exposing the freshly deposited metal to an oxygen-containing plasma. 138. The heat reflective composite of claim 50 wherein the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material is protected from corrosion by a protective synthetic metal oxide formed by exposing the freshly deposited metal to an oxygen-containing plasma. 139. The heat reflective composite of claim 58 wherein the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material is protected from corrosion by a protective synthetic metal oxide formed by exposing the freshly deposited metal to an oxygen-containing plasma. 140. The method of claim 65 where the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material is protected from corrosion by exposing the freshly deposited metal to an oxygen-containing plasma thereby forming a protective synthetic metal oxide over the metal layer. 141. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 104 wherein the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material is protected from corrosion by a protective synthetic metal oxide formed by exposing the freshly deposited metal to an oxygen-containing plasma. | Composite materials for use in garments or footwear, and a process for manufacture, and use thereof. Composite materials may have one or more functional properties including water repellency, antimicrobial function, insulation, moisture wicking, directional moisture transfer, body heat reflection, exterior heat reflection, body heat redistribution through conduction, as well as prevention of body heat loss through heat conduction.1.-38. (canceled) 39. A heat reflective composite comprising:
a first layer having an inside surface and an outside surface; a second layer having an inside surface and an outside surface; the second layer arranged such that its outside surface is oriented toward the inside surface of the first layer; a metallic infrared reflective material deposited on one surface or both surfaces of the second layer; a substantially liquid-impermeable, vapor-permeable membrane disposed on the inside surface of the first layer; a coating deposited on one surface or both surfaces of one layer or both layers; wherein the coating comprises a functional material; and, the first layer bonded to the second layer. 40. The composite of 39, wherein the first layer comprises a hydrophilic material and a coating comprising a hydrophobic material is deposited on the outside surface of the first layer. 41. The composite of 39, wherein the second layer comprises an insulation material; and is either
coated with a hydrophobic material on the inside surface of the second layer, and coated with a hydrophilic material on the outside surface of the second layer; or, coated with a hydrophobic material on the outside surface of the second layer, and a hydrophilic material on the inside surface of the second layer; or, the insulation material comprises a hydrophilic material and the inside surface of the second layer is coated with a hydrophobic material. 42. The composite of 39, wherein the infrared-reflective material has an emissivity less than 0.5; and, the infrared-reflective material comprises one or more of aluminum, gold, silver, zinc, tin, lead, copper, AgGe, CuZn, CuSn, CuAg, CuAgSn, or any metal, metal alloy, or metal oxide, or combination of these materials. 43.-49. (canceled) 50. A heat reflective composite comprising:
a substrate comprising a moisture vapor permeable, substantially liquid impermeable material; an insulating layer covering the substrate, the insulating layer comprising a open-structured textile such that the substrate is exposed through gaps in the textile; a coating layer deposited on the insulating layer and on the surface of the substrate that is exposed through the gaps; and, a reflective layer comprised of an infrared-reflective metallic material deposited on the coating layer. 51. A heat reflective composite comprising:
a substrate comprising a moisture vapor permeable, substantially liquid impermeable material; a first coating layer comprising a functional material deposited on the surface of the substrate; a reflective layer comprised of an infrared-reflective metallic material deposited on the first coating layer; and, an insulating layer covering the infrared-reflective metallic material, the insulating layer comprising an open-structured textile such that surfaces of the infrared-reflective metallic material are exposed through gaps in the textile. 52. The composite of claim 51, wherein the substrate comprises one or more of a polyether ester, polyether amide, or polyether urethane film; nonwoven fabric, woven fabric, nonwoven fabric-film laminate, woven fabric-film laminate, microperforated film; or a microporous, air-permeable, moisture vapor transmissive, water resistant and drapeable polymeric membrane. 53. The heat reflective composite of claim 51, wherein a second coating layer comprising a functional material is deposited on the insulating layer such that it covers the insulating layer and surfaces of the infrared-reflective metallic material exposed through the gaps. 54. The composite of claim 51, wherein the infrared-reflective metallic material has an emissivity less than 0.5 comprises one or more of a metal, metal alloy, or metal oxide, gold, silver, zinc, tin, lead, copper, AgGe, CuZn, CuSn, CuAg, CuAgSn, or any alloy, oxide, or combination of these materials. 55. The composite of 51, wherein a silver precipitate is added to the metallic infrared reflective material. 56. (canceled) 57. (canceled) 58. A heat reflective composite comprising:
a substrate comprising a moisture vapor permeable, substantially liquid impermeable material; an insulating layer covering the substrate, the insulating layer comprising gaps which expose the substrate, the gaps comprising a pattern; and, a reflective layer comprised of an infrared-reflective metallic material deposited on the insulating layer and on surfaces of the substrate that are exposed through the gaps. 59. The heat reflective composite of claim 58, wherein the substrate comprises one or more of polyether ester, polyether amide, or polyether urethane film; nonwoven fabric, woven fabric, nonwoven fabric-film laminate, woven fabric-film laminate, microperforated film; or, a microporous, air-permeable, moisture vapor transmissive, water resistant and drapeable polymeric membrane. 60. The heat reflective composite of claim 58, wherein the reflective layer comprises one or more of aluminum, gold, silver, zinc, tin, lead, copper, AgGe, CuZn, CuSn, CuAg, CuAgSn, or any alloy, oxide, or combination of these materials having an emissivity less than 0.5. 61. The heat reflective composite of claim 58, wherein the insulating layer comprises a hydrophilic or porous textile. 62. The heat reflective composite of claim 58, wherein the insulating layer is laminated to the substrate; printed on the substrate; knitted into the substrate; or is vapor deposited onto the substrate. 63. (canceled) 64. (canceled) 65. A method of creating a heat reflective composite comprising the steps of:
providing a substrate comprising a moisture vapor permeable, substantially liquid impermeable material; covering the substrate with an insulating layer, the insulating layer comprising gaps which expose surfaces of the substrate, the gaps comprising a pattern; and, depositing a reflective layer comprised of an infrared-reflective metallic material on the insulating layer and on surfaces of the substrate that are exposed through the gaps. 66. The method of claim 65, wherein the pattern comprises an array or lattice of circles or polygons. 67. The method of claim 65, wherein the insulating layer is deposited on the substrate by first masking the substrate and then depositing the insulating layer on the substrate using a vacuum-plasma vapor deposition process. 68. The method of claim 65, wherein a coating comprising a functional material is deposited directly on the surface of the substrate between the substrate and the reflective layer. 69. A metalized membrane composite material comprising:
a monolithic membrane having an inside surface and an outside surface; a layer of infrared-reflective metallic material covering the inside surface of the monolithic membrane; and, a layer of oxide formed on the infrared metallic material by exposing the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material to an oxygen-containing plasma. 70. A metalized membrane composite material comprising:
a membrane having an inside surface and an outside surface; a textile bonded to the inside surface of the membrane; a layer of infrared-reflective metallic material covering the textile; and, a layer of oxide formed on the infrared metallic material by exposing the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material to an oxygen-containing plasma. 71. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 70, further comprising a spacing fabric covering the layer of oxide. 72. A metalized membrane composite material comprising:
a membrane having an inside surface and an outside surface; a layer of infrared-reflective metallic material covering the inside surface of the membrane; a porous textile covering the infrared-metallic material; and, a layer of oxide formed on the infrared metallic material by exposing the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material to an oxygen-containing plasma through the porous textile. 73. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 72, further comprising a spacing fabric covering the porous textile. 74. A metalized membrane composite material comprising:
a membrane having an inside surface and an outside surface; an acrylate coating applied to the inside surface of the membrane; a layer of infrared-reflective metallic material covering the acrylate coating; and, a layer of oxide formed on the infrared metallic material by exposing the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material to an oxygen-containing plasma. 75. A metalized membrane composite material comprising:
a membrane having an inside surface and an outside surface; a layer of infrared-reflective metallic material covering the inside surface of the membrane; a layer of oxide formed on the infrared metallic material by exposing the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material to an oxygen-containing plasma; and, a spacing fabric attached to the layer of oxide. 76. A metalized membrane composite material comprising:
a membrane having an inside surface and an outside surface; a layer of infrared-reflective metallic material covering the inside surface of the membrane; a layer of oxide formed on the infrared metallic material by exposing the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material to an oxygen-containing plasma; and, a textile covering the layer of oxide. 77. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 76, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the textile. 78. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 77, further comprising a second textile covering the outside surface of the membrane. 79. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 78, further comprising a second functional treatment applied to the second textile. 80. A metalized membrane composite material comprising:
a membrane having an inside surface and an outside surface; a layer of infrared-reflective metallic material covering the inside surface of the membrane; a layer of oxide formed on the infrared metallic material by exposing the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material to an oxygen-containing plasma; and, a textile covering the outside surface of the membrane. 81. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 80, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the textile. 82. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 80, further comprising a second textile covering the layer of oxide. 83. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 70, further comprising a textile covering the layer of oxide. 84. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 83, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the textile. 85. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 84, further comprising a second textile covering the outside surface of the membrane. 86. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 85, further comprising a second functional treatment applied to the second textile. 87. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 72, further comprising a textile covering the layer of oxide. 88. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 87, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the textile. 89. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 88, further comprising a second textile covering the outside surface of the membrane. 90. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 89, further comprising a second functional treatment applied to the second textile. 91. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 74, further comprising a textile covering the layer of oxide. 92. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 91, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the textile. 93. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 92, further comprising a second textile covering the outside surface of the membrane. 94. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 93, further comprising a second functional treatment applied to the second textile. 95. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 75, further comprising a spacer fabric covering the layer of oxide. 96. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 95, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the spacer fabric. 97. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 96, further comprising a second textile covering the outside surface of the membrane. 98. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 97, further comprising a second functional treatment applied to the second textile. 99. A metalized textile composite material comprising:
a textile having an inside surface and an outside surface; a layer of infrared-reflective metallic material covering the inside surface of the textile; a layer of oxide formed on the infrared metallic material by exposing the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material to an oxygen-containing plasma; and, a fabric covering the layer of oxide. 100. The metalized textile composite material of claim 99, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the outside surface of the textile. 101. The metalized textile composite material of claim 99, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the fabric. 102. The metalized textile composite material of claim 101, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the outside surface of the textile. 103. The metalized textile composite material of claim 99, wherein the fabric covering the layer of oxide is a spacing fabric. 104. A neoprene and metalized membrane composite material comprising:
a membrane having an inside surface and an outside surface; a layer of infrared-reflective metallic material deposited on the outside surface of the membrane; and, a layer of neoprene covering the infrared-reflective metallic material. 105. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 104, further comprising:
a second membrane having an inside surface and an outside surface; a second layer of infrared-reflective metallic material deposited on the inside surface of the second membrane; and, wherein the second membrane covers the layer of neoprene, and is disposed such that the second layer of infrared-reflective metallic material faces the layer of neoprene. 106. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 104, wherein the layer of neoprene is perforated. 107. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 105, wherein the layer of neoprene is perforated. 108. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 106, further comprising a second layer of neoprene covering the perforated layer of neoprene. 109. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 108, further comprising a third layer of neoprene covering the inside surface of the membrane. 110. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 104, further comprising a layer of oxide formed on the infrared metallic material by exposing the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material to an oxygen-containing plasma. 111. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 105, further comprising a layer of oxide formed on both the layer infrared-reflective metallic material and the second layer of infrared-reflective metallic material by exposing the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material and the second layer of infrared-reflective metallic material to an oxygen-containing plasma. 112. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 110 wherein the layer of neoprene is perforated. 113. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 111 wherein the layer of neoprene is perforated. 114. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 112, further comprising a second layer of neoprene covering the layer of perforated neoprene. 115. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 114, further comprising a third layer of neoprene covering the inside surface of the membrane. 116. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 104, further comprising a textile covering the layer of neoprene. 117. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 116, further comprising a second textile covering the inside surface of the membrane. 118. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 116, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the textile. 119. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 118, further comprising a second textile covering the inside surface of the membrane. 120. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 119, further comprising a second functional treatment applied to the second textile. 121. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 105, further comprising a textile covering the second membrane. 122. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 121, further comprising a second textile covering the membrane. 123. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 121, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the textile. 124. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 123, further comprising a second textile covering the inside surface of the membrane. 125. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 124, further comprising a second functional treatment applied to the second textile. 126. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 104, wherein the layer of neoprene is perforated. 127. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 104, wherein the layer of neoprene is made from a layer of perforated neoprene bonded to a layer of nonperforated neoprene. 128. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 72, further comprising a textile covering the membrane. 129. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 128, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the textile. 130. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 129, further comprising a second textile covering the layer of oxide. 131. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 74, further comprising a textile covering the membrane. 132. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 131, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the textile. 133. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 132, further comprising a second textile covering the layer of oxide. 134. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 75, further comprising a textile covering the membrane. 135. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 134, further comprising a functional treatment applied to the textile. 136. The metalized membrane composite material of claim 135, further comprising a second textile covering the layer of oxide. 137. The heat reflective composite of claim 39 wherein the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material is protected from corrosion by a protective synthetic metal oxide formed by exposing the freshly deposited metal to an oxygen-containing plasma. 138. The heat reflective composite of claim 50 wherein the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material is protected from corrosion by a protective synthetic metal oxide formed by exposing the freshly deposited metal to an oxygen-containing plasma. 139. The heat reflective composite of claim 58 wherein the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material is protected from corrosion by a protective synthetic metal oxide formed by exposing the freshly deposited metal to an oxygen-containing plasma. 140. The method of claim 65 where the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material is protected from corrosion by exposing the freshly deposited metal to an oxygen-containing plasma thereby forming a protective synthetic metal oxide over the metal layer. 141. The neoprene and metalized membrane composite material of claim 104 wherein the layer of infrared-reflective metallic material is protected from corrosion by a protective synthetic metal oxide formed by exposing the freshly deposited metal to an oxygen-containing plasma. | 1,700 |
2,317 | 14,739,780 | 1,741 | Methods for producing glass articles from glass melts are provided that include continuously introducing the glass melt into a stirrer vessel, stirring the glass melt in the stirrer vessel by at least one blade stirrer, continuously discharging the glass melt from the stirrer vessel, and shaping the glass melt to obtain the glass article. In some embodiments, the stirring is sufficient to draw the glass melt located at a surface of the stirrer vessel into the stirrer vessel so that a formation of a surface layer of the glass melt with a different composition from the composition of the glass melt introduced is prevented or at least minimized. In other embodiments, the stirring is sufficient so that the glass melt which is located at a surface in the stirrer vessel is not drawn into the stirrer vessel or is drawn in only insubstantially. | 1. A method for producing a glass article from a glass melt, comprising:
continuously introducing the glass melt into a stirrer vessel, stirring the glass melt in the stirrer vessel by at least one blade stirrer, the at least one blade stirrer having at least one stirrer blade which is fixed to a stirrer shaft arranged substantially vertically in the stirrer vessel, continuously discharging the glass melt from the stirrer vessel, and shaping the glass melt to obtain the glass article. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the stirring is sufficient to draw the glass melt located at a surface of the stirrer vessel into the stirrer vessel so that a formation of a surface layer of the glass melt with a different composition from the composition of the glass melt introduced is prevented or at least minimized. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the at least one blade stirrer comprises an uppermost stirrer blade configured and arranged at a distance A1 from a surface of the glass melt in the stirrer vessel such that the drawing-in action is substantially effected as a result. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the stirring is sufficient so that the glass melt which is located at a surface in the stirrer vessel is not drawn into the stirrer vessel or is drawn in only insubstantially. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the at least one blade stirrer comprises an uppermost stirrer blade configured and arranged at a distance A2 from the surface of the glass melt in the stirrer vessel such that the glass melt which is located at the surface in the stirrer vessel is substantially not drawn into the stirrer vessel or is drawn in only insubstantially as a result. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one blade stirrer has a plurality of stirrer blades, an uppermost stirrer blade generating a downward flow of the glass melt along the stirrer shaft and a lowest stirrer blade generating an upward flow of the glass melt along the stirrer shaft. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the blade stirrer has a plurality of stirrer blades, a smaller spacing being set between adjacent stirrer blades which generate a unidirectional flow of the glass melt along the stirrer shaft than between adjacent stirrer blades which generate an opposed flow of the glass melt along the stirrer shaft. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of continuously introducing the glass melt into the stirrer vessel comprises continuously introducing the glass melt to an upper region of the stirrer vessel and wherein the step of continuously discharging the glass melt from the stirrer vessel comprises continuously discharging the glass melt from a lower region of the stirrer vessel. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of continuously introducing the glass melt into the stirrer vessel comprises continuously introducing the glass melt to a lower region of the stirrer vessel and wherein the step of continuously discharging the glass melt from the stirrer vessel comprises continuously discharging the glass melt from an upper region of the stirrer vessel. 10. The method according to claim 1, further comprising arranging a plurality of stirrer vessels in series to stir the glass melt. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein, as a result of the stirring, the glass melt located at a surface at a surface of the stirrer vessel effects a maximum amplitude of up-and-down movement of at most 2% of a glass melt level in the stirrer vessel at a stirrer rotational speed of 6 rev/min. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one stirrer has rotational speed set in the range from 0.5 to 20 rev/min. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of shaping the glass melt comprises a process selected from the group consisting of floating, rolling, and drawing. 14. A device for producing a glass article from a glass melt, comprising:
a continuous glass introduction device to continuously introduce the glass melt into a stirrer vessel, a glass stirring device having at least one blade stirrer in the stirrer vessel, the at least one blade stirrer having at least one stirrer blade fixed to a stirrer shaft arranged substantially vertically in the stirrer vessel, a continuous glass discharge to continuously discharge the glass melt from the stirrer vessel, and a glass shaping device configured to shape the glass melt into the glass article. 15. The device of claim 14, wherein glass stirring device is sufficient to draw in the glass melt which is located at a surface in the stirrer vessel into the stirrer vessel so that the formation of a surface layer of the glass melt with a different composition from the composition of the glass melt introduced can be prevented or at least minimized. 16. The device according to claim 15, wherein the at least one blade stirrer comprises an uppermost stirrer blade configured and arranged at a distance A1 from the surface of the glass melt in the stirrer vessel such that the drawing-in action is substantially effected as a result. 17. The device according to claim 14, wherein glass stirring device is sufficient so that the glass melt which is located at a surface in the stirrer vessel is not drawn into the stirrer vessel or is drawn in only insubstantially. 18. The device according to claim 17, wherein the at least one blade stirrer comprises an uppermost stirrer blade configured and arranged at a distance A2 from the surface of the glass melt in the stirrer vessel such that the glass melt which is located at the surface in the stirrer vessel is substantially not drawn into the stirrer vessel or is drawn in only insubstantially as a result. | Methods for producing glass articles from glass melts are provided that include continuously introducing the glass melt into a stirrer vessel, stirring the glass melt in the stirrer vessel by at least one blade stirrer, continuously discharging the glass melt from the stirrer vessel, and shaping the glass melt to obtain the glass article. In some embodiments, the stirring is sufficient to draw the glass melt located at a surface of the stirrer vessel into the stirrer vessel so that a formation of a surface layer of the glass melt with a different composition from the composition of the glass melt introduced is prevented or at least minimized. In other embodiments, the stirring is sufficient so that the glass melt which is located at a surface in the stirrer vessel is not drawn into the stirrer vessel or is drawn in only insubstantially.1. A method for producing a glass article from a glass melt, comprising:
continuously introducing the glass melt into a stirrer vessel, stirring the glass melt in the stirrer vessel by at least one blade stirrer, the at least one blade stirrer having at least one stirrer blade which is fixed to a stirrer shaft arranged substantially vertically in the stirrer vessel, continuously discharging the glass melt from the stirrer vessel, and shaping the glass melt to obtain the glass article. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the stirring is sufficient to draw the glass melt located at a surface of the stirrer vessel into the stirrer vessel so that a formation of a surface layer of the glass melt with a different composition from the composition of the glass melt introduced is prevented or at least minimized. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the at least one blade stirrer comprises an uppermost stirrer blade configured and arranged at a distance A1 from a surface of the glass melt in the stirrer vessel such that the drawing-in action is substantially effected as a result. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the stirring is sufficient so that the glass melt which is located at a surface in the stirrer vessel is not drawn into the stirrer vessel or is drawn in only insubstantially. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the at least one blade stirrer comprises an uppermost stirrer blade configured and arranged at a distance A2 from the surface of the glass melt in the stirrer vessel such that the glass melt which is located at the surface in the stirrer vessel is substantially not drawn into the stirrer vessel or is drawn in only insubstantially as a result. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one blade stirrer has a plurality of stirrer blades, an uppermost stirrer blade generating a downward flow of the glass melt along the stirrer shaft and a lowest stirrer blade generating an upward flow of the glass melt along the stirrer shaft. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the blade stirrer has a plurality of stirrer blades, a smaller spacing being set between adjacent stirrer blades which generate a unidirectional flow of the glass melt along the stirrer shaft than between adjacent stirrer blades which generate an opposed flow of the glass melt along the stirrer shaft. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of continuously introducing the glass melt into the stirrer vessel comprises continuously introducing the glass melt to an upper region of the stirrer vessel and wherein the step of continuously discharging the glass melt from the stirrer vessel comprises continuously discharging the glass melt from a lower region of the stirrer vessel. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of continuously introducing the glass melt into the stirrer vessel comprises continuously introducing the glass melt to a lower region of the stirrer vessel and wherein the step of continuously discharging the glass melt from the stirrer vessel comprises continuously discharging the glass melt from an upper region of the stirrer vessel. 10. The method according to claim 1, further comprising arranging a plurality of stirrer vessels in series to stir the glass melt. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein, as a result of the stirring, the glass melt located at a surface at a surface of the stirrer vessel effects a maximum amplitude of up-and-down movement of at most 2% of a glass melt level in the stirrer vessel at a stirrer rotational speed of 6 rev/min. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one stirrer has rotational speed set in the range from 0.5 to 20 rev/min. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of shaping the glass melt comprises a process selected from the group consisting of floating, rolling, and drawing. 14. A device for producing a glass article from a glass melt, comprising:
a continuous glass introduction device to continuously introduce the glass melt into a stirrer vessel, a glass stirring device having at least one blade stirrer in the stirrer vessel, the at least one blade stirrer having at least one stirrer blade fixed to a stirrer shaft arranged substantially vertically in the stirrer vessel, a continuous glass discharge to continuously discharge the glass melt from the stirrer vessel, and a glass shaping device configured to shape the glass melt into the glass article. 15. The device of claim 14, wherein glass stirring device is sufficient to draw in the glass melt which is located at a surface in the stirrer vessel into the stirrer vessel so that the formation of a surface layer of the glass melt with a different composition from the composition of the glass melt introduced can be prevented or at least minimized. 16. The device according to claim 15, wherein the at least one blade stirrer comprises an uppermost stirrer blade configured and arranged at a distance A1 from the surface of the glass melt in the stirrer vessel such that the drawing-in action is substantially effected as a result. 17. The device according to claim 14, wherein glass stirring device is sufficient so that the glass melt which is located at a surface in the stirrer vessel is not drawn into the stirrer vessel or is drawn in only insubstantially. 18. The device according to claim 17, wherein the at least one blade stirrer comprises an uppermost stirrer blade configured and arranged at a distance A2 from the surface of the glass melt in the stirrer vessel such that the glass melt which is located at the surface in the stirrer vessel is substantially not drawn into the stirrer vessel or is drawn in only insubstantially as a result. | 1,700 |
2,318 | 14,422,665 | 1,713 | Contemplated compositions and methods for treating in service concrete includes the step of contacting a portion of the in service concrete with an composition, wherein the composition comprises a base and at least one of an acid and a salt of an acid in an amount effective to convert insoluble calcium salts into soluble calcium gluconates that can be washed away with water or other liquid. | 1. A method of treating a sulfuric acid affected in-service concrete, comprising:
contacting a surface of the sulfuric acid affected in-service concrete with an composition; wherein the composition comprises a base and at least one of gluconic acid and a salt of gluconic acid; and wherein the step of contacting is performed for a time sufficient to (a) convert insoluble calcium salts into soluble calcium gluconate to a depth of at least 3 mm, and (b) neutralize residual acidity in the concrete to a depth of at least 3 mm. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a ratio of at least 5:1. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a ratio of at least 7:1. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a ratio of at least 10:1. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a total amount of at least 30 wt %. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a total amount of at least 40 wt %. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising a step of rinsing the surface to thereby remove the soluble calcium gluconate. 8. The method of claim 1 or claim 7 further comprising a step of coating the surface with a protecting composition or a primer. 9. A composition for treating a sulfuric acid affected in-service concrete, comprising:
an aqueous formulation comprising a base and at least one of gluconic acid and a salt of gluconic acid; wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a ratio of at least 5:1; and/or wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a total amount of at least 30 wt %; and wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in an amount effective to (a) convert insoluble calcium salts into soluble calcium gluconate to a depth of at least 3 mm, and (b) neutralize residual acidity in the concrete to a depth of at least 3 mm. 10. The composition of claim 9 wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a ratio of at least 7:1. 11. The composition of claim 9 wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a ratio of at least 10:1. 12. The composition of claim 9 wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a total amount of at least 40 wt %. 13. The composition of claim 9 wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a ratio of at least 5:1, and wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a total amount of at least 30 wt %. 14. The composition of claim 9 further comprising a thickening agent and is formulated as a gel. 15. A method of treating a sub-surface area of a sulfuric acid affected in-service concrete structure, comprising a step of contacting the sub-surface area with a composition that is formulated to (a) convert insoluble calcium salts into soluble calcium gluconate to a depth of at least 3 mm, and (b) neutralize residual acidity in the concrete to a depth of at least 3 mm. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the composition comprises a base and at least one of gluconic acid and a salt of gluconic acid. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a ratio of at least 7:1. 18. The method of claim 16 wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a total amount of at least 40 wt %. 19. The method of claim 17 wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a total amount of at least 40 wt %. 20. The method of claim 15 wherein the composition further comprises a thickening agent. | Contemplated compositions and methods for treating in service concrete includes the step of contacting a portion of the in service concrete with an composition, wherein the composition comprises a base and at least one of an acid and a salt of an acid in an amount effective to convert insoluble calcium salts into soluble calcium gluconates that can be washed away with water or other liquid.1. A method of treating a sulfuric acid affected in-service concrete, comprising:
contacting a surface of the sulfuric acid affected in-service concrete with an composition; wherein the composition comprises a base and at least one of gluconic acid and a salt of gluconic acid; and wherein the step of contacting is performed for a time sufficient to (a) convert insoluble calcium salts into soluble calcium gluconate to a depth of at least 3 mm, and (b) neutralize residual acidity in the concrete to a depth of at least 3 mm. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a ratio of at least 5:1. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a ratio of at least 7:1. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a ratio of at least 10:1. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a total amount of at least 30 wt %. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a total amount of at least 40 wt %. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising a step of rinsing the surface to thereby remove the soluble calcium gluconate. 8. The method of claim 1 or claim 7 further comprising a step of coating the surface with a protecting composition or a primer. 9. A composition for treating a sulfuric acid affected in-service concrete, comprising:
an aqueous formulation comprising a base and at least one of gluconic acid and a salt of gluconic acid; wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a ratio of at least 5:1; and/or wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a total amount of at least 30 wt %; and wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in an amount effective to (a) convert insoluble calcium salts into soluble calcium gluconate to a depth of at least 3 mm, and (b) neutralize residual acidity in the concrete to a depth of at least 3 mm. 10. The composition of claim 9 wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a ratio of at least 7:1. 11. The composition of claim 9 wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a ratio of at least 10:1. 12. The composition of claim 9 wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a total amount of at least 40 wt %. 13. The composition of claim 9 wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a ratio of at least 5:1, and wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a total amount of at least 30 wt %. 14. The composition of claim 9 further comprising a thickening agent and is formulated as a gel. 15. A method of treating a sub-surface area of a sulfuric acid affected in-service concrete structure, comprising a step of contacting the sub-surface area with a composition that is formulated to (a) convert insoluble calcium salts into soluble calcium gluconate to a depth of at least 3 mm, and (b) neutralize residual acidity in the concrete to a depth of at least 3 mm. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the composition comprises a base and at least one of gluconic acid and a salt of gluconic acid. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a ratio of at least 7:1. 18. The method of claim 16 wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a total amount of at least 40 wt %. 19. The method of claim 17 wherein the at least one of gluconic acid and the salt of gluconic acid and the base are present in a total amount of at least 40 wt %. 20. The method of claim 15 wherein the composition further comprises a thickening agent. | 1,700 |
2,319 | 14,122,086 | 1,774 | There is provided with a screw that is inserted into a cylinder an inside of which a material is loaded, and is rotatably supported in both end portions on an upstream side and a downstream side, or in an end portion on the upstream side, in the cylinder; a first kneading blade including a plurality of first blades that are helically provided on the screw and send the material toward the downstream side with rotation of the screw; and a second kneading blade including a second blade that is helically provided on the screw and returns the material, which is sent toward the downstream side by the first kneading blade, toward the upstream side, the number of blades in the second blade being smaller than the number of blades in the first blade. | 1. A material kneading apparatus comprising:
a screw that is inserted into a cylinder, an inside of which a material is loaded, and is rotatably supported in both end portions on an upstream side and a downstream side or in an end portion on the upstream side, in the cylinder; a first kneading blade comprising a plurality of first blades that is helically provided on the screw and is configured to send the material toward the downstream side with rotation of the screw; and a second kneading blade comprising a second blade that is helically provided on the screw and is configured to return the material, which has been sent toward the downstream side by the first kneading blade, toward the upstream side, the second blade having a smaller number of blades than the number of blades of the first blades. 2. The material kneading apparatus according to claim 1,
wherein a plurality of the second blades are provided on the screw, wherein the plurality of first blades comprises third blades and fourth blades, wherein upstream side beginning ends of the second blades are engaged with downstream side terminal ends of the third blades, and wherein the upstream side beginning ends of the second blades are separated from downstream side terminal ends of the fourth blades. 3. The material kneading apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the screw includes a plurality of sets of the first kneading blade and the second kneading blade. 4. The material kneading apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first kneading blade and the second kneading blade have an identical length in an axial direction of the cylinder. 5. A method of kneading material, comprising:
rotating a screw, wherein the screw is inserted into a cylinder, an inside of which a material is loaded, and is rotatably supported in both end portions on an upstream side and a downstream side or in an end portion on the upstream side in the cylinder; and sending the loaded material toward the downstream side using a first kneading blade, the first kneading blade comprising a plurality of first blades that is helically provided on the screw and is configured to send the material toward the downstream side with rotation of the screw, and returning the material, which has been sent toward the downstream side, toward the upstream side using a second kneading blade, the second kneading blade comprising a second blade that is helically provided on the screw and is configured to return the material, which has been sent toward the downstream side by the first kneading blade, toward the upstream side, wherein the second blade has a smaller number of blades than the number of blades of the first blades. | There is provided with a screw that is inserted into a cylinder an inside of which a material is loaded, and is rotatably supported in both end portions on an upstream side and a downstream side, or in an end portion on the upstream side, in the cylinder; a first kneading blade including a plurality of first blades that are helically provided on the screw and send the material toward the downstream side with rotation of the screw; and a second kneading blade including a second blade that is helically provided on the screw and returns the material, which is sent toward the downstream side by the first kneading blade, toward the upstream side, the number of blades in the second blade being smaller than the number of blades in the first blade.1. A material kneading apparatus comprising:
a screw that is inserted into a cylinder, an inside of which a material is loaded, and is rotatably supported in both end portions on an upstream side and a downstream side or in an end portion on the upstream side, in the cylinder; a first kneading blade comprising a plurality of first blades that is helically provided on the screw and is configured to send the material toward the downstream side with rotation of the screw; and a second kneading blade comprising a second blade that is helically provided on the screw and is configured to return the material, which has been sent toward the downstream side by the first kneading blade, toward the upstream side, the second blade having a smaller number of blades than the number of blades of the first blades. 2. The material kneading apparatus according to claim 1,
wherein a plurality of the second blades are provided on the screw, wherein the plurality of first blades comprises third blades and fourth blades, wherein upstream side beginning ends of the second blades are engaged with downstream side terminal ends of the third blades, and wherein the upstream side beginning ends of the second blades are separated from downstream side terminal ends of the fourth blades. 3. The material kneading apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the screw includes a plurality of sets of the first kneading blade and the second kneading blade. 4. The material kneading apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first kneading blade and the second kneading blade have an identical length in an axial direction of the cylinder. 5. A method of kneading material, comprising:
rotating a screw, wherein the screw is inserted into a cylinder, an inside of which a material is loaded, and is rotatably supported in both end portions on an upstream side and a downstream side or in an end portion on the upstream side in the cylinder; and sending the loaded material toward the downstream side using a first kneading blade, the first kneading blade comprising a plurality of first blades that is helically provided on the screw and is configured to send the material toward the downstream side with rotation of the screw, and returning the material, which has been sent toward the downstream side, toward the upstream side using a second kneading blade, the second kneading blade comprising a second blade that is helically provided on the screw and is configured to return the material, which has been sent toward the downstream side by the first kneading blade, toward the upstream side, wherein the second blade has a smaller number of blades than the number of blades of the first blades. | 1,700 |
2,320 | 14,924,394 | 1,748 | The invention provides a method of isolating certain target compounds from tobacco, tobacco materials or smoke generated by a smoking article. The method can be used to remove undesirable compounds from tobacco, tobacco materials, or tobacco smoke. The method can also be used to remove flavor compounds from tobacco or tobacco materials, which can then be used as flavor components for tobacco material used in smoking articles and smokeless tobacco compositions. | 1. A molecularly imprinted polymer selective for: (a) a Hoffmann analyte selected from the group consisting of 1-aminonapthalene, 2-aminonapthalene, 3-aminobiphenyl, 4-aminobiphenyl, methyl ethyl ketone, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, butyraldehyde, crotonaldehyde, formaldehyde, priopionaldehyde, catechol, hydroquinone, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-cresol, phenol, resorcinol, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, isoprene, toluene, styrene, pyridine, quinoline, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, or precursor thereto; or (b) an organoleptic compound found naturally in one or more Nicotiana species. 2. The molecularly imprinted polymer of claim 1, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer is selective for an organoleptic compound found naturally in one or more Nicotiana species. 3. The molecularly imprinted polymer of claim 2, wherein the organoleptic compound is selected from the group consisting of megastigmatrienones, β-damascenone, sclareolide, solanone, methyl salicylate, cinammic aldehyde, phenethyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, methyl chavicol, geranyl acetone, 4-ketoisophorone, benzaldehyde, isophorone, eugenol, methoxy eugenol, heptanol, methyloctanoate, 2-methylpropionic acid, 2-methylbutyric acid, 4-methylpentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, linalool, phenethyl alcohol, docecylacylate, nerolidol, octanoic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, 5-acetoxymethyl-2-furfural, farnesal, 1-hexadecane, 1-octadecene, phytol, vanillin, acetovanillin, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, methylbenzoate, salicylaldehyde, benzylsalicylate, cembrenediols, isophorone, oximes, solavetivone, thunbergol, docecylacrylate, cembrenol, benylbenzoate, scaral, acetophenone, caryophyllene, and aristolone. 4. The molecularly imprinted polymer of claim 1, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer comprises a polymer prepared from one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of vinyl-containing monomers, acrylic acid or acrylate-containing monomers, acrylamide-containing monomers, and derivatives thereof. 5. The molecularly imprinted polymer of claim 4, where the monomers are selected from the group consisting of vinyl chloride, vinyl fluoride, vinylidene fluoride, methyl vinyl ether, perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether), chloroprene, isoprene, vinyl acetate, ethylene, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, trifluoromethacrylic acid, methyl methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, hydroxyethylmethacrylate, trans-3-(3-pyridyl)-acrylic acid, styrene, 4-ethyl styrene, p-vinyl benzoic acid, 4-vinylpyridine, 4-vinylbenzyl-trimethyl ammionium chloride, 4(5)-vinyl imidazole, styrene, acrylamide, vinylpyrrolidone, acrylonitrile, 4-vinyl benzamidine, 2-vinylpyridine, 1-vinylimidazole, acrylamide, methacrylamide, acrylamido-(2-methyl)-1-propane sulfonic acid, itaconic acid, and combinations thereof. 6. A smoking article comprising a tobacco rod circumscribed by a wrapping material attached to an adjacent filter element circumscribed by a plug wrap, wherein the smoking article further comprises a molecularly imprinted polymer selective for a Hoffmann analyte selected from the group consisting of 1-aminonapthalene, 2-aminonapthalene, 3-aminobiphenyl, 4-aminobiphenyl, methyl ethyl ketone, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, benzo[a]pyrene, butyraldehyde, crotonaldehyde, formaldehyde, priopionaldehyde, catechol, hydroquinone, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-cresol, phenol, resorcinol, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, isoprene, toluene, styrene, pyridine, quinoline, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, and precursors thereof. 7. The smoking article of claim 6, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer is contained within the filter element of the smoking article. 8. The smoking article of claim 6, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer is selective for benzo[a]pyrene. 9. A method for preparing a molecularly imprinted polymer selective for a Hoffman analyte or an organoleptic compound found naturally in one or more Nicotiana species, the method comprising:
(a) selecting a template molecule suitable for forming a molecularly imprinted polymer selective for a target molecule selected from (i) a Hoffmann analyte selected from the group consisting of 1-aminonapthalene, 2-aminonapthalene, 3-aminobiphenyl, 4-aminobiphenyl, methyl ethyl ketone, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, butyraldehyde, crotonaldehyde, formaldehyde, priopionaldehyde, catechol, hydroquinone, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-cresol, phenol, resorcinol, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, isoprene, toluene, styrene, pyridine, quinoline, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, or precursor thereto; or (ii) an organoleptic compound found naturally in one or more Nicotiana species, wherein the template molecule is the target molecule or a structural analogue thereof; and (b) polymerizing at least one functional monomer in the presence of the selected template molecule to produce a molecularly imprinted polymer selective for the target molecule. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer is selective for an organoleptic compound found naturally in one or more Nicotiana species. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the organoleptic compound is selected from the group consisting of megastigmatrienones, β-damascenone, sclareolide, solanone, methyl salicylate, cinammic aldehyde, phenethyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, methyl chavicol, geranyl acetone, 4-ketoisophorone, benzaldehyde, isophorone, eugenol, methoxy eugenol, heptanol, methyloctanoate, 2-methylpropionic acid, 2-methylbutyric acid, 4-methylpentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, linalool, phenethyl alcohol, docecylacylate, nerolidol, octanoic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, 5-acetoxymethyl-2-furfural, farnesal, 1-hexadecane, 1-octadecene, phytol, vanillin, acetovanillin, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, methylbenzoate, salicylaldehyde, benzylsalicylate, cembrenediols, isophorone, oximes, solavetivone, thunbergol, docecylacrylate, cembrenol, benylbenzoate, scaral, acetophenone, caryophyllene, and aristolone. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer comprises a polymer prepared from one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of vinyl-containing monomers, acrylic acid or acrylate-containing monomers, acrylamide-containing monomers, and derivatives thereof. 13. The method of claim 12, where the monomers are selected from the group consisting of vinyl chloride, vinyl fluoride, vinylidene fluoride, methyl vinyl ether, perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether), chloroprene, isoprene, vinyl acetate, ethylene, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, trifluoromethacrylic acid, methyl methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, hydroxyethylmethacrylate, trans-3-(3-pyridyl)-acrylic acid, styrene, 4-ethyl styrene, p-vinyl benzoic acid, 4-vinylpyridine, 4-vinylbenzyl-trimethyl ammionium chloride, 4(5)-vinyl imidazole, styrene, acrylamide, vinylpyrrolidone, acrylonitrile, 4-vinyl benzamidine, 2-vinylpyridine, 1-vinylimidazole, acrylamide, methacrylamide, acrylamido-(2-methyl)-1-propane sulfonic acid, itaconic acid, and combinations thereof. 14.-25. (canceled) 26. A method of isolating a target compound from tobacco material, comprising:
contacting a tobacco material with a molecularly imprinted polymer specific for a target compound contained within the tobacco material for a time and under conditions sufficient to bind the target compound within the molecularly imprinted polymer, wherein the target compound is (a) a Hoffmann analyte selected from the group consisting of 1-aminonapthalene, 2-aminonapthalene, 3-aminobiphenyl, 4-aminobiphenyl, methyl ethyl ketone, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, butyraldehyde, crotonaldehyde, formaldehyde, priopionaldehyde, catechol, hydroquinone, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-cresol, phenol, resorcinol, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, isoprene, toluene, styrene, pyridine, quinoline, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, or precursor thereto; or (b) an organoleptic compound found naturally in one or more Nicotiana species. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the tobacco material is a tobacco extract or tobacco slurry, and wherein the method further comprises separating the treated tobacco material from the molecularly imprinted polymer to afford a treated material having reduced content of the target compound. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the tobacco extract or tobacco slurry comprises a solvent selected from the group consisting of water, methylene chloride, methanol, hexanes, and ethyl acetate. 29. (canceled) 30. The method of claim 26, wherein the tobacco material is provided in green form. 31. The method of claim 26, wherein the tobacco material is provided in cured form. 32. The method of claim 26, wherein the target compound is a Hoffmann analyte precursor. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the target compound is selected from the group consisting of benzo[a]pyrene, formaldehyde, N′-nitrosonornicotine, 4-(methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, cyanide, benzene, lead, arsenic, nickel compounds, polonium-210, uranium-235, uranium-238, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, mixtures thereof, and derivatives thereof. 34.-46. (canceled) | The invention provides a method of isolating certain target compounds from tobacco, tobacco materials or smoke generated by a smoking article. The method can be used to remove undesirable compounds from tobacco, tobacco materials, or tobacco smoke. The method can also be used to remove flavor compounds from tobacco or tobacco materials, which can then be used as flavor components for tobacco material used in smoking articles and smokeless tobacco compositions.1. A molecularly imprinted polymer selective for: (a) a Hoffmann analyte selected from the group consisting of 1-aminonapthalene, 2-aminonapthalene, 3-aminobiphenyl, 4-aminobiphenyl, methyl ethyl ketone, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, butyraldehyde, crotonaldehyde, formaldehyde, priopionaldehyde, catechol, hydroquinone, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-cresol, phenol, resorcinol, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, isoprene, toluene, styrene, pyridine, quinoline, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, or precursor thereto; or (b) an organoleptic compound found naturally in one or more Nicotiana species. 2. The molecularly imprinted polymer of claim 1, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer is selective for an organoleptic compound found naturally in one or more Nicotiana species. 3. The molecularly imprinted polymer of claim 2, wherein the organoleptic compound is selected from the group consisting of megastigmatrienones, β-damascenone, sclareolide, solanone, methyl salicylate, cinammic aldehyde, phenethyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, methyl chavicol, geranyl acetone, 4-ketoisophorone, benzaldehyde, isophorone, eugenol, methoxy eugenol, heptanol, methyloctanoate, 2-methylpropionic acid, 2-methylbutyric acid, 4-methylpentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, linalool, phenethyl alcohol, docecylacylate, nerolidol, octanoic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, 5-acetoxymethyl-2-furfural, farnesal, 1-hexadecane, 1-octadecene, phytol, vanillin, acetovanillin, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, methylbenzoate, salicylaldehyde, benzylsalicylate, cembrenediols, isophorone, oximes, solavetivone, thunbergol, docecylacrylate, cembrenol, benylbenzoate, scaral, acetophenone, caryophyllene, and aristolone. 4. The molecularly imprinted polymer of claim 1, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer comprises a polymer prepared from one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of vinyl-containing monomers, acrylic acid or acrylate-containing monomers, acrylamide-containing monomers, and derivatives thereof. 5. The molecularly imprinted polymer of claim 4, where the monomers are selected from the group consisting of vinyl chloride, vinyl fluoride, vinylidene fluoride, methyl vinyl ether, perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether), chloroprene, isoprene, vinyl acetate, ethylene, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, trifluoromethacrylic acid, methyl methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, hydroxyethylmethacrylate, trans-3-(3-pyridyl)-acrylic acid, styrene, 4-ethyl styrene, p-vinyl benzoic acid, 4-vinylpyridine, 4-vinylbenzyl-trimethyl ammionium chloride, 4(5)-vinyl imidazole, styrene, acrylamide, vinylpyrrolidone, acrylonitrile, 4-vinyl benzamidine, 2-vinylpyridine, 1-vinylimidazole, acrylamide, methacrylamide, acrylamido-(2-methyl)-1-propane sulfonic acid, itaconic acid, and combinations thereof. 6. A smoking article comprising a tobacco rod circumscribed by a wrapping material attached to an adjacent filter element circumscribed by a plug wrap, wherein the smoking article further comprises a molecularly imprinted polymer selective for a Hoffmann analyte selected from the group consisting of 1-aminonapthalene, 2-aminonapthalene, 3-aminobiphenyl, 4-aminobiphenyl, methyl ethyl ketone, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, benzo[a]pyrene, butyraldehyde, crotonaldehyde, formaldehyde, priopionaldehyde, catechol, hydroquinone, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-cresol, phenol, resorcinol, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, isoprene, toluene, styrene, pyridine, quinoline, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, and precursors thereof. 7. The smoking article of claim 6, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer is contained within the filter element of the smoking article. 8. The smoking article of claim 6, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer is selective for benzo[a]pyrene. 9. A method for preparing a molecularly imprinted polymer selective for a Hoffman analyte or an organoleptic compound found naturally in one or more Nicotiana species, the method comprising:
(a) selecting a template molecule suitable for forming a molecularly imprinted polymer selective for a target molecule selected from (i) a Hoffmann analyte selected from the group consisting of 1-aminonapthalene, 2-aminonapthalene, 3-aminobiphenyl, 4-aminobiphenyl, methyl ethyl ketone, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, butyraldehyde, crotonaldehyde, formaldehyde, priopionaldehyde, catechol, hydroquinone, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-cresol, phenol, resorcinol, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, isoprene, toluene, styrene, pyridine, quinoline, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, or precursor thereto; or (ii) an organoleptic compound found naturally in one or more Nicotiana species, wherein the template molecule is the target molecule or a structural analogue thereof; and (b) polymerizing at least one functional monomer in the presence of the selected template molecule to produce a molecularly imprinted polymer selective for the target molecule. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer is selective for an organoleptic compound found naturally in one or more Nicotiana species. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the organoleptic compound is selected from the group consisting of megastigmatrienones, β-damascenone, sclareolide, solanone, methyl salicylate, cinammic aldehyde, phenethyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, methyl chavicol, geranyl acetone, 4-ketoisophorone, benzaldehyde, isophorone, eugenol, methoxy eugenol, heptanol, methyloctanoate, 2-methylpropionic acid, 2-methylbutyric acid, 4-methylpentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, linalool, phenethyl alcohol, docecylacylate, nerolidol, octanoic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, 5-acetoxymethyl-2-furfural, farnesal, 1-hexadecane, 1-octadecene, phytol, vanillin, acetovanillin, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, methylbenzoate, salicylaldehyde, benzylsalicylate, cembrenediols, isophorone, oximes, solavetivone, thunbergol, docecylacrylate, cembrenol, benylbenzoate, scaral, acetophenone, caryophyllene, and aristolone. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer comprises a polymer prepared from one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of vinyl-containing monomers, acrylic acid or acrylate-containing monomers, acrylamide-containing monomers, and derivatives thereof. 13. The method of claim 12, where the monomers are selected from the group consisting of vinyl chloride, vinyl fluoride, vinylidene fluoride, methyl vinyl ether, perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether), chloroprene, isoprene, vinyl acetate, ethylene, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, trifluoromethacrylic acid, methyl methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, hydroxyethylmethacrylate, trans-3-(3-pyridyl)-acrylic acid, styrene, 4-ethyl styrene, p-vinyl benzoic acid, 4-vinylpyridine, 4-vinylbenzyl-trimethyl ammionium chloride, 4(5)-vinyl imidazole, styrene, acrylamide, vinylpyrrolidone, acrylonitrile, 4-vinyl benzamidine, 2-vinylpyridine, 1-vinylimidazole, acrylamide, methacrylamide, acrylamido-(2-methyl)-1-propane sulfonic acid, itaconic acid, and combinations thereof. 14.-25. (canceled) 26. A method of isolating a target compound from tobacco material, comprising:
contacting a tobacco material with a molecularly imprinted polymer specific for a target compound contained within the tobacco material for a time and under conditions sufficient to bind the target compound within the molecularly imprinted polymer, wherein the target compound is (a) a Hoffmann analyte selected from the group consisting of 1-aminonapthalene, 2-aminonapthalene, 3-aminobiphenyl, 4-aminobiphenyl, methyl ethyl ketone, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, butyraldehyde, crotonaldehyde, formaldehyde, priopionaldehyde, catechol, hydroquinone, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-cresol, phenol, resorcinol, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, isoprene, toluene, styrene, pyridine, quinoline, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, or precursor thereto; or (b) an organoleptic compound found naturally in one or more Nicotiana species. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the tobacco material is a tobacco extract or tobacco slurry, and wherein the method further comprises separating the treated tobacco material from the molecularly imprinted polymer to afford a treated material having reduced content of the target compound. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the tobacco extract or tobacco slurry comprises a solvent selected from the group consisting of water, methylene chloride, methanol, hexanes, and ethyl acetate. 29. (canceled) 30. The method of claim 26, wherein the tobacco material is provided in green form. 31. The method of claim 26, wherein the tobacco material is provided in cured form. 32. The method of claim 26, wherein the target compound is a Hoffmann analyte precursor. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the target compound is selected from the group consisting of benzo[a]pyrene, formaldehyde, N′-nitrosonornicotine, 4-(methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, cyanide, benzene, lead, arsenic, nickel compounds, polonium-210, uranium-235, uranium-238, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, mixtures thereof, and derivatives thereof. 34.-46. (canceled) | 1,700 |
2,321 | 15,367,658 | 1,761 | A hybridized electrode includes from 5% by weight to 10% by weight of a binder which has a capacitance of at least 100 F/g. A hybrid supercapacitor includes at least one hybridized electrode of this type. | 1. A hybridized electrode, comprising:
a binder that constitutes from 5% by weight to 10% by weight of the electrode, and that has a capacitance of at least 100 F/g. 2. The hybridized electrode of claim 1, wherein the binder is an electrically conductive polymer. 3. The hybridized electrode of claim 2, wherein the binder is selected from a group consisting of poly[3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)thiophene], polyaniline, poly(1,5-diaminoanthraquinone), poly(3-methylthiophene), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polypyrrole, 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecanethiol, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/polystyrenesulfonate mixture and mixtures thereof. 4. The hybridized electrode of claim 1, further comprising:
at least one lithium compound that constitutes from 15% by weight to 30% by weight of the electrode. 5. The hybridized electrode of claim 1, further comprising:
a carbon that constitutes from 60% by weight to 70% by weight of the electrode, and that is selected from a group consisting of carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, graphene, functionalized graphene, activated carbon and mixtures thereof. 6. The hybridized electrode of claim 1, further comprising:
at least one of (i) graphite and (ii) carbon black nanoparticles that constitute from 2% by weight to 15% by weight of the electrode. 7. A hybrid supercapacitor, comprising:
at least one hybridized electrode that includes:
a binder that constitutes from 5% by weight to 10% by weight of the electrode, and that has a capacitance of at least 100 F/g. | A hybridized electrode includes from 5% by weight to 10% by weight of a binder which has a capacitance of at least 100 F/g. A hybrid supercapacitor includes at least one hybridized electrode of this type.1. A hybridized electrode, comprising:
a binder that constitutes from 5% by weight to 10% by weight of the electrode, and that has a capacitance of at least 100 F/g. 2. The hybridized electrode of claim 1, wherein the binder is an electrically conductive polymer. 3. The hybridized electrode of claim 2, wherein the binder is selected from a group consisting of poly[3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)thiophene], polyaniline, poly(1,5-diaminoanthraquinone), poly(3-methylthiophene), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polypyrrole, 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecanethiol, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/polystyrenesulfonate mixture and mixtures thereof. 4. The hybridized electrode of claim 1, further comprising:
at least one lithium compound that constitutes from 15% by weight to 30% by weight of the electrode. 5. The hybridized electrode of claim 1, further comprising:
a carbon that constitutes from 60% by weight to 70% by weight of the electrode, and that is selected from a group consisting of carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, graphene, functionalized graphene, activated carbon and mixtures thereof. 6. The hybridized electrode of claim 1, further comprising:
at least one of (i) graphite and (ii) carbon black nanoparticles that constitute from 2% by weight to 15% by weight of the electrode. 7. A hybrid supercapacitor, comprising:
at least one hybridized electrode that includes:
a binder that constitutes from 5% by weight to 10% by weight of the electrode, and that has a capacitance of at least 100 F/g. | 1,700 |
2,322 | 14,523,741 | 1,787 | A fire-retarding apparatus includes a composite. The composite includes a face layer attached to a fire-retarding layer. | 1. A fire-retarding apparatus comprising:
a composite comprising a face layer attached to a fire-retarding layer. 2. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 1 wherein the face layer is non-fire-retarding. 3. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 1 wherein the face layer comprises metal, non-metallic, composite, polyimide, or a fluid repellant coating. 4. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 1 wherein the fire-retarding layer comprises metal, non-metallic, composite, ceramic, aerogel, xerogel, polyimide, mineral wool, (4,4-Oxydiphenylene-pyromellitmide), ceramic paste, ceramic coating, or an inorganic material. 5. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a fire-retarding attachment member or fire-retarding attachment layer attaching the face layer to the fire-retarding layer. 6. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 5 wherein the fire-retarding attachment member or the fire-retarding attachment layer comprises pressed layers, adhesives, tape, fasteners, fire retarding clamps, fire retarding securement members, threads, screws, bolts, fasteners, rivets, clamps, or staples 7. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a second face layer, wherein the fire-retarding layer is attached between the face layer and the second face layer. 8. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a reinforcing layer attached to the fire-retarding layer. 9. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 8 wherein the reinforcing layer comprises metal, non-metallic, composite, glass, ceramic, rubber, foam, Aramid, a solid material, a fibrous material, or a porous material. 10. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 1 wherein the fire-retarding layer further comprises reinforcing material embedded in the fire-retarding layer. 11. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 10 wherein the reinforcing material comprises metal, non-metallic, composite, glass, ceramic, rubber, foam, Aramid, a solid material, a fibrous material, or a porous material. 12. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a fluid-repelling layer attached to the face layer or the fire-retarding layer. 13. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 12 wherein the fluid-repelling layer comprises silicone, or a nano-coating. 14. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 1 wherein the fire-retarding apparatus weighs less than one pound per square foot and has a thickness of less than eight inches. 15. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 1 wherein the fire-retarding apparatus comprises a portion of an aircraft, a portion of a spacecraft, or a portion of a vehicle. 16. A fire-retarding apparatus comprising:
a composite comprising a face layer, a fire-retarding layer, a fire-retarding attachment member or fire-retarding attachment layer attaching the face layer to the fire-retarding layer, and a reinforcing layer attached to the fire-retarding layer or reinforcing material embedded in the fire-retarding layer. 17. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 16 wherein the composite further comprises a fluid-repelling layer attached to the face layer, the fire-retarding layer, or the reinforcing layer. 18. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 16 wherein the fire-retarding apparatus weighs less than one pound per square foot and has a thickness of less than eight inches. 19. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 16 wherein the fire-retarding apparatus comprises a portion of an aircraft, a portion of a spacecraft, or a portion of a vehicle. 20. A method of manufacturing a fire-retarding apparatus comprising:
attaching a fire-retarding layer to a face layer to form a composite. 21. The method of claim 20 further comprising attaching the fire-retarding layer to the face layer with a fire-retarding attachment member or with a fire-retarding attachment layer. 22. The method of claim 20 further comprising attaching the fire-retarding layer between the face layer and a second face layer. 23. The method of claim 20 further comprising attaching a reinforcing layer to the fire-retarding layer. 24. The method of claim 20 further comprising embedding a reinforcing material in the fire-retarding layer. 25. The method of claim 20 further comprising attaching a fluid-repelling layer to the face layer or to the fire-retarding layer. 26. The method of claim 20 further comprising the formed composite weighing less than one pound per square foot and having a thickness of less than eight inches. 27. The method of claim 20 further comprising the formed composite comprising a portion of an aircraft, a portion of a spacecraft, or a portion of a vehicle. | A fire-retarding apparatus includes a composite. The composite includes a face layer attached to a fire-retarding layer.1. A fire-retarding apparatus comprising:
a composite comprising a face layer attached to a fire-retarding layer. 2. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 1 wherein the face layer is non-fire-retarding. 3. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 1 wherein the face layer comprises metal, non-metallic, composite, polyimide, or a fluid repellant coating. 4. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 1 wherein the fire-retarding layer comprises metal, non-metallic, composite, ceramic, aerogel, xerogel, polyimide, mineral wool, (4,4-Oxydiphenylene-pyromellitmide), ceramic paste, ceramic coating, or an inorganic material. 5. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a fire-retarding attachment member or fire-retarding attachment layer attaching the face layer to the fire-retarding layer. 6. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 5 wherein the fire-retarding attachment member or the fire-retarding attachment layer comprises pressed layers, adhesives, tape, fasteners, fire retarding clamps, fire retarding securement members, threads, screws, bolts, fasteners, rivets, clamps, or staples 7. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a second face layer, wherein the fire-retarding layer is attached between the face layer and the second face layer. 8. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a reinforcing layer attached to the fire-retarding layer. 9. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 8 wherein the reinforcing layer comprises metal, non-metallic, composite, glass, ceramic, rubber, foam, Aramid, a solid material, a fibrous material, or a porous material. 10. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 1 wherein the fire-retarding layer further comprises reinforcing material embedded in the fire-retarding layer. 11. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 10 wherein the reinforcing material comprises metal, non-metallic, composite, glass, ceramic, rubber, foam, Aramid, a solid material, a fibrous material, or a porous material. 12. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a fluid-repelling layer attached to the face layer or the fire-retarding layer. 13. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 12 wherein the fluid-repelling layer comprises silicone, or a nano-coating. 14. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 1 wherein the fire-retarding apparatus weighs less than one pound per square foot and has a thickness of less than eight inches. 15. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 1 wherein the fire-retarding apparatus comprises a portion of an aircraft, a portion of a spacecraft, or a portion of a vehicle. 16. A fire-retarding apparatus comprising:
a composite comprising a face layer, a fire-retarding layer, a fire-retarding attachment member or fire-retarding attachment layer attaching the face layer to the fire-retarding layer, and a reinforcing layer attached to the fire-retarding layer or reinforcing material embedded in the fire-retarding layer. 17. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 16 wherein the composite further comprises a fluid-repelling layer attached to the face layer, the fire-retarding layer, or the reinforcing layer. 18. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 16 wherein the fire-retarding apparatus weighs less than one pound per square foot and has a thickness of less than eight inches. 19. The fire-retarding apparatus of claim 16 wherein the fire-retarding apparatus comprises a portion of an aircraft, a portion of a spacecraft, or a portion of a vehicle. 20. A method of manufacturing a fire-retarding apparatus comprising:
attaching a fire-retarding layer to a face layer to form a composite. 21. The method of claim 20 further comprising attaching the fire-retarding layer to the face layer with a fire-retarding attachment member or with a fire-retarding attachment layer. 22. The method of claim 20 further comprising attaching the fire-retarding layer between the face layer and a second face layer. 23. The method of claim 20 further comprising attaching a reinforcing layer to the fire-retarding layer. 24. The method of claim 20 further comprising embedding a reinforcing material in the fire-retarding layer. 25. The method of claim 20 further comprising attaching a fluid-repelling layer to the face layer or to the fire-retarding layer. 26. The method of claim 20 further comprising the formed composite weighing less than one pound per square foot and having a thickness of less than eight inches. 27. The method of claim 20 further comprising the formed composite comprising a portion of an aircraft, a portion of a spacecraft, or a portion of a vehicle. | 1,700 |
2,323 | 13,420,373 | 1,771 | This invention provides a process for producing a crude oil composition from oil sand using a solvent comprised of a hydrocarbon mixture to extract or remove only a portion of the bitumen on the oil sand. The solvent type and the manner by which the extraction process is carried out has substantial impact on the quality of the extracted oil component. The solvent is designed so that it has the desired Hansen solubility parameters that enable the partial extraction of the desired oil composition. The solvent is further designed so that it can be comprised of multiple hydrocarbons having the appropriate boiling point ranges that enable the solvent to be easily recovered and recycle, without the need to externally provide for solvent make-up. | 1. A process for producing a crude oil composition from oil sand, comprising:
injecting a solvent comprised of a hydrocarbon mixture into a vessel, wherein the solvent has a Hansen dispersion blend parameter of not greater than 16; supplying oil sand containing bitumen to the vessel; contacting the oil sand with the solvent in the vessel to remove not greater than 80 wt % of the bitumen from the supplied oil sand, wherein at least 20 wt % of the solvent injected into the vessel is in vapor phase during contacting of the oil sand with the solvent in the vessel; and removing the crude oil composition from the vessel. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent has a Hansen polarity blend parameter of not greater than 2.5. 3. The process of claim 2, wherein the solvent has a Hansen hydrogen bonding blend parameter of not greater than 2. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the contacting of the oil sand and the solvent in the vessel is at a temperature of at least 35° C. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the contacting of the oil sand and the solvent in the vessel is at a pressure of not greater than 600 psia (4137 kPa). 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least −45° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point of not greater than 300° C. 7. The process of claim 6, wherein the solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point within the range of from -45° C. to 50° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point of not greater than 300° C. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein the solvent has a difference of at least 10° C. between its ASTM D86 90% distillation point and its ASTM D86 10% distillation point. 9. The process of claim 2, wherein the solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least −45° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point of not greater than 300° C., with the ASTM D86 10% distillation point and the ASTM D86 90% distillation point having a difference of not greater than not greater than 60° C. 10. The process of claim 6, wherein the solvent has a difference of not greater than 50° C. between the ASTM D86 90% distillation point and the ASTM D86 10% distillation point. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 12. The process of claim 11, wherein the solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 13. The process of claim 2, wherein the solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 15. The process of claim 6, wherein the solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 16. The process of claim 15, wherein the solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 17. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent and oil sand is supplied to the contact zone of the extraction vessel at a weight ratio of total hydrocarbon in the solvent to oil sand feed of at least 0.01:1 and not greater than 4:1. 18. The process of claim 14, wherein a fraction of the crude oil composition is separated and recycled to the vessel as make-up solvent. 19. A process for producing a crude oil product from oil sand, comprising:
injecting a solvent comprised of a hydrocarbon mixture into a vessel, wherein the solvent has a Hansen dispersion blend parameter of not greater than 16; supplying oil sand containing bitumen to the vessel; contacting the oil sand with the solvent in the vessel to remove not greater than 80 wt % of the bitumen from the supplied oil sand, wherein at least 20 wt % of the solvent injected into the vessel is in vapor phase during contacting of the oil sand with the solvent in the vessel; removing the crude oil composition from the vessel; and separating a fraction of the crude oil composition to produce recycle solvent and a crude oil product. 20. The process of claim 19, wherein the recycle solvent has a Hansen polarity blend parameter of not greater than 2.5. 21. The process of claim 20, wherein the recycle solvent has a Hansen hydrogen bonding blend parameter of not greater than 2. 22. The process of claim 19, wherein the recycle solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least −45° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point of not greater than 300° C. 23. The process of claim 19, wherein the recycle solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point within the range of from −45° C. to 50° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point of not greater than 300° C. 24. The process of claim 22, wherein the recycle solvent has a difference of at least 10° C. between its ASTM D86 90% distillation point and its ASTM D86 10% distillation point. 25. The process of claim 19, wherein the solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least −45° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point of not greater than 300° C., with the ASTM D86 10% distillation point and the ASTM D86 90% distillation point having a difference of not greater than not greater than 60° C. 26. The process of claim 19, wherein the recycle solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 27. The process of claim 26, wherein the recycle solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 28. The process of claim 20, wherein the recycle solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 29. The process of claim 28, wherein the recycle solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 30. The process of claim 21, wherein the recycle solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 31. The process of claim 30, wherein the recycle solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 32. A process for producing a crude oil composition from oil sand, comprising:
injecting a solvent comprised of a hydrocarbon mixture into a vessel, wherein the solvent has a Hansen polarity blend parameter of not greater than 2.5; supplying oil sand containing bitumen to the vessel; contacting the oil sand with the solvent in the vessel to remove not greater than 80 wt % of the bitumen from the supplied oil sand, wherein at least 20 wt % of the solvent injected into the vessel is in vapor phase during contacting of the oil sand with the solvent in the vessel; and removing the crude oil composition from the vessel. 33. The process of claim 32, wherein the solvent has a Hansen dispersion blend parameter of not greater than 16. 34. The process of claim 33, wherein the solvent has a Hansen hydrogen bonding blend parameter of not greater than 2. | This invention provides a process for producing a crude oil composition from oil sand using a solvent comprised of a hydrocarbon mixture to extract or remove only a portion of the bitumen on the oil sand. The solvent type and the manner by which the extraction process is carried out has substantial impact on the quality of the extracted oil component. The solvent is designed so that it has the desired Hansen solubility parameters that enable the partial extraction of the desired oil composition. The solvent is further designed so that it can be comprised of multiple hydrocarbons having the appropriate boiling point ranges that enable the solvent to be easily recovered and recycle, without the need to externally provide for solvent make-up.1. A process for producing a crude oil composition from oil sand, comprising:
injecting a solvent comprised of a hydrocarbon mixture into a vessel, wherein the solvent has a Hansen dispersion blend parameter of not greater than 16; supplying oil sand containing bitumen to the vessel; contacting the oil sand with the solvent in the vessel to remove not greater than 80 wt % of the bitumen from the supplied oil sand, wherein at least 20 wt % of the solvent injected into the vessel is in vapor phase during contacting of the oil sand with the solvent in the vessel; and removing the crude oil composition from the vessel. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent has a Hansen polarity blend parameter of not greater than 2.5. 3. The process of claim 2, wherein the solvent has a Hansen hydrogen bonding blend parameter of not greater than 2. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the contacting of the oil sand and the solvent in the vessel is at a temperature of at least 35° C. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the contacting of the oil sand and the solvent in the vessel is at a pressure of not greater than 600 psia (4137 kPa). 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least −45° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point of not greater than 300° C. 7. The process of claim 6, wherein the solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point within the range of from -45° C. to 50° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point of not greater than 300° C. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein the solvent has a difference of at least 10° C. between its ASTM D86 90% distillation point and its ASTM D86 10% distillation point. 9. The process of claim 2, wherein the solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least −45° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point of not greater than 300° C., with the ASTM D86 10% distillation point and the ASTM D86 90% distillation point having a difference of not greater than not greater than 60° C. 10. The process of claim 6, wherein the solvent has a difference of not greater than 50° C. between the ASTM D86 90% distillation point and the ASTM D86 10% distillation point. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 12. The process of claim 11, wherein the solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 13. The process of claim 2, wherein the solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 15. The process of claim 6, wherein the solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 16. The process of claim 15, wherein the solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 17. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent and oil sand is supplied to the contact zone of the extraction vessel at a weight ratio of total hydrocarbon in the solvent to oil sand feed of at least 0.01:1 and not greater than 4:1. 18. The process of claim 14, wherein a fraction of the crude oil composition is separated and recycled to the vessel as make-up solvent. 19. A process for producing a crude oil product from oil sand, comprising:
injecting a solvent comprised of a hydrocarbon mixture into a vessel, wherein the solvent has a Hansen dispersion blend parameter of not greater than 16; supplying oil sand containing bitumen to the vessel; contacting the oil sand with the solvent in the vessel to remove not greater than 80 wt % of the bitumen from the supplied oil sand, wherein at least 20 wt % of the solvent injected into the vessel is in vapor phase during contacting of the oil sand with the solvent in the vessel; removing the crude oil composition from the vessel; and separating a fraction of the crude oil composition to produce recycle solvent and a crude oil product. 20. The process of claim 19, wherein the recycle solvent has a Hansen polarity blend parameter of not greater than 2.5. 21. The process of claim 20, wherein the recycle solvent has a Hansen hydrogen bonding blend parameter of not greater than 2. 22. The process of claim 19, wherein the recycle solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least −45° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point of not greater than 300° C. 23. The process of claim 19, wherein the recycle solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point within the range of from −45° C. to 50° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point of not greater than 300° C. 24. The process of claim 22, wherein the recycle solvent has a difference of at least 10° C. between its ASTM D86 90% distillation point and its ASTM D86 10% distillation point. 25. The process of claim 19, wherein the solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least −45° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point of not greater than 300° C., with the ASTM D86 10% distillation point and the ASTM D86 90% distillation point having a difference of not greater than not greater than 60° C. 26. The process of claim 19, wherein the recycle solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 27. The process of claim 26, wherein the recycle solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 28. The process of claim 20, wherein the recycle solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 29. The process of claim 28, wherein the recycle solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 30. The process of claim 21, wherein the recycle solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 31. The process of claim 30, wherein the recycle solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 32. A process for producing a crude oil composition from oil sand, comprising:
injecting a solvent comprised of a hydrocarbon mixture into a vessel, wherein the solvent has a Hansen polarity blend parameter of not greater than 2.5; supplying oil sand containing bitumen to the vessel; contacting the oil sand with the solvent in the vessel to remove not greater than 80 wt % of the bitumen from the supplied oil sand, wherein at least 20 wt % of the solvent injected into the vessel is in vapor phase during contacting of the oil sand with the solvent in the vessel; and removing the crude oil composition from the vessel. 33. The process of claim 32, wherein the solvent has a Hansen dispersion blend parameter of not greater than 16. 34. The process of claim 33, wherein the solvent has a Hansen hydrogen bonding blend parameter of not greater than 2. | 1,700 |
2,324 | 13,273,003 | 1,771 | This invention provides a process for producing a crude oil composition from oil sand using a solvent comprised of a hydrocarbon mixture to extract or remove only a portion of the bitumen on the oil sand. The solvent type and the manner by which the extraction process is carried out has substantial impact on the quality of the extracted oil component. The solvent is designed so that it has the desired Hansen solubility parameters that enable the partial extraction of the desired oil composition. The solvent is further designed so that it can be comprised of multiple hydrocarbons having the appropriate boiling point ranges that enable the solvent to be easily recovered and recycle, without the need to externally provide for solvent make-up. | 1. A process for producing a crude oil composition from oil sand, comprising:
injecting a solvent comprised of a hydrocarbon mixture into a vessel, wherein the solvent has a Hansen dispersion blend parameter of not greater than 16; supplying oil sand containing bitumen to the vessel; contacting the oil sand with the solvent in the vessel to remove not greater than 80 wt % of the bitumen from the supplied oil sand, wherein at least 20 wt % of the hydrocarbon mixture within the vessel during contacting is in vapor or supercritical phase; and removing the crude oil composition from the vessel. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent has a Hansen polarity blend parameter of not greater than 2.5. 3. The process of claim 2, wherein the solvent has a Hansen hydrogen bonding blend parameter of not greater than 2. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the contacting of the oil sand and the solvent in the vessel is at a temperature of at least 35° C. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the contacting of the oil sand and the solvent in the vessel is at a pressure of not greater than 50 psig (345 kPa-g). 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least 30° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point of not greater than 160° C. 7. The process of claim 6, wherein the solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point within the range of from 30° C. to 70° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point within the range of from 80° C. to 160° C. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein the solvent has a difference of at least 30° C. between its ASTM D86 90% distillation point and its ASTM D86 10% distillation point. 9. The process of claim 2, wherein the solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least 30° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point of not greater than 160° C. 10. The process of claim 9, wherein the solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point within the range of from 30° C. to 70° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point within the range of from 80° C. to 160° C. 11. The process of claim 6, wherein the solvent has a difference of at least 30° C. between the ASTM D86 90% distillation point and the ASTM D86 10% distillation point. 12. The process of claim 10, wherein the solvent has a difference of at least 30° C. between the ASTM D86 90% distillation point and the ASTM D86 10% distillation point. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 15. The process of claim 2, wherein the solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 16. The process of claim 15, wherein the solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 17. The process of claim 6, wherein the solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 18. The process of claim 17, wherein the solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 19. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent is comprised of not greater than 20 wt % non-hydrocarbon compounds. 20. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent and oil sand is supplied to the contact zone of the extraction vessel at a weight ratio of total hydrocarbon in the solvent to oil sand feed of at least 0.01:1 and not greater than 4:1. 21. The process of claim 16, wherein a fraction of the crude oil composition is separated and recycled to the vessel as make-up solvent. 22. A process for producing a crude oil product from oil sand, comprising:
injecting a solvent comprised of a hydrocarbon mixture into a vessel, wherein the solvent has a Hansen dispersion blend parameter of not greater than 16; supplying oil sand containing bitumen to the vessel; contacting the oil sand with the solvent in the vessel to remove not greater than 80 wt % of the bitumen from the supplied oil sand, wherein at least 20 wt % of the hydrocarbon mixture within the vessel during contacting is in vapor or supercritical phase; removing the crude oil composition from the vessel; and separating a fraction of the crude oil composition to produce recycle solvent and a crude oil product. 23. The process of claim 22, wherein the recycle solvent has a Hansen polarity blend parameter of not greater than 2.5. 24. The process of claim 23, wherein the recycle solvent has a Hansen hydrogen bonding blend parameter of not greater than 2. 25. The process of claim 22, wherein the recycle solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least 30° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point of not greater than 160° C. 26. The process of claim 25, wherein the recycle solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point within the range of from 30° C. to 70° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point within the range of from 80° C. to 160° C. 27. The process of claim 22, wherein the recycle solvent has a difference of at least 30° C. between its ASTM D86 90% distillation point and its ASTM D86 10% distillation point. 28. The process of claim 23, wherein the recycle solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least 30° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point of not greater than 160° C. 29. The process of claim 28, wherein the recycle solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point within the range of from 30° C. to 70° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point within the range of from 80° C. to 160° C. 30. The process of claim 23 wherein the recycle solvent has a difference of at least 30° C. between the ASTM D86 90% distillation point and the ASTM D86 10% distillation point. 31. The process of claim 29, wherein the recycle solvent has a difference of at least 30° C. between the ASTM D86 90% distillation point and the ASTM D86 10% distillation point. 32. The process of claim 22, wherein the recycle solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 33. The process of claim 32, wherein the recycle solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 34. The process of claim 23, wherein the recycle solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 35. The process of claim 34, wherein the recycle solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 36. The process of claim 29, wherein the recycle solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 37. The process of claim 29, wherein the recycle solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 38. The process of claim 22, wherein the recycle solvent is comprised of not greater than 20 wt % non-hydrocarbon compounds. 39. A process for producing a crude oil composition from oil sand, comprising:
injecting a solvent comprised of a hydrocarbon mixture into a vessel, wherein the solvent has a Hansen polarity blend parameter of not greater than 2.5; supplying oil sand containing bitumen to the vessel; contacting the oil sand with the solvent in the vessel to remove not greater than 80 wt % of the bitumen from the supplied oil sand, wherein at least 20 wt % of the hydrocarbon mixture within the vessel during contacting is in vapor or supercritical phase; and removing the crude oil composition from the vessel. 40. The process of claim 39, wherein the solvent has a Hansen dispersion blend parameter of not greater than 16. 41. The process of claim 40, wherein the solvent has a Hansen hydrogen bonding blend parameter of not greater than 2. 42. The process of claim 39, wherein the contacting of the oil sand and the solvent in the vessel is at a temperature of at least 35° C. 43. The process of claim 39, wherein the contacting of the oil sand and the solvent in the vessel is at a pressure of not greater than 50 psig (345 kPa-g). 44. The process of claim 39, wherein the solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least 30° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point of not greater than 160° C. 45. The process of claim 44, wherein the solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point within the range of from 30° C. to 70° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point within the range of from 80° C. to 160° C. 46. The process of claim 45, wherein the solvent has a difference of at least 30° C. between its ASTM D86 90% distillation point and its ASTM D86 10% distillation point. 47. The process of claim 40, wherein the solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least 30° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point of not greater than 160° C. 48. The process of claim 47, wherein the solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point within the range of from 30° C. to 70° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point within the range of from 80° C. to 160° C. 49. The process of claim 44, wherein the solvent has a difference of at least 30° C. between the ASTM D86 90% distillation point and the ASTM D86 10% distillation point. 50. The process of claim 48, wherein the solvent has a difference of at least 30° C. between the ASTM D86 90% distillation point and the ASTM D86 10% distillation point. 51. The process of claim 39, wherein the solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 52. The process of claim 51, wherein the solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 53. The process of claim 40, wherein the solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 54. The process of claim 53, wherein the solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 55. The process of claim 45, wherein the solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 56. The process of claim 55, wherein the solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 57. The process of claim 39, wherein the solvent is comprised of not greater than 20 wt % non-hydrocarbon compounds. 58. The process of claim 39, wherein the solvent and oil sand is supplied to the contact zone of the extraction vessel at a weight ratio of total hydrocarbon in the solvent to oil sand feed of at least 0.01:1 and not greater than 4:1. 59. The process of claim 55, wherein a fraction of the crude oil composition is separated and recycled to the vessel as make-up solvent. | This invention provides a process for producing a crude oil composition from oil sand using a solvent comprised of a hydrocarbon mixture to extract or remove only a portion of the bitumen on the oil sand. The solvent type and the manner by which the extraction process is carried out has substantial impact on the quality of the extracted oil component. The solvent is designed so that it has the desired Hansen solubility parameters that enable the partial extraction of the desired oil composition. The solvent is further designed so that it can be comprised of multiple hydrocarbons having the appropriate boiling point ranges that enable the solvent to be easily recovered and recycle, without the need to externally provide for solvent make-up.1. A process for producing a crude oil composition from oil sand, comprising:
injecting a solvent comprised of a hydrocarbon mixture into a vessel, wherein the solvent has a Hansen dispersion blend parameter of not greater than 16; supplying oil sand containing bitumen to the vessel; contacting the oil sand with the solvent in the vessel to remove not greater than 80 wt % of the bitumen from the supplied oil sand, wherein at least 20 wt % of the hydrocarbon mixture within the vessel during contacting is in vapor or supercritical phase; and removing the crude oil composition from the vessel. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent has a Hansen polarity blend parameter of not greater than 2.5. 3. The process of claim 2, wherein the solvent has a Hansen hydrogen bonding blend parameter of not greater than 2. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the contacting of the oil sand and the solvent in the vessel is at a temperature of at least 35° C. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the contacting of the oil sand and the solvent in the vessel is at a pressure of not greater than 50 psig (345 kPa-g). 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least 30° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point of not greater than 160° C. 7. The process of claim 6, wherein the solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point within the range of from 30° C. to 70° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point within the range of from 80° C. to 160° C. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein the solvent has a difference of at least 30° C. between its ASTM D86 90% distillation point and its ASTM D86 10% distillation point. 9. The process of claim 2, wherein the solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least 30° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point of not greater than 160° C. 10. The process of claim 9, wherein the solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point within the range of from 30° C. to 70° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point within the range of from 80° C. to 160° C. 11. The process of claim 6, wherein the solvent has a difference of at least 30° C. between the ASTM D86 90% distillation point and the ASTM D86 10% distillation point. 12. The process of claim 10, wherein the solvent has a difference of at least 30° C. between the ASTM D86 90% distillation point and the ASTM D86 10% distillation point. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 15. The process of claim 2, wherein the solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 16. The process of claim 15, wherein the solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 17. The process of claim 6, wherein the solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 18. The process of claim 17, wherein the solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 19. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent is comprised of not greater than 20 wt % non-hydrocarbon compounds. 20. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent and oil sand is supplied to the contact zone of the extraction vessel at a weight ratio of total hydrocarbon in the solvent to oil sand feed of at least 0.01:1 and not greater than 4:1. 21. The process of claim 16, wherein a fraction of the crude oil composition is separated and recycled to the vessel as make-up solvent. 22. A process for producing a crude oil product from oil sand, comprising:
injecting a solvent comprised of a hydrocarbon mixture into a vessel, wherein the solvent has a Hansen dispersion blend parameter of not greater than 16; supplying oil sand containing bitumen to the vessel; contacting the oil sand with the solvent in the vessel to remove not greater than 80 wt % of the bitumen from the supplied oil sand, wherein at least 20 wt % of the hydrocarbon mixture within the vessel during contacting is in vapor or supercritical phase; removing the crude oil composition from the vessel; and separating a fraction of the crude oil composition to produce recycle solvent and a crude oil product. 23. The process of claim 22, wherein the recycle solvent has a Hansen polarity blend parameter of not greater than 2.5. 24. The process of claim 23, wherein the recycle solvent has a Hansen hydrogen bonding blend parameter of not greater than 2. 25. The process of claim 22, wherein the recycle solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least 30° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point of not greater than 160° C. 26. The process of claim 25, wherein the recycle solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point within the range of from 30° C. to 70° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point within the range of from 80° C. to 160° C. 27. The process of claim 22, wherein the recycle solvent has a difference of at least 30° C. between its ASTM D86 90% distillation point and its ASTM D86 10% distillation point. 28. The process of claim 23, wherein the recycle solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least 30° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point of not greater than 160° C. 29. The process of claim 28, wherein the recycle solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point within the range of from 30° C. to 70° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point within the range of from 80° C. to 160° C. 30. The process of claim 23 wherein the recycle solvent has a difference of at least 30° C. between the ASTM D86 90% distillation point and the ASTM D86 10% distillation point. 31. The process of claim 29, wherein the recycle solvent has a difference of at least 30° C. between the ASTM D86 90% distillation point and the ASTM D86 10% distillation point. 32. The process of claim 22, wherein the recycle solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 33. The process of claim 32, wherein the recycle solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 34. The process of claim 23, wherein the recycle solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 35. The process of claim 34, wherein the recycle solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 36. The process of claim 29, wherein the recycle solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 37. The process of claim 29, wherein the recycle solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 38. The process of claim 22, wherein the recycle solvent is comprised of not greater than 20 wt % non-hydrocarbon compounds. 39. A process for producing a crude oil composition from oil sand, comprising:
injecting a solvent comprised of a hydrocarbon mixture into a vessel, wherein the solvent has a Hansen polarity blend parameter of not greater than 2.5; supplying oil sand containing bitumen to the vessel; contacting the oil sand with the solvent in the vessel to remove not greater than 80 wt % of the bitumen from the supplied oil sand, wherein at least 20 wt % of the hydrocarbon mixture within the vessel during contacting is in vapor or supercritical phase; and removing the crude oil composition from the vessel. 40. The process of claim 39, wherein the solvent has a Hansen dispersion blend parameter of not greater than 16. 41. The process of claim 40, wherein the solvent has a Hansen hydrogen bonding blend parameter of not greater than 2. 42. The process of claim 39, wherein the contacting of the oil sand and the solvent in the vessel is at a temperature of at least 35° C. 43. The process of claim 39, wherein the contacting of the oil sand and the solvent in the vessel is at a pressure of not greater than 50 psig (345 kPa-g). 44. The process of claim 39, wherein the solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least 30° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point of not greater than 160° C. 45. The process of claim 44, wherein the solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point within the range of from 30° C. to 70° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point within the range of from 80° C. to 160° C. 46. The process of claim 45, wherein the solvent has a difference of at least 30° C. between its ASTM D86 90% distillation point and its ASTM D86 10% distillation point. 47. The process of claim 40, wherein the solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least 30° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point of not greater than 160° C. 48. The process of claim 47, wherein the solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point within the range of from 30° C. to 70° C. and an ASTM D86 90% distillation point within the range of from 80° C. to 160° C. 49. The process of claim 44, wherein the solvent has a difference of at least 30° C. between the ASTM D86 90% distillation point and the ASTM D86 10% distillation point. 50. The process of claim 48, wherein the solvent has a difference of at least 30° C. between the ASTM D86 90% distillation point and the ASTM D86 10% distillation point. 51. The process of claim 39, wherein the solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 52. The process of claim 51, wherein the solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 53. The process of claim 40, wherein the solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 54. The process of claim 53, wherein the solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 55. The process of claim 45, wherein the solvent has an aromatic content of not greater than 15 wt %. 56. The process of claim 55, wherein the solvent has a ketone content of not greater than 20 wt %. 57. The process of claim 39, wherein the solvent is comprised of not greater than 20 wt % non-hydrocarbon compounds. 58. The process of claim 39, wherein the solvent and oil sand is supplied to the contact zone of the extraction vessel at a weight ratio of total hydrocarbon in the solvent to oil sand feed of at least 0.01:1 and not greater than 4:1. 59. The process of claim 55, wherein a fraction of the crude oil composition is separated and recycled to the vessel as make-up solvent. | 1,700 |
2,325 | 13,075,223 | 1,771 | A lubricating oil composition having a phosphorus content of up to 0.12 wt %, a sulfated ash content of up to 1.2 wt % comprising (a) a major amount of an oil of lubricating viscosity; (b) an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal alkyl salicylate lubricating oil detergent providing from 7-15 mmol salicylate soap per kilogram of lubricating oil composition; (c) one or more dispersants providing the lubricating oil composition with from at least 0.12 wt % to 0.20 wt % atomic nitrogen, based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition, and (d) a dispersant-viscosity modifier. | 1. A lubricating oil composition having a phosphorus content of up to 0.12 wt % and a sulfated ash content of up to 1.2 wt % comprising:
(a) a major amount of an oil of lubricating viscosity; (b) an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal alkyl salicylate lubricating oil detergent providing from about 7 to about 15 mmol salicylate soap per kilogram of lubricating oil composition; (c) one or more ashless, nitrogen-containing dispersants providing the lubricating oil composition with from at least about 0.12 wt % to about 0.20 wt % atomic nitrogen, based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition, and (d) a dispersant-viscosity modifier. 2. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the phosphorous content is no more than 0.08 wt %. 3. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the sulfated ash content is no more than 1.0 wt %. 4. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal alkyl salicylate lubricating oil detergent providing from about 8 to about 11 mmol salicylate soap per kilogram of lubricating oil composition. 5. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the one or more dispersants provide the lubricating oil composition with from at least about 0.12 wt % to about 0.17 wt % atomic nitrogen, based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition. 6. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal alkyl salicylate is calcium or magnesium salicylate or a combination thereof. 7. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, further comprising an alkaline earth metal alkyl sulphonate lubricating oil detergent. 8. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the dispersant is a polyisobutenyl succinimide dispersant. 9. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 1 which meets the requirements of both the API-CJ4 specification and the ACEA E6 specification. 10. A method of lubricating a vehicle engine comprising an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system comprising use in that engine of a lubricating oil composition according to claim 1. 11. A method according to claim 10, wherein the engine is a compression ignition engine. 12. A method according to claim 11, wherein the engine is a heavy duty diesel engine. 13. A method according to claim 10, wherein the engine further comprises a selective catalytic reduction device. | A lubricating oil composition having a phosphorus content of up to 0.12 wt %, a sulfated ash content of up to 1.2 wt % comprising (a) a major amount of an oil of lubricating viscosity; (b) an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal alkyl salicylate lubricating oil detergent providing from 7-15 mmol salicylate soap per kilogram of lubricating oil composition; (c) one or more dispersants providing the lubricating oil composition with from at least 0.12 wt % to 0.20 wt % atomic nitrogen, based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition, and (d) a dispersant-viscosity modifier.1. A lubricating oil composition having a phosphorus content of up to 0.12 wt % and a sulfated ash content of up to 1.2 wt % comprising:
(a) a major amount of an oil of lubricating viscosity; (b) an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal alkyl salicylate lubricating oil detergent providing from about 7 to about 15 mmol salicylate soap per kilogram of lubricating oil composition; (c) one or more ashless, nitrogen-containing dispersants providing the lubricating oil composition with from at least about 0.12 wt % to about 0.20 wt % atomic nitrogen, based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition, and (d) a dispersant-viscosity modifier. 2. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the phosphorous content is no more than 0.08 wt %. 3. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the sulfated ash content is no more than 1.0 wt %. 4. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal alkyl salicylate lubricating oil detergent providing from about 8 to about 11 mmol salicylate soap per kilogram of lubricating oil composition. 5. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the one or more dispersants provide the lubricating oil composition with from at least about 0.12 wt % to about 0.17 wt % atomic nitrogen, based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition. 6. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal alkyl salicylate is calcium or magnesium salicylate or a combination thereof. 7. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, further comprising an alkaline earth metal alkyl sulphonate lubricating oil detergent. 8. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the dispersant is a polyisobutenyl succinimide dispersant. 9. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 1 which meets the requirements of both the API-CJ4 specification and the ACEA E6 specification. 10. A method of lubricating a vehicle engine comprising an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system comprising use in that engine of a lubricating oil composition according to claim 1. 11. A method according to claim 10, wherein the engine is a compression ignition engine. 12. A method according to claim 11, wherein the engine is a heavy duty diesel engine. 13. A method according to claim 10, wherein the engine further comprises a selective catalytic reduction device. | 1,700 |
2,326 | 15,009,117 | 1,768 | The present invention provides a wall for a package comprising at least one layer, the layer comprising a composition, the composition comprising: a polyester base polymer; at least one polyether polyol at a concentration of from 0.3 to 0.7 wt. %; and at least one transition metal in a positive oxidation state, the metal being present in the composition in an amount of from 10 to 400 ppm. | 1. A wall for a package comprising at least one layer, the layer comprising a composition, the composition comprising:
a) a polyester base polymer; b) at least one polyether polyol; c) at least one chain extending agent; and d) at least one transition metal in a positive oxidation state. 2. The wall of claim 1, wherein the polyester base polymer is polyethylene terephthalate. 3. The wall of claim 1, wherein the polyether polyol has a concentration of from 0.3 to 0.7 wt. %. 4. The wall of claim 1 wherein the polyether polyol has the formula
[HO—(R1O)n—]mX
wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted bivalent alkylene group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms; X is H or a monovalent, bivalent, trivalent or tetravalent linking group having 1-10 carbon atoms; n=2 to 100; and m=1, 2, 3 or 4. 5. The wall of claim 4, wherein the polyether polyol is a polytetramethyene ether glycol. 6. The wall of claim 5, wherein the polytetramethyene ether glycol has a molecular weight of 250 to 4000. 7. The wall of claim 1, wherein the at least one transition metal is cobalt. 8. The wall of claim 1, further comprising at least one counter ion to the at least one transition metal. 9. The wall of claim 1, wherein the at least one transition metal has a concentration of from 10 to 400 ppm 10. The wall of claim 1, wherein the at least one chain extending agent includes a bisanhydride or a bisepoxide. 11. The wall of claim 10, wherein the at least one chain extending agent includes a bisanhydride having the formula
wherein Ar is
X is —O—, —C—, —CH2—, —C(CH3)2—, or Z, wherein Z is
and Y is —O—, —CH2—, —CO—, or —C(CH3)2—. 12. The wall of claim 11, wherein the bisanhydride is selected from the group consisting of pyromellitic dianhydride, benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, diphenyl sulfone tetracarboxylic dianhydride, bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)ether dianhydride, bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)thioether dianhydride, bisphenol-A bisether dianhydride, 2,2-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane dianhydride, 2,3,6,7-napthalenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)sulfone dianhydride, 1,2,5,6-napthalenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, 2,2′,3,3′-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid, hydroquinone bisether dianhydride, 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, 2,2-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)propane dianhydride, 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, and 4,4′-oxydiphthalic dianhydride. 13. The wall of claim 10, wherein the at least one chain extending agent includes a bisepoxide having the formula
wherein X′ is a bifunctional organic linking group selected from the group consisting of —O—Ar′—O—, —N(Y′)—, —N(Z′)N—, Ar′ is an aromatic group, Y′ is an amide, and Z′ is an imide linking group. 14. The wall of claim 13, wherein the bisepoxide is selected from the group consisting of bisphenol-A-diglycidylether, bis(3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl) adipate, N,N-diglycidyl benzamide (and related species) N,N-diglycidyl nailine and related structures, N,N diglycidylhydantoin, barbituric acid, isocyanuric acid or uracil species, N,N-diglycidyl di-imides, N,N-diglycidyl imidazolones, and epoxy novolaks. 15. The wall of claim 1, wherein the package is a monolayer container. 16. The wall of claim 1, wherein the package is a multilayer container. 17. A wall for a package comprising at least one layer, the layer comprising a composition, the composition comprising:
a) a polyester base polymer; b) at least one polyether polyol; c) at least one chain extending agent including a bisanhydride; and d) at least one transition metal in a positive oxidation state. 18. The wall of claim 17, wherein the bisanhydride has the formula
wherein Ar is
X is —O—, —CO—, —CH2—, —C(CH3)2—, or Z, wherein Z is
and Y is —O—, —CH2—, —CO—, or —C(CH3)2—. 19. The wall of claim 18, wherein the bisanhydride is selected from the group consisting of pyromellitic dianhydride, benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, diphenyl sulfone tetracarboxylic dianhydride, bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)ether dianhydride, bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)thioether dianhydride, bisphenol-A bisether dianhydride, 2,2-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane dianhydride, 2,3,6,7-napthalenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)sulfone dianhydride, 1,2,5,6-napthalenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, 2,2′,3,3′-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid, hydroquinone bisether dianhydride, 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, 2,2-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)propane dianhydride, 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, and 4,4′-oxydiphthalic dianhydride. 20. The wall of claim 17 wherein the polyether polyol has the formula
[HO—(R1O)n—]mX
wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted bivalent alkylene group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms; X is H or a monovalent, bivalent, trivalent or tetravalent linking group having 1-10 carbon atoms; n=2 to 100; and m=1, 2, 3 or 4. 21. The wall of claim 20, wherein the polyether polyol is a polytetramethyene ether glycol. 22. The wall of claim 21, wherein the the polytetramethyene ether glycol has a molecular weight of 250 to 4000. 23. The wall of claim 17, wherein the polyether polyol has a concentration of from 0.3 to 0.7 wt. %. 24. The wall of claim 17, wherein the at least one transition metal is cobalt. 25. The wall of claim 17, wherein the at least one transition metal has a concentration of from 10 to 400 ppm. 26. The wall of claim 17, further comprising at least one counter ion to the at least one transition metal. 27. The wall of claim 17, wherein the package is a monolayer container. 28. The wall of claim 17, wherein the package is a multilayer container. 29. A wall for a package comprising at least one layer, the layer comprising a composition, the composition comprising:
a) a polyester base polymer; b) at least one polyether polyol having a concentration of from 0.3 to 0.7 wt. %; c) at least one chain extending agent; and d) at least one transition metal in a positive oxidation state having a concentration of from 10 to 400 ppm. 30. The wall of claim 29, wherein the at least one chain extending agent includes a bisanhydride or a bisepoxide. | The present invention provides a wall for a package comprising at least one layer, the layer comprising a composition, the composition comprising: a polyester base polymer; at least one polyether polyol at a concentration of from 0.3 to 0.7 wt. %; and at least one transition metal in a positive oxidation state, the metal being present in the composition in an amount of from 10 to 400 ppm.1. A wall for a package comprising at least one layer, the layer comprising a composition, the composition comprising:
a) a polyester base polymer; b) at least one polyether polyol; c) at least one chain extending agent; and d) at least one transition metal in a positive oxidation state. 2. The wall of claim 1, wherein the polyester base polymer is polyethylene terephthalate. 3. The wall of claim 1, wherein the polyether polyol has a concentration of from 0.3 to 0.7 wt. %. 4. The wall of claim 1 wherein the polyether polyol has the formula
[HO—(R1O)n—]mX
wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted bivalent alkylene group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms; X is H or a monovalent, bivalent, trivalent or tetravalent linking group having 1-10 carbon atoms; n=2 to 100; and m=1, 2, 3 or 4. 5. The wall of claim 4, wherein the polyether polyol is a polytetramethyene ether glycol. 6. The wall of claim 5, wherein the polytetramethyene ether glycol has a molecular weight of 250 to 4000. 7. The wall of claim 1, wherein the at least one transition metal is cobalt. 8. The wall of claim 1, further comprising at least one counter ion to the at least one transition metal. 9. The wall of claim 1, wherein the at least one transition metal has a concentration of from 10 to 400 ppm 10. The wall of claim 1, wherein the at least one chain extending agent includes a bisanhydride or a bisepoxide. 11. The wall of claim 10, wherein the at least one chain extending agent includes a bisanhydride having the formula
wherein Ar is
X is —O—, —C—, —CH2—, —C(CH3)2—, or Z, wherein Z is
and Y is —O—, —CH2—, —CO—, or —C(CH3)2—. 12. The wall of claim 11, wherein the bisanhydride is selected from the group consisting of pyromellitic dianhydride, benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, diphenyl sulfone tetracarboxylic dianhydride, bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)ether dianhydride, bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)thioether dianhydride, bisphenol-A bisether dianhydride, 2,2-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane dianhydride, 2,3,6,7-napthalenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)sulfone dianhydride, 1,2,5,6-napthalenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, 2,2′,3,3′-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid, hydroquinone bisether dianhydride, 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, 2,2-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)propane dianhydride, 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, and 4,4′-oxydiphthalic dianhydride. 13. The wall of claim 10, wherein the at least one chain extending agent includes a bisepoxide having the formula
wherein X′ is a bifunctional organic linking group selected from the group consisting of —O—Ar′—O—, —N(Y′)—, —N(Z′)N—, Ar′ is an aromatic group, Y′ is an amide, and Z′ is an imide linking group. 14. The wall of claim 13, wherein the bisepoxide is selected from the group consisting of bisphenol-A-diglycidylether, bis(3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl) adipate, N,N-diglycidyl benzamide (and related species) N,N-diglycidyl nailine and related structures, N,N diglycidylhydantoin, barbituric acid, isocyanuric acid or uracil species, N,N-diglycidyl di-imides, N,N-diglycidyl imidazolones, and epoxy novolaks. 15. The wall of claim 1, wherein the package is a monolayer container. 16. The wall of claim 1, wherein the package is a multilayer container. 17. A wall for a package comprising at least one layer, the layer comprising a composition, the composition comprising:
a) a polyester base polymer; b) at least one polyether polyol; c) at least one chain extending agent including a bisanhydride; and d) at least one transition metal in a positive oxidation state. 18. The wall of claim 17, wherein the bisanhydride has the formula
wherein Ar is
X is —O—, —CO—, —CH2—, —C(CH3)2—, or Z, wherein Z is
and Y is —O—, —CH2—, —CO—, or —C(CH3)2—. 19. The wall of claim 18, wherein the bisanhydride is selected from the group consisting of pyromellitic dianhydride, benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, diphenyl sulfone tetracarboxylic dianhydride, bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)ether dianhydride, bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)thioether dianhydride, bisphenol-A bisether dianhydride, 2,2-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane dianhydride, 2,3,6,7-napthalenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)sulfone dianhydride, 1,2,5,6-napthalenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, 2,2′,3,3′-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid, hydroquinone bisether dianhydride, 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, 2,2-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)propane dianhydride, 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, and 4,4′-oxydiphthalic dianhydride. 20. The wall of claim 17 wherein the polyether polyol has the formula
[HO—(R1O)n—]mX
wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted bivalent alkylene group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms; X is H or a monovalent, bivalent, trivalent or tetravalent linking group having 1-10 carbon atoms; n=2 to 100; and m=1, 2, 3 or 4. 21. The wall of claim 20, wherein the polyether polyol is a polytetramethyene ether glycol. 22. The wall of claim 21, wherein the the polytetramethyene ether glycol has a molecular weight of 250 to 4000. 23. The wall of claim 17, wherein the polyether polyol has a concentration of from 0.3 to 0.7 wt. %. 24. The wall of claim 17, wherein the at least one transition metal is cobalt. 25. The wall of claim 17, wherein the at least one transition metal has a concentration of from 10 to 400 ppm. 26. The wall of claim 17, further comprising at least one counter ion to the at least one transition metal. 27. The wall of claim 17, wherein the package is a monolayer container. 28. The wall of claim 17, wherein the package is a multilayer container. 29. A wall for a package comprising at least one layer, the layer comprising a composition, the composition comprising:
a) a polyester base polymer; b) at least one polyether polyol having a concentration of from 0.3 to 0.7 wt. %; c) at least one chain extending agent; and d) at least one transition metal in a positive oxidation state having a concentration of from 10 to 400 ppm. 30. The wall of claim 29, wherein the at least one chain extending agent includes a bisanhydride or a bisepoxide. | 1,700 |
2,327 | 14,382,827 | 1,761 | In the method for producing a metal oxide film according to the present invention, a solution containing an alkyl metal is sprayed onto a substrate placed under non-vacuum. Further, when the solution is sprayed, a dopant solution containing a dopant including an inorganic compound is sprayed onto the substrate. | 1. A method for producing metal oxide film, comprising:
(A) spraying a solution comprising an alkyl metal onto a substrate placed under non-vacuum; and (B) spraying a dopant solution comprising a dopant comprising an inorganic compound onto the substrate in the spraying (A). 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dopant is boric acid. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein in the spraying (A) and spraying (B), a molar concentration of the dopant supplied to the substrate with respect to a molar concentration of the alkyl metal supplied to the substrate is less than 1.8%. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the spraying (A) and spraying (B), the solution and the dopant solution are supplied to the substrate through different systems. 5. The method according to claim 1, further comprising (D) spraying an oxidation source onto the substrate in the spraying (A) and spraying (B). 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein in the spraying (A) and (D), the solution and the oxidation source are supplied to the substrate through different systems. 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein in the spraying (A), (B), and (D), the solution, the oxidation source, and the dopant solution are supplied to the substrate through different systems. 8. The method according to claim 5, wherein the oxidation source is water. 9. A metal oxide film, produced by the method according to claim 1. | In the method for producing a metal oxide film according to the present invention, a solution containing an alkyl metal is sprayed onto a substrate placed under non-vacuum. Further, when the solution is sprayed, a dopant solution containing a dopant including an inorganic compound is sprayed onto the substrate.1. A method for producing metal oxide film, comprising:
(A) spraying a solution comprising an alkyl metal onto a substrate placed under non-vacuum; and (B) spraying a dopant solution comprising a dopant comprising an inorganic compound onto the substrate in the spraying (A). 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dopant is boric acid. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein in the spraying (A) and spraying (B), a molar concentration of the dopant supplied to the substrate with respect to a molar concentration of the alkyl metal supplied to the substrate is less than 1.8%. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the spraying (A) and spraying (B), the solution and the dopant solution are supplied to the substrate through different systems. 5. The method according to claim 1, further comprising (D) spraying an oxidation source onto the substrate in the spraying (A) and spraying (B). 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein in the spraying (A) and (D), the solution and the oxidation source are supplied to the substrate through different systems. 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein in the spraying (A), (B), and (D), the solution, the oxidation source, and the dopant solution are supplied to the substrate through different systems. 8. The method according to claim 5, wherein the oxidation source is water. 9. A metal oxide film, produced by the method according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,328 | 13,810,617 | 1,792 | A method and apparatus is provided for forming at least a portion of a beverage from a co-milled powdered composition. An amount of a co-milled powdered composition is combined with a fluid to produce at least a portion of a beverage. The co-milled powdered composition is obtained from co-milling together at least one powdered ingredient having a difficult to disperse or dissolve portion with one or more dispersion facilitator components to form a co-milled powder effective to enhance the dispersion or dissolving of the powder when forming a food or beverage. | 1. A method for forming at least a portion of a beverage from a co-milled powdered composition, the method comprising combining an amount of a co-milled powdered composition with a fluid to produce at least a portion of a beverage, the co-milled powdered composition obtained from co-milling together at least one powdered ingredient having a difficult to disperse portion thereof with about 2 to about 90 percent of one or more dispersion facilitator components to form the co-milled powdered composition with a d90 particle size of about 2 to about 150 microns and being effective to produce the beverage portion with about 2 to about 16 percent solids from the co-milled powdered composition dispersed therein. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one powdered ingredient is selected from the group consisting of non fat dry milk powder, whole milk powder, roast and ground coffee, cocoa powder, cream powder and mixtures thereof and the difficult to disperse portion thereof is selected from the group consisting of non-fat dairy solids, non-soluble cocoa solids, non-soluble coffee solids, and mixtures thereof. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the dispersion facilitator component is selected from the group consisting of lipid, dairy fat, sugar, salt, and mixtures thereof. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the co-milled powdered composition includes about 2 to about 40 percent dairy fat as the dispersion facilitator component. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the co-milled powdered composition includes about 2 to about 80 percent sugar as the dispersion facilitator component. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the co-milled powdered composition includes non-fat dry milk powder, cream powder, and optionally sugar. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least a portion of a beverage is substantially free of starches, flow aids, and emulsifiers selected from the group comprising cellulose, corn starch, lecithin, modified starches, and mixtures thereof. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the at least a portion of a beverage has less than about 0.5% of each of the starches, flow aids, emulsifiers, and mixtures thereof. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of co-milled powdered composition per gram of fluid ranges from about 0.05 grams of powdered composition per gram of water to about 0.5 grams of powdered composition per gram of water. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the co-milled powdered composition is provided in a single-serve pod or cartridge for use with a beverage brewing machine. 11. A single serve beverage pod or cartridge having a co-milled powdered composition therein and for use with a beverage preparation machine for forming at least a portion of a beverage, the single serve pod or cartridge comprising:
a holding space sized to contain the co-milled powdered composition; at least one inlet and at least one outlet formable in or defined by the pod or cartridge for injecting a fluid to the holding space and for dispensing at least a beverage portion from the pod or cartridge; and the co-milled powdered composition disposed in the holding space, the co-milled powdered composition including at least one powdered ingredient having a difficult to disperse portion that has been co-milled with one or more dispersion facilitator components, wherein the dispersion facilitator components make up about 2 percent to about 90 percent of the co-milled powdered composition and the co-milled powdered composition has a d90 particle size of about 2 microns to about 150 microns and is effective to produce the at least a beverage portion with about 2 percent solids to about 16 percent solids dispersed therein from the co-milled powdered composition. 12. The single serve beverage pod or cartridge of claim 11, further comprising about 6 to about 20 grams of the co-milled powdered composition. 13. The single serve beverage pod or cartridge of claim 12, wherein the at least one powdered ingredient is selected from the group consisting of non fat dry milk powder, whole milk powder, roast and ground coffee, cocoa powder, cream powder and mixtures thereof and the difficult to disperse portion thereof is selected from the group consisting of non-fat dairy solids, non-soluble cocoa solids, non-soluble coffee solids, and mixtures thereof. 14. The single serve beverage pod or cartridge of claim 11, wherein the dispersion facilitator component is selected from the group consisting of fat, dairy fat, sugar, salt, and mixtures thereof. 15. The single serve beverage pod or cartridge of claim 14, wherein the co-milled powdered composition includes about 2 to about 40 percent dairy fat as the dispersion facilitator component. 16. The single serve beverage pod or cartridge of claim 14, wherein the co-milled powdered composition includes about 2 to about 80 percent sugar as the dispersion facilitator component. 17. The single serve beverage pod or cartridge of claim 11, wherein the at least a portion of a beverage is substantially free of starches, flow aids, and emulsifiers selected from the group consisting of cellulose, corn starch, lecithin, modified starches, and mixtures thereof. 18. The single serve beverage pod or cartridge of claim 17, wherein the at least a portion of a beverage has less than about 0.5% of each of the starches, flow aids, emulsifiers, and mixtures thereof. 19. The single serve beverage pod or cartridge of claim 11, wherein the amount of co-milled powdered composition per gram of fluid ranges from about 0.05 grams of powdered composition per gram of water to about 0.5 grams of powdered composition per gram of water. 20. The single serve beverage pod or cartridge of claim 19, wherein the co-milled powdered composition effects an extraction of at least about 30 percent of solids from the holding space when the fluid is injected into the holding space. 22. The single serve beverage pod or cartridge of claim 11, wherein the co-milled powdered composition is effective to provide the at least about 2 to about 16% solids dissolved in about 80 to about 90 grams of fluid in less than about 60 seconds without the need for substantial stirring or shaking of the fluid. 23. A packaged powdered beverage product for mixing with a fluid to form at least a portion of a beverage, the packaged powdered beverage product comprising:
a package defining a compartment; and a powdered composition in the compartment and including a co-milled powdered composition with at least one powdered ingredient having a difficult to disperse portion thereof and about 2 to about 90 percent of the co-milled powdered composition and the co-milled powdered composition has one or more dispersion facilitator components that are co-milled together to a d90 particle size of about 2 to about 150 microns and being effective to produce the at least a beverage portion with about 2 to about 16 percent solids from the co-milled powdered composition dispersed therein. 24. The packaged powdered beverage product of claim 23, wherein the at least one powdered ingredient is selected from the group consisting of non fat dry milk powder, whole milk powder, roast and ground coffee, cocoa powder, cream powder and mixtures thereof and the difficult to disperse portion thereof is selected from the group consisting of non-fat dairy solids, non-soluble cocoa solids, non-soluble coffee solids, and mixtures thereof. 25. The packaged powdered beverage product of claim 23 wherein the dispersion facilitator component is selected from the group consisting of fat, dairy fat, sugar, salt, and mixtures thereof. 26. The packaged powdered beverage product of claim 25, wherein the co-milled powdered composition includes about 2 to about 40 percent dairy fat as the dispersion facilitator component. 27. The packaged powdered beverage product of claim 25, wherein the co-milled powdered composition includes about 2 to about 80 percent sugar as the dispersion facilitator component. 28. The packaged powdered beverage product of claim 23, wherein the powdered beverage product is substantially free of starches, flow aids, and emulsifiers selected from the group comprising cellulose, corn starch, lecithin, modified starches, and mixtures thereof. 29. The packaged powdered beverage product of claim 28, wherein the powdered beverage product has less than about 0.5% of each of the starches, flow aids, and emulsifiers. 30. A method of preparing a co-milled powdered composition capable of preparing at least a portion of a beverage, the method comprising:
introducing at least one powdered ingredient having a difficult to disperse portion and about 2 to about 90 percent of one or more dispersion facilitator components to a milling apparatus, co-milling, in a sustained operation and at the same time, the at least one powdered ingredient and the one or more dispersion facilitator components to form the co-milled powdered composition with a d90 particle size of about 2 to about 150 microns and being effective to produce at least a portion of a beverage with the co-milled powdered composition is contacted when water having about 2 to about 16 percent solids from the co-milled powdered composition dispersed therein. 31. A method for forming at least a portion of a food product from a co-milled powdered composition, the method comprising combining an amount of a co-milled powdered composition with a fluid to produce at least a portion of a food product, the co-milled powdered composition obtained from co-milling together at least one powdered ingredient having a difficult to disperse portion thereof with about 2 to about 90 percent of one or more dispersion facilitator components to form the co-milled powdered composition with a d90 particle size of about 2 to about 150 microns and being effective to produce the beverage portion with about 2 to about 16 percent solids from the co-milled powdered composition dispersed therein. | A method and apparatus is provided for forming at least a portion of a beverage from a co-milled powdered composition. An amount of a co-milled powdered composition is combined with a fluid to produce at least a portion of a beverage. The co-milled powdered composition is obtained from co-milling together at least one powdered ingredient having a difficult to disperse or dissolve portion with one or more dispersion facilitator components to form a co-milled powder effective to enhance the dispersion or dissolving of the powder when forming a food or beverage.1. A method for forming at least a portion of a beverage from a co-milled powdered composition, the method comprising combining an amount of a co-milled powdered composition with a fluid to produce at least a portion of a beverage, the co-milled powdered composition obtained from co-milling together at least one powdered ingredient having a difficult to disperse portion thereof with about 2 to about 90 percent of one or more dispersion facilitator components to form the co-milled powdered composition with a d90 particle size of about 2 to about 150 microns and being effective to produce the beverage portion with about 2 to about 16 percent solids from the co-milled powdered composition dispersed therein. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one powdered ingredient is selected from the group consisting of non fat dry milk powder, whole milk powder, roast and ground coffee, cocoa powder, cream powder and mixtures thereof and the difficult to disperse portion thereof is selected from the group consisting of non-fat dairy solids, non-soluble cocoa solids, non-soluble coffee solids, and mixtures thereof. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the dispersion facilitator component is selected from the group consisting of lipid, dairy fat, sugar, salt, and mixtures thereof. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the co-milled powdered composition includes about 2 to about 40 percent dairy fat as the dispersion facilitator component. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the co-milled powdered composition includes about 2 to about 80 percent sugar as the dispersion facilitator component. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the co-milled powdered composition includes non-fat dry milk powder, cream powder, and optionally sugar. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least a portion of a beverage is substantially free of starches, flow aids, and emulsifiers selected from the group comprising cellulose, corn starch, lecithin, modified starches, and mixtures thereof. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the at least a portion of a beverage has less than about 0.5% of each of the starches, flow aids, emulsifiers, and mixtures thereof. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of co-milled powdered composition per gram of fluid ranges from about 0.05 grams of powdered composition per gram of water to about 0.5 grams of powdered composition per gram of water. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the co-milled powdered composition is provided in a single-serve pod or cartridge for use with a beverage brewing machine. 11. A single serve beverage pod or cartridge having a co-milled powdered composition therein and for use with a beverage preparation machine for forming at least a portion of a beverage, the single serve pod or cartridge comprising:
a holding space sized to contain the co-milled powdered composition; at least one inlet and at least one outlet formable in or defined by the pod or cartridge for injecting a fluid to the holding space and for dispensing at least a beverage portion from the pod or cartridge; and the co-milled powdered composition disposed in the holding space, the co-milled powdered composition including at least one powdered ingredient having a difficult to disperse portion that has been co-milled with one or more dispersion facilitator components, wherein the dispersion facilitator components make up about 2 percent to about 90 percent of the co-milled powdered composition and the co-milled powdered composition has a d90 particle size of about 2 microns to about 150 microns and is effective to produce the at least a beverage portion with about 2 percent solids to about 16 percent solids dispersed therein from the co-milled powdered composition. 12. The single serve beverage pod or cartridge of claim 11, further comprising about 6 to about 20 grams of the co-milled powdered composition. 13. The single serve beverage pod or cartridge of claim 12, wherein the at least one powdered ingredient is selected from the group consisting of non fat dry milk powder, whole milk powder, roast and ground coffee, cocoa powder, cream powder and mixtures thereof and the difficult to disperse portion thereof is selected from the group consisting of non-fat dairy solids, non-soluble cocoa solids, non-soluble coffee solids, and mixtures thereof. 14. The single serve beverage pod or cartridge of claim 11, wherein the dispersion facilitator component is selected from the group consisting of fat, dairy fat, sugar, salt, and mixtures thereof. 15. The single serve beverage pod or cartridge of claim 14, wherein the co-milled powdered composition includes about 2 to about 40 percent dairy fat as the dispersion facilitator component. 16. The single serve beverage pod or cartridge of claim 14, wherein the co-milled powdered composition includes about 2 to about 80 percent sugar as the dispersion facilitator component. 17. The single serve beverage pod or cartridge of claim 11, wherein the at least a portion of a beverage is substantially free of starches, flow aids, and emulsifiers selected from the group consisting of cellulose, corn starch, lecithin, modified starches, and mixtures thereof. 18. The single serve beverage pod or cartridge of claim 17, wherein the at least a portion of a beverage has less than about 0.5% of each of the starches, flow aids, emulsifiers, and mixtures thereof. 19. The single serve beverage pod or cartridge of claim 11, wherein the amount of co-milled powdered composition per gram of fluid ranges from about 0.05 grams of powdered composition per gram of water to about 0.5 grams of powdered composition per gram of water. 20. The single serve beverage pod or cartridge of claim 19, wherein the co-milled powdered composition effects an extraction of at least about 30 percent of solids from the holding space when the fluid is injected into the holding space. 22. The single serve beverage pod or cartridge of claim 11, wherein the co-milled powdered composition is effective to provide the at least about 2 to about 16% solids dissolved in about 80 to about 90 grams of fluid in less than about 60 seconds without the need for substantial stirring or shaking of the fluid. 23. A packaged powdered beverage product for mixing with a fluid to form at least a portion of a beverage, the packaged powdered beverage product comprising:
a package defining a compartment; and a powdered composition in the compartment and including a co-milled powdered composition with at least one powdered ingredient having a difficult to disperse portion thereof and about 2 to about 90 percent of the co-milled powdered composition and the co-milled powdered composition has one or more dispersion facilitator components that are co-milled together to a d90 particle size of about 2 to about 150 microns and being effective to produce the at least a beverage portion with about 2 to about 16 percent solids from the co-milled powdered composition dispersed therein. 24. The packaged powdered beverage product of claim 23, wherein the at least one powdered ingredient is selected from the group consisting of non fat dry milk powder, whole milk powder, roast and ground coffee, cocoa powder, cream powder and mixtures thereof and the difficult to disperse portion thereof is selected from the group consisting of non-fat dairy solids, non-soluble cocoa solids, non-soluble coffee solids, and mixtures thereof. 25. The packaged powdered beverage product of claim 23 wherein the dispersion facilitator component is selected from the group consisting of fat, dairy fat, sugar, salt, and mixtures thereof. 26. The packaged powdered beverage product of claim 25, wherein the co-milled powdered composition includes about 2 to about 40 percent dairy fat as the dispersion facilitator component. 27. The packaged powdered beverage product of claim 25, wherein the co-milled powdered composition includes about 2 to about 80 percent sugar as the dispersion facilitator component. 28. The packaged powdered beverage product of claim 23, wherein the powdered beverage product is substantially free of starches, flow aids, and emulsifiers selected from the group comprising cellulose, corn starch, lecithin, modified starches, and mixtures thereof. 29. The packaged powdered beverage product of claim 28, wherein the powdered beverage product has less than about 0.5% of each of the starches, flow aids, and emulsifiers. 30. A method of preparing a co-milled powdered composition capable of preparing at least a portion of a beverage, the method comprising:
introducing at least one powdered ingredient having a difficult to disperse portion and about 2 to about 90 percent of one or more dispersion facilitator components to a milling apparatus, co-milling, in a sustained operation and at the same time, the at least one powdered ingredient and the one or more dispersion facilitator components to form the co-milled powdered composition with a d90 particle size of about 2 to about 150 microns and being effective to produce at least a portion of a beverage with the co-milled powdered composition is contacted when water having about 2 to about 16 percent solids from the co-milled powdered composition dispersed therein. 31. A method for forming at least a portion of a food product from a co-milled powdered composition, the method comprising combining an amount of a co-milled powdered composition with a fluid to produce at least a portion of a food product, the co-milled powdered composition obtained from co-milling together at least one powdered ingredient having a difficult to disperse portion thereof with about 2 to about 90 percent of one or more dispersion facilitator components to form the co-milled powdered composition with a d90 particle size of about 2 to about 150 microns and being effective to produce the beverage portion with about 2 to about 16 percent solids from the co-milled powdered composition dispersed therein. | 1,700 |
2,329 | 14,538,303 | 1,791 | Disclosed are methods and systems for continuously coating food pieces. The methods include a steps of directing and uncoated food stream through an enrober to apply a first coating to at least a portion of a surface of each food piece to form a coated stream and continuously redirecting a portion of the coated stream back through the enrober along with the stream of uncoated food pieces to apply at least one additional coating to the portion of the coated stream. | 1. A method of making a food composition, comprising:
a. providing a stream of uncoated food pieces; b. directing the stream through an enrober to apply a first coating to at least a portion of a surface of each food piece to form a coated stream; and c. continuously redirecting a portion representing from about 20% to about 65% of the coated stream back through the enrober along with the stream of uncoated food pieces to apply at least one additional coating to the portion of the coated stream to produce a food composition comprising a plurality of food pieces, wherein food pieces having 1 coating layer represent about 35% to about 80% of the plurality of food pieces, food pieces having 2 coating layers represent about 16% to about 23% of the plurality of food pieces, and food pieces having at least 3 coating layers represent about 4% to about 42% of the plurality of food pieces. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the food pieces are ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal pieces. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the food pieces are nuts or confections. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the portion of the coated stream that is redirected is from about 30% to about 60% of the coated stream. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises particulates derived from a ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal product. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises a liquid component and a dry component. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the enrober comprises a first portion that applies the liquid component and a second portion that applies the dry component. 8-26. (canceled) 27. The method of claim 1, wherein the portion of the coated stream is redirected using a pneumatic conveyor, a belt conveyor, a chain conveyor, a screw conveyor, a vibrating conveyor, a roller conveyor, or a combination thereof. | Disclosed are methods and systems for continuously coating food pieces. The methods include a steps of directing and uncoated food stream through an enrober to apply a first coating to at least a portion of a surface of each food piece to form a coated stream and continuously redirecting a portion of the coated stream back through the enrober along with the stream of uncoated food pieces to apply at least one additional coating to the portion of the coated stream.1. A method of making a food composition, comprising:
a. providing a stream of uncoated food pieces; b. directing the stream through an enrober to apply a first coating to at least a portion of a surface of each food piece to form a coated stream; and c. continuously redirecting a portion representing from about 20% to about 65% of the coated stream back through the enrober along with the stream of uncoated food pieces to apply at least one additional coating to the portion of the coated stream to produce a food composition comprising a plurality of food pieces, wherein food pieces having 1 coating layer represent about 35% to about 80% of the plurality of food pieces, food pieces having 2 coating layers represent about 16% to about 23% of the plurality of food pieces, and food pieces having at least 3 coating layers represent about 4% to about 42% of the plurality of food pieces. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the food pieces are ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal pieces. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the food pieces are nuts or confections. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the portion of the coated stream that is redirected is from about 30% to about 60% of the coated stream. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises particulates derived from a ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal product. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises a liquid component and a dry component. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the enrober comprises a first portion that applies the liquid component and a second portion that applies the dry component. 8-26. (canceled) 27. The method of claim 1, wherein the portion of the coated stream is redirected using a pneumatic conveyor, a belt conveyor, a chain conveyor, a screw conveyor, a vibrating conveyor, a roller conveyor, or a combination thereof. | 1,700 |
2,330 | 13,498,635 | 1,797 | The invention relates to the field of intensity measurements of a light scattering label bound to a surface of a support using an optical evanescent field. According to the invention, the method comprises the steps: a) Providing an assay comprising at least one light scattering label bound to a surface of a support by at least one bond; b) Measuring the fluctuations in the intensity of scattered light of the label in an optical evanescent field over time while the label is bound to the surface. The method according to the invention allows to identify different bonds and/or to distinguish between different bonds. | 1. A method for the characterization of biological bonds, comprising the steps:
a) Providing an assay comprising at least one light scattering label bound to a surface of a support by at least one bond; b) Measuring the fluctuations in the intensity of scattered light of the label in an optical evanescent field over time while the label is bound to the surface. 2. The method according to claim 1, whereby the time frame for measuring the scattered intensity of the label over time is ≧1 second, preferably ≧20 seconds. 3. The method according to claim 1 whereby the exposure time for each intensity measurement is ≦40 ms, preferably ≦1 ms 4. The method according to claim 1, whereby the intensity of the scattered light is measured space-resolved to account for different xy-positions of the label in-plane of the surface. 5. The method according to claim 4, whereby a spatial resolution of ≦75 nm, preferably of ≦15 nm is used. 6. The method according to claim 1, whereby in step b) the at least one label is temporary pulled towards the surface and/or away from the surface and/or into different directions parallel to the surface. 7. The method according to claim 1, whereby the bond mobility of the bond is determined by determining the ratio between the maximum and the minimum intensity, in the time frame, by determining the standard deviation of the measured intensity values, by making a histogram of the measured intensity values and analyzing its shape, and/or by analyzing average diffusion coefficients or the power spectrum by Fourier analysis. 8. The method according to claim 1, whereby the label is a uniform particle or a non non-uniform particle. 9. The method according to claim 1 whereby the bond comprises one or more biomolecules. 10. The method according to claim 1, whereby the bond comprises a catching antibody, a target molecule and a linker molecule, the antibody attaching the target molecule to the surface of the support, the linker molecule attaching the label to the target molecule. 11. Method according to claim 1, used for distinguishing between specific and non-specific bonds. 12. Method according to claim 1, used for distinguishing between a label bound to the surface of the support by a single bond and a label bound to the surface of the support by a multiple bond. 13. Method according to claim 1, used for measuring bond length and/or bond flexibility of at least one bond. | The invention relates to the field of intensity measurements of a light scattering label bound to a surface of a support using an optical evanescent field. According to the invention, the method comprises the steps: a) Providing an assay comprising at least one light scattering label bound to a surface of a support by at least one bond; b) Measuring the fluctuations in the intensity of scattered light of the label in an optical evanescent field over time while the label is bound to the surface. The method according to the invention allows to identify different bonds and/or to distinguish between different bonds.1. A method for the characterization of biological bonds, comprising the steps:
a) Providing an assay comprising at least one light scattering label bound to a surface of a support by at least one bond; b) Measuring the fluctuations in the intensity of scattered light of the label in an optical evanescent field over time while the label is bound to the surface. 2. The method according to claim 1, whereby the time frame for measuring the scattered intensity of the label over time is ≧1 second, preferably ≧20 seconds. 3. The method according to claim 1 whereby the exposure time for each intensity measurement is ≦40 ms, preferably ≦1 ms 4. The method according to claim 1, whereby the intensity of the scattered light is measured space-resolved to account for different xy-positions of the label in-plane of the surface. 5. The method according to claim 4, whereby a spatial resolution of ≦75 nm, preferably of ≦15 nm is used. 6. The method according to claim 1, whereby in step b) the at least one label is temporary pulled towards the surface and/or away from the surface and/or into different directions parallel to the surface. 7. The method according to claim 1, whereby the bond mobility of the bond is determined by determining the ratio between the maximum and the minimum intensity, in the time frame, by determining the standard deviation of the measured intensity values, by making a histogram of the measured intensity values and analyzing its shape, and/or by analyzing average diffusion coefficients or the power spectrum by Fourier analysis. 8. The method according to claim 1, whereby the label is a uniform particle or a non non-uniform particle. 9. The method according to claim 1 whereby the bond comprises one or more biomolecules. 10. The method according to claim 1, whereby the bond comprises a catching antibody, a target molecule and a linker molecule, the antibody attaching the target molecule to the surface of the support, the linker molecule attaching the label to the target molecule. 11. Method according to claim 1, used for distinguishing between specific and non-specific bonds. 12. Method according to claim 1, used for distinguishing between a label bound to the surface of the support by a single bond and a label bound to the surface of the support by a multiple bond. 13. Method according to claim 1, used for measuring bond length and/or bond flexibility of at least one bond. | 1,700 |
2,331 | 13,141,846 | 1,792 | Methods and/or processes for obtaining coffee extracts and/or processing coffee beans. In certain embodiments, improved methods and/or processes for producing desirable and usable extracts from coffee beans which can be used for instant coffee type powders or liquids, for example. In certain other embodiments, improved coffee extraction techniques which permit or allow retainment or capture of desirable levels of aroma products and/or bio-actives from coffee beans. | 1. A method of processing coffee beans comprising:
breaking or cracking whole coffee beans; adding water to said broken or cracked coffee beans to form a suspension or mixture; grinding the cracked coffee beans; adding the ground coffee beans to a heat exchanger; removing aromatics via an aroma evaporator; separating solid material from liquid in a decanting step; performing an additional separation step to separate solids and/or lipids and/or aromatics and/or liquids; subjecting certain coffee extraction products to an evaporation step and/or a lypophilization step; and obtaining one or more of the following products: coffee powder; coffee liquid; aromatics; polyphenols; and bio-actives. 2. A method of processing coffee beans comprising:
selecting and blending whole, unroasted coffee beans; roasting the coffee beans; blending the coffee beans with water and heat; breaking or cracking the coffee beans; grinding or milling the cracked coffee beans; performing an extraction step on the ground or milled coffee beans with heat and under pressure; performing a vacuum de-aeration or evaporation step on the coffee beans; removing aromatics in an aroma recovering step; separating solid material from liquid in a decanting step; performing an additional separation step to separate solids and/or lipids and/or aromatics and/or liquids; subjecting certain coffee extraction products to an evaporation step and/or a lypophilization step; and obtaining one or more of the following products: coffee powder; coffee liquid; aromatics; polyphenols; and bio-actives. 3. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein after roasting and grinding steps, the coffee beans are subjected to an extraction with water at a temperature selected from between approximately 80-100° C. 4. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein after roasting and grinding steps, the coffee beans are subjected to an extraction with water at a temperature of approximately 90° C. 5. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein after the extraction with water step, a vacuum evaporator is used to remove approximately 20% v/v of steam and/or volatiles. 6. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein coffee components obtained are used for soluble or instant type coffee or as an aromatizing agent. 7. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein in an additional step, separation of solids from the liquid phase takes place in a decanting step. 8. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 7 wherein after a decanting step, the liquid phase contains water-soluble flavors and polyphenols as well as fats or lipids. 9. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 7 wherein following the decanting step, a three-phase separation step is performed to obtain further separations to obtain a mixture of water-soluble polyphenols and/or water-soluble flavors which, when sprayed or dried, contain low amounts of lipids. 10. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein a roasting step is performed for approximately 5-12 minutes at between 180-230 degrees C. 11. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein during a roasting step, a reduction in water content from approximately 10-12% to approximately 1.5-3% occurs. 12. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein in a second blending step, the second blending step is performed using water and heat at approximately 90 degrees C. 13. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein said cracking and/or breaking is performed using a perforated disk mill. 14. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein said grinding or milling is performed using a toothed colloid mill. 15. A method of processing coffee beans according claim 2 wherein an extraction step is performed for approximately 2-6 minutes at approximately 90 degrees C. and at pressure of approximately 2-3 bars. 16. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein a vacuum de-aerator step is performed under pressure at approximately 100 mbars. 17. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein in a further aromatic recovery step, an absorber column is used. 18. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein in a further aromatic recovery step, reverse osmosis techniques are used. 19. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein in a further aromatic recovery step, ethanol is added. 20. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 18 wherein collected aromatics are reconstituted and/or packaged. 21. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein after a first decanting step in which solids are separated from a liquid phase, a second decanting step is performed. 22. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 21 wherein a second decanting step is followed by a three-phase separation step. 23. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein coffee extraction products are treated with evaporation steps and/or spray drying steps and/or freeze drying steps. 24. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein separation of the fat phase from fat-soluble flavor materials is performed. 25. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein products for instant coffee products or coffee flavor additives are obtained. 26. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein aromatics or bio-actives are obtained. | Methods and/or processes for obtaining coffee extracts and/or processing coffee beans. In certain embodiments, improved methods and/or processes for producing desirable and usable extracts from coffee beans which can be used for instant coffee type powders or liquids, for example. In certain other embodiments, improved coffee extraction techniques which permit or allow retainment or capture of desirable levels of aroma products and/or bio-actives from coffee beans.1. A method of processing coffee beans comprising:
breaking or cracking whole coffee beans; adding water to said broken or cracked coffee beans to form a suspension or mixture; grinding the cracked coffee beans; adding the ground coffee beans to a heat exchanger; removing aromatics via an aroma evaporator; separating solid material from liquid in a decanting step; performing an additional separation step to separate solids and/or lipids and/or aromatics and/or liquids; subjecting certain coffee extraction products to an evaporation step and/or a lypophilization step; and obtaining one or more of the following products: coffee powder; coffee liquid; aromatics; polyphenols; and bio-actives. 2. A method of processing coffee beans comprising:
selecting and blending whole, unroasted coffee beans; roasting the coffee beans; blending the coffee beans with water and heat; breaking or cracking the coffee beans; grinding or milling the cracked coffee beans; performing an extraction step on the ground or milled coffee beans with heat and under pressure; performing a vacuum de-aeration or evaporation step on the coffee beans; removing aromatics in an aroma recovering step; separating solid material from liquid in a decanting step; performing an additional separation step to separate solids and/or lipids and/or aromatics and/or liquids; subjecting certain coffee extraction products to an evaporation step and/or a lypophilization step; and obtaining one or more of the following products: coffee powder; coffee liquid; aromatics; polyphenols; and bio-actives. 3. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein after roasting and grinding steps, the coffee beans are subjected to an extraction with water at a temperature selected from between approximately 80-100° C. 4. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein after roasting and grinding steps, the coffee beans are subjected to an extraction with water at a temperature of approximately 90° C. 5. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein after the extraction with water step, a vacuum evaporator is used to remove approximately 20% v/v of steam and/or volatiles. 6. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein coffee components obtained are used for soluble or instant type coffee or as an aromatizing agent. 7. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein in an additional step, separation of solids from the liquid phase takes place in a decanting step. 8. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 7 wherein after a decanting step, the liquid phase contains water-soluble flavors and polyphenols as well as fats or lipids. 9. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 7 wherein following the decanting step, a three-phase separation step is performed to obtain further separations to obtain a mixture of water-soluble polyphenols and/or water-soluble flavors which, when sprayed or dried, contain low amounts of lipids. 10. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein a roasting step is performed for approximately 5-12 minutes at between 180-230 degrees C. 11. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein during a roasting step, a reduction in water content from approximately 10-12% to approximately 1.5-3% occurs. 12. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein in a second blending step, the second blending step is performed using water and heat at approximately 90 degrees C. 13. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein said cracking and/or breaking is performed using a perforated disk mill. 14. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein said grinding or milling is performed using a toothed colloid mill. 15. A method of processing coffee beans according claim 2 wherein an extraction step is performed for approximately 2-6 minutes at approximately 90 degrees C. and at pressure of approximately 2-3 bars. 16. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein a vacuum de-aerator step is performed under pressure at approximately 100 mbars. 17. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein in a further aromatic recovery step, an absorber column is used. 18. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein in a further aromatic recovery step, reverse osmosis techniques are used. 19. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein in a further aromatic recovery step, ethanol is added. 20. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 18 wherein collected aromatics are reconstituted and/or packaged. 21. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein after a first decanting step in which solids are separated from a liquid phase, a second decanting step is performed. 22. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 21 wherein a second decanting step is followed by a three-phase separation step. 23. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein coffee extraction products are treated with evaporation steps and/or spray drying steps and/or freeze drying steps. 24. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein separation of the fat phase from fat-soluble flavor materials is performed. 25. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein products for instant coffee products or coffee flavor additives are obtained. 26. A method of processing coffee beans according to claim 2 wherein aromatics or bio-actives are obtained. | 1,700 |
2,332 | 14,988,386 | 1,792 | A snack food container having a square base, side walls substantially consisting of four right triangular panels and two isosceles triangular panels, and a flat, two dimensional end seal. The container is opened by use of a tear feature just below the end seal. The container is of paperboard construction and is resealable by virtue of a score line on each side of the container located below the end seal in combination with a horizontal cut through the container located below one score line. After opening, the container can be resealed by folding the container over the score lines towards the horizontal cut. An edge of the container is then secured in the horizontal cut. | 1. A snack container having a base, side walls, and a top edge, said top edge having a left side and a right side, wherein said container comprising:
a substantially square base, said base having left, right, front, and back corners; a first fold starting at the left corner of said base and terminating at the left side of the top edge of the container; a second fold starting at the right corner of said base and terminating at the right side of the top edge of the container; a first “V” shaped crease starting at the front corner of said base and terminating at the first and second folds at points in the same horizontal plane below the top edge of the container; a second “V” shaped crease starting at the back corner of said base and terminating at the first and second folds at points in the same horizontal plane as the top of the first “V” shaped crease; a flat portion defined by the top edge of the container and extending to a horizontal tear feature located above the termination points of the “V” shaped creases, wherein below the termination points of the top of the “V” shaped creases the folds and “V” shaped creases define four right-triangle shaped side walls and two isosceles triangle shaped side walls, wherein further above the termination points of the top of the “V” shaped creases the container consists of two side walls which are in planar contact with each other above the horizontal tear feature, thus forming a top seal and forming a front surface and a back surface, both of said surfaces located above the termination points of the “V” shaped creases; a front score line along the front surface running from the first fold to the second fold; a back score line along the back surface running from the first fold to the second fold, wherein the intersectional positions of the front score line at the first fold and the second fold corresponds to the intersectional positions of the back score line at the first fold and the second fold, wherein further said vertical location of the intersectional position of each score line at the first fold is different from the vertical location of the intersectional position of each score line at the second fold; and a cut below said front score line and within the first “V” shaped crease. 2. The container of claim 1, wherein the intersectional position of the score lines along one of the first or second folds is at the intersection of the horizontal tear feature and said fold. 3. The container of claim 1, wherein the intersectional position of the score lines along one of the first or second folds is at the intersection of a termination point of the “V” shaped creases and said fold. 4. The container of claim 1, wherein the cut below said front score line is a horizontal cut. 5. The container of claim 1, wherein said container comprises paperboard and a separate interior film. 6. The container of claim 5, wherein said interior film is sealed at the end seal upon construction, thereby enclosing a product, and opened when the end seal is removed from the container at the tear feature. 7. The container of claim 1, wherein said square base is less than 3 inches by 3 inches. 8. The container of claim 7, wherein said square base is about 2 inches by 2 inches. 9. The container of claim 1, wherein the two folds are less than 10 inches long each and greater than 6 inches long each. 10. The container of claim 9, wherein the two folds are less than 9 inches long each and greater than 7 inches long each. 11. The container of claim 1, wherein the vertical distance from the top edge to the termination points of the top of the “V” shaped creases is between 1.5 inch and 4.0 inches. 12. A snack container having a base, side walls, and a top edge, said top edge having a left side and a right side, wherein said container comprising:
a substantially square base, said base having left, right, front, and back corners; a first fold starting at the left corner of said base and terminating at the left side of the top edge of the container; a second fold starting at the right corner of said base and terminating at the right side of the top edge of the container; a first “V” shaped crease starting at the front corner of said base and terminating at the first and second folds at points in the same horizontal plane below the top edge of the container; a second “V” shaped crease starting at the back corner of said base and terminating at the first and second folds at points in the same horizontal plane as the top of the first “V” shaped crease; a flat portion defined by the top edge of the container and extending to a horizontal tear feature located above the termination points of the “V” shaped creases, wherein below the termination points of the top of the “V” shaped creases the folds and “V” shaped creases define four right-triangle shaped side walls and two isosceles triangle shaped side walls, wherein further above the termination points of the top of the “V” shaped creases the container consists of two side walls which are in planar contact with each other above the horizontal tear feature, thus forming a top seal and forming a front surface and a back surface, both of said surfaces above the termination points of the “V” shaped creases; a front score line along the front surface starting from the first fold or the second fold at a point below the tear feature and ending at the tear feature; a back score line along the back surface starting from the first fold or the second fold at a point below the tear feature and ending at the tear feature, wherein the intersectional position of the front score line at the first fold or the second fold corresponds to the intersectional position of the back score line at the first fold or the second fold, wherein further the intersectional position of each score line at the tear feature is the same; and a cut below said front score line and within the first “V” shaped crease. 13. The container of claim 12, wherein the intersectional position of the score lines along one of the horizontal tear feature is the intersection of the tear feature and a first or second fold. 14. The container of claim 12, wherein the intersectional position of the score lines along one of the first or second folds is at the intersection of a termination point of the “V” shaped creases and said fold. 15. The container of claim 12, wherein the cut below said front score line is a horizontal cut. 16. The container of claim 12, wherein said container comprises paperboard and a separate interior film. 17. The container of claim 16, wherein said interior film is sealed at the end seal upon construction, thereby enclosing a product, and opened when the end seal is removed from the container at the tear feature. 18. The container of claim 12, wherein said square base is less than 3 inches by 3 inches. 19. The container of claim 18, wherein said square base is about 2 inches by 2 inches. 20. The container of claim 12, wherein the two folds are less than 10 inches long each and greater than 6 inches long each. 21. The container of claim 20, wherein the two folds are less than 9 inches long each and greater than 7 inches long each. 22. The container of claim 12, wherein the vertical distance from the top edge to the termination points of the top of the “V” shaped creases is between 1.5 inch and 4.0 inches. | A snack food container having a square base, side walls substantially consisting of four right triangular panels and two isosceles triangular panels, and a flat, two dimensional end seal. The container is opened by use of a tear feature just below the end seal. The container is of paperboard construction and is resealable by virtue of a score line on each side of the container located below the end seal in combination with a horizontal cut through the container located below one score line. After opening, the container can be resealed by folding the container over the score lines towards the horizontal cut. An edge of the container is then secured in the horizontal cut.1. A snack container having a base, side walls, and a top edge, said top edge having a left side and a right side, wherein said container comprising:
a substantially square base, said base having left, right, front, and back corners; a first fold starting at the left corner of said base and terminating at the left side of the top edge of the container; a second fold starting at the right corner of said base and terminating at the right side of the top edge of the container; a first “V” shaped crease starting at the front corner of said base and terminating at the first and second folds at points in the same horizontal plane below the top edge of the container; a second “V” shaped crease starting at the back corner of said base and terminating at the first and second folds at points in the same horizontal plane as the top of the first “V” shaped crease; a flat portion defined by the top edge of the container and extending to a horizontal tear feature located above the termination points of the “V” shaped creases, wherein below the termination points of the top of the “V” shaped creases the folds and “V” shaped creases define four right-triangle shaped side walls and two isosceles triangle shaped side walls, wherein further above the termination points of the top of the “V” shaped creases the container consists of two side walls which are in planar contact with each other above the horizontal tear feature, thus forming a top seal and forming a front surface and a back surface, both of said surfaces located above the termination points of the “V” shaped creases; a front score line along the front surface running from the first fold to the second fold; a back score line along the back surface running from the first fold to the second fold, wherein the intersectional positions of the front score line at the first fold and the second fold corresponds to the intersectional positions of the back score line at the first fold and the second fold, wherein further said vertical location of the intersectional position of each score line at the first fold is different from the vertical location of the intersectional position of each score line at the second fold; and a cut below said front score line and within the first “V” shaped crease. 2. The container of claim 1, wherein the intersectional position of the score lines along one of the first or second folds is at the intersection of the horizontal tear feature and said fold. 3. The container of claim 1, wherein the intersectional position of the score lines along one of the first or second folds is at the intersection of a termination point of the “V” shaped creases and said fold. 4. The container of claim 1, wherein the cut below said front score line is a horizontal cut. 5. The container of claim 1, wherein said container comprises paperboard and a separate interior film. 6. The container of claim 5, wherein said interior film is sealed at the end seal upon construction, thereby enclosing a product, and opened when the end seal is removed from the container at the tear feature. 7. The container of claim 1, wherein said square base is less than 3 inches by 3 inches. 8. The container of claim 7, wherein said square base is about 2 inches by 2 inches. 9. The container of claim 1, wherein the two folds are less than 10 inches long each and greater than 6 inches long each. 10. The container of claim 9, wherein the two folds are less than 9 inches long each and greater than 7 inches long each. 11. The container of claim 1, wherein the vertical distance from the top edge to the termination points of the top of the “V” shaped creases is between 1.5 inch and 4.0 inches. 12. A snack container having a base, side walls, and a top edge, said top edge having a left side and a right side, wherein said container comprising:
a substantially square base, said base having left, right, front, and back corners; a first fold starting at the left corner of said base and terminating at the left side of the top edge of the container; a second fold starting at the right corner of said base and terminating at the right side of the top edge of the container; a first “V” shaped crease starting at the front corner of said base and terminating at the first and second folds at points in the same horizontal plane below the top edge of the container; a second “V” shaped crease starting at the back corner of said base and terminating at the first and second folds at points in the same horizontal plane as the top of the first “V” shaped crease; a flat portion defined by the top edge of the container and extending to a horizontal tear feature located above the termination points of the “V” shaped creases, wherein below the termination points of the top of the “V” shaped creases the folds and “V” shaped creases define four right-triangle shaped side walls and two isosceles triangle shaped side walls, wherein further above the termination points of the top of the “V” shaped creases the container consists of two side walls which are in planar contact with each other above the horizontal tear feature, thus forming a top seal and forming a front surface and a back surface, both of said surfaces above the termination points of the “V” shaped creases; a front score line along the front surface starting from the first fold or the second fold at a point below the tear feature and ending at the tear feature; a back score line along the back surface starting from the first fold or the second fold at a point below the tear feature and ending at the tear feature, wherein the intersectional position of the front score line at the first fold or the second fold corresponds to the intersectional position of the back score line at the first fold or the second fold, wherein further the intersectional position of each score line at the tear feature is the same; and a cut below said front score line and within the first “V” shaped crease. 13. The container of claim 12, wherein the intersectional position of the score lines along one of the horizontal tear feature is the intersection of the tear feature and a first or second fold. 14. The container of claim 12, wherein the intersectional position of the score lines along one of the first or second folds is at the intersection of a termination point of the “V” shaped creases and said fold. 15. The container of claim 12, wherein the cut below said front score line is a horizontal cut. 16. The container of claim 12, wherein said container comprises paperboard and a separate interior film. 17. The container of claim 16, wherein said interior film is sealed at the end seal upon construction, thereby enclosing a product, and opened when the end seal is removed from the container at the tear feature. 18. The container of claim 12, wherein said square base is less than 3 inches by 3 inches. 19. The container of claim 18, wherein said square base is about 2 inches by 2 inches. 20. The container of claim 12, wherein the two folds are less than 10 inches long each and greater than 6 inches long each. 21. The container of claim 20, wherein the two folds are less than 9 inches long each and greater than 7 inches long each. 22. The container of claim 12, wherein the vertical distance from the top edge to the termination points of the top of the “V” shaped creases is between 1.5 inch and 4.0 inches. | 1,700 |
2,333 | 14,743,583 | 1,713 | Chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) compositions and methods are described, which are suitable for polishing an aluminum surface. The compositions comprise alumina abrasive particles coated with an anionic polymer, and suspended in an acidic or neutral pH carrier. In some cases, a polishing aid such as silica, a carboxylic acid, a phosphonic acid compound, or a combination thereof may be added to the CMP compositions. The described CMP compositions and methods improve polishing efficacy and reduce surface imperfections on a polished aluminum surface compared to CMP methods using uncoated alumina abrasive. | 1. A method of polishing an aluminum surface comprising a step of abrading the surface with a polishing composition comprising an acidic or neutral pH aqueous carrier containing:
(a) alumina abrasive particles comprising an anionic polymer on the surface of the alumina particles; and (b) a polishing aid selected from the group consisting of silica abrasive, a polishing promoter compound, and a combination thereof; wherein the polishing promoter compound is an organic acid, an inorganic acid, or combination thereof. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum surface comprises substantially pure aluminum, or aluminum alloyed with an element selected from the group consisting of Cu, Mn, Si, Mg, Zn, and a combination of two or more thereof. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the polishing promoter compound comprises an organic acid comprising a methylene or ethylidene moiety bearing two carboxylic acid groups or two phosphonic acid groups. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the polishing aid comprises a polishing promoter compound selected from the group consisting of 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid, malonic acid, oxalic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, camphorsulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, formic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, and a combination of two or more thereof. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the anionic polymer comprises poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid), acrylic acid-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid copolymer, polystyrenesulfonic acid, or a combination of two or more thereof. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the alumina abrasive is present in the composition at a concentration in the range of about 0.01 wt. % to about 15 wt. %. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the polishing composition has a pH in the range of about 2 to about 7. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the alumina abrasive has a mean particle size in the range of about 50 nm to about 1000 nm. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the polishing aid comprises colloidal silica, fumed silica, or a combination thereof. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the silica has a mean particle size in the range of about 50 nm to about 200 nm. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the polishing aid comprises the polishing promoter compound at a concentration in the range of about 0.01 wt. % to about 5 wt. %, and the silica abrasive at a concentration in the range of about 0.1 wt. % to about 15 wt. %. 12. A polishing composition for polishing an aluminum surface, the composition comprising an acidic or neutral pH aqueous carrier containing:
(a) alumina abrasive particles comprising an anionic polymer on a surface of the alumina particles; and (b) a polishing aid selected from the group consisting of silica abrasive, a polishing promoter compound, and a combination thereof; wherein the polishing promoter compound is an organic acid, an inorganic acid, or combination thereof. 13. The polishing composition of claim 12, wherein the polishing promoter compound comprises an organic acid comprising a methylene or ethylidene moiety bearing two carboxylic acid groups or two phosphonic acid groups, 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid, malonic acid, oxalic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, camphorsulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, formic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, or a combination of two or more thereof. 14. The polishing composition of claim 12, wherein the anionic polymer comprises poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid) (AMPS), acrylic acid-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid copolymer (AA/AMPS), polystyrenesulfonic acid, and a combination of two or more thereof. 15. The polishing composition of claim 12, wherein the composition has a pH in the range of about 2 to about 7. 16. The polishing composition of claim 12, wherein the anionic polymer comprises poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid) (AMPS), acrylic acid-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid copolymer (AA/AMPS), polystyrenesulfonic acid, or a combination of two or more thereof, the alumina abrasive is present in the composition at a concentration in the range of about 0.01 wt. % to about 15 wt. %, and the alumina has a mean particle size in the range of about 50 nm to about 1000 nm. 17. The polishing composition of claim 12, wherein the polishing aid comprises the polishing promoter compound at a concentration in the range of about 0.01 wt. % to about 5 wt. %, and the silica abrasive at a concentration in the range of about 0.1 wt. % to about 15 wt. %. 18. The polishing composition of claim 12, wherein the polishing aid comprises colloidal silica, fumed silica, or a combination thereof. 19. A method of polishing an aluminum surface comprising a step of abrading the surface with a polishing composition comprising an acidic aqueous carrier containing abrasive alumina particles comprising an anionic polymer on a surface of the alumina particles, wherein the alumina abrasive particles are present in the composition at a concentration in the range of about 0.01 wt. % to about 15 wt. % during the step of abrading the surface. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the aluminum surface comprises substantially pure aluminum, or aluminum alloyed with an element selected from the group consisting of Cu, Mn, Si, Mg, Zn, and a combination of two or more thereof. | Chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) compositions and methods are described, which are suitable for polishing an aluminum surface. The compositions comprise alumina abrasive particles coated with an anionic polymer, and suspended in an acidic or neutral pH carrier. In some cases, a polishing aid such as silica, a carboxylic acid, a phosphonic acid compound, or a combination thereof may be added to the CMP compositions. The described CMP compositions and methods improve polishing efficacy and reduce surface imperfections on a polished aluminum surface compared to CMP methods using uncoated alumina abrasive.1. A method of polishing an aluminum surface comprising a step of abrading the surface with a polishing composition comprising an acidic or neutral pH aqueous carrier containing:
(a) alumina abrasive particles comprising an anionic polymer on the surface of the alumina particles; and (b) a polishing aid selected from the group consisting of silica abrasive, a polishing promoter compound, and a combination thereof; wherein the polishing promoter compound is an organic acid, an inorganic acid, or combination thereof. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum surface comprises substantially pure aluminum, or aluminum alloyed with an element selected from the group consisting of Cu, Mn, Si, Mg, Zn, and a combination of two or more thereof. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the polishing promoter compound comprises an organic acid comprising a methylene or ethylidene moiety bearing two carboxylic acid groups or two phosphonic acid groups. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the polishing aid comprises a polishing promoter compound selected from the group consisting of 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid, malonic acid, oxalic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, camphorsulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, formic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, and a combination of two or more thereof. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the anionic polymer comprises poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid), acrylic acid-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid copolymer, polystyrenesulfonic acid, or a combination of two or more thereof. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the alumina abrasive is present in the composition at a concentration in the range of about 0.01 wt. % to about 15 wt. %. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the polishing composition has a pH in the range of about 2 to about 7. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the alumina abrasive has a mean particle size in the range of about 50 nm to about 1000 nm. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the polishing aid comprises colloidal silica, fumed silica, or a combination thereof. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the silica has a mean particle size in the range of about 50 nm to about 200 nm. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the polishing aid comprises the polishing promoter compound at a concentration in the range of about 0.01 wt. % to about 5 wt. %, and the silica abrasive at a concentration in the range of about 0.1 wt. % to about 15 wt. %. 12. A polishing composition for polishing an aluminum surface, the composition comprising an acidic or neutral pH aqueous carrier containing:
(a) alumina abrasive particles comprising an anionic polymer on a surface of the alumina particles; and (b) a polishing aid selected from the group consisting of silica abrasive, a polishing promoter compound, and a combination thereof; wherein the polishing promoter compound is an organic acid, an inorganic acid, or combination thereof. 13. The polishing composition of claim 12, wherein the polishing promoter compound comprises an organic acid comprising a methylene or ethylidene moiety bearing two carboxylic acid groups or two phosphonic acid groups, 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid, malonic acid, oxalic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, camphorsulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, formic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, or a combination of two or more thereof. 14. The polishing composition of claim 12, wherein the anionic polymer comprises poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid) (AMPS), acrylic acid-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid copolymer (AA/AMPS), polystyrenesulfonic acid, and a combination of two or more thereof. 15. The polishing composition of claim 12, wherein the composition has a pH in the range of about 2 to about 7. 16. The polishing composition of claim 12, wherein the anionic polymer comprises poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid) (AMPS), acrylic acid-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid copolymer (AA/AMPS), polystyrenesulfonic acid, or a combination of two or more thereof, the alumina abrasive is present in the composition at a concentration in the range of about 0.01 wt. % to about 15 wt. %, and the alumina has a mean particle size in the range of about 50 nm to about 1000 nm. 17. The polishing composition of claim 12, wherein the polishing aid comprises the polishing promoter compound at a concentration in the range of about 0.01 wt. % to about 5 wt. %, and the silica abrasive at a concentration in the range of about 0.1 wt. % to about 15 wt. %. 18. The polishing composition of claim 12, wherein the polishing aid comprises colloidal silica, fumed silica, or a combination thereof. 19. A method of polishing an aluminum surface comprising a step of abrading the surface with a polishing composition comprising an acidic aqueous carrier containing abrasive alumina particles comprising an anionic polymer on a surface of the alumina particles, wherein the alumina abrasive particles are present in the composition at a concentration in the range of about 0.01 wt. % to about 15 wt. % during the step of abrading the surface. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the aluminum surface comprises substantially pure aluminum, or aluminum alloyed with an element selected from the group consisting of Cu, Mn, Si, Mg, Zn, and a combination of two or more thereof. | 1,700 |
2,334 | 13,139,594 | 1,726 | One subject of the invention is the use of α film as a protective backsheet in a photovoltaic module, said film comprising at least one layer of a composition containing a polyamide-grafted polymer, this polyamide-grafted polymer comprising a polyolefin backbone containing a residue of at least one unsaturated monomer (X) and at least one polyamide graft, in which: • the polyamide graft is attached to the polyolefin backbone by the residue of the unsaturated monomer (X) that comprises a functional group capable of reacting via a condensation reaction with a polyamide having at least one amine end group and/or at least one carboxylic acid end group; • the residue of the unsaturated monomer (X) is attached to the backbone by grafting or copolymerization; said polyamide-grafted polymer comprising, relative to its total weight: • from 40 to 95% by weight of the polyolefin backbone comprising the unsaturated monomer (X); and • from 5 to 60% by weight of polyamide grafts, and the melting point or glass transition temperature of the polyamide grafts being greater than or equal to 85° C. The invention also relates to a process of manufacturing a photovoltaic module, to a photovoltaic module and also to the use of this module for producing electricity. | 1.-32. (canceled) 33. A photovoltaic module, comprising:
one or more photovoltaic cells encased in an encapsulant; an upper protective layer; and a protective backsheet film, characterized in that the protective backsheet film is a film comprising at least one layer of a composition comprising at least one polyamide-grafted polymer comprising a polyolefin backbone containing a residue of at least one unsaturated monomer (X) and at least one polyamide graft, wherein
the at least one polyamide graft is attached to the polyolefin backbone by the residue of the unsaturated monomer (X) that comprises a functional group capable of reacting via a condensation reaction with a polyamide having at least one amine end group and/or at least one carboxylic acid end group,
the residue of the unsaturated monomer (X) is attached to the backbone by grafting or copolymerization,
the at least one polyamide-grafted polymer comprises, relative to its total weight from 40% by weight to 95% by weight the polyolefin backbone comprising the unsaturated monomer (X), and from 5% by weight to 60% by weight the at least one polyamide graft, and
the melting point or glass transition temperature of the at least one polyamide graft is greater than or equal to 85° C. 34. The photovoltaic module according to claim 33, characterized in that the protective backsheet film is a multilayer film comprising the at least one layer of the composition. 35. The photovoltaic module according to claim 33, characterized in that the protective backsheet film is in direct contact with the encapsulant and the encapsulant comprises a polyolefin. 36. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that the unsaturated monomer (X) comprises an acid anhydride functional group. 37. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that at least some of the at least one polyamide graft comprises a monofunctionalized primary amine. 38. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that the polyamide-grafted polymer comprises from 20% by weight to 40% by weight, relative to its total weight, the at least one polyamide graft. 39. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that the melting point of the at least one polyamide graft is within the range of from 140° C. to 350° C. 40. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that the number-average molecular weight of the at least one polyamide graft is within the range of from 1000 g/mol to 5000 g/mol. 41. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that the number-average molecular weight of the at least one polyamide graft is within the range of from 2000 g/mol to 3000 g/mol. 42. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that the number of unsaturated monomers (X) attached to the polyolefin backbone is greater than or equal to 1.3 and less than or equal to 10. 43. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that the polyolefin backbone is a copolymer comprising the at least one unsaturated monomer (X). 44. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that the polyolefin backbone is an ethylene/alkyl(meth)acrylate copolymer comprising the at least one unsaturated monomer (X). 45. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that the at least one polyamide-grafted polymer has a nano structured organization. 46. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that the at least one polyamide-grafted polymer comprises a polyamide-grafted polymer blend. 47. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that the composition is nano structured. 48. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that the composition further comprises a complementary polymer chosen from polyolefins and polyamides, which is different from the polyolefin backbone and from the at least one polyamide graft. 49. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that the composition comprises at least 50% by weight the at least one polyamide-grafted polymer. 50. A method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module of claim 33, the method comprising a step of assembling various layers that constitute the photovoltaic module, wherein at least one of the layers comprises the protective backsheet film. 51. A method of producing electricity, comprising:
converting light energy into electricity using the photovoltaic module of claim 33. | One subject of the invention is the use of α film as a protective backsheet in a photovoltaic module, said film comprising at least one layer of a composition containing a polyamide-grafted polymer, this polyamide-grafted polymer comprising a polyolefin backbone containing a residue of at least one unsaturated monomer (X) and at least one polyamide graft, in which: • the polyamide graft is attached to the polyolefin backbone by the residue of the unsaturated monomer (X) that comprises a functional group capable of reacting via a condensation reaction with a polyamide having at least one amine end group and/or at least one carboxylic acid end group; • the residue of the unsaturated monomer (X) is attached to the backbone by grafting or copolymerization; said polyamide-grafted polymer comprising, relative to its total weight: • from 40 to 95% by weight of the polyolefin backbone comprising the unsaturated monomer (X); and • from 5 to 60% by weight of polyamide grafts, and the melting point or glass transition temperature of the polyamide grafts being greater than or equal to 85° C. The invention also relates to a process of manufacturing a photovoltaic module, to a photovoltaic module and also to the use of this module for producing electricity.1.-32. (canceled) 33. A photovoltaic module, comprising:
one or more photovoltaic cells encased in an encapsulant; an upper protective layer; and a protective backsheet film, characterized in that the protective backsheet film is a film comprising at least one layer of a composition comprising at least one polyamide-grafted polymer comprising a polyolefin backbone containing a residue of at least one unsaturated monomer (X) and at least one polyamide graft, wherein
the at least one polyamide graft is attached to the polyolefin backbone by the residue of the unsaturated monomer (X) that comprises a functional group capable of reacting via a condensation reaction with a polyamide having at least one amine end group and/or at least one carboxylic acid end group,
the residue of the unsaturated monomer (X) is attached to the backbone by grafting or copolymerization,
the at least one polyamide-grafted polymer comprises, relative to its total weight from 40% by weight to 95% by weight the polyolefin backbone comprising the unsaturated monomer (X), and from 5% by weight to 60% by weight the at least one polyamide graft, and
the melting point or glass transition temperature of the at least one polyamide graft is greater than or equal to 85° C. 34. The photovoltaic module according to claim 33, characterized in that the protective backsheet film is a multilayer film comprising the at least one layer of the composition. 35. The photovoltaic module according to claim 33, characterized in that the protective backsheet film is in direct contact with the encapsulant and the encapsulant comprises a polyolefin. 36. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that the unsaturated monomer (X) comprises an acid anhydride functional group. 37. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that at least some of the at least one polyamide graft comprises a monofunctionalized primary amine. 38. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that the polyamide-grafted polymer comprises from 20% by weight to 40% by weight, relative to its total weight, the at least one polyamide graft. 39. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that the melting point of the at least one polyamide graft is within the range of from 140° C. to 350° C. 40. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that the number-average molecular weight of the at least one polyamide graft is within the range of from 1000 g/mol to 5000 g/mol. 41. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that the number-average molecular weight of the at least one polyamide graft is within the range of from 2000 g/mol to 3000 g/mol. 42. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that the number of unsaturated monomers (X) attached to the polyolefin backbone is greater than or equal to 1.3 and less than or equal to 10. 43. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that the polyolefin backbone is a copolymer comprising the at least one unsaturated monomer (X). 44. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that the polyolefin backbone is an ethylene/alkyl(meth)acrylate copolymer comprising the at least one unsaturated monomer (X). 45. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that the at least one polyamide-grafted polymer has a nano structured organization. 46. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that the at least one polyamide-grafted polymer comprises a polyamide-grafted polymer blend. 47. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that the composition is nano structured. 48. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that the composition further comprises a complementary polymer chosen from polyolefins and polyamides, which is different from the polyolefin backbone and from the at least one polyamide graft. 49. The photovoltaic module of claim 33, characterized in that the composition comprises at least 50% by weight the at least one polyamide-grafted polymer. 50. A method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module of claim 33, the method comprising a step of assembling various layers that constitute the photovoltaic module, wherein at least one of the layers comprises the protective backsheet film. 51. A method of producing electricity, comprising:
converting light energy into electricity using the photovoltaic module of claim 33. | 1,700 |
2,335 | 15,007,237 | 1,743 | Ophthalmic device molds made from a first portion of a molding surface formed from a first polymer and a second portion of the molding surface formed from a second polymer are described. When combined, the first portion and the second portion of the molding surface form an entire molding surface suitable for molding an entire surface, such as an anterior surface or a posterior surface of an ophthalmic device. Methods of manufacturing ophthalmic devices using these molds, including contact lenses, are also described. | 1-19. (canceled) 20. An ophthalmic contact lens mold member, comprising:
(a) a first portion of a molding surface formed of a first polymer, wherein the first portion is configured to cast mold a first region of a surface of a contact lens; and (b) a second portion of the molding surface formed of a second polymer, wherein the second portion is configured to cast mold a second region of the surface, is configured, in combination with the first portion, to form an entire molding surface, and wherein the combination of the first portion and the second portion are configured to cast mold an entire surface of a contact lens. 21. The ophthalmic contact lens mold member of claim 20, wherein the first polymer comprises at least one vinyl alcohol copolymer which is not an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer. 22. The ophthalmic contact lens mold member of claim 20, wherein the first polymer comprises NICHIGO G-POLYMER™. 23. The ophthalmic contact lens mold member of claim 20, wherein the second polymer comprises polypropylene. 24. The ophthalmic contact lens mold member of claim 20, wherein the entire molding surface comprises an entire molding surface configured to mold a posterior surface of a contact lens, and the polymeric ophthalmic device body comprises a polymeric contact lens body. 25. The ophthalmic contact lens mold member of claim 20, wherein the first portion of the molding surface is configured to form at least one channel on a surface of the device. 26. The ophthalmic contact lens mold member of claim 20, wherein the first portion of the molding surface is configured to form at least one channel extending from at least one surface of the device into a body of the device. 27. The ophthalmic contact lens mold member of claim 20, wherein the second polymer is a non-polar polymer. | Ophthalmic device molds made from a first portion of a molding surface formed from a first polymer and a second portion of the molding surface formed from a second polymer are described. When combined, the first portion and the second portion of the molding surface form an entire molding surface suitable for molding an entire surface, such as an anterior surface or a posterior surface of an ophthalmic device. Methods of manufacturing ophthalmic devices using these molds, including contact lenses, are also described.1-19. (canceled) 20. An ophthalmic contact lens mold member, comprising:
(a) a first portion of a molding surface formed of a first polymer, wherein the first portion is configured to cast mold a first region of a surface of a contact lens; and (b) a second portion of the molding surface formed of a second polymer, wherein the second portion is configured to cast mold a second region of the surface, is configured, in combination with the first portion, to form an entire molding surface, and wherein the combination of the first portion and the second portion are configured to cast mold an entire surface of a contact lens. 21. The ophthalmic contact lens mold member of claim 20, wherein the first polymer comprises at least one vinyl alcohol copolymer which is not an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer. 22. The ophthalmic contact lens mold member of claim 20, wherein the first polymer comprises NICHIGO G-POLYMER™. 23. The ophthalmic contact lens mold member of claim 20, wherein the second polymer comprises polypropylene. 24. The ophthalmic contact lens mold member of claim 20, wherein the entire molding surface comprises an entire molding surface configured to mold a posterior surface of a contact lens, and the polymeric ophthalmic device body comprises a polymeric contact lens body. 25. The ophthalmic contact lens mold member of claim 20, wherein the first portion of the molding surface is configured to form at least one channel on a surface of the device. 26. The ophthalmic contact lens mold member of claim 20, wherein the first portion of the molding surface is configured to form at least one channel extending from at least one surface of the device into a body of the device. 27. The ophthalmic contact lens mold member of claim 20, wherein the second polymer is a non-polar polymer. | 1,700 |
2,336 | 15,038,813 | 1,797 | An object of the present technology is to provide a chlorine-concentration-measuring composition that can reduce staining by reagents, a measurement method using the chlorine-concentration-measuring composition and a method for reducing staining by chlorine-concentration-measuring composition using an aromatic sulfonic acid-based polymer or the salt thereof.
Provided are a chlorine-concentration-measuring composition comprising an aromatic sulfonic acid-based polymer or the salt thereof; a chlorine-concentration-measuring composition comprising component (a) a color reagent for detection of residual chlorine and component (b) an aromatic sulfonic acid-based polymer or the salt thereof; a chlorine-concentration-measuring method comprising using the composition; and a method for reducing or preventing staining by using the chlorine-concentration-measuring composition comprising an aromatic sulfonic acid-based polymer or the salt thereof. | 1. A chlorine-concentration-measuring composition comprising an aromatic sulfonic acid-based polymer or the salt thereof. 2. The chlorine-concentration-measuring composition according to claim 1, comprising component (a) a color reagent for detection of chlorine and component (b) an aromatic sulfonic acid-based polymer or the salt thereof. 3. The chlorine-concentration-measuring composition according to claim 2, wherein the color reagent for detection of chlorine is one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of phenylenediamine compounds, benzidine compounds, and the salts thereof. 4. The chlorine-concentration-measuring composition according to claim 1, wherein the aromatic sulfonic acid-based polymer or the salt thereof is one or more polymers selected from the group consisting of aromatic vinyl compound sulfonic acid polymers, polycondensates of an aromatic sulfonic acid and an aldehyde, and the salts thereof. 5. A chlorine-concentration-measuring composition kit comprising the following compositions A and B:
composition A: a composition containing a color reagent for detection of chlorine and composition B: a composition containing an aromatic sulfonic acid-based polymer or the salt thereof. 6. A method for measuring chlorine concentration, comprising using the chlorine-concentration-measuring composition according to claim 1. 7. A method for reducing or preventing staining by a chlorine-concentration-measuring reagent, characterized by using an aromatic sulfonic acid-based polymer or the salt thereof. 8. A method for reducing or preventing staining by a chlorine-concentration-measuring reagent, characterized by using the chlorine-concentration-measuring composition according to claim 1. 9. A method for measuring chlorine concentration, comprising using the chlorine-concentration-measuring composition kit according to claim 5. 10. A method for reducing or preventing staining by a chlorine-concentration-measuring reagent, characterized by using the chlorine-concentration-measuring composition kit according to claim 5. | An object of the present technology is to provide a chlorine-concentration-measuring composition that can reduce staining by reagents, a measurement method using the chlorine-concentration-measuring composition and a method for reducing staining by chlorine-concentration-measuring composition using an aromatic sulfonic acid-based polymer or the salt thereof.
Provided are a chlorine-concentration-measuring composition comprising an aromatic sulfonic acid-based polymer or the salt thereof; a chlorine-concentration-measuring composition comprising component (a) a color reagent for detection of residual chlorine and component (b) an aromatic sulfonic acid-based polymer or the salt thereof; a chlorine-concentration-measuring method comprising using the composition; and a method for reducing or preventing staining by using the chlorine-concentration-measuring composition comprising an aromatic sulfonic acid-based polymer or the salt thereof.1. A chlorine-concentration-measuring composition comprising an aromatic sulfonic acid-based polymer or the salt thereof. 2. The chlorine-concentration-measuring composition according to claim 1, comprising component (a) a color reagent for detection of chlorine and component (b) an aromatic sulfonic acid-based polymer or the salt thereof. 3. The chlorine-concentration-measuring composition according to claim 2, wherein the color reagent for detection of chlorine is one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of phenylenediamine compounds, benzidine compounds, and the salts thereof. 4. The chlorine-concentration-measuring composition according to claim 1, wherein the aromatic sulfonic acid-based polymer or the salt thereof is one or more polymers selected from the group consisting of aromatic vinyl compound sulfonic acid polymers, polycondensates of an aromatic sulfonic acid and an aldehyde, and the salts thereof. 5. A chlorine-concentration-measuring composition kit comprising the following compositions A and B:
composition A: a composition containing a color reagent for detection of chlorine and composition B: a composition containing an aromatic sulfonic acid-based polymer or the salt thereof. 6. A method for measuring chlorine concentration, comprising using the chlorine-concentration-measuring composition according to claim 1. 7. A method for reducing or preventing staining by a chlorine-concentration-measuring reagent, characterized by using an aromatic sulfonic acid-based polymer or the salt thereof. 8. A method for reducing or preventing staining by a chlorine-concentration-measuring reagent, characterized by using the chlorine-concentration-measuring composition according to claim 1. 9. A method for measuring chlorine concentration, comprising using the chlorine-concentration-measuring composition kit according to claim 5. 10. A method for reducing or preventing staining by a chlorine-concentration-measuring reagent, characterized by using the chlorine-concentration-measuring composition kit according to claim 5. | 1,700 |
2,337 | 13,994,540 | 1,795 | Disclosed is a composition comprising a source of metal ions, one or more suppressing agents and at least one additive comprising a linear or branched, polymeric biguanide compound comprising the structural unit of formula L1 or the corresponding salt thereof, wherein R 1 is independently selected from H or an organic radical having 1-20 carbon atoms; R 2 is an divalent organic radical having 1-20 carbon atoms, optionally comprising 20 polymeric biguanide side branches; and n is an integer of 2 or more. | 1. A composition comprising a source of metal ions, a suppressing agent and an additive comprising (i) a linear or branched polymeric biguanide compound comprising a structural unit of formula L1
wherein
R1 is, independently at each occurrence, an H atom or an organic radical having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
R2 is a divalent organic radical having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, optionally comprising a polymeric biguanide branch.
n is an integer of 2 or more.
or (ii) a corresponding salt of the polymeric biguanide compound, formed by reacting the biguanide groups with one or more organic or inorganic acids. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein R1 is, independently at each occurrence, an H atom or a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C10 alkyl radical. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein R1 is an H atom. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein R2 is a substituted or unsubstituted linear C2 to C8 alkanediyl. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein n is from 2 to 6000. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein a number average molecular weight Mn of the polymeric biguanide compound, determined by gel permeation chromatography, is greater than 300 g/mol. 7. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the additive is obtained by reacting
a dicyanamide compound, and at least one amino compound comprising at least two amino groups which independently of each other are primary or secondary amino groups, with an inorganic or organic protic acid. 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the at least one amino compound is an aliphatic or aromatic diamine, triamine, multiamine, or a mixture thereof. 9. The composition of claim 7, wherein the at least one amino compound is a terminal diamine. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal ions comprise a copper ion. 11. The composition of claim 1, further comprising an accelerating agent. 12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the accelerating agent has a formula MAO3S—RA1—S—RA1—S—S—RA1′—SO3MA, wherein
MA is a hydrogen or an alkali metal, and
RA1 and RA1′ are each independently a C1-C8 alkyl group or heteroalkyl group, an aryl group or a heteroaromatic group. 13. The composition of claim 11, wherein the accelerating agent is bis-(3-sulfopropyl)-disulfide. 14. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a halide ion. 15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the halide ion is a chloride ion. 16. A bath comprising the composition of claim 1, wherein the bath is suitable for depositing a metal containing layer. 17. A process for depositing a metal layer on a substrate by
a) contacting a metal plating bath comprising the composition of claim 1 with the substrate, and b) applying a current density to the substrate for a time sufficient to deposit a metal layer onto the substrate. 18. The process of claim 17, wherein the substrate comprises micrometer or nanometer sized features and the deposition fills the micrometer or nanometer sized features. 19. The process of claim 18, wherein the micrometer or nanometer-sized features have (i) a size from 1 to 1000 nm, (ii) an aspect ratio of 4 or more, or both (i) and (ii). 20. The process of claim 18, wherein the micrometer or nanometer-sized features have a size from 1 to 100 nm. | Disclosed is a composition comprising a source of metal ions, one or more suppressing agents and at least one additive comprising a linear or branched, polymeric biguanide compound comprising the structural unit of formula L1 or the corresponding salt thereof, wherein R 1 is independently selected from H or an organic radical having 1-20 carbon atoms; R 2 is an divalent organic radical having 1-20 carbon atoms, optionally comprising 20 polymeric biguanide side branches; and n is an integer of 2 or more.1. A composition comprising a source of metal ions, a suppressing agent and an additive comprising (i) a linear or branched polymeric biguanide compound comprising a structural unit of formula L1
wherein
R1 is, independently at each occurrence, an H atom or an organic radical having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
R2 is a divalent organic radical having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, optionally comprising a polymeric biguanide branch.
n is an integer of 2 or more.
or (ii) a corresponding salt of the polymeric biguanide compound, formed by reacting the biguanide groups with one or more organic or inorganic acids. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein R1 is, independently at each occurrence, an H atom or a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C10 alkyl radical. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein R1 is an H atom. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein R2 is a substituted or unsubstituted linear C2 to C8 alkanediyl. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein n is from 2 to 6000. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein a number average molecular weight Mn of the polymeric biguanide compound, determined by gel permeation chromatography, is greater than 300 g/mol. 7. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the additive is obtained by reacting
a dicyanamide compound, and at least one amino compound comprising at least two amino groups which independently of each other are primary or secondary amino groups, with an inorganic or organic protic acid. 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the at least one amino compound is an aliphatic or aromatic diamine, triamine, multiamine, or a mixture thereof. 9. The composition of claim 7, wherein the at least one amino compound is a terminal diamine. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal ions comprise a copper ion. 11. The composition of claim 1, further comprising an accelerating agent. 12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the accelerating agent has a formula MAO3S—RA1—S—RA1—S—S—RA1′—SO3MA, wherein
MA is a hydrogen or an alkali metal, and
RA1 and RA1′ are each independently a C1-C8 alkyl group or heteroalkyl group, an aryl group or a heteroaromatic group. 13. The composition of claim 11, wherein the accelerating agent is bis-(3-sulfopropyl)-disulfide. 14. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a halide ion. 15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the halide ion is a chloride ion. 16. A bath comprising the composition of claim 1, wherein the bath is suitable for depositing a metal containing layer. 17. A process for depositing a metal layer on a substrate by
a) contacting a metal plating bath comprising the composition of claim 1 with the substrate, and b) applying a current density to the substrate for a time sufficient to deposit a metal layer onto the substrate. 18. The process of claim 17, wherein the substrate comprises micrometer or nanometer sized features and the deposition fills the micrometer or nanometer sized features. 19. The process of claim 18, wherein the micrometer or nanometer-sized features have (i) a size from 1 to 1000 nm, (ii) an aspect ratio of 4 or more, or both (i) and (ii). 20. The process of claim 18, wherein the micrometer or nanometer-sized features have a size from 1 to 100 nm. | 1,700 |
2,338 | 13,566,753 | 1,791 | The present invention relates to a method for treating raw human milk to produce treated human milk having undetectable levels of bacteria. The milk is skimmed to produce skim human milk then subjected to microfiltration to yield a filtrate which has undetectable levels of bacteria, including Bacillus cereus . The resultant human milk can be further processed, used and/or sold. | 1. A method for treating raw human milk to obtain microfiltered human milk having lower bacteria content compared to raw human milk, comprising:
(a) providing raw human milk; (b) separating the raw milk into a cream fraction and a skim milk fraction; (c) pre-filtering the skim milk fraction using a filter aid through one or more pre-filters to produce pre-filtered skim milk; and (d) microfiltering the pre-filtered skim milk obtained in step (c) through one or more microfilters to obtain microfiltered human skim milk. 2. (canceled) 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the filter aid is diatomaceous earth. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the filter aid is added to the skim milk fraction obtained in step (b) to form a slurry. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the slurry is passed through the said pre-filter to form the said pre-filtered skim milk. 6. (canceled) 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the microfiltered human skim milk obtained in step (d) is further concentrated by ultrafiltration. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the concentrated microfiltered human skim milk has about 5% to about 15% protein content. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises adding human milk cream into the microfiltered human skim milk to produce a whole human milk product. 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the bacteria comprise Bacillus species. 15. (canceled) 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the microfiltered skim milk fraction has no more than 101 bacteria per millimeter. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the skim milk fraction produced in step (b) contains about 1.0% to about 0.1% fat content. 18. The method of claim 4, wherein the filter aid in the skim milk fraction is about 2% w/v to about 20% w/v. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the microfilters having an average pore size sufficient to reduce the bacterial content of the skim milk. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the average pore size of the microfilters is about 0.2 to 1 micron. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the pre-filters comprising an average pore size of about 1 to 10 microns. 22. An apparatus for producing microfiltered human skim milk, said apparatus comprising:
a jacketed process vessel (100) for storing raw human milk; a milk separator (300) for separating the raw milk received from the jacketed process vessel (100) into a cream fraction and a skim milk fraction; a receiving jacketed process vessel (400) for storing the skim milk fraction from the milk separator (300); a diatomite filter acid process vessel (500) for storing diatomite filter acid; a pre-filter housing (700) for pre-filtrating the skim milk from the receiving jacketed process vessel (400) mixed with filter aid from the diatomite filter acid process vessel (500); a micro-filter housing (800) for microfiltrating pre-filtrated skim milk received from the pre-filter housing (700); a skim jacketed process vessel (900) for storing micro-filtered skim milk received from the micro-filter housing (800). 23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the micro-filtered skim milk produced from the apparatus has no more than 101 bacteria per millimeter. 24. (canceled) 25. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the pre-filtration housing (700) comprises one or more filters with an average pore size of about 1 to 10 microns. 26. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the microfilter housing (800) comprise one or more microfilters with an average pore size of about 0.2 to 1 microns. 27. (canceled) 28. (canceled) 29. (canceled) 30. The method of claim 1, wherein said filter aid is added to said skim milk fraction in a concentration of from about 20 g/L to about 50 g/L. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein said filter aid has a permeability of from about 0.100 D to about 0.300 D. 32. (canceled) 33. (canceled) | The present invention relates to a method for treating raw human milk to produce treated human milk having undetectable levels of bacteria. The milk is skimmed to produce skim human milk then subjected to microfiltration to yield a filtrate which has undetectable levels of bacteria, including Bacillus cereus . The resultant human milk can be further processed, used and/or sold.1. A method for treating raw human milk to obtain microfiltered human milk having lower bacteria content compared to raw human milk, comprising:
(a) providing raw human milk; (b) separating the raw milk into a cream fraction and a skim milk fraction; (c) pre-filtering the skim milk fraction using a filter aid through one or more pre-filters to produce pre-filtered skim milk; and (d) microfiltering the pre-filtered skim milk obtained in step (c) through one or more microfilters to obtain microfiltered human skim milk. 2. (canceled) 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the filter aid is diatomaceous earth. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the filter aid is added to the skim milk fraction obtained in step (b) to form a slurry. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the slurry is passed through the said pre-filter to form the said pre-filtered skim milk. 6. (canceled) 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the microfiltered human skim milk obtained in step (d) is further concentrated by ultrafiltration. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the concentrated microfiltered human skim milk has about 5% to about 15% protein content. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises adding human milk cream into the microfiltered human skim milk to produce a whole human milk product. 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the bacteria comprise Bacillus species. 15. (canceled) 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the microfiltered skim milk fraction has no more than 101 bacteria per millimeter. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the skim milk fraction produced in step (b) contains about 1.0% to about 0.1% fat content. 18. The method of claim 4, wherein the filter aid in the skim milk fraction is about 2% w/v to about 20% w/v. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the microfilters having an average pore size sufficient to reduce the bacterial content of the skim milk. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the average pore size of the microfilters is about 0.2 to 1 micron. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the pre-filters comprising an average pore size of about 1 to 10 microns. 22. An apparatus for producing microfiltered human skim milk, said apparatus comprising:
a jacketed process vessel (100) for storing raw human milk; a milk separator (300) for separating the raw milk received from the jacketed process vessel (100) into a cream fraction and a skim milk fraction; a receiving jacketed process vessel (400) for storing the skim milk fraction from the milk separator (300); a diatomite filter acid process vessel (500) for storing diatomite filter acid; a pre-filter housing (700) for pre-filtrating the skim milk from the receiving jacketed process vessel (400) mixed with filter aid from the diatomite filter acid process vessel (500); a micro-filter housing (800) for microfiltrating pre-filtrated skim milk received from the pre-filter housing (700); a skim jacketed process vessel (900) for storing micro-filtered skim milk received from the micro-filter housing (800). 23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the micro-filtered skim milk produced from the apparatus has no more than 101 bacteria per millimeter. 24. (canceled) 25. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the pre-filtration housing (700) comprises one or more filters with an average pore size of about 1 to 10 microns. 26. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the microfilter housing (800) comprise one or more microfilters with an average pore size of about 0.2 to 1 microns. 27. (canceled) 28. (canceled) 29. (canceled) 30. The method of claim 1, wherein said filter aid is added to said skim milk fraction in a concentration of from about 20 g/L to about 50 g/L. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein said filter aid has a permeability of from about 0.100 D to about 0.300 D. 32. (canceled) 33. (canceled) | 1,700 |
2,339 | 14,146,739 | 1,712 | A method for making a composite polyamide membrane comprising a porous support and a thin film polyamide layer, wherein the method includes:
i) applying a polar solution comprising a polyfunctional amine monomer and a non-polar solution comprising a polyfunctional acyl halide monomer to a surface of a porous support and interfacially polymerizing the monomers to form a thin film polyamide layer, and
wherein the non-polar solution further comprises a tri-hydrocarbyl phosphate compound represented by Formula (I):
wherein R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from hydrogen and hydrocarbyl groups comprising from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, with the proviso that no more than one of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen; and
ii) applying an aqueous solution of nitrous acid to the thin film polyamide layer. | 1. A method for making a composite polyamide membrane comprising a porous support and a thin film polyamide layer, wherein the method comprises:
i) applying a polar solution comprising a polyfunctional amine monomer and a non-polar solution comprising a polyfunctional acyl halide monomer to a surface of a porous support and interfacially polymerizing the monomers to form a thin film polyamide layer, and wherein the non-polar solution further comprises
a tri-hydrocarbyl phosphate compound represented by Formula (I):
wherein R1, R2 and R3 are independently selected from hydrogen and hydrocarbyl groups comprising from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, with the proviso that no more than one of R1, R2 and R3 are hydrogen; and
ii) applying an aqueous solution of nitrous acid to the thin film polyamide layer. 2. The method of claim 11 wherein the acid-containing monomer comprises an arene moiety. 3. The method of claim 11 wherein the acid-containing monomer comprises an aliphatic moiety. 4. The method of claim 11 wherein the acid-containing monomer comprises at least two amine-reactive functional groups. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the thin film polyamide layer has a dissociated carboxylic acid content of at least 0.18 moles/kg at pH 9.5 as measured by RBS prior to the step of applying the aqueous solution of nitrous acid. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the thin film polyamide layer has a dissociated carboxylic acid content of at least 0.3 moles/kg at pH 9.5 prior to the step of applying the aqueous solution of nitrous acid. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the thin film polyamide layer has a dissociated carboxylic acid content of at least 0.45 moles/kg at pH 9.5 prior to the step of applying the aqueous solution of nitrous acid. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein pyrolysis of the thin film polyamide layer at 650° C. results in a ratio of responses from a flame ionization detector for fragments produced at of 212 m/z and 237 m/z of less than 2.6. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the thin film polyamide layer has an isoelectric point (IEP) of less than or equal to 4.3 prior to the step of applying the aqueous solution of nitrous acid. 10. A method for making a composite polyamide membrane comprising a porous support and a thin film polyamide layer, wherein the method comprises:
i) applying a polar solution comprising from 2.5 to 10 wt % of a polyfunctional amine monomer and a non-polar solution comprising from 0.1 to 3 wt % a polyfunctional acyl halide monomer to a surface of a porous support and interfacially polymerizing the monomers to form a thin film polyamide layer with the proviso that when the polyfunctional amine monomer concentration is less than 3 wt %, the polyfunctional acyl halide is less than 0.3 wt %, and wherein the non-polar solution further comprises a tri-hydrocarbyl phosphate compound represented by Formula (I):
wherein R1, R2 and R3 are independently selected from hydrogen and hydrocarbyl groups comprising from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, with the proviso that no more than one of R1, R2 and R3 are hydrogen; and
ii) applying an aqueous solution of nitrous acid to the thin film polyamide layer. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the non-polar solution further comprises an acid-containing monomer comprising a C2-C20 hydrocarbon moiety substituted with at least one carboxylic acid functional group or salt thereof and at least one amine-reactive functional group selected from: acyl halide, sulfonyl halide and anhydride, wherein the acid-containing monomer is distinct from the polyfunctional acyl halide monomer. | A method for making a composite polyamide membrane comprising a porous support and a thin film polyamide layer, wherein the method includes:
i) applying a polar solution comprising a polyfunctional amine monomer and a non-polar solution comprising a polyfunctional acyl halide monomer to a surface of a porous support and interfacially polymerizing the monomers to form a thin film polyamide layer, and
wherein the non-polar solution further comprises a tri-hydrocarbyl phosphate compound represented by Formula (I):
wherein R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from hydrogen and hydrocarbyl groups comprising from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, with the proviso that no more than one of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen; and
ii) applying an aqueous solution of nitrous acid to the thin film polyamide layer.1. A method for making a composite polyamide membrane comprising a porous support and a thin film polyamide layer, wherein the method comprises:
i) applying a polar solution comprising a polyfunctional amine monomer and a non-polar solution comprising a polyfunctional acyl halide monomer to a surface of a porous support and interfacially polymerizing the monomers to form a thin film polyamide layer, and wherein the non-polar solution further comprises
a tri-hydrocarbyl phosphate compound represented by Formula (I):
wherein R1, R2 and R3 are independently selected from hydrogen and hydrocarbyl groups comprising from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, with the proviso that no more than one of R1, R2 and R3 are hydrogen; and
ii) applying an aqueous solution of nitrous acid to the thin film polyamide layer. 2. The method of claim 11 wherein the acid-containing monomer comprises an arene moiety. 3. The method of claim 11 wherein the acid-containing monomer comprises an aliphatic moiety. 4. The method of claim 11 wherein the acid-containing monomer comprises at least two amine-reactive functional groups. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the thin film polyamide layer has a dissociated carboxylic acid content of at least 0.18 moles/kg at pH 9.5 as measured by RBS prior to the step of applying the aqueous solution of nitrous acid. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the thin film polyamide layer has a dissociated carboxylic acid content of at least 0.3 moles/kg at pH 9.5 prior to the step of applying the aqueous solution of nitrous acid. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the thin film polyamide layer has a dissociated carboxylic acid content of at least 0.45 moles/kg at pH 9.5 prior to the step of applying the aqueous solution of nitrous acid. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein pyrolysis of the thin film polyamide layer at 650° C. results in a ratio of responses from a flame ionization detector for fragments produced at of 212 m/z and 237 m/z of less than 2.6. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the thin film polyamide layer has an isoelectric point (IEP) of less than or equal to 4.3 prior to the step of applying the aqueous solution of nitrous acid. 10. A method for making a composite polyamide membrane comprising a porous support and a thin film polyamide layer, wherein the method comprises:
i) applying a polar solution comprising from 2.5 to 10 wt % of a polyfunctional amine monomer and a non-polar solution comprising from 0.1 to 3 wt % a polyfunctional acyl halide monomer to a surface of a porous support and interfacially polymerizing the monomers to form a thin film polyamide layer with the proviso that when the polyfunctional amine monomer concentration is less than 3 wt %, the polyfunctional acyl halide is less than 0.3 wt %, and wherein the non-polar solution further comprises a tri-hydrocarbyl phosphate compound represented by Formula (I):
wherein R1, R2 and R3 are independently selected from hydrogen and hydrocarbyl groups comprising from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, with the proviso that no more than one of R1, R2 and R3 are hydrogen; and
ii) applying an aqueous solution of nitrous acid to the thin film polyamide layer. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the non-polar solution further comprises an acid-containing monomer comprising a C2-C20 hydrocarbon moiety substituted with at least one carboxylic acid functional group or salt thereof and at least one amine-reactive functional group selected from: acyl halide, sulfonyl halide and anhydride, wherein the acid-containing monomer is distinct from the polyfunctional acyl halide monomer. | 1,700 |
2,340 | 12,808,315 | 1,747 | There is provided a tobacco product or a non-tobacco snuff product, comprising a magnesium carbonate, for conferring pH stability to the product and preventing growth of bacteria and fungi therein. The magnesium carbonate may contain hydroxide, oxide, and crystal water. The amount of magnesium carbonate ranges from 0.01 and 30% by weight of the dry bulk material. The product may be combined with additional pH regulators. The magnesium carbonate significantly increase the pH-stability in snus and non-tobacco snuff at the normal pH-range used in these products. The final product, which may be oral snuff or snus, or any tobacco-free snuff product, may be in particulate form, or shaped in a variety of forms. The product may be an oral product. The product may be packaged in a box, can or canister. Use of a magnesium carbonate for producing said products is also comprised by the invention. | 1-12. (canceled) 13. An oral tobacco product or an oral non-tobacco snuff product, comprising a magnesium carbonate. 14. The product according to claim 13, wherein the magnesium carbonate contains hydroxide(s), oxide(s) and/or crystal water. 15. The product according to claim 13, wherein the magnesium carbonate is present in an amount of from 0.01 to 30% by weight of the dry bulk material. 16. The product according to claim 13, wherein the magnesium carbonate is present in an amount of from 0.1 to 20% by weight of the dry bulk material. 17. The product according to claim 13, wherein the magnesium carbonate is present in an amount of from 0.5 to 5% by weight of the dry bulk material. 18. The product according to claim 13, wherein the magnesium carbonate is
combined with other pH-regulators selected from the group consisting of sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxide, phosphates. 19. The product according to claim 13, wherein the product is in loose, particulate form. 20. The product according to claim 13, wherein the product is in the form of oral snuff or snus. 21. The product according to claim 13, wherein the product is in the form of a pouch, pellet, pod, cake, strip, or stick. 22. The product according to claim 13, packaged in a box, can or canister. 23. The product according to claim 14, wherein the magnesium carbonate is present in an amount of from 0.01 to 30% by weight of the dry bulk material. 24. The product according to claim 14, wherein the magnesium carbonate is present in an amount of from 0.1 to 20% by weight of the dry bulk material. 25. The product according to claim 14, wherein the magnesium carbonate is present in an amount of from 0.5 to 5% by weight of the dry bulk material. 26. The product according to claim 14, wherein the magnesium carbonate is combined with other pH-regulators selected from the group consisting of sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxide, phosphates. | There is provided a tobacco product or a non-tobacco snuff product, comprising a magnesium carbonate, for conferring pH stability to the product and preventing growth of bacteria and fungi therein. The magnesium carbonate may contain hydroxide, oxide, and crystal water. The amount of magnesium carbonate ranges from 0.01 and 30% by weight of the dry bulk material. The product may be combined with additional pH regulators. The magnesium carbonate significantly increase the pH-stability in snus and non-tobacco snuff at the normal pH-range used in these products. The final product, which may be oral snuff or snus, or any tobacco-free snuff product, may be in particulate form, or shaped in a variety of forms. The product may be an oral product. The product may be packaged in a box, can or canister. Use of a magnesium carbonate for producing said products is also comprised by the invention.1-12. (canceled) 13. An oral tobacco product or an oral non-tobacco snuff product, comprising a magnesium carbonate. 14. The product according to claim 13, wherein the magnesium carbonate contains hydroxide(s), oxide(s) and/or crystal water. 15. The product according to claim 13, wherein the magnesium carbonate is present in an amount of from 0.01 to 30% by weight of the dry bulk material. 16. The product according to claim 13, wherein the magnesium carbonate is present in an amount of from 0.1 to 20% by weight of the dry bulk material. 17. The product according to claim 13, wherein the magnesium carbonate is present in an amount of from 0.5 to 5% by weight of the dry bulk material. 18. The product according to claim 13, wherein the magnesium carbonate is
combined with other pH-regulators selected from the group consisting of sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxide, phosphates. 19. The product according to claim 13, wherein the product is in loose, particulate form. 20. The product according to claim 13, wherein the product is in the form of oral snuff or snus. 21. The product according to claim 13, wherein the product is in the form of a pouch, pellet, pod, cake, strip, or stick. 22. The product according to claim 13, packaged in a box, can or canister. 23. The product according to claim 14, wherein the magnesium carbonate is present in an amount of from 0.01 to 30% by weight of the dry bulk material. 24. The product according to claim 14, wherein the magnesium carbonate is present in an amount of from 0.1 to 20% by weight of the dry bulk material. 25. The product according to claim 14, wherein the magnesium carbonate is present in an amount of from 0.5 to 5% by weight of the dry bulk material. 26. The product according to claim 14, wherein the magnesium carbonate is combined with other pH-regulators selected from the group consisting of sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxide, phosphates. | 1,700 |
2,341 | 14,345,706 | 1,717 | The invention relates to a coating method for coating a component surface ( 4 ) with a coating agent, in particular for painting a motor vehicle body component with a paint, having the following steps: • emitting a spray jet ( 1 ) of the coating agent onto the component surface ( 4 ) of the component to be coated by means of an atomizer ( 2 ), said spray jet ( 1 ) having a main axis ( 5 ) and having an asymmetry with respect to the main axis ( 5 ) such that the spray jet ( 1 ) generates a spray pattern with a corresponding asymmetry on the component surface ( 4 ), and • at least partially compensating for the asymmetry of the spray jet ( 1 ) such that the asymmetry of the resulting spray pattern on the component surface ( 4 ) is reduced. The invention further relates to a corresponding coating device. | 1-17. (canceled) 18. A method for coating a component surface with a coating agent, comprising:
dispensing a spray jet of a coating agent from an atomizer onto the component surface, wherein the spray jet has a main axis and an asymmetry with respect to the main axis, whereby the spray jet on the component surface generates a spray pattern with a corresponding asymmetry; and at least partially compensating for the asymmetry of the spray jet, whereby the asymmetry of the spray pattern on the component surface is reduced. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
providing an angulation of the spray jet such that the main axis is angled with respect to a normal of the component surface, the angulation of the spray jet being provided by angling the atomizer with respect to the normal of the component surface, whereby the spray jet hits the component surface such that the main axis is slanted with respect to the component surface. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising:
moving the atomizer in a predetermined painting direction along the component surface to apply an elongated painting path along the painting direction onto the component surface; and the spray jet is angled with its main axis transverse to the painting direction; thereby at least partially compensating for the asymmetry of the spray jet. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein:
the spray jet is deformed in a deformation direction transversely with respect to the main axis of the spray jet, whereby the spray pattern is stretched in a deformation direction and compressed against a deformation direction; and the spray jet is angled against the deformation direction, thereby at least partially compensating for the asymmetry of the spray jet. 22. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
applying several painting paths lying side by side and overlapping sidewards to the component surface such that the atomizer is moved respectively along the painting paths over the component surface, thereby delivering the spray jet onto the component surface; wherein the atomizer is moved during application along one of the painting paths in a direction opposite painting directions of directly neighboring painting paths. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the spray jet is angled with its main axis in opposite painting directions transversely with respect to the painting path opposite the surface normal of the component surface, whereby stretchings and compressions of the spray pattern in opposite painting directions at least partially compensate for each other. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the spray jet is angled with its main axis in one and only one painting direction transversely with respect to the painting path opposite the surface normal of the component surface, and is oriented in the opposite painting direction with its main axis essentially parallel to the surface normal of the component surface, whereby stretchings or compressions of the spray pattern in the opposite painting directions are oriented in a same direction. 25. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
applying a first painting path to the component surface such that the atomizer is moved along the first painting path over the component surface, thereby delivering the spray jet onto the component surface; and applying a second painting path to the component surface such that the atomizer is moved along the second painting path over the component surface, thereby delivering the spray jet onto the component surface, wherein the second painting path is applied onto the first painting path; wherein the atomizer is moved in opposite directions during application of the first painting path and during application of the second painting path, such that the asymmetries of the spray pattern in both painting paths at least partially compensate for each other. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the atomizer is moved during application of both painting paths along respective meandrous movement paths, wherein the meandrous movement paths are mirrored with respect to one another and are traversed by the atomizer in opposite painting directions. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein the atomizer is moved during application of both painting paths along respective meandrous movement paths, wherein the meandrous movement paths essentially correspond to one another and are traversed in opposite painting directions. 28. The method of claim 18, wherein the asymmetry of the spray jet is caused by at least one of the following forces acting on the spray jet:
a downward oriented gravitational force, an electrostatic force that results from an electrostatic coating agent, and that acts between the electrostatically charged coating agent and the component, the component being electrically grounded, a first flow force caused by a guide air jet, a second flow force caused by the atomizer moving in surrounding air along the component surface, and a third flow force that is generated by an air flow oriented downwards in a paint cabin. 29. The method of claim 28, further comprising:
determining at least one of the forces causing the asymmetry of the spray jet; and angling the atomizer with respect to the surface normal of the component surface depending on the at least one determined force. 30. A coating device for coating a component surface with a coating agent, comprising:
an atomizer configured to dispense a spray jet of a coating agent onto the component surface, such that the spray jet, when dispensed, has a main axis and an asymmetry with respect to the main axis, whereby the spray jet on the component surface generates a spray pattern with a corresponding asymmetry; and a compensation device configured to at least partially compensates for the asymmetry of the spray jet, whereby the asymmetry of the spray pattern is reduced. 31. The coating device of claim 30, further comprising:
a manipulator to move the atomizer; and a control unit to control the manipulator; wherein the control unit is configured to control the manipulator such that the atomizer is angled with respect to the surface normal of the component surface, whereby the spray jet hits with its main axis slanted with respect to the component surface. 32. The coating device of claim 31, wherein:
the control unit is configured to control the manipulator such that the atomizer is moved in a predetermined painting direction along the component surface to apply to the component surface an elongated painting path along the painting direction; and the control unit the control unit is configured to control the manipulator a manner that the spray jet is angled with its main axis transverse to the painting direction, thereby at least partially compensating for the asymmetry of the spray jet. 33. The coating device of claim 31, wherein:
the device is configured to dispense the spray jet such that the spray jet is deformed in a deformation direction transverse with respect to the main axis of the spray jet, such that the resulting spray pattern on the component surface is stretched in the deformation direction and compressed against the deformation direction; and the control unit is configured to control the manipulator such that the atomizer is angled against the deformation direction to at least partially compensate for the asymmetry of the spray jet. 34. The coating device of claim 31, wherein:
the control unit is configured to control the manipulator such that a plurality of painting paths lying side by side and overlapping sidewards are applied onto the component surface such that the atomizer is respectively along the respective painting paths over the component surface; thereby delivering the spray jet onto the component surface; and the control unit is further configured to control the manipulator such that the atomizer is moved during application along one of the painting paths in a direction opposite painting directions of directly neighboring painting paths. 35. The coating device of claim 34, wherein the control unit is configured to control the manipulator such that the atomizer is angled in each of the opposite painting directions transversely with respect to a painting path opposite the surface normal of the component surface, whereby stretchings and compressions of the spray pattern in the opposite painting directions at least partially compensate for each other. 36. The coating device of claim 34, wherein the control unit is configured to control the manipulator such that the atomizer is angled in one and only one painting direction that is transverse with respect to the painting path opposite the surface normal of the component surface and oriented in the opposite painting direction with the main axis essentially parallel to the surface normal of the component surface, whereby stretchings and compressions of the spray pattern in the opposite painting directions are oriented in a same direction. 37. The coating device of claim 31, wherein the manipulator is a multi-axis painting robot. 38. The coating device of claim 31, wherein the manipulator is a painting machine. | The invention relates to a coating method for coating a component surface ( 4 ) with a coating agent, in particular for painting a motor vehicle body component with a paint, having the following steps: • emitting a spray jet ( 1 ) of the coating agent onto the component surface ( 4 ) of the component to be coated by means of an atomizer ( 2 ), said spray jet ( 1 ) having a main axis ( 5 ) and having an asymmetry with respect to the main axis ( 5 ) such that the spray jet ( 1 ) generates a spray pattern with a corresponding asymmetry on the component surface ( 4 ), and • at least partially compensating for the asymmetry of the spray jet ( 1 ) such that the asymmetry of the resulting spray pattern on the component surface ( 4 ) is reduced. The invention further relates to a corresponding coating device.1-17. (canceled) 18. A method for coating a component surface with a coating agent, comprising:
dispensing a spray jet of a coating agent from an atomizer onto the component surface, wherein the spray jet has a main axis and an asymmetry with respect to the main axis, whereby the spray jet on the component surface generates a spray pattern with a corresponding asymmetry; and at least partially compensating for the asymmetry of the spray jet, whereby the asymmetry of the spray pattern on the component surface is reduced. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
providing an angulation of the spray jet such that the main axis is angled with respect to a normal of the component surface, the angulation of the spray jet being provided by angling the atomizer with respect to the normal of the component surface, whereby the spray jet hits the component surface such that the main axis is slanted with respect to the component surface. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising:
moving the atomizer in a predetermined painting direction along the component surface to apply an elongated painting path along the painting direction onto the component surface; and the spray jet is angled with its main axis transverse to the painting direction; thereby at least partially compensating for the asymmetry of the spray jet. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein:
the spray jet is deformed in a deformation direction transversely with respect to the main axis of the spray jet, whereby the spray pattern is stretched in a deformation direction and compressed against a deformation direction; and the spray jet is angled against the deformation direction, thereby at least partially compensating for the asymmetry of the spray jet. 22. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
applying several painting paths lying side by side and overlapping sidewards to the component surface such that the atomizer is moved respectively along the painting paths over the component surface, thereby delivering the spray jet onto the component surface; wherein the atomizer is moved during application along one of the painting paths in a direction opposite painting directions of directly neighboring painting paths. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the spray jet is angled with its main axis in opposite painting directions transversely with respect to the painting path opposite the surface normal of the component surface, whereby stretchings and compressions of the spray pattern in opposite painting directions at least partially compensate for each other. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the spray jet is angled with its main axis in one and only one painting direction transversely with respect to the painting path opposite the surface normal of the component surface, and is oriented in the opposite painting direction with its main axis essentially parallel to the surface normal of the component surface, whereby stretchings or compressions of the spray pattern in the opposite painting directions are oriented in a same direction. 25. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
applying a first painting path to the component surface such that the atomizer is moved along the first painting path over the component surface, thereby delivering the spray jet onto the component surface; and applying a second painting path to the component surface such that the atomizer is moved along the second painting path over the component surface, thereby delivering the spray jet onto the component surface, wherein the second painting path is applied onto the first painting path; wherein the atomizer is moved in opposite directions during application of the first painting path and during application of the second painting path, such that the asymmetries of the spray pattern in both painting paths at least partially compensate for each other. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the atomizer is moved during application of both painting paths along respective meandrous movement paths, wherein the meandrous movement paths are mirrored with respect to one another and are traversed by the atomizer in opposite painting directions. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein the atomizer is moved during application of both painting paths along respective meandrous movement paths, wherein the meandrous movement paths essentially correspond to one another and are traversed in opposite painting directions. 28. The method of claim 18, wherein the asymmetry of the spray jet is caused by at least one of the following forces acting on the spray jet:
a downward oriented gravitational force, an electrostatic force that results from an electrostatic coating agent, and that acts between the electrostatically charged coating agent and the component, the component being electrically grounded, a first flow force caused by a guide air jet, a second flow force caused by the atomizer moving in surrounding air along the component surface, and a third flow force that is generated by an air flow oriented downwards in a paint cabin. 29. The method of claim 28, further comprising:
determining at least one of the forces causing the asymmetry of the spray jet; and angling the atomizer with respect to the surface normal of the component surface depending on the at least one determined force. 30. A coating device for coating a component surface with a coating agent, comprising:
an atomizer configured to dispense a spray jet of a coating agent onto the component surface, such that the spray jet, when dispensed, has a main axis and an asymmetry with respect to the main axis, whereby the spray jet on the component surface generates a spray pattern with a corresponding asymmetry; and a compensation device configured to at least partially compensates for the asymmetry of the spray jet, whereby the asymmetry of the spray pattern is reduced. 31. The coating device of claim 30, further comprising:
a manipulator to move the atomizer; and a control unit to control the manipulator; wherein the control unit is configured to control the manipulator such that the atomizer is angled with respect to the surface normal of the component surface, whereby the spray jet hits with its main axis slanted with respect to the component surface. 32. The coating device of claim 31, wherein:
the control unit is configured to control the manipulator such that the atomizer is moved in a predetermined painting direction along the component surface to apply to the component surface an elongated painting path along the painting direction; and the control unit the control unit is configured to control the manipulator a manner that the spray jet is angled with its main axis transverse to the painting direction, thereby at least partially compensating for the asymmetry of the spray jet. 33. The coating device of claim 31, wherein:
the device is configured to dispense the spray jet such that the spray jet is deformed in a deformation direction transverse with respect to the main axis of the spray jet, such that the resulting spray pattern on the component surface is stretched in the deformation direction and compressed against the deformation direction; and the control unit is configured to control the manipulator such that the atomizer is angled against the deformation direction to at least partially compensate for the asymmetry of the spray jet. 34. The coating device of claim 31, wherein:
the control unit is configured to control the manipulator such that a plurality of painting paths lying side by side and overlapping sidewards are applied onto the component surface such that the atomizer is respectively along the respective painting paths over the component surface; thereby delivering the spray jet onto the component surface; and the control unit is further configured to control the manipulator such that the atomizer is moved during application along one of the painting paths in a direction opposite painting directions of directly neighboring painting paths. 35. The coating device of claim 34, wherein the control unit is configured to control the manipulator such that the atomizer is angled in each of the opposite painting directions transversely with respect to a painting path opposite the surface normal of the component surface, whereby stretchings and compressions of the spray pattern in the opposite painting directions at least partially compensate for each other. 36. The coating device of claim 34, wherein the control unit is configured to control the manipulator such that the atomizer is angled in one and only one painting direction that is transverse with respect to the painting path opposite the surface normal of the component surface and oriented in the opposite painting direction with the main axis essentially parallel to the surface normal of the component surface, whereby stretchings and compressions of the spray pattern in the opposite painting directions are oriented in a same direction. 37. The coating device of claim 31, wherein the manipulator is a multi-axis painting robot. 38. The coating device of claim 31, wherein the manipulator is a painting machine. | 1,700 |
2,342 | 15,372,994 | 1,783 | A spacer profile comprises:
a basic body extending in a longitudinal direction of the profile with an outer contour which is substantially rectangular or trapezoid-shaped in a cross-section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction; the body comprising first and second transverse walls connected by a single side wall element and held at a pre-set spacing h; the side wall element ending with a first end at a first edge region of the first transverse wall and with a second end at a first edge region of the second transverse wall; the side wall element forming a path for thermal conduction from the first transverse wall to the second transverse wall, the path length approximately 1.1 or more times the spacing h; and comprising an anchoring protrusion held on the first transverse wall and extends from the body in a direction opposite to the second transverse wall. | 1. A thermally insulating spacer profile made of a plastics material, comprising:
a basic body extending in a longitudinal direction of the spacer profile with an outer contour which is substantially rectangular or trapezoid-shaped in a cross-section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction; wherein the basic body comprises a first transverse wall and a second transverse wall which are connected to one another by a single side wall element and are held at a pre-set spacing h; wherein the side wall element ends with a first end at a first edge region of the first transverse wall and with a second end at a first edge region of the second transverse wall; wherein the side wall element forms a path for thermal conduction from the first transverse wall to the second transverse wall, said path having a length approximately 1.1 or more times the spacing h; and comprising a strip-like anchoring protrusion which is held on the first transverse wall and which extends from the basic body in a direction opposite to the second transverse wall. 2. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein the first transverse wall and the second transverse wall are oriented substantially parallel to one another. 3. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein the side wall element comprises two or more portions which are arranged at different angles relative to the first transverse wall and the second transverse wall. 4. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein the side wall element extends as far as a central plane of the basic body or crosses the central plane one or more times, wherein the central plane extends in the longitudinal direction of the spacer profile and parallel to a spacing direction of the first and second transverse wall. 5. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein the side wall element comprises at least one portion which is arranged substantially perpendicularly to the first or second transverse wall. 6. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein the side wall element comprises at least one portion which is arranged substantially parallel to the first and/or the second transverse wall. 7. (canceled) 8. The spacer profile according to claim 1, such that the first edge region of the first transverse wall and the first edge region of the second transverse wall at which the side wall element ends are arranged at opposite sides of the basic body. 9. The spacer profile according to claim 1, such that the first edge region of the first transverse wall and the first edge region of the second transverse wall at which the side wall element ends are arranged at the same side of the basic body. 10. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein the side wall element forms a path for the thermal conduction from the first transverse wall to the second transverse wall, the length of said path corresponding to approximately 1.2 or more times the spacing h of the transverse walls from one another. 11. (canceled) 12. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein the spacer profile comprises, in cross-section, on at least one of the first and second transverse walls and/or on at least one of the portions of the side wall element, a profiling which is configured as a screw guide. 13-14. (canceled) 15. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein the second transverse wall comprises a protrusion on a side of the second transverse wall facing away from the first transverse wall on the first edge region and on the second edge region opposite the first edge region. 16. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein one or more of the portions of the side wall element and/or at least one of the transverse walls on a surface facing toward the anchoring protrusion and/or away from the anchoring protrusion is equipped with a layer reflecting infrared radiation. 17. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein at least a partial volume of the basic body is filled with a foam material. 18. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein the spacer profile is equipped on its regions of the outer contour of the basic body extending between the transverse walls with a foil extending in the direction from the first transverse wall to the second transverse wall or with a foamed surface material. 19. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the transverse walls and/or one of the portions of the side wall element is equipped or configured on a region adjoining the outer contour of the basic body with a sealing element. 20. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein at one or more of the portions of the side wall element and/or at the first and/or second transverse wall, support elements are provided which, on loading of the spacer profile in the direction from the second transverse wall to the first transverse wall, are bringable into abutment with a further portion of the side wall element and/or with the first and/or second transverse wall 21. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein anchoring protrusions which have a trapezoid form in cross-section are formed both on the first and also on the second transverse wall. 22. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein the spacer profile comprises an anchoring protrusion only on the first transverse wall. 23-25. (canceled) 26. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein the plastics material of the spacer profile is selected from polyamides, polyesters, polyethers, polyolefins, polyaryletherketones, polyacetals, polycarbonates, polyacrylates, polystyrenes, polyphenylene ethers, polyurethanes, epoxy resins, polysulphones, vinylpolymers, polyphenylene sulphides, copolymers and/or blends of these plastics materials. 27. (canceled) 28. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein the plastics material is in a porous form, in particular, with a pore volume content of approximately 1% to approximately 20% by volume. | A spacer profile comprises:
a basic body extending in a longitudinal direction of the profile with an outer contour which is substantially rectangular or trapezoid-shaped in a cross-section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction; the body comprising first and second transverse walls connected by a single side wall element and held at a pre-set spacing h; the side wall element ending with a first end at a first edge region of the first transverse wall and with a second end at a first edge region of the second transverse wall; the side wall element forming a path for thermal conduction from the first transverse wall to the second transverse wall, the path length approximately 1.1 or more times the spacing h; and comprising an anchoring protrusion held on the first transverse wall and extends from the body in a direction opposite to the second transverse wall.1. A thermally insulating spacer profile made of a plastics material, comprising:
a basic body extending in a longitudinal direction of the spacer profile with an outer contour which is substantially rectangular or trapezoid-shaped in a cross-section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction; wherein the basic body comprises a first transverse wall and a second transverse wall which are connected to one another by a single side wall element and are held at a pre-set spacing h; wherein the side wall element ends with a first end at a first edge region of the first transverse wall and with a second end at a first edge region of the second transverse wall; wherein the side wall element forms a path for thermal conduction from the first transverse wall to the second transverse wall, said path having a length approximately 1.1 or more times the spacing h; and comprising a strip-like anchoring protrusion which is held on the first transverse wall and which extends from the basic body in a direction opposite to the second transverse wall. 2. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein the first transverse wall and the second transverse wall are oriented substantially parallel to one another. 3. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein the side wall element comprises two or more portions which are arranged at different angles relative to the first transverse wall and the second transverse wall. 4. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein the side wall element extends as far as a central plane of the basic body or crosses the central plane one or more times, wherein the central plane extends in the longitudinal direction of the spacer profile and parallel to a spacing direction of the first and second transverse wall. 5. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein the side wall element comprises at least one portion which is arranged substantially perpendicularly to the first or second transverse wall. 6. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein the side wall element comprises at least one portion which is arranged substantially parallel to the first and/or the second transverse wall. 7. (canceled) 8. The spacer profile according to claim 1, such that the first edge region of the first transverse wall and the first edge region of the second transverse wall at which the side wall element ends are arranged at opposite sides of the basic body. 9. The spacer profile according to claim 1, such that the first edge region of the first transverse wall and the first edge region of the second transverse wall at which the side wall element ends are arranged at the same side of the basic body. 10. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein the side wall element forms a path for the thermal conduction from the first transverse wall to the second transverse wall, the length of said path corresponding to approximately 1.2 or more times the spacing h of the transverse walls from one another. 11. (canceled) 12. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein the spacer profile comprises, in cross-section, on at least one of the first and second transverse walls and/or on at least one of the portions of the side wall element, a profiling which is configured as a screw guide. 13-14. (canceled) 15. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein the second transverse wall comprises a protrusion on a side of the second transverse wall facing away from the first transverse wall on the first edge region and on the second edge region opposite the first edge region. 16. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein one or more of the portions of the side wall element and/or at least one of the transverse walls on a surface facing toward the anchoring protrusion and/or away from the anchoring protrusion is equipped with a layer reflecting infrared radiation. 17. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein at least a partial volume of the basic body is filled with a foam material. 18. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein the spacer profile is equipped on its regions of the outer contour of the basic body extending between the transverse walls with a foil extending in the direction from the first transverse wall to the second transverse wall or with a foamed surface material. 19. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the transverse walls and/or one of the portions of the side wall element is equipped or configured on a region adjoining the outer contour of the basic body with a sealing element. 20. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein at one or more of the portions of the side wall element and/or at the first and/or second transverse wall, support elements are provided which, on loading of the spacer profile in the direction from the second transverse wall to the first transverse wall, are bringable into abutment with a further portion of the side wall element and/or with the first and/or second transverse wall 21. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein anchoring protrusions which have a trapezoid form in cross-section are formed both on the first and also on the second transverse wall. 22. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein the spacer profile comprises an anchoring protrusion only on the first transverse wall. 23-25. (canceled) 26. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein the plastics material of the spacer profile is selected from polyamides, polyesters, polyethers, polyolefins, polyaryletherketones, polyacetals, polycarbonates, polyacrylates, polystyrenes, polyphenylene ethers, polyurethanes, epoxy resins, polysulphones, vinylpolymers, polyphenylene sulphides, copolymers and/or blends of these plastics materials. 27. (canceled) 28. The spacer profile according to claim 1, wherein the plastics material is in a porous form, in particular, with a pore volume content of approximately 1% to approximately 20% by volume. | 1,700 |
2,343 | 14,198,801 | 1,783 | Substantially aligned boron nitride nano-element arrays prepared by contacting a carbon nano-element array with a source of boron and nitrogen; methods for preparing such arrays and methods for their use including use as a heat sink or as a thermally conductivity interface in microelectronic devices. | 1-15. (canceled) 16. An array of substantially aligned boron nitride nano-elements, the array comprising a plurality of substantially aligned carbon nano-elements at least partially coated with boron nitride, the boron nitride formed from a source of boron atoms and a source of nitrogen atoms, wherein the source of boron atoms comprises a boron containing compound selected from a group consisting of BH3, B2H4, and B2H6. 17. The array of claim 16 wherein the array extends from a substrate. 18. The array of claim 16 wherein the nano-elements are nanotubes. 19. The array of claim 18 wherein the diameter of the nanotubes is from about 5 nm to about 20 nm. 20. The array of claim 18 wherein the length of the nanotubes is from about 100 nm to about 100 μm. 21. The array of claim 18 wherein the source of nitrogen atoms comprises a nitrogen containing compound selected from the group consisting of N2, NH3 and N2H4. 22. The array of claim 18 wherein boron nitride displaces carbon atoms of the carbon nano-elements. 23. An electronic device comprising:
at least one of a heat-generating component and a heat sink; and an array of substantially aligned boron nitride nano-elements deposited on a surface of the at least one of a heat-generating component and a heat sink, the array comprising a plurality of substantially aligned carbon nano-elements at least partially coated with boron nitride, the boron nitride formed from a source of boron atoms and a source of nitrogen atoms, wherein the source of boron atoms comprises a boron containing compound selected from a group consisting of BH3, B2H4, and B2H6. 24. The electronic device of claim 23 further comprising:
a layer of a first metal applied to a first end of the substantially aligned carbon nano-elements; and
a layer of a second metal applied to a surface of the at least one of a heat-generating component and a heat sink. 25. The electronic device of claim 24 wherein the layer of the first metal and the layer of the second metal are pressed together at an elevated temperature such that the metal layers form at least one of a eutectic bond, a metal solid solution, and an alloy bond between the substantially aligned carbon nano-elements and the surface of the at least one of a heat-generating component and a heat sink. 26. The electronic device of claim 23 wherein the array extends from a substrate. 27. The electronic device of claim 23 wherein the substantially aligned carbon nano-elements are nanotubes. 28. The electronic device of claim 27 wherein a diameter of the nanotubes is from about 5 nm to about 20 nm. 29. The electronic device of claim 23 wherein a length of the nanotubes is from about 100 nm to about 100 μm. 30. The electronic device of claim 23 wherein the source of nitrogen atoms comprises a nitrogen containing compound selected from the group consisting of N2, NH3 and N2H4. 31. The electronic device of claim 23 wherein boron nitride displaces carbon atoms of the carbon nano-elements. | Substantially aligned boron nitride nano-element arrays prepared by contacting a carbon nano-element array with a source of boron and nitrogen; methods for preparing such arrays and methods for their use including use as a heat sink or as a thermally conductivity interface in microelectronic devices.1-15. (canceled) 16. An array of substantially aligned boron nitride nano-elements, the array comprising a plurality of substantially aligned carbon nano-elements at least partially coated with boron nitride, the boron nitride formed from a source of boron atoms and a source of nitrogen atoms, wherein the source of boron atoms comprises a boron containing compound selected from a group consisting of BH3, B2H4, and B2H6. 17. The array of claim 16 wherein the array extends from a substrate. 18. The array of claim 16 wherein the nano-elements are nanotubes. 19. The array of claim 18 wherein the diameter of the nanotubes is from about 5 nm to about 20 nm. 20. The array of claim 18 wherein the length of the nanotubes is from about 100 nm to about 100 μm. 21. The array of claim 18 wherein the source of nitrogen atoms comprises a nitrogen containing compound selected from the group consisting of N2, NH3 and N2H4. 22. The array of claim 18 wherein boron nitride displaces carbon atoms of the carbon nano-elements. 23. An electronic device comprising:
at least one of a heat-generating component and a heat sink; and an array of substantially aligned boron nitride nano-elements deposited on a surface of the at least one of a heat-generating component and a heat sink, the array comprising a plurality of substantially aligned carbon nano-elements at least partially coated with boron nitride, the boron nitride formed from a source of boron atoms and a source of nitrogen atoms, wherein the source of boron atoms comprises a boron containing compound selected from a group consisting of BH3, B2H4, and B2H6. 24. The electronic device of claim 23 further comprising:
a layer of a first metal applied to a first end of the substantially aligned carbon nano-elements; and
a layer of a second metal applied to a surface of the at least one of a heat-generating component and a heat sink. 25. The electronic device of claim 24 wherein the layer of the first metal and the layer of the second metal are pressed together at an elevated temperature such that the metal layers form at least one of a eutectic bond, a metal solid solution, and an alloy bond between the substantially aligned carbon nano-elements and the surface of the at least one of a heat-generating component and a heat sink. 26. The electronic device of claim 23 wherein the array extends from a substrate. 27. The electronic device of claim 23 wherein the substantially aligned carbon nano-elements are nanotubes. 28. The electronic device of claim 27 wherein a diameter of the nanotubes is from about 5 nm to about 20 nm. 29. The electronic device of claim 23 wherein a length of the nanotubes is from about 100 nm to about 100 μm. 30. The electronic device of claim 23 wherein the source of nitrogen atoms comprises a nitrogen containing compound selected from the group consisting of N2, NH3 and N2H4. 31. The electronic device of claim 23 wherein boron nitride displaces carbon atoms of the carbon nano-elements. | 1,700 |
2,344 | 14,259,582 | 1,792 | An apparatus and method for reducing the temperature of a product include a housing having a chamber therein, and an inlet and an outlet in communication with the chamber; a plurality of zones in the chamber between the inlet and the outlet and arranged in descending order of heat transfer rate atmospheres for the product from the inlet to the outlet; a conveyor assembly tier transferring the product from the inlet through the plurality of zones to the outlet; and a controller in communication with the chamber, the plurality of zones, the heat transfer apparatus, the conveyor assembly and the heat transfer rate atmospheres, the controller having stored therein physical characteristics and a heat transfer profile of the product to adjust and control the heat transfer rate atmospheres for the product such that a heat transfer rate of the product will decrease as the product is transferred from the inlet through each one of the plurality of zones to the outlet. | 1. An apparatus for reducing the temperature of a product, comprising:
a housing having a chamber therein, and an inlet and an outlet in communication with the chamber; a plurality of zones in the chamber between the inlet and the outlet, each one of the plurality of zones having a corresponding heat transfer rate atmosphere and said plurality of zones being arranged in descending order of heat transfer rate atmospheres from the inlet to the outlet; a heat transfer apparatus disposed in the chamber at each one of the plurality of zones, the heat transfer apparatus selected from at least one of a fan, a cryogenic spray nozzle, and combinations thereof; a conveyor assembly for transferring the product from the inlet through the plurality of zones to the outlet; a controller in communication with the chamber, the plurality of zones, the heat transfer apparatus, the conveyor assembly and the heat transfer rate atmospheres, the controller having stored therein data of physical characteristics and a heat transfer profile of the product to adjust and control the heat transfer rate atmospheres for the product, such that a heat transfer rate of the product will decrease as the product is transferred from the inlet through each one of the plurality of zones to the outlet; and a sensor disposed at each of the chamber, the plurality of zones, the heat transfer apparatus, the conveyor assembly and the heat transfer rate atmospheres, and communicating with the controller for transeiving signals therewith. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein an inlet zone of the plurality of zones is located adjacent the inlet of the chamber and comprises a greatest heat transfer rate atmosphere. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein an outlet zone of the plurality of zones is located adjacent the outlet of the chamber and comprises a lowest heat transfer rate atmosphere. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one cryogenic spray nozzle provides a chilling medium selected from at least one of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and liquid air. 5. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the inlet zone comprises Fans and cryogenic spray nozzles. 6. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the outlet zone comprises at least one fan. 7. A method for reducing the temperature of a product, comprising:
identifying physical characteristics and a heat profile of the product prior to reducing the temperature of the product; exposing the product to a plurality of heat transfer rate atmospheres arranged in descending order of heat transfer rates, said exposing the product occurring first at a first one of the plurality of heat transfer rate atmospheres having a greatest heat transfer rate; sensing the temperature of the product during the exposing to the plurality of heat transfer rate atmospheres; and adjusting and controlling the heat transfer rates responsive to the temperature sensed and corresponding heat profile of the product. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein said physical characteristics are selected from dimensions of the product, composition of the product, and moisture content of the product. 9. The method of the claim 7, wherein at least one of the plurality of heat transfer atmospheres comprises a cryogen. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the cryogen is a substance selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and liquid air. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the exposing comprises circulating at least one of the plurality of heat transfer rate atmospheres with a fan apparatus. 12. The method of claim 7, wherein the adjusting and controlling the heat transfer rates comprises reducing exposure of the product to the heat transfer rate atmospheres. 13. The method of claim 7, Wherein the adjusting comprises reducing the heat transfer rates. 14. The method of claim 7, wherein the product is a food product. | An apparatus and method for reducing the temperature of a product include a housing having a chamber therein, and an inlet and an outlet in communication with the chamber; a plurality of zones in the chamber between the inlet and the outlet and arranged in descending order of heat transfer rate atmospheres for the product from the inlet to the outlet; a conveyor assembly tier transferring the product from the inlet through the plurality of zones to the outlet; and a controller in communication with the chamber, the plurality of zones, the heat transfer apparatus, the conveyor assembly and the heat transfer rate atmospheres, the controller having stored therein physical characteristics and a heat transfer profile of the product to adjust and control the heat transfer rate atmospheres for the product such that a heat transfer rate of the product will decrease as the product is transferred from the inlet through each one of the plurality of zones to the outlet.1. An apparatus for reducing the temperature of a product, comprising:
a housing having a chamber therein, and an inlet and an outlet in communication with the chamber; a plurality of zones in the chamber between the inlet and the outlet, each one of the plurality of zones having a corresponding heat transfer rate atmosphere and said plurality of zones being arranged in descending order of heat transfer rate atmospheres from the inlet to the outlet; a heat transfer apparatus disposed in the chamber at each one of the plurality of zones, the heat transfer apparatus selected from at least one of a fan, a cryogenic spray nozzle, and combinations thereof; a conveyor assembly for transferring the product from the inlet through the plurality of zones to the outlet; a controller in communication with the chamber, the plurality of zones, the heat transfer apparatus, the conveyor assembly and the heat transfer rate atmospheres, the controller having stored therein data of physical characteristics and a heat transfer profile of the product to adjust and control the heat transfer rate atmospheres for the product, such that a heat transfer rate of the product will decrease as the product is transferred from the inlet through each one of the plurality of zones to the outlet; and a sensor disposed at each of the chamber, the plurality of zones, the heat transfer apparatus, the conveyor assembly and the heat transfer rate atmospheres, and communicating with the controller for transeiving signals therewith. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein an inlet zone of the plurality of zones is located adjacent the inlet of the chamber and comprises a greatest heat transfer rate atmosphere. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein an outlet zone of the plurality of zones is located adjacent the outlet of the chamber and comprises a lowest heat transfer rate atmosphere. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one cryogenic spray nozzle provides a chilling medium selected from at least one of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and liquid air. 5. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the inlet zone comprises Fans and cryogenic spray nozzles. 6. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the outlet zone comprises at least one fan. 7. A method for reducing the temperature of a product, comprising:
identifying physical characteristics and a heat profile of the product prior to reducing the temperature of the product; exposing the product to a plurality of heat transfer rate atmospheres arranged in descending order of heat transfer rates, said exposing the product occurring first at a first one of the plurality of heat transfer rate atmospheres having a greatest heat transfer rate; sensing the temperature of the product during the exposing to the plurality of heat transfer rate atmospheres; and adjusting and controlling the heat transfer rates responsive to the temperature sensed and corresponding heat profile of the product. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein said physical characteristics are selected from dimensions of the product, composition of the product, and moisture content of the product. 9. The method of the claim 7, wherein at least one of the plurality of heat transfer atmospheres comprises a cryogen. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the cryogen is a substance selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and liquid air. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the exposing comprises circulating at least one of the plurality of heat transfer rate atmospheres with a fan apparatus. 12. The method of claim 7, wherein the adjusting and controlling the heat transfer rates comprises reducing exposure of the product to the heat transfer rate atmospheres. 13. The method of claim 7, Wherein the adjusting comprises reducing the heat transfer rates. 14. The method of claim 7, wherein the product is a food product. | 1,700 |
2,345 | 15,396,697 | 1,715 | A method of depositing a thin film includes: repeating a first gas supply cycle a first plurality of times, the first gas supply cycle including supplying a source gas to a reaction space; supplying first plasma while supplying a reactant gas to the reaction space; repeating a second gas supply cycle a second plurality of times, the second gas supply cycle including supplying the source gas to the reaction space; and supplying second plasma while supplying the reactant gas to the reaction space, wherein the supplying of the first plasma includes supplying remote plasma, and the supplying of the second plasma includes supplying direct plasma. | 1. A method of depositing a thin film, the method comprising:
supplying a source gas to a reaction space; repeating a first gas supply cycle a first plurality of times, the first gas supply cycle comprising supplying first plasma while supplying a reactant gas to the reaction space; supplying the source gas to the reaction space; and repeating a second gas supply cycle a second plurality of times, the second gas supply cycle comprising supplying second plasma while supplying the reactant gas to the reaction space, wherein the supplying of the first plasma is executed by supplying remote plasma, and the supplying of the second plasma is executed by supplying direct plasma, wherein the first gas supply cycle is firstly repeated the first plurality of times at initial step of depositing the thin film to reduce sub-layer oxidation, and then the second gas supply cycle is repeated the second plurality of times, and wherein the repeating of a first plurality of times comprises repeating the first gas supply cycle up to ten times. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first gas supply cycle further comprises:
supplying the source gas together with a purge gas to the reaction space for a first time; supplying the purge gas to the reaction space for a second time; and supplying the first plasma while supplying the reactant gas together with the purge gas to the reaction space for a third time. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the first gas supply cycle further comprises supplying the purge gas to the reaction space for a fourth time. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first gas supply cycle further comprises:
supplying the reactant gas together with a purge gas to the reaction space for a first time, a second time, a third time, and a fourth time; supplying the source gas for the first time; and supplying the first plasma for the third time. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first gas supply cycle further comprises:
supplying the reactant gas to the reaction space for a first time, a second time, a third time, and a fourth time; supplying the source gas for the first time; and supplying the first plasma for the third time, wherein the reactant gas has lower reactivity in a non-activation state. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the second gas supply cycle further comprises:
supplying the source gas together with a purge gas to the reaction space for a fifth time; supplying the purge gas to the reaction space for a sixth time; and supplying the second plasma while supplying the reactant gas together with the purge gas to the reaction space for a seventh time. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the second gas supply cycle further comprises supplying the purge gas to the reaction space for an eighth time. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the second gas supply cycle further comprises:
supplying the reactant gas together with a purge gas to the reaction space for a fifth time, a sixth time, a seventh time, and an eighth time; supplying the source gas for the fifth time; and supplying the second plasma for the seventh time. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the second gas supply cycle further comprises:
supplying the reactant gas to the reaction space for a fifth time, a sixth time, a seventh time, and an eighth time; supplying the source gas for the fifth time; and supplying the second plasma for the seventh time, wherein the reactant gas has lower reactivity in a non-activation state. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the source gas comprises silicon, and the reactant gas comprises an oxygen gas. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the source gas comprises at least one of TSA, (SiH3)3N; DSO, (SiH3)2; DSMA, (SiH3)2NMe; DSEA, (SiH3)2NEt; DSIPA, (SiH3)2N(iPr); DSTBA, (SiH3)2N(tBu); DEAS, SiH3NEt2; DIPAS, SiH3N(iPr)2; DTBAS, SiH3N(tBu)2; BDEAS, SiH2(NEt2)2; BDMAS, SiH2(NMe2)2; BTBAS, SiH2(NHtBu)2; BITS, SiH2(NHSiMe3)2; TEOS, Si(OEt)4; SiCl4; HCD, Si2Cl6; DCS, SiH2Cl2; 3DMAS, SiH(N(Me)2)3; BEMAS, SiH2[N(Et)(Me)]2; AHEAD, Si2(NHEt)6; TEAS, Si(NHEt)4; and Si3H8. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the reactant gas comprises at least one of O2, O3, NO2, and CO2. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the repeating of the first plurality of times comprises repeating the first gas supply cycle about ten times. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the first gas supply cycle further comprises:
supplying the source gas together with a purge gas to the reaction space for a first time; supplying the purge gas to the reaction space for a second time; and supplying the first plasma while supplying the reactant gas together with the purge gas to the reaction space for a third time. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the first gas supply cycle further comprises:
supplying the reactant gas together with a purge gas to the reaction space for a first time, a second time, a third time, and a fourth time; supplying the source gas for the first time; and supplying the first plasma for the third time. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the first gas supply cycle further comprises:
supplying the reactant gas to the reaction space for a first time, a second time, a third time, and a fourth time; supplying the source gas for the first time; and supplying the first plasma for the third time, wherein the reactant gas has lower reactivity in a non-activation state. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the second gas supply cycle further comprises:
supplying the source gas together with a purge gas to the reaction space for a fifth time; supplying the purge gas to the reaction space for a sixth time; and supplying the second plasma while supplying the reactant gas together with the purge gas to the reaction space for a seventh time. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the second gas supply cycle further comprises:
supplying the reactant gas together with a purge gas to the reaction space for a fifth time, a sixth time, a seventh time, and an eighth time; supplying the source gas for the fifth time; and supplying the second plasma for the seventh time. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the second gas supply cycle further comprises:
supplying the reactant gas to the reaction space for a fifth time, a sixth time, a seventh time, and an eighth time; supplying the source gas for the fifth time; and supplying the second plasma for the seventh time, wherein the reactant gas has lower reactivity in a non-activation state. | A method of depositing a thin film includes: repeating a first gas supply cycle a first plurality of times, the first gas supply cycle including supplying a source gas to a reaction space; supplying first plasma while supplying a reactant gas to the reaction space; repeating a second gas supply cycle a second plurality of times, the second gas supply cycle including supplying the source gas to the reaction space; and supplying second plasma while supplying the reactant gas to the reaction space, wherein the supplying of the first plasma includes supplying remote plasma, and the supplying of the second plasma includes supplying direct plasma.1. A method of depositing a thin film, the method comprising:
supplying a source gas to a reaction space; repeating a first gas supply cycle a first plurality of times, the first gas supply cycle comprising supplying first plasma while supplying a reactant gas to the reaction space; supplying the source gas to the reaction space; and repeating a second gas supply cycle a second plurality of times, the second gas supply cycle comprising supplying second plasma while supplying the reactant gas to the reaction space, wherein the supplying of the first plasma is executed by supplying remote plasma, and the supplying of the second plasma is executed by supplying direct plasma, wherein the first gas supply cycle is firstly repeated the first plurality of times at initial step of depositing the thin film to reduce sub-layer oxidation, and then the second gas supply cycle is repeated the second plurality of times, and wherein the repeating of a first plurality of times comprises repeating the first gas supply cycle up to ten times. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first gas supply cycle further comprises:
supplying the source gas together with a purge gas to the reaction space for a first time; supplying the purge gas to the reaction space for a second time; and supplying the first plasma while supplying the reactant gas together with the purge gas to the reaction space for a third time. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the first gas supply cycle further comprises supplying the purge gas to the reaction space for a fourth time. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first gas supply cycle further comprises:
supplying the reactant gas together with a purge gas to the reaction space for a first time, a second time, a third time, and a fourth time; supplying the source gas for the first time; and supplying the first plasma for the third time. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first gas supply cycle further comprises:
supplying the reactant gas to the reaction space for a first time, a second time, a third time, and a fourth time; supplying the source gas for the first time; and supplying the first plasma for the third time, wherein the reactant gas has lower reactivity in a non-activation state. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the second gas supply cycle further comprises:
supplying the source gas together with a purge gas to the reaction space for a fifth time; supplying the purge gas to the reaction space for a sixth time; and supplying the second plasma while supplying the reactant gas together with the purge gas to the reaction space for a seventh time. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the second gas supply cycle further comprises supplying the purge gas to the reaction space for an eighth time. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the second gas supply cycle further comprises:
supplying the reactant gas together with a purge gas to the reaction space for a fifth time, a sixth time, a seventh time, and an eighth time; supplying the source gas for the fifth time; and supplying the second plasma for the seventh time. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the second gas supply cycle further comprises:
supplying the reactant gas to the reaction space for a fifth time, a sixth time, a seventh time, and an eighth time; supplying the source gas for the fifth time; and supplying the second plasma for the seventh time, wherein the reactant gas has lower reactivity in a non-activation state. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the source gas comprises silicon, and the reactant gas comprises an oxygen gas. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the source gas comprises at least one of TSA, (SiH3)3N; DSO, (SiH3)2; DSMA, (SiH3)2NMe; DSEA, (SiH3)2NEt; DSIPA, (SiH3)2N(iPr); DSTBA, (SiH3)2N(tBu); DEAS, SiH3NEt2; DIPAS, SiH3N(iPr)2; DTBAS, SiH3N(tBu)2; BDEAS, SiH2(NEt2)2; BDMAS, SiH2(NMe2)2; BTBAS, SiH2(NHtBu)2; BITS, SiH2(NHSiMe3)2; TEOS, Si(OEt)4; SiCl4; HCD, Si2Cl6; DCS, SiH2Cl2; 3DMAS, SiH(N(Me)2)3; BEMAS, SiH2[N(Et)(Me)]2; AHEAD, Si2(NHEt)6; TEAS, Si(NHEt)4; and Si3H8. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the reactant gas comprises at least one of O2, O3, NO2, and CO2. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the repeating of the first plurality of times comprises repeating the first gas supply cycle about ten times. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the first gas supply cycle further comprises:
supplying the source gas together with a purge gas to the reaction space for a first time; supplying the purge gas to the reaction space for a second time; and supplying the first plasma while supplying the reactant gas together with the purge gas to the reaction space for a third time. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the first gas supply cycle further comprises:
supplying the reactant gas together with a purge gas to the reaction space for a first time, a second time, a third time, and a fourth time; supplying the source gas for the first time; and supplying the first plasma for the third time. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the first gas supply cycle further comprises:
supplying the reactant gas to the reaction space for a first time, a second time, a third time, and a fourth time; supplying the source gas for the first time; and supplying the first plasma for the third time, wherein the reactant gas has lower reactivity in a non-activation state. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the second gas supply cycle further comprises:
supplying the source gas together with a purge gas to the reaction space for a fifth time; supplying the purge gas to the reaction space for a sixth time; and supplying the second plasma while supplying the reactant gas together with the purge gas to the reaction space for a seventh time. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the second gas supply cycle further comprises:
supplying the reactant gas together with a purge gas to the reaction space for a fifth time, a sixth time, a seventh time, and an eighth time; supplying the source gas for the fifth time; and supplying the second plasma for the seventh time. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the second gas supply cycle further comprises:
supplying the reactant gas to the reaction space for a fifth time, a sixth time, a seventh time, and an eighth time; supplying the source gas for the fifth time; and supplying the second plasma for the seventh time, wherein the reactant gas has lower reactivity in a non-activation state. | 1,700 |
2,346 | 13,590,952 | 1,724 | The apparatus for cooling control of a battery pack according to the present invention includes a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the battery pack; a blower module for introducing a cooling medium into the battery pack by means of fan operation; and a controller for controlling the operation of the blower module so that the cooling medium is introduced into the battery pack at a differential flow rate depending on temperature information input by the temperature sensor. | 1. An apparatus for cooling control of a battery pack, the apparatus comprising:
a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the battery pack; a blower module for introducing a cooling medium into the battery pack by means of fan operation; and a controller for controlling the operation of the blower module so that the cooling medium is introduced into the battery pack at a differential flow rate depending on temperature information input by the temperature sensor. 2. The apparatus for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 1, wherein the controller controls the rotation speed of the blower module to be adjusted depending on the temperature information. 3. The apparatus for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 1, wherein the blower module is provided in plurality, and the controller adjusts the number of operated blower modules depending on the temperature information. 4. The apparatus for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 1, further comprising a steering module for adjusting an introducing direction of the cooling medium,
wherein the temperature sensor is provided in plurality at different positions of the battery pack, and wherein the controller controls the steering module so that the cooling medium is introduced in an amount relatively more in the direction of the temperature sensor indicative of a relatively higher temperature among the temperature sensors. 5. The apparatus for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 1, further comprising
a database (DB) unit for storing reference flow rate information of the cooling medium corresponding to the temperature of the battery pack; a flow rate sensor for measuring a flow rate of the cooling medium introduced into the battery pack; and an operation controller for controlling the use of the battery pack to be restricted when the flow rate information of the cooling medium on a current temperature of the battery pack deviates from the reference flow rate information on the basis of the temperature information of the battery pack, input by the temperature sensor, and the flow rate information of the cooling medium, input by the flow rate sensor. 6. The apparatus for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 5, wherein the operation controller controls the use of the battery pack to be restricted only in the case that the temperature information input by the temperature sensor after a reference time is not within the range of the reference temperature. 7. The apparatus for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 6, further comprising a storage unit for storing at least one of the temperature information, the flow rate information, measuring time information and restricted time information at which the use of the battery pack is restricted. 8. The apparatus for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 5, wherein the operation controller outputs risk information through an interface module when the flow rate information of the cooling medium on a current temperature of the battery pack deviates from the reference flow rate information. 9. The apparatus for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 8, wherein the operation controller outputs differential risk information depending on a degree that the flow rate information of the cooling medium on a current temperature of the battery pack deviates from the reference flow rate information, through the interface module. 10. A method for cooling control of a battery pack, the method comprising:
measuring the temperature of the battery pack by a temperature sensor; and controlling the operation of a blower module introducing a cooling medium into the battery pack by means of fan operation so that the cooling medium is introduced into the battery pack at a differential flow rate depending on temperature information input by the temperature sensor. 11. The method for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 10, wherein in the control step, the rotation speed of the blower module is adjusted depending on the temperature information. 12. The method for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 10, wherein the blower module is provided in plurality, and in the control step, the number of operated blower modules is adjusted depending on temperature information. 13. The method for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 10, further comprising adjusting an introducing direction of the cooling medium by a steering module,
wherein the temperature sensor is provided in plurality at different positions of the battery pack, and wherein in the control step, the steering module is controlled so that the cooling medium is introduced in an amount relatively more in the direction of the temperature sensor indicative of a relatively higher temperature among the temperature sensors. 14. The method for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 10, further comprising:
measuring a flow rate of the cooling medium introduced into the battery pack by a flow rate sensor; and operation controlling for restricting the use of the battery pack when the flow rate information of the cooling medium on a current temperature of the battery pack deviates from the reference flow rate information on the basis of the temperature information of the battery pack, input by the temperature sensor, and the flow rate information of the cooling medium, input by the flow rate sensor. 15. The method for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 14, wherein in the operation controlling step, the use of the battery pack is restricted only in the case that the temperature information input by the temperature sensor after a reference time is not within the range of the reference temperature. 16. The method for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 15, further comprising storing at least one of the temperature information, the flow rate information, measuring time information and restricted time information at which the use of the battery pack is restricted. 17. The method for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 14, wherein the operation controlling step further includes outputting risk information through an interface module when the flow rate information of the cooling medium on a current temperature of the battery pack deviates from the reference flow rate information. 18. The method for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 17, wherein in the information output step, differential risk information is output depending on a degree that the flow rate information of the cooling medium on a current temperature of the battery pack deviates from the reference flow rate information, through the interface module. | The apparatus for cooling control of a battery pack according to the present invention includes a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the battery pack; a blower module for introducing a cooling medium into the battery pack by means of fan operation; and a controller for controlling the operation of the blower module so that the cooling medium is introduced into the battery pack at a differential flow rate depending on temperature information input by the temperature sensor.1. An apparatus for cooling control of a battery pack, the apparatus comprising:
a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the battery pack; a blower module for introducing a cooling medium into the battery pack by means of fan operation; and a controller for controlling the operation of the blower module so that the cooling medium is introduced into the battery pack at a differential flow rate depending on temperature information input by the temperature sensor. 2. The apparatus for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 1, wherein the controller controls the rotation speed of the blower module to be adjusted depending on the temperature information. 3. The apparatus for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 1, wherein the blower module is provided in plurality, and the controller adjusts the number of operated blower modules depending on the temperature information. 4. The apparatus for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 1, further comprising a steering module for adjusting an introducing direction of the cooling medium,
wherein the temperature sensor is provided in plurality at different positions of the battery pack, and wherein the controller controls the steering module so that the cooling medium is introduced in an amount relatively more in the direction of the temperature sensor indicative of a relatively higher temperature among the temperature sensors. 5. The apparatus for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 1, further comprising
a database (DB) unit for storing reference flow rate information of the cooling medium corresponding to the temperature of the battery pack; a flow rate sensor for measuring a flow rate of the cooling medium introduced into the battery pack; and an operation controller for controlling the use of the battery pack to be restricted when the flow rate information of the cooling medium on a current temperature of the battery pack deviates from the reference flow rate information on the basis of the temperature information of the battery pack, input by the temperature sensor, and the flow rate information of the cooling medium, input by the flow rate sensor. 6. The apparatus for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 5, wherein the operation controller controls the use of the battery pack to be restricted only in the case that the temperature information input by the temperature sensor after a reference time is not within the range of the reference temperature. 7. The apparatus for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 6, further comprising a storage unit for storing at least one of the temperature information, the flow rate information, measuring time information and restricted time information at which the use of the battery pack is restricted. 8. The apparatus for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 5, wherein the operation controller outputs risk information through an interface module when the flow rate information of the cooling medium on a current temperature of the battery pack deviates from the reference flow rate information. 9. The apparatus for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 8, wherein the operation controller outputs differential risk information depending on a degree that the flow rate information of the cooling medium on a current temperature of the battery pack deviates from the reference flow rate information, through the interface module. 10. A method for cooling control of a battery pack, the method comprising:
measuring the temperature of the battery pack by a temperature sensor; and controlling the operation of a blower module introducing a cooling medium into the battery pack by means of fan operation so that the cooling medium is introduced into the battery pack at a differential flow rate depending on temperature information input by the temperature sensor. 11. The method for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 10, wherein in the control step, the rotation speed of the blower module is adjusted depending on the temperature information. 12. The method for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 10, wherein the blower module is provided in plurality, and in the control step, the number of operated blower modules is adjusted depending on temperature information. 13. The method for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 10, further comprising adjusting an introducing direction of the cooling medium by a steering module,
wherein the temperature sensor is provided in plurality at different positions of the battery pack, and wherein in the control step, the steering module is controlled so that the cooling medium is introduced in an amount relatively more in the direction of the temperature sensor indicative of a relatively higher temperature among the temperature sensors. 14. The method for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 10, further comprising:
measuring a flow rate of the cooling medium introduced into the battery pack by a flow rate sensor; and operation controlling for restricting the use of the battery pack when the flow rate information of the cooling medium on a current temperature of the battery pack deviates from the reference flow rate information on the basis of the temperature information of the battery pack, input by the temperature sensor, and the flow rate information of the cooling medium, input by the flow rate sensor. 15. The method for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 14, wherein in the operation controlling step, the use of the battery pack is restricted only in the case that the temperature information input by the temperature sensor after a reference time is not within the range of the reference temperature. 16. The method for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 15, further comprising storing at least one of the temperature information, the flow rate information, measuring time information and restricted time information at which the use of the battery pack is restricted. 17. The method for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 14, wherein the operation controlling step further includes outputting risk information through an interface module when the flow rate information of the cooling medium on a current temperature of the battery pack deviates from the reference flow rate information. 18. The method for cooling control of a battery pack according to claim 17, wherein in the information output step, differential risk information is output depending on a degree that the flow rate information of the cooling medium on a current temperature of the battery pack deviates from the reference flow rate information, through the interface module. | 1,700 |
2,347 | 14,362,701 | 1,733 | The inventors have developed a new alloy which is useful in HVOF-spraying of a substrate, such as plungers which are used in glass manufacture. When coated with said alloy, these parts display high wear resistance and consequently longer lifetime. | 1. A metal powder suitable for a HVOF spraying process, the powder consisting of (all percentages in wt %) carbon 2.2-2.85; silicon 2.1-2.7; boron 1.2-13; iron 1.3-2.6; chromium 5.7-8.5; tungsten 32.4-33.6; cobalt 4.4-5.2; the balance being nickel. 2. Metal powder according to claim 1, the powder consisting of carbon 2.3-2.7; silicon 2.15-2.6; boron 1.4-1.6; iron 1.5-2.05; chromium 7.3-7.5; tungsten 32.4-33.6; cobalt 4.4-5.2; the balance being nickel. 3. Metal powder according to claim 1, the powder having a particle size of 20-53μm as measured by sieve analysis. 4. Method for coating a surface by high velocity oxy fuel spraying, wherein the powder according to claim 1 is used. 5. Component manufactured by the method according to claim 4. | The inventors have developed a new alloy which is useful in HVOF-spraying of a substrate, such as plungers which are used in glass manufacture. When coated with said alloy, these parts display high wear resistance and consequently longer lifetime.1. A metal powder suitable for a HVOF spraying process, the powder consisting of (all percentages in wt %) carbon 2.2-2.85; silicon 2.1-2.7; boron 1.2-13; iron 1.3-2.6; chromium 5.7-8.5; tungsten 32.4-33.6; cobalt 4.4-5.2; the balance being nickel. 2. Metal powder according to claim 1, the powder consisting of carbon 2.3-2.7; silicon 2.15-2.6; boron 1.4-1.6; iron 1.5-2.05; chromium 7.3-7.5; tungsten 32.4-33.6; cobalt 4.4-5.2; the balance being nickel. 3. Metal powder according to claim 1, the powder having a particle size of 20-53μm as measured by sieve analysis. 4. Method for coating a surface by high velocity oxy fuel spraying, wherein the powder according to claim 1 is used. 5. Component manufactured by the method according to claim 4. | 1,700 |
2,348 | 14,748,950 | 1,772 | Oil sands process water (OSPW) is directed to an evaporator that evaporates the OSPW and produces steam and a concentrated brine. The OSPW includes alkalinity and calcium hardness. To inhibit calcium carbonate scaling of the evaporator, magnesium oxide is mixed with the OSPW, resulting in the precipitation of magnesium hydroxide which acts as a seed material for calcium carbonate precipitation to prevent fouling. The process crystallizes the calcium carbonate and the mixture of magnesium hydroxide and calcium carbonate crystals are circulated through the evaporator as well as recirculated to a point upstream of the evaporator. | 1. A method of treating oil sands process water (OSPW) having alkalinity and calcium hardness, comprising:
directing the OSPW having alkalinity and hardness to an evaporator; evaporating the OSPW in the evaporator to produce steam and a concentrated brine; condensing the steam produced by the evaporator to form a distillate; inhibiting calcium carbonate scaling of the evaporator by: i. upstream of the evaporator, mixing a magnesium source with the OSPW in one or more reactors which form magnesium hydroxide crystals and precipitating calcium carbonate from the OSPW; ii. crystallizing the calcium carbonate to form calcium carbonate crystals in the OSPW; iii. directing a mixed crystal slurry comprising the magnesium hydroxide and calcium carbonate crystals, along with the OSPW to the evaporator where the mixed crystal slurry is mixed with the concentrated brine; iv. circulating the concentrated brine and mixed crystal slurry through the evaporator; and v. circulating at least some of the concentrated brine and mixed crystal slurry therein to the one or more reactors or to a point upstream of the one or more reactors and mixing the concentrated brine and mixed crystal slurry with the OSPW. 2. The method of claim 1 including raising the pH of the OSPW upstream of the evaporator to 10.2 to 11.5 by mixing a caustic with the OSPW. 3. The method of claim 1 including producing the OSPW by directing a feedwater stream into a membrane separation unit and producing a permeate stream and a reject stream and wherein the reject stream constitutes to OSPW;
after directing the feedwater stream through the membrane separation unit and producing the OSPW and prior to mixing the magnesium source with the OSPW, preheating the OSPW with a preheater and directing the OSPW through a deaerator and removing non-condensable gases. 4. The method of claim 1 including a membrane separation unit disposed upstream of the one or more reactors and the method including directing a feedwater stream into the membrane separation unit and producing a permeate stream and a reject stream and wherein the OSPW treated in the one or more reactors is the reject stream from the membrane separation unit. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the OSPW also includes dissolved silica and the method entails inhibiting silica scaling of the evaporator by mixing the magnesium oxide with the OSPW to precipitate magnesium hydroxide; and the method includes removing dissolved silica from the OSPW by adsorbing the silica onto the magnesium hydroxide precipitants. 6. The method of claim 1 including prior to mixing the magnesium source with the OSPW, directing the OSPW through a pre-heater and a deaerator. 7. The method of claim 1 including heating the OSPW by directing the OSPW through a heater located upstream of the one or more reactors and causing calcium carbonate to precipitate from the OSPW. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein after heating the OSPW, directing the OSPW through a de-aeration device and removing non-condensable gases from the OSPW. 9. The method of claim 1 including directing the distillate to a steam generation system or discharging the distillate or utilizing the distillate as makeup process water. 10. A method for treating tailings pond water having alkalinity and hardness comprising:
directing, directly or indirectly, the tailings pond water from a tailings pond to a membrane separation unit; directing the tailings pond water through the membrane separation unit and producing a permeate and concentrated tailings pond water having alkalinity and calcium hardness; directing the concentrated tailings pond water to an evaporator; evaporating the concentrated tailings pond water in the evaporator to produce steam and a concentrated brine; condensing the steam produced by the evaporator to form a distillate; inhibiting calcium carbonate scaling of the evaporator by: i. upstream of the evaporator, mixing a magnesium source with the concentrated tailings pond water in one or more reactors; ii. precipitating magnesium hydroxide and forming a seed for calcium carbonate; iii. precipitating calcium carbonate from the concentrated tailings pond water; iv. crystallizing the magnesium hydroxide and calcium carbonate to form a mixed crystal slurry in the concentrated tailings pond water; v. directing the mixed crystal slurry along with the concentrated tailings pond water to the evaporator where the magnesium hydroxide and calcium carbonate crystals are mixed with the concentrated brine; vi. circulating the concentrated brine and mixed crystal slurry through the evaporator; and vii. circulating at least some of the concentrated brine and mixed crystal slurry therein to the one or more reactors or to a point upstream of the one or more reactors and mixing the concentrated brine and mixed crystal slurry with the concentrated tailings pond water. 11. The method of claim 10 including raising the pH of the concentrated tailings pond water upstream of the evaporator by mixing a caustic with the concentrated tailings pond water. 12. The method of claim 11 including raising the pH of the concentrated tailings pond water to 10.2 to 11.5. 13. The method of claim 11 wherein the concentrated tailings pond water also includes dissolved silica and the method entails inhibiting silica scaling of the evaporator by mixing magnesium oxide with the concentrated tailings pond water to precipitate magnesium hydroxide; and the method further including removing dissolved silica from the concentrated tailings pond water by adsorbing the silica onto the magnesium hydroxide precipitants. 14. The method of claim 11 including prior to mixing the magnesium oxide with the concentrated tailings pond water, directing the concentrated tailings pond water through a pre-heater and a deaerator. 15. A method of treating industrial wastewater having alkalinity and calcium hardness, comprising:
directing the wastewater having alkalinity and hardness to an evaporator; evaporating the wastewater in the evaporator to produce steam and a concentrated brine; condensing the steam produced by the evaporator to form a distillate; inhibiting calcium scaling of the evaporator by: i. upstream of the evaporator, mixing a magnesium source with the wastewater in one or more reactors; ii. precipitating magnesium hydroxide from the wastewater wherein the precipitated magnesium hydroxide acts as a seed for a calcium species or compound; iii. precipitating a calcium species or compound from the wastewater; iv. directing the precipitated magnesium hydroxide and calcium species or compound, along with the wastewater to the evaporator where the precipitated magnesium hydroxide and calcium species or compound are mixed with the concentrated brine; v. circulating the concentrated brine along with the magnesium hydroxide and calcium species or compound through the evaporator; and vi. circulating at least some of the concentrated brine and precipitated calcium species or compound and magnesium hydroxide therein to the one or more reactors or to a point upstream of the one or more reactors and mixing the concentrated brine and the precipitated magnesium hydroxide and calcium species or compound therein with the wastewater. 16. The method of claim 15 including raising the pH of the wastewater upstream of the evaporator by mixing a caustic with the wastewater. 17. The method of claim 16 including raising the pH of the wastewater to 10.5 to 11.5. 18. The method of claim 15 including a membrane separation unit disposed upstream of the one or more reactors and the method including directing a feedwater stream into the membrane separation unit and producing a permeate stream and a reject stream and wherein the wastewater treated in the one or more reactors is the reject stream from the membrane separation unit. 19. The method of claim 15 wherein the wastewater also includes dissolved silica and the method entails inhibiting silica scaling of the evaporator by mixing the magnesium oxide with the wastewater to precipitate magnesium hydroxide; and the method includes removing dissolved silica from the wastewater by adsorbing the silica onto the magnesium hydroxide precipitants. 20. The method of claim 15 wherein the magnesium source is magnesium oxide. 21. The method of claim 1 wherein the magnesium source is magnesium oxide. 22. The method of claim 10 wherein the magnesium source is magnesium oxide. 23. The method of claim 15 wherein the calcium species or compound comprises calcium carbonate and the method includes precipitating magnesium hydroxide from the wastewater wherein the precipitated magnesium hydroxide acts as a seed for calcium carbonate and the method includes circulating at least some of the concentrated brine and precipitated calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide therein to the one or more reactors or to a point upstream of the one or more reactors and mixing the concentrated brine and the precipitated magnesium hydroxide and calcium carbonate therein with the wastewater. | Oil sands process water (OSPW) is directed to an evaporator that evaporates the OSPW and produces steam and a concentrated brine. The OSPW includes alkalinity and calcium hardness. To inhibit calcium carbonate scaling of the evaporator, magnesium oxide is mixed with the OSPW, resulting in the precipitation of magnesium hydroxide which acts as a seed material for calcium carbonate precipitation to prevent fouling. The process crystallizes the calcium carbonate and the mixture of magnesium hydroxide and calcium carbonate crystals are circulated through the evaporator as well as recirculated to a point upstream of the evaporator.1. A method of treating oil sands process water (OSPW) having alkalinity and calcium hardness, comprising:
directing the OSPW having alkalinity and hardness to an evaporator; evaporating the OSPW in the evaporator to produce steam and a concentrated brine; condensing the steam produced by the evaporator to form a distillate; inhibiting calcium carbonate scaling of the evaporator by: i. upstream of the evaporator, mixing a magnesium source with the OSPW in one or more reactors which form magnesium hydroxide crystals and precipitating calcium carbonate from the OSPW; ii. crystallizing the calcium carbonate to form calcium carbonate crystals in the OSPW; iii. directing a mixed crystal slurry comprising the magnesium hydroxide and calcium carbonate crystals, along with the OSPW to the evaporator where the mixed crystal slurry is mixed with the concentrated brine; iv. circulating the concentrated brine and mixed crystal slurry through the evaporator; and v. circulating at least some of the concentrated brine and mixed crystal slurry therein to the one or more reactors or to a point upstream of the one or more reactors and mixing the concentrated brine and mixed crystal slurry with the OSPW. 2. The method of claim 1 including raising the pH of the OSPW upstream of the evaporator to 10.2 to 11.5 by mixing a caustic with the OSPW. 3. The method of claim 1 including producing the OSPW by directing a feedwater stream into a membrane separation unit and producing a permeate stream and a reject stream and wherein the reject stream constitutes to OSPW;
after directing the feedwater stream through the membrane separation unit and producing the OSPW and prior to mixing the magnesium source with the OSPW, preheating the OSPW with a preheater and directing the OSPW through a deaerator and removing non-condensable gases. 4. The method of claim 1 including a membrane separation unit disposed upstream of the one or more reactors and the method including directing a feedwater stream into the membrane separation unit and producing a permeate stream and a reject stream and wherein the OSPW treated in the one or more reactors is the reject stream from the membrane separation unit. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the OSPW also includes dissolved silica and the method entails inhibiting silica scaling of the evaporator by mixing the magnesium oxide with the OSPW to precipitate magnesium hydroxide; and the method includes removing dissolved silica from the OSPW by adsorbing the silica onto the magnesium hydroxide precipitants. 6. The method of claim 1 including prior to mixing the magnesium source with the OSPW, directing the OSPW through a pre-heater and a deaerator. 7. The method of claim 1 including heating the OSPW by directing the OSPW through a heater located upstream of the one or more reactors and causing calcium carbonate to precipitate from the OSPW. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein after heating the OSPW, directing the OSPW through a de-aeration device and removing non-condensable gases from the OSPW. 9. The method of claim 1 including directing the distillate to a steam generation system or discharging the distillate or utilizing the distillate as makeup process water. 10. A method for treating tailings pond water having alkalinity and hardness comprising:
directing, directly or indirectly, the tailings pond water from a tailings pond to a membrane separation unit; directing the tailings pond water through the membrane separation unit and producing a permeate and concentrated tailings pond water having alkalinity and calcium hardness; directing the concentrated tailings pond water to an evaporator; evaporating the concentrated tailings pond water in the evaporator to produce steam and a concentrated brine; condensing the steam produced by the evaporator to form a distillate; inhibiting calcium carbonate scaling of the evaporator by: i. upstream of the evaporator, mixing a magnesium source with the concentrated tailings pond water in one or more reactors; ii. precipitating magnesium hydroxide and forming a seed for calcium carbonate; iii. precipitating calcium carbonate from the concentrated tailings pond water; iv. crystallizing the magnesium hydroxide and calcium carbonate to form a mixed crystal slurry in the concentrated tailings pond water; v. directing the mixed crystal slurry along with the concentrated tailings pond water to the evaporator where the magnesium hydroxide and calcium carbonate crystals are mixed with the concentrated brine; vi. circulating the concentrated brine and mixed crystal slurry through the evaporator; and vii. circulating at least some of the concentrated brine and mixed crystal slurry therein to the one or more reactors or to a point upstream of the one or more reactors and mixing the concentrated brine and mixed crystal slurry with the concentrated tailings pond water. 11. The method of claim 10 including raising the pH of the concentrated tailings pond water upstream of the evaporator by mixing a caustic with the concentrated tailings pond water. 12. The method of claim 11 including raising the pH of the concentrated tailings pond water to 10.2 to 11.5. 13. The method of claim 11 wherein the concentrated tailings pond water also includes dissolved silica and the method entails inhibiting silica scaling of the evaporator by mixing magnesium oxide with the concentrated tailings pond water to precipitate magnesium hydroxide; and the method further including removing dissolved silica from the concentrated tailings pond water by adsorbing the silica onto the magnesium hydroxide precipitants. 14. The method of claim 11 including prior to mixing the magnesium oxide with the concentrated tailings pond water, directing the concentrated tailings pond water through a pre-heater and a deaerator. 15. A method of treating industrial wastewater having alkalinity and calcium hardness, comprising:
directing the wastewater having alkalinity and hardness to an evaporator; evaporating the wastewater in the evaporator to produce steam and a concentrated brine; condensing the steam produced by the evaporator to form a distillate; inhibiting calcium scaling of the evaporator by: i. upstream of the evaporator, mixing a magnesium source with the wastewater in one or more reactors; ii. precipitating magnesium hydroxide from the wastewater wherein the precipitated magnesium hydroxide acts as a seed for a calcium species or compound; iii. precipitating a calcium species or compound from the wastewater; iv. directing the precipitated magnesium hydroxide and calcium species or compound, along with the wastewater to the evaporator where the precipitated magnesium hydroxide and calcium species or compound are mixed with the concentrated brine; v. circulating the concentrated brine along with the magnesium hydroxide and calcium species or compound through the evaporator; and vi. circulating at least some of the concentrated brine and precipitated calcium species or compound and magnesium hydroxide therein to the one or more reactors or to a point upstream of the one or more reactors and mixing the concentrated brine and the precipitated magnesium hydroxide and calcium species or compound therein with the wastewater. 16. The method of claim 15 including raising the pH of the wastewater upstream of the evaporator by mixing a caustic with the wastewater. 17. The method of claim 16 including raising the pH of the wastewater to 10.5 to 11.5. 18. The method of claim 15 including a membrane separation unit disposed upstream of the one or more reactors and the method including directing a feedwater stream into the membrane separation unit and producing a permeate stream and a reject stream and wherein the wastewater treated in the one or more reactors is the reject stream from the membrane separation unit. 19. The method of claim 15 wherein the wastewater also includes dissolved silica and the method entails inhibiting silica scaling of the evaporator by mixing the magnesium oxide with the wastewater to precipitate magnesium hydroxide; and the method includes removing dissolved silica from the wastewater by adsorbing the silica onto the magnesium hydroxide precipitants. 20. The method of claim 15 wherein the magnesium source is magnesium oxide. 21. The method of claim 1 wherein the magnesium source is magnesium oxide. 22. The method of claim 10 wherein the magnesium source is magnesium oxide. 23. The method of claim 15 wherein the calcium species or compound comprises calcium carbonate and the method includes precipitating magnesium hydroxide from the wastewater wherein the precipitated magnesium hydroxide acts as a seed for calcium carbonate and the method includes circulating at least some of the concentrated brine and precipitated calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide therein to the one or more reactors or to a point upstream of the one or more reactors and mixing the concentrated brine and the precipitated magnesium hydroxide and calcium carbonate therein with the wastewater. | 1,700 |
2,349 | 14,435,654 | 1,712 | An exemplary method of processing a catalyst ink includes ultrasonicating the catalyst ink. The exemplary method includes high shear mixing the catalyst ink. | 1. A method of processing a catalyst ink, comprising the steps of:
ultrasonicating a catalyst ink; and high shear mixing the catalyst ink. 2. The method of claim 1, comprising performing the ultrasonicating before performing the high shear mixing. 3. The method of claim 1, comprising performing the ultrasonicating to achieve a catalyst particle size on the order of one micron. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst ink comprises a catalyst phase, an ionomer phase and a buffer. 5. The method of claim 1, comprising performing the ultrasonicating for a period of time that is less than one hour. 6. The method of claim 1, comprising performing the ultrasonicating for a period of less than five hours. 7. The method of claim 1, comprising performing the high shear mixing for a period of time less than about ten minutes. 8. The method of claim 1, comprising depositing the catalyst ink onto a substrate. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the deposited catalyst ink and the substrate comprise a fuel cell component. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the fuel cell component comprises a membrane electrode assembly. | An exemplary method of processing a catalyst ink includes ultrasonicating the catalyst ink. The exemplary method includes high shear mixing the catalyst ink.1. A method of processing a catalyst ink, comprising the steps of:
ultrasonicating a catalyst ink; and high shear mixing the catalyst ink. 2. The method of claim 1, comprising performing the ultrasonicating before performing the high shear mixing. 3. The method of claim 1, comprising performing the ultrasonicating to achieve a catalyst particle size on the order of one micron. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst ink comprises a catalyst phase, an ionomer phase and a buffer. 5. The method of claim 1, comprising performing the ultrasonicating for a period of time that is less than one hour. 6. The method of claim 1, comprising performing the ultrasonicating for a period of less than five hours. 7. The method of claim 1, comprising performing the high shear mixing for a period of time less than about ten minutes. 8. The method of claim 1, comprising depositing the catalyst ink onto a substrate. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the deposited catalyst ink and the substrate comprise a fuel cell component. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the fuel cell component comprises a membrane electrode assembly. | 1,700 |
2,350 | 13,187,300 | 1,716 | Embodiments related to measuring process pressure in low-pressure semiconductor processing environments are provided. In one example, a semiconductor processing module for processing a substrate with a process gas in a vacuum chamber is provided. The example module includes a reactor positioned within the vacuum chamber for processing the substrate with the process gas and a pressure-sensitive structure operative to transmit a pressure transmission fluid pressure to a location exterior to the vacuum chamber. In this example, the pressure transmission fluid pressure varies in response to the process gas pressure within the vacuum chamber. | 1. A semiconductor processing module for processing a substrate with a process gas in a vacuum chamber, the semiconductor processing module comprising:
a reactor positioned within the vacuum chamber for processing the substrate with the process gas; and a pressure-sensitive structure operative to transmit a pressure transmission fluid pressure to a location exterior to the vacuum chamber, such pressure transmission fluid pressure varying in response to a pressure of the process gas. 2. The semiconductor processing module of claim 1, the reactor comprising a top plate and a bottom plate coupled to the top plate. 3. The semiconductor processing module of claim 2, further comprising:
a susceptor moveably sealable to the bottom plate so that the substrate is supported in a low-pressure substrate processing environment when the susceptor is sealed to the bottom plate; a process feed plenum coupled to the reactor for supplying the process gas to the low-pressure substrate processing environment upstream of a substrate positioned in the low-pressure substrate processing environment; and a process exhaust collector coupled to the reactor for collecting the process gas downstream of the substrate; wherein the process feed plenum and the process exhaust collector are arranged to direct the process gas across a process surface of the substrate. 4. The semiconductor processing module of claim 3, the pressure-sensitive structure being positioned downstream of the process surface of the substrate. 5. The semiconductor processing module of claim 3, wherein the pressure-sensitive structure has a process side being exposed to the low-pressure substrate processing environment, the process side being mounted flush with a surface of the bottom plate. 6. The semiconductor processing module of claim 3, the pressure-sensitive structure being included in the process exhaust collector. 7. The semiconductor processing module of claim 3, the pressure-sensitive structure being included in the process feed plenum. 8. The semiconductor processing module of claim 1, wherein the pressure-sensitive structure includes a displaceable diaphragm having a process side exposable to the process gas and a transmission side opposite the process side. 9. The semiconductor processing module of claim 8, further comprising:
a pressure sensor adapted to detect the pressure transmission fluid pressure at the location exterior to the vacuum chamber; and a pressure transmission fluid line for fluidically coupling the pressure sensor to the displaceable diaphragm with a pressure transmission fluid that is in contact with the transmission side of the displaceable diaphragm so as to transmit process pressure information, responsive to movement of the displaceable diaphragm, from the process gas to the pressure sensor. 10. The semiconductor processing module of claim 9, the pressure sensor including a pressure sensor diaphragm for transmitting process pressure information to the pressure sensor via movement of the pressure sensor diaphragm; and
the pressure transmission fluid line including a purge valve for purging the pressure transmission fluid line. 11. The semiconductor processing module of claim 9, the pressure-sensitive structure comprising a reservoir formed below the transmission side, the reservoir fluidically coupled with the pressure transmission fluid line, wherein the reservoir, the pressure transmission fluid line, and the displaceable diaphragm are sealably coupled. 12. The semiconductor processing module of claim 1, further comprising:
a second pressure-sensitive structure operative to transmit a second pressure transmission fluid pressure to a second location exterior to the vacuum chamber. 13. A reactor defining a low-pressure substrate processing environment for processing a substrate, the reactor comprising:
a top plate; a bottom plate coupled to the top plate; a susceptor moveably sealable to the bottom plate so that the substrate is supported in the low-pressure substrate processing environment when the susceptor is sealed to the bottom plate; and a displaceable diaphragm included in the bottom plate, the displaceable diaphragm adapted to transmit process pressure information for the low-pressure substrate processing environment responsive to movement of the displaceable diaphragm. 14. The reactor of claim 13, further comprising an inlet for receiving process gas from a process feed plenum upstream of a process surface of the substrate and an outlet for expelling the process gas to a process exhaust collector downstream of the process surface of the substrate, the inlet and the outlet being arranged to direct the process gas across the process surface of the substrate and wherein the displaceable diaphragm is positioned downstream of the process surface of the substrate. 15. The reactor of claim 13, the displaceable diaphragm including a process side that is flush with a top surface of the bottom plate, the top surface being exposed to the low-pressure substrate processing environment. 16. The reactor of claim 13, the displaceable diaphragm further including a reservoir formed below a transmission side of the displaceable diaphragm. 17. The reactor of claim 16, wherein the displaceable diaphragm and the reservoir are sealably coupled. 18. The reactor of claim 16, further comprising a pressure transmission fluid line for fluidically coupling the reservoir to a pressure sensor with a pressure transmission fluid that is in contact with the transmission side of the displaceable diaphragm. 19. At a process controller of a semiconductor processing module, a method for processing a substrate in a vacuum chamber of the semiconductor processing module, the method comprising:
supporting a substrate with a susceptor within the vacuum chamber; supplying a process gas to the vacuum chamber; and transmitting to a location exterior to the vacuum chamber a pressure transmission fluid pressure with a pressure-sensitive structure, the pressure transmission fluid pressure varying in response to a process gas pressure within the vacuum chamber. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein supplying the process gas comprises supplying the process gas upstream of a process surface of the substrate so that the process gas flows across the process surface of the substrate before flowing across the pressure-sensitive structure. | Embodiments related to measuring process pressure in low-pressure semiconductor processing environments are provided. In one example, a semiconductor processing module for processing a substrate with a process gas in a vacuum chamber is provided. The example module includes a reactor positioned within the vacuum chamber for processing the substrate with the process gas and a pressure-sensitive structure operative to transmit a pressure transmission fluid pressure to a location exterior to the vacuum chamber. In this example, the pressure transmission fluid pressure varies in response to the process gas pressure within the vacuum chamber.1. A semiconductor processing module for processing a substrate with a process gas in a vacuum chamber, the semiconductor processing module comprising:
a reactor positioned within the vacuum chamber for processing the substrate with the process gas; and a pressure-sensitive structure operative to transmit a pressure transmission fluid pressure to a location exterior to the vacuum chamber, such pressure transmission fluid pressure varying in response to a pressure of the process gas. 2. The semiconductor processing module of claim 1, the reactor comprising a top plate and a bottom plate coupled to the top plate. 3. The semiconductor processing module of claim 2, further comprising:
a susceptor moveably sealable to the bottom plate so that the substrate is supported in a low-pressure substrate processing environment when the susceptor is sealed to the bottom plate; a process feed plenum coupled to the reactor for supplying the process gas to the low-pressure substrate processing environment upstream of a substrate positioned in the low-pressure substrate processing environment; and a process exhaust collector coupled to the reactor for collecting the process gas downstream of the substrate; wherein the process feed plenum and the process exhaust collector are arranged to direct the process gas across a process surface of the substrate. 4. The semiconductor processing module of claim 3, the pressure-sensitive structure being positioned downstream of the process surface of the substrate. 5. The semiconductor processing module of claim 3, wherein the pressure-sensitive structure has a process side being exposed to the low-pressure substrate processing environment, the process side being mounted flush with a surface of the bottom plate. 6. The semiconductor processing module of claim 3, the pressure-sensitive structure being included in the process exhaust collector. 7. The semiconductor processing module of claim 3, the pressure-sensitive structure being included in the process feed plenum. 8. The semiconductor processing module of claim 1, wherein the pressure-sensitive structure includes a displaceable diaphragm having a process side exposable to the process gas and a transmission side opposite the process side. 9. The semiconductor processing module of claim 8, further comprising:
a pressure sensor adapted to detect the pressure transmission fluid pressure at the location exterior to the vacuum chamber; and a pressure transmission fluid line for fluidically coupling the pressure sensor to the displaceable diaphragm with a pressure transmission fluid that is in contact with the transmission side of the displaceable diaphragm so as to transmit process pressure information, responsive to movement of the displaceable diaphragm, from the process gas to the pressure sensor. 10. The semiconductor processing module of claim 9, the pressure sensor including a pressure sensor diaphragm for transmitting process pressure information to the pressure sensor via movement of the pressure sensor diaphragm; and
the pressure transmission fluid line including a purge valve for purging the pressure transmission fluid line. 11. The semiconductor processing module of claim 9, the pressure-sensitive structure comprising a reservoir formed below the transmission side, the reservoir fluidically coupled with the pressure transmission fluid line, wherein the reservoir, the pressure transmission fluid line, and the displaceable diaphragm are sealably coupled. 12. The semiconductor processing module of claim 1, further comprising:
a second pressure-sensitive structure operative to transmit a second pressure transmission fluid pressure to a second location exterior to the vacuum chamber. 13. A reactor defining a low-pressure substrate processing environment for processing a substrate, the reactor comprising:
a top plate; a bottom plate coupled to the top plate; a susceptor moveably sealable to the bottom plate so that the substrate is supported in the low-pressure substrate processing environment when the susceptor is sealed to the bottom plate; and a displaceable diaphragm included in the bottom plate, the displaceable diaphragm adapted to transmit process pressure information for the low-pressure substrate processing environment responsive to movement of the displaceable diaphragm. 14. The reactor of claim 13, further comprising an inlet for receiving process gas from a process feed plenum upstream of a process surface of the substrate and an outlet for expelling the process gas to a process exhaust collector downstream of the process surface of the substrate, the inlet and the outlet being arranged to direct the process gas across the process surface of the substrate and wherein the displaceable diaphragm is positioned downstream of the process surface of the substrate. 15. The reactor of claim 13, the displaceable diaphragm including a process side that is flush with a top surface of the bottom plate, the top surface being exposed to the low-pressure substrate processing environment. 16. The reactor of claim 13, the displaceable diaphragm further including a reservoir formed below a transmission side of the displaceable diaphragm. 17. The reactor of claim 16, wherein the displaceable diaphragm and the reservoir are sealably coupled. 18. The reactor of claim 16, further comprising a pressure transmission fluid line for fluidically coupling the reservoir to a pressure sensor with a pressure transmission fluid that is in contact with the transmission side of the displaceable diaphragm. 19. At a process controller of a semiconductor processing module, a method for processing a substrate in a vacuum chamber of the semiconductor processing module, the method comprising:
supporting a substrate with a susceptor within the vacuum chamber; supplying a process gas to the vacuum chamber; and transmitting to a location exterior to the vacuum chamber a pressure transmission fluid pressure with a pressure-sensitive structure, the pressure transmission fluid pressure varying in response to a process gas pressure within the vacuum chamber. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein supplying the process gas comprises supplying the process gas upstream of a process surface of the substrate so that the process gas flows across the process surface of the substrate before flowing across the pressure-sensitive structure. | 1,700 |
2,351 | 13,865,627 | 1,745 | A polyvinyl chloride free flooring, including: an upper decorative nonwoven fabric layer bonded without the use of adhesive to an intermediate extruded polymeric layer, and a extruded lower base layer bonded without the use of adhesive to the intermediate polymeric layer to provide a composite flooring that is free of polyvinyl chloride. | 1-9. (canceled) 10. A method of making a polyvinyl chloride free flooring, comprising the steps of:
providing an upper decorative nonwoven fabric layer; extruding an intermediate polymeric layer using a first sheet die and joining the upper decorative nonwoven fabric layer to the extruded polymeric layer by passing the extruded polymeric layer and the nonwoven fabric layer through a first nip to provide a first composite; and extruding a lower base layer using a second sheet die having a die temperature and joining the polymeric layer of the first composite to a surface of the base layer by passing the extruded base layer and the first composite through a second nip comprising a first roller having a roller temperature of from about 30 to about 35 percent of the die temperature, and a second roller having a roller temperature greater than the temperature of the first roller, but less than about 50 percent of the temperature of the die temperature. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the first roller directly contacts the extruded base layer. 12. A method of making a polyvinyl chloride free flooring, comprising the steps of:
providing an upper decorative nonwoven fabric layer having a decorative finish and appearance; extruding an intermediate polymeric layer using a first sheet die and joining the upper decorative nonwoven fabric layer to the extruded polymeric layer to bond the intermediate polymeric layer to the upper decorative fabric layer by passing the extruded polymeric layer and the nonwoven fabric layer through a first nip to provide a first composite; extruding a lower base layer using a second sheet die having a die temperature and joining the intermediate polymeric layer of the first composite to a surface of the base layer to bond the lower base layer to the intermediate polymeric layer by passing the extruded base layer and the first composite through a second nip comprising a first roller having a roller temperature lower than the die temperature, and a second roller having a roller temperature greater than the temperature of the first roller, but less than the die temperature; and selecting and maintaining the die temperature, the temperature of the first roller, and the temperature of the second roller to enable bonding of the base layer and the intermediate polymeric layer without disrupting the bond between the decorative layer and the intermediate polymeric layer, and without causing heat degradation of the decorative finish and appearance of the decorative layer. | A polyvinyl chloride free flooring, including: an upper decorative nonwoven fabric layer bonded without the use of adhesive to an intermediate extruded polymeric layer, and a extruded lower base layer bonded without the use of adhesive to the intermediate polymeric layer to provide a composite flooring that is free of polyvinyl chloride.1-9. (canceled) 10. A method of making a polyvinyl chloride free flooring, comprising the steps of:
providing an upper decorative nonwoven fabric layer; extruding an intermediate polymeric layer using a first sheet die and joining the upper decorative nonwoven fabric layer to the extruded polymeric layer by passing the extruded polymeric layer and the nonwoven fabric layer through a first nip to provide a first composite; and extruding a lower base layer using a second sheet die having a die temperature and joining the polymeric layer of the first composite to a surface of the base layer by passing the extruded base layer and the first composite through a second nip comprising a first roller having a roller temperature of from about 30 to about 35 percent of the die temperature, and a second roller having a roller temperature greater than the temperature of the first roller, but less than about 50 percent of the temperature of the die temperature. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the first roller directly contacts the extruded base layer. 12. A method of making a polyvinyl chloride free flooring, comprising the steps of:
providing an upper decorative nonwoven fabric layer having a decorative finish and appearance; extruding an intermediate polymeric layer using a first sheet die and joining the upper decorative nonwoven fabric layer to the extruded polymeric layer to bond the intermediate polymeric layer to the upper decorative fabric layer by passing the extruded polymeric layer and the nonwoven fabric layer through a first nip to provide a first composite; extruding a lower base layer using a second sheet die having a die temperature and joining the intermediate polymeric layer of the first composite to a surface of the base layer to bond the lower base layer to the intermediate polymeric layer by passing the extruded base layer and the first composite through a second nip comprising a first roller having a roller temperature lower than the die temperature, and a second roller having a roller temperature greater than the temperature of the first roller, but less than the die temperature; and selecting and maintaining the die temperature, the temperature of the first roller, and the temperature of the second roller to enable bonding of the base layer and the intermediate polymeric layer without disrupting the bond between the decorative layer and the intermediate polymeric layer, and without causing heat degradation of the decorative finish and appearance of the decorative layer. | 1,700 |
2,352 | 13,580,194 | 1,718 | The invention relates to a method for producing aqueous, essentially solvent-free compositions based on pyrogenous metal oxides functionalised by oligomer siloxanols, to the corresponding compositions, and to the use thereof for corrosion protection and adherence. | 1. A process for preparing a composition comprising a fumed metal oxide functionalized with at least one oligomeric siloxanol, the process comprising intensively mixing:
(i) at least one aqueous, substantially completely hydrolyzed, oligomeric, and organofunctional siloxanol or a mixture of oligomeric, organofunctional siloxanols which is substantially free from organic solvents, wherein each silicon atom of the siloxanol, or mixture of silanols, comprises at least one functional group, said functional group is independently
a) to an extent of 50% to 100%, at least one organofunctional group selected from the group consisting of aminoalkyl, N-alkylaminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, triaminoalkyl, bis-N-aminoalkyl, bis-N-aminoalkylsilyl, tris-N-aminoalkyl, tris-N-aminoalkylsilyl, quaternary-aminoalkyl, mercaptoalkyl, methacryloyl, methacryloyloxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, epoxyalkyl, glycidyloxyalkyl, hydrolyzed glycidyloxyalkyl, polysulfane, disulfane, thioether, polyether, vinyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, ureido, sulfanealkyl, cyanate group isocyanate group, such that the at least one organofunctional group is linear, branched and/or cyclic, and
b) to an extent of 0% to 50%, a hydroxyl group, such that remaining free valences of the silicon atoms in the oligomeric siloxanols are filled by hydroxyl groups;
with (ii) at least one fumed metal oxide selected from the group consisting of silica, metal oxide modified silica, and a metal oxide comprising at least silicon, aluminum, zirconium, titanium, iron, cerium, indium, samarium, tin, zinc, antimony, arsenic, tantalum, rhodium, ruthenium, cobalt, nickel, copper, silver, germanium, a mixed oxide thereof, and a metal oxide modified therewith. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the fumed metal oxide is added as metal oxide powder to the aqueous, oligomeric siloxanol or siloxanols and is dispersed with the at least one oligomeric siloxanol with a high input of energy by stirring, mixing, or both, a high speed. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the fumed metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, HfO2, Y2O3, ZrO2, Fe2O3, Nb2O5, V2O5, WO3, SnO2, GeO2, B2O3, In2O3, ZnO, CaO, a manganese oxide, a lead oxide, MgO, BaO, SrO, mixed oxides thereof, and metal oxides modified therewith. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein 0.001% to 60% by weight of the fumed metal oxide is dispersed, relative to the overall composition. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one oligomeric siloxanol has a degree of oligomerization of at least 4. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein primary particles of the fumed metal oxide have an average particle size (d50) of between 2 to 100 nm. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the mixing occurs at stirring speeds of more than 1000 revolutions per minute. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one organofunctional group independently of one another comprises at least one of the following:
a) an aminoalkyl group of the formulae (I), (II), or both (I) and (II):
R1 h*NH(2-h*)[(CH2)h(NH)]j][(CH2)l(NH)]n—(CH2)k— (I),
wherein:
0≦h≦6;
h*=0, 1 or 2;
j=0, 1 or 2;
0≦1≦6;
n=0, 1 or 2;
0≦k≦6; and
R1 is independently a benzyl radical, an aryl radical, a vinyl radical, a formyl radical, or a linear, branched and/or cyclic alkyl radical having 1 to 8 C atoms,
[NH2(CH2)m]2N(CH2)p— (II),
wherein:
0≦m≦6; and
0≦p≦6;
b) at least one alkyl group selected from the group consisting of n-propyl, isopropyl, ethyl, methyl, n-octyl, isobutyl, octyl, cyclohexyl, and hexadecyl groups; c) an epoxy- and/or hydroxyalkyl group selected from the group consisting of a glycidyloxyalkyl group, an epoxyalkyl group, and an epoxycycloalkyl group; and d) a haloalkyl group of the formula (IV):
R2—Ym*—(CH2)s— (IV),
wherein:
R2 is a mono-, oligo- or perfluorinated alkyl radical having 1 to 9 C atoms or a mono-, oligo- or perfluorinated aryl radical,
Y is a CH2, O, aryl or S radical
m*=0 or 1; and
s=0 or 2. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the process comprises intensively mixing at least one mixture of oligomeric, organofunctional siloxanols comprising at least two structural elements selected from the group consisting of —O—Si(OH)(R)—, —O—Si(OH)2(R), (—O—)2(HO)SiR, (—O—)3SiR, (—O—)3Si(OH), (—O—)2Si(OH)2, (—O—)4Si, —O—Si(OH)2—, —O—Si(R)2—, —O—Si(OH)(R)2, and (—O—)2Si(R)2, such that R is independently is the at least one organofunctional group. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the composition has a viscosity of between 5 to 8000 mPa·s. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the process is carried out substantially without presence of organic solvents or organic polymers. 12. A composition, comprising a fumed metal oxide functionalized with at least one oligomeric siloxanol obtained by the process of claim 1. 13. The composition of claim 12, wherein primary particles of the fumed metal oxide have an average particle size of between 2 to 100 nm. 14. The composition of claim 12, comprising a fumed metal oxide content of between 0.001% to 60% by weight, based on an overall metal oxide content in the composition. 15. A process, comprising adding or applying the composition of claim 12 to an article or separate composition, wherein the process is suitable for at least one selected from the group consisting of:
modification, treatment and/or production of formulations, coatings, substrates, articles, and metal pretreatment compositions;
corrosion protection for bright metal;
production of an adhesion promoter for a coating on substrates;
corrosion protection by applying beneath a paint film;
homogeneous introduction of fumed metal oxides into extraneous systems;
promotion of adhesion of a paint film; and
setting the viscosity of a coating material, sealant or adhesive. 16. The process of claim 15, which is suitable for modification, coating and/or treatment of a chrome-plated, phosphatized, zinc-plated, tin-plated, etched and/or otherwise pretreated substrate. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein the pretreated substrate comprises a metal or alloy. 18. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one oligomeric siloxanol has a degree of oligomerization of between 4 to 100 000. 19. The process of claim 1, wherein the composition has a viscosity of between 15 to 1500 mPa·s. 20. The composition of claim 12, wherein primary particles of the fumed metal oxide have an average particle size of between 10 to 70 nm. | The invention relates to a method for producing aqueous, essentially solvent-free compositions based on pyrogenous metal oxides functionalised by oligomer siloxanols, to the corresponding compositions, and to the use thereof for corrosion protection and adherence.1. A process for preparing a composition comprising a fumed metal oxide functionalized with at least one oligomeric siloxanol, the process comprising intensively mixing:
(i) at least one aqueous, substantially completely hydrolyzed, oligomeric, and organofunctional siloxanol or a mixture of oligomeric, organofunctional siloxanols which is substantially free from organic solvents, wherein each silicon atom of the siloxanol, or mixture of silanols, comprises at least one functional group, said functional group is independently
a) to an extent of 50% to 100%, at least one organofunctional group selected from the group consisting of aminoalkyl, N-alkylaminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, triaminoalkyl, bis-N-aminoalkyl, bis-N-aminoalkylsilyl, tris-N-aminoalkyl, tris-N-aminoalkylsilyl, quaternary-aminoalkyl, mercaptoalkyl, methacryloyl, methacryloyloxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, epoxyalkyl, glycidyloxyalkyl, hydrolyzed glycidyloxyalkyl, polysulfane, disulfane, thioether, polyether, vinyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, ureido, sulfanealkyl, cyanate group isocyanate group, such that the at least one organofunctional group is linear, branched and/or cyclic, and
b) to an extent of 0% to 50%, a hydroxyl group, such that remaining free valences of the silicon atoms in the oligomeric siloxanols are filled by hydroxyl groups;
with (ii) at least one fumed metal oxide selected from the group consisting of silica, metal oxide modified silica, and a metal oxide comprising at least silicon, aluminum, zirconium, titanium, iron, cerium, indium, samarium, tin, zinc, antimony, arsenic, tantalum, rhodium, ruthenium, cobalt, nickel, copper, silver, germanium, a mixed oxide thereof, and a metal oxide modified therewith. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the fumed metal oxide is added as metal oxide powder to the aqueous, oligomeric siloxanol or siloxanols and is dispersed with the at least one oligomeric siloxanol with a high input of energy by stirring, mixing, or both, a high speed. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the fumed metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, HfO2, Y2O3, ZrO2, Fe2O3, Nb2O5, V2O5, WO3, SnO2, GeO2, B2O3, In2O3, ZnO, CaO, a manganese oxide, a lead oxide, MgO, BaO, SrO, mixed oxides thereof, and metal oxides modified therewith. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein 0.001% to 60% by weight of the fumed metal oxide is dispersed, relative to the overall composition. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one oligomeric siloxanol has a degree of oligomerization of at least 4. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein primary particles of the fumed metal oxide have an average particle size (d50) of between 2 to 100 nm. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the mixing occurs at stirring speeds of more than 1000 revolutions per minute. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one organofunctional group independently of one another comprises at least one of the following:
a) an aminoalkyl group of the formulae (I), (II), or both (I) and (II):
R1 h*NH(2-h*)[(CH2)h(NH)]j][(CH2)l(NH)]n—(CH2)k— (I),
wherein:
0≦h≦6;
h*=0, 1 or 2;
j=0, 1 or 2;
0≦1≦6;
n=0, 1 or 2;
0≦k≦6; and
R1 is independently a benzyl radical, an aryl radical, a vinyl radical, a formyl radical, or a linear, branched and/or cyclic alkyl radical having 1 to 8 C atoms,
[NH2(CH2)m]2N(CH2)p— (II),
wherein:
0≦m≦6; and
0≦p≦6;
b) at least one alkyl group selected from the group consisting of n-propyl, isopropyl, ethyl, methyl, n-octyl, isobutyl, octyl, cyclohexyl, and hexadecyl groups; c) an epoxy- and/or hydroxyalkyl group selected from the group consisting of a glycidyloxyalkyl group, an epoxyalkyl group, and an epoxycycloalkyl group; and d) a haloalkyl group of the formula (IV):
R2—Ym*—(CH2)s— (IV),
wherein:
R2 is a mono-, oligo- or perfluorinated alkyl radical having 1 to 9 C atoms or a mono-, oligo- or perfluorinated aryl radical,
Y is a CH2, O, aryl or S radical
m*=0 or 1; and
s=0 or 2. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the process comprises intensively mixing at least one mixture of oligomeric, organofunctional siloxanols comprising at least two structural elements selected from the group consisting of —O—Si(OH)(R)—, —O—Si(OH)2(R), (—O—)2(HO)SiR, (—O—)3SiR, (—O—)3Si(OH), (—O—)2Si(OH)2, (—O—)4Si, —O—Si(OH)2—, —O—Si(R)2—, —O—Si(OH)(R)2, and (—O—)2Si(R)2, such that R is independently is the at least one organofunctional group. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the composition has a viscosity of between 5 to 8000 mPa·s. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the process is carried out substantially without presence of organic solvents or organic polymers. 12. A composition, comprising a fumed metal oxide functionalized with at least one oligomeric siloxanol obtained by the process of claim 1. 13. The composition of claim 12, wherein primary particles of the fumed metal oxide have an average particle size of between 2 to 100 nm. 14. The composition of claim 12, comprising a fumed metal oxide content of between 0.001% to 60% by weight, based on an overall metal oxide content in the composition. 15. A process, comprising adding or applying the composition of claim 12 to an article or separate composition, wherein the process is suitable for at least one selected from the group consisting of:
modification, treatment and/or production of formulations, coatings, substrates, articles, and metal pretreatment compositions;
corrosion protection for bright metal;
production of an adhesion promoter for a coating on substrates;
corrosion protection by applying beneath a paint film;
homogeneous introduction of fumed metal oxides into extraneous systems;
promotion of adhesion of a paint film; and
setting the viscosity of a coating material, sealant or adhesive. 16. The process of claim 15, which is suitable for modification, coating and/or treatment of a chrome-plated, phosphatized, zinc-plated, tin-plated, etched and/or otherwise pretreated substrate. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein the pretreated substrate comprises a metal or alloy. 18. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one oligomeric siloxanol has a degree of oligomerization of between 4 to 100 000. 19. The process of claim 1, wherein the composition has a viscosity of between 15 to 1500 mPa·s. 20. The composition of claim 12, wherein primary particles of the fumed metal oxide have an average particle size of between 10 to 70 nm. | 1,700 |
2,353 | 14,039,104 | 1,795 | A capacitive deionization apparatus may include at least one pair of porous electrodes and a spacer structure disposed between the at least one pair of electrodes. The at least one pair of porous electrodes may include an electrode material having a surface area for the electrostatic adsorption of feed ions. The spacer structure may include an electrically-insulating material with an ion exchange group on the surface thereof. The spacer structure provides a path for flowing a fluid therethrough. | 1. A capacitive deionization apparatus comprising:
at least one pair of porous electrodes including an electrode material, the electrode material having a surface area that facilitates electrostatic adsorption of feed ions; and a spacer structure disposed between the at least one pair of porous electrodes, the spacer structure including an electrically-insulating material with an ion exchange group on the surface thereof, the spacer structure defining a path for flowing a fluid therethrough. 2. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
a charge barrier disposed between the at least one pair of porous electrodes and the spacer structure, the charge barrier including a different base material from the electrode material. 3. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 2, wherein the charge barrier is a cation permselective membrane or an anion permselective membrane. 4. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one pair of porous electrodes includes a conductive agent and a binder. 5. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 4, wherein the binder is an ion conductive binder. 6. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 5, wherein the ion conductive binder is a polymer having a cation exchange group or an anion exchange group, the cation exchange group selected from a sulfonic acid group (—SO3H), a carboxyl group (—COOH), a phosphonic acid group (—PO3H2), a phosphinic acid group (—HPO3H), an arsenic acid group (—AsO3H2), and a selenonic acid group (—SeO3H), the anion exchange group selected from a quaternary ammonium salt (—NH3 +), a primary amine (—NH2), a secondary amine (—NHR), a tertiary amine group (—NR2), a quaternary phosphonium group (—PR4 +), and a tertiary sulfonium group (—SR3+). 7. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 6, wherein the polymer is selected from polystyrene, polyvinylalcohol, carboxylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, polyvinylchloride, carboxylated polyvinylchloride, polyvinylfluoride, polyamide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyurethane, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, polypropylene, a styrene-butadiene rubber, an acrylated styrene-butadiene rubber, an epoxy resin, and polyacrylamide. 8. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 1, wherein the electrode material includes at least one porous material selected from activated carbon, an aerogel, carbon nanotubes (CNT), mesoporous carbon, activated carbon fiber, graphite oxide, and a metal oxide. 9. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spacer structure has an open mesh, non-woven fabric, woven fabric, or foam shape. 10. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spacer structure includes a polyester, a polyolefin, a polyamide, an aromatic vinyl polymer, cellulose, a cellulose derivative, a polyetherether ketone, a polyimide, a polyvinylchloride, or a combination thereof. 11. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spacer structure has a thickness of about 50 μm to about 500 μm and an open area of about 20% to about 80%. 12. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spacer structure has an equivalent series resistance (ESR) of about 1 ohm to about 300 ohms, as measured under an electrolyte condition of 20 mg/L NaCl. 13. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spacer structure has an ion exchange capacity of about 0.01 meq/g to about 10 meq/g. 14. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spacer structure includes an ion exchange polymer coating on the surface thereof, the ion exchange polymer including the ion exchange group. 15. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 14, wherein the ion exchange polymer is selected from a sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoro polymer-copolymer, a carboxylated polymer, a sulfonated polymer, sulfonated polystyrene, polyethyleneimine, poly(acrylamido-N-propyltrimethylammonium chloride (PolyAPTAC), poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (PolyAMPS), and a combination thereof. 16. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 14, wherein the ion exchange polymer coating has a thickness of about 0.5 μm to about 50 μm. 17. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 1, wherein the ion exchange group is a cation exchange group or an anion exchange group, the cation exchange group selected from a sulfonic acid group (—SO3H), a carboxyl group (—COOH), a phosphonic acid group (—PO3H2), a phosphinic acid group (—HPO3H), an arsenic acid group (—AsO3H2), and a selenonic acid group (—SeO3H), the anion exchange group selected from a quaternary ammonium salt (—NH3 +), a primary amine (—NH2), a secondary amine (—NHR), a tertiary amine group (—NR2), a quaternary phosphonium group (—PR4 +), and a tertiary sulfonium group (—SR3 +). 18. A spacer structure comprising:
an electrically-insulating material including an ion exchange group on the surface thereof so as to have an equivalent series resistance (ESR) of about 1 to about 300 ohms, as measured under an electrolyte condition of 20 mg/L NaCl, the spacer structure defining a path for flowing a fluid therethrough. 19. The spacer structure of claim 18, wherein the spacer structure is in a form of an open mesh, non-woven fabric, woven fabric, or a foamed product. 20. The spacer structure of claim 18, wherein the electrically-insulating material includes a polyester, a polyolefin, a polyamide, an aromatic vinyl polymer, cellulose, a cellulose derivative, a polyetherether ketone, a polyimide, polyvinylchloride, or a combination thereof. 21. The spacer structure of claim 18, wherein the spacer structure has a thickness ranging from about 50 μm to about 500 μm and an open area ranging from about 20% to about 80%. 22. The spacer structure of claim 18, wherein the spacer structure has an ion exchange capacity ranging from about 0.01 meq/g to about 10 meq/g. 23. The spacer structure of claim 18, wherein the ion exchange group is provided by an ion exchange polymer that is surface-coated on the electrically-insulating material. 24. The spacer structure of claim 23, wherein the ion exchange polymer includes a sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoro polymer-copolymer, a carboxylated polymer, a sulfonated polymer, sulfonated polystyrene, polyethyleneimine, poly(acrylamido-N-propyltrimethylammonium chloride (PolyAPTAC), poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (PolyAMPS), or a combination thereof. 25. The spacer structure of claim 23, wherein the ion exchange polymer has a thickness of about 0.5 μm to about 50 μm. 26. The spacer structure of claim 18, wherein the ion exchange group is a cation exchange group or an anion exchange group, the cation exchange group selected from a sulfonic acid group (—SO3H), a carboxyl group (—COOH), a phosphonic acid group (—PO3H2), a phosphinic acid group (—HPO3H), an arsenic acid group (—AsO3H2), and a selenonic acid group (—SeO3H), the anion exchange group selected from a quaternary ammonium salt (—NH3 +), a primary amine (—NH2), a secondary amine (—NHR), a tertiary amine group (—NR2), a quaternary phosphonium group (—PR4 +), and a tertiary sulfonium group (—SR3 +). 27. A method of treating a fluid comprising:
providing a capacitive deionization apparatus including at least one pair of porous electrodes and a spacer structure disposed between the at least one pair of porous electrodes, the at least one pair of porous electrodes including an electrode material having a surface area that facilitates electrostatic adsorption of feed ions, the spacer structure including an electrically-insulating material with an ion exchange group on the surface thereof, the spacer structure defining a path for the fluid to flow therethrough; supplying the fluid through the path defined by the spacer structure, the fluid including the feed ions; and applying a voltage between the at least one pair of porous electrodes to adsorb the feed ions onto the at least one pair of porous electrode so as to remove the feed ions from the fluid. 28. The method of claim 27, further comprising:
short-circuiting the at least one pair of porous electrodes or applying a reverse-direction voltage between the at least one pair of porous electrodes to detach the adsorbed feed ions. | A capacitive deionization apparatus may include at least one pair of porous electrodes and a spacer structure disposed between the at least one pair of electrodes. The at least one pair of porous electrodes may include an electrode material having a surface area for the electrostatic adsorption of feed ions. The spacer structure may include an electrically-insulating material with an ion exchange group on the surface thereof. The spacer structure provides a path for flowing a fluid therethrough.1. A capacitive deionization apparatus comprising:
at least one pair of porous electrodes including an electrode material, the electrode material having a surface area that facilitates electrostatic adsorption of feed ions; and a spacer structure disposed between the at least one pair of porous electrodes, the spacer structure including an electrically-insulating material with an ion exchange group on the surface thereof, the spacer structure defining a path for flowing a fluid therethrough. 2. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
a charge barrier disposed between the at least one pair of porous electrodes and the spacer structure, the charge barrier including a different base material from the electrode material. 3. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 2, wherein the charge barrier is a cation permselective membrane or an anion permselective membrane. 4. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one pair of porous electrodes includes a conductive agent and a binder. 5. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 4, wherein the binder is an ion conductive binder. 6. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 5, wherein the ion conductive binder is a polymer having a cation exchange group or an anion exchange group, the cation exchange group selected from a sulfonic acid group (—SO3H), a carboxyl group (—COOH), a phosphonic acid group (—PO3H2), a phosphinic acid group (—HPO3H), an arsenic acid group (—AsO3H2), and a selenonic acid group (—SeO3H), the anion exchange group selected from a quaternary ammonium salt (—NH3 +), a primary amine (—NH2), a secondary amine (—NHR), a tertiary amine group (—NR2), a quaternary phosphonium group (—PR4 +), and a tertiary sulfonium group (—SR3+). 7. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 6, wherein the polymer is selected from polystyrene, polyvinylalcohol, carboxylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, polyvinylchloride, carboxylated polyvinylchloride, polyvinylfluoride, polyamide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyurethane, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, polypropylene, a styrene-butadiene rubber, an acrylated styrene-butadiene rubber, an epoxy resin, and polyacrylamide. 8. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 1, wherein the electrode material includes at least one porous material selected from activated carbon, an aerogel, carbon nanotubes (CNT), mesoporous carbon, activated carbon fiber, graphite oxide, and a metal oxide. 9. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spacer structure has an open mesh, non-woven fabric, woven fabric, or foam shape. 10. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spacer structure includes a polyester, a polyolefin, a polyamide, an aromatic vinyl polymer, cellulose, a cellulose derivative, a polyetherether ketone, a polyimide, a polyvinylchloride, or a combination thereof. 11. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spacer structure has a thickness of about 50 μm to about 500 μm and an open area of about 20% to about 80%. 12. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spacer structure has an equivalent series resistance (ESR) of about 1 ohm to about 300 ohms, as measured under an electrolyte condition of 20 mg/L NaCl. 13. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spacer structure has an ion exchange capacity of about 0.01 meq/g to about 10 meq/g. 14. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spacer structure includes an ion exchange polymer coating on the surface thereof, the ion exchange polymer including the ion exchange group. 15. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 14, wherein the ion exchange polymer is selected from a sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoro polymer-copolymer, a carboxylated polymer, a sulfonated polymer, sulfonated polystyrene, polyethyleneimine, poly(acrylamido-N-propyltrimethylammonium chloride (PolyAPTAC), poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (PolyAMPS), and a combination thereof. 16. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 14, wherein the ion exchange polymer coating has a thickness of about 0.5 μm to about 50 μm. 17. The capacitive deionization apparatus of claim 1, wherein the ion exchange group is a cation exchange group or an anion exchange group, the cation exchange group selected from a sulfonic acid group (—SO3H), a carboxyl group (—COOH), a phosphonic acid group (—PO3H2), a phosphinic acid group (—HPO3H), an arsenic acid group (—AsO3H2), and a selenonic acid group (—SeO3H), the anion exchange group selected from a quaternary ammonium salt (—NH3 +), a primary amine (—NH2), a secondary amine (—NHR), a tertiary amine group (—NR2), a quaternary phosphonium group (—PR4 +), and a tertiary sulfonium group (—SR3 +). 18. A spacer structure comprising:
an electrically-insulating material including an ion exchange group on the surface thereof so as to have an equivalent series resistance (ESR) of about 1 to about 300 ohms, as measured under an electrolyte condition of 20 mg/L NaCl, the spacer structure defining a path for flowing a fluid therethrough. 19. The spacer structure of claim 18, wherein the spacer structure is in a form of an open mesh, non-woven fabric, woven fabric, or a foamed product. 20. The spacer structure of claim 18, wherein the electrically-insulating material includes a polyester, a polyolefin, a polyamide, an aromatic vinyl polymer, cellulose, a cellulose derivative, a polyetherether ketone, a polyimide, polyvinylchloride, or a combination thereof. 21. The spacer structure of claim 18, wherein the spacer structure has a thickness ranging from about 50 μm to about 500 μm and an open area ranging from about 20% to about 80%. 22. The spacer structure of claim 18, wherein the spacer structure has an ion exchange capacity ranging from about 0.01 meq/g to about 10 meq/g. 23. The spacer structure of claim 18, wherein the ion exchange group is provided by an ion exchange polymer that is surface-coated on the electrically-insulating material. 24. The spacer structure of claim 23, wherein the ion exchange polymer includes a sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoro polymer-copolymer, a carboxylated polymer, a sulfonated polymer, sulfonated polystyrene, polyethyleneimine, poly(acrylamido-N-propyltrimethylammonium chloride (PolyAPTAC), poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (PolyAMPS), or a combination thereof. 25. The spacer structure of claim 23, wherein the ion exchange polymer has a thickness of about 0.5 μm to about 50 μm. 26. The spacer structure of claim 18, wherein the ion exchange group is a cation exchange group or an anion exchange group, the cation exchange group selected from a sulfonic acid group (—SO3H), a carboxyl group (—COOH), a phosphonic acid group (—PO3H2), a phosphinic acid group (—HPO3H), an arsenic acid group (—AsO3H2), and a selenonic acid group (—SeO3H), the anion exchange group selected from a quaternary ammonium salt (—NH3 +), a primary amine (—NH2), a secondary amine (—NHR), a tertiary amine group (—NR2), a quaternary phosphonium group (—PR4 +), and a tertiary sulfonium group (—SR3 +). 27. A method of treating a fluid comprising:
providing a capacitive deionization apparatus including at least one pair of porous electrodes and a spacer structure disposed between the at least one pair of porous electrodes, the at least one pair of porous electrodes including an electrode material having a surface area that facilitates electrostatic adsorption of feed ions, the spacer structure including an electrically-insulating material with an ion exchange group on the surface thereof, the spacer structure defining a path for the fluid to flow therethrough; supplying the fluid through the path defined by the spacer structure, the fluid including the feed ions; and applying a voltage between the at least one pair of porous electrodes to adsorb the feed ions onto the at least one pair of porous electrode so as to remove the feed ions from the fluid. 28. The method of claim 27, further comprising:
short-circuiting the at least one pair of porous electrodes or applying a reverse-direction voltage between the at least one pair of porous electrodes to detach the adsorbed feed ions. | 1,700 |
2,354 | 12,809,213 | 1,789 | The invention relates to yarns and fabrics containing nylon staple fiber and high-tenacity man-made cellulosic staple fiber, and garments made therefrom, and has particular reference to fabrics having a high resistance to wear whilst retaining a high comfort level. | 1. Yarn, formed of an intimate blend of nylon staple fiber and high-tenacity man-made cellulosic staple fiber. 2. The yarn according to claim 1, wherein the high-tenacity man-made cellulosic staple Fiber shows a tenacity at break in conditioned state of more than 32 cN/tex. 3. The yarn according to claim 1, comprising 10 to 75% nylon. 4. The yarn according to claim 1, wherein the staple fiber length of the nylon and the cellulosic fibers is the same or very similar. 5. The yarn according to claim 1, wherein the cellulosic staple Fiber is selected from the group consisting of a lyocell staple fiber, a modal staple fiber and mixtures thereof. 6. The yarn according to claim 1, wherein the nylon material is selected from the group consisting of Nylon-4,6, Nylon-6, Nylon-6,6, Nylon-12 and Nylon-6,12. 7. The yarn according to claim 1, wherein the nylon material is Nylon-6 or Nylon-6,6. 8. Use of the yarn according to claim 1 for the manufacture of a fabric, wherein said fabric contains at least about 50% of a high-tenacity man-made cellulosic staple fiber. 9. A fabric comprising nylon staple fiber and high-tenacity man-made cellulosic staple Fiber. 10. A fabric, comprising a yarn according to claim 1. 11. The fabric according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the fabric contains from about 10% to about 50% nylon. 12. The fabric according to claim 10, wherein the fabric is a woven fabric containing said yarn in both the warp and the weft. 13. The fabric according to claim 9 or 10 having a Martindale abrasion resistance of at least about 60,000 rubs. 14. The fabric according to claim 9 or 10 having a tear resistance of at least 20 newtons. 15. The fabric according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the fabric has a basis weight of about 100 to 500 g/m2. 16. The fabric according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the fabric is a knitted fabric. 17. The fabric according to claim 16, having a Martindale abrasion resistance of at least about 25,000 rubs. 18. The fabric according to claim 9 or 10 having an FR finish. 19. Use of the fabric according to claim 9 or 10 for the manufacture of workwear, corporate wear or uniforms. 20. Use of the fabric according to claim 9 or 10 for the manufacture of upholstery fabric for furniture, office chairs or seats in cars, trains or planes. 21. Use of the fabric according to claim 9 or 10 for the manufacture of beddings for hospital and hotels. 22. A garment comprising a fabric according to claim 9 or 10. 23. A bedding comprising a fabric according claim 9 or 10. 24. Furniture, office chairs or seats in transportation vehicles containing upholstery which contains a fabric according to claim 9 or 10 as an upholstery fabric. | The invention relates to yarns and fabrics containing nylon staple fiber and high-tenacity man-made cellulosic staple fiber, and garments made therefrom, and has particular reference to fabrics having a high resistance to wear whilst retaining a high comfort level.1. Yarn, formed of an intimate blend of nylon staple fiber and high-tenacity man-made cellulosic staple fiber. 2. The yarn according to claim 1, wherein the high-tenacity man-made cellulosic staple Fiber shows a tenacity at break in conditioned state of more than 32 cN/tex. 3. The yarn according to claim 1, comprising 10 to 75% nylon. 4. The yarn according to claim 1, wherein the staple fiber length of the nylon and the cellulosic fibers is the same or very similar. 5. The yarn according to claim 1, wherein the cellulosic staple Fiber is selected from the group consisting of a lyocell staple fiber, a modal staple fiber and mixtures thereof. 6. The yarn according to claim 1, wherein the nylon material is selected from the group consisting of Nylon-4,6, Nylon-6, Nylon-6,6, Nylon-12 and Nylon-6,12. 7. The yarn according to claim 1, wherein the nylon material is Nylon-6 or Nylon-6,6. 8. Use of the yarn according to claim 1 for the manufacture of a fabric, wherein said fabric contains at least about 50% of a high-tenacity man-made cellulosic staple fiber. 9. A fabric comprising nylon staple fiber and high-tenacity man-made cellulosic staple Fiber. 10. A fabric, comprising a yarn according to claim 1. 11. The fabric according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the fabric contains from about 10% to about 50% nylon. 12. The fabric according to claim 10, wherein the fabric is a woven fabric containing said yarn in both the warp and the weft. 13. The fabric according to claim 9 or 10 having a Martindale abrasion resistance of at least about 60,000 rubs. 14. The fabric according to claim 9 or 10 having a tear resistance of at least 20 newtons. 15. The fabric according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the fabric has a basis weight of about 100 to 500 g/m2. 16. The fabric according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the fabric is a knitted fabric. 17. The fabric according to claim 16, having a Martindale abrasion resistance of at least about 25,000 rubs. 18. The fabric according to claim 9 or 10 having an FR finish. 19. Use of the fabric according to claim 9 or 10 for the manufacture of workwear, corporate wear or uniforms. 20. Use of the fabric according to claim 9 or 10 for the manufacture of upholstery fabric for furniture, office chairs or seats in cars, trains or planes. 21. Use of the fabric according to claim 9 or 10 for the manufacture of beddings for hospital and hotels. 22. A garment comprising a fabric according to claim 9 or 10. 23. A bedding comprising a fabric according claim 9 or 10. 24. Furniture, office chairs or seats in transportation vehicles containing upholstery which contains a fabric according to claim 9 or 10 as an upholstery fabric. | 1,700 |
2,355 | 14,600,437 | 1,718 | An IMC evaporator boat assembly that includes an evaporator boat that has a top surface defining a pool. There is a thermal insulation package that has a thermal insulation body wherein the thermal insulation body contains a cavity. The evaporator boat is removably received within the cavity. The evaporator boat is operatively connected to a heater. | 1. An IMC evaporator boat assembly comprising:
an evaporator boat, the evaporator boat comprising a top surface defining a pool; a thermal insulation package comprising a thermal insulation body wherein the thermal insulation body contains a cavity; the evaporator boat being removably received within the cavity; and the evaporator boat being operatively connected to a heater. 2. The evaporator boat assembly according to claim 1 wherein the evaporator boat comprising a side wall and an end wall and a bottom surface. 3. The evaporator boat assembly according to claim 2 wherein the cavity in the thermal insulation package comprising a side wall and a bottom surface. 4. The evaporator boat assembly according to claim 3 wherein when the evaporator boat is received within the cavity of the thermal insulation package, the side wall of the evaporator boat contacts the side wall of the thermal insulation package and the bottom surface of the evaporator boat contacts the bottom surface of the thermal insulation package. 5. The evaporator boat assembly according to claim 4 wherein when the evaporator boat is received within the cavity of the thermal insulation package, the end wall of the evaporator boat is exposed. 6. The evaporator boat assembly according to claim 1 wherein the evaporator boat comprising a pair of opposite ones of the end walls, and a pair of the heaters wherein each heater is electrically connected to the evaporator boat adjacent its corresponding one of the end walls. 7. The evaporator boat assembly according to claim 1 wherein the evaporator boat comprises one of the following intermetallic composites selected from the following group: BN—TiB2 or BN—AlN—TiB2. 8. The evaporator boat assembly according to claim 1 wherein the thermal insulation body comprises one of the materials selected from the following group: alumina-silica fibers or alumina fibers. 9. The evaporator boat assembly according to claim 1 wherein the evaporator boat comprises one of the following intermetallic composites selected from the following group: BN—TiB2 or BN—AlN—TiB2, and the thermal insulation body comprises one of the materials selected from the following group: alumina-silica fibers or alumina fibers. | An IMC evaporator boat assembly that includes an evaporator boat that has a top surface defining a pool. There is a thermal insulation package that has a thermal insulation body wherein the thermal insulation body contains a cavity. The evaporator boat is removably received within the cavity. The evaporator boat is operatively connected to a heater.1. An IMC evaporator boat assembly comprising:
an evaporator boat, the evaporator boat comprising a top surface defining a pool; a thermal insulation package comprising a thermal insulation body wherein the thermal insulation body contains a cavity; the evaporator boat being removably received within the cavity; and the evaporator boat being operatively connected to a heater. 2. The evaporator boat assembly according to claim 1 wherein the evaporator boat comprising a side wall and an end wall and a bottom surface. 3. The evaporator boat assembly according to claim 2 wherein the cavity in the thermal insulation package comprising a side wall and a bottom surface. 4. The evaporator boat assembly according to claim 3 wherein when the evaporator boat is received within the cavity of the thermal insulation package, the side wall of the evaporator boat contacts the side wall of the thermal insulation package and the bottom surface of the evaporator boat contacts the bottom surface of the thermal insulation package. 5. The evaporator boat assembly according to claim 4 wherein when the evaporator boat is received within the cavity of the thermal insulation package, the end wall of the evaporator boat is exposed. 6. The evaporator boat assembly according to claim 1 wherein the evaporator boat comprising a pair of opposite ones of the end walls, and a pair of the heaters wherein each heater is electrically connected to the evaporator boat adjacent its corresponding one of the end walls. 7. The evaporator boat assembly according to claim 1 wherein the evaporator boat comprises one of the following intermetallic composites selected from the following group: BN—TiB2 or BN—AlN—TiB2. 8. The evaporator boat assembly according to claim 1 wherein the thermal insulation body comprises one of the materials selected from the following group: alumina-silica fibers or alumina fibers. 9. The evaporator boat assembly according to claim 1 wherein the evaporator boat comprises one of the following intermetallic composites selected from the following group: BN—TiB2 or BN—AlN—TiB2, and the thermal insulation body comprises one of the materials selected from the following group: alumina-silica fibers or alumina fibers. | 1,700 |
2,356 | 14,022,883 | 1,786 | A yarn comprises: (a) about 45% to about 85% by weight of regenerated cellulose fibers, the regenerated cellulose fibers having a dry tenacity of about 27 cN/tex or more, the regenerated cellulose fibers comprising a flame retardant compound within the fiber; and (b) about 5% to about 25% by weight of para-aramid fibers. A textile material, such as a fabric, comprises a plurality of these yarns. A garment, such as a shirt or a pant, comprises such a textile material. A method for protecting an individual from infrared radiation that can be generated during an arc flash utilizes such a textile material. | 1. A yarn comprising:
(a) about 45% to about 85% by weight of regenerated cellulose fibers, the regenerated cellulose fibers having a dry tenacity of about 27 cN/tex or more, the regenerated cellulose fibers comprising a flame retardant compound within the fiber; and (b) about 5% to about 25% by weight of para-aramid fibers. 2. The yarn of claim 1, wherein the regenerated cellulose fibers and the para-aramid fibers are staple fibers and are intimately blended in the yarn. 3. The yarn of claim 1, wherein the regenerated cellulose fibers have a wet tenacity of about 20 cN/tex or more. 4. The yarn of claim 1, wherein the regenerated cellulose fibers are selected from the group consisting of rayon fibers, lyocell fibers, and mixtures thereof. 5. The yarn of claim 1, wherein the regenerated cellulose fibers are lyocell fibers. 6. The yarn of claim 1, wherein the regenerated cellulose fibers comprise about 65% to about 85% by weight of the yarns. 7. The yarn of claim 1, wherein the flame retardant compound is a phosphorous-containing flame retardant compound. 8. The yarn of claim 1, wherein the para-aramid fibers comprise about 15% to about 25% by weight of the yarn. 9. The yarn of claim 1, wherein the yarns comprise additional synthetic fibers. 10. The yarn of claim 9, wherein the synthetic fibers are selected from the group consisting of polyamide fibers, polyester fibers, meta-aramid fibers, modacrylic fibers, polyoxadiazole fibers, acrylic fibers, polyvinyl alcohol fibers, and mixtures thereof. 11. The yarn of claim 9, wherein the additional synthetic fibers comprise about 0.1% to about 30% by weight of the yarns. 12. A textile material comprising a plurality of yarns, the yarns comprising:
(a) about 45% to about 85% by weight of regenerated cellulose fibers, the regenerated cellulose fibers having a dry tenacity of about 27 cN/tex or more, the regenerated cellulose fibers comprising a flame retardant compound within the fiber; and (b) about 5% to about 25% by weight of para-aramid fibers. 13. The textile material of claim 12, wherein the regenerated cellulose fibers and the para-aramid fibers are staple fibers and are intimately blended in the yarns. 14. The textile material of claim 12, wherein the regenerated cellulose fibers have a wet tenacity of about 20 cN/tex or more. 15. The textile material of claim 12, wherein the regenerated cellulose fibers are selected from the group consisting of rayon fibers, lyocell fibers, and mixtures thereof. 16. The textile material of claim 12, wherein the regenerated cellulose fibers are lyocell fibers. 17. The textile material of claim 12, wherein the regenerated cellulose fibers comprise about 65% to about 85% by weight of the yarns. 18. The textile material of claim 12, wherein the flame retardant compound is a phosphorous-containing flame retardant compound. 19. The textile material of claim 12, wherein the para-aramid fibers comprise about 15% to about 25% by weight of the yarns. 20. The textile material of claim 12, wherein the yarns comprise additional synthetic fibers. 21. The textile material of claim 20, wherein the synthetic fibers are selected from the group consisting of polyamide fibers, polyester fibers, meta-aramid fibers, modacrylic fibers, polyoxadiazole fibers, acrylic fibers, polyvinyl alcohol fibers, and mixtures thereof. 22. The textile material of claim 20, wherein the additional synthetic fibers comprise about 0.1% to about 30% by weight of the yarns. 23. The textile material of claim 12, wherein the textile material is a woven textile material. 24. The textile material of claim 23, wherein the plurality of yarns are woven in a twill pattern. 25. The textile material of claim 12, wherein the textile material has a weight of about 135 g/m2 to about 305 g/m2. 26. The textile material of claim 25, wherein the textile material has a weight of about 170 g/m2 to about 255 g/m2. 27. A garment comprising one or more fabric panels, at least one of the fabric panels comprising the yarn of claim 1. 28. A method for protecting an individual from infrared radiation that can be generated during an arc flash, the method comprising the step of positioning a textile material between an individual and an apparatus capable of producing an arc flash, the textile material comprising a plurality of yarns, the yarns comprising:
(a) about 45% to about 85% by weight of regenerated cellulose fibers, the regenerated cellulose fibers having a dry tenacity of about 27 cN/tex or more, the regenerated cellulose fibers comprising a flame retardant compound within the fiber; and (b) about 5% to about 25% by weight of para-aramid fibers. | A yarn comprises: (a) about 45% to about 85% by weight of regenerated cellulose fibers, the regenerated cellulose fibers having a dry tenacity of about 27 cN/tex or more, the regenerated cellulose fibers comprising a flame retardant compound within the fiber; and (b) about 5% to about 25% by weight of para-aramid fibers. A textile material, such as a fabric, comprises a plurality of these yarns. A garment, such as a shirt or a pant, comprises such a textile material. A method for protecting an individual from infrared radiation that can be generated during an arc flash utilizes such a textile material.1. A yarn comprising:
(a) about 45% to about 85% by weight of regenerated cellulose fibers, the regenerated cellulose fibers having a dry tenacity of about 27 cN/tex or more, the regenerated cellulose fibers comprising a flame retardant compound within the fiber; and (b) about 5% to about 25% by weight of para-aramid fibers. 2. The yarn of claim 1, wherein the regenerated cellulose fibers and the para-aramid fibers are staple fibers and are intimately blended in the yarn. 3. The yarn of claim 1, wherein the regenerated cellulose fibers have a wet tenacity of about 20 cN/tex or more. 4. The yarn of claim 1, wherein the regenerated cellulose fibers are selected from the group consisting of rayon fibers, lyocell fibers, and mixtures thereof. 5. The yarn of claim 1, wherein the regenerated cellulose fibers are lyocell fibers. 6. The yarn of claim 1, wherein the regenerated cellulose fibers comprise about 65% to about 85% by weight of the yarns. 7. The yarn of claim 1, wherein the flame retardant compound is a phosphorous-containing flame retardant compound. 8. The yarn of claim 1, wherein the para-aramid fibers comprise about 15% to about 25% by weight of the yarn. 9. The yarn of claim 1, wherein the yarns comprise additional synthetic fibers. 10. The yarn of claim 9, wherein the synthetic fibers are selected from the group consisting of polyamide fibers, polyester fibers, meta-aramid fibers, modacrylic fibers, polyoxadiazole fibers, acrylic fibers, polyvinyl alcohol fibers, and mixtures thereof. 11. The yarn of claim 9, wherein the additional synthetic fibers comprise about 0.1% to about 30% by weight of the yarns. 12. A textile material comprising a plurality of yarns, the yarns comprising:
(a) about 45% to about 85% by weight of regenerated cellulose fibers, the regenerated cellulose fibers having a dry tenacity of about 27 cN/tex or more, the regenerated cellulose fibers comprising a flame retardant compound within the fiber; and (b) about 5% to about 25% by weight of para-aramid fibers. 13. The textile material of claim 12, wherein the regenerated cellulose fibers and the para-aramid fibers are staple fibers and are intimately blended in the yarns. 14. The textile material of claim 12, wherein the regenerated cellulose fibers have a wet tenacity of about 20 cN/tex or more. 15. The textile material of claim 12, wherein the regenerated cellulose fibers are selected from the group consisting of rayon fibers, lyocell fibers, and mixtures thereof. 16. The textile material of claim 12, wherein the regenerated cellulose fibers are lyocell fibers. 17. The textile material of claim 12, wherein the regenerated cellulose fibers comprise about 65% to about 85% by weight of the yarns. 18. The textile material of claim 12, wherein the flame retardant compound is a phosphorous-containing flame retardant compound. 19. The textile material of claim 12, wherein the para-aramid fibers comprise about 15% to about 25% by weight of the yarns. 20. The textile material of claim 12, wherein the yarns comprise additional synthetic fibers. 21. The textile material of claim 20, wherein the synthetic fibers are selected from the group consisting of polyamide fibers, polyester fibers, meta-aramid fibers, modacrylic fibers, polyoxadiazole fibers, acrylic fibers, polyvinyl alcohol fibers, and mixtures thereof. 22. The textile material of claim 20, wherein the additional synthetic fibers comprise about 0.1% to about 30% by weight of the yarns. 23. The textile material of claim 12, wherein the textile material is a woven textile material. 24. The textile material of claim 23, wherein the plurality of yarns are woven in a twill pattern. 25. The textile material of claim 12, wherein the textile material has a weight of about 135 g/m2 to about 305 g/m2. 26. The textile material of claim 25, wherein the textile material has a weight of about 170 g/m2 to about 255 g/m2. 27. A garment comprising one or more fabric panels, at least one of the fabric panels comprising the yarn of claim 1. 28. A method for protecting an individual from infrared radiation that can be generated during an arc flash, the method comprising the step of positioning a textile material between an individual and an apparatus capable of producing an arc flash, the textile material comprising a plurality of yarns, the yarns comprising:
(a) about 45% to about 85% by weight of regenerated cellulose fibers, the regenerated cellulose fibers having a dry tenacity of about 27 cN/tex or more, the regenerated cellulose fibers comprising a flame retardant compound within the fiber; and (b) about 5% to about 25% by weight of para-aramid fibers. | 1,700 |
2,357 | 14,076,456 | 1,779 | A method and an apparatus ( 10 ) for filtering and separating flow media ( 11 ) by means of membranes ( 13 ), including a substantially pressuretight housing ( 14 ) in which a plurality of membranes ( 13 ) is disposed, at least one inlet ( 15 ) for the flow medium ( 11 ) carried into the apparatus ( 10 ) and to be separated, and at least one outlet ( 16 ) for the permeate ( 18 ) discharged from the apparatus ( 10 ) and an outlet ( 17 ) for the discharged retentate ( 19 ), the membranes ( 13 ) being embodied on the order of membrane cushions, which have an opening region ( 131 ) for the emergence of the permeate ( 18 ) collecting in the membrane interior ( 137 ). Various partial sets of the set of membranes ( 13 ), which form a membrane stack ( 12 ), are embodied for different separation areas or techniques with a view to the flow medium ( 11 ) to be separated, so that a respective partial set of the set of membranes ( 13 ) the different separation areas are each operated with a predetermined, different pressure of the medium ( 11 ) to be separated or with a different vacuum on the permeate side of the membranes ( 13 ). | 1. A method for filtering and separating flow media by means of membranes, including a substantially pressuretight housing in which a plurality of membranes is disposed, at least one inlet for the flow medium carried into the apparatus and to be separated, and at least one outlet for the permeate discharged from the apparatus and for the discharged retentate, the membranes being embodied on the order of membrane cushions, which have an opening region for the emergence of the permeate collecting in the membrane interior, characterized in that in the membrane stack a respective partial set of the set of membranes of different separation areas are each operated with a predetermined, different pressure of the medium to be separated. 2. The method of claim 1, characterized in that a predeterminable partial set of the set of membranes of the membrane stack is operated with different pressures of the medium to be separated. 3. A method for filtering and separating flow media by means of membranes, including a substantially pressuretight housing in which a plurality of membranes is disposed; at least one inlet for the flow medium carried into the apparatus and to be separated; and at least one outlet for the permeate discharged from the apparatus and for the discharged retentate, the membranes being embodied on the order of membrane cushions, which have an opening region for the emergence of the permeate collecting in the membrane interior, characterized in that in the membrane stack a respective partial set of the set of membranes of different separation areas are each operated with a predetermined, different vacuum on the permeate side of the medium to be separated. 4. The method of claim 3, characterized in that a predeterminable partial set of the set of membranes of the membrane stack is operated with a differently high vacuum with a view to the medium to be separated. 5. The method of one or more of claims 1-4, characterized in that at least one first predeterminable partial set of the set of membranes of the membrane stack is subjected to a differently high vacuum, and at least one second predeterminable partial set of the set of membranes is subjected to different pressure with a view to the medium to be separated. 6. An apparatus (10) for filtering and separating flow media (11) by means of membranes (13), including a substantially pressuretight housing (14) in which a plurality of membranes (13) is disposed, at least one inlet (15) for the flow medium (11) carried into the apparatus (10) and to be separated, and at least one outlet (16) for the permeate (18) discharged from the apparatus (10) and an outlet (17) for the discharged retentate (19), the membranes (13) being embodied on the order of membrane cushions, which have an opening region (131) for the emergence of the permeate (18) collecting in the membrane interior (137), characterized in that respective partial sets of the set of membranes (13), which form a membrane stack (12), are embodied for different separation areas with a view to the flow medium (11) to be separated. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, characterized in that the membrane stack (12) is embodied on the order of a multilayer spiral (20). 8. The apparatus of one or both of claim 6 or 7, characterized in that in the interior (137) of the membrane cushion (13), at least one intermediate element (135) is disposed between the substance-selective membrane elements (133, 134). 9. The apparatus of claim 8, characterized in that the substantially planar intermediate element (135) has a different thickness (139) that can be selected in accordance with the separation area of the membrane cushion (13). 10. The apparatus of one or more of claims 6-9, characterized in that spacer elements (23), through which the flow medium (11) to be separated can flow substantially unhindered, are disposed between the membrane cushions (13) forming the membrane stack (12). 11. The apparatus of claim 10, characterized in that the substantially planar spacer element (23) has a different thickness (232), which can be selected in accordance with the separation area of at least the adjacent membrane cushion (13) on both sides. 12. The apparatus of one or more of claims 6-11, characterized in that the membrane cushions (13) forming the membrane stack (12) are wound onto one another on the order of a spiral (22) around a permeate and collection device (21) extending across the apparatus (10), in such a manner that the opening region (136) of the membrane cushion (13) is in communication with corresponding permeate drain openings (210) of the permeate draining and collection device (21). 13. The apparatus of claim 12, characterized in that the membrane stack (12), embodied on the order of a spiral (27), is wounded onto a separate tubular element (27), and the permeate draining and collection device (21) is received in the inner bore (270) of the tubular element. 14. The apparatus of one or more of claims 6, 8-11, characterized in that the membrane stack (12) is formed by a set of alternatingly stacked, disklike spacer elements (23) and membrane cushions (13). 15. The apparatus of claim 14, characterized in that on at least one surface (28, 29), a plurality of protrusions (30) protruding away from the surface (28, 29) are provided. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, characterized in that the functional thickness (232) of the spacer elements (23) is defined by the height (31) of the protrusions (30). 17. The apparatus of one or more of claims 14-16, characterized in that the spacer element (23) has at least one outer encompassing edge (32, 33) each protruding away from the surface (28, 29), and the functional thickness (232) of the spacer element (23) is defined by the height (34) of the edge (32, 33). | A method and an apparatus ( 10 ) for filtering and separating flow media ( 11 ) by means of membranes ( 13 ), including a substantially pressuretight housing ( 14 ) in which a plurality of membranes ( 13 ) is disposed, at least one inlet ( 15 ) for the flow medium ( 11 ) carried into the apparatus ( 10 ) and to be separated, and at least one outlet ( 16 ) for the permeate ( 18 ) discharged from the apparatus ( 10 ) and an outlet ( 17 ) for the discharged retentate ( 19 ), the membranes ( 13 ) being embodied on the order of membrane cushions, which have an opening region ( 131 ) for the emergence of the permeate ( 18 ) collecting in the membrane interior ( 137 ). Various partial sets of the set of membranes ( 13 ), which form a membrane stack ( 12 ), are embodied for different separation areas or techniques with a view to the flow medium ( 11 ) to be separated, so that a respective partial set of the set of membranes ( 13 ) the different separation areas are each operated with a predetermined, different pressure of the medium ( 11 ) to be separated or with a different vacuum on the permeate side of the membranes ( 13 ).1. A method for filtering and separating flow media by means of membranes, including a substantially pressuretight housing in which a plurality of membranes is disposed, at least one inlet for the flow medium carried into the apparatus and to be separated, and at least one outlet for the permeate discharged from the apparatus and for the discharged retentate, the membranes being embodied on the order of membrane cushions, which have an opening region for the emergence of the permeate collecting in the membrane interior, characterized in that in the membrane stack a respective partial set of the set of membranes of different separation areas are each operated with a predetermined, different pressure of the medium to be separated. 2. The method of claim 1, characterized in that a predeterminable partial set of the set of membranes of the membrane stack is operated with different pressures of the medium to be separated. 3. A method for filtering and separating flow media by means of membranes, including a substantially pressuretight housing in which a plurality of membranes is disposed; at least one inlet for the flow medium carried into the apparatus and to be separated; and at least one outlet for the permeate discharged from the apparatus and for the discharged retentate, the membranes being embodied on the order of membrane cushions, which have an opening region for the emergence of the permeate collecting in the membrane interior, characterized in that in the membrane stack a respective partial set of the set of membranes of different separation areas are each operated with a predetermined, different vacuum on the permeate side of the medium to be separated. 4. The method of claim 3, characterized in that a predeterminable partial set of the set of membranes of the membrane stack is operated with a differently high vacuum with a view to the medium to be separated. 5. The method of one or more of claims 1-4, characterized in that at least one first predeterminable partial set of the set of membranes of the membrane stack is subjected to a differently high vacuum, and at least one second predeterminable partial set of the set of membranes is subjected to different pressure with a view to the medium to be separated. 6. An apparatus (10) for filtering and separating flow media (11) by means of membranes (13), including a substantially pressuretight housing (14) in which a plurality of membranes (13) is disposed, at least one inlet (15) for the flow medium (11) carried into the apparatus (10) and to be separated, and at least one outlet (16) for the permeate (18) discharged from the apparatus (10) and an outlet (17) for the discharged retentate (19), the membranes (13) being embodied on the order of membrane cushions, which have an opening region (131) for the emergence of the permeate (18) collecting in the membrane interior (137), characterized in that respective partial sets of the set of membranes (13), which form a membrane stack (12), are embodied for different separation areas with a view to the flow medium (11) to be separated. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, characterized in that the membrane stack (12) is embodied on the order of a multilayer spiral (20). 8. The apparatus of one or both of claim 6 or 7, characterized in that in the interior (137) of the membrane cushion (13), at least one intermediate element (135) is disposed between the substance-selective membrane elements (133, 134). 9. The apparatus of claim 8, characterized in that the substantially planar intermediate element (135) has a different thickness (139) that can be selected in accordance with the separation area of the membrane cushion (13). 10. The apparatus of one or more of claims 6-9, characterized in that spacer elements (23), through which the flow medium (11) to be separated can flow substantially unhindered, are disposed between the membrane cushions (13) forming the membrane stack (12). 11. The apparatus of claim 10, characterized in that the substantially planar spacer element (23) has a different thickness (232), which can be selected in accordance with the separation area of at least the adjacent membrane cushion (13) on both sides. 12. The apparatus of one or more of claims 6-11, characterized in that the membrane cushions (13) forming the membrane stack (12) are wound onto one another on the order of a spiral (22) around a permeate and collection device (21) extending across the apparatus (10), in such a manner that the opening region (136) of the membrane cushion (13) is in communication with corresponding permeate drain openings (210) of the permeate draining and collection device (21). 13. The apparatus of claim 12, characterized in that the membrane stack (12), embodied on the order of a spiral (27), is wounded onto a separate tubular element (27), and the permeate draining and collection device (21) is received in the inner bore (270) of the tubular element. 14. The apparatus of one or more of claims 6, 8-11, characterized in that the membrane stack (12) is formed by a set of alternatingly stacked, disklike spacer elements (23) and membrane cushions (13). 15. The apparatus of claim 14, characterized in that on at least one surface (28, 29), a plurality of protrusions (30) protruding away from the surface (28, 29) are provided. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, characterized in that the functional thickness (232) of the spacer elements (23) is defined by the height (31) of the protrusions (30). 17. The apparatus of one or more of claims 14-16, characterized in that the spacer element (23) has at least one outer encompassing edge (32, 33) each protruding away from the surface (28, 29), and the functional thickness (232) of the spacer element (23) is defined by the height (34) of the edge (32, 33). | 1,700 |
2,358 | 13,247,215 | 1,781 | A glass laminate includes at least one chemically-strengthened glass sheet and a polymer interlayer formed over a surface of the sheet. The chemically-strengthened glass sheet has a thickness of less than 2.0 mm, and a near-surface region under a compressive stress. The near surface region extends from a surface of the glass sheet to a depth of layer (in micrometers) of at least 65-0.06(CS), where CS is the compressive stress at the surface of the chemically-strengthened glass sheet and CS>300 MPa. | 1. A glass laminate comprising a polymer interlayer formed over a first major surface of a first chemically-strengthened glass sheet, the first glass sheet having:
a thickness less than 2.0 mm; and a near-surface region under a compressive stress, wherein the compressive stress (CS) at a surface of the first glass sheet is greater than 300 MPa, and the near surface region extends from a surface of the first glass sheet to a depth of layer (in micrometers) having a value of at least 65-0.06(CS) where CS is the surface compressive stress in MPa. 2. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the first glass sheet is less than 1.4 mm. 3. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein the compressive stress (CS) at a surface of the first glass sheet is greater than 400 MPa. 4. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein the compressive stress (CS) at a surface of the first glass sheet is greater than 600 MPa. 5. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein the compressive stress (CS) at a surface of the first glass sheet is greater than 600 MPa and the depth of layer is at least 20 micrometers. 6. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein the first glass sheet has a central region under a tensile stress (CT), wherein 40 MPa<CT<100 MPa. 7. The glass laminate according to claim 1, further comprising a second strengthened glass sheet separated by the polymer interlayer from the first chemically-strengthened glass sheet, the second glass sheet having:
a thickness less than 2.0 mm; and a near-surface region under a compressive stress. 8. The glass laminate according to claim 7, wherein the second glass sheet is a chemically-strengthened glass sheet and a compressive stress (CS) at a surface of the second glass sheet is greater than 300 MPa, and the near surface region extends from a surface of the second glass sheet to a depth of layer (in micrometers) of at least 65-0.06(CS) where CS is the surface compressive stress in MPa. 9. The glass laminate according to claim 7, wherein the thickness of the second glass sheet is less than 1.4 mm. 10. The glass laminate according to claim 7, wherein the thickness of the second glass sheet is substantially equal to the thickness of the first glass sheet. 11. The glass laminate according to claim 7, wherein a surface compressive stress of the second strengthened glass sheet is from one-third to one-half the surface compressive stress of the first chemically-strengthened glass sheet. 12. The glass laminate according to claim 7, wherein the glass laminate further comprises a third glass sheet. 13. The glass laminate according to claim 7, wherein the glass laminate further comprises a third chemically-strengthened glass sheet. 14. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein the polymer interlayer has a thickness of from 0.38 to 1.52 mm. 15. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein the polymer interlayer comprises a single polymer sheet, a multilayer polymer sheet, or a composite polymer sheet. 16. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein a composition of the first glass sheet includes at least 6 wt. % aluminium oxide. 17. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein a composition of the first glass sheet includes one or more alkaline earth oxides, such that a content of alkaline earth oxides is at least 5 wt. %. 18. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein the glass laminate has at least one linear dimension greater than 0.1 m. 19. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein the glass laminate has an area greater than 1 m2. 20. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein the glass laminate has a radius of curvature of at least 2 m. 21. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein the glass laminate has a coincident frequency greater than 3000 Hz. 22. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein the glass laminate has a transmission loss that does not decrease by more than 1 dB over any 100 Hz interval over a frequency range from 250 to 5000 Hz. 23. An automotive glazing comprising the glass laminate according to claim 1. | A glass laminate includes at least one chemically-strengthened glass sheet and a polymer interlayer formed over a surface of the sheet. The chemically-strengthened glass sheet has a thickness of less than 2.0 mm, and a near-surface region under a compressive stress. The near surface region extends from a surface of the glass sheet to a depth of layer (in micrometers) of at least 65-0.06(CS), where CS is the compressive stress at the surface of the chemically-strengthened glass sheet and CS>300 MPa.1. A glass laminate comprising a polymer interlayer formed over a first major surface of a first chemically-strengthened glass sheet, the first glass sheet having:
a thickness less than 2.0 mm; and a near-surface region under a compressive stress, wherein the compressive stress (CS) at a surface of the first glass sheet is greater than 300 MPa, and the near surface region extends from a surface of the first glass sheet to a depth of layer (in micrometers) having a value of at least 65-0.06(CS) where CS is the surface compressive stress in MPa. 2. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the first glass sheet is less than 1.4 mm. 3. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein the compressive stress (CS) at a surface of the first glass sheet is greater than 400 MPa. 4. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein the compressive stress (CS) at a surface of the first glass sheet is greater than 600 MPa. 5. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein the compressive stress (CS) at a surface of the first glass sheet is greater than 600 MPa and the depth of layer is at least 20 micrometers. 6. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein the first glass sheet has a central region under a tensile stress (CT), wherein 40 MPa<CT<100 MPa. 7. The glass laminate according to claim 1, further comprising a second strengthened glass sheet separated by the polymer interlayer from the first chemically-strengthened glass sheet, the second glass sheet having:
a thickness less than 2.0 mm; and a near-surface region under a compressive stress. 8. The glass laminate according to claim 7, wherein the second glass sheet is a chemically-strengthened glass sheet and a compressive stress (CS) at a surface of the second glass sheet is greater than 300 MPa, and the near surface region extends from a surface of the second glass sheet to a depth of layer (in micrometers) of at least 65-0.06(CS) where CS is the surface compressive stress in MPa. 9. The glass laminate according to claim 7, wherein the thickness of the second glass sheet is less than 1.4 mm. 10. The glass laminate according to claim 7, wherein the thickness of the second glass sheet is substantially equal to the thickness of the first glass sheet. 11. The glass laminate according to claim 7, wherein a surface compressive stress of the second strengthened glass sheet is from one-third to one-half the surface compressive stress of the first chemically-strengthened glass sheet. 12. The glass laminate according to claim 7, wherein the glass laminate further comprises a third glass sheet. 13. The glass laminate according to claim 7, wherein the glass laminate further comprises a third chemically-strengthened glass sheet. 14. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein the polymer interlayer has a thickness of from 0.38 to 1.52 mm. 15. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein the polymer interlayer comprises a single polymer sheet, a multilayer polymer sheet, or a composite polymer sheet. 16. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein a composition of the first glass sheet includes at least 6 wt. % aluminium oxide. 17. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein a composition of the first glass sheet includes one or more alkaline earth oxides, such that a content of alkaline earth oxides is at least 5 wt. %. 18. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein the glass laminate has at least one linear dimension greater than 0.1 m. 19. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein the glass laminate has an area greater than 1 m2. 20. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein the glass laminate has a radius of curvature of at least 2 m. 21. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein the glass laminate has a coincident frequency greater than 3000 Hz. 22. The glass laminate according to claim 1, wherein the glass laminate has a transmission loss that does not decrease by more than 1 dB over any 100 Hz interval over a frequency range from 250 to 5000 Hz. 23. An automotive glazing comprising the glass laminate according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,359 | 13,276,403 | 1,732 | This invention relates to heterogeneous catalysts useful for selective hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons, comprising palladium and optionally a promoter, supported on a substrate, having an uncoated BET surface area of ≦9 m 2 /g, the surface being coated with an ionic liquid. Also described are methods of making the catalysts and methods of selective hydrogenation of acetylene and/or dienes in front-end mixed olefin feed streams. | 1. A catalyst comprising palladium supported on a substrate, said catalyst further comprising at least one ionic liquid, wherein said substrate has a BET surface area of less than 9 m2/g prior to the addition of said at least one ionic liquid. 2. The catalyst of claim 1, wherein said BET surface area is preferably within a range of 2 to 8 m2/g, and more preferably within a range of 3 to 5 m2/g. 3. The catalyst of claim 1, wherein the palladium-supported catalyst further comprises a promoter selected from the group consisting of Ag, Au, Zn, Sn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Bi, K, Ga, and mixtures thereof. 4. The catalyst of claim 3, wherein the promoter comprises Ag. 5. The catalyst of claim 1, having a Pd loading of 10 to 1000 ppm. 6. The catalyst of claim 3, having a ratio of Pd:promoter of 1:5-3:1. 7. The catalyst of claim 1, wherein the ionic liquid comprises a compound of the formula:
[A]n +[Y]n −, wherein: n=1 or 2; [Y]n − is selected from the group consisting of tetrafluoroborate ([BF4]−) hexafluorophosphate ([PF6]−), dicyanamide ([N(CN)2]−), halides (Cl−, Br−, F−, I−), hexafluoroantimonate ([SbF6]−), nitrate ([NO3]−), nitrite ([NO2]−), anionic metal complexes such as for example [CuCl4]2−, [PdCl4]2− or [AuCl4]−, acetate ([CH3COO]−), trifluoracetate ([F3CCOO]−), hexafluoroarsenate ([AsF6]−), sulfate ([SO4]2−), hydrogen sulfate ([R′—SO4]−), alkyl sulfate ([R′—SO4]−), tosylate ([C7H7SO3]−), triflate ([CF3SO3]−), nonaflate ([C4F9SO3]−), triperfluoroethylene trifluorophosphate ([PF3(C2F5)3]−), tricyanomethide ([C(CN)3]−), tetracyanoborate ([B(CN)4]−, thiocyanate ([SCN]−), carbonate ([CO3]2 −), carboxylate ([R′—COO]−), sulfonate ([R′SO3]−), dialkylphosphate ([R′PO4R″]−), alkyl phosphonate ([R′HPO3]−) and bissulfonylimide ([(R′-SO2)2N]−), such as bis(trifluormethylsulfonyl)imide, wherein R′ and R″ are the same or different, and each represent a linear or branched 1 to 12 carbon atom-containing aliphatic or alicyclic alkyl group or a C5-C18-aryl, C5-C18-aryl-C1-C6-alkyl or C1-C6-alkyl-C5-C18-aryl group that can be substituted with halogen atoms; [A]+ is selected from the group consisting of quaternary ammonium cations with the formula [NR1R2R3R]+, phosphonium cations with the formula [PR1R2R3R]+, sulfonium cations with the formula [SR1R2R]+, guadinium cations with the formula
imidazolium cations with the formula
wherein the imidazole core can also be substituted with one or more groups selected from C1-C6-alkyl, C1-C6-alkoxy, C1-C6-aminoalkyl, C5-C12-aryl and C5-C12-aryl-C1-C6-alkyl groups, pyridinium cations with the formula
wherein the pyridine core can also be substituted with one or more groups selected from C1-C6-alkyl, C1-C6-alkoxy, C1-C6-aminoalkyl, C5-C12-aryl and C5-C12-aryl-C1-C6-alkyl groups, pyrazolium cations with the formula
wherein the pyrazole core can also be substituted with one or more groups selected from C1-C6-alkyl, C1-C6-alkoxy, C1-C6-aminoalkyl, C5-C12-aryl or C5-C12-aryl-C1-C6-alkyl groups, and triazolium cations with the formula
wherein the triazole core can also be substituted with one or more groups selected from C1-C6-alkyl, C1-C6-alkoxy, C1-C6-aminoalkyl, C5-C12-aryl or C5-C12-aryl-C1-C6-alkyl groups,
wherein R1, R2, R3 are selected independently from each other from the group consisting of: hydrogen; linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or alicyclic alkyl groups with 1 to 20 carbon atoms; heteroaryl groups with 3 to 8 carbon atoms and at least one hetero atom selected from N, O and S, wherein the heteroaryl group can be substituted with one or more groups selected from C1-C6-alkyl groups and halogen atoms; heteroaryl-C1-C6-alkyl groups with 3 to 8 carbon atoms and at least one hetero atom selected from N, O and S in the heteroaryl moiety, wherein the heteroaryl moiety can be substituted with at least one group selected from C1-C6-alkyl groups and halogen atoms; polyethers with the formula [—CH2CH2O]nRa with n=1 to 50,000, wherein Ra is selected from the group consisting of linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or alicyclic alkyl groups with 1 to 20 carbon atoms; aryl groups with 5 to 12 carbon atoms, which may be substituted with one or more C1-C6-alkyl groups and/or halogen atoms; aryl-C1-C6-alkyl groups with 5 to 12 carbon atoms in the aryl moiety, which may be substituted with one or more C1-C6-alkyl groups and/or halogen atoms, and
wherein R is selected from the group consisting of: linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or alicyclic alkyl groups with 1 to 20 carbon atoms; heteroaryl-C1-C6-alkyl groups with 4 to 8 carbon atoms and at least one hetero atom selected from N, O and S in the heteroaryl moiety, which can be substituted with one or more C1-C6-alkyl groups and/or halogen atoms; and aryl-C1-C6-alkyl groups with 4 to 12 carbon atoms in the aryl moiety, which may be substituted with one or more C1-C6-alkyl groups and/or halogen atoms. 8. The catalyst of claim 7, wherein the ionic liquid comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium triflate, 1-ethyl-3-methylpyridinium ethylsulfate, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium triflate, 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium triflate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethane, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium octylsulfate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methylphosphonate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium triflate, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tetracyanoborate, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethane, 1-ethyl-3-methylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium triflate, ethyldimethyl-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, tributylmethylammonium dicyanamide, tricyclohexyltetradecylphosphonium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and mixtures thereof. 9. The catalyst of claim 7, wherein [A]n + is selected from the group consisting of 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium, 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-methylpyridinium, 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium, ethyldimethyl-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium, tributylmethylammonium, tricyclohexyltetradecylphosphonium, and mixtures thereof, and wherein [Y]n − is selected from the group consisting of bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, dicyanamide, ethylsulfate, methylphosphonate, methylsulfate, octylsulfate, tetracyanoborate, tetrafluoroborate, tricyanomethane, triflate, tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, and mixtures thereof. 10. The catalyst of claim 1, having an ionic liquid loading of 0.01% to 10% by weight, and more preferably of 0.1% to 5% by weight. 11. The catalyst of claim 1, having a cleanup temperature of less than 80° C. and an operating window of greater than 25° C. when tested with a simulated de-ethanizer feed containing 0.35 mol % acetylene, 20 mol % hydrogen, 0.02 mol % CO, 45 mol % ethylene, and balance methane being passed over a 25 ml catalyst bed at 500 psig (35.5 bar) in total pressure and 7000 h−1 in Gas Hourly Space Velocity (GHSV), while the bed temperature is gradually increased from about 35° C., the “clean up temperature” is defined as the temperature at which the outlet reaches <25 ppm acetylene, the runaway temperature is defined as the temperature at which the outlet ethane concentration is >2% and the operation window is defined as the difference between the runaway temperature and the clean up temperature. 12. The catalyst of claim 1, wherein the integral pore volume of the catalyst without the presence of said at least one ionic liquid is in the range of 0.005 to 0.07 ml/g, preferably in the range of 0.007 to 0.04 ml/g and more preferably within a range of 0.009 to 0.02 ml/g. 13. The catalyst of claim 1, having a selectivity of >25% at clean up temperature, when tested with a simulated de-ethanizer feed containing 0.35 mol % acetylene, 20 mol % hydrogen, 0.02 mol % CO, 45 mol % ethylene, and balance methane being passed over a 25 ml catalyst bed at 500 psig (35.5 bar) in total pressure and 7000 h−1 in Gas Hourly Space Velocity (GHSV), while the bed temperature is gradually increased from about 35° C., the “clean up temperature” being defined as the temperature at which the outlet reaches <25 ppm acetylene. 14. A method of making a coated catalyst, comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a catalyst having a BET surface area less than or equal to 9 m2/g and comprising palladium supported on a substrate and optionally further comprising a promoter; (b) coating the catalyst in (a) with a mixture of an ionic liquid and a solution agent; and (c) removing the solution agent during or after the coating in (b). 15. The process of claim 14, further comprising the step of reducing the catalyst before step (b) or after step (c). 16. The process of claim 14, wherein step (b) comprises a fluidized bed coating or an impregnation with a solution or suspension. 17. A method of selective hydrogenation of acetylene in front-end mixed olefin feed streams, comprising catalyzing said hydrogenation with a catalyst comprising palladium supported on a substrate, the catalyst having an uncoated BET surface area of less than 9 m2/g, said catalyst further comprising at least one ionic liquid. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the selective hydrogenation occurs in a gas phase. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the selective hydrogenation occurs in a liquid phase. | This invention relates to heterogeneous catalysts useful for selective hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons, comprising palladium and optionally a promoter, supported on a substrate, having an uncoated BET surface area of ≦9 m 2 /g, the surface being coated with an ionic liquid. Also described are methods of making the catalysts and methods of selective hydrogenation of acetylene and/or dienes in front-end mixed olefin feed streams.1. A catalyst comprising palladium supported on a substrate, said catalyst further comprising at least one ionic liquid, wherein said substrate has a BET surface area of less than 9 m2/g prior to the addition of said at least one ionic liquid. 2. The catalyst of claim 1, wherein said BET surface area is preferably within a range of 2 to 8 m2/g, and more preferably within a range of 3 to 5 m2/g. 3. The catalyst of claim 1, wherein the palladium-supported catalyst further comprises a promoter selected from the group consisting of Ag, Au, Zn, Sn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Bi, K, Ga, and mixtures thereof. 4. The catalyst of claim 3, wherein the promoter comprises Ag. 5. The catalyst of claim 1, having a Pd loading of 10 to 1000 ppm. 6. The catalyst of claim 3, having a ratio of Pd:promoter of 1:5-3:1. 7. The catalyst of claim 1, wherein the ionic liquid comprises a compound of the formula:
[A]n +[Y]n −, wherein: n=1 or 2; [Y]n − is selected from the group consisting of tetrafluoroborate ([BF4]−) hexafluorophosphate ([PF6]−), dicyanamide ([N(CN)2]−), halides (Cl−, Br−, F−, I−), hexafluoroantimonate ([SbF6]−), nitrate ([NO3]−), nitrite ([NO2]−), anionic metal complexes such as for example [CuCl4]2−, [PdCl4]2− or [AuCl4]−, acetate ([CH3COO]−), trifluoracetate ([F3CCOO]−), hexafluoroarsenate ([AsF6]−), sulfate ([SO4]2−), hydrogen sulfate ([R′—SO4]−), alkyl sulfate ([R′—SO4]−), tosylate ([C7H7SO3]−), triflate ([CF3SO3]−), nonaflate ([C4F9SO3]−), triperfluoroethylene trifluorophosphate ([PF3(C2F5)3]−), tricyanomethide ([C(CN)3]−), tetracyanoborate ([B(CN)4]−, thiocyanate ([SCN]−), carbonate ([CO3]2 −), carboxylate ([R′—COO]−), sulfonate ([R′SO3]−), dialkylphosphate ([R′PO4R″]−), alkyl phosphonate ([R′HPO3]−) and bissulfonylimide ([(R′-SO2)2N]−), such as bis(trifluormethylsulfonyl)imide, wherein R′ and R″ are the same or different, and each represent a linear or branched 1 to 12 carbon atom-containing aliphatic or alicyclic alkyl group or a C5-C18-aryl, C5-C18-aryl-C1-C6-alkyl or C1-C6-alkyl-C5-C18-aryl group that can be substituted with halogen atoms; [A]+ is selected from the group consisting of quaternary ammonium cations with the formula [NR1R2R3R]+, phosphonium cations with the formula [PR1R2R3R]+, sulfonium cations with the formula [SR1R2R]+, guadinium cations with the formula
imidazolium cations with the formula
wherein the imidazole core can also be substituted with one or more groups selected from C1-C6-alkyl, C1-C6-alkoxy, C1-C6-aminoalkyl, C5-C12-aryl and C5-C12-aryl-C1-C6-alkyl groups, pyridinium cations with the formula
wherein the pyridine core can also be substituted with one or more groups selected from C1-C6-alkyl, C1-C6-alkoxy, C1-C6-aminoalkyl, C5-C12-aryl and C5-C12-aryl-C1-C6-alkyl groups, pyrazolium cations with the formula
wherein the pyrazole core can also be substituted with one or more groups selected from C1-C6-alkyl, C1-C6-alkoxy, C1-C6-aminoalkyl, C5-C12-aryl or C5-C12-aryl-C1-C6-alkyl groups, and triazolium cations with the formula
wherein the triazole core can also be substituted with one or more groups selected from C1-C6-alkyl, C1-C6-alkoxy, C1-C6-aminoalkyl, C5-C12-aryl or C5-C12-aryl-C1-C6-alkyl groups,
wherein R1, R2, R3 are selected independently from each other from the group consisting of: hydrogen; linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or alicyclic alkyl groups with 1 to 20 carbon atoms; heteroaryl groups with 3 to 8 carbon atoms and at least one hetero atom selected from N, O and S, wherein the heteroaryl group can be substituted with one or more groups selected from C1-C6-alkyl groups and halogen atoms; heteroaryl-C1-C6-alkyl groups with 3 to 8 carbon atoms and at least one hetero atom selected from N, O and S in the heteroaryl moiety, wherein the heteroaryl moiety can be substituted with at least one group selected from C1-C6-alkyl groups and halogen atoms; polyethers with the formula [—CH2CH2O]nRa with n=1 to 50,000, wherein Ra is selected from the group consisting of linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or alicyclic alkyl groups with 1 to 20 carbon atoms; aryl groups with 5 to 12 carbon atoms, which may be substituted with one or more C1-C6-alkyl groups and/or halogen atoms; aryl-C1-C6-alkyl groups with 5 to 12 carbon atoms in the aryl moiety, which may be substituted with one or more C1-C6-alkyl groups and/or halogen atoms, and
wherein R is selected from the group consisting of: linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or alicyclic alkyl groups with 1 to 20 carbon atoms; heteroaryl-C1-C6-alkyl groups with 4 to 8 carbon atoms and at least one hetero atom selected from N, O and S in the heteroaryl moiety, which can be substituted with one or more C1-C6-alkyl groups and/or halogen atoms; and aryl-C1-C6-alkyl groups with 4 to 12 carbon atoms in the aryl moiety, which may be substituted with one or more C1-C6-alkyl groups and/or halogen atoms. 8. The catalyst of claim 7, wherein the ionic liquid comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium triflate, 1-ethyl-3-methylpyridinium ethylsulfate, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium triflate, 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium triflate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethane, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium octylsulfate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methylphosphonate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium triflate, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tetracyanoborate, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethane, 1-ethyl-3-methylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium triflate, ethyldimethyl-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, tributylmethylammonium dicyanamide, tricyclohexyltetradecylphosphonium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and mixtures thereof. 9. The catalyst of claim 7, wherein [A]n + is selected from the group consisting of 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium, 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-methylpyridinium, 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium, ethyldimethyl-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium, tributylmethylammonium, tricyclohexyltetradecylphosphonium, and mixtures thereof, and wherein [Y]n − is selected from the group consisting of bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, dicyanamide, ethylsulfate, methylphosphonate, methylsulfate, octylsulfate, tetracyanoborate, tetrafluoroborate, tricyanomethane, triflate, tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, and mixtures thereof. 10. The catalyst of claim 1, having an ionic liquid loading of 0.01% to 10% by weight, and more preferably of 0.1% to 5% by weight. 11. The catalyst of claim 1, having a cleanup temperature of less than 80° C. and an operating window of greater than 25° C. when tested with a simulated de-ethanizer feed containing 0.35 mol % acetylene, 20 mol % hydrogen, 0.02 mol % CO, 45 mol % ethylene, and balance methane being passed over a 25 ml catalyst bed at 500 psig (35.5 bar) in total pressure and 7000 h−1 in Gas Hourly Space Velocity (GHSV), while the bed temperature is gradually increased from about 35° C., the “clean up temperature” is defined as the temperature at which the outlet reaches <25 ppm acetylene, the runaway temperature is defined as the temperature at which the outlet ethane concentration is >2% and the operation window is defined as the difference between the runaway temperature and the clean up temperature. 12. The catalyst of claim 1, wherein the integral pore volume of the catalyst without the presence of said at least one ionic liquid is in the range of 0.005 to 0.07 ml/g, preferably in the range of 0.007 to 0.04 ml/g and more preferably within a range of 0.009 to 0.02 ml/g. 13. The catalyst of claim 1, having a selectivity of >25% at clean up temperature, when tested with a simulated de-ethanizer feed containing 0.35 mol % acetylene, 20 mol % hydrogen, 0.02 mol % CO, 45 mol % ethylene, and balance methane being passed over a 25 ml catalyst bed at 500 psig (35.5 bar) in total pressure and 7000 h−1 in Gas Hourly Space Velocity (GHSV), while the bed temperature is gradually increased from about 35° C., the “clean up temperature” being defined as the temperature at which the outlet reaches <25 ppm acetylene. 14. A method of making a coated catalyst, comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a catalyst having a BET surface area less than or equal to 9 m2/g and comprising palladium supported on a substrate and optionally further comprising a promoter; (b) coating the catalyst in (a) with a mixture of an ionic liquid and a solution agent; and (c) removing the solution agent during or after the coating in (b). 15. The process of claim 14, further comprising the step of reducing the catalyst before step (b) or after step (c). 16. The process of claim 14, wherein step (b) comprises a fluidized bed coating or an impregnation with a solution or suspension. 17. A method of selective hydrogenation of acetylene in front-end mixed olefin feed streams, comprising catalyzing said hydrogenation with a catalyst comprising palladium supported on a substrate, the catalyst having an uncoated BET surface area of less than 9 m2/g, said catalyst further comprising at least one ionic liquid. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the selective hydrogenation occurs in a gas phase. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the selective hydrogenation occurs in a liquid phase. | 1,700 |
2,360 | 13,894,500 | 1,783 | A coating process and coated article are provided. The coating process includes providing a turbine component, applying a coating repellant to a predetermined region of the turbine component, and depositing a coating material on the turbine component. The coating repellant directs the coating material away from the predetermined region of the turbine component, to at least partially form a channel. A coating process for a hot gas path turbine component and coated article are also disclosed. | 1. A coating process, comprising:
providing a turbine component; applying a coating repellant to a predetermined region of the turbine component; and depositing a coating material on the turbine component; wherein the coating repellant directs the coating material away from the predetermined region of the turbine component, to at least partially form a channel. 2. The coating process of claim 1, wherein the coating repellant is an elastomer, a silicon-based compound, or a combination thereof. 3. The coating process of claim 1, wherein the coating material is a bond coat, a thermal barrier coating, or a combination thereof. 4. The coating process of claim 1, wherein the predetermined region of the turbine component comprises a pre-formed channel. 5. The coating process of claim 1, further comprising a removing of the coating repellant from the predetermined region of the turbine component. 6. The coating process of claim 5, further comprising the removing of the coating repellant with a leaching agent. 7. The coating process of claim 5, further comprising the removing of the coating repellant with a releasing agent. 8. The coating process of claim 5, further comprising the removing of the coating repellant with heat. 9. The coating process of claim 5, wherein the removing of the coating repellant exposes a substrate surface. 10. The coating process of claim 1, further comprising machining cooling holes in the exposed substrate surface within the channel. 11. The coating process of claim 1, wherein the depositing the coating material is on an exposed portion of the bond coat. 12. The coating process of claim 1, wherein the turbine component is a shroud. 13. The coating process of claim 1, wherein the turbine component is a hot gas path turbine component. 14. The coating process of claim 13, wherein the hot gas path turbine component is a bucket. 15. The coating process of claim 13, wherein the hot gas path turbine component is a nozzle. 16. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the turbine component comprises an alloy. 17. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the turbine component comprises a metal. 18. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the turbine component comprises a ceramic matrix composite. 19. A coating process, comprising:
providing a hot gas path turbine component; applying an elongated strip of a coating repellant to a predetermined region of the hot gas path turbine component; depositing a coating material on the hot gas path turbine component; and removing the elongated strip of the coating repellant; wherein, the coating repellant directs the coating material away from the predetermined region of the hot gas path turbine component, forming a cooling channel in the hot gas path turbine component. 20. A coated article, comprising:
a turbine component; a bond coat over the turbine component; a thermal barrier coating over the bond coat; and a channel through the thermal barrier coating and the bond coat; wherein, the channel is formed during an application of the bond coat and thermal barrier coating, the channel exposing a substrate surface of the turbine component. | A coating process and coated article are provided. The coating process includes providing a turbine component, applying a coating repellant to a predetermined region of the turbine component, and depositing a coating material on the turbine component. The coating repellant directs the coating material away from the predetermined region of the turbine component, to at least partially form a channel. A coating process for a hot gas path turbine component and coated article are also disclosed.1. A coating process, comprising:
providing a turbine component; applying a coating repellant to a predetermined region of the turbine component; and depositing a coating material on the turbine component; wherein the coating repellant directs the coating material away from the predetermined region of the turbine component, to at least partially form a channel. 2. The coating process of claim 1, wherein the coating repellant is an elastomer, a silicon-based compound, or a combination thereof. 3. The coating process of claim 1, wherein the coating material is a bond coat, a thermal barrier coating, or a combination thereof. 4. The coating process of claim 1, wherein the predetermined region of the turbine component comprises a pre-formed channel. 5. The coating process of claim 1, further comprising a removing of the coating repellant from the predetermined region of the turbine component. 6. The coating process of claim 5, further comprising the removing of the coating repellant with a leaching agent. 7. The coating process of claim 5, further comprising the removing of the coating repellant with a releasing agent. 8. The coating process of claim 5, further comprising the removing of the coating repellant with heat. 9. The coating process of claim 5, wherein the removing of the coating repellant exposes a substrate surface. 10. The coating process of claim 1, further comprising machining cooling holes in the exposed substrate surface within the channel. 11. The coating process of claim 1, wherein the depositing the coating material is on an exposed portion of the bond coat. 12. The coating process of claim 1, wherein the turbine component is a shroud. 13. The coating process of claim 1, wherein the turbine component is a hot gas path turbine component. 14. The coating process of claim 13, wherein the hot gas path turbine component is a bucket. 15. The coating process of claim 13, wherein the hot gas path turbine component is a nozzle. 16. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the turbine component comprises an alloy. 17. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the turbine component comprises a metal. 18. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the turbine component comprises a ceramic matrix composite. 19. A coating process, comprising:
providing a hot gas path turbine component; applying an elongated strip of a coating repellant to a predetermined region of the hot gas path turbine component; depositing a coating material on the hot gas path turbine component; and removing the elongated strip of the coating repellant; wherein, the coating repellant directs the coating material away from the predetermined region of the hot gas path turbine component, forming a cooling channel in the hot gas path turbine component. 20. A coated article, comprising:
a turbine component; a bond coat over the turbine component; a thermal barrier coating over the bond coat; and a channel through the thermal barrier coating and the bond coat; wherein, the channel is formed during an application of the bond coat and thermal barrier coating, the channel exposing a substrate surface of the turbine component. | 1,700 |
2,361 | 14,377,579 | 1,761 | The invention relates to a reactive mesogen (RM) formulation comprising a conductive additive, to a polymer film obtained thereof, and the use of the RM formulation and polymer film in optical or electrooptical components or devices, like optical retardation films for liquid crystal displays (LCDs). | 1. A formulation comprising >50% of one or more polymerisable mesogenic compounds, and one or more conductive additives. 2. A formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that the conductive additives are selected from ionic organic compounds. 3. A formulation according to claim 2, characterized in that the conductive additives contain an organic cation selected from the group consisting of ammonium, phosphonium, sulfonium, uronium, thiouronium, guanidinium and heterocyclic cations. 4. A formulation according to claim 3, characterized in that the conductive additives contain an organic cation selected from the group consisting of tetraalkylammonium, tetraalkylphosphonium, N-alkylpyridinium, N,N-dialkylpyrrolidinium, 1,3-dialkylimidazolium or trialkylsulfonium cation. 5. A formulation according to claim 2, characterized in that the conductive additives contain an anion selected from the group consisting of halide, borate, imide, phosphate, sulfonate, sulfate, succinate, naphthenate and carboxylate. 6. A formulation according to claim 5, characterized in that the conductive additives contain an anion selected from the group consisting of chloride, bromide, iodide, tetrafluoroborate, tetracyanoborate (TCB), difluoro-dicyano borate, fluoro-tricyano borate, perfluoroalkyl-fluoro-dicyano borate, pentafluoroethyl-fluoro-dicyano borate, perfluoroalkyl-difluoro-cyano borate, pentafluoroethyl-difluoro-cyano borate, perfluoroalkyl-fluoro borate (FAB), perfluoroalkyl-alkoxy-dicyano borate, alkoxy-tricyano borate, methoxy-tricyano borate, ethoxy-tricyano borate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy-tricyano borate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-dicyano borate, tetraphenylborate (TPB), tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate (TFPB), tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(4-fluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)borate, bis(oxalato)borate, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (NTF), bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, bis[bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinyl]imide (FPI), tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methide, (fluoroalkyl)fluorophosphates, tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate (FAP), bis(pentafluoroethyl)tetrafluorophosphate, (pentafluoroethyl)pentafluorophosphate, tris(nonafluorobutyl)trifluorophosphate, bis(nonafluorobutyl)tetrafluorophosphate, (nonafluorobutyl)pentafluorophosphate, hexafluorophosphate, bis(fluoroalkyl)phosphinate, bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinate, bis(nonafluorobutyl)phosphinate, (fluoroalkyl)phosphonate, (pentafluoroethyl)phosphonate, (nonafluorobutyl)phosphonate, nonafluorobutane sulfonate (nonaflate) (NFS), trifluoromethanesulfonate, trifluoroacetate, methanesulfonate, butanesulfonate, butylsulfate, hexylsulfate, octylsulfate, dicyanamide, tricyanomethide, thiocyanate, hydrogensulfate, trifluoroacetate, tosylate, (bis(2-2-ethyl hexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT), naphthenates, lauryl sulphate, alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkyl naphthalene sulfonate), alkyl aryl ether phosphates, alkyl ether phosphate, alkyl carboxylates, wherein “alkyl” is C1-C20alkyl, “fluoroalkyl” is fluorinated C1-C20alkyl, “perfluoroalkyl” is C1-C20 perfluoroalkyl, and “aryl” is optionally substituted C5-C8-aryl. 7. A formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that the conductive additives are selected from ionic organic compounds comprising one or more polymerisable functional groups. 8. A formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that the conductive additives are selected from formula 1:
P1-Sp-C+A− 1
wherein P1 is a polymerisable group, Sp is a spacer group or a single bond, C+ is a cation, and A− is an anion. 9. A formulation according to claim 8, characterized in that the conductive additives are selected from formula 1a-1c:
P1-Sp-[NRaRbRc]+A− 1a
P1-Sp-[PRaRbRc]+A− 1b
P1-Sp-[SRaRbRc]+A− 1c
wherein P1, Sp and A− are as defined in claim 8, and Ra, Rb, Rc independently of each other denote straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl with 1 to 25, preferably 1 to 10 C-atoms, wherein one or more CH2 groups are optionally replaced, in each case independently from one another, by —O—, —S—, —NH—, —NR00—, —CO—, —CH═CH— or —C≡C— in such a manner that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and wherein one or more H atoms may also be replaced by F, Cl, Br, I or CN, or two of Ra, Rb and Rc together with the N+ atom form an aliphatic or aromatic ring with 4 to 8 C atoms which is optionally substituted by one or more groups L, L is P1-Sp-, F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NO2, —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)NR00R000, —C(═O)X, —C(═O)OR00, —C(═O)R0, —NR00R000, —OH, —SF5, optionally substituted silyl, aryl or heteroaryl with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, and straight chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F or Cl, R00, R000 independently of each other denote H or alkyl with 1 to 12 C-atoms, and X is halogen. 10. A formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that the conductive additives are selected from organic compounds that comprise one or more polar groups that increase the conductivity of the RM formulation and one or more polymerisable functional groups. 11. A formulation according to claim 10, characterized in that the conductive additives are selected of formula 2
P1-Sp3-G 2
wherein P1 is a polymerisable group, Sp3 is an alkylene spacer with 2 to 12 C atoms, which is optionally substituted with one or more groups G, and wherein one or more CH2 groups are optionally replaced by —O—, —S—, —CO—, NR00R000, or denotes a single bond, wherein R00 and R000 independently of each other denote H or alkyl with 1 to 12 C-atoms, and G is a polar group selected from COOH, OH, NH2, NO2, SO3H, SH, PO3H2, and benzene that is mono- or polysubstituted with COOH, OH, NH2, NO2, SO3H, SH or PO3H2. 12. A formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises one or more polymerisable mesogenic compounds having only one polymerisable functional group (monoreactive), and one or more polymerisable mesogenic compounds having two or more polymerisable functional groups (di- or multireactive). 13. A formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises one or more RMs of formula I
P1-Sp1-MG-Sp2-P2 I
wherein P1 and P2 are independently of each other a polymerisable group, Sp1 and Sp2 are independently of each other a spacer group or a single bond, and MG is a rod-shaped mesogenic group of formula II
-(A1-Z1)n-A2- II
wherein A1 and A2 denote, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, an aromatic or alicyclic group, which optionally contains one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, and is optionally mono- or polysubstituted by L, L is P-Sp-, F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NO2, —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)NR00R000, —C(═O)X, —C(═O)OR00, —C(═O)R0, —NR00R000, —OH, —SF5, optionally substituted silyl, aryl or heteroaryl with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, and straight chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F or Cl, R00, R000 independently of each other denote H or alkyl with 1 to 12 C-atoms, X is halogen, preferably F or Cl, Z1 denotes, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, —O—, —S—, —CO—, —COO—, —OCO—, —S—CO—, —CO—S—, —O—COO—, —CO—NR00—, —NR00—CO—, —NR00—CO—NR000, —NR00—CO—O—, —O—CO—NR00—, —OCH2—, —CH2O—, —SCH2—, —CH2S—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CF2S—, —SCF2—, —CH2CH2—, —(CH2)n1, —CF2CH2—, —CH2CF2—, —CF2CF2—, —CH═N—, —N═CH—, —N═N—, —CH═CR00—, —CY1═CY2—, —C≡C—, —CH═CH—COO—, —OCO—CH═CH— or a single bond, preferably —COO—, —OCO— or a single bond, Y1 and Y2 independently of each other denote H, F, Cl or CN, n is 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 1 or 2, most preferably 2, n1 is an integer from 1 to 10, preferably 1, 2, 3 or 4. 14. A formulation according to claim 13, characterized in that it comprises one or more RMs of formula Ia
wherein
P0 is, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, a polymerisable group, preferably an acryl, methacryl, oxetane, epoxy, vinyl, vinyloxy, propenyl ether or styrene group,
Z0 is —COO—, —OCO—, —CH2CH2—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —C≡C—, —CH═CH—, —OCO—CH═CH—, —CH═CH—COO—, or a single bond,
L has the meanings given in claim 13 and is preferably, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, selected from F, Cl, CN or optionally halogenated alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 5 C atoms,
r is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4,
x, y are independently of each other 0 or identical or different integers from 1 to 12,
z is 0 or 1, with z being 0 if the adjacent x or y is 0. 15. A formulation according to claim 13, characterized in that it comprises one or more RMs selected from the following formulae:
wherein P0, L, r, x, y and z are as defined in formula Ia. 16. A formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises one or more RMs of formula III
P1-Sp1-MG-R III
wherein P1 is a polymerisable group, Sp1 is a spacer group or a single bond, and MG is a rod-shaped mesogenic group of formula II
-(A1-Z1)n-A2- II
wherein A1 and A2 denote, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, an aromatic or alicyclic group, which optionally contains one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, and is optionally mono- or polysubstituted by L, L is P-Sp-, F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NO2, —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)NR00R000, —C(═O)X, —C(═O)OR00, —C(═O)R0, —NR00R000, —OH, —SF5, optionally substituted silyl, aryl or heteroaryl with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, and straight chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F or Cl, Z1 denotes, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, —O—, —S—, —CO—, —COO—, —OCO—, —S—CO—, —CO—S—, —O—COO—, —CO—NR00—, —NR00—CO—, —NR00—CO—NR000, NR00—CO—O—, —O—CO—NR00—, —OCH2—, —CH2O—, —SCH2—, —CH2S—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CF2S—, —SCF2—, —CH2CH2—, —(CH2)n1, —CF2CH2—, —CH2CF2—, —CF2CF2—, —CH═N—, —N═CH—, —N═N—, —CH═CR00—, —CY1═CY2—, —C≡C—, —CH═CH—COO—, —OCO—CH═CH— or a single bond, preferably —COO—, —OCO— or a single bond. Y1 and Y2 independently of each other denote H, F, Cl or CN, n is 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 1 or 2, most preferably 2, n1 is an integer from 1 to 10, preferably 1, 2, 3 or 4, R denotes P-Sp-, F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NO2, —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)NR00R000, —C(═O)X, —C(═O)OR0, —C(═O)R00, —NR00R000, —OH, —SF5, optionally substituted silyl, straight chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F or Cl, X is halogen, preferably F or Cl, and R00 and R000 are independently of each other H or alkyl with 1 to 12 C-atoms. 17. A formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises one or more RMs selected from the following formulae:
wherein P0, L, r, x, y and z are
P0 is, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, a polymerisable group, preferably an acryl, methacryl, oxetane, epoxy, vinyl, vinyloxy, propenyl ether or styrene group
L are independently of one another, selected from F, Cl, CN or optionally halogenated alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 5 C atoms,
r is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4,
x, y are independently of each other 0 or identical or different integers from 1 to 12,
z is 0 or 1, with z being 0 if the adjacent x or y is 0,
R0 is alkyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 or more, preferably 1 to 15 C atoms which is optionally fluorinated, or denotes Y0 or P—(CH2)y—(O)z—,
X0 is —O—, —S—, —CO—, —COO—, —OCO—, —O—COO—, —CO—NR01—, —NR01—CO—, —NR01—CO—NR01—, —OCH2—, —CH2O—, —SCH2—, —CH2S—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CF2S—, —SCF2—, —CF2CH2—, —CH2CF2—, —CF2CF2—, —CH═N—, —N═CH—, —N═N—, —CH═CR01—, —CF═CF—, —C≡C—, —CH═CH—COO—, —OCO—CH═CH— or a single bond,
Y0 is F, Cl, CN, NO2, OCH3, OCN, SCN, SF5, optionally fluorinated alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 4 C atoms, or mono- oligo- or polyfluorinated alkyl or alkoxy with 1 to 4 C atoms,
A0 is, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, 1,4-phenylene that is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 groups L, or trans-1,4-cyclohexylene,
R01,02 are independently of each other H, R0 or Y0,
u and v are independently of each other 0, 1 or 2,
w is 0 or 1,
and wherein the benzene and napthalene rings can additionally be substituted with one or more identical or different groups L. 18. A formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises one or more organic solvents. 19. A formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises
30 to 99.9% of polymerisable mesogenic compounds having two or more polymerisable functional groups, 0 to 90% polymerisable mesogenic compounds having only one polymerisable functional group, 0.01 to 5% of one or more conductive additives, 0 to 5% of one or more surfactants, 0 to 5% of one or more polymerisation initiators. 20. A formulation according to claim 19, characterized in that it comprises
50 to 80% of polymerisable mesogenic compounds having two or more polymerisable functional groups, 10 to 70% polymerisable mesogenic compounds having only one polymerisable functional group, 0.1 to 1% of one or more conductive additives, 0.1 to 1% of one or more surfactants, 0.1 to 2% of one or more polymerisation initiators. 21. A polymer film obtained by polymerising an RM formulation according to claim 1, wherein the RMs are aligned and are polymerised at a temperature at which the RM formulation exhibits a liquid crystal phase. 22. The use of an RM formulation or polymer film according to claim 1 in an optical, electrooptical or electronic device or in a component thereof. 23. An optical, electrooptical or electronic device, or a component thereof, comprising an RM formulation or polymer film according to claim 1. 24. A component according to claim 23, which is selected from optical retardation films, polarizers, compensators, beam splitters, reflective films, alignment layers, colour filters, antistatic protection sheets, or electromagnetic interference protection sheets, polarization controlled lenses for autostereoscopic 3D displays, and IR reflection films for window applications. 25. A device according to claim 23, which is selected from electrooptical displays, especially liquid crystal displays, autostereoscopic 3D displays, organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), optical data storage devices, and window applications. | The invention relates to a reactive mesogen (RM) formulation comprising a conductive additive, to a polymer film obtained thereof, and the use of the RM formulation and polymer film in optical or electrooptical components or devices, like optical retardation films for liquid crystal displays (LCDs).1. A formulation comprising >50% of one or more polymerisable mesogenic compounds, and one or more conductive additives. 2. A formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that the conductive additives are selected from ionic organic compounds. 3. A formulation according to claim 2, characterized in that the conductive additives contain an organic cation selected from the group consisting of ammonium, phosphonium, sulfonium, uronium, thiouronium, guanidinium and heterocyclic cations. 4. A formulation according to claim 3, characterized in that the conductive additives contain an organic cation selected from the group consisting of tetraalkylammonium, tetraalkylphosphonium, N-alkylpyridinium, N,N-dialkylpyrrolidinium, 1,3-dialkylimidazolium or trialkylsulfonium cation. 5. A formulation according to claim 2, characterized in that the conductive additives contain an anion selected from the group consisting of halide, borate, imide, phosphate, sulfonate, sulfate, succinate, naphthenate and carboxylate. 6. A formulation according to claim 5, characterized in that the conductive additives contain an anion selected from the group consisting of chloride, bromide, iodide, tetrafluoroborate, tetracyanoborate (TCB), difluoro-dicyano borate, fluoro-tricyano borate, perfluoroalkyl-fluoro-dicyano borate, pentafluoroethyl-fluoro-dicyano borate, perfluoroalkyl-difluoro-cyano borate, pentafluoroethyl-difluoro-cyano borate, perfluoroalkyl-fluoro borate (FAB), perfluoroalkyl-alkoxy-dicyano borate, alkoxy-tricyano borate, methoxy-tricyano borate, ethoxy-tricyano borate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy-tricyano borate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-dicyano borate, tetraphenylborate (TPB), tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate (TFPB), tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(4-fluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)borate, bis(oxalato)borate, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (NTF), bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, bis[bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinyl]imide (FPI), tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methide, (fluoroalkyl)fluorophosphates, tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate (FAP), bis(pentafluoroethyl)tetrafluorophosphate, (pentafluoroethyl)pentafluorophosphate, tris(nonafluorobutyl)trifluorophosphate, bis(nonafluorobutyl)tetrafluorophosphate, (nonafluorobutyl)pentafluorophosphate, hexafluorophosphate, bis(fluoroalkyl)phosphinate, bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinate, bis(nonafluorobutyl)phosphinate, (fluoroalkyl)phosphonate, (pentafluoroethyl)phosphonate, (nonafluorobutyl)phosphonate, nonafluorobutane sulfonate (nonaflate) (NFS), trifluoromethanesulfonate, trifluoroacetate, methanesulfonate, butanesulfonate, butylsulfate, hexylsulfate, octylsulfate, dicyanamide, tricyanomethide, thiocyanate, hydrogensulfate, trifluoroacetate, tosylate, (bis(2-2-ethyl hexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT), naphthenates, lauryl sulphate, alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkyl naphthalene sulfonate), alkyl aryl ether phosphates, alkyl ether phosphate, alkyl carboxylates, wherein “alkyl” is C1-C20alkyl, “fluoroalkyl” is fluorinated C1-C20alkyl, “perfluoroalkyl” is C1-C20 perfluoroalkyl, and “aryl” is optionally substituted C5-C8-aryl. 7. A formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that the conductive additives are selected from ionic organic compounds comprising one or more polymerisable functional groups. 8. A formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that the conductive additives are selected from formula 1:
P1-Sp-C+A− 1
wherein P1 is a polymerisable group, Sp is a spacer group or a single bond, C+ is a cation, and A− is an anion. 9. A formulation according to claim 8, characterized in that the conductive additives are selected from formula 1a-1c:
P1-Sp-[NRaRbRc]+A− 1a
P1-Sp-[PRaRbRc]+A− 1b
P1-Sp-[SRaRbRc]+A− 1c
wherein P1, Sp and A− are as defined in claim 8, and Ra, Rb, Rc independently of each other denote straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl with 1 to 25, preferably 1 to 10 C-atoms, wherein one or more CH2 groups are optionally replaced, in each case independently from one another, by —O—, —S—, —NH—, —NR00—, —CO—, —CH═CH— or —C≡C— in such a manner that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and wherein one or more H atoms may also be replaced by F, Cl, Br, I or CN, or two of Ra, Rb and Rc together with the N+ atom form an aliphatic or aromatic ring with 4 to 8 C atoms which is optionally substituted by one or more groups L, L is P1-Sp-, F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NO2, —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)NR00R000, —C(═O)X, —C(═O)OR00, —C(═O)R0, —NR00R000, —OH, —SF5, optionally substituted silyl, aryl or heteroaryl with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, and straight chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F or Cl, R00, R000 independently of each other denote H or alkyl with 1 to 12 C-atoms, and X is halogen. 10. A formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that the conductive additives are selected from organic compounds that comprise one or more polar groups that increase the conductivity of the RM formulation and one or more polymerisable functional groups. 11. A formulation according to claim 10, characterized in that the conductive additives are selected of formula 2
P1-Sp3-G 2
wherein P1 is a polymerisable group, Sp3 is an alkylene spacer with 2 to 12 C atoms, which is optionally substituted with one or more groups G, and wherein one or more CH2 groups are optionally replaced by —O—, —S—, —CO—, NR00R000, or denotes a single bond, wherein R00 and R000 independently of each other denote H or alkyl with 1 to 12 C-atoms, and G is a polar group selected from COOH, OH, NH2, NO2, SO3H, SH, PO3H2, and benzene that is mono- or polysubstituted with COOH, OH, NH2, NO2, SO3H, SH or PO3H2. 12. A formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises one or more polymerisable mesogenic compounds having only one polymerisable functional group (monoreactive), and one or more polymerisable mesogenic compounds having two or more polymerisable functional groups (di- or multireactive). 13. A formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises one or more RMs of formula I
P1-Sp1-MG-Sp2-P2 I
wherein P1 and P2 are independently of each other a polymerisable group, Sp1 and Sp2 are independently of each other a spacer group or a single bond, and MG is a rod-shaped mesogenic group of formula II
-(A1-Z1)n-A2- II
wherein A1 and A2 denote, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, an aromatic or alicyclic group, which optionally contains one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, and is optionally mono- or polysubstituted by L, L is P-Sp-, F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NO2, —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)NR00R000, —C(═O)X, —C(═O)OR00, —C(═O)R0, —NR00R000, —OH, —SF5, optionally substituted silyl, aryl or heteroaryl with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, and straight chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F or Cl, R00, R000 independently of each other denote H or alkyl with 1 to 12 C-atoms, X is halogen, preferably F or Cl, Z1 denotes, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, —O—, —S—, —CO—, —COO—, —OCO—, —S—CO—, —CO—S—, —O—COO—, —CO—NR00—, —NR00—CO—, —NR00—CO—NR000, —NR00—CO—O—, —O—CO—NR00—, —OCH2—, —CH2O—, —SCH2—, —CH2S—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CF2S—, —SCF2—, —CH2CH2—, —(CH2)n1, —CF2CH2—, —CH2CF2—, —CF2CF2—, —CH═N—, —N═CH—, —N═N—, —CH═CR00—, —CY1═CY2—, —C≡C—, —CH═CH—COO—, —OCO—CH═CH— or a single bond, preferably —COO—, —OCO— or a single bond, Y1 and Y2 independently of each other denote H, F, Cl or CN, n is 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 1 or 2, most preferably 2, n1 is an integer from 1 to 10, preferably 1, 2, 3 or 4. 14. A formulation according to claim 13, characterized in that it comprises one or more RMs of formula Ia
wherein
P0 is, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, a polymerisable group, preferably an acryl, methacryl, oxetane, epoxy, vinyl, vinyloxy, propenyl ether or styrene group,
Z0 is —COO—, —OCO—, —CH2CH2—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —C≡C—, —CH═CH—, —OCO—CH═CH—, —CH═CH—COO—, or a single bond,
L has the meanings given in claim 13 and is preferably, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, selected from F, Cl, CN or optionally halogenated alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 5 C atoms,
r is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4,
x, y are independently of each other 0 or identical or different integers from 1 to 12,
z is 0 or 1, with z being 0 if the adjacent x or y is 0. 15. A formulation according to claim 13, characterized in that it comprises one or more RMs selected from the following formulae:
wherein P0, L, r, x, y and z are as defined in formula Ia. 16. A formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises one or more RMs of formula III
P1-Sp1-MG-R III
wherein P1 is a polymerisable group, Sp1 is a spacer group or a single bond, and MG is a rod-shaped mesogenic group of formula II
-(A1-Z1)n-A2- II
wherein A1 and A2 denote, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, an aromatic or alicyclic group, which optionally contains one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, and is optionally mono- or polysubstituted by L, L is P-Sp-, F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NO2, —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)NR00R000, —C(═O)X, —C(═O)OR00, —C(═O)R0, —NR00R000, —OH, —SF5, optionally substituted silyl, aryl or heteroaryl with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, and straight chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F or Cl, Z1 denotes, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, —O—, —S—, —CO—, —COO—, —OCO—, —S—CO—, —CO—S—, —O—COO—, —CO—NR00—, —NR00—CO—, —NR00—CO—NR000, NR00—CO—O—, —O—CO—NR00—, —OCH2—, —CH2O—, —SCH2—, —CH2S—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CF2S—, —SCF2—, —CH2CH2—, —(CH2)n1, —CF2CH2—, —CH2CF2—, —CF2CF2—, —CH═N—, —N═CH—, —N═N—, —CH═CR00—, —CY1═CY2—, —C≡C—, —CH═CH—COO—, —OCO—CH═CH— or a single bond, preferably —COO—, —OCO— or a single bond. Y1 and Y2 independently of each other denote H, F, Cl or CN, n is 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 1 or 2, most preferably 2, n1 is an integer from 1 to 10, preferably 1, 2, 3 or 4, R denotes P-Sp-, F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NO2, —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)NR00R000, —C(═O)X, —C(═O)OR0, —C(═O)R00, —NR00R000, —OH, —SF5, optionally substituted silyl, straight chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F or Cl, X is halogen, preferably F or Cl, and R00 and R000 are independently of each other H or alkyl with 1 to 12 C-atoms. 17. A formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises one or more RMs selected from the following formulae:
wherein P0, L, r, x, y and z are
P0 is, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, a polymerisable group, preferably an acryl, methacryl, oxetane, epoxy, vinyl, vinyloxy, propenyl ether or styrene group
L are independently of one another, selected from F, Cl, CN or optionally halogenated alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 5 C atoms,
r is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4,
x, y are independently of each other 0 or identical or different integers from 1 to 12,
z is 0 or 1, with z being 0 if the adjacent x or y is 0,
R0 is alkyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 or more, preferably 1 to 15 C atoms which is optionally fluorinated, or denotes Y0 or P—(CH2)y—(O)z—,
X0 is —O—, —S—, —CO—, —COO—, —OCO—, —O—COO—, —CO—NR01—, —NR01—CO—, —NR01—CO—NR01—, —OCH2—, —CH2O—, —SCH2—, —CH2S—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CF2S—, —SCF2—, —CF2CH2—, —CH2CF2—, —CF2CF2—, —CH═N—, —N═CH—, —N═N—, —CH═CR01—, —CF═CF—, —C≡C—, —CH═CH—COO—, —OCO—CH═CH— or a single bond,
Y0 is F, Cl, CN, NO2, OCH3, OCN, SCN, SF5, optionally fluorinated alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 4 C atoms, or mono- oligo- or polyfluorinated alkyl or alkoxy with 1 to 4 C atoms,
A0 is, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, 1,4-phenylene that is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 groups L, or trans-1,4-cyclohexylene,
R01,02 are independently of each other H, R0 or Y0,
u and v are independently of each other 0, 1 or 2,
w is 0 or 1,
and wherein the benzene and napthalene rings can additionally be substituted with one or more identical or different groups L. 18. A formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises one or more organic solvents. 19. A formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises
30 to 99.9% of polymerisable mesogenic compounds having two or more polymerisable functional groups, 0 to 90% polymerisable mesogenic compounds having only one polymerisable functional group, 0.01 to 5% of one or more conductive additives, 0 to 5% of one or more surfactants, 0 to 5% of one or more polymerisation initiators. 20. A formulation according to claim 19, characterized in that it comprises
50 to 80% of polymerisable mesogenic compounds having two or more polymerisable functional groups, 10 to 70% polymerisable mesogenic compounds having only one polymerisable functional group, 0.1 to 1% of one or more conductive additives, 0.1 to 1% of one or more surfactants, 0.1 to 2% of one or more polymerisation initiators. 21. A polymer film obtained by polymerising an RM formulation according to claim 1, wherein the RMs are aligned and are polymerised at a temperature at which the RM formulation exhibits a liquid crystal phase. 22. The use of an RM formulation or polymer film according to claim 1 in an optical, electrooptical or electronic device or in a component thereof. 23. An optical, electrooptical or electronic device, or a component thereof, comprising an RM formulation or polymer film according to claim 1. 24. A component according to claim 23, which is selected from optical retardation films, polarizers, compensators, beam splitters, reflective films, alignment layers, colour filters, antistatic protection sheets, or electromagnetic interference protection sheets, polarization controlled lenses for autostereoscopic 3D displays, and IR reflection films for window applications. 25. A device according to claim 23, which is selected from electrooptical displays, especially liquid crystal displays, autostereoscopic 3D displays, organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), optical data storage devices, and window applications. | 1,700 |
2,362 | 15,301,346 | 1,794 | Provided herein is an apparatus that includes a body with a top surface and a recess in the top surface. The top surface, excluding the recess, is substantially planar. The recess is confined to an area that is defined by an inner diameter of the top surface of the body. | 1. An apparatus, comprising:
a body with a substantially planar top surface having an inner diameter, a middle diameter and an outer diameter, wherein the top surface is substantially planar from the outer diameter to the middle diameter, and wherein the outer diameter is defined by an edge of the body; and a recess located within an area of the top surface defined by the inner diameter, wherein a thickness of the body in the recess is less than a thickness of the body at the outer diameter. 2. The apparatus of claim 1,
wherein a centroid of the recess is located proximate to a center of the top surface of the body. 3. The apparatus of claim 2,
wherein the thickness of the body in the recess at the centroid is in a range of approximately 80% to 99.9% the thickness of the body at the outer diameter, as measured from a bottom surface of the body to the top surface of the body. 4. (canceled) 5. The apparatus of claim 4,
wherein the middle diameter includes a diameter that is approximately half of the outermost diameter of an edge of the body. 6. The apparatus of claim 5,
wherein the recess has a depth in a range of approximately 0.1% to approximately 20% of the thickness of the body at the outer diameter. 7. The apparatus of claim 1,
wherein the recess has a radius of curvature in a range of approximately 0.1 inches to approximately 10 inches. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the body has a diameter of 6.5 inches; and the recess has a diameter of approximately 1 inch. 9. The apparatus of claim 1,
wherein the body comprises cobalt and an oxide. 10. An apparatus, comprising:
a body with a top surface; and a recess in the top surface,
wherein the top surface excluding the recess is substantially planar, and
wherein the recess is confined to an area that is defined by an inner diameter of the top surface of the body. 11. The apparatus of claim 10,
wherein the inner diameter is approximately 15-50% of a diameter of the top surface. 12. The apparatus of claim 10,
wherein the recess has a depth in a range of approximately 1% to approximately 20% of a thickness of the body at an outer diameter of the body. 13. The apparatus of claim 10,
wherein the recess is substantially concentric with the inner diameter of the top surface of the body. 14. The apparatus of claim 10,
wherein the recess has a diameter of approximately 1 inch. 15. The apparatus of claim 10,
wherein the recess is located proximate to a center of the top surface. 16. An apparatus, comprising:
a contoured target comprising:
a top surface that is substantially planar from an edge of the target to a middle diameter of the target,
wherein the middle diameter includes a location at 50% or less of the diameter of the target as measured from the edge of the target; and
a recess with a centroid located in proximity to a center of the top surface; and a magnetic pack comprising one or more magnets located underneath the target. 17. The apparatus of claim 16,
wherein the recess is confined to an area that is defined by an inner diameter of the top surface of the target. 18. The apparatus of claim 16,
wherein the recess has a diameter in a range of approximately 0.5 inches to approximately 2 inches. 19. The apparatus of claim 16,
wherein the recess has a radius of curvature in a range of approximately 0.1 inches to approximately 10 inches. 20. The apparatus of claim 16,
wherein the recess is configured such that a magnetic pass through flux (PTF) over the recess is within 10% of the magnetic PTF over the middle diameter, and wherein the magnetic PTF is generated by the one or more magnets. 21. The apparatus of claim 16,
wherein the recess has a depth in a range of approximately 1% to approximately 20% of a thickness of the target at an outer diameter of the target. 22. A method, comprising:
ionizing one or more gases in a chamber to produce a plasma comprising ions of the one or more gases; electrically biasing a contoured target in the chamber to attract the ions, wherein the contoured target comprises a recess in a center of a top surface of the contoured target, the recess configured to substantially eliminate redeposition of the target material at the center of the contoured target; and sputtering target material dislodged from the contoured target by the ions onto a workpiece in the chamber. 23. The method of claim 22,
wherein the contoured target is operable to increase target utilization by at least approximately 1-2%, as compared to a non-contoured target. 24. The method of claim 22,
wherein the contoured target comprises a recess in a center of a top surface of the contoured target, one or more annular recesses in the top surface of the contoured target, one or more annular protrusions of the top surface of the contoured target, or a combination thereof. 25. (canceled) 26. The method of claim 22,
wherein the contoured target is approximately 6.5 inches in diameter, wherein the recess is approximately 1 inch to approximately 4 inches in diameter, and wherein a thickness of the contoured target at the center of the contoured target is approximately 80% to approximately 99.9% a thickness of the contoured target at an outer diameter of the contoured target. 27. The method of claim 22, further comprising
contouring a non-contoured target or previously contoured target based upon one or more erosion profiles for the non-contoured target or previously contoured target to create the contoured target. 28. The method of claim 27,
wherein the contouring comprises adding one or more recesses in low erosion areas of the non-contoured target or previously contoured target, adding one or more protrusions in high erosion areas of the non-contoured target or previously contoured target, or a combination thereof. | Provided herein is an apparatus that includes a body with a top surface and a recess in the top surface. The top surface, excluding the recess, is substantially planar. The recess is confined to an area that is defined by an inner diameter of the top surface of the body.1. An apparatus, comprising:
a body with a substantially planar top surface having an inner diameter, a middle diameter and an outer diameter, wherein the top surface is substantially planar from the outer diameter to the middle diameter, and wherein the outer diameter is defined by an edge of the body; and a recess located within an area of the top surface defined by the inner diameter, wherein a thickness of the body in the recess is less than a thickness of the body at the outer diameter. 2. The apparatus of claim 1,
wherein a centroid of the recess is located proximate to a center of the top surface of the body. 3. The apparatus of claim 2,
wherein the thickness of the body in the recess at the centroid is in a range of approximately 80% to 99.9% the thickness of the body at the outer diameter, as measured from a bottom surface of the body to the top surface of the body. 4. (canceled) 5. The apparatus of claim 4,
wherein the middle diameter includes a diameter that is approximately half of the outermost diameter of an edge of the body. 6. The apparatus of claim 5,
wherein the recess has a depth in a range of approximately 0.1% to approximately 20% of the thickness of the body at the outer diameter. 7. The apparatus of claim 1,
wherein the recess has a radius of curvature in a range of approximately 0.1 inches to approximately 10 inches. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the body has a diameter of 6.5 inches; and the recess has a diameter of approximately 1 inch. 9. The apparatus of claim 1,
wherein the body comprises cobalt and an oxide. 10. An apparatus, comprising:
a body with a top surface; and a recess in the top surface,
wherein the top surface excluding the recess is substantially planar, and
wherein the recess is confined to an area that is defined by an inner diameter of the top surface of the body. 11. The apparatus of claim 10,
wherein the inner diameter is approximately 15-50% of a diameter of the top surface. 12. The apparatus of claim 10,
wherein the recess has a depth in a range of approximately 1% to approximately 20% of a thickness of the body at an outer diameter of the body. 13. The apparatus of claim 10,
wherein the recess is substantially concentric with the inner diameter of the top surface of the body. 14. The apparatus of claim 10,
wherein the recess has a diameter of approximately 1 inch. 15. The apparatus of claim 10,
wherein the recess is located proximate to a center of the top surface. 16. An apparatus, comprising:
a contoured target comprising:
a top surface that is substantially planar from an edge of the target to a middle diameter of the target,
wherein the middle diameter includes a location at 50% or less of the diameter of the target as measured from the edge of the target; and
a recess with a centroid located in proximity to a center of the top surface; and a magnetic pack comprising one or more magnets located underneath the target. 17. The apparatus of claim 16,
wherein the recess is confined to an area that is defined by an inner diameter of the top surface of the target. 18. The apparatus of claim 16,
wherein the recess has a diameter in a range of approximately 0.5 inches to approximately 2 inches. 19. The apparatus of claim 16,
wherein the recess has a radius of curvature in a range of approximately 0.1 inches to approximately 10 inches. 20. The apparatus of claim 16,
wherein the recess is configured such that a magnetic pass through flux (PTF) over the recess is within 10% of the magnetic PTF over the middle diameter, and wherein the magnetic PTF is generated by the one or more magnets. 21. The apparatus of claim 16,
wherein the recess has a depth in a range of approximately 1% to approximately 20% of a thickness of the target at an outer diameter of the target. 22. A method, comprising:
ionizing one or more gases in a chamber to produce a plasma comprising ions of the one or more gases; electrically biasing a contoured target in the chamber to attract the ions, wherein the contoured target comprises a recess in a center of a top surface of the contoured target, the recess configured to substantially eliminate redeposition of the target material at the center of the contoured target; and sputtering target material dislodged from the contoured target by the ions onto a workpiece in the chamber. 23. The method of claim 22,
wherein the contoured target is operable to increase target utilization by at least approximately 1-2%, as compared to a non-contoured target. 24. The method of claim 22,
wherein the contoured target comprises a recess in a center of a top surface of the contoured target, one or more annular recesses in the top surface of the contoured target, one or more annular protrusions of the top surface of the contoured target, or a combination thereof. 25. (canceled) 26. The method of claim 22,
wherein the contoured target is approximately 6.5 inches in diameter, wherein the recess is approximately 1 inch to approximately 4 inches in diameter, and wherein a thickness of the contoured target at the center of the contoured target is approximately 80% to approximately 99.9% a thickness of the contoured target at an outer diameter of the contoured target. 27. The method of claim 22, further comprising
contouring a non-contoured target or previously contoured target based upon one or more erosion profiles for the non-contoured target or previously contoured target to create the contoured target. 28. The method of claim 27,
wherein the contouring comprises adding one or more recesses in low erosion areas of the non-contoured target or previously contoured target, adding one or more protrusions in high erosion areas of the non-contoured target or previously contoured target, or a combination thereof. | 1,700 |
2,363 | 14,421,749 | 1,787 | A power transmission belt or hose or other dynamic article with an elastomeric body comprising a rubber composition that includes an ionomeric polymer additive, such as an ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer or a butyl ionomer. The rubber body exhibits improved crack growth resistance over the same body composition without the ionomer additive. | 1. A power transmission belt comprising an elastomeric belt body, said body comprising a rubber composition comprising an ionomeric polymer additive. 2. The belt of claim 1 wherein said ionomeric polymer additive comprises polyethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer or butyl ionomer. 3. The belt of claim 1 wherein said ionomeric polymer additive comprises polyethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer. 4. The belt of claim 3 wherein said polyethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer has at least a portion of its acid groups neutralized. 5. The belt of claim 1 wherein said ionomeric polymer additive is present in said rubber composition at a concentration of up to 50 phr. 6. A dynamic rubber article comprising an elastomeric body, said body comprising a rubber composition comprising an ionomeric polymer additive. 7. A hose comprising an elastomeric layer, said layer comprising a rubber composition comprising an ionomeric polymer additive. 8. A method of increasing crack growth resistance in dynamic articles comprising a rubber body subject to flexing in use comprising:
adding an ionomeric polymer additive to a rubber composition used to form said rubber body. 9. The method of claim 9 wherein said ionomeric polymer additive comprises polyethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer or butyl ionomer. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein said ionomeric polymer additive comprises polyethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer at a concentration of about 4 phr to about 8 phr. 11. The method of claim 9 wherein said ionomeric polymer additive is butyl ionomer present in said rubber composition at a concentration of up to 50 phr. | A power transmission belt or hose or other dynamic article with an elastomeric body comprising a rubber composition that includes an ionomeric polymer additive, such as an ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer or a butyl ionomer. The rubber body exhibits improved crack growth resistance over the same body composition without the ionomer additive.1. A power transmission belt comprising an elastomeric belt body, said body comprising a rubber composition comprising an ionomeric polymer additive. 2. The belt of claim 1 wherein said ionomeric polymer additive comprises polyethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer or butyl ionomer. 3. The belt of claim 1 wherein said ionomeric polymer additive comprises polyethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer. 4. The belt of claim 3 wherein said polyethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer has at least a portion of its acid groups neutralized. 5. The belt of claim 1 wherein said ionomeric polymer additive is present in said rubber composition at a concentration of up to 50 phr. 6. A dynamic rubber article comprising an elastomeric body, said body comprising a rubber composition comprising an ionomeric polymer additive. 7. A hose comprising an elastomeric layer, said layer comprising a rubber composition comprising an ionomeric polymer additive. 8. A method of increasing crack growth resistance in dynamic articles comprising a rubber body subject to flexing in use comprising:
adding an ionomeric polymer additive to a rubber composition used to form said rubber body. 9. The method of claim 9 wherein said ionomeric polymer additive comprises polyethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer or butyl ionomer. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein said ionomeric polymer additive comprises polyethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer at a concentration of about 4 phr to about 8 phr. 11. The method of claim 9 wherein said ionomeric polymer additive is butyl ionomer present in said rubber composition at a concentration of up to 50 phr. | 1,700 |
2,364 | 14,373,973 | 1,733 | An electrical steel sheet has a composition including C: less than 0.010 mass %, Si: 1.5˜10 mass % and the balance being Fe and incidental impurities, wherein a main orientation in a texture of a steel sheet is <111>//ND and an intensity ratio relative to randomly oriented specimen of the main orientation is not less than 5 and, preferably an intensity ratio relative to randomly oriented specimen of {111}<112> orientation is not less than 10, an intensity ratio relative to randomly oriented specimen of {310}<001> orientation is not more than 3 and Si concentration has a gradient that it is high at a side of a surface layer and low at a central portion in the thickness direction and a maximum value of the Si concentration is not less than 5.5 mass % and a difference between maximum and minimum values is not less than 0.5 mass %. | 1-5. (canceled) 6. An electrical steel sheet having a chemical composition comprising C: less than 0.010 mass %, Si: 1.5˜10 mass % and the balance being Fe and incidental impurities, wherein a main orientation in a texture of a steel sheet is <111>//ND and an intensity ratio relative to randomly oriented specimen of the main orientation is not less than 5. 7. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 6, wherein an intensity ratio relative to randomly oriented specimen of {111}<112> orientation is not less than 10. 8. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 6, wherein an intensity ratio relative to randomly oriented specimen of {310}<001> orientation is not more than 3. 9. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 7, wherein an intensity ratio relative to randomly oriented specimen of {310}<001> orientation is not more than 3. 10. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 6, wherein Si concentration has a gradient that it is high at a side of a surface layer and low at a central portion in the thickness direction and a maximum value of the Si concentration is not less than 5.5 mass % and a difference between maximum value and minimum value is not less than 0.5 mass %. 11. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 7, wherein Si concentration has a gradient that it is high at a side of a surface layer and low at a central portion in the thickness direction and a maximum value of the Si concentration is not less than 5.5 mass % and a difference between maximum value and minimum value is not less than 0.5 mass %. 12. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 8, wherein Si concentration has a gradient that it is high at a side of a surface layer and low at a central portion in the thickness direction and a maximum value of the Si concentration is not less than 5.5 mass % and a difference between maximum value and minimum value is not less than 0.5 mass %. 13. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 9, wherein Si concentration has a gradient that it is high at a side of a surface layer and low at a central portion in the thickness direction and a maximum value of the Si concentration is not less than 5.5 mass % and a difference between maximum value and minimum value is not less than 0.5 mass %. 14. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 6, wherein in addition to the above chemical composition, the electrical steel sheet of the invention contains one or more of Mn: 0.005˜1.0 mass %, Ni: 0.010˜1.50 mass %, Cr: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, Cu: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, P: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sn: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sb: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Bi: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Mo: 0.005˜0.100 mass % and Al: 0.02˜6.0 mass %. 15. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 7, wherein in addition to the above chemical composition, the electrical steel sheet of the invention contains one or more of Mn: 0.005˜1.0 mass %, Ni: 0.010˜1.50 mass %, Cr: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, Cu: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, P: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sn: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sb: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Bi: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Mo: 0.005˜0.100 mass % and Al: 0.02˜6.0 mass %. 16. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 8, wherein in addition to the above chemical composition, the electrical steel sheet of the invention contains one or more of Mn: 0.005˜1.0 mass %, Ni: 0.010˜1.50 mass %, Cr: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, Cu: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, P: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sn: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sb: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Bi: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Mo: 0.005˜0.100 mass % and Al: 0.02˜6.0 mass %. 17. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 9, wherein in addition to the above chemical composition, the electrical steel sheet of the invention contains one or more of Mn: 0.005˜1.0 mass %, Ni: 0.010˜1.50 mass %, Cr: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, Cu: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, P: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sn: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sb: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Bi: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Mo: 0.005˜0.100 mass % and Al: 0.02˜6.0 mass %. 18. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 10, wherein in addition to the above chemical composition, the electrical steel sheet of the invention contains one or more of Mn: 0.005˜1.0 mass %, Ni: 0.010˜1.50 mass %, Cr: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, Cu: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, P: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sn: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sb: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Bi: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Mo: 0.005˜0.100 mass % and Al: 0.02˜6.0 mass %. 19. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 11, wherein in addition to the above chemical composition, the electrical steel sheet of the invention contains one or more of Mn: 0.005˜1.0 mass %, Ni: 0.010˜1.50 mass %, Cr: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, Cu: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, P: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sn: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sb: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Bi: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Mo: 0.005˜0.100 mass % and Al: 0.02˜6.0 mass %. 20. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 12, wherein in addition to the above chemical composition, the electrical steel sheet of the invention contains one or more of Mn: 0.005˜1.0 mass %, Ni: 0.010˜1.50 mass %, Cr: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, Cu: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, P: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sn: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sb: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Bi: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Mo: 0.005˜0.100 mass % and Al: 0.02˜6.0 mass %. 21. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 13, wherein in addition to the above chemical composition, the electrical steel sheet of the invention contains one or more of Mn: 0.005˜1.0 mass %, Ni: 0.010˜1.50 mass %, Cr: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, Cu: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, P: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sn: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sb: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Bi: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Mo: 0.005˜0.100 mass % and Al: 0.02˜6.0 mass %. | An electrical steel sheet has a composition including C: less than 0.010 mass %, Si: 1.5˜10 mass % and the balance being Fe and incidental impurities, wherein a main orientation in a texture of a steel sheet is <111>//ND and an intensity ratio relative to randomly oriented specimen of the main orientation is not less than 5 and, preferably an intensity ratio relative to randomly oriented specimen of {111}<112> orientation is not less than 10, an intensity ratio relative to randomly oriented specimen of {310}<001> orientation is not more than 3 and Si concentration has a gradient that it is high at a side of a surface layer and low at a central portion in the thickness direction and a maximum value of the Si concentration is not less than 5.5 mass % and a difference between maximum and minimum values is not less than 0.5 mass %.1-5. (canceled) 6. An electrical steel sheet having a chemical composition comprising C: less than 0.010 mass %, Si: 1.5˜10 mass % and the balance being Fe and incidental impurities, wherein a main orientation in a texture of a steel sheet is <111>//ND and an intensity ratio relative to randomly oriented specimen of the main orientation is not less than 5. 7. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 6, wherein an intensity ratio relative to randomly oriented specimen of {111}<112> orientation is not less than 10. 8. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 6, wherein an intensity ratio relative to randomly oriented specimen of {310}<001> orientation is not more than 3. 9. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 7, wherein an intensity ratio relative to randomly oriented specimen of {310}<001> orientation is not more than 3. 10. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 6, wherein Si concentration has a gradient that it is high at a side of a surface layer and low at a central portion in the thickness direction and a maximum value of the Si concentration is not less than 5.5 mass % and a difference between maximum value and minimum value is not less than 0.5 mass %. 11. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 7, wherein Si concentration has a gradient that it is high at a side of a surface layer and low at a central portion in the thickness direction and a maximum value of the Si concentration is not less than 5.5 mass % and a difference between maximum value and minimum value is not less than 0.5 mass %. 12. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 8, wherein Si concentration has a gradient that it is high at a side of a surface layer and low at a central portion in the thickness direction and a maximum value of the Si concentration is not less than 5.5 mass % and a difference between maximum value and minimum value is not less than 0.5 mass %. 13. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 9, wherein Si concentration has a gradient that it is high at a side of a surface layer and low at a central portion in the thickness direction and a maximum value of the Si concentration is not less than 5.5 mass % and a difference between maximum value and minimum value is not less than 0.5 mass %. 14. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 6, wherein in addition to the above chemical composition, the electrical steel sheet of the invention contains one or more of Mn: 0.005˜1.0 mass %, Ni: 0.010˜1.50 mass %, Cr: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, Cu: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, P: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sn: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sb: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Bi: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Mo: 0.005˜0.100 mass % and Al: 0.02˜6.0 mass %. 15. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 7, wherein in addition to the above chemical composition, the electrical steel sheet of the invention contains one or more of Mn: 0.005˜1.0 mass %, Ni: 0.010˜1.50 mass %, Cr: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, Cu: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, P: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sn: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sb: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Bi: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Mo: 0.005˜0.100 mass % and Al: 0.02˜6.0 mass %. 16. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 8, wherein in addition to the above chemical composition, the electrical steel sheet of the invention contains one or more of Mn: 0.005˜1.0 mass %, Ni: 0.010˜1.50 mass %, Cr: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, Cu: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, P: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sn: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sb: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Bi: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Mo: 0.005˜0.100 mass % and Al: 0.02˜6.0 mass %. 17. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 9, wherein in addition to the above chemical composition, the electrical steel sheet of the invention contains one or more of Mn: 0.005˜1.0 mass %, Ni: 0.010˜1.50 mass %, Cr: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, Cu: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, P: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sn: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sb: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Bi: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Mo: 0.005˜0.100 mass % and Al: 0.02˜6.0 mass %. 18. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 10, wherein in addition to the above chemical composition, the electrical steel sheet of the invention contains one or more of Mn: 0.005˜1.0 mass %, Ni: 0.010˜1.50 mass %, Cr: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, Cu: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, P: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sn: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sb: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Bi: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Mo: 0.005˜0.100 mass % and Al: 0.02˜6.0 mass %. 19. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 11, wherein in addition to the above chemical composition, the electrical steel sheet of the invention contains one or more of Mn: 0.005˜1.0 mass %, Ni: 0.010˜1.50 mass %, Cr: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, Cu: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, P: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sn: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sb: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Bi: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Mo: 0.005˜0.100 mass % and Al: 0.02˜6.0 mass %. 20. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 12, wherein in addition to the above chemical composition, the electrical steel sheet of the invention contains one or more of Mn: 0.005˜1.0 mass %, Ni: 0.010˜1.50 mass %, Cr: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, Cu: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, P: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sn: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sb: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Bi: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Mo: 0.005˜0.100 mass % and Al: 0.02˜6.0 mass %. 21. An electrical steel sheet according to claim 13, wherein in addition to the above chemical composition, the electrical steel sheet of the invention contains one or more of Mn: 0.005˜1.0 mass %, Ni: 0.010˜1.50 mass %, Cr: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, Cu: 0.01˜0.50 mass %, P: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sn: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Sb: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Bi: 0.005˜0.50 mass %, Mo: 0.005˜0.100 mass % and Al: 0.02˜6.0 mass %. | 1,700 |
2,365 | 13,871,790 | 1,726 | In a method for regulating a fuel cell stack ( 1 ), a current-voltage characteristic of the fuel cell stack is detected and evaluated to determine an operating point of the fuel cell stack, wherein a current-voltage characteristic of the fuel cell stack ( 1 ) is detected at time intervals in operation whose gradient has a minimum, a characteristic value (R min ) for the minimum of the gradient is respectively determined from the detected current-voltage characteristic and a desired value for the operating point is determined by addition of a predefined offset value (R offset ) to the characteristic value, and wherein the fuel cell stack ( 1 ) is regulated by the desired value determined in this manner. | 1. A method for regulating a fuel cell or a fuel cell stack (1), wherein a current-voltage characteristic of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack is detected and evaluated in the method to determine an operating point of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack, characterized in that a current-voltage characteristic of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack (1) is detected at time intervals in operation whose gradient has a minimum; in that a value for the minimum of the gradient or a value (Rmin) related to the minimum of the gradient is respectively determined from the detected current-voltage characteristic; in that a desired value is determined for the operating point by a mathematical linking of the determined value with a predefined offset value (Roffset), in particular by addition of a predefined offset value to the determined value; and in that the fuel cell or the fuel cell stack (1) is regulated using the desired value thus determined. 2. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the fuel cell or the fuel cell stack are regulated via a regulable consumer (3) or a regulable current sink which are connected to the output (9) of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack (1). 3. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the regulable consumer (3) is a voltage converter or an inverter whose outputs are connectable to a power grid (3′). 4. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the value for the minimum of the gradient is the value of the internal resistance or of the area specific resistance (ASR) of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack in the minimum of the gradient or wherein the value (Rmin) related to the minimum of the gradient is from case to case linked with the value of the internal resistance or of the area specific resistance of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack in the minimum of the gradient. 5. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the value for the minimum of the gradient or the value (Rmin) related to the minimum of the gradient is mathematically determined from the current-voltage characteristic, in particular numerically or by mathematical derivation from the current-voltage characteristic. 6. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the fuel cell or the fuel cell stack is voltage controlled, i.e. regulated with a desired value (Usoll) for the cell voltage or the output voltage, or it is current controlled, i.e. regulated with a desired value (Isoll) for the current or the current density. 7. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein first a sum value (RSumme=Rmin+Roffset) is determined by addition of a predefined offset value (Roffset) to the value (Rmin) for the minimum of the gradient or to the value (Rmin) related to the minimum of the gradient and wherein a value corresponding to the sum value is determined with the aid of the current-voltage characteristic for the cell voltage or for the output voltage (Usoll) or for the current or for the current density (Isoll) which serves as a desired value for the regulation of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack (1). 8. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein a current-voltage characteristic of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack (1) is detected in operation after at least 200 h or at least 500 h or at least 1000 h or every 200 h or 500 h or every 1000 h and the desired value is determined again from the detected current-voltage characteristic. 9. A regulating apparatus (8) for a fuel cell, a fuel cell stack (1) or a fuel cell system, configured to regulate the fuel cell or the fuel cell stack or the fuel cell system by means of a method in accordance with claim 1. 10. A regulating apparatus in accordance with claim 9, wherein the regulating apparatus (8) is connected to an output (9) of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack (1), containing a measuring and regulating unit (6) which is configured to detect a current-voltage characteristic of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack and to determine a value for the minimum of the gradient or a value (Rmin) related to the minimum of the gradient from the detected current-voltage characteristic in order to determine a desired value for the operating point by a mathematical linking of the determined value with a predefined offset value (Roffset) by addition of a predefined offset value to the determined value and in order to regulate the fuel cell or the fuel cell stack or the fuel cell system using the desired value determined in this manner. 11. A regulating apparatus in accordance with claim 9, additionally containing a regulable consumer (3) or a regulable current sink which can be connected to the output of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack (1) to regulate the fuel cell or the fuel cell stack via the regulable consumer or the regulable current sink. 12. A fuel cell or fuel cell stack or fuel cell system having a regulating apparatus (8) in accordance with claim 9. | In a method for regulating a fuel cell stack ( 1 ), a current-voltage characteristic of the fuel cell stack is detected and evaluated to determine an operating point of the fuel cell stack, wherein a current-voltage characteristic of the fuel cell stack ( 1 ) is detected at time intervals in operation whose gradient has a minimum, a characteristic value (R min ) for the minimum of the gradient is respectively determined from the detected current-voltage characteristic and a desired value for the operating point is determined by addition of a predefined offset value (R offset ) to the characteristic value, and wherein the fuel cell stack ( 1 ) is regulated by the desired value determined in this manner.1. A method for regulating a fuel cell or a fuel cell stack (1), wherein a current-voltage characteristic of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack is detected and evaluated in the method to determine an operating point of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack, characterized in that a current-voltage characteristic of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack (1) is detected at time intervals in operation whose gradient has a minimum; in that a value for the minimum of the gradient or a value (Rmin) related to the minimum of the gradient is respectively determined from the detected current-voltage characteristic; in that a desired value is determined for the operating point by a mathematical linking of the determined value with a predefined offset value (Roffset), in particular by addition of a predefined offset value to the determined value; and in that the fuel cell or the fuel cell stack (1) is regulated using the desired value thus determined. 2. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the fuel cell or the fuel cell stack are regulated via a regulable consumer (3) or a regulable current sink which are connected to the output (9) of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack (1). 3. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the regulable consumer (3) is a voltage converter or an inverter whose outputs are connectable to a power grid (3′). 4. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the value for the minimum of the gradient is the value of the internal resistance or of the area specific resistance (ASR) of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack in the minimum of the gradient or wherein the value (Rmin) related to the minimum of the gradient is from case to case linked with the value of the internal resistance or of the area specific resistance of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack in the minimum of the gradient. 5. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the value for the minimum of the gradient or the value (Rmin) related to the minimum of the gradient is mathematically determined from the current-voltage characteristic, in particular numerically or by mathematical derivation from the current-voltage characteristic. 6. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the fuel cell or the fuel cell stack is voltage controlled, i.e. regulated with a desired value (Usoll) for the cell voltage or the output voltage, or it is current controlled, i.e. regulated with a desired value (Isoll) for the current or the current density. 7. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein first a sum value (RSumme=Rmin+Roffset) is determined by addition of a predefined offset value (Roffset) to the value (Rmin) for the minimum of the gradient or to the value (Rmin) related to the minimum of the gradient and wherein a value corresponding to the sum value is determined with the aid of the current-voltage characteristic for the cell voltage or for the output voltage (Usoll) or for the current or for the current density (Isoll) which serves as a desired value for the regulation of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack (1). 8. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein a current-voltage characteristic of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack (1) is detected in operation after at least 200 h or at least 500 h or at least 1000 h or every 200 h or 500 h or every 1000 h and the desired value is determined again from the detected current-voltage characteristic. 9. A regulating apparatus (8) for a fuel cell, a fuel cell stack (1) or a fuel cell system, configured to regulate the fuel cell or the fuel cell stack or the fuel cell system by means of a method in accordance with claim 1. 10. A regulating apparatus in accordance with claim 9, wherein the regulating apparatus (8) is connected to an output (9) of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack (1), containing a measuring and regulating unit (6) which is configured to detect a current-voltage characteristic of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack and to determine a value for the minimum of the gradient or a value (Rmin) related to the minimum of the gradient from the detected current-voltage characteristic in order to determine a desired value for the operating point by a mathematical linking of the determined value with a predefined offset value (Roffset) by addition of a predefined offset value to the determined value and in order to regulate the fuel cell or the fuel cell stack or the fuel cell system using the desired value determined in this manner. 11. A regulating apparatus in accordance with claim 9, additionally containing a regulable consumer (3) or a regulable current sink which can be connected to the output of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack (1) to regulate the fuel cell or the fuel cell stack via the regulable consumer or the regulable current sink. 12. A fuel cell or fuel cell stack or fuel cell system having a regulating apparatus (8) in accordance with claim 9. | 1,700 |
2,366 | 14,340,083 | 1,716 | An apparatus for control of a temperature of a substrate has a temperature-controlled base, a heater, a metal plate, a layer of dielectric material. The heater is thermally coupled to an underside of the metal plate while being electrically insulated from the metal plate. A first layer of adhesive material bonds the metal plate and the heater to the top surface of the temperature controlled base. This adhesive layer is mechanically flexible, and possesses physical properties designed to balance the thermal energy of the heaters and an external process to provide a desired temperature pattern on the surface of the apparatus. A second layer of adhesive material bonds the layer of dielectric material to a top surface of the metal plate. This second adhesive layer possesses physical properties designed to transfer the desired temperature pattern to the surface of the apparatus. | 1. A substrate support for control of a temperature of a semiconductor substrate supported thereon during plasma processing of the semiconductor substrate comprising:
a temperature-controlled base having a top surface; a plate having a film heater with a plurality of resistive heating elements thermally coupled to an underside of the plate, the film heater electrically insulated from the plate and the plate having a thickness adequate to transfer a spatial pattern of the film heater to the semiconductor substrate; a first layer of adhesive bonding the plate and the heater to the top surface of the temperature-controlled base; and a layer of dielectric material bonded to a top surface of the plate with a second layer of adhesive, the layer of dielectric material forming an electrostatic clamping mechanism for supporting the semiconductor substrate. 2. The substrate support of claim 1 wherein the top surface of the temperature-controlled base is flat to within about 0.0005″. 3. The substrate support of claim 1 wherein a surface dimension of the plate is substantially similar to the surface dimension of the temperature-controlled base. 4. The substrate support of claim 1 wherein the plate also has a bottom surface, the top and bottom surfaces being substantially parallel to each other to within about 0.0005″. 5. The substrate support of claim 1 wherein the plate is a metal plate. 6. The substrate support of claim 1 wherein the plate is a ceramic plate. 7. The substrate support of claim 1 wherein the resistive heating elements form a pattern layout on the plate. 8. The substrate support of claim 1 wherein the adhesive layer includes a uniformly deposited mechanically flexible thermal insulator layer. 9. The substrate support of claim 1 wherein the adhesive layer includes a solid plate. 10. The substrate support of claim 9 wherein the solid plate includes a top and bottom surface, the top and bottom surface being substantially parallel to each other to within about 0.001″. 11. The substrate support of claim 9 wherein a thermal conductivity of the solid plate is based on the relative power levels employed by the film heater and an external process. 12. The substrate support of claim 9 wherein the bottom surface of the solid plate is bonded to the top surface of the base with a mechanically flexible adhesive having a substantially high thermal conductivity. 13. The substrate support of claim 9 wherein the top surface of the solid plate is bonded to the underside of the plate with a mechanically flexible adhesive having a substantially high thermal conductivity. 14. The substrate support of claim 1 further comprising an electrical connector having:
a vertical spring loaded pin having a top end, the vertical spring loaded pin disposed in a cavity of the base, the first layer of adhesive layer, and the film heater; and
a bushing configured to enclose a portion of the top end of the pin, the bushing being thermally conductive and thermally coupled to the film heater and the dielectric layer, the bushing being electrically non-conductive. 15. The substrate support of claim 14 further comprising a socket configured to hold a bottom end of said pin. 16. The substrate support of claim 15 further comprising a plastic insulator cover configured to cover the socket and a portion of the pin, exposing the top end of the pin. 17. The substrate support of claim 16 wherein the bushing is configured to electrically insulate the top end of the pin from a wall of the cavity in the base and to transfer an amount of heat from the film heater to the dielectric layer. 18. A plasma etching system comprising:
a chamber having the substrate support of claim 1; and a power supply. 19. The plasma etching system of claim 18 further comprising:
a temperature probe coupled to the plate; and
a feedback controller coupled to the temperature probe and the power supply. 20. The plasma etching system of claim 18 further comprising an electrical connector having:
a vertical spring loaded pin having a top end in contact with the electrostatic clamping mechanism in the layer of dielectric material, the vertical spring loaded pin disposed in a cavity of the base, the first layer of adhesive layer, and the heater film; and
a bushing enclosing a portion of the top end of the pin, the bushing thermally coupled to the heater film and the bushing being electrically non-conductive. | An apparatus for control of a temperature of a substrate has a temperature-controlled base, a heater, a metal plate, a layer of dielectric material. The heater is thermally coupled to an underside of the metal plate while being electrically insulated from the metal plate. A first layer of adhesive material bonds the metal plate and the heater to the top surface of the temperature controlled base. This adhesive layer is mechanically flexible, and possesses physical properties designed to balance the thermal energy of the heaters and an external process to provide a desired temperature pattern on the surface of the apparatus. A second layer of adhesive material bonds the layer of dielectric material to a top surface of the metal plate. This second adhesive layer possesses physical properties designed to transfer the desired temperature pattern to the surface of the apparatus.1. A substrate support for control of a temperature of a semiconductor substrate supported thereon during plasma processing of the semiconductor substrate comprising:
a temperature-controlled base having a top surface; a plate having a film heater with a plurality of resistive heating elements thermally coupled to an underside of the plate, the film heater electrically insulated from the plate and the plate having a thickness adequate to transfer a spatial pattern of the film heater to the semiconductor substrate; a first layer of adhesive bonding the plate and the heater to the top surface of the temperature-controlled base; and a layer of dielectric material bonded to a top surface of the plate with a second layer of adhesive, the layer of dielectric material forming an electrostatic clamping mechanism for supporting the semiconductor substrate. 2. The substrate support of claim 1 wherein the top surface of the temperature-controlled base is flat to within about 0.0005″. 3. The substrate support of claim 1 wherein a surface dimension of the plate is substantially similar to the surface dimension of the temperature-controlled base. 4. The substrate support of claim 1 wherein the plate also has a bottom surface, the top and bottom surfaces being substantially parallel to each other to within about 0.0005″. 5. The substrate support of claim 1 wherein the plate is a metal plate. 6. The substrate support of claim 1 wherein the plate is a ceramic plate. 7. The substrate support of claim 1 wherein the resistive heating elements form a pattern layout on the plate. 8. The substrate support of claim 1 wherein the adhesive layer includes a uniformly deposited mechanically flexible thermal insulator layer. 9. The substrate support of claim 1 wherein the adhesive layer includes a solid plate. 10. The substrate support of claim 9 wherein the solid plate includes a top and bottom surface, the top and bottom surface being substantially parallel to each other to within about 0.001″. 11. The substrate support of claim 9 wherein a thermal conductivity of the solid plate is based on the relative power levels employed by the film heater and an external process. 12. The substrate support of claim 9 wherein the bottom surface of the solid plate is bonded to the top surface of the base with a mechanically flexible adhesive having a substantially high thermal conductivity. 13. The substrate support of claim 9 wherein the top surface of the solid plate is bonded to the underside of the plate with a mechanically flexible adhesive having a substantially high thermal conductivity. 14. The substrate support of claim 1 further comprising an electrical connector having:
a vertical spring loaded pin having a top end, the vertical spring loaded pin disposed in a cavity of the base, the first layer of adhesive layer, and the film heater; and
a bushing configured to enclose a portion of the top end of the pin, the bushing being thermally conductive and thermally coupled to the film heater and the dielectric layer, the bushing being electrically non-conductive. 15. The substrate support of claim 14 further comprising a socket configured to hold a bottom end of said pin. 16. The substrate support of claim 15 further comprising a plastic insulator cover configured to cover the socket and a portion of the pin, exposing the top end of the pin. 17. The substrate support of claim 16 wherein the bushing is configured to electrically insulate the top end of the pin from a wall of the cavity in the base and to transfer an amount of heat from the film heater to the dielectric layer. 18. A plasma etching system comprising:
a chamber having the substrate support of claim 1; and a power supply. 19. The plasma etching system of claim 18 further comprising:
a temperature probe coupled to the plate; and
a feedback controller coupled to the temperature probe and the power supply. 20. The plasma etching system of claim 18 further comprising an electrical connector having:
a vertical spring loaded pin having a top end in contact with the electrostatic clamping mechanism in the layer of dielectric material, the vertical spring loaded pin disposed in a cavity of the base, the first layer of adhesive layer, and the heater film; and
a bushing enclosing a portion of the top end of the pin, the bushing thermally coupled to the heater film and the bushing being electrically non-conductive. | 1,700 |
2,367 | 13,253,627 | 1,718 | Embodiments of the invention generally provide a lid heater for a plasma processing chamber. In one embodiment, a lid heater assembly is provided that includes a thermally conductive base. The thermally conductive base has a planar ring shape defining an inner opening. The lid heater assembly further includes a heating element disposed on the thermally conductive base, and an insulated center core disposed across the inner opening of the thermally conductive base. | 1. A lid heater assembly, comprising:
a thermally conductive base, wherein the thermally conductive base has a planar ring shape defining an inner opening; a heating element disposed on the thermally conductive base; and an insulated center core disposed across the inner opening of the thermally conductive base. 2. The lid heater assembly of claim 1, further comprising a thermal insulator disposed over the heating element. 3. The lid heater assembly of claim 2, wherein the insulated center core is formed from a RF transparent material. 4. The lid heater assembly of claim 3, wherein the insulated center core has a plurality of cooling holes formed therethrough. 5. The lid heater assembly of claim 4, wherein the plurality of cooling holes comprises:
a plurality of inner holes positioned near a center region of the insulated center core; and a plurality of outer holes positioned near an outer region of the insulated center core, wherein the plurality of inner holes are smaller than the plurality of outer holes. 6. The lid heater assembly of claim 2, further comprising an RF shield disposed between the heating element and the thermal insulator. 7. The lid heater assembly of claim 6, wherein the RF shield is a planar ring with a gap formed therein. 8. The lid heater assembly of claim 4, wherein the insulated center core has more open area proximate the thermally conductive base relative to a center of the conductive core. 9. A plasma processing system, comprising:
a chamber body; a chamber lid enclosing a processing volume of the chamber body; a substrate support disposed in the processing volume; a coil assembly disposed above the chamber lid configured to couple RF power to gases within the processing volume through the chamber lid; and a lid heater assembly coupled to the chamber lid, wherein the lid heater assembly comprises:
a heated ring having an inner opening, wherein a diameter of the inner opening at least at large as the coil assembly, and the heated ring and the coil assembly are positioned so that a magnetic field of the coil assembly is substantially directed toward inside of the inner opening; and
an insulated center core disposed across the inner opening of the heated ring. 10. The plasma processing system of claim 9, wherein the heated ring comprises:
a thermally conductive base, wherein the thermally conductive base has a planar ring shape defining the inner opening; a heating element disposed on the thermally conductive base. 11. The plasma processing system of claim 10, wherein the heated ring further comprises a thermal insulator disposed over the heating element. 12. The plasma processing system of claim 11, wherein the heated ring further comprises an RF shield disposed between the heating element and the thermal insulator. 13. The plasma processing system of claim 12, wherein the RF shield is a planar ring with a gap formed therein. 14. The plasma processing system of claim 10, wherein the insulated center core has a plurality of cooling holes formed therethrough. 15. The plasma processing system of claim 14, wherein the insulated center core has more open area proximate the thermally conductive base relative to a center of the conductive core 16. The plasma processing system of claim 9, wherein the insulated center core is formed from RF transparent material. 17. A lid heater assembly, comprising:
a thermally conductive base, wherein the thermally conductive base has a planar ring shape defining an inner opening; a heating element disposed on the thermally conductive base; and a RF shield disposed over the heating element, wherein the RF shield has a gap, and the gap enables the heating element to become RF hot from a RF power provided to nearby an antenna so that the resistive heating element functions as both an inductive heater and a resistive heater. 18. The lid heater assembly 17, further comprising an insulated center core disposed across the inner opening of the thermally conductive base. 19. The lid heater assembly 17, wherein the RF shield enables the heating element and a grounded conductor to form a pair of capacitive electrodes for igniting and maintaining a plasma near the heating element. 20. The lid heater assembly of claim 17, wherein the RF shield is a planar ring having a gap and formed from aluminum. | Embodiments of the invention generally provide a lid heater for a plasma processing chamber. In one embodiment, a lid heater assembly is provided that includes a thermally conductive base. The thermally conductive base has a planar ring shape defining an inner opening. The lid heater assembly further includes a heating element disposed on the thermally conductive base, and an insulated center core disposed across the inner opening of the thermally conductive base.1. A lid heater assembly, comprising:
a thermally conductive base, wherein the thermally conductive base has a planar ring shape defining an inner opening; a heating element disposed on the thermally conductive base; and an insulated center core disposed across the inner opening of the thermally conductive base. 2. The lid heater assembly of claim 1, further comprising a thermal insulator disposed over the heating element. 3. The lid heater assembly of claim 2, wherein the insulated center core is formed from a RF transparent material. 4. The lid heater assembly of claim 3, wherein the insulated center core has a plurality of cooling holes formed therethrough. 5. The lid heater assembly of claim 4, wherein the plurality of cooling holes comprises:
a plurality of inner holes positioned near a center region of the insulated center core; and a plurality of outer holes positioned near an outer region of the insulated center core, wherein the plurality of inner holes are smaller than the plurality of outer holes. 6. The lid heater assembly of claim 2, further comprising an RF shield disposed between the heating element and the thermal insulator. 7. The lid heater assembly of claim 6, wherein the RF shield is a planar ring with a gap formed therein. 8. The lid heater assembly of claim 4, wherein the insulated center core has more open area proximate the thermally conductive base relative to a center of the conductive core. 9. A plasma processing system, comprising:
a chamber body; a chamber lid enclosing a processing volume of the chamber body; a substrate support disposed in the processing volume; a coil assembly disposed above the chamber lid configured to couple RF power to gases within the processing volume through the chamber lid; and a lid heater assembly coupled to the chamber lid, wherein the lid heater assembly comprises:
a heated ring having an inner opening, wherein a diameter of the inner opening at least at large as the coil assembly, and the heated ring and the coil assembly are positioned so that a magnetic field of the coil assembly is substantially directed toward inside of the inner opening; and
an insulated center core disposed across the inner opening of the heated ring. 10. The plasma processing system of claim 9, wherein the heated ring comprises:
a thermally conductive base, wherein the thermally conductive base has a planar ring shape defining the inner opening; a heating element disposed on the thermally conductive base. 11. The plasma processing system of claim 10, wherein the heated ring further comprises a thermal insulator disposed over the heating element. 12. The plasma processing system of claim 11, wherein the heated ring further comprises an RF shield disposed between the heating element and the thermal insulator. 13. The plasma processing system of claim 12, wherein the RF shield is a planar ring with a gap formed therein. 14. The plasma processing system of claim 10, wherein the insulated center core has a plurality of cooling holes formed therethrough. 15. The plasma processing system of claim 14, wherein the insulated center core has more open area proximate the thermally conductive base relative to a center of the conductive core 16. The plasma processing system of claim 9, wherein the insulated center core is formed from RF transparent material. 17. A lid heater assembly, comprising:
a thermally conductive base, wherein the thermally conductive base has a planar ring shape defining an inner opening; a heating element disposed on the thermally conductive base; and a RF shield disposed over the heating element, wherein the RF shield has a gap, and the gap enables the heating element to become RF hot from a RF power provided to nearby an antenna so that the resistive heating element functions as both an inductive heater and a resistive heater. 18. The lid heater assembly 17, further comprising an insulated center core disposed across the inner opening of the thermally conductive base. 19. The lid heater assembly 17, wherein the RF shield enables the heating element and a grounded conductor to form a pair of capacitive electrodes for igniting and maintaining a plasma near the heating element. 20. The lid heater assembly of claim 17, wherein the RF shield is a planar ring having a gap and formed from aluminum. | 1,700 |
2,368 | 14,861,481 | 1,764 | The present invention provides a composition comprising: a polyester base polymer; an oxidizable polyether-based additive; and a transition metal catalyst, wherein the polyester base polymer is substantially free of antimony. Containers made include a wall made of the composition. The polyester base polymer may preferably include polyethylene terephthalate and include less than about 100 ppm of antimony, less than about 50 ppm, less than about 10 ppm, or between about 0 and about 2 ppm. Containers made from the composition are substantially clear and exhibit excellent oxygen scavenging properties with little to no induction period. | 1. A composition comprising:
a substantially antimony-free polyester base polymer; an oxidizable polyether-based additive; and a transition metal catalyst. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polyester base polymer comprises polyethylene terephthalate. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polyester base polymer contains less than 100 ppm of antimony. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polyester base polymer contains less than 50 ppm of antimony. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polyester base polymer contains less than 10 ppm of antimony. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polyester base polymer contains between about 0 ppm and about 2 ppm of antimony. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the oxidizable polyether-based additive has the formula X—[R—O]n—R′—Y, wherein
R is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene chain having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms;
n ranges from 4 to 100;
X and Y are selected from the group consisting of H, OH, —OCOR1, —OCOAr1, —OR1, and —OAr1, wherein R1 is an alkyl group having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms and Ar1 is an aryl group; and
R′ may be the same as R or selected from the group consisting of —[COR2COOR3O]p— and —[COAr2COOR3O]p— wherein Ar2 is a phenylene or naphthylene group, R2 and R3 are C2 to C18 alkylene groups, and p ranges from 10 to 100. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the oxidizable polyether-based additive is selected from the group consisting of polyether diols, ester capped derivatives of polyether diols, polyether-polyester block copolymers, and ether end-capped ether end-capped derivatives of polyether diols. 9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the oxidizable polyether-based additive comprises polytetramethylene ether glycol. 10. The composition of claim 8, wherein the oxidizable polyether-based additive comprises polytetramethylene ether glycol dibenzoate or polytetramethylene ether glycol dioctaoate. 11. The composition of claim 8, wherein the oxidizable polyether-based additive comprises PTMEG-b-PET copolymer. 12. The composition of claim 8, wherein the oxidizable polyether-based additive comprises polytetramethylene ether glycol dimethyl ether. 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the transition metal catalyst comprises cobalt. 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the transition metal catalyst comprises a carboxylate salt. 15. The composition of claim 1, wherein the transition metal catalyst comprises cobalt neodecanoate. 16. A wall for a package comprising at least one layer, said one layer comprising a composition, said composition comprising:
a substantially antimony-free polyester base polymer containing; an oxidizable polyether-based additive; and a transition metal catalyst. 17. The wall of claim 16, wherein the polyester base polymer comprises polyethylene. 18. The wall of claim 16, wherein the polyester base polymer contains less than 100 ppm of antimony. 19. The wall of claim 16, wherein the polyester base polymer contains less than 50 ppm of antimony. 20. The wall of claim 16, wherein the polyester base polymer contains less than 10 ppm of antimony. 21. The wall of claim 16, wherein the polyester base polymer contains between about 0 ppm and about 2 ppm of antimony. 22. The wall of claim 16, wherein the oxidizable polyether-based additive has the formula X—[R—O]n—R′—Y, wherein
R is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene chain having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms;
n ranges from 4 to 100;
X and Y are selected from the group consisting of H, OH, —OCOR1, —OCOAr1, —OR1, and —OAr1, wherein R1 is an alkyl group having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms and Ar1 is an aryl group; and
R′ may be the same as R or selected from the group consisting of —[COR2COOR3O]p— and —[COAr2COOR3O]p— wherein Ar2 is a phenylene or naphthylene group, R2 and R3 are C2 to C18 alkylene groups, and p ranges from 10 to 100. 23. The wall of claim 16, wherein the oxidizable polyether-based additive is selected from the group consisting of polyether diols, ester capped derivatives of polyether diols, polyether-polyester block copolymers, and ether end-capped derivatives of polyether diols. 24. The wall of claim 23, wherein the oxidizable polyether-based additive comprises polytetramethylene ether glycol. 25. The wall of claim 23, wherein the oxidizable polyether-based additive comprises polytetramethylene ether glycol dibenzoate or polytetramethylene ether glycol dioctaoate. 26. The wall of claim 23, wherein the oxidizable polyether-based additive comprises PTMEG-b-PET copolymer. 27. The wall of claim 23, wherein the oxidizable polyether-based additive comprises polytetramethylene ether glycol dimethyl ether. 28. The wall of claim 16, wherein package is a monolayer package and the composition comprises up to about 1 wt. % of the oxidizable polyether-based additive. 29. The wall of claim 28, wherein the composition comprises up to about 0.5 wt. % of the oxidizable polyether-based additive 30. The wall of claim 16, wherein package is a multilayer package, wherein the composition comprises a single layer, and wherein the composition comprises at least 0.5 wt. % of the oxidizable polyether-based additive. 31. The wall of claim 30, wherein the composition comprises about 1 wt. % to about 5 wt. % of the oxidizable polyether-based additive. 32. The wall of claim 16, wherein the transition metal catalyst comprises cobalt. 33. The wall of claim 16, wherein the transition metal catalyst comprises a carboxylate salt. 34. The wall of claim 16, wherein the transition metal catalyst comprises cobalt neodecanoate. | The present invention provides a composition comprising: a polyester base polymer; an oxidizable polyether-based additive; and a transition metal catalyst, wherein the polyester base polymer is substantially free of antimony. Containers made include a wall made of the composition. The polyester base polymer may preferably include polyethylene terephthalate and include less than about 100 ppm of antimony, less than about 50 ppm, less than about 10 ppm, or between about 0 and about 2 ppm. Containers made from the composition are substantially clear and exhibit excellent oxygen scavenging properties with little to no induction period.1. A composition comprising:
a substantially antimony-free polyester base polymer; an oxidizable polyether-based additive; and a transition metal catalyst. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polyester base polymer comprises polyethylene terephthalate. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polyester base polymer contains less than 100 ppm of antimony. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polyester base polymer contains less than 50 ppm of antimony. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polyester base polymer contains less than 10 ppm of antimony. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polyester base polymer contains between about 0 ppm and about 2 ppm of antimony. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the oxidizable polyether-based additive has the formula X—[R—O]n—R′—Y, wherein
R is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene chain having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms;
n ranges from 4 to 100;
X and Y are selected from the group consisting of H, OH, —OCOR1, —OCOAr1, —OR1, and —OAr1, wherein R1 is an alkyl group having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms and Ar1 is an aryl group; and
R′ may be the same as R or selected from the group consisting of —[COR2COOR3O]p— and —[COAr2COOR3O]p— wherein Ar2 is a phenylene or naphthylene group, R2 and R3 are C2 to C18 alkylene groups, and p ranges from 10 to 100. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the oxidizable polyether-based additive is selected from the group consisting of polyether diols, ester capped derivatives of polyether diols, polyether-polyester block copolymers, and ether end-capped ether end-capped derivatives of polyether diols. 9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the oxidizable polyether-based additive comprises polytetramethylene ether glycol. 10. The composition of claim 8, wherein the oxidizable polyether-based additive comprises polytetramethylene ether glycol dibenzoate or polytetramethylene ether glycol dioctaoate. 11. The composition of claim 8, wherein the oxidizable polyether-based additive comprises PTMEG-b-PET copolymer. 12. The composition of claim 8, wherein the oxidizable polyether-based additive comprises polytetramethylene ether glycol dimethyl ether. 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the transition metal catalyst comprises cobalt. 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the transition metal catalyst comprises a carboxylate salt. 15. The composition of claim 1, wherein the transition metal catalyst comprises cobalt neodecanoate. 16. A wall for a package comprising at least one layer, said one layer comprising a composition, said composition comprising:
a substantially antimony-free polyester base polymer containing; an oxidizable polyether-based additive; and a transition metal catalyst. 17. The wall of claim 16, wherein the polyester base polymer comprises polyethylene. 18. The wall of claim 16, wherein the polyester base polymer contains less than 100 ppm of antimony. 19. The wall of claim 16, wherein the polyester base polymer contains less than 50 ppm of antimony. 20. The wall of claim 16, wherein the polyester base polymer contains less than 10 ppm of antimony. 21. The wall of claim 16, wherein the polyester base polymer contains between about 0 ppm and about 2 ppm of antimony. 22. The wall of claim 16, wherein the oxidizable polyether-based additive has the formula X—[R—O]n—R′—Y, wherein
R is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene chain having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms;
n ranges from 4 to 100;
X and Y are selected from the group consisting of H, OH, —OCOR1, —OCOAr1, —OR1, and —OAr1, wherein R1 is an alkyl group having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms and Ar1 is an aryl group; and
R′ may be the same as R or selected from the group consisting of —[COR2COOR3O]p— and —[COAr2COOR3O]p— wherein Ar2 is a phenylene or naphthylene group, R2 and R3 are C2 to C18 alkylene groups, and p ranges from 10 to 100. 23. The wall of claim 16, wherein the oxidizable polyether-based additive is selected from the group consisting of polyether diols, ester capped derivatives of polyether diols, polyether-polyester block copolymers, and ether end-capped derivatives of polyether diols. 24. The wall of claim 23, wherein the oxidizable polyether-based additive comprises polytetramethylene ether glycol. 25. The wall of claim 23, wherein the oxidizable polyether-based additive comprises polytetramethylene ether glycol dibenzoate or polytetramethylene ether glycol dioctaoate. 26. The wall of claim 23, wherein the oxidizable polyether-based additive comprises PTMEG-b-PET copolymer. 27. The wall of claim 23, wherein the oxidizable polyether-based additive comprises polytetramethylene ether glycol dimethyl ether. 28. The wall of claim 16, wherein package is a monolayer package and the composition comprises up to about 1 wt. % of the oxidizable polyether-based additive. 29. The wall of claim 28, wherein the composition comprises up to about 0.5 wt. % of the oxidizable polyether-based additive 30. The wall of claim 16, wherein package is a multilayer package, wherein the composition comprises a single layer, and wherein the composition comprises at least 0.5 wt. % of the oxidizable polyether-based additive. 31. The wall of claim 30, wherein the composition comprises about 1 wt. % to about 5 wt. % of the oxidizable polyether-based additive. 32. The wall of claim 16, wherein the transition metal catalyst comprises cobalt. 33. The wall of claim 16, wherein the transition metal catalyst comprises a carboxylate salt. 34. The wall of claim 16, wherein the transition metal catalyst comprises cobalt neodecanoate. | 1,700 |
2,369 | 14,396,788 | 1,786 | The present invention relates to a transmission belt containing a core wire extending in a lengthwise direction of the belt, an adhesive rubber layer in contact with at least a part of the core wire, a back surface rubber layer formed on one surface of the adhesive rubber layer, and an inner surface rubber layer formed on the other surface of the adhesive rubber layer and engaging or in contact with a pulley, in which the adhesive rubber layer is formed by a vulcanized rubber composition containing a rubber component, a fatty acid amide and a silica. | 1. A transmission belt comprising a core wire extending in a lengthwise direction of the belt, an adhesive rubber layer in contact with at least a part of the core wire, a back surface rubber layer formed on one surface of the adhesive rubber layer, and an inner surface rubber layer formed on the other surface of the adhesive rubber layer and engaging or in contact with a pulley,
wherein the adhesive rubber layer is formed by a vulcanized rubber composition comprising a rubber component, a fatty acid amide and a silica. 2. The transmission belt according to claim 1, wherein the proportion of the fatty acid amide is from 0.3 to 10 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the rubber component. 3. The transmission belt according to claim 1, wherein the proportion of the fatty acid amide is from 1 to 30 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the silica. 4. The transmission belt according to claim 1, wherein the fatty acid amide comprises a fatty acid amide having a saturated or unsaturated higher fatty acid residue having from 10 to 26 carbon atoms or a higher amine residue having from 10 to 26 carbon atoms. 5. The transmission belt according to claim 1, wherein the silica has a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area according to BET method of from 50 to 400 m2/g. 6. The transmission belt according to claim 1, wherein the rubber component comprises chloroprene rubber. 7. The transmission belt according to claim 1, which is a friction transmission belt. | The present invention relates to a transmission belt containing a core wire extending in a lengthwise direction of the belt, an adhesive rubber layer in contact with at least a part of the core wire, a back surface rubber layer formed on one surface of the adhesive rubber layer, and an inner surface rubber layer formed on the other surface of the adhesive rubber layer and engaging or in contact with a pulley, in which the adhesive rubber layer is formed by a vulcanized rubber composition containing a rubber component, a fatty acid amide and a silica.1. A transmission belt comprising a core wire extending in a lengthwise direction of the belt, an adhesive rubber layer in contact with at least a part of the core wire, a back surface rubber layer formed on one surface of the adhesive rubber layer, and an inner surface rubber layer formed on the other surface of the adhesive rubber layer and engaging or in contact with a pulley,
wherein the adhesive rubber layer is formed by a vulcanized rubber composition comprising a rubber component, a fatty acid amide and a silica. 2. The transmission belt according to claim 1, wherein the proportion of the fatty acid amide is from 0.3 to 10 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the rubber component. 3. The transmission belt according to claim 1, wherein the proportion of the fatty acid amide is from 1 to 30 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the silica. 4. The transmission belt according to claim 1, wherein the fatty acid amide comprises a fatty acid amide having a saturated or unsaturated higher fatty acid residue having from 10 to 26 carbon atoms or a higher amine residue having from 10 to 26 carbon atoms. 5. The transmission belt according to claim 1, wherein the silica has a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area according to BET method of from 50 to 400 m2/g. 6. The transmission belt according to claim 1, wherein the rubber component comprises chloroprene rubber. 7. The transmission belt according to claim 1, which is a friction transmission belt. | 1,700 |
2,370 | 13,715,271 | 1,761 | An electroconductive liquid resin composition including epoxy resin; a curing agent, such that an equivalent ratio of the curing agent to the epoxy resin ranges from 0.8 to 1.25, wherein at least one of the components is liquid; a curing promoter in an amount of 0.05 to 10 parts by mass, per total 100 parts by mass of the resin and agent; an electroconductive filler in an amount of 300 to 1,000 parts by mass, per total 100 parts by mass of the resin and agent; and particles of a thermoplastic resin which is solid at 25 degrees C. in an amount of 3 to 50 parts by mass, per total 100 parts by mass of the resin and agent, wherein when the composition is heated, an average diameter of the particles after heated becomes at least one and a half times an average diameter of the particles before heated. | 1. An electroconductive liquid resin composition, comprising
(A) an epoxy resin, (B) a curing agent in such an amount that an equivalent ratio of an epoxy-reactive group of the curing agent (B) to the epoxy group of the epoxy resin (A) ranges from 0.8 to 1.25, provided that at least one of the components (A) and (B) is liquid, (C) a curing promoter in an amount of 0.05 to 10 parts by mass, per total 100 parts by mass of the components (A) and (B), (D) an electroconductive filler in an amount of 300 to 1,000 parts by mass, per total 100 parts by mass of the components (A) and (B), and (E) particles of a thermoplastic resin which is solid at 25 degrees C. in an amount of 3 to 50 parts by mass, per total 100 parts by mass of the components (A) and (B), wherein when said composition is heated, an average particle diameter of said component (E) after heated becomes at least one and a half times an average particle diameter of said component (E) before heated. 2. The electroconductive liquid resin composition according to claim 1, wherein component (E) is particles of at least one thermoplastic resin selected from (meth)acrylic resins, phenoxy resins, polybutadiene resins, polystyrenes and copolymers thereof 3. The electroconductive liquid resin composition according to claim 1, wherein component (E) has a number average molecular weight, reduced to polystyrene, ranges from 1,000 to 10,000,000, and a weight average molecular weight, reduced to polystyrene, ranges from 10,000 to 100,000,000. 4. The electroconductive liquid resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the electroconductive resin composition has a viscosity of 10 to 500 Pa·s, as determined at 25 degrees C. with an E type viscometer. 5. The electroconductive liquid resin composition according to claim 1, wherein a total of the amounts of components (E) and (D) is 700 parts by mass or less per 100 parts by mass of a total of the amounts of components (A) and (B). 6. The electroconductive liquid resin composition according to claim 1, wherein when the composition is heated at a temperature in a range of 40 to 200 degrees C. for 1 minute to 3 hours, an average particle diameter of component (E) after heated becomes at least one and a half times an average particle diameter before heated. 7. The electroconductive liquid resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition gives a cured product having a volume resistivity of 1×10−3 ohm·cm or less, as determined at 25 degrees C. in accordance with the Japanese Society of Rubber Industry Standards (SRIS) 2301. 8. An electronic part provided with the electroconductive liquid resin composition according to claim 1 as an adhesive or a sealing material. | An electroconductive liquid resin composition including epoxy resin; a curing agent, such that an equivalent ratio of the curing agent to the epoxy resin ranges from 0.8 to 1.25, wherein at least one of the components is liquid; a curing promoter in an amount of 0.05 to 10 parts by mass, per total 100 parts by mass of the resin and agent; an electroconductive filler in an amount of 300 to 1,000 parts by mass, per total 100 parts by mass of the resin and agent; and particles of a thermoplastic resin which is solid at 25 degrees C. in an amount of 3 to 50 parts by mass, per total 100 parts by mass of the resin and agent, wherein when the composition is heated, an average diameter of the particles after heated becomes at least one and a half times an average diameter of the particles before heated.1. An electroconductive liquid resin composition, comprising
(A) an epoxy resin, (B) a curing agent in such an amount that an equivalent ratio of an epoxy-reactive group of the curing agent (B) to the epoxy group of the epoxy resin (A) ranges from 0.8 to 1.25, provided that at least one of the components (A) and (B) is liquid, (C) a curing promoter in an amount of 0.05 to 10 parts by mass, per total 100 parts by mass of the components (A) and (B), (D) an electroconductive filler in an amount of 300 to 1,000 parts by mass, per total 100 parts by mass of the components (A) and (B), and (E) particles of a thermoplastic resin which is solid at 25 degrees C. in an amount of 3 to 50 parts by mass, per total 100 parts by mass of the components (A) and (B), wherein when said composition is heated, an average particle diameter of said component (E) after heated becomes at least one and a half times an average particle diameter of said component (E) before heated. 2. The electroconductive liquid resin composition according to claim 1, wherein component (E) is particles of at least one thermoplastic resin selected from (meth)acrylic resins, phenoxy resins, polybutadiene resins, polystyrenes and copolymers thereof 3. The electroconductive liquid resin composition according to claim 1, wherein component (E) has a number average molecular weight, reduced to polystyrene, ranges from 1,000 to 10,000,000, and a weight average molecular weight, reduced to polystyrene, ranges from 10,000 to 100,000,000. 4. The electroconductive liquid resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the electroconductive resin composition has a viscosity of 10 to 500 Pa·s, as determined at 25 degrees C. with an E type viscometer. 5. The electroconductive liquid resin composition according to claim 1, wherein a total of the amounts of components (E) and (D) is 700 parts by mass or less per 100 parts by mass of a total of the amounts of components (A) and (B). 6. The electroconductive liquid resin composition according to claim 1, wherein when the composition is heated at a temperature in a range of 40 to 200 degrees C. for 1 minute to 3 hours, an average particle diameter of component (E) after heated becomes at least one and a half times an average particle diameter before heated. 7. The electroconductive liquid resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition gives a cured product having a volume resistivity of 1×10−3 ohm·cm or less, as determined at 25 degrees C. in accordance with the Japanese Society of Rubber Industry Standards (SRIS) 2301. 8. An electronic part provided with the electroconductive liquid resin composition according to claim 1 as an adhesive or a sealing material. | 1,700 |
2,371 | 13,643,327 | 1,716 | A planar electrode for the DBD plasma treatment of a surface comprises a metal casing ( 8 ) raised to a high voltage and provided with an active part ( 2 ) intended to be placed in parallel with a surface to be treated ( 27 ). This active part ( 2 ) is covered on the outside by a sheet ( 4 ) of dielectric material to which it is fixed by a polymer layer ( 6 ). The internal face of the active part ( 2 ) forms with the metal casing ( 8 ) a heat exchanger connected to a secondary cooling circuit ( 34 ) through which a refrigerant ( 10 ) circulates. | 1. A planar electrode, comprising:
a metal envelope comprising an active part suitable for placing parallel to a surface to be treated, a dielectric sheet on an outside of the active part, and a polymer interlayer fixing the dielectric sheet to the active part, wherein the electrode is suitable for DBD plasma treatment of a surface, and the electrode is suitable for raising to a high voltage. 2. The electrode of claim 1, wherein an internal side of the active part forms a heat exchanger with the metal envelope. 3. The electrode of claim 2, wherein the heat exchanger is configured to connect to a cooling circuit in which a heat-transfer fluid flows. 4. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the polymer interlayer has an elongation at break compatible with a linear thermal expansion coefficient differential of, for a temperature of from 0 to 100° C., between 0.01×10−6/° C. and 1000×10−6/° C. 5. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the polymer interlayer comprises a polymer obtained by a process comprising chemically reacting in situ, a thermoset, a thermoplastic, EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate), PVB (polyvinyl butyral), or any combination thereof. 6. The electrode of claim 5, wherein the polymer interlayer comprises PVB (polyvinyl butyral). 7. The electrode of claim 3, wherein the heat-transfer fluid is water. 8. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the metal envelope comprises a metal having both an electrical conductivity of between 1 and 80 m/(Ωmm2) and a thermal conductivity of between 50 and 400 W/(mK). 9. The electrode of claim 8, wherein the metal is copper. 10. A device, comprising:
a planar electrode suitable for DBD plasma treatment of a surface and suitable for raising to a high voltage, a cooling circuit connected to the electrode and configured to have a heat-transfer liquid flow through it, wherein the electrode comprises a metal envelope comprising an active part suitable for placing parallel to a surface to be treated, the electrode further comprises a dielectric sheet covering the active part, and a polymer interlayer fixing the dielectric sheet to the active part, an internal side of the active part forms a heat exchanger with the metal envelope, and the heat exchanger is connected to the cooling circuit. 11. The device of claim 10,
wherein the electrode is connected to two cooling circuits, a primary cooling circuit and a secondary cooling circuit, respectively equipped with a first heat exchanger and a second heat exchanger, the second heat exchanger connects the primary cooling circuit to the secondary cooling circuit via a supply duct and a return duct, each comprising a material with a low electrical conductivity, a length and a cross section of the supply duct and a length and a cross section of the return duct are such that an insulation resistance of each of these ducts is high enough that grounding the second heat exchanger would cause only a negligible leakage current. 12. The device of claim 11, wherein the supply duct and the return duct are wound around a drum. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein the supply duct and the return duct are side-by-side on the drum. 14. The device of claim 10, wherein the secondary cooling circuit comprises a control system configured to periodically measure a conductivity of the heat-transfer fluid. 15. The electrode of claim 4, wherein the elongation at break is compatible with a linear thermal expansion coefficient differential of, for a temperature of from 0 to 100° C., between 5×10−6/° C. and 50×10−6/° C. 16. The electrode of claim 1, wherein a thickness of the polymer interlayer is between 0.3 and 0.7 mm. 17. The electrode of claim 7, wherein the heat-transfer fluid is pure water. | A planar electrode for the DBD plasma treatment of a surface comprises a metal casing ( 8 ) raised to a high voltage and provided with an active part ( 2 ) intended to be placed in parallel with a surface to be treated ( 27 ). This active part ( 2 ) is covered on the outside by a sheet ( 4 ) of dielectric material to which it is fixed by a polymer layer ( 6 ). The internal face of the active part ( 2 ) forms with the metal casing ( 8 ) a heat exchanger connected to a secondary cooling circuit ( 34 ) through which a refrigerant ( 10 ) circulates.1. A planar electrode, comprising:
a metal envelope comprising an active part suitable for placing parallel to a surface to be treated, a dielectric sheet on an outside of the active part, and a polymer interlayer fixing the dielectric sheet to the active part, wherein the electrode is suitable for DBD plasma treatment of a surface, and the electrode is suitable for raising to a high voltage. 2. The electrode of claim 1, wherein an internal side of the active part forms a heat exchanger with the metal envelope. 3. The electrode of claim 2, wherein the heat exchanger is configured to connect to a cooling circuit in which a heat-transfer fluid flows. 4. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the polymer interlayer has an elongation at break compatible with a linear thermal expansion coefficient differential of, for a temperature of from 0 to 100° C., between 0.01×10−6/° C. and 1000×10−6/° C. 5. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the polymer interlayer comprises a polymer obtained by a process comprising chemically reacting in situ, a thermoset, a thermoplastic, EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate), PVB (polyvinyl butyral), or any combination thereof. 6. The electrode of claim 5, wherein the polymer interlayer comprises PVB (polyvinyl butyral). 7. The electrode of claim 3, wherein the heat-transfer fluid is water. 8. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the metal envelope comprises a metal having both an electrical conductivity of between 1 and 80 m/(Ωmm2) and a thermal conductivity of between 50 and 400 W/(mK). 9. The electrode of claim 8, wherein the metal is copper. 10. A device, comprising:
a planar electrode suitable for DBD plasma treatment of a surface and suitable for raising to a high voltage, a cooling circuit connected to the electrode and configured to have a heat-transfer liquid flow through it, wherein the electrode comprises a metal envelope comprising an active part suitable for placing parallel to a surface to be treated, the electrode further comprises a dielectric sheet covering the active part, and a polymer interlayer fixing the dielectric sheet to the active part, an internal side of the active part forms a heat exchanger with the metal envelope, and the heat exchanger is connected to the cooling circuit. 11. The device of claim 10,
wherein the electrode is connected to two cooling circuits, a primary cooling circuit and a secondary cooling circuit, respectively equipped with a first heat exchanger and a second heat exchanger, the second heat exchanger connects the primary cooling circuit to the secondary cooling circuit via a supply duct and a return duct, each comprising a material with a low electrical conductivity, a length and a cross section of the supply duct and a length and a cross section of the return duct are such that an insulation resistance of each of these ducts is high enough that grounding the second heat exchanger would cause only a negligible leakage current. 12. The device of claim 11, wherein the supply duct and the return duct are wound around a drum. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein the supply duct and the return duct are side-by-side on the drum. 14. The device of claim 10, wherein the secondary cooling circuit comprises a control system configured to periodically measure a conductivity of the heat-transfer fluid. 15. The electrode of claim 4, wherein the elongation at break is compatible with a linear thermal expansion coefficient differential of, for a temperature of from 0 to 100° C., between 5×10−6/° C. and 50×10−6/° C. 16. The electrode of claim 1, wherein a thickness of the polymer interlayer is between 0.3 and 0.7 mm. 17. The electrode of claim 7, wherein the heat-transfer fluid is pure water. | 1,700 |
2,372 | 14,484,813 | 1,747 | A filter material adapted for use as a filter element of a smoking article is provided, the filter material including at least 10 dry weight percent of cellulosic pulp derived from stalks, roots, or a combination thereof of a plant of the Nicotiana species, wherein the filter material is in the form of a paper comprising the cellulosic pulp or a fibrous tow comprising the cellulosic pulp in esterified form. Filter elements and smoking articles, such as cigarettes, that contain the filter material are also provided. Methods of preparing filter materials for use in filter elements are also provided. | 1. A filter material adapted for use as a filter element of a smoking article, comprising at least 10 dry weight percent of cellulosic pulp derived from stalks, roots, or a combination thereof of a plant of the Nicotiana species, wherein the filter material is in the form of a paper comprising the cellulosic pulp or a fibrous tow comprising the cellulosic pulp in esterified form. 2. The filter material of claim 1, wherein the filter material is in the form of a paper that is pleated to form a rod-like element. 3. The filter material of claim 2, wherein the web of sheet-like material has a basis weight of about 20 gsm to about 90 gsm. 4. The filter material of claim 1, wherein the filter material comprises at least 20 dry weight percent of cellulosic pulp derived from stalks, roots, or a combination thereof of a plant of the Nicotiana species. 5. A filter element for a smoking article comprising one or more segments of a filter material according to claim 1. 6. A cigarette comprising a tobacco rod having a smokable filler material contained within a circumscribing wrapping material and a filter element connected to the tobacco rod at one end of the tobacco rod, said filter element comprising at least one segment of a filter material according to claim 1. 7. A method for formation of a filter element of a smoking article, the method comprising:
i) pulping a tobacco input comprising stalks, roots, or a combination thereof of a plant of the Nicotiana species to form a cellulosic pulp; ii) forming a web of sheet-like material comprising the cellulosic pulp; and iii) pleating the web of sheet-like material to form a rod-like element suitable for use in a filter element. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the web of sheet-like material has a basis weight of about 20 gsm to about 90 gsm. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the web of sheet-like material comprises at least 10 dry weight percent of the cellulosic pulp. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the web of sheet-like material comprises at least 20 dry weight percent of the cellulosic pulp. 11. The method of claim 7, wherein the rod-like element is adapted for use as a filter element in a smoking article. 12. A method for formation of a filter element of a smoking article, the method comprising:
i) pulping a tobacco input comprising stalks, roots, or a combination thereof of a plant of the Nicotiana species to form a cellulosic pulp; ii) esterifying the cellulosic pulp to produce cellulose acetate; iii) dissolving the cellulose acetate in a solvent to form a cellulose acetate dope; iv) spinning the cellulose acetate dope into a plurality of filaments; and v) collecting, drying and crimping the plurality of filaments to form a tow material suitable for use in a filter element, the tow material comprising at least 10 dry weight percent of cellulose acetate filaments made from the cellulosic pulp. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising blending the tow material with ethyl cellulose fibers, cellulose acetate-lignin blended fibers, or a combination thereof to form a biodegradable blend of filter tow material suitable for use in a filter element. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the tow material comprising at least 20 dry weight percent of cellulose acetate filaments made from the cellulosic pulp. | A filter material adapted for use as a filter element of a smoking article is provided, the filter material including at least 10 dry weight percent of cellulosic pulp derived from stalks, roots, or a combination thereof of a plant of the Nicotiana species, wherein the filter material is in the form of a paper comprising the cellulosic pulp or a fibrous tow comprising the cellulosic pulp in esterified form. Filter elements and smoking articles, such as cigarettes, that contain the filter material are also provided. Methods of preparing filter materials for use in filter elements are also provided.1. A filter material adapted for use as a filter element of a smoking article, comprising at least 10 dry weight percent of cellulosic pulp derived from stalks, roots, or a combination thereof of a plant of the Nicotiana species, wherein the filter material is in the form of a paper comprising the cellulosic pulp or a fibrous tow comprising the cellulosic pulp in esterified form. 2. The filter material of claim 1, wherein the filter material is in the form of a paper that is pleated to form a rod-like element. 3. The filter material of claim 2, wherein the web of sheet-like material has a basis weight of about 20 gsm to about 90 gsm. 4. The filter material of claim 1, wherein the filter material comprises at least 20 dry weight percent of cellulosic pulp derived from stalks, roots, or a combination thereof of a plant of the Nicotiana species. 5. A filter element for a smoking article comprising one or more segments of a filter material according to claim 1. 6. A cigarette comprising a tobacco rod having a smokable filler material contained within a circumscribing wrapping material and a filter element connected to the tobacco rod at one end of the tobacco rod, said filter element comprising at least one segment of a filter material according to claim 1. 7. A method for formation of a filter element of a smoking article, the method comprising:
i) pulping a tobacco input comprising stalks, roots, or a combination thereof of a plant of the Nicotiana species to form a cellulosic pulp; ii) forming a web of sheet-like material comprising the cellulosic pulp; and iii) pleating the web of sheet-like material to form a rod-like element suitable for use in a filter element. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the web of sheet-like material has a basis weight of about 20 gsm to about 90 gsm. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the web of sheet-like material comprises at least 10 dry weight percent of the cellulosic pulp. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the web of sheet-like material comprises at least 20 dry weight percent of the cellulosic pulp. 11. The method of claim 7, wherein the rod-like element is adapted for use as a filter element in a smoking article. 12. A method for formation of a filter element of a smoking article, the method comprising:
i) pulping a tobacco input comprising stalks, roots, or a combination thereof of a plant of the Nicotiana species to form a cellulosic pulp; ii) esterifying the cellulosic pulp to produce cellulose acetate; iii) dissolving the cellulose acetate in a solvent to form a cellulose acetate dope; iv) spinning the cellulose acetate dope into a plurality of filaments; and v) collecting, drying and crimping the plurality of filaments to form a tow material suitable for use in a filter element, the tow material comprising at least 10 dry weight percent of cellulose acetate filaments made from the cellulosic pulp. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising blending the tow material with ethyl cellulose fibers, cellulose acetate-lignin blended fibers, or a combination thereof to form a biodegradable blend of filter tow material suitable for use in a filter element. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the tow material comprising at least 20 dry weight percent of cellulose acetate filaments made from the cellulosic pulp. | 1,700 |
2,373 | 13,740,025 | 1,787 | Some embodiments of the invention generally relate to a moisture barrier coating that is biodegradable and compostable. Some embodiments also relate to a coating that is dual ovenable. Such coatings may be used to increase moisture resistance and provide non-stick or release characteristics when applied to biodegradable and compostable disposable food packaging and food service items. In some embodiments, a plasticizer or an amide wax are added to a cellulose-ester, shellac, and rosin based coating to increase moisture resistance and reduce brittleness. In other embodiments, phospholipids or medium-chain triglycerides or increased levels of amide wax may be added to the either of the embodiments above to provide enhanced release characteristics. | 1. A coating on a substrate comprising:
a cellulose ester, a shellac; and a rosin. 2. The coating of claim 1 further comprising a wax, a plasticizer, a release agent, or a combination thereof. 3. The coating of claim 2 wherein the cellulose ester comprises cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, or nitrocellulose; the shellac comprises regular bleached shellac; and the rosin comprises natural rosin. 4. The coating of claim 3 wherein the optional wax comprises oleamide, N,N′-ethylene-bis-oleamide, or N,N′-ethylene-bis-stearamide. 5. The coating of claim 3 wherein the optional plasticizer comprises a citric acid ester, triacetin, tributyrin, or epoxidized soybean oil. 6. The coating of claim 3 wherein the optional release agent comprises a phospholipid or a medium chain triglyceride. 7. The coating of claim 1 wherein the cellulose ester comprises cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, or nitrocellulose. 8. The coating of claim 1 wherein the shellac comprises regular bleached shellac. 9. The coating of claim 1 wherein the rosin comprises natural rosin. 10. The coating of claim 1 wherein the coating is biodegradable or compostable. 11. The coating of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises starch, cellulose, a cellulose derivative, or PLA. 12. The coating of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises paper, paper board, or a starch-based matrix containing paper or cellulose fibers. 13. A coating on a substrate comprising:
a cellulose ester, a wax; and a rosin. 14. The coating of claim 13 further comprising a plasticizer, a release agent, or a combination thereof. 15. The coating of claim 14 wherein the cellulose ester comprises cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, or nitrocellulose; and the rosin comprises natural rosin. 16. The coating of claim 15 wherein the plasticizer comprises a citric acid ester, triacetin, tributyrin, or epoxidized soybean oil. 17. The coating of claim 15 wherein the release agent comprises a phospholipid or a medium chain triglyceride. 18. The coating of claim 13 wherein the cellulose ester comprises cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, or nitrocellulose. 19. The coating of claim 13 wherein the wax comprises oleamide, N,N′-ethylene-bis-oleamide, or N,N′-ethylene-bis-stearamide. 20. The coating of claim 13 wherein the rosin comprises natural rosin. 21. The coating of claim 13 wherein the coating is biodegradable or compostable. 22. The coating of claim 13 wherein the substrate comprises starch, cellulose, a cellulose derivative, or PLA. 23. The coating of claim 13 wherein the substrate comprises paper, paper board, or a starch-based matrix containing paper or cellulose fibers. 24. A coating for application to a substrate comprising a cellulose ester, a shellac, a rosin, and a solvent, and optionally a wax, a plasticizer, or a release agent, wherein the solvent comprises methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethanol, propanol, acetone, water, or hydrocarbons. 25. A coating for application to a substrate comprising a cellulose ester, a wax, a rosin, and a solvent, and optionally a plasticizer or a release agent, wherein the solvent comprises methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethanol, propanol, acetone, water, or hydrocarbons. | Some embodiments of the invention generally relate to a moisture barrier coating that is biodegradable and compostable. Some embodiments also relate to a coating that is dual ovenable. Such coatings may be used to increase moisture resistance and provide non-stick or release characteristics when applied to biodegradable and compostable disposable food packaging and food service items. In some embodiments, a plasticizer or an amide wax are added to a cellulose-ester, shellac, and rosin based coating to increase moisture resistance and reduce brittleness. In other embodiments, phospholipids or medium-chain triglycerides or increased levels of amide wax may be added to the either of the embodiments above to provide enhanced release characteristics.1. A coating on a substrate comprising:
a cellulose ester, a shellac; and a rosin. 2. The coating of claim 1 further comprising a wax, a plasticizer, a release agent, or a combination thereof. 3. The coating of claim 2 wherein the cellulose ester comprises cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, or nitrocellulose; the shellac comprises regular bleached shellac; and the rosin comprises natural rosin. 4. The coating of claim 3 wherein the optional wax comprises oleamide, N,N′-ethylene-bis-oleamide, or N,N′-ethylene-bis-stearamide. 5. The coating of claim 3 wherein the optional plasticizer comprises a citric acid ester, triacetin, tributyrin, or epoxidized soybean oil. 6. The coating of claim 3 wherein the optional release agent comprises a phospholipid or a medium chain triglyceride. 7. The coating of claim 1 wherein the cellulose ester comprises cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, or nitrocellulose. 8. The coating of claim 1 wherein the shellac comprises regular bleached shellac. 9. The coating of claim 1 wherein the rosin comprises natural rosin. 10. The coating of claim 1 wherein the coating is biodegradable or compostable. 11. The coating of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises starch, cellulose, a cellulose derivative, or PLA. 12. The coating of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises paper, paper board, or a starch-based matrix containing paper or cellulose fibers. 13. A coating on a substrate comprising:
a cellulose ester, a wax; and a rosin. 14. The coating of claim 13 further comprising a plasticizer, a release agent, or a combination thereof. 15. The coating of claim 14 wherein the cellulose ester comprises cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, or nitrocellulose; and the rosin comprises natural rosin. 16. The coating of claim 15 wherein the plasticizer comprises a citric acid ester, triacetin, tributyrin, or epoxidized soybean oil. 17. The coating of claim 15 wherein the release agent comprises a phospholipid or a medium chain triglyceride. 18. The coating of claim 13 wherein the cellulose ester comprises cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, or nitrocellulose. 19. The coating of claim 13 wherein the wax comprises oleamide, N,N′-ethylene-bis-oleamide, or N,N′-ethylene-bis-stearamide. 20. The coating of claim 13 wherein the rosin comprises natural rosin. 21. The coating of claim 13 wherein the coating is biodegradable or compostable. 22. The coating of claim 13 wherein the substrate comprises starch, cellulose, a cellulose derivative, or PLA. 23. The coating of claim 13 wherein the substrate comprises paper, paper board, or a starch-based matrix containing paper or cellulose fibers. 24. A coating for application to a substrate comprising a cellulose ester, a shellac, a rosin, and a solvent, and optionally a wax, a plasticizer, or a release agent, wherein the solvent comprises methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethanol, propanol, acetone, water, or hydrocarbons. 25. A coating for application to a substrate comprising a cellulose ester, a wax, a rosin, and a solvent, and optionally a plasticizer or a release agent, wherein the solvent comprises methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethanol, propanol, acetone, water, or hydrocarbons. | 1,700 |
2,374 | 14,602,560 | 1,726 | A stretchable photovoltaic device, a stretchable photovoltaic module and a carrier for facilitating formation of a stretchable photovoltaic device and/or module are provided. The stretchable photovoltaic device includes a stretchable part, at least one photovoltaic cell and a surface over which that at least one photovoltaic cell is disposed. The stretchable part has a given length that is operable to change in response to a force being applied to the device. The given length may, for example, elongate when the force causes the device to elongate. Alternative and/or additionally, the given length may compress when the force causes the device to compress. | 1. A carrier comprising:
a stretchable part having a stretchable-part length, wherein the stretchable-part length is operable to change a length dimension of the carrier in response to a force being applied to the carrier, wherein the stretchable part comprises a plurality of corrugations, and wherein the change in the stretchable-part length is produced by a change in an amplitude and width of at least some of the plurality of corrugations; and a mounting site having a foundation surface to which to affix at least one photovoltaic cell. 2. The carrier of claim 1, wherein the plurality of corrugations are formed from a substantially non-elastic metal or plastic material that can bend. 3. The carrier of claim 1, wherein the stretchable part comprises first and second stretchable parts having respective first and second stretchable part lengths, wherein the first stretchable part is oriented orthogonally to the second stretchable part, and wherein the first stretchable part length is operable to change independently from the second stretchable part length. 4. The carrier of claim 1, wherein the plurality of corrugations are formed from one of a flexible foil substrate, sheet, film, wire, or spring. 5. The carrier of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the stretchable part is electrically conducting. 6. The carrier of claim 1, wherein the mounting site is coupled to the stretchable part, and wherein dimensions of the mounting site are fixed. 7. The carrier of claim 6, wherein at least a portion of the mounting site is electrically insulating. 8. The carrier of claim 6, further comprising an aperture disposed adjacent to the mounting site and the stretchable part, wherein a length of the aperture is operable to change in response to change in the stretchable part length. 9. The carrier of claim 1, further comprising: a busbar adapted to couple to at least one electrical contact of the at least one photovoltaic cell. 10. The carrier of claim 1, wherein the stretchable part further comprises a plurality of layers of metal or plastic material. 11. A stretchable photovoltaic device comprising:
a stretchable part having a stretchable-part length, wherein the stretchable-part length is operable to change a length dimension of the photovoltaic device in response to a force being applied to the device, wherein the stretchable part comprises a plurality of corrugations, and wherein the change in the stretchable-part length is produced by a change in an amplitude and width of at least some of the plurality of corrugations; at least one photovoltaic cell; and a mounting site having a foundation surface over which the at least one photovoltaic cell is disposed. 12. The stretchable photovoltaic device of claim 11, wherein the plurality of corrugations are formed from a substantially non-elastic metal or plastic material that can bend. 13. The stretchable photovoltaic device of claim 11, wherein the at least one photovoltaic cell comprises a thin-film photovoltaic cell. 14. The stretchable photovoltaic device of claim 11, wherein the mounting site is coupled to the stretchable part. 15. The stretchable photovoltaic device of claim 11, further comprising:
an encapsulation part that at least partially encapsulates the combination of the stretchable part, the at least one photovoltaic cell and the foundation surface over which the at least one photovoltaic cell is disposed. 16. The stretchable photovoltaic device of claim 11, wherein the at least one photovoltaic cell comprises a plurality of electrically coupled photovoltaic cells. 17. The device of claim 11, wherein the stretchable-part length is operable to change over a range of stretchable-part lengths, and wherein the at least one photovoltaic cell is continuously operable over the range of stretchable-part lengths. 18. The device of claim 11, wherein the stretchable part comprises first and second stretchable parts having respective first and second stretchable-part lengths, wherein the first stretchable part is oriented orthogonally to the second stretchable part, and wherein the first stretchable-part length is operable to change independently from the second stretchable-part length. 19. The device of claim 11, wherein the at least one corrugation is formed from one of a flexible foil, substrate, sheet, film, wire, or spring. 20. The device of claim 11, wherein the stretchable part further comprises a plurality of layers of metal or plastic material. | A stretchable photovoltaic device, a stretchable photovoltaic module and a carrier for facilitating formation of a stretchable photovoltaic device and/or module are provided. The stretchable photovoltaic device includes a stretchable part, at least one photovoltaic cell and a surface over which that at least one photovoltaic cell is disposed. The stretchable part has a given length that is operable to change in response to a force being applied to the device. The given length may, for example, elongate when the force causes the device to elongate. Alternative and/or additionally, the given length may compress when the force causes the device to compress.1. A carrier comprising:
a stretchable part having a stretchable-part length, wherein the stretchable-part length is operable to change a length dimension of the carrier in response to a force being applied to the carrier, wherein the stretchable part comprises a plurality of corrugations, and wherein the change in the stretchable-part length is produced by a change in an amplitude and width of at least some of the plurality of corrugations; and a mounting site having a foundation surface to which to affix at least one photovoltaic cell. 2. The carrier of claim 1, wherein the plurality of corrugations are formed from a substantially non-elastic metal or plastic material that can bend. 3. The carrier of claim 1, wherein the stretchable part comprises first and second stretchable parts having respective first and second stretchable part lengths, wherein the first stretchable part is oriented orthogonally to the second stretchable part, and wherein the first stretchable part length is operable to change independently from the second stretchable part length. 4. The carrier of claim 1, wherein the plurality of corrugations are formed from one of a flexible foil substrate, sheet, film, wire, or spring. 5. The carrier of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the stretchable part is electrically conducting. 6. The carrier of claim 1, wherein the mounting site is coupled to the stretchable part, and wherein dimensions of the mounting site are fixed. 7. The carrier of claim 6, wherein at least a portion of the mounting site is electrically insulating. 8. The carrier of claim 6, further comprising an aperture disposed adjacent to the mounting site and the stretchable part, wherein a length of the aperture is operable to change in response to change in the stretchable part length. 9. The carrier of claim 1, further comprising: a busbar adapted to couple to at least one electrical contact of the at least one photovoltaic cell. 10. The carrier of claim 1, wherein the stretchable part further comprises a plurality of layers of metal or plastic material. 11. A stretchable photovoltaic device comprising:
a stretchable part having a stretchable-part length, wherein the stretchable-part length is operable to change a length dimension of the photovoltaic device in response to a force being applied to the device, wherein the stretchable part comprises a plurality of corrugations, and wherein the change in the stretchable-part length is produced by a change in an amplitude and width of at least some of the plurality of corrugations; at least one photovoltaic cell; and a mounting site having a foundation surface over which the at least one photovoltaic cell is disposed. 12. The stretchable photovoltaic device of claim 11, wherein the plurality of corrugations are formed from a substantially non-elastic metal or plastic material that can bend. 13. The stretchable photovoltaic device of claim 11, wherein the at least one photovoltaic cell comprises a thin-film photovoltaic cell. 14. The stretchable photovoltaic device of claim 11, wherein the mounting site is coupled to the stretchable part. 15. The stretchable photovoltaic device of claim 11, further comprising:
an encapsulation part that at least partially encapsulates the combination of the stretchable part, the at least one photovoltaic cell and the foundation surface over which the at least one photovoltaic cell is disposed. 16. The stretchable photovoltaic device of claim 11, wherein the at least one photovoltaic cell comprises a plurality of electrically coupled photovoltaic cells. 17. The device of claim 11, wherein the stretchable-part length is operable to change over a range of stretchable-part lengths, and wherein the at least one photovoltaic cell is continuously operable over the range of stretchable-part lengths. 18. The device of claim 11, wherein the stretchable part comprises first and second stretchable parts having respective first and second stretchable-part lengths, wherein the first stretchable part is oriented orthogonally to the second stretchable part, and wherein the first stretchable-part length is operable to change independently from the second stretchable-part length. 19. The device of claim 11, wherein the at least one corrugation is formed from one of a flexible foil, substrate, sheet, film, wire, or spring. 20. The device of claim 11, wherein the stretchable part further comprises a plurality of layers of metal or plastic material. | 1,700 |
2,375 | 14,378,757 | 1,793 | An object of the present invention is to provide a method for drying non-fried noodles for obtaining non-fried noodles that are easily loosened without sticking of noodle strings and excellent in restorability. The present invention includes, as a step of drying non-fried noodles, a step of putting gelatinized noodle strings into a retainer, the retainer having one or more small holes in a bottom surface thereof so as to give a ratio of the total area of the small holes to the area of the bottom surface of the retainer of 30% or less, or having no small hole in the bottom surface, that is, the retainer having an aperture ratio of 0 to 30% and blowing a high-speed air flow, preferably having a wind speed of 50 m/s or higher, from above the retainer toward the noodle strings in the retainer. | 1. A method for drying instant noodles, comprising a step of putting gelatinized noodle strings into a retainer for drying instant noodles, the retainer having one or more small holes in a bottom surface thereof so as to give a ratio of the total area of the small holes to the area of the bottom surface of the retainer of 30% or less, or having no small hole in the bottom surface, and blowing a high-speed air flow from above the retainer. 2. The method for drying instant noodles according to claim 1, wherein the high-speed air flow has a wind speed of 50 m/s or higher in terms of the speed to which the noodle strings in the retainer are exposed. 3. The method for drying instant noodles according to claim 1, wherein the drying is performed while the noodle strings are lifted and agitated to be loosened in the retainer by the high-speed air flow. 4. The method for drying instant noodles according to claim 1, wherein the high-speed air flow is a hot air flow having a high temperature of 100° C. to 150° C. in terms of the temperature to which the noodle strings are exposed. 5. The method for drying instant noodles according to claim 1, further comprising drying the noodle strings by a different drying method after the step of blowing the high-speed air flow. 6. A device for drying instant noodles in which a retainer is conveyed inside the device and a high-speed air flow is blown from above toward the retainer being conveyed so that gelatinized noodle strings in the retainer are dried, wherein
the retainer has one or more small holes in a bottom surface thereof so as to give a ratio of the total area of the small holes to the area of the bottom surface of the retainer of 30% or less, or has no small hole in the bottom surface. | An object of the present invention is to provide a method for drying non-fried noodles for obtaining non-fried noodles that are easily loosened without sticking of noodle strings and excellent in restorability. The present invention includes, as a step of drying non-fried noodles, a step of putting gelatinized noodle strings into a retainer, the retainer having one or more small holes in a bottom surface thereof so as to give a ratio of the total area of the small holes to the area of the bottom surface of the retainer of 30% or less, or having no small hole in the bottom surface, that is, the retainer having an aperture ratio of 0 to 30% and blowing a high-speed air flow, preferably having a wind speed of 50 m/s or higher, from above the retainer toward the noodle strings in the retainer.1. A method for drying instant noodles, comprising a step of putting gelatinized noodle strings into a retainer for drying instant noodles, the retainer having one or more small holes in a bottom surface thereof so as to give a ratio of the total area of the small holes to the area of the bottom surface of the retainer of 30% or less, or having no small hole in the bottom surface, and blowing a high-speed air flow from above the retainer. 2. The method for drying instant noodles according to claim 1, wherein the high-speed air flow has a wind speed of 50 m/s or higher in terms of the speed to which the noodle strings in the retainer are exposed. 3. The method for drying instant noodles according to claim 1, wherein the drying is performed while the noodle strings are lifted and agitated to be loosened in the retainer by the high-speed air flow. 4. The method for drying instant noodles according to claim 1, wherein the high-speed air flow is a hot air flow having a high temperature of 100° C. to 150° C. in terms of the temperature to which the noodle strings are exposed. 5. The method for drying instant noodles according to claim 1, further comprising drying the noodle strings by a different drying method after the step of blowing the high-speed air flow. 6. A device for drying instant noodles in which a retainer is conveyed inside the device and a high-speed air flow is blown from above toward the retainer being conveyed so that gelatinized noodle strings in the retainer are dried, wherein
the retainer has one or more small holes in a bottom surface thereof so as to give a ratio of the total area of the small holes to the area of the bottom surface of the retainer of 30% or less, or has no small hole in the bottom surface. | 1,700 |
2,376 | 15,061,594 | 1,741 | Embodiments of the present invention comprise a fiber optic guidewire having a hypotube with a plurality of openings that provide variable stiffness and tracking characteristics between at least one proximal segment and one distal segment of the guidewire. In some embodiments, the guidewire further comprises a mandrel disposed within the hypotube, the mandrel cooperating with the optical fibers to permit the distal end of the hypotube to be shaped as desired by a user. Methods of manufacturing and using the guidewire are also disclosed. | 1-21 (canceled) 22. A method of manufacturing a guidewire, comprising:
providing a hypotube having a proximal end and a distal end, and a plurality of apertures disposed in a wall of the hypotube between the proximal end and the distal end; placing two or more optical fibers at least partially within the hypotube; and introducing an adhesive material into the hypotube, and allowing the material to wick along the optical fibers and into at least one of the plurality of apertures of the wall of the hypotube, such that the adhesive material forms an adhesive plug that fixes the optical fibers relative to the hypotube. 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising inserting a mandrel at least partially within the hypotube. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the guidewire comprises at least one proximal portion having a first stiffness and at least one distal portion having a second stiffness less than the first stiffness. 25. The method of claim 22, wherein introducing the adhesive material into the hypotube includes placing at placing at least a portion of the hypotube in a mold and introducing the adhesive material into the hypotube while the at least a portion of the hypotube is positioned in the mold. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein introducing the adhesive material into the hypotube includes heating the adhesive material within the mold to facilitate allowing the material to wick along the optical fibers and into the at least one of the plurality of apertures of the wall of the hypotube. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein introducing the adhesive material into the hypotube includes introducing cold air to the mold to facilitate setting of the adhesive material and formation of the adhesive plug. 28. The method of claim 23, wherein the mandrel is fixed relative to the hypotube by the adhesive plug. 29. The method of claim 24, wherein the adhesive plug is present at the at least one proximal portion having a first stiffness and the adhesive plug is absent at the at least one distal portion. 30. The method of claim 22, wherein the adhesive material comprises an epoxy material. 31. The method of claim 22, further comprising coating the hypotube with a lubricious material. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the lubricious material comprises a hydrophilic polymer. 33. The method of claim 22, wherein the distal end of the hypotube comprises an outer surface having the plurality of apertures, and wherein the outer surface comprises a series of hoops and braces, wherein the series comprises at least two circumferentially oriented hoops and longitudinally oriented braces, wherein the at least two braces are coupled to the at least two hoops. 34. The method of claim 22, further comprising forming the plurality of apertures in the wall of the hypotube via at least one of grinding, cutting, molding, etching, and laser cutting. 35. The method of claim 22, wherein the adhesive plug is a first adhesive plug, and wherein the adhesive material additionally forms a second adhesive plug that fixes the optical fibers relative to the hypotube. | Embodiments of the present invention comprise a fiber optic guidewire having a hypotube with a plurality of openings that provide variable stiffness and tracking characteristics between at least one proximal segment and one distal segment of the guidewire. In some embodiments, the guidewire further comprises a mandrel disposed within the hypotube, the mandrel cooperating with the optical fibers to permit the distal end of the hypotube to be shaped as desired by a user. Methods of manufacturing and using the guidewire are also disclosed.1-21 (canceled) 22. A method of manufacturing a guidewire, comprising:
providing a hypotube having a proximal end and a distal end, and a plurality of apertures disposed in a wall of the hypotube between the proximal end and the distal end; placing two or more optical fibers at least partially within the hypotube; and introducing an adhesive material into the hypotube, and allowing the material to wick along the optical fibers and into at least one of the plurality of apertures of the wall of the hypotube, such that the adhesive material forms an adhesive plug that fixes the optical fibers relative to the hypotube. 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising inserting a mandrel at least partially within the hypotube. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the guidewire comprises at least one proximal portion having a first stiffness and at least one distal portion having a second stiffness less than the first stiffness. 25. The method of claim 22, wherein introducing the adhesive material into the hypotube includes placing at placing at least a portion of the hypotube in a mold and introducing the adhesive material into the hypotube while the at least a portion of the hypotube is positioned in the mold. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein introducing the adhesive material into the hypotube includes heating the adhesive material within the mold to facilitate allowing the material to wick along the optical fibers and into the at least one of the plurality of apertures of the wall of the hypotube. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein introducing the adhesive material into the hypotube includes introducing cold air to the mold to facilitate setting of the adhesive material and formation of the adhesive plug. 28. The method of claim 23, wherein the mandrel is fixed relative to the hypotube by the adhesive plug. 29. The method of claim 24, wherein the adhesive plug is present at the at least one proximal portion having a first stiffness and the adhesive plug is absent at the at least one distal portion. 30. The method of claim 22, wherein the adhesive material comprises an epoxy material. 31. The method of claim 22, further comprising coating the hypotube with a lubricious material. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the lubricious material comprises a hydrophilic polymer. 33. The method of claim 22, wherein the distal end of the hypotube comprises an outer surface having the plurality of apertures, and wherein the outer surface comprises a series of hoops and braces, wherein the series comprises at least two circumferentially oriented hoops and longitudinally oriented braces, wherein the at least two braces are coupled to the at least two hoops. 34. The method of claim 22, further comprising forming the plurality of apertures in the wall of the hypotube via at least one of grinding, cutting, molding, etching, and laser cutting. 35. The method of claim 22, wherein the adhesive plug is a first adhesive plug, and wherein the adhesive material additionally forms a second adhesive plug that fixes the optical fibers relative to the hypotube. | 1,700 |
2,377 | 14,964,111 | 1,792 | A method for “sous-vide” cooking includes receiving food type, food quantity, cook begin time, and cook finish time parameters and looking up a default time-temperature pair in a cooking services database. When the default time-temperature pair is suitable for yielding a cooked food meeting the food type, food quantity, cook begin time, and cook finish time parameters, a cooking control routine is derived from the default time-temperature pair. Subsequently, a cooking process may be performed in accordance with the cooking control routine. | 1. A method for food treatment, comprising:
receiving, from a remote client interface, food type, food quantity, degree of cook, cook begin time, and cook finish time parameters for a cooking subject; employing the food type and food quantity parameters to look up, in a cooking services database, a default time-temperature pair; determining a cook duration from the cook begin time and cook finish time parameters input from the remote client interface; comparing the time of the default time-temperature pair to the cook duration; producing a new time-temperature pair when the time of the default time-temperature pair does not equal the cook duration; deriving a cooking control routine from the new time-temperature pair; transmitting the cooking control routine to a cooking control module of a cooking device; with the cooking control module, performing a cooking process on the cooking subject in accordance with the cooking control routine; and in accordance with the cooking control routine, employing the cooking control module to control an amount of air injected into a cooking medium held by a cooking chamber of the cooking device. 2. The method as set forth in claim 1, further comprising repeating the producing when, according to the cooking services database, the new time-temperature pair is not capable of yielding, from the cooking subject, a cooked food meeting the degree of cook parameter. 3. The method as set forth in claim 1, further comprising adjusting the default time-temperature pair in accordance with parameters of the cooking device. 4. The method as set forth in claim 1, wherein the producing the new time-temperature pair further comprises applying an adaptation rule from the cooking services database to the default time-temperature pair using the cook duration. 5. The method as set forth in claim 1, further comprising presenting the new time-temperature pair to the remote client interface. 6. The method as set forth in claim 1, further comprising:
receiving cooking feedback from the remote client interface regarding the cooking subject as cooked by the performed cooking process; modifying the default time-temperature pair in accordance with the cooking feedback; and storing the modified default time-temperature pair for use as a new default time-temperature pair. 7. A method for food treatment, comprising:
receiving, from a remote client interface, food type, food quantity, degree of cook, cook begin time, and cook finish time parameters for a cooking subject; employing the food type and food quantity parameters to look up, in a cooking services database, a default time-temperature pair; determining a cook duration from the cook begin time and cook finish time parameters input from the remote client interface; comparing the time of the default time-temperature pair to the cook duration; producing a new time-temperature pair when the time of the default time-temperature pair does not equal the cook duration; deriving a cooking control routine from the new time-temperature pair; transmitting the cooking control routine to a cooking control module of a cooking device; with the cooking control module, performing a cooking process on the cooking subject in accordance with the cooking control routine; and employing the cooking control module to control aeration of a cooking medium in accordance with the cooking control routine. 8. The method as set forth in claim 7, further comprising:
employing the food type, food quantity and degree of cook parameters to select a maximum palatable temperature from the cooking services database; and repeating the producing when the new time-temperature pair necessitates exceeding the maximum palatable temperature. 9. The method as set forth in claim 7, further comprising repeating the producing when, according to the cooking services database, the new time-temperature pair is not capable of yielding, from the cooking subject, a cooked food meeting the degree of cook parameter. 10. The method as set forth in claim 7, further comprising adjusting the default time-temperature pair in accordance with parameters of the cooking device. 11. The method as set forth in claim 7, wherein the producing the new time-temperature pair further comprises applying an adaptation rule from the cooking services database to the default time-temperature pair using the cook duration. 12. The method as set forth in claim 7, further comprising presenting the new time-temperature pair to the remote client interface. 13. The method as set forth in claim 7, further comprising:
receiving cooking feedback from the remote client interface regarding the cooking subject as cooked by the performed cooking process; modifying the default time-temperature pair in accordance with the cooking feedback; and storing the modified default time-temperature pair for use as a new default time-temperature pair. 14. A method for food treatment, comprising:
in response to detecting changes in mass and/or force by a plurality of load cells, with a cooking control module of a cooking device, recording the changes in mass and/or force as a food quantity parameter and sending a cooking instructions prompt to a remote client interface; receiving, from the remote client interface, food type, degree of cook, cook begin time, and cook finish time parameters; employing the food type and food quantity parameters to look up, in a cooking services database, a default time-temperature pair correlated to the food type and food quantity parameters; producing a new time-temperature pair when the default time-temperature pair is not capable of yielding a cooked food meeting the food type, food quantity, cook begin time and cook finish time parameters; deriving a cooking control routine from the new time-temperature pair; transmitting the cooking control routine to the cooking control module; and performing a cooking process in accordance with the cooking control routine. 15. The method as set forth in claim 14, further comprising:
employing the food type and food quantity parameters to select a maximum palatable temperature from the cooking services database; and repeating the producing action when the new time-temperature pair necessitates exceeding the maximum palatable temperature. 16. The method as set forth in claim 14, further comprising repeating the producing action when the new time-temperature pair is not capable of yielding, form the cooking subject, a cooked food meeting the degree of cook parameter. 17. The method as set forth in claim 14, further comprising adjusting the default time-temperature pair in accordance with parameters of the cooking device. 18. The method as set forth in claim 14, wherein the producing the new time-temperature pair further comprises applying an adaptation rule from the cooking services database. 19. The method as set forth in claim 14, further comprising:
receiving cooking feedback from the remote client interface; and modifying the default time-temperature pair in accordance with the cooking feedback. 20. The method as set forth in claim 14, further comprising providing the new time-temperature pair to the remote client interface. | A method for “sous-vide” cooking includes receiving food type, food quantity, cook begin time, and cook finish time parameters and looking up a default time-temperature pair in a cooking services database. When the default time-temperature pair is suitable for yielding a cooked food meeting the food type, food quantity, cook begin time, and cook finish time parameters, a cooking control routine is derived from the default time-temperature pair. Subsequently, a cooking process may be performed in accordance with the cooking control routine.1. A method for food treatment, comprising:
receiving, from a remote client interface, food type, food quantity, degree of cook, cook begin time, and cook finish time parameters for a cooking subject; employing the food type and food quantity parameters to look up, in a cooking services database, a default time-temperature pair; determining a cook duration from the cook begin time and cook finish time parameters input from the remote client interface; comparing the time of the default time-temperature pair to the cook duration; producing a new time-temperature pair when the time of the default time-temperature pair does not equal the cook duration; deriving a cooking control routine from the new time-temperature pair; transmitting the cooking control routine to a cooking control module of a cooking device; with the cooking control module, performing a cooking process on the cooking subject in accordance with the cooking control routine; and in accordance with the cooking control routine, employing the cooking control module to control an amount of air injected into a cooking medium held by a cooking chamber of the cooking device. 2. The method as set forth in claim 1, further comprising repeating the producing when, according to the cooking services database, the new time-temperature pair is not capable of yielding, from the cooking subject, a cooked food meeting the degree of cook parameter. 3. The method as set forth in claim 1, further comprising adjusting the default time-temperature pair in accordance with parameters of the cooking device. 4. The method as set forth in claim 1, wherein the producing the new time-temperature pair further comprises applying an adaptation rule from the cooking services database to the default time-temperature pair using the cook duration. 5. The method as set forth in claim 1, further comprising presenting the new time-temperature pair to the remote client interface. 6. The method as set forth in claim 1, further comprising:
receiving cooking feedback from the remote client interface regarding the cooking subject as cooked by the performed cooking process; modifying the default time-temperature pair in accordance with the cooking feedback; and storing the modified default time-temperature pair for use as a new default time-temperature pair. 7. A method for food treatment, comprising:
receiving, from a remote client interface, food type, food quantity, degree of cook, cook begin time, and cook finish time parameters for a cooking subject; employing the food type and food quantity parameters to look up, in a cooking services database, a default time-temperature pair; determining a cook duration from the cook begin time and cook finish time parameters input from the remote client interface; comparing the time of the default time-temperature pair to the cook duration; producing a new time-temperature pair when the time of the default time-temperature pair does not equal the cook duration; deriving a cooking control routine from the new time-temperature pair; transmitting the cooking control routine to a cooking control module of a cooking device; with the cooking control module, performing a cooking process on the cooking subject in accordance with the cooking control routine; and employing the cooking control module to control aeration of a cooking medium in accordance with the cooking control routine. 8. The method as set forth in claim 7, further comprising:
employing the food type, food quantity and degree of cook parameters to select a maximum palatable temperature from the cooking services database; and repeating the producing when the new time-temperature pair necessitates exceeding the maximum palatable temperature. 9. The method as set forth in claim 7, further comprising repeating the producing when, according to the cooking services database, the new time-temperature pair is not capable of yielding, from the cooking subject, a cooked food meeting the degree of cook parameter. 10. The method as set forth in claim 7, further comprising adjusting the default time-temperature pair in accordance with parameters of the cooking device. 11. The method as set forth in claim 7, wherein the producing the new time-temperature pair further comprises applying an adaptation rule from the cooking services database to the default time-temperature pair using the cook duration. 12. The method as set forth in claim 7, further comprising presenting the new time-temperature pair to the remote client interface. 13. The method as set forth in claim 7, further comprising:
receiving cooking feedback from the remote client interface regarding the cooking subject as cooked by the performed cooking process; modifying the default time-temperature pair in accordance with the cooking feedback; and storing the modified default time-temperature pair for use as a new default time-temperature pair. 14. A method for food treatment, comprising:
in response to detecting changes in mass and/or force by a plurality of load cells, with a cooking control module of a cooking device, recording the changes in mass and/or force as a food quantity parameter and sending a cooking instructions prompt to a remote client interface; receiving, from the remote client interface, food type, degree of cook, cook begin time, and cook finish time parameters; employing the food type and food quantity parameters to look up, in a cooking services database, a default time-temperature pair correlated to the food type and food quantity parameters; producing a new time-temperature pair when the default time-temperature pair is not capable of yielding a cooked food meeting the food type, food quantity, cook begin time and cook finish time parameters; deriving a cooking control routine from the new time-temperature pair; transmitting the cooking control routine to the cooking control module; and performing a cooking process in accordance with the cooking control routine. 15. The method as set forth in claim 14, further comprising:
employing the food type and food quantity parameters to select a maximum palatable temperature from the cooking services database; and repeating the producing action when the new time-temperature pair necessitates exceeding the maximum palatable temperature. 16. The method as set forth in claim 14, further comprising repeating the producing action when the new time-temperature pair is not capable of yielding, form the cooking subject, a cooked food meeting the degree of cook parameter. 17. The method as set forth in claim 14, further comprising adjusting the default time-temperature pair in accordance with parameters of the cooking device. 18. The method as set forth in claim 14, wherein the producing the new time-temperature pair further comprises applying an adaptation rule from the cooking services database. 19. The method as set forth in claim 14, further comprising:
receiving cooking feedback from the remote client interface; and modifying the default time-temperature pair in accordance with the cooking feedback. 20. The method as set forth in claim 14, further comprising providing the new time-temperature pair to the remote client interface. | 1,700 |
2,378 | 14,733,067 | 1,748 | Wood pulp is treated with an esterase formulation in combination with a metal ion or cationic polymer to increase the stability or activity or both of esterase enzymes at high temperature, or at extreme pH ranges of acidic and alkaline conditions. The treatment by esterase together with metals ion or cationic polymer can be used to treat pitch containing pulp at high temperatures prior to, during or after refining of wood chip/pulp, in order to enhance the reduction of pitch problems and facilitate in the manufacture of paper. | 1. A method of enhancing the reduction of pitch deposition or controlling pitch related problems during the pulp and paper making process, the method comprising:
treating pitch-containing pulp stock at a temperature from 80° C. to 98° C. with a first enzyme formulation consisting essentially of one or more esterases (EC 3.1.1), treating pitch-containing pulp, prior to or during the treatment with the first enzyme formulation, with one or more aluminum salts in an amount effective to stabilize the one or more esterases, treating pitch-containing pulp, at a temperature below 80° C., with a second enzyme formulation comprising one or more enzymes. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the esterases are selected from the group consisting of lipase, phospholipases, carboxyl esterases, pectinesterases, and acetyl esterases. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the application dosage of the enzyme blend is from about 0.005% to 1.0% based on oven-dried fibers. 4. (canceled) 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the salt can be in the form of sulfate, sulfite, chloride, nitrate, perchlorate, phosphate, acetate, or an amino acid. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the cationic polymer is selected from the group consisting of epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (EPI-DMA) and cross-linked solutions thereof, polydiallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DADMAC), polyethylenimine (PEI), hydrophobically modified polyethylenimine, polyamines, resin amines, polyacrylamide, DADMAC/acrylamide copolymers, and ionene polymers. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the pitch containing pulp is treated with the first enzyme formulation for a time of from about 0.1 to 36 hours. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the treatment with the first enzyme formulation is from about 0.5 to 15 hours. 9. (canceled) 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the pitch containing pulp is treated in a location selected from the group consisting of latency chest, pulp storage chests, stock pumps, and white water streams. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the pitch containing pulp is treated with the enzyme at a pH of between 3.0 and 11 or between 5 and 10. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the application dosage of the metal ions is from about 0.1% to 10.0%, based on oven-dried fibers. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein the application dosage of the cationic polymer is from about 0.005% to 1.0% based on oven-dried fibers. 14. A composition for enhancing the stability, or activity, or both stability and activity of esterases at elevated temperatures comprising one or more metal salt, a cationic polymer, or both metal salt and cationic polymer, in an amount effective to increase both the enzyme activity and stability. 15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the esterase is selected from the group consisting of lipolytic enzyme, phospholipase, carboxyl esterase, pectinesterase, and acetyl esterase. 16. The composition of claim 13, wherein the metal ion is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, titanium and zirconium ions. 17. The composition of claim 14, wherein the aluminum ion is in the form of a compound selected from the group consisting of aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride, poly aluminum sulfate, and sodium aluminate. 18. The composition of claim 14, wherein the cationic polymer is selected from the group consisting of epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers and cross-linked solutions thereof, polydiallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, polyethylenimine, hydrophobically modified polyethylenimine, polyamines, resin amines, polyacrylamide, DADMAC/acrylamide copolymers, and ionene polymers. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the second enzyme formulation comprises cellulase, hemicellulase, pectinase, amylase, laccase, or a combination thereof. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the esterase concentration is from about 0.005% to 1.0% based on oven-dried fibers. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the esterase concentration is from about 0.01% to 0.5% based on oven-dried fibers. 22. The method of claim 3, wherein the application dosage of the enzyme blend is from 0.01 to 0.5% based on oven-dried fibers. 23. The method of claim 12, wherein the application dosage of the metal ions is from 1% to 5% based on oven-dried fibers. 24. The method of claim 13, wherein the application dosage of the cationic polymer is from 0.01 to 0.5% based on oven-dried fibers. | Wood pulp is treated with an esterase formulation in combination with a metal ion or cationic polymer to increase the stability or activity or both of esterase enzymes at high temperature, or at extreme pH ranges of acidic and alkaline conditions. The treatment by esterase together with metals ion or cationic polymer can be used to treat pitch containing pulp at high temperatures prior to, during or after refining of wood chip/pulp, in order to enhance the reduction of pitch problems and facilitate in the manufacture of paper.1. A method of enhancing the reduction of pitch deposition or controlling pitch related problems during the pulp and paper making process, the method comprising:
treating pitch-containing pulp stock at a temperature from 80° C. to 98° C. with a first enzyme formulation consisting essentially of one or more esterases (EC 3.1.1), treating pitch-containing pulp, prior to or during the treatment with the first enzyme formulation, with one or more aluminum salts in an amount effective to stabilize the one or more esterases, treating pitch-containing pulp, at a temperature below 80° C., with a second enzyme formulation comprising one or more enzymes. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the esterases are selected from the group consisting of lipase, phospholipases, carboxyl esterases, pectinesterases, and acetyl esterases. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the application dosage of the enzyme blend is from about 0.005% to 1.0% based on oven-dried fibers. 4. (canceled) 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the salt can be in the form of sulfate, sulfite, chloride, nitrate, perchlorate, phosphate, acetate, or an amino acid. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the cationic polymer is selected from the group consisting of epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (EPI-DMA) and cross-linked solutions thereof, polydiallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DADMAC), polyethylenimine (PEI), hydrophobically modified polyethylenimine, polyamines, resin amines, polyacrylamide, DADMAC/acrylamide copolymers, and ionene polymers. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the pitch containing pulp is treated with the first enzyme formulation for a time of from about 0.1 to 36 hours. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the treatment with the first enzyme formulation is from about 0.5 to 15 hours. 9. (canceled) 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the pitch containing pulp is treated in a location selected from the group consisting of latency chest, pulp storage chests, stock pumps, and white water streams. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the pitch containing pulp is treated with the enzyme at a pH of between 3.0 and 11 or between 5 and 10. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the application dosage of the metal ions is from about 0.1% to 10.0%, based on oven-dried fibers. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein the application dosage of the cationic polymer is from about 0.005% to 1.0% based on oven-dried fibers. 14. A composition for enhancing the stability, or activity, or both stability and activity of esterases at elevated temperatures comprising one or more metal salt, a cationic polymer, or both metal salt and cationic polymer, in an amount effective to increase both the enzyme activity and stability. 15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the esterase is selected from the group consisting of lipolytic enzyme, phospholipase, carboxyl esterase, pectinesterase, and acetyl esterase. 16. The composition of claim 13, wherein the metal ion is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, titanium and zirconium ions. 17. The composition of claim 14, wherein the aluminum ion is in the form of a compound selected from the group consisting of aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride, poly aluminum sulfate, and sodium aluminate. 18. The composition of claim 14, wherein the cationic polymer is selected from the group consisting of epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers and cross-linked solutions thereof, polydiallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, polyethylenimine, hydrophobically modified polyethylenimine, polyamines, resin amines, polyacrylamide, DADMAC/acrylamide copolymers, and ionene polymers. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the second enzyme formulation comprises cellulase, hemicellulase, pectinase, amylase, laccase, or a combination thereof. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the esterase concentration is from about 0.005% to 1.0% based on oven-dried fibers. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the esterase concentration is from about 0.01% to 0.5% based on oven-dried fibers. 22. The method of claim 3, wherein the application dosage of the enzyme blend is from 0.01 to 0.5% based on oven-dried fibers. 23. The method of claim 12, wherein the application dosage of the metal ions is from 1% to 5% based on oven-dried fibers. 24. The method of claim 13, wherein the application dosage of the cationic polymer is from 0.01 to 0.5% based on oven-dried fibers. | 1,700 |
2,379 | 14,422,902 | 1,782 | The present invention relates to biodegradable polymer mixtures comprising:
A) from 15 to 50% by weight, based on components A and B, of a biodegradable, aliphatic-aromatic polyester with MFR (190° C./2.16 kg in accordance with ISO 1133) of from 40 to 150 g/10 min comprising:
i) from 40 to 70 mol %, based on components i to ii, of one or more dicarboxylic acid derivatives or dicarboxylic acids selected from the group consisting of: succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, azelaic acid, and brassylic acid; ii) from 60 to 30 mol %, based on components i to ii, of a terephthalic acid derivative; iii) from 98 to 100 mol %, based on components i to ii, of a C 2 -C 8 -alkylenediol or C 2 -C 6 -oxyalkylenediol; iv) from 0 to 2% by weight, based on the total weight of components i to iii, of a chain extender and/or branching agent selected from the group consisting of: a di- or polyfunctional isocyanate, isocyanurate, oxazoline, epoxide, and carboxylic anhydride, and/or of an at least trihydric alcohol, or of an at least tribasic carboxylic acid;
B) from 50 to 85% by weight, based on components A and B, of polylactic acid with MFR (190° C./2.16 kg in accordance with ASTM D1238) of from 5 to 50 g/10 min, C) from 0 to 40% by weight, based on the total weight of components A to D, of an organic filler, and D) from 0 to 3% by weight, based on the total weight of components A to D, of at least one stabilizer, nucleating agent, lubricant and release agent, surfactant, wax, antistatic agent, antifogging agent, dye, pigment, UV absorber, UV stabilizer, or other plastics additive;
for producing thin-walled injection-molded components. | 1. A flowable polymer mixture comprising:
(A) from 15 to 50% by weight, based on components A and B, of a biodegradable, aliphatic-aromatic polyester with MFR (190° C./2.16 kg in accordance with ISO 1133) of from 40 to 150 g/10 min comprising:
i. from 40 to 70 mol %, based on components i to ii, of one or more dicarboxylic acid derivatives or dicarboxylic acids selected from the group consisting of succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, azelaic acid, and brassylic acid;
ii. from 60 to 30 mol %, based on components i to ii, of a terephthalic acid derivative;
iii. from 98 to 100 mol %, based on components i to ii, of a C2-C8-alkylenediol or C2-C6-oxyalkylenediol;
iv. from 0 to 2% by weight, based on the total weight of components i to iii, of a chain extender and/or branching agent selected from the group consisting of: a di- or polyfunctional isocyanate, isocyanurate, oxazoline, epoxide, and carboxylic anhydride, and/or of an at least trihydric alcohol, or of an at least tribasic carboxylic acid;
(B) from 50 to 85% by weight, based on components A and B, of polylactic acid with MFR (190° C./2.16 kg in accordance with ASTM D1238) of from 5 to 50 g/10 min, (C) from 0 to 40% by weight, based on the total weight of components A to D, of an organic filler selected from the group consisting of: native or plastified starch, natural fibers, and wood flour, and/or of an inorganic filler selected from the group consisting of: chalk, calcium carbonate, graphite, gypsum, conductive carbon black, iron oxide, calcium chloride, dolomite, kaolin, silicon dioxide (quartz), sodium carbonate, titanium dioxide, silicate, wollastonite, mica, montmorillonite, talc powder, glass fibers, and mineral fibers, and (D) from 0 to 3% by weight, based on the total weight of components A to D, of at least one stabilizer, nucleating agent, lubricant and release agent, surfactant, wax, antistatic agent, antifogging agent, dye, pigment, UV absorber, UV stabilizer, or other plastics additive. 2. The polymer mixture according to claim 1, where the definitions of components i) and ii) of the polyester A are as follows:
i. from 52 to 65 mol %, based on components i to ii, of adipic acid and/or of sebacic acid derivatives; ii. from 48 to 35 mol %, based on components i to ii, of a terephthalic acid derivative. 3-6. (canceled) 7. The polymer mixture according to claim 1, where component iv of A includes the trihydric alcohol present from 0.01 to 1.5% by weight. 8. The polymer mixture according to claim 2, where component iv of A includes the trihydric alcohol present from 0.01 to 1.5% by weight. 9. The polymer mixture according to claim 1, where filler C includes the calcium carbonate and or the chalk present from 5 to 30% by weight. 10. The polymer mixture according to claim 8, where filler C includes the calcium carbonate and or the chalk present from 5 to 30% by weight. 11. The polymer mixture according to claim 8, where component iii of A includes 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol or a mixture thereof. 12. The polymer mixture according to claim 1, where the polylactic acid is further characterized by a melting point below 240° C., and a glass transition temperature above 55° C. 13. The polymer mixture according to claim 9, where filler C further include talc, where a weight ratio of chalk:talc is from 2:5 to 5:1. 14. An injection-molded item with wall thickness from 0.3 to 0.8 mm comprising the polymer mixture according to claim 1. 15. An injection-molding process for the production of packaging material with wall thickness from 0.3 to 0.8 mm comprising the polymer mixture according to claim 1. | The present invention relates to biodegradable polymer mixtures comprising:
A) from 15 to 50% by weight, based on components A and B, of a biodegradable, aliphatic-aromatic polyester with MFR (190° C./2.16 kg in accordance with ISO 1133) of from 40 to 150 g/10 min comprising:
i) from 40 to 70 mol %, based on components i to ii, of one or more dicarboxylic acid derivatives or dicarboxylic acids selected from the group consisting of: succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, azelaic acid, and brassylic acid; ii) from 60 to 30 mol %, based on components i to ii, of a terephthalic acid derivative; iii) from 98 to 100 mol %, based on components i to ii, of a C 2 -C 8 -alkylenediol or C 2 -C 6 -oxyalkylenediol; iv) from 0 to 2% by weight, based on the total weight of components i to iii, of a chain extender and/or branching agent selected from the group consisting of: a di- or polyfunctional isocyanate, isocyanurate, oxazoline, epoxide, and carboxylic anhydride, and/or of an at least trihydric alcohol, or of an at least tribasic carboxylic acid;
B) from 50 to 85% by weight, based on components A and B, of polylactic acid with MFR (190° C./2.16 kg in accordance with ASTM D1238) of from 5 to 50 g/10 min, C) from 0 to 40% by weight, based on the total weight of components A to D, of an organic filler, and D) from 0 to 3% by weight, based on the total weight of components A to D, of at least one stabilizer, nucleating agent, lubricant and release agent, surfactant, wax, antistatic agent, antifogging agent, dye, pigment, UV absorber, UV stabilizer, or other plastics additive;
for producing thin-walled injection-molded components.1. A flowable polymer mixture comprising:
(A) from 15 to 50% by weight, based on components A and B, of a biodegradable, aliphatic-aromatic polyester with MFR (190° C./2.16 kg in accordance with ISO 1133) of from 40 to 150 g/10 min comprising:
i. from 40 to 70 mol %, based on components i to ii, of one or more dicarboxylic acid derivatives or dicarboxylic acids selected from the group consisting of succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, azelaic acid, and brassylic acid;
ii. from 60 to 30 mol %, based on components i to ii, of a terephthalic acid derivative;
iii. from 98 to 100 mol %, based on components i to ii, of a C2-C8-alkylenediol or C2-C6-oxyalkylenediol;
iv. from 0 to 2% by weight, based on the total weight of components i to iii, of a chain extender and/or branching agent selected from the group consisting of: a di- or polyfunctional isocyanate, isocyanurate, oxazoline, epoxide, and carboxylic anhydride, and/or of an at least trihydric alcohol, or of an at least tribasic carboxylic acid;
(B) from 50 to 85% by weight, based on components A and B, of polylactic acid with MFR (190° C./2.16 kg in accordance with ASTM D1238) of from 5 to 50 g/10 min, (C) from 0 to 40% by weight, based on the total weight of components A to D, of an organic filler selected from the group consisting of: native or plastified starch, natural fibers, and wood flour, and/or of an inorganic filler selected from the group consisting of: chalk, calcium carbonate, graphite, gypsum, conductive carbon black, iron oxide, calcium chloride, dolomite, kaolin, silicon dioxide (quartz), sodium carbonate, titanium dioxide, silicate, wollastonite, mica, montmorillonite, talc powder, glass fibers, and mineral fibers, and (D) from 0 to 3% by weight, based on the total weight of components A to D, of at least one stabilizer, nucleating agent, lubricant and release agent, surfactant, wax, antistatic agent, antifogging agent, dye, pigment, UV absorber, UV stabilizer, or other plastics additive. 2. The polymer mixture according to claim 1, where the definitions of components i) and ii) of the polyester A are as follows:
i. from 52 to 65 mol %, based on components i to ii, of adipic acid and/or of sebacic acid derivatives; ii. from 48 to 35 mol %, based on components i to ii, of a terephthalic acid derivative. 3-6. (canceled) 7. The polymer mixture according to claim 1, where component iv of A includes the trihydric alcohol present from 0.01 to 1.5% by weight. 8. The polymer mixture according to claim 2, where component iv of A includes the trihydric alcohol present from 0.01 to 1.5% by weight. 9. The polymer mixture according to claim 1, where filler C includes the calcium carbonate and or the chalk present from 5 to 30% by weight. 10. The polymer mixture according to claim 8, where filler C includes the calcium carbonate and or the chalk present from 5 to 30% by weight. 11. The polymer mixture according to claim 8, where component iii of A includes 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol or a mixture thereof. 12. The polymer mixture according to claim 1, where the polylactic acid is further characterized by a melting point below 240° C., and a glass transition temperature above 55° C. 13. The polymer mixture according to claim 9, where filler C further include talc, where a weight ratio of chalk:talc is from 2:5 to 5:1. 14. An injection-molded item with wall thickness from 0.3 to 0.8 mm comprising the polymer mixture according to claim 1. 15. An injection-molding process for the production of packaging material with wall thickness from 0.3 to 0.8 mm comprising the polymer mixture according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,380 | 15,115,717 | 1,788 | Adhesive articles include a substrate with a first major surface and a second major surface, a layer of pressure sensitive adhesive with a first major surface and a second major surface, where the second major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer is disposed on the first major surface of the substrate, and a plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures disposed on the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer. The plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures are arrayed in a random or non-random pattern, and are applied to the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer by direct contact printing. The articles may also include a microstructured release liner or conformable sheet covering the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer and the plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures. | 1. An adhesive article comprising:
a substrate comprising a first major surface and a second major surface; a layer of pressure sensitive adhesive comprising a first major surface and a second major surface, wherein the second major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer is disposed on the first major surface of the substrate; and a plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures disposed on the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer, the plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures being arrayed in a random or non-random pattern, wherein the non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures are applied to the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer by direct contact printing, and wherein the non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures are not embedded in the pressure sensitive adhesive layer. 2. The adhesive article of claim 1, further comprising:
a microstructured release liner in contact with the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer and the plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures, the microstructured release liner containing a plurality of depressions, wherein at least some of the depressions are aligned with non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures. 3. The adhesive article of claim 1, further comprising:
a protective sheet in contact with the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer and the plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures, the protective sheet comprising a conformable sheet or a conformable coating. 4. The adhesive article of claim 1, wherein direct contact printing comprises flexographic printing, patterned roll coating, letterpress printing, lithography, or stencil printing. 5. The adhesive article of claim 1, wherein applying the non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures to the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer by direct contact printing comprises applying a material to the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer, wherein the material comprises a 100% solids composition, a mixture of liquid and solid, a curable composition, or an ink. 6. The adhesive article of claim 5, wherein the material comprises an elastomeric material, a thermoplastic material, or a curable material. 7. The adhesive article of claim 6, wherein the material comprises a heat activated adhesive. 8. The adhesive article of claim 5, wherein applying a material to the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer further comprises drying the material, curing the material, or a combination thereof. 9. The adhesive article of claim 5, wherein the material comprises an ink, a paste or 100% solids material comprising a conductive metal, and wherein the plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures comprises a circuit. 10. The adhesive article of claim 1, wherein the pressure sensitive adhesive layer has a thickness and the non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures have a thickness, such that the thickness of the non-pressure sensitive adhesive is less than 50% of the thickness of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer. 11. The adhesive article of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a microstructured release liner, and the second major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer comprise a plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures disposed on the second major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer, the plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures being arrayed in a random or non-random pattern, wherein the non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures are applied to the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer by direct contact printing. 12. The adhesive article of claim 1, wherein the adhesive article is optically clear. 13. The adhesive article of claim 1, wherein the adhesive article is positionable and/or repositionable. 14. A method of making an adhesive laminate article comprising:
providing a pressure sensitive adhesive layer comprising a first major surface and a second major surface, wherein at least one of the major surfaces comprises a plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures disposed on the major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer, the plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures being arrayed in a random or non-random pattern, wherein the non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures are applied to the major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer by direct contact printing, and wherein the non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures are not embedded in the pressure sensitive adhesive layer; and contacting the adhesive layer to the surface of an article to form a laminate. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
applying pressure to the laminate, such that prior to applying pressure to laminate the adhesive layer is positionable and/or repositionable, and such that the plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures become at least partially submerged in the adhesive layer. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein providing an adhesive layer comprises:
providing a substrate, the substrate having a first major surface and a second major surface; applying an adhesive or pre-adhesive composition to the first major surface of the substrate to form a pressure sensitive adhesive layer with a first major surface and a second major surface, wherein the second major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer is adjacent to the first major surface of the substrate; and direct contact printing a material onto the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising contacting a microstructured release liner to the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer and the plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures, the microstructured release liner containing a plurality of depressions, wherein at least some of the depressions are aligned with non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein direct contact printing comprises flexographic printing, patterned roll coating, letterpress printing, lithography, or stencil printing. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein applying the non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures to the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer by direct contact printing comprises applying a material to the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer, wherein the material comprises a 100% solids composition, a mixture of liquid and solid, a curable composition, or an ink. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the material comprises an elastomeric material, a thermoplastic material, or a curable material. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the material comprises a heat activated adhesive. 22. The method of claim 19, wherein applying a material to the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer further comprises drying the material, curing the material, or a combination thereof. 23. The method of claim 16, wherein the material comprises an ink, paste or 100% solids composition comprising a conductive metal, and wherein the plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures comprises a circuit. 24. The method of claim 14, wherein the pressure sensitive adhesive layer has a thickness and the non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures have a thickness, such that the thickness of the non-pressure sensitive adhesive is less than 50% of the thickness of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer. 25. The method of claim 16, wherein the substrate comprises a release liner;
the release liner is removed to expose the second major surface of the adhesive layer; applying a material to the second major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer by direct contact printing to form a plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures on the second major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer; providing a microstructured release liner, and contacting the microstructured release liner to the second major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer and the plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures, the microstructured release liner containing a plurality of depressions, wherein at least some of the depressions are aligned with non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein applying a material to the second major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer further comprises drying the material, curing the material, or a combination thereof. 27. The method of claim 14, wherein the surface of an article comprises the surface of an optical film, the surface of a rigid or nonrigid substrate, or the exterior surface of a device. | Adhesive articles include a substrate with a first major surface and a second major surface, a layer of pressure sensitive adhesive with a first major surface and a second major surface, where the second major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer is disposed on the first major surface of the substrate, and a plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures disposed on the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer. The plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures are arrayed in a random or non-random pattern, and are applied to the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer by direct contact printing. The articles may also include a microstructured release liner or conformable sheet covering the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer and the plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures.1. An adhesive article comprising:
a substrate comprising a first major surface and a second major surface; a layer of pressure sensitive adhesive comprising a first major surface and a second major surface, wherein the second major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer is disposed on the first major surface of the substrate; and a plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures disposed on the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer, the plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures being arrayed in a random or non-random pattern, wherein the non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures are applied to the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer by direct contact printing, and wherein the non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures are not embedded in the pressure sensitive adhesive layer. 2. The adhesive article of claim 1, further comprising:
a microstructured release liner in contact with the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer and the plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures, the microstructured release liner containing a plurality of depressions, wherein at least some of the depressions are aligned with non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures. 3. The adhesive article of claim 1, further comprising:
a protective sheet in contact with the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer and the plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures, the protective sheet comprising a conformable sheet or a conformable coating. 4. The adhesive article of claim 1, wherein direct contact printing comprises flexographic printing, patterned roll coating, letterpress printing, lithography, or stencil printing. 5. The adhesive article of claim 1, wherein applying the non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures to the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer by direct contact printing comprises applying a material to the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer, wherein the material comprises a 100% solids composition, a mixture of liquid and solid, a curable composition, or an ink. 6. The adhesive article of claim 5, wherein the material comprises an elastomeric material, a thermoplastic material, or a curable material. 7. The adhesive article of claim 6, wherein the material comprises a heat activated adhesive. 8. The adhesive article of claim 5, wherein applying a material to the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer further comprises drying the material, curing the material, or a combination thereof. 9. The adhesive article of claim 5, wherein the material comprises an ink, a paste or 100% solids material comprising a conductive metal, and wherein the plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures comprises a circuit. 10. The adhesive article of claim 1, wherein the pressure sensitive adhesive layer has a thickness and the non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures have a thickness, such that the thickness of the non-pressure sensitive adhesive is less than 50% of the thickness of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer. 11. The adhesive article of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a microstructured release liner, and the second major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer comprise a plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures disposed on the second major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer, the plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures being arrayed in a random or non-random pattern, wherein the non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures are applied to the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer by direct contact printing. 12. The adhesive article of claim 1, wherein the adhesive article is optically clear. 13. The adhesive article of claim 1, wherein the adhesive article is positionable and/or repositionable. 14. A method of making an adhesive laminate article comprising:
providing a pressure sensitive adhesive layer comprising a first major surface and a second major surface, wherein at least one of the major surfaces comprises a plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures disposed on the major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer, the plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures being arrayed in a random or non-random pattern, wherein the non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures are applied to the major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer by direct contact printing, and wherein the non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures are not embedded in the pressure sensitive adhesive layer; and contacting the adhesive layer to the surface of an article to form a laminate. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
applying pressure to the laminate, such that prior to applying pressure to laminate the adhesive layer is positionable and/or repositionable, and such that the plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures become at least partially submerged in the adhesive layer. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein providing an adhesive layer comprises:
providing a substrate, the substrate having a first major surface and a second major surface; applying an adhesive or pre-adhesive composition to the first major surface of the substrate to form a pressure sensitive adhesive layer with a first major surface and a second major surface, wherein the second major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer is adjacent to the first major surface of the substrate; and direct contact printing a material onto the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising contacting a microstructured release liner to the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer and the plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures, the microstructured release liner containing a plurality of depressions, wherein at least some of the depressions are aligned with non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein direct contact printing comprises flexographic printing, patterned roll coating, letterpress printing, lithography, or stencil printing. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein applying the non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures to the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer by direct contact printing comprises applying a material to the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer, wherein the material comprises a 100% solids composition, a mixture of liquid and solid, a curable composition, or an ink. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the material comprises an elastomeric material, a thermoplastic material, or a curable material. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the material comprises a heat activated adhesive. 22. The method of claim 19, wherein applying a material to the first major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer further comprises drying the material, curing the material, or a combination thereof. 23. The method of claim 16, wherein the material comprises an ink, paste or 100% solids composition comprising a conductive metal, and wherein the plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures comprises a circuit. 24. The method of claim 14, wherein the pressure sensitive adhesive layer has a thickness and the non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures have a thickness, such that the thickness of the non-pressure sensitive adhesive is less than 50% of the thickness of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer. 25. The method of claim 16, wherein the substrate comprises a release liner;
the release liner is removed to expose the second major surface of the adhesive layer; applying a material to the second major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer by direct contact printing to form a plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures on the second major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer; providing a microstructured release liner, and contacting the microstructured release liner to the second major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer and the plurality of non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures, the microstructured release liner containing a plurality of depressions, wherein at least some of the depressions are aligned with non-pressure sensitive adhesive structures. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein applying a material to the second major surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer further comprises drying the material, curing the material, or a combination thereof. 27. The method of claim 14, wherein the surface of an article comprises the surface of an optical film, the surface of a rigid or nonrigid substrate, or the exterior surface of a device. | 1,700 |
2,381 | 15,278,203 | 1,795 | A method for plating package leads, in some embodiments, comprises: providing a package having a lead electrically coupled to a tie bar; singulating said lead; electroplating said singulated lead using the tie bar; and singulating said tie bar. | 1. A method for plating package leads, comprising:
providing a package having a lead electrically coupled to one or more tie bars; singulating said lead; electroplating said singulated lead by passing a current from a lead frame to the singulated lead solely via the one or more tie bars; and singulating said one or more tie bars. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein singulating the lead comprises causing an end of the lead to be flush with a side surface of the package. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein singulating the lead comprises punching. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein singulating the lead comprises sawing. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said electroplating comprises electroplating the lead with tin. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said electroplating results in said lead having a plating at least 7 microns thick. 7. (canceled) 8. The method of claim 1, wherein passing said current via the one or more tie bars results in another lead of the package being electroplated, said lead and the another lead electrically coupled to each other. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the package comprises electrically coupling said lead to said one or more tie bars. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said package comprises a second lead and a third lead, and wherein passing said current via the one or more tie bars to electroplate the lead also results in electroplating the second lead but not the third lead. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising applying another current to a second tie bar coupled to the third lead to electroplate the third lead. 12. A method, comprising:
providing a package having first, second and third electrical terminals, said first and second electrical terminals electrically coupled to each other and to a first tie bar, said third electrical terminal electrically coupled to a second tie bar; singulating the first, second and third electrical terminals; passing a current from a lead frame to the first and second electrical terminals solely via the first tie bar after singulating the first and second electrical terminals to electroplate the first and second electrical terminals; passing another current from the lead frame to the third electrical terminal solely via the second tie bar after singulating the third electrical terminal to electroplate the third electrical terminal; singulating the first tie bar after electroplating the first and second electrical terminals; and singulating the second tie bar after electroplating the third electrical terminal. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein passing said current and said another current to electroplate the first, second and third electrical terminals comprises electroplating with tin. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein passing said current and said another current to electroplate the first, second and third electrical terminals comprises applying an electroplating thickness of at least 7 microns. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein singulating the first, second and third electrical terminals comprises exposing flanks of said package. 16. A package, comprising:
a first singulated lead; a second singulated lead electrically isolated from the first singulated lead; a first tie bar electrically coupled to the first singulated lead and adapted for electroplating the first singulated lead; and a second tie bar electrically coupled to the second singulated lead and adapted for electroplating the second singulated lead. 17. The package of claim 16, further comprising electroplating disposed on the first singulated lead, the second singulated lead, or both. 18. The package of claim 17, wherein the first and second tie bars are singulated. 19. The package of claim 17, wherein said electroplating comprises tin. 20. The package of claim 16, further comprising a third singulated lead electrically coupled to the first singulated lead and electrically isolated from the second lead, said first tie bar adapted for electroplating the third singulated lead. | A method for plating package leads, in some embodiments, comprises: providing a package having a lead electrically coupled to a tie bar; singulating said lead; electroplating said singulated lead using the tie bar; and singulating said tie bar.1. A method for plating package leads, comprising:
providing a package having a lead electrically coupled to one or more tie bars; singulating said lead; electroplating said singulated lead by passing a current from a lead frame to the singulated lead solely via the one or more tie bars; and singulating said one or more tie bars. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein singulating the lead comprises causing an end of the lead to be flush with a side surface of the package. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein singulating the lead comprises punching. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein singulating the lead comprises sawing. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said electroplating comprises electroplating the lead with tin. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said electroplating results in said lead having a plating at least 7 microns thick. 7. (canceled) 8. The method of claim 1, wherein passing said current via the one or more tie bars results in another lead of the package being electroplated, said lead and the another lead electrically coupled to each other. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the package comprises electrically coupling said lead to said one or more tie bars. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said package comprises a second lead and a third lead, and wherein passing said current via the one or more tie bars to electroplate the lead also results in electroplating the second lead but not the third lead. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising applying another current to a second tie bar coupled to the third lead to electroplate the third lead. 12. A method, comprising:
providing a package having first, second and third electrical terminals, said first and second electrical terminals electrically coupled to each other and to a first tie bar, said third electrical terminal electrically coupled to a second tie bar; singulating the first, second and third electrical terminals; passing a current from a lead frame to the first and second electrical terminals solely via the first tie bar after singulating the first and second electrical terminals to electroplate the first and second electrical terminals; passing another current from the lead frame to the third electrical terminal solely via the second tie bar after singulating the third electrical terminal to electroplate the third electrical terminal; singulating the first tie bar after electroplating the first and second electrical terminals; and singulating the second tie bar after electroplating the third electrical terminal. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein passing said current and said another current to electroplate the first, second and third electrical terminals comprises electroplating with tin. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein passing said current and said another current to electroplate the first, second and third electrical terminals comprises applying an electroplating thickness of at least 7 microns. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein singulating the first, second and third electrical terminals comprises exposing flanks of said package. 16. A package, comprising:
a first singulated lead; a second singulated lead electrically isolated from the first singulated lead; a first tie bar electrically coupled to the first singulated lead and adapted for electroplating the first singulated lead; and a second tie bar electrically coupled to the second singulated lead and adapted for electroplating the second singulated lead. 17. The package of claim 16, further comprising electroplating disposed on the first singulated lead, the second singulated lead, or both. 18. The package of claim 17, wherein the first and second tie bars are singulated. 19. The package of claim 17, wherein said electroplating comprises tin. 20. The package of claim 16, further comprising a third singulated lead electrically coupled to the first singulated lead and electrically isolated from the second lead, said first tie bar adapted for electroplating the third singulated lead. | 1,700 |
2,382 | 14,923,429 | 1,782 | There is described an electronic device comprising a durable display screen, and a shatterproof or plastic display lens adjacent to the durable display screen. | 1. An electronic device comprising:
a durable display screen; and a shatterproof display lens adjacent to the durable display screen. 3. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the durable display screen is a flexible display screen. 4. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the durable display screen is a plastic display screen. 5. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the shatterproof display lens overlays the durable display screen. 6. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the durable display screen includes a touch sensor. 7. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the shatterproof display lens includes a plastic layer. 8. The electronic device of claim 4, wherein the plastic layer includes a polycarbonate layer. 9. The electronic device of claim 4, wherein the shatterproof display lens includes an acrylate hardcoat on at least one side of the plastic layer. 10. The electronic device of claim 6, wherein the shatterproof display lens includes an acrylate hardcoat on both sides of the plastic layer. 11. The electronic device of claim 1, further comprising a replaceable screen protector positioned on a side of the shatterproof display lens opposite the durable display screen. 12. The electronic device of claim 8, further comprising a replaceable optical adhesive positioned between the replaceable screen protector and the shatterproof display lens. | There is described an electronic device comprising a durable display screen, and a shatterproof or plastic display lens adjacent to the durable display screen.1. An electronic device comprising:
a durable display screen; and a shatterproof display lens adjacent to the durable display screen. 3. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the durable display screen is a flexible display screen. 4. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the durable display screen is a plastic display screen. 5. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the shatterproof display lens overlays the durable display screen. 6. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the durable display screen includes a touch sensor. 7. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the shatterproof display lens includes a plastic layer. 8. The electronic device of claim 4, wherein the plastic layer includes a polycarbonate layer. 9. The electronic device of claim 4, wherein the shatterproof display lens includes an acrylate hardcoat on at least one side of the plastic layer. 10. The electronic device of claim 6, wherein the shatterproof display lens includes an acrylate hardcoat on both sides of the plastic layer. 11. The electronic device of claim 1, further comprising a replaceable screen protector positioned on a side of the shatterproof display lens opposite the durable display screen. 12. The electronic device of claim 8, further comprising a replaceable optical adhesive positioned between the replaceable screen protector and the shatterproof display lens. | 1,700 |
2,383 | 13,885,496 | 1,783 | A transfer article that includes a liner with multi-sized particles disposed thereon, wherein the multi-sized particles include a plurality of dominant hydrophilic particles having an average primary particle size of no greater than 200 microns, and a plurality of discrete hydrophobic nanoparticles. | 1. A transfer article comprising:
a first flexible liner having opposing first and second surfaces, wherein the first surface has a release value of less than 700 grams per inch per ASTM D3330/D3330M-04; multi-sized particles adhered to the first surface of the first flexible liner; the multi-sized particles comprising:
a plurality of dominant hydrophilic particles having an average primary particle size of no greater than 200 microns; and
a plurality of discrete hydrophobic nanoparticles;
wherein the dominant particles are disposed in a monolayer; and
a second flexible liner having opposing first and second surfaces, wherein the second liner is in physical contact with at least a portion of the multi-sized particles. 2. The transfer article of claim 1 wherein the first flexible liner and the second flexible liner are portions of the same flexible liner, and the transfer article is in the form of a roll. 3. The transfer article of claim 2 wherein the flexible liner comprises a flexible backing and a release coating disposed on the first surface of the liner, the release coating comprising a fluorine-containing material, a silicon-containing material, a fluoropolymer, a silicone polymer or a poly(meth)acrylate ester derived from a monomer comprising an alkyl (meth)acrylate having an alkyl group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms. 4. The transfer article of claim 3 further comprising a second release coating disposed on the second surface of the flexible liner, wherein the second release coating has a lower release value than the first release coating. 5. The transfer article of claim 1 wherein the first flexible liner is a distinct liner from the second flexible liner, and the first surface of the second flexible liner has a release value of less than 700 grams per inch as measured according to ASTM D3330/D3330M-04, and wherein the second flexible liner is disposed on the layer of particles such that the first surface of the second flexible liner is in contact with the particles. 6. The transfer article of claim 5 wherein at least one of the first flexible liner and second flexible liner comprise a flexible backing and a release coating disposed on at least one of the first surface of the first and second liner, the release coating comprising a fluorine-containing material, a silicon-containing material, a fluoropolymer, a silicone polymer or a poly(meth)acrylate ester derived from a monomer comprising an alkyl (meth)acrylate having an alkyl group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms. 7. The transfer article of claim 6 wherein the flexible backing selected from the group consisting of densified Kraft paper, poly-coated paper, and polymeric film. 8. The transfer article of claim 7 wherein the polymeric film is selected from the group consisting of polyester, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyethylene, cellulose, polyamide, polyimide, polysilicone, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylenephthathalate, polyvinylchloride, polycarbonate, and combinations thereof. 9. The transfer article of claim 1 wherein the first surface of the first flexible liner has a smooth, glossy finish. 10. A transfer article comprising:
a first liner having opposing first and second surfaces, wherein the first surface has a release value of less than 700 grams per inch per ASTM D3330/D3330M-04; multi-sized particles adhered to the first surface of the first liner by electrostatic forces without a binder; the multi-sized particles comprising:
a plurality of dominant hydrophilic particles having an average primary particle size of no greater than 200 microns, and
a plurality of discrete hydrophobic nanoparticles. 11. The transfer article of claim 10 wherein the first liner is a flexible liner. 12. The transfer article of claim 11 further comprising a second liner having opposing first and second surfaces, wherein the second liner is in physical contact with at least a portion of the multi-sized particles. 13. The transfer article of claim 10 wherein the dominant hydrophilic particles have an average primary particle size 100 to 10,000 times larger than the average primary particle size of the nanoparticles. 14. The transfer article of claim 10 wherein the hydrophobic nanoparticles comprise a metal oxide material and a hydrophobic surface treatment. 15. The transfer article of claim 14 herein the nanoparticles comprise silica, zirconia, or a mixture thereof. 16. The transfer article of claim 14 wherein the hydrophobic surface treatment is an organosilane compound. 17. The transfer article of claim 10 wherein the hydrophobic nanoparticles comprise an organic nonvitrifiable material. 18. The transfer article of claim 10 wherein the dominant hydrophilic particles comprise fused aluminum oxide, heat treated aluminum oxide, white fused aluminum oxide, black silicon carbide, green silicon carbide, titanium diboride, boron carbide, tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, natural diamond, synthetic diamond, silica, iron oxide, chromia, ceria, zirconia, titania, silicates, tin oxide, cubic boron nitride, garnet, fused alumina zirconia, sol gel particles, or a mixture thereof. 19. The transfer article of claim 10 wherein the multi-sized particles are disposed on the first liner in a more uniform layer at a higher density than the same hydrophilic particles without the hydrophobic nanoparticles. | A transfer article that includes a liner with multi-sized particles disposed thereon, wherein the multi-sized particles include a plurality of dominant hydrophilic particles having an average primary particle size of no greater than 200 microns, and a plurality of discrete hydrophobic nanoparticles.1. A transfer article comprising:
a first flexible liner having opposing first and second surfaces, wherein the first surface has a release value of less than 700 grams per inch per ASTM D3330/D3330M-04; multi-sized particles adhered to the first surface of the first flexible liner; the multi-sized particles comprising:
a plurality of dominant hydrophilic particles having an average primary particle size of no greater than 200 microns; and
a plurality of discrete hydrophobic nanoparticles;
wherein the dominant particles are disposed in a monolayer; and
a second flexible liner having opposing first and second surfaces, wherein the second liner is in physical contact with at least a portion of the multi-sized particles. 2. The transfer article of claim 1 wherein the first flexible liner and the second flexible liner are portions of the same flexible liner, and the transfer article is in the form of a roll. 3. The transfer article of claim 2 wherein the flexible liner comprises a flexible backing and a release coating disposed on the first surface of the liner, the release coating comprising a fluorine-containing material, a silicon-containing material, a fluoropolymer, a silicone polymer or a poly(meth)acrylate ester derived from a monomer comprising an alkyl (meth)acrylate having an alkyl group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms. 4. The transfer article of claim 3 further comprising a second release coating disposed on the second surface of the flexible liner, wherein the second release coating has a lower release value than the first release coating. 5. The transfer article of claim 1 wherein the first flexible liner is a distinct liner from the second flexible liner, and the first surface of the second flexible liner has a release value of less than 700 grams per inch as measured according to ASTM D3330/D3330M-04, and wherein the second flexible liner is disposed on the layer of particles such that the first surface of the second flexible liner is in contact with the particles. 6. The transfer article of claim 5 wherein at least one of the first flexible liner and second flexible liner comprise a flexible backing and a release coating disposed on at least one of the first surface of the first and second liner, the release coating comprising a fluorine-containing material, a silicon-containing material, a fluoropolymer, a silicone polymer or a poly(meth)acrylate ester derived from a monomer comprising an alkyl (meth)acrylate having an alkyl group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms. 7. The transfer article of claim 6 wherein the flexible backing selected from the group consisting of densified Kraft paper, poly-coated paper, and polymeric film. 8. The transfer article of claim 7 wherein the polymeric film is selected from the group consisting of polyester, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyethylene, cellulose, polyamide, polyimide, polysilicone, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylenephthathalate, polyvinylchloride, polycarbonate, and combinations thereof. 9. The transfer article of claim 1 wherein the first surface of the first flexible liner has a smooth, glossy finish. 10. A transfer article comprising:
a first liner having opposing first and second surfaces, wherein the first surface has a release value of less than 700 grams per inch per ASTM D3330/D3330M-04; multi-sized particles adhered to the first surface of the first liner by electrostatic forces without a binder; the multi-sized particles comprising:
a plurality of dominant hydrophilic particles having an average primary particle size of no greater than 200 microns, and
a plurality of discrete hydrophobic nanoparticles. 11. The transfer article of claim 10 wherein the first liner is a flexible liner. 12. The transfer article of claim 11 further comprising a second liner having opposing first and second surfaces, wherein the second liner is in physical contact with at least a portion of the multi-sized particles. 13. The transfer article of claim 10 wherein the dominant hydrophilic particles have an average primary particle size 100 to 10,000 times larger than the average primary particle size of the nanoparticles. 14. The transfer article of claim 10 wherein the hydrophobic nanoparticles comprise a metal oxide material and a hydrophobic surface treatment. 15. The transfer article of claim 14 herein the nanoparticles comprise silica, zirconia, or a mixture thereof. 16. The transfer article of claim 14 wherein the hydrophobic surface treatment is an organosilane compound. 17. The transfer article of claim 10 wherein the hydrophobic nanoparticles comprise an organic nonvitrifiable material. 18. The transfer article of claim 10 wherein the dominant hydrophilic particles comprise fused aluminum oxide, heat treated aluminum oxide, white fused aluminum oxide, black silicon carbide, green silicon carbide, titanium diboride, boron carbide, tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, natural diamond, synthetic diamond, silica, iron oxide, chromia, ceria, zirconia, titania, silicates, tin oxide, cubic boron nitride, garnet, fused alumina zirconia, sol gel particles, or a mixture thereof. 19. The transfer article of claim 10 wherein the multi-sized particles are disposed on the first liner in a more uniform layer at a higher density than the same hydrophilic particles without the hydrophobic nanoparticles. | 1,700 |
2,384 | 14,895,067 | 1,713 | A metallic nanoparticle dispersion includes metallic nanoparticles and less than 50 μmol/g metal of an inorganic acid or a compound capable of generating such an acid during curing of a metallic layer or pattern formed from the dispersion. The presence of such small amounts an inorganic acid increases the conductivity of metallic layers or patterns formed from the metallic nanoparticle dispersions at moderate curing conditions. | 1-15. (canceled) 16. A metallic nanoparticle dispersion comprising:
metallic nanoparticles; and less than 50 μmol/g metal of an inorganic acid or a compound that generates the inorganic acid during curing of the metallic nanoparticle dispersion. 17. The metallic nanoparticle dispersion according to claim 16, wherein the inorganic acid is selected from the group consisting of HCl, HBr, HI, HF, H2SO4, HNO3, H3PO2, and H3PO4. 18. The metallic nanoparticle dispersion according to claim 16, wherein the inorganic acid is HCl or HBr. 19. The metallic nanoparticle dispersion according to claim 16, further comprising a solvent according to Formula I:
wherein
R1 and R2 represent an optionally substituted alkyl group; and
R1 and R2 optionally form a ring. 20. The metallic nanoparticle dispersion according to claim 16, further comprising an additional acid according to Formula II:
R—COOH Formula III
wherein R is a C2-C7 alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or cycloalkyl group. 21. The nanoparticle dispersion according to claim 16, wherein the metallic nanoparticles include silver nanoparticles. 22. A coating or printing fluid comprising:
a metallic nanoparticle dispersion as defined in claim 16; and one or more additives selected from a thickening agent, a boiling solvent, and a wetting agent. 23. The coating or printing fluid according to claim 22, wherein the thickening agent is a cellulose derivative. 24. The coating or printing fluid according to claim 22, wherein the boiling solvent is selected from diethyleneglycol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, and 2-butoxyethanol. 25. A method of preparing a metallic nanoparticle dispersion, the method comprising the steps of:
dispersing metal precursor particles in a dispersion medium including a solvent according to Formula I:
wherein R1 and R2 represent an optionally substituted alkyl group; and
R1 and R2 optionally form a ring;
reducing the metal precursor particles with a reducing agent to form metallic nanoparticles; and
adding an inorganic acid or a compound that generates the inorganic acid during or at an end of the method. 26. The method according to claim 25, further comprising:
an evaporation step, a sedimentation step, or an ultrafiltration step to evaporate at least a portion of the dispersion medium. 27. A method of preparing a metallic nanoparticle dispersion, the method comprising the steps of:
forming a metal precursor dispersion or solution by adding a metallic precursor to a dispersion medium including:
(a) a solvent according to Formula I:
wherein
R1 and R2 represent an optionally substituted alkyl group; and
R1 and R2 optionally form a ring; and
(b) a carboxylic acid according to Formula III:
R—COOH Formula III
wherein
R is an optionally substituted C2-C7 alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or cycloalkyl group;
reducing the metallic precursor with a reducing agent to form metallic nanoparticles;
sedimenting the metallic nanoparticles to obtain a concentrated metallic nanoparticle dispersion including at least 15 wt % of metallic nanoparticles; and
adding an inorganic acid or a compound that generates the inorganic acid during or at an end of the method. 28. A method of preparing a conductive metallic layer or pattern, the method comprising the step of:
applying the metallic nanoparticle dispersion as defined in claim 16 on a substrate; and curing the metallic nanoparticle dispersion on the substrate. 29. A method of preparing a conductive metallic layer or pattern, the method comprising the step of:
applying the printing or coating fluid as defined in claim 22 on a substrate; and curing the printing or coating fluid on the substrate. 30. The method of preparing a conductive metallic layer of pattern according to claim 29, wherein the step of curing is performed at a temperature of 160° C. or less. 31. The method of preparing a conductive metallic layer or pattern according to claim 29, wherein the step of curing step is performed within 30 minutes or less. 32. The method of preparing a conductive metallic layer or pattern according to claim 30, wherein the step of curing is performed within 30 minutes or less. | A metallic nanoparticle dispersion includes metallic nanoparticles and less than 50 μmol/g metal of an inorganic acid or a compound capable of generating such an acid during curing of a metallic layer or pattern formed from the dispersion. The presence of such small amounts an inorganic acid increases the conductivity of metallic layers or patterns formed from the metallic nanoparticle dispersions at moderate curing conditions.1-15. (canceled) 16. A metallic nanoparticle dispersion comprising:
metallic nanoparticles; and less than 50 μmol/g metal of an inorganic acid or a compound that generates the inorganic acid during curing of the metallic nanoparticle dispersion. 17. The metallic nanoparticle dispersion according to claim 16, wherein the inorganic acid is selected from the group consisting of HCl, HBr, HI, HF, H2SO4, HNO3, H3PO2, and H3PO4. 18. The metallic nanoparticle dispersion according to claim 16, wherein the inorganic acid is HCl or HBr. 19. The metallic nanoparticle dispersion according to claim 16, further comprising a solvent according to Formula I:
wherein
R1 and R2 represent an optionally substituted alkyl group; and
R1 and R2 optionally form a ring. 20. The metallic nanoparticle dispersion according to claim 16, further comprising an additional acid according to Formula II:
R—COOH Formula III
wherein R is a C2-C7 alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or cycloalkyl group. 21. The nanoparticle dispersion according to claim 16, wherein the metallic nanoparticles include silver nanoparticles. 22. A coating or printing fluid comprising:
a metallic nanoparticle dispersion as defined in claim 16; and one or more additives selected from a thickening agent, a boiling solvent, and a wetting agent. 23. The coating or printing fluid according to claim 22, wherein the thickening agent is a cellulose derivative. 24. The coating or printing fluid according to claim 22, wherein the boiling solvent is selected from diethyleneglycol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, and 2-butoxyethanol. 25. A method of preparing a metallic nanoparticle dispersion, the method comprising the steps of:
dispersing metal precursor particles in a dispersion medium including a solvent according to Formula I:
wherein R1 and R2 represent an optionally substituted alkyl group; and
R1 and R2 optionally form a ring;
reducing the metal precursor particles with a reducing agent to form metallic nanoparticles; and
adding an inorganic acid or a compound that generates the inorganic acid during or at an end of the method. 26. The method according to claim 25, further comprising:
an evaporation step, a sedimentation step, or an ultrafiltration step to evaporate at least a portion of the dispersion medium. 27. A method of preparing a metallic nanoparticle dispersion, the method comprising the steps of:
forming a metal precursor dispersion or solution by adding a metallic precursor to a dispersion medium including:
(a) a solvent according to Formula I:
wherein
R1 and R2 represent an optionally substituted alkyl group; and
R1 and R2 optionally form a ring; and
(b) a carboxylic acid according to Formula III:
R—COOH Formula III
wherein
R is an optionally substituted C2-C7 alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or cycloalkyl group;
reducing the metallic precursor with a reducing agent to form metallic nanoparticles;
sedimenting the metallic nanoparticles to obtain a concentrated metallic nanoparticle dispersion including at least 15 wt % of metallic nanoparticles; and
adding an inorganic acid or a compound that generates the inorganic acid during or at an end of the method. 28. A method of preparing a conductive metallic layer or pattern, the method comprising the step of:
applying the metallic nanoparticle dispersion as defined in claim 16 on a substrate; and curing the metallic nanoparticle dispersion on the substrate. 29. A method of preparing a conductive metallic layer or pattern, the method comprising the step of:
applying the printing or coating fluid as defined in claim 22 on a substrate; and curing the printing or coating fluid on the substrate. 30. The method of preparing a conductive metallic layer of pattern according to claim 29, wherein the step of curing is performed at a temperature of 160° C. or less. 31. The method of preparing a conductive metallic layer or pattern according to claim 29, wherein the step of curing step is performed within 30 minutes or less. 32. The method of preparing a conductive metallic layer or pattern according to claim 30, wherein the step of curing is performed within 30 minutes or less. | 1,700 |
2,385 | 14,835,918 | 1,783 | A number of variations may include a product that may include at least one working friction surface that may include at least two layers that may include a compound layer and a nitrogen diffusion layer wherein the compound layer may have a porosity ranging from about 19% to about 50%. | 1. A product comprising:
at least one working friction surface comprising at least two layers comprising a compound layer and a nitrogen diffusion layer wherein the compound layer has a porosity ranging from about 19% to about 50%. 2. A product as set forth in claim 1, wherein the working friction surface comprises a low alloy cast iron. 3. A product as set forth in claim 1, wherein the compound layer ranges from about 10 to about 20 microns in depth. 4. A product as set forth in claim 1, wherein the compound layer comprises at least one of e-carbonite phase, cementite, carbides, or nitrides. 5. A product as set forth in claim 1, wherein the nitrogen diffusion layer ranges from about 350 to about 400 microns in depth. 6. A product as set forth in claim 1, wherein the nitrogen diffusion layer comprises nitrogen, iron oxides, and nitride needles. 7. A product as set forth in claim 1, wherein the compound layer has a porosity of about 50%. 8. A product as set forth in claim 1, wherein the compound layer has a porosity ranging from about 30% to about 50%. 9. A product as set forth in claim 1, wherein the working friction surface has surface finish roughness ranging from about 1.2 Ra to about a maximum of 1.6 Ra. 10. A product as set forth in claim 1, wherein the product comprises a brake rotor having a rotor cheek wherein the working surface area is on the rotor cheek and further comprising second diffusion zone underlying the first compound zone and ranging from about 350 micrometers to about 400 micrometers in thickness. 11. A method comprising:
providing a part comprising a low alloy cast iron and at least one working friction surface; nitro-carburizing the at least one working surface to provide at least two layers within the part comprising a compound layer and a nitrogen diffusion layer wherein the compound layer has a porosity ranging from about 19% to about 50%; and fine turning the at least one working surface. 12. A method as set forth in claim 11, wherein the compound layer ranges from about 10 to about 20 microns in depth. 13. A method as set forth in claim 11, wherein the compound layer comprises at least one of an e-carbonite phase, cementite, carbides, or nitrides. 14. A method as set forth in claim 11, wherein the nitrogen diffusion layer ranges from about 350 to about 400 microns in depth. 15. A method as set forth in claim 11, wherein the nitrogen diffusion comprises nitrogen, iron oxides, and nitride needles. 16. A method as set forth in claim 11, wherein the compound layer has a porosity of about 50%. 17. A method as set forth in claim 11, wherein the compound layer has a porosity ranging from about 30% to about 50%. 18. A method as set forth in claim 11, wherein the working friction surface has surface finish roughness ranging from about 1.2 Ra to about a maximum of 1.6 Ra. 19. A method as set forth in claim 11, wherein the product comprises a brake rotor having a rotor cheek wherein the working surface area is on the rotor cheek and further comprising second diffusion zone underlying the first compound zone and ranging from about 350 micrometers to about 400 micrometers in thickness. 20. A product comprising:
a part comprising a low alloy cast iron comprising G205 cast iron and at least one fine-turned working friction surface comprising at least two layers comprising a compound layer of about 15 microns in depth comprising at least one of an e-carbonite phase, cementite, carbides, or nitrides and having a porosity of about 50% and a nitrogen diffusion layer comprising nitrogen, iron oxides, and nitride needles. | A number of variations may include a product that may include at least one working friction surface that may include at least two layers that may include a compound layer and a nitrogen diffusion layer wherein the compound layer may have a porosity ranging from about 19% to about 50%.1. A product comprising:
at least one working friction surface comprising at least two layers comprising a compound layer and a nitrogen diffusion layer wherein the compound layer has a porosity ranging from about 19% to about 50%. 2. A product as set forth in claim 1, wherein the working friction surface comprises a low alloy cast iron. 3. A product as set forth in claim 1, wherein the compound layer ranges from about 10 to about 20 microns in depth. 4. A product as set forth in claim 1, wherein the compound layer comprises at least one of e-carbonite phase, cementite, carbides, or nitrides. 5. A product as set forth in claim 1, wherein the nitrogen diffusion layer ranges from about 350 to about 400 microns in depth. 6. A product as set forth in claim 1, wherein the nitrogen diffusion layer comprises nitrogen, iron oxides, and nitride needles. 7. A product as set forth in claim 1, wherein the compound layer has a porosity of about 50%. 8. A product as set forth in claim 1, wherein the compound layer has a porosity ranging from about 30% to about 50%. 9. A product as set forth in claim 1, wherein the working friction surface has surface finish roughness ranging from about 1.2 Ra to about a maximum of 1.6 Ra. 10. A product as set forth in claim 1, wherein the product comprises a brake rotor having a rotor cheek wherein the working surface area is on the rotor cheek and further comprising second diffusion zone underlying the first compound zone and ranging from about 350 micrometers to about 400 micrometers in thickness. 11. A method comprising:
providing a part comprising a low alloy cast iron and at least one working friction surface; nitro-carburizing the at least one working surface to provide at least two layers within the part comprising a compound layer and a nitrogen diffusion layer wherein the compound layer has a porosity ranging from about 19% to about 50%; and fine turning the at least one working surface. 12. A method as set forth in claim 11, wherein the compound layer ranges from about 10 to about 20 microns in depth. 13. A method as set forth in claim 11, wherein the compound layer comprises at least one of an e-carbonite phase, cementite, carbides, or nitrides. 14. A method as set forth in claim 11, wherein the nitrogen diffusion layer ranges from about 350 to about 400 microns in depth. 15. A method as set forth in claim 11, wherein the nitrogen diffusion comprises nitrogen, iron oxides, and nitride needles. 16. A method as set forth in claim 11, wherein the compound layer has a porosity of about 50%. 17. A method as set forth in claim 11, wherein the compound layer has a porosity ranging from about 30% to about 50%. 18. A method as set forth in claim 11, wherein the working friction surface has surface finish roughness ranging from about 1.2 Ra to about a maximum of 1.6 Ra. 19. A method as set forth in claim 11, wherein the product comprises a brake rotor having a rotor cheek wherein the working surface area is on the rotor cheek and further comprising second diffusion zone underlying the first compound zone and ranging from about 350 micrometers to about 400 micrometers in thickness. 20. A product comprising:
a part comprising a low alloy cast iron comprising G205 cast iron and at least one fine-turned working friction surface comprising at least two layers comprising a compound layer of about 15 microns in depth comprising at least one of an e-carbonite phase, cementite, carbides, or nitrides and having a porosity of about 50% and a nitrogen diffusion layer comprising nitrogen, iron oxides, and nitride needles. | 1,700 |
2,386 | 15,387,297 | 1,712 | A method for depositing a functional material on a substrate is disclosed. A plate having a first surface and a second surface is provided. A layer of light scattering material is applied onto the first surface of the plate, and a layer of reflective material is applied onto the second surface of the plate. After a group of wells has been formed on the second surface of the plate, a layer of light-absorbing material is applied on the second surface of the plate. Next, the wells are filled with a functional material. The plate is then irradiated with a pulse of light to heat the light-absorbing material in order to generate gas at an interface between the light-absorbing material and the functional material to release the functional material from the wells onto a receiving substrate. | 1. A method for depositing a functional material on a substrate, said method comprising:
providing a plate having a first surface and a second surface; removing materials from said second surface to form a plurality of wells within said second surface, wherein said plurality of wells have different depths; depositing a light scattering material layer on said first surface: depositing a light absorbing material layer on said second surface including said plurality of wells: filling said plurality of wells with a functional material; and irradiating said plate with pulsed light to heat said light-absorbing material in order to generate gas at an interface between said light-absorbing material and said functional material to release said functional material from said plurality of wells onto a receiving substrate. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said plate is optically transparent. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein depths of said plurality of wells range from 10 nm to 1,000 μm. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said light-absorbing material is tungsten. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said removing includes laser drilling. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said removing includes etching. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said method further includes depositing a light scattering material layer on said second surface of said plate. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said method further includes roughening said first surface. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said second surface is non-planar. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said receiving substrate is non-planar. 11. A method for depositing a functional material on a substrate, said method comprising:
providing a plate having a first surface and a second surface: removing materials from said second surface to form a plurality of wells within said second surface, wherein said plurality of wells have different depths; coating said second surface of said plate except said plurality of wells with a light reflecting material layer; depositing a light absorbing material layer directly on said light reflecting material layer and inside said plurality of wells; filling, said plurality of wells with a functional material; and irradiating said plate with pulsed light to heat said light-absorbing material in order to generate gas at an interface between said light-absorbing material and said functional material to release said functional material from said plurality of wells onto a receiving substrate. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said plate is optically transparent. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein depths of said plurality of wells range from 10 nm to 1,000 μm. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein said light-absorbing material is tungsten. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein said removing includes laser drilling. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein said removing includes etching. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein said method further includes depositing a light scattering material layer on said second surfaces of said plate before said deposition of said reflective layer. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein said second surface is non-planar. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein said receiving substrate is non-planar. | A method for depositing a functional material on a substrate is disclosed. A plate having a first surface and a second surface is provided. A layer of light scattering material is applied onto the first surface of the plate, and a layer of reflective material is applied onto the second surface of the plate. After a group of wells has been formed on the second surface of the plate, a layer of light-absorbing material is applied on the second surface of the plate. Next, the wells are filled with a functional material. The plate is then irradiated with a pulse of light to heat the light-absorbing material in order to generate gas at an interface between the light-absorbing material and the functional material to release the functional material from the wells onto a receiving substrate.1. A method for depositing a functional material on a substrate, said method comprising:
providing a plate having a first surface and a second surface; removing materials from said second surface to form a plurality of wells within said second surface, wherein said plurality of wells have different depths; depositing a light scattering material layer on said first surface: depositing a light absorbing material layer on said second surface including said plurality of wells: filling said plurality of wells with a functional material; and irradiating said plate with pulsed light to heat said light-absorbing material in order to generate gas at an interface between said light-absorbing material and said functional material to release said functional material from said plurality of wells onto a receiving substrate. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said plate is optically transparent. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein depths of said plurality of wells range from 10 nm to 1,000 μm. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said light-absorbing material is tungsten. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said removing includes laser drilling. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said removing includes etching. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said method further includes depositing a light scattering material layer on said second surface of said plate. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said method further includes roughening said first surface. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said second surface is non-planar. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said receiving substrate is non-planar. 11. A method for depositing a functional material on a substrate, said method comprising:
providing a plate having a first surface and a second surface: removing materials from said second surface to form a plurality of wells within said second surface, wherein said plurality of wells have different depths; coating said second surface of said plate except said plurality of wells with a light reflecting material layer; depositing a light absorbing material layer directly on said light reflecting material layer and inside said plurality of wells; filling, said plurality of wells with a functional material; and irradiating said plate with pulsed light to heat said light-absorbing material in order to generate gas at an interface between said light-absorbing material and said functional material to release said functional material from said plurality of wells onto a receiving substrate. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said plate is optically transparent. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein depths of said plurality of wells range from 10 nm to 1,000 μm. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein said light-absorbing material is tungsten. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein said removing includes laser drilling. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein said removing includes etching. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein said method further includes depositing a light scattering material layer on said second surfaces of said plate before said deposition of said reflective layer. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein said second surface is non-planar. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein said receiving substrate is non-planar. | 1,700 |
2,387 | 14,369,957 | 1,712 | An elastomeric substrate has a material diffusion harrier, and a method produces the same. In an embodiment, a method for producing a material diffusion barrier on an elastomeric substrate includes exposing the elastomeric substrate to a cationic solution to produce a cationic layer on the elastomeric substrate. The method also includes exposing the cationic layer to an anionic solution to produce an anionic layer on the cationic layer. The layer includes the cationic layer and the anionic layer. The layer comprises the material diffusion barrier. | 1. A method for producing a material diffusion barrier on an elastomeric substrate, comprising:
(A) exposing the elastomeric substrate to a cationic solution to produce a cationic layer on the elastomeric substrate; (B) exposing the cationic layer to an anionic solution to produce an anionic layer on the cationic layer, wherein a layer comprises the cationic layer and the anionic layer, and wherein the layer comprises the material diffusion barrier. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(C) exposing the anionic layer to a second cationic solution to produce a second cationic layer on the anionic layer, and wherein the layer comprises a trilayer comprising the cationic layer, the anionic layer, and the second cationic layer. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(C) exposing the anionic layer to a second cationic solution to produce a second cationic layer on the anionic layer; and (D) exposing the second cationic layer to a second anionic solution to produce a second anionic layer on the second cationic layer, wherein the layer comprises a quadlayer comprising the cationic layer, the anionic layer, the second cationic layer, and the second anionic layer. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the cationic solution comprises cationic materials, and wherein the cationic materials comprise a polymer, a colloidal particle, a nanoparticle, or any combinations thereof. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the polymer comprises a polymer with hydrogen bonding, wherein the polymer with hydrogen bonding comprises polyethylene oxide, polyglycidol, polypropylene oxide, poly(vinyl methyl ether), polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyallylamine, branched polyethylenimine, linear polyethylenimine, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), copolymers thereof, or any combinations thereof. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the anionic solution comprises layerable materials, and wherein the layerable materials comprise an anionic polymer, a colloidal particle, or any combinations thereof. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the anionic polymer comprises a polystyrene sulfonate, a polymethacrylic acid, a polyacrylic acid, a poly(acrylic acid, sodium salt), a polyanetholesulfonic acid sodium salt, poly(vinylsulfonic acid, sodium salt), or any combinations thereof. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the colloidal particle comprises a clay, a colloidal silica, an inorganic hydroxide, a silicon based polymer, a polyoligomeric silsesquioxane, a carbon nanotube, a graphene, or any combinations thereof. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the elastomeric substrate further comprises a primer layer disposed between the elastomeric substrate and the cationic layer. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising repeating steps (A) and (B) to produce a plurality of layers, wherein the material diffusion barrier comprises the plurality of layers. 11. A method for producing a material diffusion barrier on an elastomeric substrate, comprising:
(A) exposing the elastomeric substrate to an anionic solution to produce an anionic layer on the elastomeric substrate; (B) exposing the anionic layer to a cationic solution to produce a cationic layer on the anionic layer, wherein a layer comprises the anionic layer and the cationic layer, and wherein the layer comprises the material diffusion barrier. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
(C) exposing the cationic layer to a second anionic solution to produce a second anionic layer on the cationic layer, and wherein the layer comprises as trilayer comprising the anionic layer, the cationic layer, and the second anionic layer. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
(C) exposing the cationic layer to a second anionic solution to produce a second anionic layer on the cationic layer; and (D) exposing the second anionic layer to a second cationic solution to produce a second cationic layer on the second anionic layer, wherein the layer comprises a quadlayer comprising the anionic layer, the cationic layer, the second anionic layer, and the second cationic layer. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the cationic solution comprises cationic materials, and wherein the cationic materials comprise a polymer, a colloidal particle, a nanoparticle, or any combinations thereof. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the polymer comprises a polymer with hydrogen bonding, wherein the polymer comprises polyethylene oxide, polyglycidol, polypropylene oxide, poly(vinyl methyl ether), polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyallylamine, branched polyethylenimine linear polyethylenimine, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), copolymers thereof, or any combination thereof. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the anionic solution comprises layerable materials, and wherein the layerable materials comprise an anionic polymer, a colloidal particle, or any combinations thereof. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the anionic polymer comprises a polystyrene sulfonate, a polymethacrylic acid, a polyacrylic acid, a poly(acrylic acid, sodium salt), a polyanetholsulfonic acid sodium salt, poly(vinylsulfonic acid, sodium salt), or any combinations thereof. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the colloidal particle comprises a clay, a colloidal silica, an inorganic hydroxide, a silicon based polymer, a polyoligomeric silsesquioxane, a carbon nanotube, a graphene, or any combinations thereof. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the elastomeric substrate further comprises a primer layer disposed between the elastomeric substrate and the anionic layer. 20. The method of claim 11, further comprising repeating steps (A) and (B) to produce a plurality of layers, wherein the material diffusion barrier comprises the plurality of layers. | An elastomeric substrate has a material diffusion harrier, and a method produces the same. In an embodiment, a method for producing a material diffusion barrier on an elastomeric substrate includes exposing the elastomeric substrate to a cationic solution to produce a cationic layer on the elastomeric substrate. The method also includes exposing the cationic layer to an anionic solution to produce an anionic layer on the cationic layer. The layer includes the cationic layer and the anionic layer. The layer comprises the material diffusion barrier.1. A method for producing a material diffusion barrier on an elastomeric substrate, comprising:
(A) exposing the elastomeric substrate to a cationic solution to produce a cationic layer on the elastomeric substrate; (B) exposing the cationic layer to an anionic solution to produce an anionic layer on the cationic layer, wherein a layer comprises the cationic layer and the anionic layer, and wherein the layer comprises the material diffusion barrier. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(C) exposing the anionic layer to a second cationic solution to produce a second cationic layer on the anionic layer, and wherein the layer comprises a trilayer comprising the cationic layer, the anionic layer, and the second cationic layer. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(C) exposing the anionic layer to a second cationic solution to produce a second cationic layer on the anionic layer; and (D) exposing the second cationic layer to a second anionic solution to produce a second anionic layer on the second cationic layer, wherein the layer comprises a quadlayer comprising the cationic layer, the anionic layer, the second cationic layer, and the second anionic layer. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the cationic solution comprises cationic materials, and wherein the cationic materials comprise a polymer, a colloidal particle, a nanoparticle, or any combinations thereof. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the polymer comprises a polymer with hydrogen bonding, wherein the polymer with hydrogen bonding comprises polyethylene oxide, polyglycidol, polypropylene oxide, poly(vinyl methyl ether), polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyallylamine, branched polyethylenimine, linear polyethylenimine, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), copolymers thereof, or any combinations thereof. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the anionic solution comprises layerable materials, and wherein the layerable materials comprise an anionic polymer, a colloidal particle, or any combinations thereof. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the anionic polymer comprises a polystyrene sulfonate, a polymethacrylic acid, a polyacrylic acid, a poly(acrylic acid, sodium salt), a polyanetholesulfonic acid sodium salt, poly(vinylsulfonic acid, sodium salt), or any combinations thereof. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the colloidal particle comprises a clay, a colloidal silica, an inorganic hydroxide, a silicon based polymer, a polyoligomeric silsesquioxane, a carbon nanotube, a graphene, or any combinations thereof. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the elastomeric substrate further comprises a primer layer disposed between the elastomeric substrate and the cationic layer. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising repeating steps (A) and (B) to produce a plurality of layers, wherein the material diffusion barrier comprises the plurality of layers. 11. A method for producing a material diffusion barrier on an elastomeric substrate, comprising:
(A) exposing the elastomeric substrate to an anionic solution to produce an anionic layer on the elastomeric substrate; (B) exposing the anionic layer to a cationic solution to produce a cationic layer on the anionic layer, wherein a layer comprises the anionic layer and the cationic layer, and wherein the layer comprises the material diffusion barrier. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
(C) exposing the cationic layer to a second anionic solution to produce a second anionic layer on the cationic layer, and wherein the layer comprises as trilayer comprising the anionic layer, the cationic layer, and the second anionic layer. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
(C) exposing the cationic layer to a second anionic solution to produce a second anionic layer on the cationic layer; and (D) exposing the second anionic layer to a second cationic solution to produce a second cationic layer on the second anionic layer, wherein the layer comprises a quadlayer comprising the anionic layer, the cationic layer, the second anionic layer, and the second cationic layer. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the cationic solution comprises cationic materials, and wherein the cationic materials comprise a polymer, a colloidal particle, a nanoparticle, or any combinations thereof. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the polymer comprises a polymer with hydrogen bonding, wherein the polymer comprises polyethylene oxide, polyglycidol, polypropylene oxide, poly(vinyl methyl ether), polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyallylamine, branched polyethylenimine linear polyethylenimine, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), copolymers thereof, or any combination thereof. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the anionic solution comprises layerable materials, and wherein the layerable materials comprise an anionic polymer, a colloidal particle, or any combinations thereof. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the anionic polymer comprises a polystyrene sulfonate, a polymethacrylic acid, a polyacrylic acid, a poly(acrylic acid, sodium salt), a polyanetholsulfonic acid sodium salt, poly(vinylsulfonic acid, sodium salt), or any combinations thereof. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the colloidal particle comprises a clay, a colloidal silica, an inorganic hydroxide, a silicon based polymer, a polyoligomeric silsesquioxane, a carbon nanotube, a graphene, or any combinations thereof. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the elastomeric substrate further comprises a primer layer disposed between the elastomeric substrate and the anionic layer. 20. The method of claim 11, further comprising repeating steps (A) and (B) to produce a plurality of layers, wherein the material diffusion barrier comprises the plurality of layers. | 1,700 |
2,388 | 12,521,938 | 1,792 | The present invention relates to the improvement of food items through the increased utilization of plant-derived stearidonic acid. Many long chain fatty acids have been classified as being Omega 3 and have been shown to provide several health benefits, including heart health. According to the current invention plant-derived stearidonic acid (18:40)3) has been incorporated into a wide range of food products by using either oil or flour processed from soybeans with enhanced levels of stearidonic acid. These foods range from oil-based products (salad dressing, mayonnaise) to dairy products (milk, cheese) to prepared foods (entrees, side dishes). In addition to improved health benefits the current invention provides food rich in Omega-3 fatty acids that have enhanced storage and/or shelf life characteristics. | 1-101. (canceled) 102. A food product comprising stearidonic acid exhibiting extended shelf-life against flavor degradation wherein said stearidonic acid is derived from a transgenic plant. 103. The product of claim 102 wherein said extended shelf-life comprises at least 5% longer shelf life than a corresponding concentration of EPA. 104. The product of claim 102 further comprising at least about 5 ppm tocopherols. 105. The product of claim 102 wherein said stearidonic acid comprises from 0.1% to 80% of said food product. 106. The product of claim 103 further comprising soy protein. 107. The product of claim 103 wherein said feed product comprises less than about 40% LA. 108. The product of claim 102 wherein said stearidonic acid is part of an oil fraction from an oilseed plant, and wherein said oilseed plant fraction is comprised of from 2% to 50% of said oilseed plant oil after plant produced seed and/or fragment is crushed to release said oil fraction. 109. The product of claim 102 further comprising: a) a moisture containing ingredient; and, b) sufficient stabilizer to form an emulsion, such that said food product is a stable emulsion. 110. The product of claim 109 wherein said emulsion is of the oil-in-water type and wherein said aqueous phase comprises 10% to 80% by weight of said food product. 111. An animal feed product containing stearidonic acid exhibiting extended product life wherein the stearidonic acid is derived from a transgenic plant and wherein said feed product can be utilized as animal feed for livestock and/or aquaculture. 112. The feed product of claim 111 wherein said livestock is selected from the group consisting of cattle, swine, poultry, and chicken. 113. The feed product of claim 111 wherein said aquaculture animal is selected from the group consisting of salmon, trout, catfish, tilapia, crustacean, and mackerel. 114. The feed product of claim 111 further comprising at least about 5 ppm tocopherols. 115. The feed product of claim 111 wherein said stearidonic acid comprises from 0.1% to 80% of said feed product. 116. The feed product of claim 115 further comprising soy protein. 117. The feed product of claim 115 wherein said feed product comprises less than about 40% LA. 118. A food ingredient comprising a transgenic soybean oil, wherein said transgenic soybean oil comprises at least about 0.2% SDA and at most about 40% LA based on the total weight of fatty acids or derivatives thereof in the composition, and wherein said transgenic soybean oil comprises at least about 400 ppm tocopherols. 119. The food ingredient of claim 118 wherein said stearidonic acid comprises from 0.1% to 80% of said food ingredient. 120. The food ingredient of claim 118 wherein the transgenic soybean oil comprises at least one stabilizing agent selected from the group consisting of citric acid, t-butyl hydroquinone, ascorbyl palmitate, propyl gallate, and combinations thereof. 121. The food ingredient of claim 118 wherein said transgenic soybean oil further comprises of at least 10% SDA and at most about 35% LA based on the total weight of fatty acids or derivatives thereof in the composition. | The present invention relates to the improvement of food items through the increased utilization of plant-derived stearidonic acid. Many long chain fatty acids have been classified as being Omega 3 and have been shown to provide several health benefits, including heart health. According to the current invention plant-derived stearidonic acid (18:40)3) has been incorporated into a wide range of food products by using either oil or flour processed from soybeans with enhanced levels of stearidonic acid. These foods range from oil-based products (salad dressing, mayonnaise) to dairy products (milk, cheese) to prepared foods (entrees, side dishes). In addition to improved health benefits the current invention provides food rich in Omega-3 fatty acids that have enhanced storage and/or shelf life characteristics.1-101. (canceled) 102. A food product comprising stearidonic acid exhibiting extended shelf-life against flavor degradation wherein said stearidonic acid is derived from a transgenic plant. 103. The product of claim 102 wherein said extended shelf-life comprises at least 5% longer shelf life than a corresponding concentration of EPA. 104. The product of claim 102 further comprising at least about 5 ppm tocopherols. 105. The product of claim 102 wherein said stearidonic acid comprises from 0.1% to 80% of said food product. 106. The product of claim 103 further comprising soy protein. 107. The product of claim 103 wherein said feed product comprises less than about 40% LA. 108. The product of claim 102 wherein said stearidonic acid is part of an oil fraction from an oilseed plant, and wherein said oilseed plant fraction is comprised of from 2% to 50% of said oilseed plant oil after plant produced seed and/or fragment is crushed to release said oil fraction. 109. The product of claim 102 further comprising: a) a moisture containing ingredient; and, b) sufficient stabilizer to form an emulsion, such that said food product is a stable emulsion. 110. The product of claim 109 wherein said emulsion is of the oil-in-water type and wherein said aqueous phase comprises 10% to 80% by weight of said food product. 111. An animal feed product containing stearidonic acid exhibiting extended product life wherein the stearidonic acid is derived from a transgenic plant and wherein said feed product can be utilized as animal feed for livestock and/or aquaculture. 112. The feed product of claim 111 wherein said livestock is selected from the group consisting of cattle, swine, poultry, and chicken. 113. The feed product of claim 111 wherein said aquaculture animal is selected from the group consisting of salmon, trout, catfish, tilapia, crustacean, and mackerel. 114. The feed product of claim 111 further comprising at least about 5 ppm tocopherols. 115. The feed product of claim 111 wherein said stearidonic acid comprises from 0.1% to 80% of said feed product. 116. The feed product of claim 115 further comprising soy protein. 117. The feed product of claim 115 wherein said feed product comprises less than about 40% LA. 118. A food ingredient comprising a transgenic soybean oil, wherein said transgenic soybean oil comprises at least about 0.2% SDA and at most about 40% LA based on the total weight of fatty acids or derivatives thereof in the composition, and wherein said transgenic soybean oil comprises at least about 400 ppm tocopherols. 119. The food ingredient of claim 118 wherein said stearidonic acid comprises from 0.1% to 80% of said food ingredient. 120. The food ingredient of claim 118 wherein the transgenic soybean oil comprises at least one stabilizing agent selected from the group consisting of citric acid, t-butyl hydroquinone, ascorbyl palmitate, propyl gallate, and combinations thereof. 121. The food ingredient of claim 118 wherein said transgenic soybean oil further comprises of at least 10% SDA and at most about 35% LA based on the total weight of fatty acids or derivatives thereof in the composition. | 1,700 |
2,389 | 14,907,868 | 1,733 | A iron-based amorphous alloy thin strip having a chemical composition represented by a chemical formula of Fe x B y Si z (wherein x is 78-83 at %, y is 8-15 at % and z is 6-13 at %), wherein the number of air pockets at a surface contacting with a cooling roll is not more than 8 pockets/mm 2 and an average length in a circumferential direction of the roll is not more than 0.5 mm. | 1-4. (canceled) 5. An iron-based amorphous alloy thin strip having a chemical composition represented by a chemical formula of FexBySiz (wherein x is 78-83 at %, y is 8-15 at % and z is 6-13 at %), wherein a number of air pockets at a surface contacting with a cooling roll during formation of the thin strip is not more than 8 pockets/mm2 and an average length of the air pockets in a circumferential direction of the roll is not more than 0.5 mm. 6. The iron-based amorphous alloy thin strip according to claim 5, containing one or two of Cr: 0.2-1 at % and Mn: 0.2-2 at % in addition to the chemical composition. 7. The iron-based amorphous alloy thin strip according to claim 5, containing one or more of C: 0.2-2 at %, P: 0.2-2 at %, Sn: 0.2-1 at % and Sb: 0.2-1 at % in addition to the chemical composition. 8. The iron-based amorphous alloy thin strip according to claim 6, containing one or more of C: 0.2-2 at %, P: 0.2-2 at %, Sn: 0.2-1 at % and Sb: 0.2-1 at % in addition to the chemical composition. 9. A wound iron-core transformer comprising the iron-based amorphous alloy thin strip according to claim 5. 10. A wound iron-core transformer comprising the iron-based amorphous alloy thin strip according to claim 6. 11. A wound iron-core transformer comprising the iron-based amorphous alloy thin strip according to claim 7. 12. A wound iron-core transformer comprising the iron-based amorphous alloy thin strip according to claim 8. | A iron-based amorphous alloy thin strip having a chemical composition represented by a chemical formula of Fe x B y Si z (wherein x is 78-83 at %, y is 8-15 at % and z is 6-13 at %), wherein the number of air pockets at a surface contacting with a cooling roll is not more than 8 pockets/mm 2 and an average length in a circumferential direction of the roll is not more than 0.5 mm.1-4. (canceled) 5. An iron-based amorphous alloy thin strip having a chemical composition represented by a chemical formula of FexBySiz (wherein x is 78-83 at %, y is 8-15 at % and z is 6-13 at %), wherein a number of air pockets at a surface contacting with a cooling roll during formation of the thin strip is not more than 8 pockets/mm2 and an average length of the air pockets in a circumferential direction of the roll is not more than 0.5 mm. 6. The iron-based amorphous alloy thin strip according to claim 5, containing one or two of Cr: 0.2-1 at % and Mn: 0.2-2 at % in addition to the chemical composition. 7. The iron-based amorphous alloy thin strip according to claim 5, containing one or more of C: 0.2-2 at %, P: 0.2-2 at %, Sn: 0.2-1 at % and Sb: 0.2-1 at % in addition to the chemical composition. 8. The iron-based amorphous alloy thin strip according to claim 6, containing one or more of C: 0.2-2 at %, P: 0.2-2 at %, Sn: 0.2-1 at % and Sb: 0.2-1 at % in addition to the chemical composition. 9. A wound iron-core transformer comprising the iron-based amorphous alloy thin strip according to claim 5. 10. A wound iron-core transformer comprising the iron-based amorphous alloy thin strip according to claim 6. 11. A wound iron-core transformer comprising the iron-based amorphous alloy thin strip according to claim 7. 12. A wound iron-core transformer comprising the iron-based amorphous alloy thin strip according to claim 8. | 1,700 |
2,390 | 14,376,925 | 1,716 | The invention relates to a vacuum deposition source heating system and to a vacuum deposition system having such a heating system. The vacuum deposition source heating system is mountable to a vacuum deposition system and comprises: a heating element ( 1 ) designed for heating a deposition source, a power supply element ( 2 ), electrically connected to the heating element for providing electrical power to the heating element ( 1 ); a connection member ( 3 ), electrically connecting the power supply element ( 2 ) to the heating element, whereby the power supply element is mechanically mounted to the connection member ( 3 ) in an elastic manner, and whereby the connection member comprises a spring element ( 31 ) made of an elastic carbon material. | 1. A vacuum deposition source heating system, mountable to a vacuum deposition system and comprising:
a heating element designed for heating a deposition source, a power supply element, electrically connected to the heating element for providing electrical power to the heating element; a connection member, electrically connecting the power supply element to the heating element, whereby the power supply element is mechanically mounted to the connection member in an elastic manner, and whereby the connection member comprises a spring element made of an elastic carbon material. 2. The vaccum deposition source heating system according to claim 1, wherein the spring element is made of carbon fiber/CFC (carbon fiber reinforced carbon) and/or of pyrolytic carbon. 3. The vaccum deposition source heating system according to claim 1, wherein the spring element is made of carbon foam or carbon felt. 4. The vacuum deposition source heating system according to claim 1, wherein the spring element contains at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% carbon, or is substantially entirely made of carbon. 5. The vaccum deposition source heating system according to claim 1, wherein the power supply element is electrically connected to the heating element via the spring element. 6. The vaccum deposition source heating system according to claim 1, wherein the power supply element has an elongated shape. 7. The vaccum deposition source heating system according to claim 6, wherein the power supply element has the shape of a rod with flat, a rectangular, a square, an oval, or a circular cross section. 8. The vaccum deposition source heating system according to claim 1, wherein the power supply element is made of carbon. 9. The vaccum deposition source heating system according to claim 1, wherein the power supply element is at least partly covered by an insulating cover of electrically insulating material. 10. The vaccum deposition source heating system according to claim 1, wherein the insulating cover is made of aluminum oxide. 11. A vacuum deposition system comprising a vacuum deposition source heating system according to claim 1. | The invention relates to a vacuum deposition source heating system and to a vacuum deposition system having such a heating system. The vacuum deposition source heating system is mountable to a vacuum deposition system and comprises: a heating element ( 1 ) designed for heating a deposition source, a power supply element ( 2 ), electrically connected to the heating element for providing electrical power to the heating element ( 1 ); a connection member ( 3 ), electrically connecting the power supply element ( 2 ) to the heating element, whereby the power supply element is mechanically mounted to the connection member ( 3 ) in an elastic manner, and whereby the connection member comprises a spring element ( 31 ) made of an elastic carbon material.1. A vacuum deposition source heating system, mountable to a vacuum deposition system and comprising:
a heating element designed for heating a deposition source, a power supply element, electrically connected to the heating element for providing electrical power to the heating element; a connection member, electrically connecting the power supply element to the heating element, whereby the power supply element is mechanically mounted to the connection member in an elastic manner, and whereby the connection member comprises a spring element made of an elastic carbon material. 2. The vaccum deposition source heating system according to claim 1, wherein the spring element is made of carbon fiber/CFC (carbon fiber reinforced carbon) and/or of pyrolytic carbon. 3. The vaccum deposition source heating system according to claim 1, wherein the spring element is made of carbon foam or carbon felt. 4. The vacuum deposition source heating system according to claim 1, wherein the spring element contains at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% carbon, or is substantially entirely made of carbon. 5. The vaccum deposition source heating system according to claim 1, wherein the power supply element is electrically connected to the heating element via the spring element. 6. The vaccum deposition source heating system according to claim 1, wherein the power supply element has an elongated shape. 7. The vaccum deposition source heating system according to claim 6, wherein the power supply element has the shape of a rod with flat, a rectangular, a square, an oval, or a circular cross section. 8. The vaccum deposition source heating system according to claim 1, wherein the power supply element is made of carbon. 9. The vaccum deposition source heating system according to claim 1, wherein the power supply element is at least partly covered by an insulating cover of electrically insulating material. 10. The vaccum deposition source heating system according to claim 1, wherein the insulating cover is made of aluminum oxide. 11. A vacuum deposition system comprising a vacuum deposition source heating system according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,391 | 14,510,305 | 1,773 | A system may include an air treatment assembly configured to deliver treated air to an enclosed space within a vehicle, at least one upstream sensor upstream from the air treatment assembly, and at least one downstream sensor downstream from the air treatment assembly. The upstream sensor(s) and the downstream sensor(s) are configured to detect at least one attribute of air, such as air pressure. An air treatment monitoring system is in communication with the sensors. The air treatment monitoring system receives one or more sensor signals from the sensors, and calculates an attribute differential (such as a pressure differential) based on the one or more signals. | 1. A system comprising:
at least one air treatment assembly configured to deliver treated air to an enclosed space within a vehicle; at least one upstream sensor upstream from the at least one air treatment assembly; at least one downstream sensor downstream from the at least one air treatment assembly, wherein the at least one upstream sensor and the at least one downstream sensor are configured to detect at least one attribute of air; and an air treatment monitoring system in communication with the at least one upstream sensor and the at least one downstream sensor, wherein the air treatment monitoring system is configured to receive one or more sensor signals from the at least one upstream sensor and the at least one downstream sensor, and wherein the air treatment monitoring system is configured to calculate an attribute differential based on the one or more sensor signals. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the air treatment monitoring system is configured to calculate a compensated pressure differential based on the attribute differential and one or more parameters related to the vehicle. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the air treatment monitoring system is configured to determine an operative state of the at least one air treatment assembly by referencing a failure threshold in relation to the attribute differential. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the air treatment monitoring system is configured to predict a time of failure of the at least one air treatment assembly based on historical data of the at least one air treatment assembly. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one attribute of air is air pressure, wherein the at least one downstream sensor comprises at least one downstream air pressure sensor, and wherein the at least one upstream sensor comprises at least one upstream air pressure sensor. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one air treatment assembly comprises a heat exchanger. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the air treatment monitoring system comprises:
a pressure differential calculation unit that is configured to calculate a pressure differential between the one or more sensor signals received from the at least one upstream sensor and the at least one downstream sensor; a parameter compensation factor determination unit that is configured to determine one or more parameter compensation factors related to the vehicle; and a compensated pressure calculation unit that is configured to calculate a compensated pressure differential based on the pressure differential and the one or more compensation factors. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the one or more parameter compensation factors relate to one or more of altitude, speed, ambient temperature, fan state, fan door position, and position of the vehicle. 9. The system of claim 7, wherein the air treatment monitoring system further comprises a diagnostic unit that is configured to compare the compensated pressure differential with a failure threshold to determine an operative state of the air treatment assembly. 10. The system of claim 7, wherein the air treatment monitoring system further comprises a prediction unit that is configured to predict a failure date of the air treatment assembly by detecting a trend in stored compensated pressure differentials over time. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the air treatment monitoring system is within the vehicle. 12. A method of monitoring an air treatment assembly within a vehicle, the method comprising:
receiving one or more air pressure signals detected by air pressure sensors that are positioned upstream and downstream from an air treatment assembly within a duct of the vehicle; and calculating a pressure differential based on the one or more air pressure signals. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising calculating a compensated pressure differential based on the pressure differential and one or more parameters related to the vehicle. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the one or more parameters include one or more of altitude, speed, ambient temperature, fan state, fan door position, and position of the vehicle. 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising determining an operative state of the at least one air treatment assembly by referencing a failure threshold in relation to the pressure differential. 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising predicting a time of failure of the at least one air treatment assembly based on historical data of the at least one air treatment assembly. 17. An air treatment monitoring system configured to monitor an operative state of an air treatment assembly within a vehicle, the air monitoring system comprising:
a pressure differential calculation unit that is configured to calculate a pressure differential between a first sensor signal received from a first sensor that is upstream in relation to the air treatment assembly and a second sensor signal received from a second sensor that is downstream in relation to the air treatment assembly; a parameter compensation factor determination unit that is configured to determine one or more parameter compensation factors related to the vehicle; and a compensated pressure calculation unit that is configured to calculate a compensated pressure differential based on the pressure differential and the one or more compensation factors. 18. The air treatment monitoring system of claim 17, wherein the one or more parameter compensation factors relate to one or more of altitude, speed, ambient temperature, fan state, fan door position, and position of the vehicle. 19. The air treatment monitoring system of claim 17, further comprising a diagnostic unit that is configured to compare the compensated pressure differential with a failure threshold to determine an operative state of the air treatment assembly. 20. The air treatment monitoring system of claim 17, further comprising a prediction unit that is configured to predict a failure date of the air treatment assembly by detecting a trend in stored compensated pressure differentials over time. | A system may include an air treatment assembly configured to deliver treated air to an enclosed space within a vehicle, at least one upstream sensor upstream from the air treatment assembly, and at least one downstream sensor downstream from the air treatment assembly. The upstream sensor(s) and the downstream sensor(s) are configured to detect at least one attribute of air, such as air pressure. An air treatment monitoring system is in communication with the sensors. The air treatment monitoring system receives one or more sensor signals from the sensors, and calculates an attribute differential (such as a pressure differential) based on the one or more signals.1. A system comprising:
at least one air treatment assembly configured to deliver treated air to an enclosed space within a vehicle; at least one upstream sensor upstream from the at least one air treatment assembly; at least one downstream sensor downstream from the at least one air treatment assembly, wherein the at least one upstream sensor and the at least one downstream sensor are configured to detect at least one attribute of air; and an air treatment monitoring system in communication with the at least one upstream sensor and the at least one downstream sensor, wherein the air treatment monitoring system is configured to receive one or more sensor signals from the at least one upstream sensor and the at least one downstream sensor, and wherein the air treatment monitoring system is configured to calculate an attribute differential based on the one or more sensor signals. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the air treatment monitoring system is configured to calculate a compensated pressure differential based on the attribute differential and one or more parameters related to the vehicle. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the air treatment monitoring system is configured to determine an operative state of the at least one air treatment assembly by referencing a failure threshold in relation to the attribute differential. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the air treatment monitoring system is configured to predict a time of failure of the at least one air treatment assembly based on historical data of the at least one air treatment assembly. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one attribute of air is air pressure, wherein the at least one downstream sensor comprises at least one downstream air pressure sensor, and wherein the at least one upstream sensor comprises at least one upstream air pressure sensor. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one air treatment assembly comprises a heat exchanger. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the air treatment monitoring system comprises:
a pressure differential calculation unit that is configured to calculate a pressure differential between the one or more sensor signals received from the at least one upstream sensor and the at least one downstream sensor; a parameter compensation factor determination unit that is configured to determine one or more parameter compensation factors related to the vehicle; and a compensated pressure calculation unit that is configured to calculate a compensated pressure differential based on the pressure differential and the one or more compensation factors. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the one or more parameter compensation factors relate to one or more of altitude, speed, ambient temperature, fan state, fan door position, and position of the vehicle. 9. The system of claim 7, wherein the air treatment monitoring system further comprises a diagnostic unit that is configured to compare the compensated pressure differential with a failure threshold to determine an operative state of the air treatment assembly. 10. The system of claim 7, wherein the air treatment monitoring system further comprises a prediction unit that is configured to predict a failure date of the air treatment assembly by detecting a trend in stored compensated pressure differentials over time. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the air treatment monitoring system is within the vehicle. 12. A method of monitoring an air treatment assembly within a vehicle, the method comprising:
receiving one or more air pressure signals detected by air pressure sensors that are positioned upstream and downstream from an air treatment assembly within a duct of the vehicle; and calculating a pressure differential based on the one or more air pressure signals. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising calculating a compensated pressure differential based on the pressure differential and one or more parameters related to the vehicle. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the one or more parameters include one or more of altitude, speed, ambient temperature, fan state, fan door position, and position of the vehicle. 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising determining an operative state of the at least one air treatment assembly by referencing a failure threshold in relation to the pressure differential. 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising predicting a time of failure of the at least one air treatment assembly based on historical data of the at least one air treatment assembly. 17. An air treatment monitoring system configured to monitor an operative state of an air treatment assembly within a vehicle, the air monitoring system comprising:
a pressure differential calculation unit that is configured to calculate a pressure differential between a first sensor signal received from a first sensor that is upstream in relation to the air treatment assembly and a second sensor signal received from a second sensor that is downstream in relation to the air treatment assembly; a parameter compensation factor determination unit that is configured to determine one or more parameter compensation factors related to the vehicle; and a compensated pressure calculation unit that is configured to calculate a compensated pressure differential based on the pressure differential and the one or more compensation factors. 18. The air treatment monitoring system of claim 17, wherein the one or more parameter compensation factors relate to one or more of altitude, speed, ambient temperature, fan state, fan door position, and position of the vehicle. 19. The air treatment monitoring system of claim 17, further comprising a diagnostic unit that is configured to compare the compensated pressure differential with a failure threshold to determine an operative state of the air treatment assembly. 20. The air treatment monitoring system of claim 17, further comprising a prediction unit that is configured to predict a failure date of the air treatment assembly by detecting a trend in stored compensated pressure differentials over time. | 1,700 |
2,392 | 14,686,235 | 1,788 | Discussed is a protecting film having heat-resisting and moisture-proof properties so as to prevent a deformation, a display module including the protecting film, and a method for manufacturing the display module. The protecting film can include, in one example, an anti-static layer on one surface of a base layer, and an adhesive layer on the other surface of the base layer, wherein the adhesive layer includes an anti-static agent in which a polyelectrolyte and an ion-type conductive functional group are chemically bonded. | 1. A display module comprising:
a display panel and a cover plate with a protecting film, wherein the protecting film includes an anti-static layer, a base layer and an adhesive layer containing an anti-static agent, and wherein the protecting film is configured to satisfy at least one among a plurality of properties comprising peel-off static, hardness, reflectance and surface roughness, that are required in a process of attaching the protecting film to the cover plate and in a process of attaching the cover plate with the protecting film attached thereto to the display panel, in order to preclude a need for replacement during the process of attaching the protecting film to the cover plate and the process of attaching the cover plate with the protecting film attached thereto to the display panel. 2. The display module according to claim 1, wherein the anti-static agent has a coordinate covalent bonding of polyelectrolyte and fluorine-based conductive functional group so as to obtain the peel-off static property required in the process of attaching the protecting film to the cover plate. 3. The display module according to claim 1, wherein the hardness of the adhesive layer is a pencil hardness of 4B or greater so as to minimize a deformation of the adhesive layer due to external pressure applied in the process of attaching the protecting film to the cover plate. 4. The display module according to claim 1, wherein the reflectance of the protecting film is 11% or less and a reflectance deviation is 3% or less so as to facilitate alignment control between the cover plate and the display panel in the process of attaching the cover plate with the protecting film attached thereto to the display panel. 5. The display module according to claim 1, wherein the surface roughness of the anti-static layer is within a range from 0.02 to 1 so as to carry out a process of fixing or transferring the protecting film using a vacuum suction method. 6. A method of manufacturing a display module, the method comprising:
removing a release layer from a protecting film, which initially comprises the release layer, an adhesive layer, a base layer and an anti-static layer; attaching the protecting film from which the release layer is removed, to at least one surface of a cover plate; in a case where the protecting film is attached to only a first surface of the cover plate, then placing an opposing second surface of the cover plate in contact with a bonding layer on one surface of a display panel for attachment thereto; in a case where the protecting film is attached to both the first surface and the opposing second surface of the cover plate, then removing the protecting film from the opposing second surface of the cover plate, and placing the opposing second surface of the cover plate in contact with a bonding layer on one surface of the display panel for attachment thereto; curing the bonding layer; carrying out an image inspection for the display panel; and removing the protecting film from the first surface of the cover plate. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the process of removing the release layer from the protecting film includes fixing the protecting film in a vacuum suction method, wherein a surface roughness of the anti-static layer is within a range from 0.02 to 1 so as to perform vacuum suction. 8. The method according to claim 6, wherein a surface resistance of the adhesive layer is 1011Ω/□ (ohms per square) or less and a peel-off static of the adhesive layer is 1 kv or less, so as to minimize static electricity generated by a frictional force occurring during the process of removing the release layer from the protecting film. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the anti-static agent included in the adhesive layer comprises a polyelectrolyte and an ion-type conductive functional group chemically bonded to the polyelectrolyte. 10. The method according to claim 6, wherein the process of attaching the protecting film to the at least one surface of the cover plate includes attaching the adhesive layer to the at least one surface of the cover plate, and the process of removing the protecting film from the opposing second surface of the cover plate includes removing the adhesive layer from one surface of the cover plate,
wherein the adhesive layer has an adhesiveness from 3 gf/25 mm to 9 gf/25 mm, a hardness of a pencil hardness of 4B or greater and a tackiness from 34 gf to 47 gf to facilitate attachment and detachment of the adhesive layer. 11. The method according to claim 6, wherein the process of attaching the opposing second surface of the cover plate to the bonding layer on one surface of the display panel includes aligning a position of the cover plate using a video camera,
wherein a reflectance of the protecting film is 11% or less and a reflectance deviation of the protecting film is 3% or less so as to facilitate the process of aligning the position of the cover plate. 12. The method according to claim 6, wherein the process of curing the bonding layer includes irradiating light through the protecting film attached to one surface of the cover plate, and the process of inspecting the image for the display panel is carried out by positioning an image inspection device above the protecting film,
wherein a light transmittance of the protecting film is 88.5% or more, a light transmittance deviation of the protecting film is 3% or less, a haze of the protecting film is 5.5% or less, and a haze deviation of the protecting film is 2% or less so as to facilitate the processes of curing the bonding layer and inspecting the image. 13. The method according to claim 6, wherein the process of curing the bonding layer includes:
pre-curing the bonding layer after attaching the opposing second surface of the cover plate to the bonding layer; performing a defect inspection for the cover plate; and carrying out a main curing process of the bonding layer when it is determined that there is no defect in the cover plate based on a result of the defect inspection. 14. A protecting film comprising:
an anti-static layer on one surface of a base layer; and an adhesive layer on the other surface of the base layer, wherein the adhesive layer comprises an anti-static agent in which a polyelectrolyte and an ion-type conductive functional group are chemically bonded. 15. The protecting film according to claim 14, wherein the ion-type conductive functional group comprises a fluorine-based conductive functional group coordinate covalent bonded to the polyelectrolyte. 16. The protecting film according to claim 14, wherein a hardness of the adhesive layer is a pencil hardness of 4B or greater. 17. The protecting film according to claim 14, wherein the adhesive layer comprises acryl-based polymer including a hard type non-functional monomer and a functional monomer containing a hydroxyl group. 18. The protecting film according to claim 14, wherein a surface roughness (Ra) of the anti-static layer is within a range from 0.02 to 1. 19. The protecting film according to claim 15, wherein the adhesive layer has a surface resistance of 1011Ω/□ (ohms per square) or less, a peel-off static of 1 kv or less, an adhesiveness from 3 gf/25 mm to 9 gf/25 mm, and a tackiness from 34 gf to 47 gf. 20. The protecting film according to claim 14, wherein a reflectance of the protecting film is 11% or less, a reflectance deviation of the protecting film is 3% or less, a light transmittance of the protecting film is 88.5% or more, a light transmittance deviation of the protecting film is 3% or less, a haze of the protecting film is 5.5% or less, and a haze deviation of the protecting film is 2% or less. | Discussed is a protecting film having heat-resisting and moisture-proof properties so as to prevent a deformation, a display module including the protecting film, and a method for manufacturing the display module. The protecting film can include, in one example, an anti-static layer on one surface of a base layer, and an adhesive layer on the other surface of the base layer, wherein the adhesive layer includes an anti-static agent in which a polyelectrolyte and an ion-type conductive functional group are chemically bonded.1. A display module comprising:
a display panel and a cover plate with a protecting film, wherein the protecting film includes an anti-static layer, a base layer and an adhesive layer containing an anti-static agent, and wherein the protecting film is configured to satisfy at least one among a plurality of properties comprising peel-off static, hardness, reflectance and surface roughness, that are required in a process of attaching the protecting film to the cover plate and in a process of attaching the cover plate with the protecting film attached thereto to the display panel, in order to preclude a need for replacement during the process of attaching the protecting film to the cover plate and the process of attaching the cover plate with the protecting film attached thereto to the display panel. 2. The display module according to claim 1, wherein the anti-static agent has a coordinate covalent bonding of polyelectrolyte and fluorine-based conductive functional group so as to obtain the peel-off static property required in the process of attaching the protecting film to the cover plate. 3. The display module according to claim 1, wherein the hardness of the adhesive layer is a pencil hardness of 4B or greater so as to minimize a deformation of the adhesive layer due to external pressure applied in the process of attaching the protecting film to the cover plate. 4. The display module according to claim 1, wherein the reflectance of the protecting film is 11% or less and a reflectance deviation is 3% or less so as to facilitate alignment control between the cover plate and the display panel in the process of attaching the cover plate with the protecting film attached thereto to the display panel. 5. The display module according to claim 1, wherein the surface roughness of the anti-static layer is within a range from 0.02 to 1 so as to carry out a process of fixing or transferring the protecting film using a vacuum suction method. 6. A method of manufacturing a display module, the method comprising:
removing a release layer from a protecting film, which initially comprises the release layer, an adhesive layer, a base layer and an anti-static layer; attaching the protecting film from which the release layer is removed, to at least one surface of a cover plate; in a case where the protecting film is attached to only a first surface of the cover plate, then placing an opposing second surface of the cover plate in contact with a bonding layer on one surface of a display panel for attachment thereto; in a case where the protecting film is attached to both the first surface and the opposing second surface of the cover plate, then removing the protecting film from the opposing second surface of the cover plate, and placing the opposing second surface of the cover plate in contact with a bonding layer on one surface of the display panel for attachment thereto; curing the bonding layer; carrying out an image inspection for the display panel; and removing the protecting film from the first surface of the cover plate. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the process of removing the release layer from the protecting film includes fixing the protecting film in a vacuum suction method, wherein a surface roughness of the anti-static layer is within a range from 0.02 to 1 so as to perform vacuum suction. 8. The method according to claim 6, wherein a surface resistance of the adhesive layer is 1011Ω/□ (ohms per square) or less and a peel-off static of the adhesive layer is 1 kv or less, so as to minimize static electricity generated by a frictional force occurring during the process of removing the release layer from the protecting film. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the anti-static agent included in the adhesive layer comprises a polyelectrolyte and an ion-type conductive functional group chemically bonded to the polyelectrolyte. 10. The method according to claim 6, wherein the process of attaching the protecting film to the at least one surface of the cover plate includes attaching the adhesive layer to the at least one surface of the cover plate, and the process of removing the protecting film from the opposing second surface of the cover plate includes removing the adhesive layer from one surface of the cover plate,
wherein the adhesive layer has an adhesiveness from 3 gf/25 mm to 9 gf/25 mm, a hardness of a pencil hardness of 4B or greater and a tackiness from 34 gf to 47 gf to facilitate attachment and detachment of the adhesive layer. 11. The method according to claim 6, wherein the process of attaching the opposing second surface of the cover plate to the bonding layer on one surface of the display panel includes aligning a position of the cover plate using a video camera,
wherein a reflectance of the protecting film is 11% or less and a reflectance deviation of the protecting film is 3% or less so as to facilitate the process of aligning the position of the cover plate. 12. The method according to claim 6, wherein the process of curing the bonding layer includes irradiating light through the protecting film attached to one surface of the cover plate, and the process of inspecting the image for the display panel is carried out by positioning an image inspection device above the protecting film,
wherein a light transmittance of the protecting film is 88.5% or more, a light transmittance deviation of the protecting film is 3% or less, a haze of the protecting film is 5.5% or less, and a haze deviation of the protecting film is 2% or less so as to facilitate the processes of curing the bonding layer and inspecting the image. 13. The method according to claim 6, wherein the process of curing the bonding layer includes:
pre-curing the bonding layer after attaching the opposing second surface of the cover plate to the bonding layer; performing a defect inspection for the cover plate; and carrying out a main curing process of the bonding layer when it is determined that there is no defect in the cover plate based on a result of the defect inspection. 14. A protecting film comprising:
an anti-static layer on one surface of a base layer; and an adhesive layer on the other surface of the base layer, wherein the adhesive layer comprises an anti-static agent in which a polyelectrolyte and an ion-type conductive functional group are chemically bonded. 15. The protecting film according to claim 14, wherein the ion-type conductive functional group comprises a fluorine-based conductive functional group coordinate covalent bonded to the polyelectrolyte. 16. The protecting film according to claim 14, wherein a hardness of the adhesive layer is a pencil hardness of 4B or greater. 17. The protecting film according to claim 14, wherein the adhesive layer comprises acryl-based polymer including a hard type non-functional monomer and a functional monomer containing a hydroxyl group. 18. The protecting film according to claim 14, wherein a surface roughness (Ra) of the anti-static layer is within a range from 0.02 to 1. 19. The protecting film according to claim 15, wherein the adhesive layer has a surface resistance of 1011Ω/□ (ohms per square) or less, a peel-off static of 1 kv or less, an adhesiveness from 3 gf/25 mm to 9 gf/25 mm, and a tackiness from 34 gf to 47 gf. 20. The protecting film according to claim 14, wherein a reflectance of the protecting film is 11% or less, a reflectance deviation of the protecting film is 3% or less, a light transmittance of the protecting film is 88.5% or more, a light transmittance deviation of the protecting film is 3% or less, a haze of the protecting film is 5.5% or less, and a haze deviation of the protecting film is 2% or less. | 1,700 |
2,393 | 15,104,426 | 1,792 | A capsule containing an extraction substance, and having a basic body and a cover. The basic body has a floor region and an encircling side wall. The cover is fastened on the basic body along an encircling collar. The collar adjoins the encircling side wall in the direction of a cover side. The basic body has an essentially rectangular cross section in the region of the collar. The cover forms a curvature in the outward direction, and therefore the cover contributes to a capsule volume. An encircling surface, which is directed towards the cover side and extends from an outer edge of the collar as far as a starting point of the curvature. The starting point of the curvature is set inwards in relation to the transition between the side wall and the collar. | 1. A portion capsule that is filled with an extraction material, for creating a brewed product, comprising:
a main body with a bottom region and with a peripheral side wall; and a cover, which is fastened on the main body; wherein the main body and the cover enclose the extraction material, and the cover is fastened on the main body along a peripheral collar, said collar towards a cover side connecting to the peripheral side wall; wherein the main body in a region of the collar has an essentially rectangular cross section; wherein the cover forms an outward arching, so that the cover contributes to a capsule volume; wherein a peripheral surface facing the cover side is formed, said surface extending from an outer edge of the collar up to a base of the arching; and wherein the base of the arching is offset inwards in comparison to a transition between the side wall and the collar. 2. The capsule according to claim 1, wherein the base of the arching is offset inwards by at least 0.2 mm in comparison to the transition between the side wall and the collar. 3. The capsule according to claim 1, wherein the main body and the cover are manufactured of plastic. 4. The capsule according to claim 3, wherein the main body and the cover are manufactured by deep-drawing. 5. The capsule according to claim 3, wherein the main body and the cover are manufactured by way of injection moulding. 6. The capsule according to claim 1, wherein the main body and the cover have the same material composition. 7. The capsule according to claim 1, wherein the main body and the cover have the same wall thickness. 8. The capsule according to claim 1, wherein the capsule is cube-like with the exception of the collar. 9. The capsule according to claim 1, wherein the cover, from the outside to the inside, comprises a collar region forming the peripheral surface facing the cover side, an actuate transition region and a flat region set away from a plane of the peripheral surface. 10. The capsule according to claim 9, wherein the flat region assumes at least 40% of a cover surface. 11. The capsule according to claim 1, wherein the cover comprises an energy director and is fastened on the main body by way of ultrasound welding. 12. A method for manufacturing a capsule according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
providing a main body; filling the main body with the extraction material; placing cover upon the main body, so that the main body and the cover together form the peripheral collar; and, fastening the cover on the main body along the peripheral collar amid the introduction of energy. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the energy introduction is effected by ultrasound. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the cover is provided with a peripheral energy director. 15. The method according to claim 12, wherein the energy incorporation is effected by way of laser or by way of a heat transfer from a heated tool. | A capsule containing an extraction substance, and having a basic body and a cover. The basic body has a floor region and an encircling side wall. The cover is fastened on the basic body along an encircling collar. The collar adjoins the encircling side wall in the direction of a cover side. The basic body has an essentially rectangular cross section in the region of the collar. The cover forms a curvature in the outward direction, and therefore the cover contributes to a capsule volume. An encircling surface, which is directed towards the cover side and extends from an outer edge of the collar as far as a starting point of the curvature. The starting point of the curvature is set inwards in relation to the transition between the side wall and the collar.1. A portion capsule that is filled with an extraction material, for creating a brewed product, comprising:
a main body with a bottom region and with a peripheral side wall; and a cover, which is fastened on the main body; wherein the main body and the cover enclose the extraction material, and the cover is fastened on the main body along a peripheral collar, said collar towards a cover side connecting to the peripheral side wall; wherein the main body in a region of the collar has an essentially rectangular cross section; wherein the cover forms an outward arching, so that the cover contributes to a capsule volume; wherein a peripheral surface facing the cover side is formed, said surface extending from an outer edge of the collar up to a base of the arching; and wherein the base of the arching is offset inwards in comparison to a transition between the side wall and the collar. 2. The capsule according to claim 1, wherein the base of the arching is offset inwards by at least 0.2 mm in comparison to the transition between the side wall and the collar. 3. The capsule according to claim 1, wherein the main body and the cover are manufactured of plastic. 4. The capsule according to claim 3, wherein the main body and the cover are manufactured by deep-drawing. 5. The capsule according to claim 3, wherein the main body and the cover are manufactured by way of injection moulding. 6. The capsule according to claim 1, wherein the main body and the cover have the same material composition. 7. The capsule according to claim 1, wherein the main body and the cover have the same wall thickness. 8. The capsule according to claim 1, wherein the capsule is cube-like with the exception of the collar. 9. The capsule according to claim 1, wherein the cover, from the outside to the inside, comprises a collar region forming the peripheral surface facing the cover side, an actuate transition region and a flat region set away from a plane of the peripheral surface. 10. The capsule according to claim 9, wherein the flat region assumes at least 40% of a cover surface. 11. The capsule according to claim 1, wherein the cover comprises an energy director and is fastened on the main body by way of ultrasound welding. 12. A method for manufacturing a capsule according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
providing a main body; filling the main body with the extraction material; placing cover upon the main body, so that the main body and the cover together form the peripheral collar; and, fastening the cover on the main body along the peripheral collar amid the introduction of energy. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the energy introduction is effected by ultrasound. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the cover is provided with a peripheral energy director. 15. The method according to claim 12, wherein the energy incorporation is effected by way of laser or by way of a heat transfer from a heated tool. | 1,700 |
2,394 | 14,609,758 | 1,716 | A film forming apparatus includes a chamber having a processing space, a stage provided in the processing space and having a substrate placed thereon, a diffusion tube connected to the chamber so that a diffusion space communicating with the processing space is provided right above the stage, and a gas supply tube extending from the outside of the diffusion tube into the diffusion space through a portion of the diffusion tube and having a gas supply orifice in a portion thereof inside of the diffusion space. The gas supply orifice is formed so as to eject a material gas in a direction away from the stage. | 1. A film forming apparatus comprising:
a chamber having a processing space; a stage provided in the processing space and having a substrate placed thereon; a diffusion tube connected to the chamber so that a diffusion space communicating with the processing space is provided right above the stage; and a gas supply tube extending from the outside of the diffusion tube into the diffusion space through a portion of the diffusion tube and having a gas supply orifice in a portion thereof inside of the diffusion space, wherein the gas supply orifice is formed so as to eject a material gas in a direction away from the stage. 2. The film forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the gas supply orifice is formed so as to eject a gas toward an upper wall surface of the diffusion tube. 3. The film forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the opening area of the gas supply orifice is smaller than the sectional area of a hollow space in the gas supply tube. 4. The film forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of the gas supply orifices is provided. 5. The film forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the gas supply orifice is provided at a center of the diffusion space as viewed in plan. 6. The film forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising:
an electrode provided above the stage and having openings formed therein; and an intermediate plate provided above the electrode, having openings formed therein and formed of an insulating material, wherein the apparatus is constructed as a plasma film forming apparatus that applies a voltage between the electrode and the stage. 7. A film forming apparatus comprising:
a chamber having a processing space; a stage provided in the processing space and having a substrate placed thereon; a diffusion tube connected to the chamber so that a diffusion space communicating with the processing space is provided right above the stage; and a gas supply tube extending from the outside of the diffusion tube into the diffusion space through a portion of the diffusion tube and having a plurality of gas supply orifices in a portion thereof inside of the diffusion space, wherein the plurality of gas supply orifices is formed so as to eject a gas toward a side surface of the diffusion tube. | A film forming apparatus includes a chamber having a processing space, a stage provided in the processing space and having a substrate placed thereon, a diffusion tube connected to the chamber so that a diffusion space communicating with the processing space is provided right above the stage, and a gas supply tube extending from the outside of the diffusion tube into the diffusion space through a portion of the diffusion tube and having a gas supply orifice in a portion thereof inside of the diffusion space. The gas supply orifice is formed so as to eject a material gas in a direction away from the stage.1. A film forming apparatus comprising:
a chamber having a processing space; a stage provided in the processing space and having a substrate placed thereon; a diffusion tube connected to the chamber so that a diffusion space communicating with the processing space is provided right above the stage; and a gas supply tube extending from the outside of the diffusion tube into the diffusion space through a portion of the diffusion tube and having a gas supply orifice in a portion thereof inside of the diffusion space, wherein the gas supply orifice is formed so as to eject a material gas in a direction away from the stage. 2. The film forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the gas supply orifice is formed so as to eject a gas toward an upper wall surface of the diffusion tube. 3. The film forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the opening area of the gas supply orifice is smaller than the sectional area of a hollow space in the gas supply tube. 4. The film forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of the gas supply orifices is provided. 5. The film forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the gas supply orifice is provided at a center of the diffusion space as viewed in plan. 6. The film forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising:
an electrode provided above the stage and having openings formed therein; and an intermediate plate provided above the electrode, having openings formed therein and formed of an insulating material, wherein the apparatus is constructed as a plasma film forming apparatus that applies a voltage between the electrode and the stage. 7. A film forming apparatus comprising:
a chamber having a processing space; a stage provided in the processing space and having a substrate placed thereon; a diffusion tube connected to the chamber so that a diffusion space communicating with the processing space is provided right above the stage; and a gas supply tube extending from the outside of the diffusion tube into the diffusion space through a portion of the diffusion tube and having a plurality of gas supply orifices in a portion thereof inside of the diffusion space, wherein the plurality of gas supply orifices is formed so as to eject a gas toward a side surface of the diffusion tube. | 1,700 |
2,395 | 14,621,881 | 1,781 | A system and process for making a thin, soot particle or glass sheet is provided. The system includes a soot deposition plate having a deposition surface and a glass soot generating device spaced from the deposition surface along a first axis. The glass soot generating device is configured to generate glass soot particles and to deliver the glass soot particles through an outlet and on to the deposition surface in a layer having a thickness of less than 5 mm. At least one of the soot deposition plate and the glass soot generating device is movable to cause relative movement between the deposition surface of the soot deposition plate and the glass soot generating device. A thin soot or sintered soot sheet is also provided. The soot sheet has a variable surface topography that varies along at least two axes. | 1. A system for making a thin silica-containing sheet comprising:
a soot deposition plate having a deposition surface; and a glass soot generating device spaced from the deposition surface along a first axis, the glass soot generating device is configured to generate glass soot particles and to deliver the glass soot particles through an outlet and on to the deposition surface in a layer having a thickness of less than 5 mm, wherein the outlet of the glass soot generating device faces the deposition surface of the soot deposition plate; wherein at least one of the soot deposition plate and the glass soot generating device is movable to cause relative movement between the deposition surface of the soot deposition plate and the glass soot generating device. 2. The system for making a silica-containing sheet of claim 1 further comprising a sintering station configured to sinter the glass soot particles wherein the layer of glass soot particles is released from the soot deposition plate and passed into the sintering station prior to sintering. 3. The system for making a silica-containing sheet of claim 1 wherein the relative movement includes movement in a plane perpendicular to the first axis. 4. The system for making a silica-containing sheet of claim 1 wherein the soot deposition plate is configured to rotate about a second axis, wherein the second axis is at least one of parallel to the first axis and perpendicular to the deposition surface. 5. The system for making a silica-containing sheet of claim 1 wherein the glass soot generating device is configured to translate in a direction toward and away from the deposition surface. 6. The system for making a silica-containing sheet of claim 1 wherein the glass soot generating device is a flame hydrolysis burner configured to generate and to direct a stream of soot particles onto the deposition surface, wherein a relative positioning between the flame hydrolysis burner and the soot deposition plate is such that an angle between the stream of soot particles and the deposition surface of the soot deposition plate is between 30 degrees and 90 degrees. 7. The system for making a silica-containing sheet of claim 6 wherein the flame hydrolysis burner is at least one of a point burner including a single outlet that generates a single soot stream from the single outlet and a linear burner including multiple outlets that generates multiple soot streams from the multiple outlets. 8. The system of claim 1 wherein the soot generating device is configured to deposit soot particles covering at least 40% of the deposition surface to form a glass soot sheet prior to removal of the glass soot sheet from the deposition surface. 9. The system of claim 1 wherein the deposition surface has a width dimension and a length dimension both of which are perpendicular to the first axis, wherein both the width dimension and the length dimension are between 1 mm and 10 m, wherein the layer of glass soot particles include at least 90% by weight of silica and has a thickness of less than 1 mm. 10. A method of making a thin glass soot sheet comprising:
providing a soot deposition surface; delivering a stream of glass soot particles from a soot generating device to the soot deposition surface, wherein the soot generating device is spaced from the soot deposition surface along a first axis; and generating relative movement between the stream of soot particles and the soot deposition surface such that the stream of soot particles forms a contiguous layer of soot particles on the soot deposition surface, the contiguous layer of soot particles having a thickness less than 5 mm; wherein the relative movement between the stream of soot particles and the soot deposition surface includes movement within a plane perpendicular to the first axis. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein generating relative movement includes at least one of:
translating the soot generating device in at least one direction perpendicular to the first axis;
translating the soot deposition surface in at least one direction perpendicular to the first axis; and
rotating the soot deposition surface about a second axis that is perpendicular to the soot deposition surface. 12. The method of claim 10 wherein generating relative movement includes spinning the soot deposition surface about a second axis, and further comprising removing the contiguous layer of soot particles by lifting a leading edge of the contiguous layer of soot particles from the soot deposition surface while the soot deposition surface is spinning such that the contiguous soot layer is removed in a contiguous sheet. 13. The method of claim 10 further comprising removing the contiguous layer of soot particles from the soot deposition surface after stopping relative movement between the stream of soot particles and the soot deposition surface. 14. The method of claim 10 further comprising removing the contiguous layer of soot particles from the soot deposition surface, wherein at least 40% of the soot deposition surface is covered by the contiguous layer of soot particles prior to the removing. 15. The method of claim 10 further comprising:
removing the contiguous layer of soot particles from the soot deposition surface; and
sintering the contiguous layer of soot particles to form a silica sheet including at least some sintered silica particles. 16. A silica-containing sheet comprising:
a first major surface, the first major surface having a variable surface topography; a second major surface opposite the first major surface; at least 50 mole % silica; an average thickness between the first major surface and the second major surface of less than 5 mm; a length of at least 1 cm and a width of at least 1 cm; wherein the variable surface topography of the first major surface varies such that:
a first surface profile along a first x-axis is different than a second surface profile along a second x-axis; and
a third surface profile along a first y-axis is different than a fourth surface profile along a second y-axis. 17. The silica-containing sheet of claim 16 wherein the difference between the first and second profiles is such that a distance in the direction of the x-axis between the maximum of the first surface profile and the maximum of the second surface profile is at least 10 micrometers, and wherein the difference between the third and fourth surface profiles is such that a distance in the direction of the y-axis between the maximum of the third surface profile and the maximum of the fourth surface profile is at least 10 micrometers. 18. The silica-containing sheet of claim 16 wherein the sheet is one of a sheet formed from non-sintered silica soot particles, a glass sheet formed from at least partially sintered silica soot particles and a sheet formed from a combination of both non-sintered silica soot particles and from at least partially sintered silica soot particles. 19. The silica-containing sheet of claim 16 including a first layer of a first silica material and a second layer of a second silica material, wherein, at one area of the sheet, the first layer is below the second layer in cross-section, and at another area of the sheet, the second layer is below the first layer in cross-section, wherein the first silica material is different from the second silica material. 20. The silica-containing sheet of claim 19 wherein the first silica material includes at least one of a dopant and a silica content, wherein at least one of the dopant and silica content of the first silica material is different from a dopant and silica content of the second layer. 21. A silica glass sheet comprising:
a first major surface, the first major surface having a variable surface topography; a second major surface opposite the first major surface; at least 50 mole % silica, wherein at least some of the silica is sintered such that the sheet is translucent such that light is permitted to pass through the sheet between the first major surface and the second major surface; an average thickness between the first major surface and the second major surface of less than 5 mm; a length of at least 1 cm and a width of at least 1 cm; wherein the variable surface topography of the first major surface varies such that:
a first surface profile along a first x-axis is different than a second surface profile along a second x-axis; and
a third surface profile along a first y-axis is different than a fourth surface profile along a second y-axis. | A system and process for making a thin, soot particle or glass sheet is provided. The system includes a soot deposition plate having a deposition surface and a glass soot generating device spaced from the deposition surface along a first axis. The glass soot generating device is configured to generate glass soot particles and to deliver the glass soot particles through an outlet and on to the deposition surface in a layer having a thickness of less than 5 mm. At least one of the soot deposition plate and the glass soot generating device is movable to cause relative movement between the deposition surface of the soot deposition plate and the glass soot generating device. A thin soot or sintered soot sheet is also provided. The soot sheet has a variable surface topography that varies along at least two axes.1. A system for making a thin silica-containing sheet comprising:
a soot deposition plate having a deposition surface; and a glass soot generating device spaced from the deposition surface along a first axis, the glass soot generating device is configured to generate glass soot particles and to deliver the glass soot particles through an outlet and on to the deposition surface in a layer having a thickness of less than 5 mm, wherein the outlet of the glass soot generating device faces the deposition surface of the soot deposition plate; wherein at least one of the soot deposition plate and the glass soot generating device is movable to cause relative movement between the deposition surface of the soot deposition plate and the glass soot generating device. 2. The system for making a silica-containing sheet of claim 1 further comprising a sintering station configured to sinter the glass soot particles wherein the layer of glass soot particles is released from the soot deposition plate and passed into the sintering station prior to sintering. 3. The system for making a silica-containing sheet of claim 1 wherein the relative movement includes movement in a plane perpendicular to the first axis. 4. The system for making a silica-containing sheet of claim 1 wherein the soot deposition plate is configured to rotate about a second axis, wherein the second axis is at least one of parallel to the first axis and perpendicular to the deposition surface. 5. The system for making a silica-containing sheet of claim 1 wherein the glass soot generating device is configured to translate in a direction toward and away from the deposition surface. 6. The system for making a silica-containing sheet of claim 1 wherein the glass soot generating device is a flame hydrolysis burner configured to generate and to direct a stream of soot particles onto the deposition surface, wherein a relative positioning between the flame hydrolysis burner and the soot deposition plate is such that an angle between the stream of soot particles and the deposition surface of the soot deposition plate is between 30 degrees and 90 degrees. 7. The system for making a silica-containing sheet of claim 6 wherein the flame hydrolysis burner is at least one of a point burner including a single outlet that generates a single soot stream from the single outlet and a linear burner including multiple outlets that generates multiple soot streams from the multiple outlets. 8. The system of claim 1 wherein the soot generating device is configured to deposit soot particles covering at least 40% of the deposition surface to form a glass soot sheet prior to removal of the glass soot sheet from the deposition surface. 9. The system of claim 1 wherein the deposition surface has a width dimension and a length dimension both of which are perpendicular to the first axis, wherein both the width dimension and the length dimension are between 1 mm and 10 m, wherein the layer of glass soot particles include at least 90% by weight of silica and has a thickness of less than 1 mm. 10. A method of making a thin glass soot sheet comprising:
providing a soot deposition surface; delivering a stream of glass soot particles from a soot generating device to the soot deposition surface, wherein the soot generating device is spaced from the soot deposition surface along a first axis; and generating relative movement between the stream of soot particles and the soot deposition surface such that the stream of soot particles forms a contiguous layer of soot particles on the soot deposition surface, the contiguous layer of soot particles having a thickness less than 5 mm; wherein the relative movement between the stream of soot particles and the soot deposition surface includes movement within a plane perpendicular to the first axis. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein generating relative movement includes at least one of:
translating the soot generating device in at least one direction perpendicular to the first axis;
translating the soot deposition surface in at least one direction perpendicular to the first axis; and
rotating the soot deposition surface about a second axis that is perpendicular to the soot deposition surface. 12. The method of claim 10 wherein generating relative movement includes spinning the soot deposition surface about a second axis, and further comprising removing the contiguous layer of soot particles by lifting a leading edge of the contiguous layer of soot particles from the soot deposition surface while the soot deposition surface is spinning such that the contiguous soot layer is removed in a contiguous sheet. 13. The method of claim 10 further comprising removing the contiguous layer of soot particles from the soot deposition surface after stopping relative movement between the stream of soot particles and the soot deposition surface. 14. The method of claim 10 further comprising removing the contiguous layer of soot particles from the soot deposition surface, wherein at least 40% of the soot deposition surface is covered by the contiguous layer of soot particles prior to the removing. 15. The method of claim 10 further comprising:
removing the contiguous layer of soot particles from the soot deposition surface; and
sintering the contiguous layer of soot particles to form a silica sheet including at least some sintered silica particles. 16. A silica-containing sheet comprising:
a first major surface, the first major surface having a variable surface topography; a second major surface opposite the first major surface; at least 50 mole % silica; an average thickness between the first major surface and the second major surface of less than 5 mm; a length of at least 1 cm and a width of at least 1 cm; wherein the variable surface topography of the first major surface varies such that:
a first surface profile along a first x-axis is different than a second surface profile along a second x-axis; and
a third surface profile along a first y-axis is different than a fourth surface profile along a second y-axis. 17. The silica-containing sheet of claim 16 wherein the difference between the first and second profiles is such that a distance in the direction of the x-axis between the maximum of the first surface profile and the maximum of the second surface profile is at least 10 micrometers, and wherein the difference between the third and fourth surface profiles is such that a distance in the direction of the y-axis between the maximum of the third surface profile and the maximum of the fourth surface profile is at least 10 micrometers. 18. The silica-containing sheet of claim 16 wherein the sheet is one of a sheet formed from non-sintered silica soot particles, a glass sheet formed from at least partially sintered silica soot particles and a sheet formed from a combination of both non-sintered silica soot particles and from at least partially sintered silica soot particles. 19. The silica-containing sheet of claim 16 including a first layer of a first silica material and a second layer of a second silica material, wherein, at one area of the sheet, the first layer is below the second layer in cross-section, and at another area of the sheet, the second layer is below the first layer in cross-section, wherein the first silica material is different from the second silica material. 20. The silica-containing sheet of claim 19 wherein the first silica material includes at least one of a dopant and a silica content, wherein at least one of the dopant and silica content of the first silica material is different from a dopant and silica content of the second layer. 21. A silica glass sheet comprising:
a first major surface, the first major surface having a variable surface topography; a second major surface opposite the first major surface; at least 50 mole % silica, wherein at least some of the silica is sintered such that the sheet is translucent such that light is permitted to pass through the sheet between the first major surface and the second major surface; an average thickness between the first major surface and the second major surface of less than 5 mm; a length of at least 1 cm and a width of at least 1 cm; wherein the variable surface topography of the first major surface varies such that:
a first surface profile along a first x-axis is different than a second surface profile along a second x-axis; and
a third surface profile along a first y-axis is different than a fourth surface profile along a second y-axis. | 1,700 |
2,396 | 14,441,430 | 1,795 | Described is an electrocoat coating composition contaminated with phosphate ions treated by addition of zirconium silicate to the coating composition. Also described are aqueous electrocoat coating compositions including (1) a bismuth compound and that is free of tin compounds and free of bismuth hydroxide or (2) having a catalyst consisting essentially of a member selected from the group consisting of bismuth compounds and mixtures of these also include zirconium silicate. | 1. A method of treating an electrocoat coating composition, the method comprising adding zirconium silicate to an electrocoat coating composition contaminated with phosphate ions. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(a) determining a concentration of phosphate ions in the electrocoat coating composition and, (b) if the concentration of phosphate ions in the electrocoat coating composition is 50 ppm or greater, adding zirconium silicate to the electrocoat coating composition. 3. An aqueous coating composition comprising a cathodically electrodepositable binder comprising a principal resin and a blocked polyisocyanate crosslinker, wherein the aqueous coating composition further comprises zirconium silicate and a catalyst consisting essentially of a member selected from the group consisting of bismuth compounds and mixtures thereof. 4. The aqueous coating composition of claim 3, wherein the member is one or more of bismuth lactate, bismuth dimethylpropionate, bismuth subnitrate, and bismuth subsalicylate. 5. The aqueous coating composition of claim 3, comprising from about 2.0 to about 4.0 wt. % zirconium silicate, based on the binder weight. 6. An aqueous coating composition comprising a cathodically electrodepositable binder comprising a principal resin and a blocked polyisocyanate crosslinker, wherein the aqueous coating composition further comprises zirconium silicate and at least one bismuth compound other than bismuth hydroxide, and wherein the coating composition is free of tin compounds and free of bismuth hydroxide. 7. The aqueous coating composition of claim 6, wherein the at least one bismuth compound comprises one or more of bismuth octoate, bismuth subnitrate, and bismuth subsalicylate. 8. The aqueous coating composition of claim 6, comprising from about 2.0 to about 4.0 wt. % zirconium silicate, based on the binder weight. 9. A method of coating comprising placing an electrically conductive substrate into the aqueous coating composition of claim 3; connecting the electrically conductive substrate as an electrode in an electric circuit; and passing a current through the aqueous electrodeposition coating composition to deposit a coating layer onto the electrically conductive substrate. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the electrically conductive substrate is connected as a cathode. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the electrically conductive substrate is an automotive vehicle body or an automotive part. | Described is an electrocoat coating composition contaminated with phosphate ions treated by addition of zirconium silicate to the coating composition. Also described are aqueous electrocoat coating compositions including (1) a bismuth compound and that is free of tin compounds and free of bismuth hydroxide or (2) having a catalyst consisting essentially of a member selected from the group consisting of bismuth compounds and mixtures of these also include zirconium silicate.1. A method of treating an electrocoat coating composition, the method comprising adding zirconium silicate to an electrocoat coating composition contaminated with phosphate ions. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(a) determining a concentration of phosphate ions in the electrocoat coating composition and, (b) if the concentration of phosphate ions in the electrocoat coating composition is 50 ppm or greater, adding zirconium silicate to the electrocoat coating composition. 3. An aqueous coating composition comprising a cathodically electrodepositable binder comprising a principal resin and a blocked polyisocyanate crosslinker, wherein the aqueous coating composition further comprises zirconium silicate and a catalyst consisting essentially of a member selected from the group consisting of bismuth compounds and mixtures thereof. 4. The aqueous coating composition of claim 3, wherein the member is one or more of bismuth lactate, bismuth dimethylpropionate, bismuth subnitrate, and bismuth subsalicylate. 5. The aqueous coating composition of claim 3, comprising from about 2.0 to about 4.0 wt. % zirconium silicate, based on the binder weight. 6. An aqueous coating composition comprising a cathodically electrodepositable binder comprising a principal resin and a blocked polyisocyanate crosslinker, wherein the aqueous coating composition further comprises zirconium silicate and at least one bismuth compound other than bismuth hydroxide, and wherein the coating composition is free of tin compounds and free of bismuth hydroxide. 7. The aqueous coating composition of claim 6, wherein the at least one bismuth compound comprises one or more of bismuth octoate, bismuth subnitrate, and bismuth subsalicylate. 8. The aqueous coating composition of claim 6, comprising from about 2.0 to about 4.0 wt. % zirconium silicate, based on the binder weight. 9. A method of coating comprising placing an electrically conductive substrate into the aqueous coating composition of claim 3; connecting the electrically conductive substrate as an electrode in an electric circuit; and passing a current through the aqueous electrodeposition coating composition to deposit a coating layer onto the electrically conductive substrate. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the electrically conductive substrate is connected as a cathode. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the electrically conductive substrate is an automotive vehicle body or an automotive part. | 1,700 |
2,397 | 15,046,803 | 1,799 | Device for sorting living cells, comprising at least one support including a surface having adherence properties with respect to said type of living cells, actuators capable of making said surface vibrate at at least one given frequency and a controller for controlling the actuators such that the surface vibrates at a frequency causing the detachment of at least one type of living cells. | 1. Device for manipulating one or more types of biological cells which may be distinguished from their adherence properties, comprising:
at least one support including a reception surface enabling the adherence of said cells, the support being a suspended membrane, at least one actuator capable of making said surface vibrate at at least one natural frequency of the membrane, and a controller for controlling said actuator such that the surface vibrates at a frequency causing the detachment of at least one type of biological cells. 2. Device for manipulating biological cells according to claim 1, the biological cells being of several types, in which the controller controls the actuator such that it makes said surface vibrate at several given frequencies, each of the frequencies being selected so as to cause the detachment of at least one of the types of biological cells. 3. Device for manipulating biological cells according to claim 1, in which the frequency or the frequencies is or are selected such that the waves generated correspond to deformations of the surface of the order of the size of the biological cells or smaller than the size of the biological cells. 4. Device for manipulating biological cells according to claim 1, in which said device is capable of making the surface vibrate at several frequencies, said different frequencies being applied sequentially. 5. Device for manipulating biological cells according to claim 1, in which all or part of the surface is functionalised so as to modify the adherence force of the type(s) of biological cells with respect to the non-functionalised surface. 6. Device for manipulating biological cells according to claim 1, in which the largest dimension of the membrane is comprised between several pm and several hundreds of μm, preferably between 5 μm and 20,000 μm. 7. Device for manipulating biological cells according to claim 1, in which the controller controls the actuator such that the support vibrates in a Lamb mode. 8. Device for manipulating biological cells according to claim 1, comprising several actuators (20) distributed on or under the surface of the support. 9. Device for manipulating biological cells according to claim 8, in which the controller controls the actuators such that they each make the surface of the support vibrate according to a different mode. 10. Device for manipulating biological cells according to claim 1, in which the actuator or the actuators are selected from piezoelectric, ferroelectric, electrostatic, magnetic or thermal actuators. 11. Device for manipulating biological cells according to claim 1, in which the actuator is formed on one face of the support opposite to the surface intended to enter into contact with the biological cells. 12. Device for manipulating biological cells according to claim 1 being a MEMS and/or NEMS device. 13. Sorting device for sorting biological cells comprising at least one device for manipulating biological cells according to claim 1. 14. Microfluidic device comprising at least one device for manipulating biological cells according to claim 1, comprising at least one supply inlet with a solution comprising at least one type of biological cells and at least one evacuation outlet, the support being arranged between the supply inlet and the evacuation outlet. 15. Microfluidic device comprising at least a sorting device according to claim 13, comprising at least one supply inlet with a solution comprising at least one type of biological cells and at least one evacuation outlet, the support being arranged between the supply inlet and the evacuation outlet. 16. Method for sorting different types of biological cell contained in a solution implementing the sorting device according to claim 13, comprising the steps:
bringing the solution containing the different types of biological cell into contact with the surface of the support, adherence of cells of different types on the surface of the support, making the surface vibrate at at least one given frequency so as to detach at least one of the types of cells, evacuation of the detached cells. | Device for sorting living cells, comprising at least one support including a surface having adherence properties with respect to said type of living cells, actuators capable of making said surface vibrate at at least one given frequency and a controller for controlling the actuators such that the surface vibrates at a frequency causing the detachment of at least one type of living cells.1. Device for manipulating one or more types of biological cells which may be distinguished from their adherence properties, comprising:
at least one support including a reception surface enabling the adherence of said cells, the support being a suspended membrane, at least one actuator capable of making said surface vibrate at at least one natural frequency of the membrane, and a controller for controlling said actuator such that the surface vibrates at a frequency causing the detachment of at least one type of biological cells. 2. Device for manipulating biological cells according to claim 1, the biological cells being of several types, in which the controller controls the actuator such that it makes said surface vibrate at several given frequencies, each of the frequencies being selected so as to cause the detachment of at least one of the types of biological cells. 3. Device for manipulating biological cells according to claim 1, in which the frequency or the frequencies is or are selected such that the waves generated correspond to deformations of the surface of the order of the size of the biological cells or smaller than the size of the biological cells. 4. Device for manipulating biological cells according to claim 1, in which said device is capable of making the surface vibrate at several frequencies, said different frequencies being applied sequentially. 5. Device for manipulating biological cells according to claim 1, in which all or part of the surface is functionalised so as to modify the adherence force of the type(s) of biological cells with respect to the non-functionalised surface. 6. Device for manipulating biological cells according to claim 1, in which the largest dimension of the membrane is comprised between several pm and several hundreds of μm, preferably between 5 μm and 20,000 μm. 7. Device for manipulating biological cells according to claim 1, in which the controller controls the actuator such that the support vibrates in a Lamb mode. 8. Device for manipulating biological cells according to claim 1, comprising several actuators (20) distributed on or under the surface of the support. 9. Device for manipulating biological cells according to claim 8, in which the controller controls the actuators such that they each make the surface of the support vibrate according to a different mode. 10. Device for manipulating biological cells according to claim 1, in which the actuator or the actuators are selected from piezoelectric, ferroelectric, electrostatic, magnetic or thermal actuators. 11. Device for manipulating biological cells according to claim 1, in which the actuator is formed on one face of the support opposite to the surface intended to enter into contact with the biological cells. 12. Device for manipulating biological cells according to claim 1 being a MEMS and/or NEMS device. 13. Sorting device for sorting biological cells comprising at least one device for manipulating biological cells according to claim 1. 14. Microfluidic device comprising at least one device for manipulating biological cells according to claim 1, comprising at least one supply inlet with a solution comprising at least one type of biological cells and at least one evacuation outlet, the support being arranged between the supply inlet and the evacuation outlet. 15. Microfluidic device comprising at least a sorting device according to claim 13, comprising at least one supply inlet with a solution comprising at least one type of biological cells and at least one evacuation outlet, the support being arranged between the supply inlet and the evacuation outlet. 16. Method for sorting different types of biological cell contained in a solution implementing the sorting device according to claim 13, comprising the steps:
bringing the solution containing the different types of biological cell into contact with the surface of the support, adherence of cells of different types on the surface of the support, making the surface vibrate at at least one given frequency so as to detach at least one of the types of cells, evacuation of the detached cells. | 1,700 |
2,398 | 12,924,974 | 1,789 | An improved unbonded loosefill insulation material having a multiplicity of tufts and a plurality of voids between the tufts is provided. The tufts have an average major tuft dimension. The average major tuft dimension of the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material is shorter than an average major tuft dimension of tufts of conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material, thereby providing the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material with a higher insulative value than conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material. | 1. An improved unbonded loosefill insulation material comprising a multiplicity of tufts and a plurality of voids between the tufts, the tufts having an average major tuft dimension;
wherein the average major tuft dimension of the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material is shorter than an average major tuft dimension of tufts of conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material, thereby providing the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material with a higher insulative value than conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material. 2. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 1, wherein the average major tuft dimension of the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material has a length in a range of from about to about 2.5 mm to about 7.6 mm. 3. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 1, wherein the average major tuft dimension of the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material is shorter than the average major tuft dimension of the tufts of the conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material by an amount in a range of from about 10% to about 30%. 4. An improved unbonded loosefill insulation material comprising a multiplicity of tufts and a plurality of voids between the tufts, the tufts having a tuft density;
wherein the tuft density of the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material is less than the tuft density of the tufts in conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material, thereby providing the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material with a higher insulative value than conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material. 5. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 4, wherein the tuft density is in a range of from about 4.0 kilograms per cubic meter to about 11.2 kilograms per cubic meter. 6. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 5, wherein the tuft density of the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material is less than the tuft density of the conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material by an amount in a range of from about 10% to about 80%. 7. An improved unbonded loosefill insulation material comprising a multiplicity of tufts and a plurality of voids between the tufts, the tufts having an outer surface including a plurality of irregularly-shaped projections;
wherein the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material have more irregularly-shaped projections than the tufts in conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material, thereby providing the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material with a higher insulative value than conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material. 8. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 7, wherein the outer surface of the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material has irregularly-shaped projections in an amount in the range of from about 50% to about 80% of it's outer surface. 9. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 7, wherein the percent of the outer surface of the tufts having irregularly-shaped projections is higher than the percent of outer surface of the tufts of the conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material having irregularly-shaped projections by an amount within a range of from about 10% to about 30%. 10. An improved unbonded loosefill insulation material comprising a multiplicity of tufts and a plurality of voids between the tufts, the tufts having an outer surface formed from a plurality of irregularly-shaped projections, the irregularly-shaped projections having a plurality of hairs extending therefrom;
wherein the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material have more hairs extending from irregularly-shaped projections than the tufts in conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material, thereby providing the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material with a higher insulative value than conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material. 11. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 10, wherein approximately 60% to 80% of the irregularly-shaped projections have extending hairs. 12. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 10, wherein the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material have more hairs extending from irregularly-shaped projections than the tufts of the conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material by an amount in a range of from about 10% to about 30%. 13. An improved unbonded loosefill insulation material comprising a multiplicity of tufts and a plurality of voids between the tufts, the tufts having tuft gaps within the tufts, the tuft gaps having a size;
wherein the size of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material are larger than the size of the tuft gaps within the tufts of conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material, thereby providing the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material with a higher insulative value than conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material. 14. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 13, wherein the size of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation is in a range of from about to about 1.2 mm to about 2.5 mm. 15. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 13, wherein the size of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material is larger than the size of the gaps within the tufts of the conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material by an amount in a range of from about 10% to about 30%. 16. An improved unbonded loosefill insulation material comprising a multiplicity of tufts and a plurality of voids between the tufts, the tufts having tuft gaps within the tufts, the tuft gaps having a gap frequency of occurrence;
wherein the gap frequency of occurrence of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material is greater than the gap frequency of occurrence of the tuft gaps within the tufts in conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material, thereby providing the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material with a higher insulative value than conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material. 17. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 16, wherein the gap frequency of occurrence of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material is in a range of from about to about 3.0 per cubic centimeter to about 5.0 per cubic centimeter. 18. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 16, wherein the frequency of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material is more than the frequency of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material by an amount in a range of from about 10% to about 30%. 19. An improved unbonded loosefill insulation material comprising a multiplicity of tufts and a plurality of voids between the tufts, the tufts having tuft gaps within the tufts, the tuft gaps having a gap distribution;
wherein the distribution of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material is more even than the distribution of the tuft gaps within the tufts in conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material, thereby providing the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material with a higher insulative value than conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material. 20. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 19, wherein the distribution of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material results in no more than about 5.0 tuft gaps per cubic centimeter of improved unbonded loosefill insulation material. 21. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 19, wherein the distribution of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material is more even than the distribution of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material by an amount in a range of from about 10% to about 30%. 22. An improved unbonded loosefill insulation material comprising a multiplicity of tufts and a plurality of voids between the tufts, the tufts having tuft gaps within the tufts, the tuft gaps having a gap distribution;
wherein the distribution of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material is more even than the distribution of the tuft gaps within the tufts in conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material, thereby providing the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material with a higher insulative value than conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material. 23. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 22, wherein the distribution of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material results in no more than about 5.0 tuft gaps per cubic centimeter of improved unbonded loosefill insulation material. 24. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 22, wherein the distribution of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material is more even than the distribution of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material by an amount in a range of from about 10% to about 30%. 25. An improved unbonded loosefill insulation material comprising a multiplicity of tufts and a plurality of voids between the tufts, the tufts having fibers, the fibers having a diameter;
wherein the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material has a higher insulative value than conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material at the same fiber diameter. 26. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 25, wherein the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material has a 10% to 30% higher insulative value than the conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material at the same fiber diameter. | An improved unbonded loosefill insulation material having a multiplicity of tufts and a plurality of voids between the tufts is provided. The tufts have an average major tuft dimension. The average major tuft dimension of the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material is shorter than an average major tuft dimension of tufts of conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material, thereby providing the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material with a higher insulative value than conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material.1. An improved unbonded loosefill insulation material comprising a multiplicity of tufts and a plurality of voids between the tufts, the tufts having an average major tuft dimension;
wherein the average major tuft dimension of the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material is shorter than an average major tuft dimension of tufts of conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material, thereby providing the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material with a higher insulative value than conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material. 2. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 1, wherein the average major tuft dimension of the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material has a length in a range of from about to about 2.5 mm to about 7.6 mm. 3. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 1, wherein the average major tuft dimension of the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material is shorter than the average major tuft dimension of the tufts of the conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material by an amount in a range of from about 10% to about 30%. 4. An improved unbonded loosefill insulation material comprising a multiplicity of tufts and a plurality of voids between the tufts, the tufts having a tuft density;
wherein the tuft density of the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material is less than the tuft density of the tufts in conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material, thereby providing the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material with a higher insulative value than conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material. 5. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 4, wherein the tuft density is in a range of from about 4.0 kilograms per cubic meter to about 11.2 kilograms per cubic meter. 6. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 5, wherein the tuft density of the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material is less than the tuft density of the conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material by an amount in a range of from about 10% to about 80%. 7. An improved unbonded loosefill insulation material comprising a multiplicity of tufts and a plurality of voids between the tufts, the tufts having an outer surface including a plurality of irregularly-shaped projections;
wherein the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material have more irregularly-shaped projections than the tufts in conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material, thereby providing the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material with a higher insulative value than conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material. 8. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 7, wherein the outer surface of the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material has irregularly-shaped projections in an amount in the range of from about 50% to about 80% of it's outer surface. 9. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 7, wherein the percent of the outer surface of the tufts having irregularly-shaped projections is higher than the percent of outer surface of the tufts of the conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material having irregularly-shaped projections by an amount within a range of from about 10% to about 30%. 10. An improved unbonded loosefill insulation material comprising a multiplicity of tufts and a plurality of voids between the tufts, the tufts having an outer surface formed from a plurality of irregularly-shaped projections, the irregularly-shaped projections having a plurality of hairs extending therefrom;
wherein the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material have more hairs extending from irregularly-shaped projections than the tufts in conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material, thereby providing the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material with a higher insulative value than conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material. 11. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 10, wherein approximately 60% to 80% of the irregularly-shaped projections have extending hairs. 12. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 10, wherein the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material have more hairs extending from irregularly-shaped projections than the tufts of the conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material by an amount in a range of from about 10% to about 30%. 13. An improved unbonded loosefill insulation material comprising a multiplicity of tufts and a plurality of voids between the tufts, the tufts having tuft gaps within the tufts, the tuft gaps having a size;
wherein the size of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material are larger than the size of the tuft gaps within the tufts of conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material, thereby providing the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material with a higher insulative value than conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material. 14. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 13, wherein the size of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation is in a range of from about to about 1.2 mm to about 2.5 mm. 15. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 13, wherein the size of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material is larger than the size of the gaps within the tufts of the conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material by an amount in a range of from about 10% to about 30%. 16. An improved unbonded loosefill insulation material comprising a multiplicity of tufts and a plurality of voids between the tufts, the tufts having tuft gaps within the tufts, the tuft gaps having a gap frequency of occurrence;
wherein the gap frequency of occurrence of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material is greater than the gap frequency of occurrence of the tuft gaps within the tufts in conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material, thereby providing the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material with a higher insulative value than conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material. 17. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 16, wherein the gap frequency of occurrence of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material is in a range of from about to about 3.0 per cubic centimeter to about 5.0 per cubic centimeter. 18. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 16, wherein the frequency of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material is more than the frequency of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material by an amount in a range of from about 10% to about 30%. 19. An improved unbonded loosefill insulation material comprising a multiplicity of tufts and a plurality of voids between the tufts, the tufts having tuft gaps within the tufts, the tuft gaps having a gap distribution;
wherein the distribution of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material is more even than the distribution of the tuft gaps within the tufts in conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material, thereby providing the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material with a higher insulative value than conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material. 20. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 19, wherein the distribution of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material results in no more than about 5.0 tuft gaps per cubic centimeter of improved unbonded loosefill insulation material. 21. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 19, wherein the distribution of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material is more even than the distribution of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material by an amount in a range of from about 10% to about 30%. 22. An improved unbonded loosefill insulation material comprising a multiplicity of tufts and a plurality of voids between the tufts, the tufts having tuft gaps within the tufts, the tuft gaps having a gap distribution;
wherein the distribution of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material is more even than the distribution of the tuft gaps within the tufts in conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material, thereby providing the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material with a higher insulative value than conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material. 23. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 22, wherein the distribution of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material results in no more than about 5.0 tuft gaps per cubic centimeter of improved unbonded loosefill insulation material. 24. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 22, wherein the distribution of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material is more even than the distribution of the tuft gaps within the tufts of the conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material by an amount in a range of from about 10% to about 30%. 25. An improved unbonded loosefill insulation material comprising a multiplicity of tufts and a plurality of voids between the tufts, the tufts having fibers, the fibers having a diameter;
wherein the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material has a higher insulative value than conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material at the same fiber diameter. 26. The improved unbonded loosefill insulation material of claim 25, wherein the improved unbonded loosefill insulation material has a 10% to 30% higher insulative value than the conventional unbonded loosefill insulation material at the same fiber diameter. | 1,700 |
2,399 | 14,126,838 | 1,777 | Provided is a method capable of reliably separating part (e.g., a collection liquid) of an accommodated substance (e.g., a manipulation medium for performing physical, chemical, and/or biochemical treatment and a collection liquid containing a target substance) accommodated in the same space of a vessel-shaped structure only by simple mechanical operation without any contact with an outside atmosphere. A method for separating a vessel-shaped structure comprising subjecting a vessel-shaped structure 1 , which includes a vessel portion a, a vessel portion b, and a self-fusing material X connecting the both vessel portions, and which accommodates a substance selected from the group consisting of a liquid, a solid, a gas, and a dispersion system, to the steps: (i) pulling the vessel portion a and the vessel portion b away from each other to extend the self-fusing material X; (ii) fusing the extended self-fusing material X together between the vessel portion a and the vessel portion b to separate the accommodated substance; and (iii) cutting a fused part of the self-fusing material X to separate the vessel-shaped structure 1 into a separated structure. | 1. A method for separating a substance accommodated in a vessel, the method comprising subjecting a vessel-shaped structure, which includes: a first vessel portion having at least one open end; a second vessel portion having an open end communicating with the open end of the first vessel portion; and a self-fusing material covering an outer surface of a part including the open end of the first vessel portion and the open end of the second vessel portion to integrally connect the first vessel portion and the second vessel portion together and which accommodates a substance, to the following steps:
(i) pulling the first vessel portion and the second vessel portion away from each other to extend the self-fusing material; (ii) fusing the extended self-fusing material together so that a space between the first vessel portion and the second vessel portion is blocked to separate the accommodated substance; and (iii) cutting a fused part of the self-fusing material to separate the vessel-shaped structure into a separated structure that includes the first vessel portion whose open end is closed by the self fusing material and that contains one of the separated parts of the accommodated substance, and a separated structure that includes the second vessel portion whose open end is hermetically sealed by the self-fusing material and that contains the other separated part of the accommodated substance. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the steps (ii) and (iii), the fusion of the extended self-fusing material together and the cutting of the fused part are performed by twisting the first vessel portion and the second vessel portion around an axis in a direction in which the first vessel portion and the second vessel portion are pulled away from each other. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the extended self-fusing material is fused together by externally pinching with pressure-bonding means in the step (ii), and the fused part is cut with cutting means in the step (iii). 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the pressure-bonding means and the cutting means are separately prepared. 5. The method according to claim 3, wherein the pressure-bonding means comprises a pair of pressure-bonding members; and
the cutting means is prepared in such a manner that a flat plate-shaped cutting blade is provided so as to be able to penetrate into one member of the pair of pressure-bonding members, and the cutting of the fused part in the step (iii) is performed by allowing the fat plate-shaped cutting blade to penetrate the One of the pair of pressure-bonding members. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the vessel-shaped structure to be subjected to the steps (i) to (iii) is covered, with the self-fusing material having a thickness of 0.001 to 3 mm. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the self-fusing material is selected from the group consisting of isobutylene-isoprene copolymers, ethylene-propylene-diene copolymers, polyisobutylene, paraffin, polyvinyl acetate, polyurethane, polydimethylsiloxane, ethylene propylene copolymers, hydrogel polymers, (meth)acrylic acid ester copolymers, silicone rubber, and natural rubber. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the self-fusing material is a thermoplastic resin having a glass transition temperature of 50° C. to 180° C. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the thermoplastic resin is selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl chloride, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers, vinyl chloride-acrylic acid ester copolymers, polyvinylidene chloride, and vinylidene chloride-acrylic acid ester copolymers. 10. A method for separating a substance accommodated in a manipulation vessel for subjecting a sample containing an object component to a predetermined manipulation therein, the manipulation vessel comprising: a manipulation portion for subjecting a sample containing an object component to a predetermined manipulation, the manipulation portion having at least one open end; a collection portion for collecting a target substance from the manipulation portion, the collection portion having an open end communicating with the open end of the manipulation portion; and a self-fusing material covering an outer surface of a part including the open end of the manipulation portion and the open end of the collection portion to integrally connect the manipulation portion and the collection portion together, and the manipulation vessel accommodating a manipulation medium selected from the group consisting of a liquid, a solid, a gas, and a dispersion system as a field for performing manipulation to which the object component is to be subjected,
the method comprising, after subjecting the sample to a predetermined manipulation and collecting the target substance, subjecting the manipulation vessel to the following steps: (i) pulling the manipulation portion and the collection portion away from each other to extend the self-fusing material; (ii) fusing the extended self-fusing material together so that a space between the manipulation portion and the collection portion is blocked to separate an accommodated substance; and (iii) cutting a fused part of the self-fusing material to separate the manipulation vessel into a separated structure that includes the manipulation portion whose open end is closed by the self-fusing material and that contains one of the separated parts of the accommodated substance, and a separated structure that includes the collection portion whose open end is hermetically sealed by the self-fusing material and that contains the other separated part of the accommodated substance containing the target substance. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the manipulation portion comprises a column for chromatography, and the manipulation medium comprises a filling material for chromatography and a developing solvent. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the vessel-shaped structure has a tubular shape, and the manipulation medium is a multi-layered object in which layers of an aqueous liquid and a gel are alternately stacked in a longitudinal direction. 13. The method according to claim 10, wherein the manipulation medium comprises a droplet encapsulating medium and an encapsulated aqueous droplet. 14. The method according to claim 12, wherein the manipulation portion has an openably-closed sample supply portion for supplying a sample into the manipulation vessel, and, after a step of supplying the sample, the accommodated substance is maintained in a completely hermetically-sealed state until the step (iii) is finished. 15. A manipulation vessel for subjecting a sample containing an object component to a predetermined manipulation therein, the manipulation vessel comprising:
a manipulation portion in which a sample containing an object component is subjected to a predetermined manipulation; a collection portion in which a target substance from the manipulation portion is collected; and a self-fusing material covering an outer surface of a part including the open end of the manipulation portion and the open end of the collection portion to integrally connect the manipulation portion and the collection portion together, and the manipulation vessel accommodating a manipulation medium selected from the group consisting of a liquid, a solid, a gas, and a dispersion system as a field for performing manipulation to which the object component is to be subjected. 16. The manipulation vessel according to claim 15, further comprising a protective member on an outer surface of the self-fusing material. 17. The manipulation vessel according to claim 15, which is covered with the self-fusing material having a thickness of 0.001 to 3 mm. 18. The manipulation vessel according to claim 15, wherein the manipulation portion comprises a column for chromatography, and the manipulation medium comprises a filling material for chromatography and a developing solvent. 19. The manipulation vessel according to claim 15, wherein the manipulation vessel has a tubular shape, and the manipulation medium is a multi-layered object in which layers of an aqueous liquid and a gel are alternately stacked in a longitudinal direction. 20. The manipulation vessel according to claim 15, wherein the manipulation medium comprises a droplet encapsulating medium and an encapsulated aqueous droplet. 21. The manipulation vessel according to claim 15, wherein the self-fusing material is selected from the group consisting of isobutylene-isoprene copolymers, ethylene-propylene-diene copolymers, polyisobutylene, paraffin, polyvinyl acetate, polyurethane, polydimethylsiloxane, ethylene propylene copolymers, hydrogel polymers, (meth)acrylic acid ester copolymers, silicone rubber, and natural rubber. 22. The manipulation vessel according to claim 15, wherein the self-fusing material is a thermoplastic resin having a glass transition temperature of 50° C. to 180° C. 23. The manipulation vessel according to claim 22, wherein the thermoplastic resin is selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl chloride, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers, vinyl chloride-acrylic acid ester copolymers, polyvinylidene chloride, and vinylidene chloride-acrylic acid ester copolymers. 24. A device for manipulating an object component in a manipulation vessel, the device comprising:
the manipulation vessel according to claim 19; magnetic particles that should capture and transport an object component; and magnetic field application means for applying a magnetic field to the manipulation vessel so that the magnetic particles can be moved from an inside of the manipulation portion to an inside of the collection portion. | Provided is a method capable of reliably separating part (e.g., a collection liquid) of an accommodated substance (e.g., a manipulation medium for performing physical, chemical, and/or biochemical treatment and a collection liquid containing a target substance) accommodated in the same space of a vessel-shaped structure only by simple mechanical operation without any contact with an outside atmosphere. A method for separating a vessel-shaped structure comprising subjecting a vessel-shaped structure 1 , which includes a vessel portion a, a vessel portion b, and a self-fusing material X connecting the both vessel portions, and which accommodates a substance selected from the group consisting of a liquid, a solid, a gas, and a dispersion system, to the steps: (i) pulling the vessel portion a and the vessel portion b away from each other to extend the self-fusing material X; (ii) fusing the extended self-fusing material X together between the vessel portion a and the vessel portion b to separate the accommodated substance; and (iii) cutting a fused part of the self-fusing material X to separate the vessel-shaped structure 1 into a separated structure.1. A method for separating a substance accommodated in a vessel, the method comprising subjecting a vessel-shaped structure, which includes: a first vessel portion having at least one open end; a second vessel portion having an open end communicating with the open end of the first vessel portion; and a self-fusing material covering an outer surface of a part including the open end of the first vessel portion and the open end of the second vessel portion to integrally connect the first vessel portion and the second vessel portion together and which accommodates a substance, to the following steps:
(i) pulling the first vessel portion and the second vessel portion away from each other to extend the self-fusing material; (ii) fusing the extended self-fusing material together so that a space between the first vessel portion and the second vessel portion is blocked to separate the accommodated substance; and (iii) cutting a fused part of the self-fusing material to separate the vessel-shaped structure into a separated structure that includes the first vessel portion whose open end is closed by the self fusing material and that contains one of the separated parts of the accommodated substance, and a separated structure that includes the second vessel portion whose open end is hermetically sealed by the self-fusing material and that contains the other separated part of the accommodated substance. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the steps (ii) and (iii), the fusion of the extended self-fusing material together and the cutting of the fused part are performed by twisting the first vessel portion and the second vessel portion around an axis in a direction in which the first vessel portion and the second vessel portion are pulled away from each other. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the extended self-fusing material is fused together by externally pinching with pressure-bonding means in the step (ii), and the fused part is cut with cutting means in the step (iii). 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the pressure-bonding means and the cutting means are separately prepared. 5. The method according to claim 3, wherein the pressure-bonding means comprises a pair of pressure-bonding members; and
the cutting means is prepared in such a manner that a flat plate-shaped cutting blade is provided so as to be able to penetrate into one member of the pair of pressure-bonding members, and the cutting of the fused part in the step (iii) is performed by allowing the fat plate-shaped cutting blade to penetrate the One of the pair of pressure-bonding members. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the vessel-shaped structure to be subjected to the steps (i) to (iii) is covered, with the self-fusing material having a thickness of 0.001 to 3 mm. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the self-fusing material is selected from the group consisting of isobutylene-isoprene copolymers, ethylene-propylene-diene copolymers, polyisobutylene, paraffin, polyvinyl acetate, polyurethane, polydimethylsiloxane, ethylene propylene copolymers, hydrogel polymers, (meth)acrylic acid ester copolymers, silicone rubber, and natural rubber. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the self-fusing material is a thermoplastic resin having a glass transition temperature of 50° C. to 180° C. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the thermoplastic resin is selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl chloride, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers, vinyl chloride-acrylic acid ester copolymers, polyvinylidene chloride, and vinylidene chloride-acrylic acid ester copolymers. 10. A method for separating a substance accommodated in a manipulation vessel for subjecting a sample containing an object component to a predetermined manipulation therein, the manipulation vessel comprising: a manipulation portion for subjecting a sample containing an object component to a predetermined manipulation, the manipulation portion having at least one open end; a collection portion for collecting a target substance from the manipulation portion, the collection portion having an open end communicating with the open end of the manipulation portion; and a self-fusing material covering an outer surface of a part including the open end of the manipulation portion and the open end of the collection portion to integrally connect the manipulation portion and the collection portion together, and the manipulation vessel accommodating a manipulation medium selected from the group consisting of a liquid, a solid, a gas, and a dispersion system as a field for performing manipulation to which the object component is to be subjected,
the method comprising, after subjecting the sample to a predetermined manipulation and collecting the target substance, subjecting the manipulation vessel to the following steps: (i) pulling the manipulation portion and the collection portion away from each other to extend the self-fusing material; (ii) fusing the extended self-fusing material together so that a space between the manipulation portion and the collection portion is blocked to separate an accommodated substance; and (iii) cutting a fused part of the self-fusing material to separate the manipulation vessel into a separated structure that includes the manipulation portion whose open end is closed by the self-fusing material and that contains one of the separated parts of the accommodated substance, and a separated structure that includes the collection portion whose open end is hermetically sealed by the self-fusing material and that contains the other separated part of the accommodated substance containing the target substance. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the manipulation portion comprises a column for chromatography, and the manipulation medium comprises a filling material for chromatography and a developing solvent. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the vessel-shaped structure has a tubular shape, and the manipulation medium is a multi-layered object in which layers of an aqueous liquid and a gel are alternately stacked in a longitudinal direction. 13. The method according to claim 10, wherein the manipulation medium comprises a droplet encapsulating medium and an encapsulated aqueous droplet. 14. The method according to claim 12, wherein the manipulation portion has an openably-closed sample supply portion for supplying a sample into the manipulation vessel, and, after a step of supplying the sample, the accommodated substance is maintained in a completely hermetically-sealed state until the step (iii) is finished. 15. A manipulation vessel for subjecting a sample containing an object component to a predetermined manipulation therein, the manipulation vessel comprising:
a manipulation portion in which a sample containing an object component is subjected to a predetermined manipulation; a collection portion in which a target substance from the manipulation portion is collected; and a self-fusing material covering an outer surface of a part including the open end of the manipulation portion and the open end of the collection portion to integrally connect the manipulation portion and the collection portion together, and the manipulation vessel accommodating a manipulation medium selected from the group consisting of a liquid, a solid, a gas, and a dispersion system as a field for performing manipulation to which the object component is to be subjected. 16. The manipulation vessel according to claim 15, further comprising a protective member on an outer surface of the self-fusing material. 17. The manipulation vessel according to claim 15, which is covered with the self-fusing material having a thickness of 0.001 to 3 mm. 18. The manipulation vessel according to claim 15, wherein the manipulation portion comprises a column for chromatography, and the manipulation medium comprises a filling material for chromatography and a developing solvent. 19. The manipulation vessel according to claim 15, wherein the manipulation vessel has a tubular shape, and the manipulation medium is a multi-layered object in which layers of an aqueous liquid and a gel are alternately stacked in a longitudinal direction. 20. The manipulation vessel according to claim 15, wherein the manipulation medium comprises a droplet encapsulating medium and an encapsulated aqueous droplet. 21. The manipulation vessel according to claim 15, wherein the self-fusing material is selected from the group consisting of isobutylene-isoprene copolymers, ethylene-propylene-diene copolymers, polyisobutylene, paraffin, polyvinyl acetate, polyurethane, polydimethylsiloxane, ethylene propylene copolymers, hydrogel polymers, (meth)acrylic acid ester copolymers, silicone rubber, and natural rubber. 22. The manipulation vessel according to claim 15, wherein the self-fusing material is a thermoplastic resin having a glass transition temperature of 50° C. to 180° C. 23. The manipulation vessel according to claim 22, wherein the thermoplastic resin is selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl chloride, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers, vinyl chloride-acrylic acid ester copolymers, polyvinylidene chloride, and vinylidene chloride-acrylic acid ester copolymers. 24. A device for manipulating an object component in a manipulation vessel, the device comprising:
the manipulation vessel according to claim 19; magnetic particles that should capture and transport an object component; and magnetic field application means for applying a magnetic field to the manipulation vessel so that the magnetic particles can be moved from an inside of the manipulation portion to an inside of the collection portion. | 1,700 |
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