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2,400 | 14,227,288 | 1,743 | A manufacturing method for a conveyance seat having a pad structure including a seat pad and a back face member includes integrally molding the seat pad with the back face member in a state where the back face member is arranged so as to cross over at least part of a parting line that is formed by laying a first sub element and a second sub element of a molding die on top of each other, the molding die being formed of at least the first sub element and the second sub element. | 1. A manufacturing method for a conveyance seat having a pad structure including a seat pad and a back face member, the manufacturing method comprising:
integrally molding the seat pad with the back face member in a state where the back face member is arranged so as to cross over at least part of a parting line that is formed by laying a first sub element and a second sub element of a molding die on top of each other, the molding die being formed of at least the first sub element and the second sub element. 2. The manufacturing method according to claim 1, further comprising:
arranging a first back face member on the first sub element; arranging a second back face member on the second sub element; adjacently arranging part of the first back face member and part of the second back face member such that the part of the first back face member and the part of the second back face member overlap with each other by combining the first sub element with the second sub element; and integrating the seat pad with the back face member by carrying out molding in a state where the part of the first back face member and the part of the second back face member are arranged adjacently to each other. 3. The manufacturing method according to claim 2, wherein
the part of the first back face member is arranged so as to protrude from the first sub element, and after the part of the second back face member and the part of the first back face member, protruded from the first sub element, are adjacently arranged so as to overlap with each other at the time when the second sub element is mated, the seat pad and the back face member are integrated with each other by carrying out molding through inflating resin in the molding die. | A manufacturing method for a conveyance seat having a pad structure including a seat pad and a back face member includes integrally molding the seat pad with the back face member in a state where the back face member is arranged so as to cross over at least part of a parting line that is formed by laying a first sub element and a second sub element of a molding die on top of each other, the molding die being formed of at least the first sub element and the second sub element.1. A manufacturing method for a conveyance seat having a pad structure including a seat pad and a back face member, the manufacturing method comprising:
integrally molding the seat pad with the back face member in a state where the back face member is arranged so as to cross over at least part of a parting line that is formed by laying a first sub element and a second sub element of a molding die on top of each other, the molding die being formed of at least the first sub element and the second sub element. 2. The manufacturing method according to claim 1, further comprising:
arranging a first back face member on the first sub element; arranging a second back face member on the second sub element; adjacently arranging part of the first back face member and part of the second back face member such that the part of the first back face member and the part of the second back face member overlap with each other by combining the first sub element with the second sub element; and integrating the seat pad with the back face member by carrying out molding in a state where the part of the first back face member and the part of the second back face member are arranged adjacently to each other. 3. The manufacturing method according to claim 2, wherein
the part of the first back face member is arranged so as to protrude from the first sub element, and after the part of the second back face member and the part of the first back face member, protruded from the first sub element, are adjacently arranged so as to overlap with each other at the time when the second sub element is mated, the seat pad and the back face member are integrated with each other by carrying out molding through inflating resin in the molding die. | 1,700 |
2,401 | 14,653,280 | 1,761 | A method of treating a carbon electrode includes providing a carbon-based electrode that has a surface with chemically different carbon oxides. The surface is treated with a reducing agent to reduce at least a portion of the oxides to a target carbon oxide. In an aspect, a method of treating a carbon electrode includes providing a carbon-based electrode that has a surface with an initial non-zero concentration of a target carbon oxide. The surface is then treated with a reducing agent to increase the initial non-zero concentration of the target carbon oxide. | 1. A method of treating a carbon electrode, the method comprising:
providing a carbon-based electrode including a surface that has a plurality of chemically different carbon oxides; and treating the surface with a reducing agent to reduce at least a portion of the plurality of chemically different carbon oxides to a target carbon oxide. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the target carbon oxide is carbon hydroxyl. 3. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the plurality of chemically different carbon oxides includes carboxyls. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the reducing agent is in a non-aqueous solution. 5. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the reducing agent includes an alkali metal. 6. The method as recited in claim 5, wherein the alkali metal is selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium and combinations thereof. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the reducing agent is included in 1-3 molar non-aqueous solution. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein, after the treating of the surface, the surface has a concentration of the target carbon oxide of more than 50% of the total carbon oxide species on the surface of the electrode. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the reducing agent is an organic reducing agent selected from a group consisting of diborane (B2H6), metal-organic agents and combinations thereof. 10. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the reducing agent is a hydride. 11. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the plurality of chemically different carbon oxides include carbonyls and carboxylates. 12. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the reducing agent is selected from the group consisting of NaBH4, LiAlH4 LiBH3 and combinations thereof. 13. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising oxidizing the surface in an oxidation treatment to generate at least a portion of the plurality of chemically different carbon oxides. 14. A method of treating a carbon electrode, the method comprising:
providing a carbon-based electrode including a surface that has an initial non-zero concentration of a target carbon oxide; and treating the surface with a reducing agent to increase the initial non-zero concentration of the target carbon oxide. 15. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein the target carbon oxide is carbon hydroxyl. 16. The method as recited in claim 14, including treating the surface at a temperature of no greater than 30° C. 17. The method as recited in claim 14, including treating the surface with the reducing agent to provide a concentration of the target carbon oxide on the surface of more than 50%. 18. The method as recited in claim 14, including treating the surface with the reducing agent to provide a predominate amount of the target carbon oxide relative to any other chemically different carbon oxides on the surface. 19. An electrode comprising:
a carbon-based material including an electrochemically active surface that has a predominant concentration of a target carbon oxide relative to any other chemically different carbon oxides on the surface. 20. The electrode as recited in claim 19, wherein the predominate concentration is of the target carbon oxide is more than 50% of the total carbon oxide species, and the target carbon oxide is carbon hydroxyl. 21. The electrode as recited in claim 19, wherein the carbon-based material includes carbon fibers. | A method of treating a carbon electrode includes providing a carbon-based electrode that has a surface with chemically different carbon oxides. The surface is treated with a reducing agent to reduce at least a portion of the oxides to a target carbon oxide. In an aspect, a method of treating a carbon electrode includes providing a carbon-based electrode that has a surface with an initial non-zero concentration of a target carbon oxide. The surface is then treated with a reducing agent to increase the initial non-zero concentration of the target carbon oxide.1. A method of treating a carbon electrode, the method comprising:
providing a carbon-based electrode including a surface that has a plurality of chemically different carbon oxides; and treating the surface with a reducing agent to reduce at least a portion of the plurality of chemically different carbon oxides to a target carbon oxide. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the target carbon oxide is carbon hydroxyl. 3. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the plurality of chemically different carbon oxides includes carboxyls. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the reducing agent is in a non-aqueous solution. 5. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the reducing agent includes an alkali metal. 6. The method as recited in claim 5, wherein the alkali metal is selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium and combinations thereof. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the reducing agent is included in 1-3 molar non-aqueous solution. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein, after the treating of the surface, the surface has a concentration of the target carbon oxide of more than 50% of the total carbon oxide species on the surface of the electrode. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the reducing agent is an organic reducing agent selected from a group consisting of diborane (B2H6), metal-organic agents and combinations thereof. 10. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the reducing agent is a hydride. 11. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the plurality of chemically different carbon oxides include carbonyls and carboxylates. 12. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the reducing agent is selected from the group consisting of NaBH4, LiAlH4 LiBH3 and combinations thereof. 13. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising oxidizing the surface in an oxidation treatment to generate at least a portion of the plurality of chemically different carbon oxides. 14. A method of treating a carbon electrode, the method comprising:
providing a carbon-based electrode including a surface that has an initial non-zero concentration of a target carbon oxide; and treating the surface with a reducing agent to increase the initial non-zero concentration of the target carbon oxide. 15. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein the target carbon oxide is carbon hydroxyl. 16. The method as recited in claim 14, including treating the surface at a temperature of no greater than 30° C. 17. The method as recited in claim 14, including treating the surface with the reducing agent to provide a concentration of the target carbon oxide on the surface of more than 50%. 18. The method as recited in claim 14, including treating the surface with the reducing agent to provide a predominate amount of the target carbon oxide relative to any other chemically different carbon oxides on the surface. 19. An electrode comprising:
a carbon-based material including an electrochemically active surface that has a predominant concentration of a target carbon oxide relative to any other chemically different carbon oxides on the surface. 20. The electrode as recited in claim 19, wherein the predominate concentration is of the target carbon oxide is more than 50% of the total carbon oxide species, and the target carbon oxide is carbon hydroxyl. 21. The electrode as recited in claim 19, wherein the carbon-based material includes carbon fibers. | 1,700 |
2,402 | 13,985,775 | 1,791 | The present invention is directed to a new process for supplementation of beverages with soluble and bio available iron in the form of ferric pyrophosphate. This process allows iron supplementation of beverages at low cost, without affecting either the original taste or the colour of the beverages. It is also directed to a concentrate ferric pyrophosphate-citrate solution and its use in the preparation of an iron enriched beverage. The invention also relates to a beverage obtainable by this process. | 1. Process for the preparation of an aqueous soluble ferric pyrophosphate concentrate, wherein said process comprising the steps of:
(a) adding 0.1 to 5 weight/volume % ferric pyrophosphate to water, (b) adding 0.15 to 50 weight/volume % citrate salt to the dispersion from (a), (c) heating the resulting solution from (b) until complete dissolution of ferric pyrophosphate 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of ferric pyrophosphate is comprised between 0.4 and 2 weight/volume %. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of citrate and/or derivative thereof is comprised between 4 and 20 weight/volume %. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of ferric pyrophosphate to citrate and/or derivative thereof, is comprised between 0.01 and 1. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of ferric pyrophosphate to citrate and/or derivative thereof, is comprised between 0.05 and 0.5. 6. The Process according to claim 1, wherein the citrate salt is selected from mono sodium citrate, and tri sodium citrate. 7. The Process according to claim 1, wherein the heating step of step (c) is performed by heating the solution at a temperature comprised between 80 to 120° C. for 10 to 120 minutes. 8. An aqueous soluble ferric pyrophosphate concentrate obtainable by the process of claim 1 and comprising 0.25 to 12.5 g Fe/l. 9. Use of an aqueous concentrate according to claim 8 for the production of a beverage supplemented with 1 to 60 mg Fe/litre. 10. The use according to claim 9, wherein the beverage is selected from juice, non carbonated soft drink, milk and fruit juice. | The present invention is directed to a new process for supplementation of beverages with soluble and bio available iron in the form of ferric pyrophosphate. This process allows iron supplementation of beverages at low cost, without affecting either the original taste or the colour of the beverages. It is also directed to a concentrate ferric pyrophosphate-citrate solution and its use in the preparation of an iron enriched beverage. The invention also relates to a beverage obtainable by this process.1. Process for the preparation of an aqueous soluble ferric pyrophosphate concentrate, wherein said process comprising the steps of:
(a) adding 0.1 to 5 weight/volume % ferric pyrophosphate to water, (b) adding 0.15 to 50 weight/volume % citrate salt to the dispersion from (a), (c) heating the resulting solution from (b) until complete dissolution of ferric pyrophosphate 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of ferric pyrophosphate is comprised between 0.4 and 2 weight/volume %. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of citrate and/or derivative thereof is comprised between 4 and 20 weight/volume %. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of ferric pyrophosphate to citrate and/or derivative thereof, is comprised between 0.01 and 1. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of ferric pyrophosphate to citrate and/or derivative thereof, is comprised between 0.05 and 0.5. 6. The Process according to claim 1, wherein the citrate salt is selected from mono sodium citrate, and tri sodium citrate. 7. The Process according to claim 1, wherein the heating step of step (c) is performed by heating the solution at a temperature comprised between 80 to 120° C. for 10 to 120 minutes. 8. An aqueous soluble ferric pyrophosphate concentrate obtainable by the process of claim 1 and comprising 0.25 to 12.5 g Fe/l. 9. Use of an aqueous concentrate according to claim 8 for the production of a beverage supplemented with 1 to 60 mg Fe/litre. 10. The use according to claim 9, wherein the beverage is selected from juice, non carbonated soft drink, milk and fruit juice. | 1,700 |
2,403 | 14,894,086 | 1,793 | A composition includes a gluten free flour mixture constituting from 31% to 50% by weight of the composition, at least one oil constituting from 4.5% to 5.5% by weight of the composition, shortening constituting from 20% to 30% by weight of the composition, fructose constituting from 1% to 4.5% by weight of the composition, water constituting from 20% to 25% by weight of the composition, and sucrose constituting less than 5% by weight of the composition. The composition has a water activity of 0.94 or less and a pH of 7 or less. Methods of manufacturing the composition are also provided. | 1. A composition comprising:
a gluten-free flour mixture in an amount from 31to 50% by weight of the composition, the gluten-free flour mixture including less than 15% rice flour by weight of the composition and at least one of sorghum flour, potato starch, corn starch and combinations thereof; at least one oil in an amount from 4.5% to 5.5% by weight of the composition; shortening in an amount from 20% to 30% by weight of the composition; fructose in an amount from 1% to 4.5% by weight of the composition; water from 20% to 25% by weight of the composition; and sucrose in an amount of less than 5% by weight of the composition, wherein the composition has a water activity of 0.94 or less and a pH of 7 or less. 2. The composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one gum in an amount from 0.2% to 2% by weight of the composition. 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the gum includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of: xanthan gum and guar gum. 4. The composition of claim 1, further comprising sucrose in an amount from 1% to 3% by weight of the composition. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from 4% to 15% rice flour by weight of the composition. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises from 4.5% to 8% sorghum flour by weight of the composition. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises from 20% to 35% by weight of the composition of at least one starch selected from the group consisting of potato starch and corn starch. 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the composition further comprises from 13% to 15% potato starch by weight of the composition. 9. The composition of claim 7, wherein the composition further comprises from 12% to 16% corn starch by weight of the composition. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is free of gluten. 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises propionic acid, of which at least 20% is in an undissociated form. 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises sorbic acid, of which at least 20% is in an undissociated form. 13. A method of manufacturing a composition, the method comprising:
combining:
a gluten-free flour mixture in an amount from 31% to 50% by weight of the raw dough product, the gluten-free flour mixture including less than 15% rice flour by weight of the raw dough product and at least one of sorghum flour, potato starch, corn starch and combinations thereof;
at least one oil in an amount from 4.5% to 5.5% by weight of the raw dough product;
shortening in an amount from 20% to 30% by weight of the raw dough product;
fructose in an amount from 1% to 4.5% by weight of the raw dough product;
water from 20% to 25% by weight of the raw dough product and sucrose in an amount of less than 5% by weight of the raw dough product,
forming a raw dough product; and packaging the raw dough product, wherein the raw dough product has a water activity of 0.94 or less and a pH of 7 or less. 14. The method of claim 13, and further comprising:
sheeting the raw dough product before packaging; and cutting the sheeted raw dough product before packaging. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein packaging includes extruding the raw dough product into a packaging container. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the raw dough product is free of gluten. | A composition includes a gluten free flour mixture constituting from 31% to 50% by weight of the composition, at least one oil constituting from 4.5% to 5.5% by weight of the composition, shortening constituting from 20% to 30% by weight of the composition, fructose constituting from 1% to 4.5% by weight of the composition, water constituting from 20% to 25% by weight of the composition, and sucrose constituting less than 5% by weight of the composition. The composition has a water activity of 0.94 or less and a pH of 7 or less. Methods of manufacturing the composition are also provided.1. A composition comprising:
a gluten-free flour mixture in an amount from 31to 50% by weight of the composition, the gluten-free flour mixture including less than 15% rice flour by weight of the composition and at least one of sorghum flour, potato starch, corn starch and combinations thereof; at least one oil in an amount from 4.5% to 5.5% by weight of the composition; shortening in an amount from 20% to 30% by weight of the composition; fructose in an amount from 1% to 4.5% by weight of the composition; water from 20% to 25% by weight of the composition; and sucrose in an amount of less than 5% by weight of the composition, wherein the composition has a water activity of 0.94 or less and a pH of 7 or less. 2. The composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one gum in an amount from 0.2% to 2% by weight of the composition. 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the gum includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of: xanthan gum and guar gum. 4. The composition of claim 1, further comprising sucrose in an amount from 1% to 3% by weight of the composition. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from 4% to 15% rice flour by weight of the composition. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises from 4.5% to 8% sorghum flour by weight of the composition. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises from 20% to 35% by weight of the composition of at least one starch selected from the group consisting of potato starch and corn starch. 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the composition further comprises from 13% to 15% potato starch by weight of the composition. 9. The composition of claim 7, wherein the composition further comprises from 12% to 16% corn starch by weight of the composition. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is free of gluten. 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises propionic acid, of which at least 20% is in an undissociated form. 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises sorbic acid, of which at least 20% is in an undissociated form. 13. A method of manufacturing a composition, the method comprising:
combining:
a gluten-free flour mixture in an amount from 31% to 50% by weight of the raw dough product, the gluten-free flour mixture including less than 15% rice flour by weight of the raw dough product and at least one of sorghum flour, potato starch, corn starch and combinations thereof;
at least one oil in an amount from 4.5% to 5.5% by weight of the raw dough product;
shortening in an amount from 20% to 30% by weight of the raw dough product;
fructose in an amount from 1% to 4.5% by weight of the raw dough product;
water from 20% to 25% by weight of the raw dough product and sucrose in an amount of less than 5% by weight of the raw dough product,
forming a raw dough product; and packaging the raw dough product, wherein the raw dough product has a water activity of 0.94 or less and a pH of 7 or less. 14. The method of claim 13, and further comprising:
sheeting the raw dough product before packaging; and cutting the sheeted raw dough product before packaging. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein packaging includes extruding the raw dough product into a packaging container. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the raw dough product is free of gluten. | 1,700 |
2,404 | 14,369,425 | 1,786 | Disclosed is a fluorine-containing composition which contains a fluorine-containing polymer that has repeating units respectively derived from (A) a fluorine-containing monomer that is an alpha-chloroacrylate having a fluoroalkyl group, (B) a monomer that has a linear or branched hydrocarbon group but does not have a fluoroalkyl group, and (C) a monomer that has a cyclic hydrocarbon group but does not have a fluoroalkyl group. This fluorine-containing composition is capable of providing a base such as a fiber product with excellent water repellency, especially strong water repellency. | 1. A fluorine-containing composition comprising a fluorine-containing polymer which comprises:
(A) repeating units derived from a fluorine-containing monomer which is alpha-chloroacrylate having a fluoroalkyl group, (B) repeating units derived from a (meth)acrylate monomer which is free from a fluoroalkyl group and which has a linear or branched hydrocarbon group, and (C) repeating units derived from a (meth)acrylate monomer which is free from a fluoroalkyl group and which has a cyclic hydrocarbon group. 2. (canceled) 3. The fluorine-containing composition according to claim 1, wherein the monomer (A) is a fluorine-containing monomer represented by the formula:
CH2═C(—Cl)—C(═O)—Y—Z—Rf wherein Y is —O; Z is a direct bond or divalent organic group; and Rf is a fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. 4. The fluorine-containing composition according to claim 1, wherein the linear or branched hydrocarbon group is a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1-30 carbon atoms, in the linear or branched hydrocarbon group-containing (meth)acrylate monomer (B). 5. The fluorine-containing composition according to claim 1, wherein the cyclic hydrocarbon group is saturated, in the cyclic hydrocarbon group-containing (meth)acrylate monomer (C). 6. The fluorine-containing composition according to claim 1, wherein the cyclic hydrocarbon group has 4-20 carbon atoms, in the cyclic hydrocarbon group-containing (meth)acrylate monomer (C). 7. The fluorine-containing composition according to claim 1, wherein a carbon atom in a ring of the cyclic hydrocarbon group is directly bonded to an ester group in a (meth)acrylate group, in the cyclic hydrocarbon group-containing (meth)acrylate monomer (C). 8. The fluorine-containing composition according to claim 1, wherein the cyclic hydrocarbon group is at least one selected from the group consisting of a cyclohexyl group, a t-butyl cyclohexyl group, an isobornyl group, a dicyclopentanyl group and a dicyclopentenyl group, in the cyclic hydrocarbon group-containing (meth)acrylate monomer (C). 9. The fluorine-containing composition according to claim 1, wherein the cyclic hydrocarbon group-containing (meth)acrylate monomer (C) is at least one selected from the group consisting of cyclohexyl methacrylate, t-butyl cyclohexyl methacrylate, benzyl methacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, isobornyl acrylate, dicyclopentanyl methacrylate, dicyclopentanyl acrylate, dicyclopentenyl acrylate, adamantyl acrylate and adamantyl methacrylate. 10. The fluorine-containing composition according to claim 1, which also contains an aqueous medium. 11. The fluorine-containing composition according to claim 1, which is an aqueous dispersion. 12. A water- and oil-repellent agent which is the fluorine-containing composition according to claim 1. 13. A fluorine-containing polymer which comprises repeating units derived from:
(A) a fluorine-containing monomer which is alpha-chloroacrylate having a fluoroalkyl group, (B) a (meth)acrylate monomer which is free from a fluoroalkyl group and which has a linear or branched hydrocarbon group, and (C) a (meth)acrylate monomer which is free from a fluoroalkyl group and which has a cyclic hydrocarbon group. 14. A method of treating a substrate, which comprises treating the substrate with the fluorine-containing composition according to claim 1. 15. A textile treated with the fluorine-containing composition according to claim 1. | Disclosed is a fluorine-containing composition which contains a fluorine-containing polymer that has repeating units respectively derived from (A) a fluorine-containing monomer that is an alpha-chloroacrylate having a fluoroalkyl group, (B) a monomer that has a linear or branched hydrocarbon group but does not have a fluoroalkyl group, and (C) a monomer that has a cyclic hydrocarbon group but does not have a fluoroalkyl group. This fluorine-containing composition is capable of providing a base such as a fiber product with excellent water repellency, especially strong water repellency.1. A fluorine-containing composition comprising a fluorine-containing polymer which comprises:
(A) repeating units derived from a fluorine-containing monomer which is alpha-chloroacrylate having a fluoroalkyl group, (B) repeating units derived from a (meth)acrylate monomer which is free from a fluoroalkyl group and which has a linear or branched hydrocarbon group, and (C) repeating units derived from a (meth)acrylate monomer which is free from a fluoroalkyl group and which has a cyclic hydrocarbon group. 2. (canceled) 3. The fluorine-containing composition according to claim 1, wherein the monomer (A) is a fluorine-containing monomer represented by the formula:
CH2═C(—Cl)—C(═O)—Y—Z—Rf wherein Y is —O; Z is a direct bond or divalent organic group; and Rf is a fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. 4. The fluorine-containing composition according to claim 1, wherein the linear or branched hydrocarbon group is a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1-30 carbon atoms, in the linear or branched hydrocarbon group-containing (meth)acrylate monomer (B). 5. The fluorine-containing composition according to claim 1, wherein the cyclic hydrocarbon group is saturated, in the cyclic hydrocarbon group-containing (meth)acrylate monomer (C). 6. The fluorine-containing composition according to claim 1, wherein the cyclic hydrocarbon group has 4-20 carbon atoms, in the cyclic hydrocarbon group-containing (meth)acrylate monomer (C). 7. The fluorine-containing composition according to claim 1, wherein a carbon atom in a ring of the cyclic hydrocarbon group is directly bonded to an ester group in a (meth)acrylate group, in the cyclic hydrocarbon group-containing (meth)acrylate monomer (C). 8. The fluorine-containing composition according to claim 1, wherein the cyclic hydrocarbon group is at least one selected from the group consisting of a cyclohexyl group, a t-butyl cyclohexyl group, an isobornyl group, a dicyclopentanyl group and a dicyclopentenyl group, in the cyclic hydrocarbon group-containing (meth)acrylate monomer (C). 9. The fluorine-containing composition according to claim 1, wherein the cyclic hydrocarbon group-containing (meth)acrylate monomer (C) is at least one selected from the group consisting of cyclohexyl methacrylate, t-butyl cyclohexyl methacrylate, benzyl methacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, isobornyl acrylate, dicyclopentanyl methacrylate, dicyclopentanyl acrylate, dicyclopentenyl acrylate, adamantyl acrylate and adamantyl methacrylate. 10. The fluorine-containing composition according to claim 1, which also contains an aqueous medium. 11. The fluorine-containing composition according to claim 1, which is an aqueous dispersion. 12. A water- and oil-repellent agent which is the fluorine-containing composition according to claim 1. 13. A fluorine-containing polymer which comprises repeating units derived from:
(A) a fluorine-containing monomer which is alpha-chloroacrylate having a fluoroalkyl group, (B) a (meth)acrylate monomer which is free from a fluoroalkyl group and which has a linear or branched hydrocarbon group, and (C) a (meth)acrylate monomer which is free from a fluoroalkyl group and which has a cyclic hydrocarbon group. 14. A method of treating a substrate, which comprises treating the substrate with the fluorine-containing composition according to claim 1. 15. A textile treated with the fluorine-containing composition according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,405 | 15,145,842 | 1,768 | The invention is directed to stable and labile crosslinked water swellable polymeric microparticles that can be further gelled, methods for making same, and their various uses in the hygiene and medical arts, gel electrophoresis, packaging, agriculture, the cable industry, information technology, in the food industry, papermaking, use as flocculation aids, and the like. More particularly, the invention relates to a composition comprising expandable polymeric microparticles having labile crosslinkers and stable crosslinkers, said microparticle mixed with a fluid and an unreacted tertiary crosslinker comprising PEI or other polyamine based tertiary crosslinker that is capable of further crosslinking the microparticle on degradation of the labile crosslinker and swelling of the particle, so as to form a stable gel. A particularly important use is as an injection fluid in petroleum production, where the expandable polymeric microparticles are injected into a well and when the heat and/or pH of the well cause degradation of the labile crosslinker and when the microparticle expands, the tertiary crosslinker crosslinks the polymer to form a stable gel, thus diverting water to lower permeability regions and improving oil recovery. | 1. A method of increasing the recovery of hydrocarbon fluids in a subterranean formation, comprising:
a) injecting into the subterranean formation a mixture comprising water and a composition comprising:
i) expandable microparticles comprising acrylamide-based polymers crosslinked with labile crosslinkers and stable cross linkers, wherein said acrylamide-based polymers are capable of undergoing transamidation reactions;
ii) an unreacted tertiary crosslinker comprising polyethyleneimine (“PEI”), wherein said tertiary crosslinker is capable of further covalently crosslinking said microparticles by transamidation after degradation of said labile crosslinker to form a stable gel;
b) aging said mixture at 190° C. until it gels, and; c) producing hydrocarbon from said subterranean formation. 2. A method of increasing the recovery of hydrocarbon fluids in a subterranean formation, comprising:
a) injecting into the subterranean formation a mixture comprising water and expandable acrylamide-based polymeric microparticles having labile crosslinkers and stable crosslinkers, and b) injecting an unreacted tertiary crosslinker into the subterranean formation, wherein said tertiary crosslinker is selected from the group consisting of polyalkyleneimine, a polyethyleneimine, a polyalkylenepolyamine, polyethyleneimine, simple polyamines, methylene diamine, ethylene diamine, hexamethylene diamine, and hexamethylene triamine. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein steps a) and b) occur at different times or the same time. 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising step c) aging said mixture at 190° C. until it gels. | The invention is directed to stable and labile crosslinked water swellable polymeric microparticles that can be further gelled, methods for making same, and their various uses in the hygiene and medical arts, gel electrophoresis, packaging, agriculture, the cable industry, information technology, in the food industry, papermaking, use as flocculation aids, and the like. More particularly, the invention relates to a composition comprising expandable polymeric microparticles having labile crosslinkers and stable crosslinkers, said microparticle mixed with a fluid and an unreacted tertiary crosslinker comprising PEI or other polyamine based tertiary crosslinker that is capable of further crosslinking the microparticle on degradation of the labile crosslinker and swelling of the particle, so as to form a stable gel. A particularly important use is as an injection fluid in petroleum production, where the expandable polymeric microparticles are injected into a well and when the heat and/or pH of the well cause degradation of the labile crosslinker and when the microparticle expands, the tertiary crosslinker crosslinks the polymer to form a stable gel, thus diverting water to lower permeability regions and improving oil recovery.1. A method of increasing the recovery of hydrocarbon fluids in a subterranean formation, comprising:
a) injecting into the subterranean formation a mixture comprising water and a composition comprising:
i) expandable microparticles comprising acrylamide-based polymers crosslinked with labile crosslinkers and stable cross linkers, wherein said acrylamide-based polymers are capable of undergoing transamidation reactions;
ii) an unreacted tertiary crosslinker comprising polyethyleneimine (“PEI”), wherein said tertiary crosslinker is capable of further covalently crosslinking said microparticles by transamidation after degradation of said labile crosslinker to form a stable gel;
b) aging said mixture at 190° C. until it gels, and; c) producing hydrocarbon from said subterranean formation. 2. A method of increasing the recovery of hydrocarbon fluids in a subterranean formation, comprising:
a) injecting into the subterranean formation a mixture comprising water and expandable acrylamide-based polymeric microparticles having labile crosslinkers and stable crosslinkers, and b) injecting an unreacted tertiary crosslinker into the subterranean formation, wherein said tertiary crosslinker is selected from the group consisting of polyalkyleneimine, a polyethyleneimine, a polyalkylenepolyamine, polyethyleneimine, simple polyamines, methylene diamine, ethylene diamine, hexamethylene diamine, and hexamethylene triamine. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein steps a) and b) occur at different times or the same time. 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising step c) aging said mixture at 190° C. until it gels. | 1,700 |
2,406 | 14,919,581 | 1,773 | An apparatus for separating particles from an airflow, the apparatus comprising a housing comprising an inner wall, and a body positioned within the housing and separated therefrom so as to define a substantially annular flow path between the body and the inner wall. The housing is rotationally stationary, and the body is rotatable relative to the housing about a rotational axis, the body comprising an impeller section having a first set of blades extending from the body into the annular flow path towards the inner wall of the housing, the impeller being rotatable for generating airflow through the apparatus and for generating swirl within the airflow, and a turbine section located downstream of the impeller section, the turbine section having a second set of blades for recapturing rotational energy from the airflow. | 1. An apparatus for separating particles from an airflow, the apparatus comprising:
a housing comprising an inner wall; and a body positioned within the housing and separated therefrom so as to define an annular flow path between the body and the inner wall; the housing being rotationally stationary, and the body being rotatable relative to the housing about a rotational axis, the body comprising: an impeller section having a first set of blades extending from the body into the annular flow path towards the inner wall of the housing, the impeller being rotatable for generating airflow through the apparatus and for generating swirl within the airflow; and a turbine section located downstream of the impeller section, the turbine section having a second set of blades for recapturing rotational energy from the airflow. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the inner wall of the housing is shaped to complement the shape of the body. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the impeller section is shaped such that the diameter of the annular flow path expands radially along the length of the impeller section of the body. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the impeller section of the body is located in a dirty air portion of the apparatus, and the turbine section is located in a clean air section of the apparatus. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus comprises a splitter located between the impeller section and the turbine section to separate a dirty portion of the airflow containing an increased concentration of particles from a clean portion of the airflow containing a reduced concentration of particles. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the turbine section of the body is located downstream of the splitter. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the body is connected to a motor which drives rotation of the body. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the motor drives the body at between 80 and 120 krpm. 9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the motor drives the body at between 90 and 100 krpm. 10. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein rotation of the body by the motor causes the impeller section to draw air into the apparatus at a flow rate of between 15 and 25 l/s. 11. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein rotation of the body by the motor causes the impeller section to draw air into the apparatus at a flow rate of around 20 l/s. 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein 100% of the airflow passes through the annular flow path located along the impeller section of the body, and between 75% and 95% of the airflow passes through the annular flow path located along the turbine section of the body. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein a remaining 5% to 25% of the airflow exits the apparatus prior to the turbine section of the body. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the remaining 5% to 25% of the airflow is directed to a downstream separation apparatus. 15. A vacuum cleaner comprising the apparatus for separating particles from an airflow of claim 1. | An apparatus for separating particles from an airflow, the apparatus comprising a housing comprising an inner wall, and a body positioned within the housing and separated therefrom so as to define a substantially annular flow path between the body and the inner wall. The housing is rotationally stationary, and the body is rotatable relative to the housing about a rotational axis, the body comprising an impeller section having a first set of blades extending from the body into the annular flow path towards the inner wall of the housing, the impeller being rotatable for generating airflow through the apparatus and for generating swirl within the airflow, and a turbine section located downstream of the impeller section, the turbine section having a second set of blades for recapturing rotational energy from the airflow.1. An apparatus for separating particles from an airflow, the apparatus comprising:
a housing comprising an inner wall; and a body positioned within the housing and separated therefrom so as to define an annular flow path between the body and the inner wall; the housing being rotationally stationary, and the body being rotatable relative to the housing about a rotational axis, the body comprising: an impeller section having a first set of blades extending from the body into the annular flow path towards the inner wall of the housing, the impeller being rotatable for generating airflow through the apparatus and for generating swirl within the airflow; and a turbine section located downstream of the impeller section, the turbine section having a second set of blades for recapturing rotational energy from the airflow. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the inner wall of the housing is shaped to complement the shape of the body. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the impeller section is shaped such that the diameter of the annular flow path expands radially along the length of the impeller section of the body. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the impeller section of the body is located in a dirty air portion of the apparatus, and the turbine section is located in a clean air section of the apparatus. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus comprises a splitter located between the impeller section and the turbine section to separate a dirty portion of the airflow containing an increased concentration of particles from a clean portion of the airflow containing a reduced concentration of particles. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the turbine section of the body is located downstream of the splitter. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the body is connected to a motor which drives rotation of the body. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the motor drives the body at between 80 and 120 krpm. 9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the motor drives the body at between 90 and 100 krpm. 10. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein rotation of the body by the motor causes the impeller section to draw air into the apparatus at a flow rate of between 15 and 25 l/s. 11. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein rotation of the body by the motor causes the impeller section to draw air into the apparatus at a flow rate of around 20 l/s. 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein 100% of the airflow passes through the annular flow path located along the impeller section of the body, and between 75% and 95% of the airflow passes through the annular flow path located along the turbine section of the body. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein a remaining 5% to 25% of the airflow exits the apparatus prior to the turbine section of the body. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the remaining 5% to 25% of the airflow is directed to a downstream separation apparatus. 15. A vacuum cleaner comprising the apparatus for separating particles from an airflow of claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,407 | 14,218,208 | 1,747 | A cigarette filter subassembly is manufactured from a filter member having absorbent material encased within an outer cover. A plunger is passed axially through the absorbent material such that a pointed leading end of the plunger displaces the absorbent material radially outwardly against the cover to form a liner of compressed absorbent material along the cover's inside surface. An inner surface of the liner surrounds a hollow axial opening which is to receive absorbent members and capsules inserted axially therein. The capsules are adapted to be broken by a smoker to release an additive material which modifies characteristics of tobacco smoke. An outer cylindrical surface of the plunger optionally carries a transferable binder material that becomes smeared onto the inner surface of the liner to form thereon a coating which is impermeable to the additive material released from the capsule. | 1. A dual-filter structure formed by a method comprising the steps of:
A. providing a filter member comprised of absorbent material surrounded by a cover, the filter member defining a longitudinal center axis; B. passing a plunger axially through the absorbent material such that a generally pointed leading end of the plunger displaces the absorbent material radially outwardly, wherein the displaced absorbent material forms a liner along an inside surface of the cover and defines a hollow axial opening within the absorbent material; C. axially inserting a series of absorbent members into the hollow space, with at least one capsule disposed between successive absorbent members, the capsule containing a releasable material for modifying characteristics of tobacco smoke during smoking, to form an elongate filter structure which is cut to suitable length, each length containing at least one absorbent member and at least one capsule; D. cutting every other absorbent member in said series of absorbent members at its axial midpoint to provide two dual-filter structures, each of said dual-filter structures comprising, in series, one half of a first absorbent member of twice the length of the first absorbent member, a first capsule, a second absorbent member, a second capsule, and one half of a third absorbent member, all disposed within said outer cover. 2. A quad subassembly formed by a method comprising the steps of:
A. providing a filter member comprised of absorbent material surrounded by a cover, the filter member defining a longitudinal center axis; B. passing a plunger axially through the absorbent material such that a generally pointed leading end of the plunger displaces the absorbent material radially outwardly, wherein the displaced absorbent material forms a liner along an inside surface of the cover and defines a hollow axial opening within the absorbent material; C. axially inserting a series of absorbent members into the hollow space, with at least one capsule disposed between successive absorbent members, the capsule containing a releasable material for modifying characteristics of tobacco smoke during smoking, to form an elongate filter structure which is cut to suitable length, each length containing at least one absorbent member and at least one capsule; D. cutting every other absorbent member in said series of absorbent members at its axial midpoint to provide two dual-filter structures, each of said dual-filter structures comprising, in series, one half of a first absorbent member of twice the length of the first absorbent member, a first capsule, a second absorbent member, a second capsule, and one half of a third absorbent member, all disposed within said outer cover; E. providing a series of additional absorbent members, with one of said dual-filter structures being provided between adjacent additional absorbent members; and/or providing a quantity of activated carbon between each of said additional absorbent members and said adjacent dual-filter structure; F. cutting every other one of said series of additional absorbent members substantially midway between adjacent dual-filter structures, said step of cutting producing quad subassemblies, each of said quad subassemblies comprising one half of a first additional absorbent member, a first quantity of activated carbon, a first dual-filter structure, a second quantity of activated carbon, a second additional absorbent member, a third quantity of activated carbon, a second dual-filter structure, a fourth quantity of activated carbon, and one half of a third additional absorbent member. 3. An individual cigarette filter subassembly formed by a method comprising the steps of:
A. providing a filter member comprised of absorbent material surrounded by a cover, the filter member defining a longitudinal center axis; B. passing a plunger axially through the absorbent material such that a generally pointed leading end of the plunger displaces the absorbent material radially outwardly, wherein the displaced absorbent material forms a liner along an inside surface of the cover and defines a hollow axial opening within the absorbent material; C. axially inserting a series of absorbent members into the hollow space, with at least one capsule disposed between successive absorbent members, the capsule containing a releasable material for modifying characteristics of tobacco smoke during smoking, to form an elongate filter structure which is cut to suitable length, each length containing at least one absorbent member and at least one capsule; D. cutting every other absorbent member in said series of absorbent members at its axial midpoint to provide two dual-filter structures, each of said dual-filter structures comprising, in series, one half of a first absorbent member of twice the length of the first absorbent member, a first capsule, a second absorbent member, a second capsule, and one half of a third absorbent member, all disposed within said outer cover; E. providing a series of additional absorbent members, with one of said dual-filter structures being provided between adjacent additional absorbent members; and/or providing a quantity of activated carbon between each of said additional absorbent members and said adjacent dual-filter structure; F. cutting every other one of said series of additional absorbent members substantially midway between adjacent dual-filter structures, said step of cutting producing quad subassemblies, each of said quad subassemblies comprising one half of a first additional absorbent member, a first quantity of activated carbon, a first dual-filter structure, a second quantity of activated carbon, a second additional absorbent member, a third quantity of activated carbon, a second dual-filter structure, a fourth quantity of activated carbon, and one half of a third additional absorbent member; G. cutting each of said dual-filter structures midway between adjacent capsules; and H. cutting each of said second additional absorbent members midway between adjacent dual-filter structures, whereby an individual cigarette filter assembly is provided. 4. A cigarette formed by a method comprising the steps of:
A. providing a filter member comprised of absorbent material surrounded by a cover, the filter member defining a longitudinal center axis; B. passing a plunger axially through the absorbent material such that a generally pointed leading end of the plunger displaces the absorbent material radially outwardly, wherein the displaced absorbent material forms a liner along an inside surface of the cover and defines a hollow axial opening within the absorbent material; C. axially inserting a series of absorbent members into the hollow space, with at least one capsule disposed between successive absorbent members, the capsule containing a releasable material for modifying characteristics of tobacco smoke during smoking, to form an elongate filter structure which is cut to suitable length, each length containing at least one absorbent member and at least one capsule; D. cutting every other absorbent member in said series of absorbent members at its axial midpoint to provide two dual-filter structures, each of said dual-filter structures comprising, in series, one half of a first absorbent member of twice the length of the first absorbent member, a first capsule, a second absorbent member, a second capsule, and one half of a third absorbent member, all disposed within said outer cover; E. providing a series of additional absorbent members, with one of said dual-filter structures being provided between adjacent additional absorbent members; and/or providing a quantity of activated carbon between each of said additional absorbent members and said adjacent dual-filter structure; F. cutting every other one of said series of additional absorbent members substantially midway between adjacent dual-filter structures, said step of cutting producing quad subassemblies, each of said quad subassemblies comprising one half of a first additional absorbent member, a first quantity of activated carbon, a first dual-filter structure, a second quantity of activated carbon, a second additional absorbent member, a third quantity of activated carbon, a second dual-filter structure, a fourth quantity of activated carbon, and one half of a third additional absorbent member; G. cutting each of said dual-filter structures midway between adjacent capsules; H. cutting each of said second additional absorbent members midway between adjacent dual-filter structures, whereby an individual cigarette filter assembly is provided; I. providing an additional absorbent member between adjacent pairs of said individual cigarette filter subassemblies to form a dual cigarette filter assembly; J. providing a tobacco rod generally adjacent each end of said dual cigarette filter assembly; K. joining the tobacco rods to the dual cigarette filter assembly with tipping paper; and L. cutting said additional absorbent member substantially midway between said adjacent pairs of said individual cigarette filter subassemblies to form individual cigarettes. | A cigarette filter subassembly is manufactured from a filter member having absorbent material encased within an outer cover. A plunger is passed axially through the absorbent material such that a pointed leading end of the plunger displaces the absorbent material radially outwardly against the cover to form a liner of compressed absorbent material along the cover's inside surface. An inner surface of the liner surrounds a hollow axial opening which is to receive absorbent members and capsules inserted axially therein. The capsules are adapted to be broken by a smoker to release an additive material which modifies characteristics of tobacco smoke. An outer cylindrical surface of the plunger optionally carries a transferable binder material that becomes smeared onto the inner surface of the liner to form thereon a coating which is impermeable to the additive material released from the capsule.1. A dual-filter structure formed by a method comprising the steps of:
A. providing a filter member comprised of absorbent material surrounded by a cover, the filter member defining a longitudinal center axis; B. passing a plunger axially through the absorbent material such that a generally pointed leading end of the plunger displaces the absorbent material radially outwardly, wherein the displaced absorbent material forms a liner along an inside surface of the cover and defines a hollow axial opening within the absorbent material; C. axially inserting a series of absorbent members into the hollow space, with at least one capsule disposed between successive absorbent members, the capsule containing a releasable material for modifying characteristics of tobacco smoke during smoking, to form an elongate filter structure which is cut to suitable length, each length containing at least one absorbent member and at least one capsule; D. cutting every other absorbent member in said series of absorbent members at its axial midpoint to provide two dual-filter structures, each of said dual-filter structures comprising, in series, one half of a first absorbent member of twice the length of the first absorbent member, a first capsule, a second absorbent member, a second capsule, and one half of a third absorbent member, all disposed within said outer cover. 2. A quad subassembly formed by a method comprising the steps of:
A. providing a filter member comprised of absorbent material surrounded by a cover, the filter member defining a longitudinal center axis; B. passing a plunger axially through the absorbent material such that a generally pointed leading end of the plunger displaces the absorbent material radially outwardly, wherein the displaced absorbent material forms a liner along an inside surface of the cover and defines a hollow axial opening within the absorbent material; C. axially inserting a series of absorbent members into the hollow space, with at least one capsule disposed between successive absorbent members, the capsule containing a releasable material for modifying characteristics of tobacco smoke during smoking, to form an elongate filter structure which is cut to suitable length, each length containing at least one absorbent member and at least one capsule; D. cutting every other absorbent member in said series of absorbent members at its axial midpoint to provide two dual-filter structures, each of said dual-filter structures comprising, in series, one half of a first absorbent member of twice the length of the first absorbent member, a first capsule, a second absorbent member, a second capsule, and one half of a third absorbent member, all disposed within said outer cover; E. providing a series of additional absorbent members, with one of said dual-filter structures being provided between adjacent additional absorbent members; and/or providing a quantity of activated carbon between each of said additional absorbent members and said adjacent dual-filter structure; F. cutting every other one of said series of additional absorbent members substantially midway between adjacent dual-filter structures, said step of cutting producing quad subassemblies, each of said quad subassemblies comprising one half of a first additional absorbent member, a first quantity of activated carbon, a first dual-filter structure, a second quantity of activated carbon, a second additional absorbent member, a third quantity of activated carbon, a second dual-filter structure, a fourth quantity of activated carbon, and one half of a third additional absorbent member. 3. An individual cigarette filter subassembly formed by a method comprising the steps of:
A. providing a filter member comprised of absorbent material surrounded by a cover, the filter member defining a longitudinal center axis; B. passing a plunger axially through the absorbent material such that a generally pointed leading end of the plunger displaces the absorbent material radially outwardly, wherein the displaced absorbent material forms a liner along an inside surface of the cover and defines a hollow axial opening within the absorbent material; C. axially inserting a series of absorbent members into the hollow space, with at least one capsule disposed between successive absorbent members, the capsule containing a releasable material for modifying characteristics of tobacco smoke during smoking, to form an elongate filter structure which is cut to suitable length, each length containing at least one absorbent member and at least one capsule; D. cutting every other absorbent member in said series of absorbent members at its axial midpoint to provide two dual-filter structures, each of said dual-filter structures comprising, in series, one half of a first absorbent member of twice the length of the first absorbent member, a first capsule, a second absorbent member, a second capsule, and one half of a third absorbent member, all disposed within said outer cover; E. providing a series of additional absorbent members, with one of said dual-filter structures being provided between adjacent additional absorbent members; and/or providing a quantity of activated carbon between each of said additional absorbent members and said adjacent dual-filter structure; F. cutting every other one of said series of additional absorbent members substantially midway between adjacent dual-filter structures, said step of cutting producing quad subassemblies, each of said quad subassemblies comprising one half of a first additional absorbent member, a first quantity of activated carbon, a first dual-filter structure, a second quantity of activated carbon, a second additional absorbent member, a third quantity of activated carbon, a second dual-filter structure, a fourth quantity of activated carbon, and one half of a third additional absorbent member; G. cutting each of said dual-filter structures midway between adjacent capsules; and H. cutting each of said second additional absorbent members midway between adjacent dual-filter structures, whereby an individual cigarette filter assembly is provided. 4. A cigarette formed by a method comprising the steps of:
A. providing a filter member comprised of absorbent material surrounded by a cover, the filter member defining a longitudinal center axis; B. passing a plunger axially through the absorbent material such that a generally pointed leading end of the plunger displaces the absorbent material radially outwardly, wherein the displaced absorbent material forms a liner along an inside surface of the cover and defines a hollow axial opening within the absorbent material; C. axially inserting a series of absorbent members into the hollow space, with at least one capsule disposed between successive absorbent members, the capsule containing a releasable material for modifying characteristics of tobacco smoke during smoking, to form an elongate filter structure which is cut to suitable length, each length containing at least one absorbent member and at least one capsule; D. cutting every other absorbent member in said series of absorbent members at its axial midpoint to provide two dual-filter structures, each of said dual-filter structures comprising, in series, one half of a first absorbent member of twice the length of the first absorbent member, a first capsule, a second absorbent member, a second capsule, and one half of a third absorbent member, all disposed within said outer cover; E. providing a series of additional absorbent members, with one of said dual-filter structures being provided between adjacent additional absorbent members; and/or providing a quantity of activated carbon between each of said additional absorbent members and said adjacent dual-filter structure; F. cutting every other one of said series of additional absorbent members substantially midway between adjacent dual-filter structures, said step of cutting producing quad subassemblies, each of said quad subassemblies comprising one half of a first additional absorbent member, a first quantity of activated carbon, a first dual-filter structure, a second quantity of activated carbon, a second additional absorbent member, a third quantity of activated carbon, a second dual-filter structure, a fourth quantity of activated carbon, and one half of a third additional absorbent member; G. cutting each of said dual-filter structures midway between adjacent capsules; H. cutting each of said second additional absorbent members midway between adjacent dual-filter structures, whereby an individual cigarette filter assembly is provided; I. providing an additional absorbent member between adjacent pairs of said individual cigarette filter subassemblies to form a dual cigarette filter assembly; J. providing a tobacco rod generally adjacent each end of said dual cigarette filter assembly; K. joining the tobacco rods to the dual cigarette filter assembly with tipping paper; and L. cutting said additional absorbent member substantially midway between said adjacent pairs of said individual cigarette filter subassemblies to form individual cigarettes. | 1,700 |
2,408 | 11,576,163 | 1,799 | The invention relates to a container for containing tissue, comprising at least one receiving space for tissue and at least one information surface for arranging data, wherein the information can be arranged by means of a laser. The invention also comprises a device provided with a laser for arranging information on such a container. The invention moreover also comprises a method for arranging information on such a container using a laser. | 1. Container for containing tissue, comprising
at least one receiving space for tissue, and at least one information surface for arranging data, characterized in that at least the information surface is manufactured from a material which can be colored by electromagnetic radiation. 2. Container as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the material which can be colored by electromagnetic radiation is formed substantially from a plastic material. 3. Container as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the whole container is formed substantially from the plastic material. 4. Container as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the plastic material comprises at least one of the following plastics: acetal copolymer, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, nylon, polyacetal, polycarbonate, polyester, polypropylene, polyurethane, polystyrene, polyphenylene sulphide, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate and polyoxymethylene. 5. Container as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the plastic material substantially comprises polyacetal. 6. Container as claimed claim 1, characterized in that the material which can be colored by electromagnetic radiation comprises a radiation-absorbing pigment. 7. Container as claimed in claim 6, characterized in that the radiation-absorbing pigment comprises at least one of the following components: mica, pearl pigment, kaolin, aluminium metal, aluminium silicate, antimony trioxide, iron oxide, tin oxide, titanium oxide and aluminium hydroxide. 8. Container as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the material which can be colored by radiation is formed by a laminate comprising at least two layers having mutually contrasting colors. 9. Container as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the information surface can be coupled releasably to the container. 10. Container as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the container is provided with a reference. 11. Container as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the information surface is provided with data arranged by selective coloring of the material which can be colored by radiation. 12. Device for arranging information on a container for tissue as claimed in claim 1, comprising;
marking means for arranging data on an information surface of the container, and positioning means for relative positioning of the information surface and the marking means, characterized in that the marking means comprise an electromagnetic radiation source. 13. Device as claimed in claim 12, characterized in that the electromagnetic radiation source is a laser. 14. Device as claimed in claim 12, characterized in that the positioning means comprise detection means for determining the position of the information surface of the container. 15. Device as claimed in claim 12, characterized in that the marking means are connected to a database win data 16. Method for arranging data on a container for tissue as claimed in claim 1, comprising the following processing steps of:
positioning an information surface of the container and an electromagnetic radiation source relative to each other, and arranging data on the information surface by selective coloring of at least a part of the information surface by means of electromagnetic radiation. 17. Method as claimed in claim 16, characterized in that a laser is used as electromagnetic radiation source. 18. Method as claimed in claim 16, characterized in that the data are arranged using a device comprising:
marking means for arranging data on an information surface of the container, the marking means comprising an electromagnetic radiation source, and positioning means for relative positioning of the information surface and the marking means. | The invention relates to a container for containing tissue, comprising at least one receiving space for tissue and at least one information surface for arranging data, wherein the information can be arranged by means of a laser. The invention also comprises a device provided with a laser for arranging information on such a container. The invention moreover also comprises a method for arranging information on such a container using a laser.1. Container for containing tissue, comprising
at least one receiving space for tissue, and at least one information surface for arranging data, characterized in that at least the information surface is manufactured from a material which can be colored by electromagnetic radiation. 2. Container as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the material which can be colored by electromagnetic radiation is formed substantially from a plastic material. 3. Container as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the whole container is formed substantially from the plastic material. 4. Container as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the plastic material comprises at least one of the following plastics: acetal copolymer, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, nylon, polyacetal, polycarbonate, polyester, polypropylene, polyurethane, polystyrene, polyphenylene sulphide, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate and polyoxymethylene. 5. Container as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the plastic material substantially comprises polyacetal. 6. Container as claimed claim 1, characterized in that the material which can be colored by electromagnetic radiation comprises a radiation-absorbing pigment. 7. Container as claimed in claim 6, characterized in that the radiation-absorbing pigment comprises at least one of the following components: mica, pearl pigment, kaolin, aluminium metal, aluminium silicate, antimony trioxide, iron oxide, tin oxide, titanium oxide and aluminium hydroxide. 8. Container as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the material which can be colored by radiation is formed by a laminate comprising at least two layers having mutually contrasting colors. 9. Container as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the information surface can be coupled releasably to the container. 10. Container as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the container is provided with a reference. 11. Container as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the information surface is provided with data arranged by selective coloring of the material which can be colored by radiation. 12. Device for arranging information on a container for tissue as claimed in claim 1, comprising;
marking means for arranging data on an information surface of the container, and positioning means for relative positioning of the information surface and the marking means, characterized in that the marking means comprise an electromagnetic radiation source. 13. Device as claimed in claim 12, characterized in that the electromagnetic radiation source is a laser. 14. Device as claimed in claim 12, characterized in that the positioning means comprise detection means for determining the position of the information surface of the container. 15. Device as claimed in claim 12, characterized in that the marking means are connected to a database win data 16. Method for arranging data on a container for tissue as claimed in claim 1, comprising the following processing steps of:
positioning an information surface of the container and an electromagnetic radiation source relative to each other, and arranging data on the information surface by selective coloring of at least a part of the information surface by means of electromagnetic radiation. 17. Method as claimed in claim 16, characterized in that a laser is used as electromagnetic radiation source. 18. Method as claimed in claim 16, characterized in that the data are arranged using a device comprising:
marking means for arranging data on an information surface of the container, the marking means comprising an electromagnetic radiation source, and positioning means for relative positioning of the information surface and the marking means. | 1,700 |
2,409 | 14,758,572 | 1,727 | An electrode for a phosphoric acid fuel cell includes a phosphoric acid electrode; catalyst particles on the phosphoric acid electrode; and a fluoropolymer on the catalyst particles. Methods for making such electrodes using soluble fluoropolymer are also provided. | 1. An electrode for a phosphoric acid fuel cell, comprising:
a phosphoric acid electrode; catalyst particles on the phosphoric acid electrode; and a fluoropolymer on the catalyst particles. 2. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the fluoropolymer is a film on the catalyst particles. 3. The electrode of claim 2, wherein the film has a film thickness of between 1 and 100 nm. 4. The electrode of claim 2, wherein the film has a substantially uniform thickness, and is substantially conformal to the catalyst particles. 5. The electrode of claim 2, wherein the film contains the fluoropolymer in a greater concentration than in the rest of the electrode. 6. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the catalyst particles comprise a catalyst metal supported on carbon. 7. The electrode of claim 6, wherein the catalyst metal is selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pt-alloys Pt and Pd core shell structures, metallocenes, non-noble metals and combinations thereof. 8. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the fluoropolymer is a soluble fluoropolymer. 9. The electrode of claim 8, wherein the soluble fluoropolymer is selected from the group consisting of amorphous fluoropolymers, semi crystalline fluoropolymers and combinations thereof. 10. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a thickness of 5 to 200 microns. 11. A method for making an electrode for a phosphoric acid fuel cell, comprising the steps of:
combining catalyst particles with a fluoropolymer solution to form a catalyst-fluoropolymer dispersion containing coated catalyst particles coated with fluoropolymer; and applying the coated catalyst particles to an electrode substrate. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the applying step comprises impregnating the electrode substrate with the dispersion. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the applying step comprises coating the electrode substrate with the dispersion. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the applying step comprises the steps of:
drying the dispersion to produce dried coated catalyst particles, and coating the electrode substrate with the dried coated catalyst particles. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the fluoropolymer solution comprises a solution of an amorphous fluoropolymer. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the catalyst particles comprise a catalyst metal supported on carbon. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the catalyst metal is selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pt-alloys, Pt and Pd core-shell structures, metallocenes, non-noble metals and combinations thereof. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the fluoropolymer is a soluble fluoropolymer. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the soluble fluorocarbon is selected from the group consisting of amorphous fluoropolymers, semi crystalline fluoropolymers and combinations thereof. 20. The electrode of claim 11, wherein the electrode has a thickness of 5 to 200 microns. | An electrode for a phosphoric acid fuel cell includes a phosphoric acid electrode; catalyst particles on the phosphoric acid electrode; and a fluoropolymer on the catalyst particles. Methods for making such electrodes using soluble fluoropolymer are also provided.1. An electrode for a phosphoric acid fuel cell, comprising:
a phosphoric acid electrode; catalyst particles on the phosphoric acid electrode; and a fluoropolymer on the catalyst particles. 2. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the fluoropolymer is a film on the catalyst particles. 3. The electrode of claim 2, wherein the film has a film thickness of between 1 and 100 nm. 4. The electrode of claim 2, wherein the film has a substantially uniform thickness, and is substantially conformal to the catalyst particles. 5. The electrode of claim 2, wherein the film contains the fluoropolymer in a greater concentration than in the rest of the electrode. 6. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the catalyst particles comprise a catalyst metal supported on carbon. 7. The electrode of claim 6, wherein the catalyst metal is selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pt-alloys Pt and Pd core shell structures, metallocenes, non-noble metals and combinations thereof. 8. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the fluoropolymer is a soluble fluoropolymer. 9. The electrode of claim 8, wherein the soluble fluoropolymer is selected from the group consisting of amorphous fluoropolymers, semi crystalline fluoropolymers and combinations thereof. 10. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a thickness of 5 to 200 microns. 11. A method for making an electrode for a phosphoric acid fuel cell, comprising the steps of:
combining catalyst particles with a fluoropolymer solution to form a catalyst-fluoropolymer dispersion containing coated catalyst particles coated with fluoropolymer; and applying the coated catalyst particles to an electrode substrate. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the applying step comprises impregnating the electrode substrate with the dispersion. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the applying step comprises coating the electrode substrate with the dispersion. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the applying step comprises the steps of:
drying the dispersion to produce dried coated catalyst particles, and coating the electrode substrate with the dried coated catalyst particles. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the fluoropolymer solution comprises a solution of an amorphous fluoropolymer. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the catalyst particles comprise a catalyst metal supported on carbon. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the catalyst metal is selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pt-alloys, Pt and Pd core-shell structures, metallocenes, non-noble metals and combinations thereof. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the fluoropolymer is a soluble fluoropolymer. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the soluble fluorocarbon is selected from the group consisting of amorphous fluoropolymers, semi crystalline fluoropolymers and combinations thereof. 20. The electrode of claim 11, wherein the electrode has a thickness of 5 to 200 microns. | 1,700 |
2,410 | 13,510,157 | 1,736 | Disclosed is a material capable of adsorbing carbon dioxide which is obtainable by compressing a mixture of a carbonious material selected from fossil carbons and/or graphite and a solid binder consisting of a disaccharide or glucose in powder form. | 1. A material capable of adsorbing carbon dioxide obtainable by compressing a mixture of fossil carbons and/or graphite and a solid binder consisting of disaccharide or glucose in powder form. 2. Material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the carbonious material is anthracite. 3. Material as claimed in claim 2, wherein the disaccharide is saccharose in solid state. 4. Material as claimed in claim 2, wherein the anthracite has a heterogeneous particle size with particles of dimensions ranging between 1 micron and 7 mm. 5. A material as claimed in claim 1, treated by immersion in carbon dioxide in the liquid state. 6. Double-wall cooling containers wherein the material claimed in claim 5 is introduced into the cavity formed in the double wall of the container. 7. Containers as claimed in claim 6, with ball valves or other inner pressure control devices. 8. Containers as claimed in claim 6, wherein the double chamber is made of steel, plastic or non-ferrous metal. 9. A method for storing drugs, cosmetics, foods, medical devices, medical/surgical supplies and human organs with the containers claimed in claim 6. 10. Method for insulation and storage in the construction and other industries with the container claimed in claim 6. 11. Method for the storage of carbon dioxide with the container claimed in claim 1. 12. Method for manufacturing cutting tools with the material claimed in claim 5. 13. Method for cooling in the construction and other industries with the material claimed in claim 5. | Disclosed is a material capable of adsorbing carbon dioxide which is obtainable by compressing a mixture of a carbonious material selected from fossil carbons and/or graphite and a solid binder consisting of a disaccharide or glucose in powder form.1. A material capable of adsorbing carbon dioxide obtainable by compressing a mixture of fossil carbons and/or graphite and a solid binder consisting of disaccharide or glucose in powder form. 2. Material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the carbonious material is anthracite. 3. Material as claimed in claim 2, wherein the disaccharide is saccharose in solid state. 4. Material as claimed in claim 2, wherein the anthracite has a heterogeneous particle size with particles of dimensions ranging between 1 micron and 7 mm. 5. A material as claimed in claim 1, treated by immersion in carbon dioxide in the liquid state. 6. Double-wall cooling containers wherein the material claimed in claim 5 is introduced into the cavity formed in the double wall of the container. 7. Containers as claimed in claim 6, with ball valves or other inner pressure control devices. 8. Containers as claimed in claim 6, wherein the double chamber is made of steel, plastic or non-ferrous metal. 9. A method for storing drugs, cosmetics, foods, medical devices, medical/surgical supplies and human organs with the containers claimed in claim 6. 10. Method for insulation and storage in the construction and other industries with the container claimed in claim 6. 11. Method for the storage of carbon dioxide with the container claimed in claim 1. 12. Method for manufacturing cutting tools with the material claimed in claim 5. 13. Method for cooling in the construction and other industries with the material claimed in claim 5. | 1,700 |
2,411 | 14,476,045 | 1,721 | A vehicle traction battery heat sink includes a first fin having a cell contact portion in thermal contact with a plurality of battery cells. The first fin also includes a connector portion extending from the cell contact portion. The heat sink further includes a thermal plate in thermal contact with the connector portion and a thermal agent circulated within the thermal plate. The heat sink allows heat generated by the plurality of battery cells to be transferred through the fin to the thermal plate. | 1. A vehicle traction battery heat sink comprising:
a first fin having a cell contact portion in thermal contact with a plurality of battery cells and a connector portion extending from the cell contact portion; and a thermal plate in thermal contact with the connector portion and having a thermal agent circulated within the thermal plate, wherein heat is exchanged between the plurality of battery cells and the thermal plate through the fin. 2. The vehicle traction battery heat sink of claim 1 further comprising a thermal interface material positioned in between the connector portion and the thermal plate, wherein the heat from the battery cells is transferred from the fin, through the thermal interface material, and to the thermal plate. 3. The vehicle traction battery heat sink of claim 1 wherein the cell contact portion of the fin is pliable and conforms to an external surface of a plurality of battery cells arranged in an array to create a surface area contact. 4. The vehicle traction battery heat sink of claim 1 wherein the cell contact portion of the fin is pre-formed having a corrugated shape to nest with a corresponding external surface of a plurality of battery cells arranged in an array to create surface area contact. 5. The vehicle traction battery heat sink of claim 1 wherein the plurality of battery cells are arranged in adjacent arrays and the cell contact portion of the fin is in surface area contact with each of two adjacent arrays. 6. The vehicle traction battery heat sink of claim 1 further comprising a manifold in fluid flow connection with the thermal plate, wherein the manifold exchanges heat with the fin through contact with an end of the fin. 7. The vehicle traction battery heat sink of claim 1 further comprising a second fin having a cell contact portion and a connector portion wherein the connector portion of the first fin interlocks with the connector portion of the second fin. 8. A vehicle traction battery comprising:
a plurality of adjacent battery cell arrays; a plurality of fins, each including a cell contact portion in thermal contact with a cell array and a connector portion beneath a cell array; and a thermal plate in contact with the connector portion of each fin, wherein the connector portion of each fin engages adjacent connector portions to provide a substantially continuous mounting surface across the plurality of cell arrays. 9. The vehicle traction battery of claim 8 further comprising a thermal interface material positioned between the connector portion of each fin and the thermal plate such that heat is transferred between the battery cell arrays and the thermal plate through the fin and the thermal interface material. 10. The vehicle traction battery of claim 8 further comprising a manifold in thermal contact with an end portion of the fin, the manifold being adapted to circulate a thermal agent through an internal cavity to exchange heat with an end portion of at least one fin. 11. The vehicle traction battery of claim 10 wherein the manifold is in fluid flow connection with the thermal plate to circulate the thermal agent within the thermal plate. 12. The vehicle traction battery of claim 8 wherein the cell portion is preformed to a corrugated shape to nest with an external shape of a plurality of battery cells to create a surface area contact. 13. The vehicle traction battery of claim 8 wherein the cell portion of each of the plurality of fins is pliable and conforms to an external shape of a battery cell array to create a surface area contact. 14. A vehicle traction battery assembly comprising:
a plurality of battery cells arranged in an array, the array having a first row of battery cells and a second row of battery cells; a first fin abutting an exterior surface of the first row of battery cells; a second fin abutting an exterior surface of both of the first row and the second row of battery cells; and a thermal plate disposed beneath the array and in contact with the first fin and the second fin, wherein heat is exchanged between the battery cells and the thermal plate by conduction transfer through the first fin and the second fin. 15. The vehicle traction battery assembly of claim 14 further comprising a compressible thermal interface material disposed between each of the first and second fins and the thermal plate, wherein the heat exchanged between the battery cells to the thermal plate is conducted through the first fin, the second fin, and the thermal interface material. 16. The vehicle traction battery assembly of claim 14 wherein a thermal agent is circulated through the thermal plate. 17. The vehicle traction battery assembly of claim 14 further comprising a manifold in fluid flow connection with the thermal plate wherein the manifold contacts an end portion of each of the first fin and the second fin to exchange heat with the battery cells. 18. The vehicle traction battery assembly of claim 14 wherein the first fin is pliable to conform to the exterior surface of the first row of battery cells. 19. The vehicle traction battery assembly of claim 14 wherein the first fin and the second fin each define a cell contact portion in thermal contact with the plurality of battery cells, and further define a connector portion that extends laterally from the cell contact portion, the connector portion in contact with the thermal plate. 20. The vehicle traction battery assembly of claim 19 wherein the connector portion of the first fin engages the connector portion of the second fin to define a lap joint thereby creating a substantially continuous base beneath the array. | A vehicle traction battery heat sink includes a first fin having a cell contact portion in thermal contact with a plurality of battery cells. The first fin also includes a connector portion extending from the cell contact portion. The heat sink further includes a thermal plate in thermal contact with the connector portion and a thermal agent circulated within the thermal plate. The heat sink allows heat generated by the plurality of battery cells to be transferred through the fin to the thermal plate.1. A vehicle traction battery heat sink comprising:
a first fin having a cell contact portion in thermal contact with a plurality of battery cells and a connector portion extending from the cell contact portion; and a thermal plate in thermal contact with the connector portion and having a thermal agent circulated within the thermal plate, wherein heat is exchanged between the plurality of battery cells and the thermal plate through the fin. 2. The vehicle traction battery heat sink of claim 1 further comprising a thermal interface material positioned in between the connector portion and the thermal plate, wherein the heat from the battery cells is transferred from the fin, through the thermal interface material, and to the thermal plate. 3. The vehicle traction battery heat sink of claim 1 wherein the cell contact portion of the fin is pliable and conforms to an external surface of a plurality of battery cells arranged in an array to create a surface area contact. 4. The vehicle traction battery heat sink of claim 1 wherein the cell contact portion of the fin is pre-formed having a corrugated shape to nest with a corresponding external surface of a plurality of battery cells arranged in an array to create surface area contact. 5. The vehicle traction battery heat sink of claim 1 wherein the plurality of battery cells are arranged in adjacent arrays and the cell contact portion of the fin is in surface area contact with each of two adjacent arrays. 6. The vehicle traction battery heat sink of claim 1 further comprising a manifold in fluid flow connection with the thermal plate, wherein the manifold exchanges heat with the fin through contact with an end of the fin. 7. The vehicle traction battery heat sink of claim 1 further comprising a second fin having a cell contact portion and a connector portion wherein the connector portion of the first fin interlocks with the connector portion of the second fin. 8. A vehicle traction battery comprising:
a plurality of adjacent battery cell arrays; a plurality of fins, each including a cell contact portion in thermal contact with a cell array and a connector portion beneath a cell array; and a thermal plate in contact with the connector portion of each fin, wherein the connector portion of each fin engages adjacent connector portions to provide a substantially continuous mounting surface across the plurality of cell arrays. 9. The vehicle traction battery of claim 8 further comprising a thermal interface material positioned between the connector portion of each fin and the thermal plate such that heat is transferred between the battery cell arrays and the thermal plate through the fin and the thermal interface material. 10. The vehicle traction battery of claim 8 further comprising a manifold in thermal contact with an end portion of the fin, the manifold being adapted to circulate a thermal agent through an internal cavity to exchange heat with an end portion of at least one fin. 11. The vehicle traction battery of claim 10 wherein the manifold is in fluid flow connection with the thermal plate to circulate the thermal agent within the thermal plate. 12. The vehicle traction battery of claim 8 wherein the cell portion is preformed to a corrugated shape to nest with an external shape of a plurality of battery cells to create a surface area contact. 13. The vehicle traction battery of claim 8 wherein the cell portion of each of the plurality of fins is pliable and conforms to an external shape of a battery cell array to create a surface area contact. 14. A vehicle traction battery assembly comprising:
a plurality of battery cells arranged in an array, the array having a first row of battery cells and a second row of battery cells; a first fin abutting an exterior surface of the first row of battery cells; a second fin abutting an exterior surface of both of the first row and the second row of battery cells; and a thermal plate disposed beneath the array and in contact with the first fin and the second fin, wherein heat is exchanged between the battery cells and the thermal plate by conduction transfer through the first fin and the second fin. 15. The vehicle traction battery assembly of claim 14 further comprising a compressible thermal interface material disposed between each of the first and second fins and the thermal plate, wherein the heat exchanged between the battery cells to the thermal plate is conducted through the first fin, the second fin, and the thermal interface material. 16. The vehicle traction battery assembly of claim 14 wherein a thermal agent is circulated through the thermal plate. 17. The vehicle traction battery assembly of claim 14 further comprising a manifold in fluid flow connection with the thermal plate wherein the manifold contacts an end portion of each of the first fin and the second fin to exchange heat with the battery cells. 18. The vehicle traction battery assembly of claim 14 wherein the first fin is pliable to conform to the exterior surface of the first row of battery cells. 19. The vehicle traction battery assembly of claim 14 wherein the first fin and the second fin each define a cell contact portion in thermal contact with the plurality of battery cells, and further define a connector portion that extends laterally from the cell contact portion, the connector portion in contact with the thermal plate. 20. The vehicle traction battery assembly of claim 19 wherein the connector portion of the first fin engages the connector portion of the second fin to define a lap joint thereby creating a substantially continuous base beneath the array. | 1,700 |
2,412 | 14,838,482 | 1,784 | Methods and apparatus provide for: a glass substrate having a first strain to failure characteristic, a first elastic modulus characteristic, and a flexural strength; and a coating applied over the glass substrate to produce a composite structure in order to increase a hardness thereof, where the coating has a second strain to failure characteristic and a second elastic modulus characteristic, where the first strain to failure characteristic is higher than the second strain to failure characteristic, and one of: (i) the first elastic modulus characteristic is above a minimum predetermined threshold such that any reduction of the flexural strength of the glass substrate resulting from application of the coating is mitigated; and (ii) the first elastic modulus characteristic is below a maximum predetermined threshold such that any reduction of the strain to failure of the glass substrate resulting from application of the coating is mitigated. | 1. A method, comprising:
providing a glass substrate having a first strain to failure characteristic, a first elastic modulus characteristic, and a flexural strength; applying a coating over the glass substrate to produce a composite structure, where the coating has a second strain to failure characteristic and a second elastic modulus characteristic, wherein the first strain to failure characteristic is higher than the second strain to failure characteristic; and selecting the first elastic modulus characteristic such that one of: (i) the first elastic modulus characteristic is above a minimum predetermined threshold such that any reduction of the flexural strength of the glass substrate resulting from application of the coating is mitigated; and (ii) the first elastic modulus characteristic is below a maximum predetermined threshold such that any reduction of the strain to failure of the glass substrate resulting from application of the coating is mitigated. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of:
the first strain to failure characteristic is greater than about 1% and the second strain to failure characteristic is lower than about 1%; and the first strain to failure characteristic is greater than about 0.5% and the second strain to failure characteristic is lower than about 0.5%. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of:
the minimum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is at least about 70 GPa; the minimum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is at least about 75 GPa; the minimum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is at least about 80 GPa; and the minimum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is at least about 85 GPa. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of:
the maximum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is no greater than about 65 GPa; the maximum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is no greater than about 60 GPa; the maximum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is no greater than about 55 GPa; and the maximum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is no greater than about 50 GPa. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the second elastic modulus characteristic of the coating is at least one of: at least 40 GPa, at least 45 GPa, at least 50 GPa, at least 55 GPa, and at least 60 GPa. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the flexural strength of the composite structure after application of the coating is at least one of: at least 200 MPa, at least 250 MPa, at least 300 MPa, at least 350 MPa, and at least 400 MPa. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the glass substrate is a non-ion exchanged glass. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the glass substrate is an ion exchanged glass. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating includes one or more of silicon nitrides, silicon oxy-nitrides, silicon carbides, silicon oxy-carbides, aluminum nitrides, aluminum oxy-nitrides (AlON), aluminum carbides, aluminum oxy-carbides, aluminum oxides, diamond-like carbon, nanocrystalline diamond, oxides, and indium tin oxide (ITO). 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying an intermediate coating to the glass substrate prior to applying the coating over the glass substrate to produce the composite structure. 11. An apparatus, comprising:
a glass substrate having a first strain to failure characteristic, a first elastic modulus characteristic, and a flexural strength; and a coating applied over the glass substrate to produce a composite structure, where the coating has a second strain to failure characteristic and a second elastic modulus characteristic, wherein the first strain to failure characteristic is higher than the second strain to failure characteristic, wherein: the first elastic modulus characteristic is selected such that one of: (i) the first elastic modulus characteristic is above a minimum predetermined threshold such that any reduction of the flexural strength of the glass substrate resulting from application of the coating is mitigated; and (ii) the first elastic modulus characteristic is below a maximum predetermined threshold such that any reduction of the strain to failure of the glass substrate resulting from application of the coating is mitigated. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein at least one of:
the first strain to failure characteristic is greater than about 1% and the second strain to failure characteristic is lower than about 1%; and the first strain to failure characteristic is greater than about 0.5% and the second strain to failure characteristic is lower than about 0.5%. 13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein at least one of:
the minimum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is at least about 70 GPa; the minimum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is at least about 75 GPa; the minimum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is at least about 80 GPa; and the minimum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is at least about 85 GPa. 14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein at least one of:
the maximum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is no greater than about 65 GPa; the maximum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is no greater than about 60 GPa; the maximum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is no greater than about 55 GPa; and the maximum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is no greater than about 50 GPa. 15. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the second elastic modulus characteristic of the coating is at least one of: at least 40 GPa, at least 45 GPa, at least 50 GPa, at least 55 GPa, and at least 60 GPa. 16. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the flexural strength of the composite structure after application of the coating is at least one of: at least 200 MPa, at least 250 MPa, at least 300 MPa, at least 350 MPa, and at least 400 MPa. 17. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the glass substrate is a non-ion exchanged glass. 18. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the glass substrate is an ion exchanged glass. 19. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the coating includes one or more of silicon nitrides, silicon oxy-nitrides, silicon carbides, silicon oxy-carbides, aluminum nitrides, aluminum oxy-nitrides (AlON), aluminum carbides, aluminum oxy-carbides, aluminum oxides, diamond-like carbon, nanocrystalline diamond, oxides, and indium tin oxide (ITO). 20. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising an intermediate coating between the glass substrate and the coating to produce the composite structure. 21. An apparatus comprising:
a glass substrate having a modulus higher than one of: about 75GPa, about 80GPa, and about 85GPa; a coating disposed on the glass substrate, the coating having a strain to failure that is lower than that of the glass substrate, wherein a characteristic flexural strength of the glass substrate and coating combined is at least one of: at least 200 MPa, at least 250 MPa, at least 300 MPa, at least 350 MPa, at least 400 MPa, at least 500 MPa, at least 700 MPa, at least 1000 MPa, and at least 1500 MPa. 22. An apparatus comprising:
a glass substrate having a modulus lower than one of: about 65 GPa, 60 GPa, 55 GPa, 50 GPa, 45 GPa, and 40 GPa; a coating disposed on the glass substrate, the coating having a strain to failure that is lower than that of the glass substrate, wherein a characteristic strain-to-failure of the glass substrate and coating combined is at least one of: at least 0.5%, at least 0.8%, at least 1%, at least 1.5%, at least 2.0%, and at least 2.5%. | Methods and apparatus provide for: a glass substrate having a first strain to failure characteristic, a first elastic modulus characteristic, and a flexural strength; and a coating applied over the glass substrate to produce a composite structure in order to increase a hardness thereof, where the coating has a second strain to failure characteristic and a second elastic modulus characteristic, where the first strain to failure characteristic is higher than the second strain to failure characteristic, and one of: (i) the first elastic modulus characteristic is above a minimum predetermined threshold such that any reduction of the flexural strength of the glass substrate resulting from application of the coating is mitigated; and (ii) the first elastic modulus characteristic is below a maximum predetermined threshold such that any reduction of the strain to failure of the glass substrate resulting from application of the coating is mitigated.1. A method, comprising:
providing a glass substrate having a first strain to failure characteristic, a first elastic modulus characteristic, and a flexural strength; applying a coating over the glass substrate to produce a composite structure, where the coating has a second strain to failure characteristic and a second elastic modulus characteristic, wherein the first strain to failure characteristic is higher than the second strain to failure characteristic; and selecting the first elastic modulus characteristic such that one of: (i) the first elastic modulus characteristic is above a minimum predetermined threshold such that any reduction of the flexural strength of the glass substrate resulting from application of the coating is mitigated; and (ii) the first elastic modulus characteristic is below a maximum predetermined threshold such that any reduction of the strain to failure of the glass substrate resulting from application of the coating is mitigated. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of:
the first strain to failure characteristic is greater than about 1% and the second strain to failure characteristic is lower than about 1%; and the first strain to failure characteristic is greater than about 0.5% and the second strain to failure characteristic is lower than about 0.5%. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of:
the minimum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is at least about 70 GPa; the minimum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is at least about 75 GPa; the minimum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is at least about 80 GPa; and the minimum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is at least about 85 GPa. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of:
the maximum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is no greater than about 65 GPa; the maximum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is no greater than about 60 GPa; the maximum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is no greater than about 55 GPa; and the maximum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is no greater than about 50 GPa. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the second elastic modulus characteristic of the coating is at least one of: at least 40 GPa, at least 45 GPa, at least 50 GPa, at least 55 GPa, and at least 60 GPa. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the flexural strength of the composite structure after application of the coating is at least one of: at least 200 MPa, at least 250 MPa, at least 300 MPa, at least 350 MPa, and at least 400 MPa. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the glass substrate is a non-ion exchanged glass. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the glass substrate is an ion exchanged glass. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating includes one or more of silicon nitrides, silicon oxy-nitrides, silicon carbides, silicon oxy-carbides, aluminum nitrides, aluminum oxy-nitrides (AlON), aluminum carbides, aluminum oxy-carbides, aluminum oxides, diamond-like carbon, nanocrystalline diamond, oxides, and indium tin oxide (ITO). 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying an intermediate coating to the glass substrate prior to applying the coating over the glass substrate to produce the composite structure. 11. An apparatus, comprising:
a glass substrate having a first strain to failure characteristic, a first elastic modulus characteristic, and a flexural strength; and a coating applied over the glass substrate to produce a composite structure, where the coating has a second strain to failure characteristic and a second elastic modulus characteristic, wherein the first strain to failure characteristic is higher than the second strain to failure characteristic, wherein: the first elastic modulus characteristic is selected such that one of: (i) the first elastic modulus characteristic is above a minimum predetermined threshold such that any reduction of the flexural strength of the glass substrate resulting from application of the coating is mitigated; and (ii) the first elastic modulus characteristic is below a maximum predetermined threshold such that any reduction of the strain to failure of the glass substrate resulting from application of the coating is mitigated. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein at least one of:
the first strain to failure characteristic is greater than about 1% and the second strain to failure characteristic is lower than about 1%; and the first strain to failure characteristic is greater than about 0.5% and the second strain to failure characteristic is lower than about 0.5%. 13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein at least one of:
the minimum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is at least about 70 GPa; the minimum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is at least about 75 GPa; the minimum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is at least about 80 GPa; and the minimum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is at least about 85 GPa. 14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein at least one of:
the maximum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is no greater than about 65 GPa; the maximum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is no greater than about 60 GPa; the maximum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is no greater than about 55 GPa; and the maximum predetermined threshold for the first elastic modulus characteristic of the glass substrate is no greater than about 50 GPa. 15. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the second elastic modulus characteristic of the coating is at least one of: at least 40 GPa, at least 45 GPa, at least 50 GPa, at least 55 GPa, and at least 60 GPa. 16. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the flexural strength of the composite structure after application of the coating is at least one of: at least 200 MPa, at least 250 MPa, at least 300 MPa, at least 350 MPa, and at least 400 MPa. 17. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the glass substrate is a non-ion exchanged glass. 18. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the glass substrate is an ion exchanged glass. 19. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the coating includes one or more of silicon nitrides, silicon oxy-nitrides, silicon carbides, silicon oxy-carbides, aluminum nitrides, aluminum oxy-nitrides (AlON), aluminum carbides, aluminum oxy-carbides, aluminum oxides, diamond-like carbon, nanocrystalline diamond, oxides, and indium tin oxide (ITO). 20. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising an intermediate coating between the glass substrate and the coating to produce the composite structure. 21. An apparatus comprising:
a glass substrate having a modulus higher than one of: about 75GPa, about 80GPa, and about 85GPa; a coating disposed on the glass substrate, the coating having a strain to failure that is lower than that of the glass substrate, wherein a characteristic flexural strength of the glass substrate and coating combined is at least one of: at least 200 MPa, at least 250 MPa, at least 300 MPa, at least 350 MPa, at least 400 MPa, at least 500 MPa, at least 700 MPa, at least 1000 MPa, and at least 1500 MPa. 22. An apparatus comprising:
a glass substrate having a modulus lower than one of: about 65 GPa, 60 GPa, 55 GPa, 50 GPa, 45 GPa, and 40 GPa; a coating disposed on the glass substrate, the coating having a strain to failure that is lower than that of the glass substrate, wherein a characteristic strain-to-failure of the glass substrate and coating combined is at least one of: at least 0.5%, at least 0.8%, at least 1%, at least 1.5%, at least 2.0%, and at least 2.5%. | 1,700 |
2,413 | 13,818,191 | 1,729 | A casing for a lithium bipolar electrochemical battery including a bipolar element. The casing includes a composite material including a matrix and at least one porous reinforcement, the matrix of which includes at least one hardened polymer impregnating the at least one porous reinforcement, wherein the at least one porous reinforcement and the at least one hardened polymer encase the bipolar element and maintain a determined pressure on either side of the bipolar element to maintain a determined contact between its constituents. | 1-16. (canceled) 17. A bipolar lithium electrochemical battery comprising:
at least one bipolar element; and a casing encapsulating the bipolar element; wherein the casing includes a composite material, including a matrix and at least one porous reinforcement, the matrix of which including at least one hardened polymer impregnating the at least one porous reinforcement, wherein the at least one porous reinforcement and the at least one hardened polymer encase the bipolar element and apply a determined pressure to either side of the bipolar element, to maintain a determined contact between its constituents. 18. The lithium bipolar electrochemical battery according to claim 17, wherein the at least one porous reinforcement is fabric and/or a mat. 19. The lithium bipolar electrochemical battery according to claim 17, wherein the at least one porous reinforcement includes at least two portions, one on each face of the bipolar element. 20. The lithium bipolar electrochemical battery according to claim 17, wherein poles forming charging terminals of the battery include tabs that extend towards outside the battery from within the battery, projecting from the at least one hardened polymer. 21. The lithium bipolar electrochemical battery according to claim 17, wherein poles forming charging terminals of the battery include at least first and second contacts, the first contact fitted on to one face of the battery, and the second contact is of opposite polarity and fitted on to another face of the battery. 22. The lithium bipolar electrochemical battery according to claim 21, wherein the poles include at least four contacts, wherein each face of the battery includes at least two poles, one negative and one positive, with a pole in each corner, and both poles of one face face each of the two poles of the other face, and wherein two poles of a given corner are of same polarity. 23. The lithium bipolar electrochemical battery according to claim 17, wherein the at least one porous reinforcement is made from carbon fibers and the hardened polymer is an epoxy resin. 24. A method for producing a casing of a lithium bipolar electrochemical battery including a bipolar element, the method comprising:
installing a subassembly including a bipolar element between two portions of at least one porous reinforcement impregnated by at least one polymer or one or more monomers in a mold; applying a determined pressure to either side of the two impregnated reinforcement portions of the subassembly in the mold, until the at least one polymer is hardened. 25. The method according to claim 24, wherein the method includes impregnation of both porous reinforcing portions after they are installed exposed around the bipolar element. 26. The method according to claim 24, wherein the installing includes installing porous reinforcing portions that have been pre-impregnated by at least one polymer or one or more monomers. 27. The method according to claim 24, wherein the applying is accomplished at ambient temperature. 28. The method according to claim 24, wherein the applying is accomplished with a pressure between 0.05 MPa and 0.5 MPa. 29. An assembly including a stack of batteries according to claim 21, wherein contacts of opposite polarity between two adjacent batteries are in contact. 30. An assembly including a row of batteries according to claim 21, wherein contacts of a same polarity are connected to one another by an electrical connecting strip. 31. An assembly including a stack of batteries according to claim 22, wherein the contacts of a same polarity between two adjacent batteries are in contact. 32. An assembly according to claim 31, wherein all batteries have a same unit power. | A casing for a lithium bipolar electrochemical battery including a bipolar element. The casing includes a composite material including a matrix and at least one porous reinforcement, the matrix of which includes at least one hardened polymer impregnating the at least one porous reinforcement, wherein the at least one porous reinforcement and the at least one hardened polymer encase the bipolar element and maintain a determined pressure on either side of the bipolar element to maintain a determined contact between its constituents.1-16. (canceled) 17. A bipolar lithium electrochemical battery comprising:
at least one bipolar element; and a casing encapsulating the bipolar element; wherein the casing includes a composite material, including a matrix and at least one porous reinforcement, the matrix of which including at least one hardened polymer impregnating the at least one porous reinforcement, wherein the at least one porous reinforcement and the at least one hardened polymer encase the bipolar element and apply a determined pressure to either side of the bipolar element, to maintain a determined contact between its constituents. 18. The lithium bipolar electrochemical battery according to claim 17, wherein the at least one porous reinforcement is fabric and/or a mat. 19. The lithium bipolar electrochemical battery according to claim 17, wherein the at least one porous reinforcement includes at least two portions, one on each face of the bipolar element. 20. The lithium bipolar electrochemical battery according to claim 17, wherein poles forming charging terminals of the battery include tabs that extend towards outside the battery from within the battery, projecting from the at least one hardened polymer. 21. The lithium bipolar electrochemical battery according to claim 17, wherein poles forming charging terminals of the battery include at least first and second contacts, the first contact fitted on to one face of the battery, and the second contact is of opposite polarity and fitted on to another face of the battery. 22. The lithium bipolar electrochemical battery according to claim 21, wherein the poles include at least four contacts, wherein each face of the battery includes at least two poles, one negative and one positive, with a pole in each corner, and both poles of one face face each of the two poles of the other face, and wherein two poles of a given corner are of same polarity. 23. The lithium bipolar electrochemical battery according to claim 17, wherein the at least one porous reinforcement is made from carbon fibers and the hardened polymer is an epoxy resin. 24. A method for producing a casing of a lithium bipolar electrochemical battery including a bipolar element, the method comprising:
installing a subassembly including a bipolar element between two portions of at least one porous reinforcement impregnated by at least one polymer or one or more monomers in a mold; applying a determined pressure to either side of the two impregnated reinforcement portions of the subassembly in the mold, until the at least one polymer is hardened. 25. The method according to claim 24, wherein the method includes impregnation of both porous reinforcing portions after they are installed exposed around the bipolar element. 26. The method according to claim 24, wherein the installing includes installing porous reinforcing portions that have been pre-impregnated by at least one polymer or one or more monomers. 27. The method according to claim 24, wherein the applying is accomplished at ambient temperature. 28. The method according to claim 24, wherein the applying is accomplished with a pressure between 0.05 MPa and 0.5 MPa. 29. An assembly including a stack of batteries according to claim 21, wherein contacts of opposite polarity between two adjacent batteries are in contact. 30. An assembly including a row of batteries according to claim 21, wherein contacts of a same polarity are connected to one another by an electrical connecting strip. 31. An assembly including a stack of batteries according to claim 22, wherein the contacts of a same polarity between two adjacent batteries are in contact. 32. An assembly according to claim 31, wherein all batteries have a same unit power. | 1,700 |
2,414 | 13,507,981 | 1,782 | Disclosed is the treatment of the interior walls of a fluidic channel with a self-assembled monolayer of an organophosphorus acid. | 1. A method of depositing a thin coating of nanometer dimensions within a fluidic channel comprising:
(a) contacting interior walls of the fluidic channel either directly or indirectly through an intermediate organometallic coating with a an organophosphorus acid, (b) forming a self-assembled monolayer of the organophosphorus acid adhered to the interior walls of the fluidic channel or to the intermediate organometallic layer. 2. The method of claim 1 in which the fluidic channel is a closed fluidic circuit. 3. The method of claim 1 in which the fluidic channel is an open fluidic channel. 4. The method of claim 3 in which the open fluidic channel is associated with a dispensing device. 5. The method of claim 2 in which the open fluidic channel is associated with a radiator. 6. The method of claim 1 in which the fluidic channel is made from metal. 7. The method of claim 6 in which the fluidic channel is made from iron. 8. The method of claim 6 in which the metal is a metal alloy. 9. The method of claim 6 in which the metal alloy is stainless steel. 10. The method of claim 6 in which the self-assembled monolayer is chemically bonded to the metal. 11. The method of claim 1 in which the organophosphorus acid is contacted with the intermediate organometallic layer. 12. The method of claim 1 in which the organometallic layer is a polymeric metal oxide having unreacted alkoxide and/or hydroxyl groups. 13. The method of claim 12 in which the substrate is a polymeric material. 14. The method of claim 13 in which the self-assembled monolayer is chemically bonded to the organometallic layer. 15. The method of claim 1 in which the organophosphorus acid is an organophosphonic acid. 16. The method of claim 15 in which the organophosphorus acid is an organophosphonic acid or derivative thereof comprising a compound or a mixture of compounds of the structure:
wherein x is 0 to 1, y is 1, z is 1 to 2 and x+y+z=3; R and R″ are each independently a hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radical having a total of 1 to 30 carbon atoms or an oligiomeric group, R′ is H, a metal or lower alkyl. 17. The method of claim 16 where R and R″ are each independently a fluorine-substituted hydrocarbon radical. 18. The method of claim 16 in which R and/or R″ is a group of the structure:
where A is an oxygen radical or a chemical bond; n is 1 to 6; Y is F or C nF2n+1; b is 2 to 20, m is 0 to 6 and p is 0 to 18. 19. A fluidic channel having interior walls with a self-assembled monolayer of an organophosphorus acid adhered directly or through an intermediate organometallic coating to the interior walls. 20. The fluidic channel of claim 19, which is a closed fluidic circuit. 21. The fluidic channel of claim 19, which is an open fluidic channel. 22. The fluidic channel of claim 21 in which the open fluidic channel is associated with a dispensing device. 23. The fluidic channel of claim 20, which is associated with a radiator. 24. The fluidic channel of claim 19, which is made from metal. 25. The fluidic channel of claim 24, which is made from iron. 26. The fluidic channel of claim 24, which is a metal alloy. 27. The fluidic channel of claim 24, which is stainless steel. 28. The fluidic channel of claim 19 in which the self-assembled monolayer is chemically bonded to the metal. 29. The fluidic channel of claim 19 in which the organophosphorus acid is adhered to the intermediate organometallic layer. 30. The fluidic channel of claim 29 in which the organometallic layer is a polymeric metal oxide having unreacted alkoxide and/or hydroxyl groups. 31. The fluidic channel of claim 19, which is a polymeric material. 32. The fluidic channel of claim 29 in which the self-assembled monolayer is chemically bonded to the organometallic layer. 33. The fluidic channel of claim 19 in which the organophosphorus acid is an organophosphonic acid. 34. The fluidic channel of claim 19 in which the organophosphorus acid is an organophosphonic acid or derivative thereof comprising a compound or a mixture of compounds of the structure:
wherein x is 0 to 1, y is 1, z is 1 to 2 and x+y+z=3; R and R″ are each independently a hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radical having a total of 1 to 30 carbon atoms or an oligomeric group, R′ is H, a metal or lower alkyl. 35. The fluidic channel of claim 34 where R and R″ are each independently a fluorine-substituted hydrocarbon radical. 36. The fluidic channel of claim 34 in which R and/or R″ is a group of the structure:
where A is an oxygen radical or a chemical bond; n is 1 to 6; Y is F or CnF2n+1; b is 2 to 20, m is 0 to 6 and p is 0 to 18. | Disclosed is the treatment of the interior walls of a fluidic channel with a self-assembled monolayer of an organophosphorus acid.1. A method of depositing a thin coating of nanometer dimensions within a fluidic channel comprising:
(a) contacting interior walls of the fluidic channel either directly or indirectly through an intermediate organometallic coating with a an organophosphorus acid, (b) forming a self-assembled monolayer of the organophosphorus acid adhered to the interior walls of the fluidic channel or to the intermediate organometallic layer. 2. The method of claim 1 in which the fluidic channel is a closed fluidic circuit. 3. The method of claim 1 in which the fluidic channel is an open fluidic channel. 4. The method of claim 3 in which the open fluidic channel is associated with a dispensing device. 5. The method of claim 2 in which the open fluidic channel is associated with a radiator. 6. The method of claim 1 in which the fluidic channel is made from metal. 7. The method of claim 6 in which the fluidic channel is made from iron. 8. The method of claim 6 in which the metal is a metal alloy. 9. The method of claim 6 in which the metal alloy is stainless steel. 10. The method of claim 6 in which the self-assembled monolayer is chemically bonded to the metal. 11. The method of claim 1 in which the organophosphorus acid is contacted with the intermediate organometallic layer. 12. The method of claim 1 in which the organometallic layer is a polymeric metal oxide having unreacted alkoxide and/or hydroxyl groups. 13. The method of claim 12 in which the substrate is a polymeric material. 14. The method of claim 13 in which the self-assembled monolayer is chemically bonded to the organometallic layer. 15. The method of claim 1 in which the organophosphorus acid is an organophosphonic acid. 16. The method of claim 15 in which the organophosphorus acid is an organophosphonic acid or derivative thereof comprising a compound or a mixture of compounds of the structure:
wherein x is 0 to 1, y is 1, z is 1 to 2 and x+y+z=3; R and R″ are each independently a hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radical having a total of 1 to 30 carbon atoms or an oligiomeric group, R′ is H, a metal or lower alkyl. 17. The method of claim 16 where R and R″ are each independently a fluorine-substituted hydrocarbon radical. 18. The method of claim 16 in which R and/or R″ is a group of the structure:
where A is an oxygen radical or a chemical bond; n is 1 to 6; Y is F or C nF2n+1; b is 2 to 20, m is 0 to 6 and p is 0 to 18. 19. A fluidic channel having interior walls with a self-assembled monolayer of an organophosphorus acid adhered directly or through an intermediate organometallic coating to the interior walls. 20. The fluidic channel of claim 19, which is a closed fluidic circuit. 21. The fluidic channel of claim 19, which is an open fluidic channel. 22. The fluidic channel of claim 21 in which the open fluidic channel is associated with a dispensing device. 23. The fluidic channel of claim 20, which is associated with a radiator. 24. The fluidic channel of claim 19, which is made from metal. 25. The fluidic channel of claim 24, which is made from iron. 26. The fluidic channel of claim 24, which is a metal alloy. 27. The fluidic channel of claim 24, which is stainless steel. 28. The fluidic channel of claim 19 in which the self-assembled monolayer is chemically bonded to the metal. 29. The fluidic channel of claim 19 in which the organophosphorus acid is adhered to the intermediate organometallic layer. 30. The fluidic channel of claim 29 in which the organometallic layer is a polymeric metal oxide having unreacted alkoxide and/or hydroxyl groups. 31. The fluidic channel of claim 19, which is a polymeric material. 32. The fluidic channel of claim 29 in which the self-assembled monolayer is chemically bonded to the organometallic layer. 33. The fluidic channel of claim 19 in which the organophosphorus acid is an organophosphonic acid. 34. The fluidic channel of claim 19 in which the organophosphorus acid is an organophosphonic acid or derivative thereof comprising a compound or a mixture of compounds of the structure:
wherein x is 0 to 1, y is 1, z is 1 to 2 and x+y+z=3; R and R″ are each independently a hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radical having a total of 1 to 30 carbon atoms or an oligomeric group, R′ is H, a metal or lower alkyl. 35. The fluidic channel of claim 34 where R and R″ are each independently a fluorine-substituted hydrocarbon radical. 36. The fluidic channel of claim 34 in which R and/or R″ is a group of the structure:
where A is an oxygen radical or a chemical bond; n is 1 to 6; Y is F or CnF2n+1; b is 2 to 20, m is 0 to 6 and p is 0 to 18. | 1,700 |
2,415 | 14,367,390 | 1,763 | The present invention relates to a method as well as an apparatus for fixed phase polycondensation of polyesters, preferably polyethylene terephthalate and/or copolymers thereof, characterised in that the fixed phase polycondensation is performed with polyester prepolymer particles in a reaction chamber in which an absolute pressure predominates in the range from 10 mbar to 200 mbar, preferably 20 to 150 mbar, and a process gas flow in the range of an R-value of 0.005 to 0.05. | 1-18. (canceled) 19. A process for a solid-state polycondensation of polyesters, wherein the solid-state polycondensation is carried out using polyester prepolymer particles in a reaction space in which an absolute pressure in the range from 10 mbar to 200 mbar and a process gas flow in the R value range from 0.005 to 0.05 is set, where the R value is defined as a ratio of hourly amount of process gas (in kg) flowing through the reaction space to hourly amount of polymer (in kg) flowing through the reaction space:
R
=
m
(
gas
)
/
h
m
(
polymer
)
/
h 20. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein an S value of at least 0.3is set in the reaction space, where the S value is defined as
S
=
R
absolute
pressure
(
bar
)
=
m
(
gas
)
/
h
m
(
polymer
)
/
h
.
absolute
pressure
(
bar
) 21. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the solid-state polycondensation is carried out at a temperature of from 180° C. to 5° below the crystalline melting point of the polyester prepolymer particles. 22. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the solid-state polycondensation is carried out over a period of time in the range from 2 to 30 hours. 23. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the process gas is nitrogen. 24. The process as claimed in claim 23, wherein the process gas is additionally used as cooling medium in a cold trap upstream of a vacuum system to set the absolute pressure in the reaction space. 25. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the polyester prepolymer particles have a degree of crystallization of at least 25% before entering the reaction space. 26. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein polyester particles having an intrinsic viscosity in the range from 0.70 to 0.95 dl/g are produced, with an increase in the intrinsic viscosity being at least 0.05 dl/g. 27. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein a solid-state polycondensation using polyethylene terephthalate is carried out in a temperature range of from 190° C. to 240° C. 28. An apparatus for carrying out the process according to claim 19, which comprises
a reactor having a materials inlet and a materials outlet, optionally a process gas feed line, and a connected vacuum system, reservoirs upstream of the materials inlet and downstream of the materials outlet of the reactor, with the reservoir arranged upstream or downstream of the materials outlet of the reactor having a process gas feed line when the process gas feed line not present at the reactor, and shutoff devices between the reservoirs and the materials inlet and the materials outlet of the reactor and also upstream and downstream of the reservoirs. 29. The apparatus as claimed in claim 28, wherein the vacuum system is separated from the reactor by a cold trap through which the process gas is conveyed as cooling medium via the line before entering the reactor. 30. The apparatus as claimed in claim 28, wherein at least the reservoir arranged upstream of the materials inlet of the reactor is connected to a vacuum system. 31. The apparatus as claimed in claim 30, wherein the at least one reservoir is connected to a separate vacuum system which is different from the vacuum system connected to the reactor). 32. The apparatus as claimed in claim 31, wherein the separate vacuum system simultaneously serves as transport system for the polyester prepolymer particles into the reservoir. 33. The apparatus as claimed in claim 28, wherein the reactor is a vertical reactor having a materials inlet in its lid region and a materials outlet in its bottom region, optionally a process gas feed line in the bottom region of the reactor, and a vacuum system connected to the lid region of the reactor. 34. The apparatus as claimed in claim 28, wherein the reactor is a horizontal reactor having a lateral materials inlet and a lateral materials outlet, optionally a process gas feed line, and a vacuum system connected to the materials outlet of the reactor. 35. A method of use of an apparatus as claimed in claim 28 for carrying out a process for the solid-state polycondensation of polyesters, comprising the step of carrying out a solid-state polycondensation using polyester prepolymer particles in a reaction space in which an absolute pressure in the range from 10 mbar to 200 mbar and a process gas flow in the R value range from 0.005 to 0.05 is set, where the R value is defined as a ratio of hourly amount of process gas (in kg) flowing through the reaction space to hourly amount of polymer (in kg) flowing through the reaction space:
R
=
m
(
gas
)
/
h
m
(
polymer
)
/
h 36. Method of use as claimed in claim 35, wherein continuous valves are arranged as shutoff devices between the reactor and the reservoirs and the pressure in the reservoirs is above ambient pressure when the continuous valves are closed. | The present invention relates to a method as well as an apparatus for fixed phase polycondensation of polyesters, preferably polyethylene terephthalate and/or copolymers thereof, characterised in that the fixed phase polycondensation is performed with polyester prepolymer particles in a reaction chamber in which an absolute pressure predominates in the range from 10 mbar to 200 mbar, preferably 20 to 150 mbar, and a process gas flow in the range of an R-value of 0.005 to 0.05.1-18. (canceled) 19. A process for a solid-state polycondensation of polyesters, wherein the solid-state polycondensation is carried out using polyester prepolymer particles in a reaction space in which an absolute pressure in the range from 10 mbar to 200 mbar and a process gas flow in the R value range from 0.005 to 0.05 is set, where the R value is defined as a ratio of hourly amount of process gas (in kg) flowing through the reaction space to hourly amount of polymer (in kg) flowing through the reaction space:
R
=
m
(
gas
)
/
h
m
(
polymer
)
/
h 20. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein an S value of at least 0.3is set in the reaction space, where the S value is defined as
S
=
R
absolute
pressure
(
bar
)
=
m
(
gas
)
/
h
m
(
polymer
)
/
h
.
absolute
pressure
(
bar
) 21. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the solid-state polycondensation is carried out at a temperature of from 180° C. to 5° below the crystalline melting point of the polyester prepolymer particles. 22. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the solid-state polycondensation is carried out over a period of time in the range from 2 to 30 hours. 23. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the process gas is nitrogen. 24. The process as claimed in claim 23, wherein the process gas is additionally used as cooling medium in a cold trap upstream of a vacuum system to set the absolute pressure in the reaction space. 25. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the polyester prepolymer particles have a degree of crystallization of at least 25% before entering the reaction space. 26. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein polyester particles having an intrinsic viscosity in the range from 0.70 to 0.95 dl/g are produced, with an increase in the intrinsic viscosity being at least 0.05 dl/g. 27. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein a solid-state polycondensation using polyethylene terephthalate is carried out in a temperature range of from 190° C. to 240° C. 28. An apparatus for carrying out the process according to claim 19, which comprises
a reactor having a materials inlet and a materials outlet, optionally a process gas feed line, and a connected vacuum system, reservoirs upstream of the materials inlet and downstream of the materials outlet of the reactor, with the reservoir arranged upstream or downstream of the materials outlet of the reactor having a process gas feed line when the process gas feed line not present at the reactor, and shutoff devices between the reservoirs and the materials inlet and the materials outlet of the reactor and also upstream and downstream of the reservoirs. 29. The apparatus as claimed in claim 28, wherein the vacuum system is separated from the reactor by a cold trap through which the process gas is conveyed as cooling medium via the line before entering the reactor. 30. The apparatus as claimed in claim 28, wherein at least the reservoir arranged upstream of the materials inlet of the reactor is connected to a vacuum system. 31. The apparatus as claimed in claim 30, wherein the at least one reservoir is connected to a separate vacuum system which is different from the vacuum system connected to the reactor). 32. The apparatus as claimed in claim 31, wherein the separate vacuum system simultaneously serves as transport system for the polyester prepolymer particles into the reservoir. 33. The apparatus as claimed in claim 28, wherein the reactor is a vertical reactor having a materials inlet in its lid region and a materials outlet in its bottom region, optionally a process gas feed line in the bottom region of the reactor, and a vacuum system connected to the lid region of the reactor. 34. The apparatus as claimed in claim 28, wherein the reactor is a horizontal reactor having a lateral materials inlet and a lateral materials outlet, optionally a process gas feed line, and a vacuum system connected to the materials outlet of the reactor. 35. A method of use of an apparatus as claimed in claim 28 for carrying out a process for the solid-state polycondensation of polyesters, comprising the step of carrying out a solid-state polycondensation using polyester prepolymer particles in a reaction space in which an absolute pressure in the range from 10 mbar to 200 mbar and a process gas flow in the R value range from 0.005 to 0.05 is set, where the R value is defined as a ratio of hourly amount of process gas (in kg) flowing through the reaction space to hourly amount of polymer (in kg) flowing through the reaction space:
R
=
m
(
gas
)
/
h
m
(
polymer
)
/
h 36. Method of use as claimed in claim 35, wherein continuous valves are arranged as shutoff devices between the reactor and the reservoirs and the pressure in the reservoirs is above ambient pressure when the continuous valves are closed. | 1,700 |
2,416 | 14,398,057 | 1,791 | The present invention is directed to reconstituted rice kernels enriched with ferric pyrophosphate, and citric acid and/or a citrate salt. It is also directed to the use of ferric pyrophosphate in combination with citric acid and/or a citrate salt to supplement reconstituted rice kernels with iron. Furthermore, it is directed to a process to prepare reconstituted rice kernels enriched with iron. | 1. Reconstituted rice kernel comprising,
60 to 99 wt.-% comminuted rice matrix material, 0.015 to 10 wt.-% ferric pyrophosphate, 0.01 to 40 wt.-% citric acid, and/or a citrate salt, further comprising 0 to 5 wt.-% of at least one micronutrient, wherein citric acid is anhydrous or monohydrate and the salt is selected from potassium citrate, monosodium citrate and trisodium citrate, wherein the molar ratio of ferric pyrophosphate to citric acid and/or citrate salt is between 0.01 and 20. 2. A reconstituted rice kernel according to claim 1, wherein it further comprises 0.5 to 3 wt.-% of an emulsifier. 3. A reconstituted rice kernel according to claim 2, wherein the emulsifier is selected from lecithins, mono-, or di-glycerides of C14 to C18 fatty acids, or mixtures thereof. 4. A reconstituted rice kernel according to claim 1, wherein the amount of ferric pyrophosphate is between 0.02 and 5 wt.-%, and wherein the amount of citric acid and/or citrate salt is between 0.05 and 20 wt.-%. 5. A reconstituted rice kernel according to claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of ferric pyrophosphate to citric acid and/or citrate salt is comprised between 0.1 and 10. 6. A reconstituted rice kernel according to claim 1, wherein, the citrate salt is trisodium citrate. 7. A reconstituted rice kernel according to claim 1, wherein the micronutrient is selected from vitamin A, vitamin B1 and vitamin B12 or mixtures thereof. 8. A reconstituted rice kernel according to claim 1, wherein the amount of at least one micronutrient is between 0.1 and 5 wt.-%. 9. A reconstituted rice kernel according to claim 1, wherein the rice kernel further comprises 0.02 to 40 wt.-% of a chelating amino acid and wherein the weight ratio of chelating amino acid to citric acid and/or citrate salt is between 1 and 10. 10. A reconstituted rice kernel according to claim 9, wherein the weight ratio of chelating amino acid to citric acid and/or citrate salt is between 3 and 6. 11. A reconstituted rice kernel according to claim 9, wherein the amino acid is L-lysine hydrochloride. 12. Use of ferric pyrophosphate and citric acid and/or a citrate salt selected from potassium citrate, monosodium citrate and trisodium citrate in a method for producing a reconstituted rice kernel, wherein the molar ratio of ferric pyrophosphate to citrate salt is between 0.01 and 20. 13. Iron enriched rice comprising white natural rice kernels and reconstituted rice kernels according to claim 1, wherein the rice contains 0.1 to 10 wt.-% of reconstituted rice. 14. Process to prepare reconstituted rice kernels according to claim 1 comprising the following steps:
(a) dry heat treatment of the rice matrix (pre-treatment step);
(b) comminuting of the rice matrix;
(c) adding water and/or steam to the comminuted rice matrix material to obtain a paste containing about 15 to 40 wt.-% of water (hydration step);
(d) adding 0.015 to 10 wt.-% ferric pyrophosphate, 0.01 to 40 wt.-% citric acid and/or citrate salt, selected from potassium citrate, monosodium citrate and trisodium citrate, and optionally at least one micronutrient to the paste;
(e) exposing the paste obtained in the preceding steps to shear force while heating it to about 70 to 110° C. for no more than about 10 minutes until the rice starch is semigelatinized; (preconditioning step);
(f) forming the semigelatinized mass to strands and cutting them to obtain grains similar or equal to the size of rice grains; and (forming step);
(g) drying the grains to a moisture content of no more than 15 wt.-% (drying step). 15. Process according to claim 14, wherein step d) is performed after step e). | The present invention is directed to reconstituted rice kernels enriched with ferric pyrophosphate, and citric acid and/or a citrate salt. It is also directed to the use of ferric pyrophosphate in combination with citric acid and/or a citrate salt to supplement reconstituted rice kernels with iron. Furthermore, it is directed to a process to prepare reconstituted rice kernels enriched with iron.1. Reconstituted rice kernel comprising,
60 to 99 wt.-% comminuted rice matrix material, 0.015 to 10 wt.-% ferric pyrophosphate, 0.01 to 40 wt.-% citric acid, and/or a citrate salt, further comprising 0 to 5 wt.-% of at least one micronutrient, wherein citric acid is anhydrous or monohydrate and the salt is selected from potassium citrate, monosodium citrate and trisodium citrate, wherein the molar ratio of ferric pyrophosphate to citric acid and/or citrate salt is between 0.01 and 20. 2. A reconstituted rice kernel according to claim 1, wherein it further comprises 0.5 to 3 wt.-% of an emulsifier. 3. A reconstituted rice kernel according to claim 2, wherein the emulsifier is selected from lecithins, mono-, or di-glycerides of C14 to C18 fatty acids, or mixtures thereof. 4. A reconstituted rice kernel according to claim 1, wherein the amount of ferric pyrophosphate is between 0.02 and 5 wt.-%, and wherein the amount of citric acid and/or citrate salt is between 0.05 and 20 wt.-%. 5. A reconstituted rice kernel according to claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of ferric pyrophosphate to citric acid and/or citrate salt is comprised between 0.1 and 10. 6. A reconstituted rice kernel according to claim 1, wherein, the citrate salt is trisodium citrate. 7. A reconstituted rice kernel according to claim 1, wherein the micronutrient is selected from vitamin A, vitamin B1 and vitamin B12 or mixtures thereof. 8. A reconstituted rice kernel according to claim 1, wherein the amount of at least one micronutrient is between 0.1 and 5 wt.-%. 9. A reconstituted rice kernel according to claim 1, wherein the rice kernel further comprises 0.02 to 40 wt.-% of a chelating amino acid and wherein the weight ratio of chelating amino acid to citric acid and/or citrate salt is between 1 and 10. 10. A reconstituted rice kernel according to claim 9, wherein the weight ratio of chelating amino acid to citric acid and/or citrate salt is between 3 and 6. 11. A reconstituted rice kernel according to claim 9, wherein the amino acid is L-lysine hydrochloride. 12. Use of ferric pyrophosphate and citric acid and/or a citrate salt selected from potassium citrate, monosodium citrate and trisodium citrate in a method for producing a reconstituted rice kernel, wherein the molar ratio of ferric pyrophosphate to citrate salt is between 0.01 and 20. 13. Iron enriched rice comprising white natural rice kernels and reconstituted rice kernels according to claim 1, wherein the rice contains 0.1 to 10 wt.-% of reconstituted rice. 14. Process to prepare reconstituted rice kernels according to claim 1 comprising the following steps:
(a) dry heat treatment of the rice matrix (pre-treatment step);
(b) comminuting of the rice matrix;
(c) adding water and/or steam to the comminuted rice matrix material to obtain a paste containing about 15 to 40 wt.-% of water (hydration step);
(d) adding 0.015 to 10 wt.-% ferric pyrophosphate, 0.01 to 40 wt.-% citric acid and/or citrate salt, selected from potassium citrate, monosodium citrate and trisodium citrate, and optionally at least one micronutrient to the paste;
(e) exposing the paste obtained in the preceding steps to shear force while heating it to about 70 to 110° C. for no more than about 10 minutes until the rice starch is semigelatinized; (preconditioning step);
(f) forming the semigelatinized mass to strands and cutting them to obtain grains similar or equal to the size of rice grains; and (forming step);
(g) drying the grains to a moisture content of no more than 15 wt.-% (drying step). 15. Process according to claim 14, wherein step d) is performed after step e). | 1,700 |
2,417 | 14,806,543 | 1,712 | Process for forming a multi-layer electrochromic structure, the process comprising depositing a film of a liquid mixture onto a surface of a substrate, and treating the deposited film to form an anodic electrochromic layer, the liquid mixture comprising a continuous phase and a dispersed phase, the dispersed phase comprising metal oxide particles, metal hydroxide particles, metal alkoxide particles, metal alkoxide oligomers, gels or particles, or a combination thereof having a number average size of at least 5 nm. | 1. A process for preparing a multi-layer electrochromic structure, the process comprising:
depositing a film of a liquid mixture comprising lithium, nickel, and at least one bleached state stabilizing element onto a surface of a substrate, and treating the deposited film to form an anodic electrochromic layer comprising a lithiated nickel oxide, wherein (i) the atomic ratio of lithium to the combined amount of nickel and the bleached state stabilizing element in the anodic electrochromic layer is at least 0.4:1, respectively, (ii) the atomic ratio of the amount of the bleached state stabilizing element to the combined amount of nickel and the bleached state stabilizing elements in the anodic electrochromic layer is at least about 0.025:1, respectively, (iii) the bleached state stabilizing element is selected from the group consisting of Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, B, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, P, Sb and combinations thereof, and (iv) the liquid mixture comprises a dispersed phase and a continuous phase, the dispersed phase comprising a dispersed species having a number average size of at least 5 nm. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the dispersed species has a number average size selected from the group consisting of at least 10 nm, at least 25 nm, at least 50 nm, at least 75 nm, and at least 100 nm. 3. The process of claim 1 wherein the dispersed species comprises discrete particles. 4. The process of claim 1 wherein the process further comprises
combining a lithium source material, a nickel source material and at least one bleached state stabilizing element source material in a solvent system, at least one of the lithium, nickel and bleached state stabilizing element source materials being a hydrolysable source material, and
hydrolyzing the hydrolysable source material to form the liquid mixture. 5. The process of claim 4 wherein the hydrolysable lithium source material is a metal alkoxide comprising lithium, nickel or the bleached state stabilizing element. 6. The process of claim 4 wherein the hydrolysable source material is hydrolyzed by adding water to the liquid mixture. 7. The process of claim 4 wherein the hydrolysable source material is hydrolyzed by water generated in situ in the liquid mixture. 8. The process of claim 7 wherein water is generated in situ by the addition of an acid catalyst to the liquid mixture. 9. The process of claim 4 wherein the hydrolysis rate and degree of hydrolysis of the hydrolysable source material is attenuated by adding a complexing agent to the liquid mixture. 10. The process of claim 9 wherein the complexing agent is a coordinating acid. 11. The process of claim 9 wherein the coordinating acid is ethoxyacetic acid. 12. The process of claim 4 wherein the hydrolysis rate and degree of hydrolysis of the hydrolysable source material is attenuated by adding at least 0.05 equivalents of a complexing agent per equivalent of hydrolysable lithium, nickel and bleached state stabilizing element in the liquid mixture. 13. The process of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a transparent conductive layer and a glass, plastic, metal, or metal-coated glass or plastic layer, and the surface of the substrate onto which the liquid mixture is deposited is a surface of the transparent conductive layer. 14. The process of claim 1 wherein the lithium-containing source material is a lithium salt of a coordination complex corresponding to the formula [M4(OR2)4]−, [M5(OR2)5]−, [M6(OR2)6]−, or [LnNiX1X2X3]− wherein
L is a neutral mono- or polydentate Lewis base ligand
M4 is B, Al, Ga, or Y,
M5 is Ti, Zr, or Hf,
M6 is Nb or Ta,
n is the number of neutral ligands, L, that are coordinated to Ni in the coordination complex,
each R2 is independently hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, or substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl silyl, and
X1, X2, and X3 are independently an anionic organic or inorganic ligand. 15. The process of claim 1 wherein the nickel component of the liquid mixture is derived from an organic-ligand stabilized Ni(II) complex corresponding to the formula LnNiX4X5 wherein L is a neutral Lewis base ligand, n is the number of neutral Lewis ligands coordinated to the Ni center, and X4 and X5 are independently an organic or inorganic anionic ligand. 16. The process of claim 1 wherein the nickel component of the liquid mixture is a hydrolysable nickel composition derived from (i) nickel or a nickel-containing composition and (ii) an alcohol having the formula:
HOC(R3)(R4)C(R5)(R6)(R7)
wherein R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 are independently substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl groups, at least one of R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 comprises an electronegative heteroatom, and where any of R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 can be joined together to form a ring. 17. The process claim 1 wherein the atomic ratio of lithium to the combined amount of nickel and the bleached state stabilizing element in the liquid mixture is at least 0.4:1, respectively, the atomic ratio of the combined amount of the bleached state stabilizing element to the combined amount of nickel and the bleached state stabilizing elements in the liquid mixture is about 0.025:1 to about 0.8:1, and the bleached state stabilizing element in the liquid mixture is selected from the group consisting of Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, B, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, Sb and combinations thereof. 18. The process of claim 1 wherein the deposited material is thermally treated at an annealing temperature of at least 200° C. and for an annealing time in the range of several minutes to several hours to form the anodic electrochromic layer. 19. A process for forming a multi-layer electrochromic structure, the process comprising:
depositing a film of a liquid mixture onto a surface of a substrate to form a deposited film, wherein the liquid mixture comprises a continuous phase and a dispersed phase, the dispersed phase comprising metal oxide particles, metal hydroxide particles, metal alkoxide particles, metal alkoxide oligomers, gels or particles, or a combination thereof having a number average size of at least 5 nm, and; treating the deposited film to form an anodic electrochromic layer comprising a nickel oxide, the anodic electrochromic layer adapted to cycle between a bleached state transmissivity of at least 70% and a darkened state transmissivity of less than 30%. 20. The process of claim 19 wherein the dispersed phase comprises a species containing lithium, nickel and/or a bleached state stabilizing element. 21. The process of claim 20 wherein the bleached state stabilizing element is selected from the group consisting of Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, B, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, P, Sb and combinations thereof. 22. The process of claim 20 wherein the atomic ratio of lithium to the combined amount of nickel and the bleached state stabilizing element in the liquid mixture is at least 0.4:1, respectively. 23. The process of claim 20 wherein the atomic ratio of the combined amount of the bleached state stabilizing element to the combined amount of nickel and the bleached state stabilizing element in the liquid mixture is about 0.025:1 to about 0.8:1, respectively. 24. The process of claim 19 wherein the anodic electrochromic layer is adapted to cycle between a bleached state transmissivity of at least 75% and said darkened state transmissivity. | Process for forming a multi-layer electrochromic structure, the process comprising depositing a film of a liquid mixture onto a surface of a substrate, and treating the deposited film to form an anodic electrochromic layer, the liquid mixture comprising a continuous phase and a dispersed phase, the dispersed phase comprising metal oxide particles, metal hydroxide particles, metal alkoxide particles, metal alkoxide oligomers, gels or particles, or a combination thereof having a number average size of at least 5 nm.1. A process for preparing a multi-layer electrochromic structure, the process comprising:
depositing a film of a liquid mixture comprising lithium, nickel, and at least one bleached state stabilizing element onto a surface of a substrate, and treating the deposited film to form an anodic electrochromic layer comprising a lithiated nickel oxide, wherein (i) the atomic ratio of lithium to the combined amount of nickel and the bleached state stabilizing element in the anodic electrochromic layer is at least 0.4:1, respectively, (ii) the atomic ratio of the amount of the bleached state stabilizing element to the combined amount of nickel and the bleached state stabilizing elements in the anodic electrochromic layer is at least about 0.025:1, respectively, (iii) the bleached state stabilizing element is selected from the group consisting of Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, B, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, P, Sb and combinations thereof, and (iv) the liquid mixture comprises a dispersed phase and a continuous phase, the dispersed phase comprising a dispersed species having a number average size of at least 5 nm. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the dispersed species has a number average size selected from the group consisting of at least 10 nm, at least 25 nm, at least 50 nm, at least 75 nm, and at least 100 nm. 3. The process of claim 1 wherein the dispersed species comprises discrete particles. 4. The process of claim 1 wherein the process further comprises
combining a lithium source material, a nickel source material and at least one bleached state stabilizing element source material in a solvent system, at least one of the lithium, nickel and bleached state stabilizing element source materials being a hydrolysable source material, and
hydrolyzing the hydrolysable source material to form the liquid mixture. 5. The process of claim 4 wherein the hydrolysable lithium source material is a metal alkoxide comprising lithium, nickel or the bleached state stabilizing element. 6. The process of claim 4 wherein the hydrolysable source material is hydrolyzed by adding water to the liquid mixture. 7. The process of claim 4 wherein the hydrolysable source material is hydrolyzed by water generated in situ in the liquid mixture. 8. The process of claim 7 wherein water is generated in situ by the addition of an acid catalyst to the liquid mixture. 9. The process of claim 4 wherein the hydrolysis rate and degree of hydrolysis of the hydrolysable source material is attenuated by adding a complexing agent to the liquid mixture. 10. The process of claim 9 wherein the complexing agent is a coordinating acid. 11. The process of claim 9 wherein the coordinating acid is ethoxyacetic acid. 12. The process of claim 4 wherein the hydrolysis rate and degree of hydrolysis of the hydrolysable source material is attenuated by adding at least 0.05 equivalents of a complexing agent per equivalent of hydrolysable lithium, nickel and bleached state stabilizing element in the liquid mixture. 13. The process of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a transparent conductive layer and a glass, plastic, metal, or metal-coated glass or plastic layer, and the surface of the substrate onto which the liquid mixture is deposited is a surface of the transparent conductive layer. 14. The process of claim 1 wherein the lithium-containing source material is a lithium salt of a coordination complex corresponding to the formula [M4(OR2)4]−, [M5(OR2)5]−, [M6(OR2)6]−, or [LnNiX1X2X3]− wherein
L is a neutral mono- or polydentate Lewis base ligand
M4 is B, Al, Ga, or Y,
M5 is Ti, Zr, or Hf,
M6 is Nb or Ta,
n is the number of neutral ligands, L, that are coordinated to Ni in the coordination complex,
each R2 is independently hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, or substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl silyl, and
X1, X2, and X3 are independently an anionic organic or inorganic ligand. 15. The process of claim 1 wherein the nickel component of the liquid mixture is derived from an organic-ligand stabilized Ni(II) complex corresponding to the formula LnNiX4X5 wherein L is a neutral Lewis base ligand, n is the number of neutral Lewis ligands coordinated to the Ni center, and X4 and X5 are independently an organic or inorganic anionic ligand. 16. The process of claim 1 wherein the nickel component of the liquid mixture is a hydrolysable nickel composition derived from (i) nickel or a nickel-containing composition and (ii) an alcohol having the formula:
HOC(R3)(R4)C(R5)(R6)(R7)
wherein R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 are independently substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl groups, at least one of R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 comprises an electronegative heteroatom, and where any of R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 can be joined together to form a ring. 17. The process claim 1 wherein the atomic ratio of lithium to the combined amount of nickel and the bleached state stabilizing element in the liquid mixture is at least 0.4:1, respectively, the atomic ratio of the combined amount of the bleached state stabilizing element to the combined amount of nickel and the bleached state stabilizing elements in the liquid mixture is about 0.025:1 to about 0.8:1, and the bleached state stabilizing element in the liquid mixture is selected from the group consisting of Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, B, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, Sb and combinations thereof. 18. The process of claim 1 wherein the deposited material is thermally treated at an annealing temperature of at least 200° C. and for an annealing time in the range of several minutes to several hours to form the anodic electrochromic layer. 19. A process for forming a multi-layer electrochromic structure, the process comprising:
depositing a film of a liquid mixture onto a surface of a substrate to form a deposited film, wherein the liquid mixture comprises a continuous phase and a dispersed phase, the dispersed phase comprising metal oxide particles, metal hydroxide particles, metal alkoxide particles, metal alkoxide oligomers, gels or particles, or a combination thereof having a number average size of at least 5 nm, and; treating the deposited film to form an anodic electrochromic layer comprising a nickel oxide, the anodic electrochromic layer adapted to cycle between a bleached state transmissivity of at least 70% and a darkened state transmissivity of less than 30%. 20. The process of claim 19 wherein the dispersed phase comprises a species containing lithium, nickel and/or a bleached state stabilizing element. 21. The process of claim 20 wherein the bleached state stabilizing element is selected from the group consisting of Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, B, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, P, Sb and combinations thereof. 22. The process of claim 20 wherein the atomic ratio of lithium to the combined amount of nickel and the bleached state stabilizing element in the liquid mixture is at least 0.4:1, respectively. 23. The process of claim 20 wherein the atomic ratio of the combined amount of the bleached state stabilizing element to the combined amount of nickel and the bleached state stabilizing element in the liquid mixture is about 0.025:1 to about 0.8:1, respectively. 24. The process of claim 19 wherein the anodic electrochromic layer is adapted to cycle between a bleached state transmissivity of at least 75% and said darkened state transmissivity. | 1,700 |
2,418 | 14,242,162 | 1,727 | An electrode binder of a lithium ion secondary battery comprising:
(a) a polyvinylidene binder dispersed in aqueous medium with (b) a (meth)acrylic polymer dispersant.
The binder can be used in the assembly of electrodes of lithium ion secondary batteries. | 1. An electrode binder of a lithium ion secondary battery comprising:
(a) a polyvinylidene fluoride polymer dispersed in aqueous medium with (b) a (meth)acrylic polymer dispersant. 2. The electrode binder of claim 1 in which the (meth)acrylic polymer has a glass transition temperature of from −50 to +70° C. 3. The electrode binder of claim 1 in which the (meth)acrylic polymer is prepared from a mixture of monomers comprising one or more carboxylic acid-containing (meth)acrylic monomers and in which the carboxylic acid groups are at least partially neutralized with a base. 4. The electrode binder of claim 3 in which the mixture of monomers comprises a hydroxyl group-containing (meth)acrylic monomer. 5. The electrode binder of claim 3 in which the base is an amine. 6. The electrode binder of claim 5 in which the amine is a volatile tertiary amine. 7. The electrode binder of claim 4 is self-crosslinking in that the mixture of monomers contains a monomer that contains reactive groups that are reactive with the carboxylic acid and/or the hydroxyl groups or are reactive with themselves. 8. The electrode binder of claim 7 in which the reactive groups comprise N-alkoxymethyl (meth)acrylamide groups and/or blocked isocyanate groups. 9. The electrode binder of claim 3 which additionally contains (c) a crosslinking agent reactive with carboxylic acid groups. 10. The electrode binder of claim 9 in which the crosslinking agent comprises aminoplast, polycarbodiimides and/or polyepoxides. 11. The electrode binder of claim 9 in which the polyvinylidene fluoride polymer is present in amounts of 50 to 98 percent by weight; the (meth)acrylic polymer is present in amounts of 2 to 50 percent by weight and the crosslinking agent is present in amounts of 2 to 50 percent by weight, the percentages by weight being based on resin solids. 12. The electrode binder of claim 11 which has a resin solids content of 30 to 80 percent by weight. 13. An electrode slurry for a lithium ion secondary battery comprising:
(a) an electrically active material capable of lithium intercalation/deintercalation, (b) a binder comprising as separate components:
(i) a polyvinylidene fluoride polymer dispersed in aqueous medium with
(ii) a (meth)acrylic polymer dispersant,
(c) a conductive agent, and (d) a thickener. 14. The electrode slurry of claim 13 in which (a) comprises LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiFePO4, LiCoPO4, LiMnO2, LiMn2O4, Li(NiMnCo)O2, Li(NiCoAl)O2, carbon-coated LiFePO4, and mixtures thereof. 15. The electrode slurry of claim 13 in which (a) is LiFePO4. 16. The electrode slurry of claim 13 in which (c) comprises graphite, activated carbon, acetylene black, furnace black and graphene. 17. The electrode slurry of claim 13 further comprising an organic solvent. 18. The electrode slurry of claim 13 in which
(a) is present in amounts of 45 to 95 percent by weight;
(b) is present in amounts of 2 to 20 percent by weight;
(c) is present in amounts of 2 to 20 percent by weight; and
(d) is present in amounts of 0.1 to 15 percent by weight;
the percentages by weight being based on total solids weight. 19. The electrode slurry of claim 13 in which the (meth)acrylic polymer has a glass transition temperature of from −50 to +70° C. 20. The electrode slurry of claim 13 in which the (meth)acrylic polymer is prepared from a mixture of monomers comprising one or more carboxylic acid-containing (meth)acrylic monomers and in which the carboxylic acid groups are at least partially neutralized with a base. 21. The electrode slurry of claim 20 in which the mixture of monomers comprises a hydroxyl group-containing (meth)acrylic monomer. 22. The electrode slurry of claim 20 in which the base is an amine. 23. The electrode slurry of claim 22 in which the amine is a volatile tertiary amine. 24. The electrode slurry of claim 21 in which the mixture of monomers is self-crosslinking in that the mixture contains a monomer that contains groups that are reactive with the carboxylic acid and/or the hydroxyl groups or with themselves. 25. The electrode slurry of claim 24 in which the reactive groups comprise N-alkoxymethyl amide groups and/or blocked isocyanate groups. 26. The electrode slurry of claim 20 which additionally contains (c) a crosslinking agent reactive with carboxylic acid groups. 27. The electrode slurry of claim 26 in which the crosslinking agent comprises aminoplast, polycarbodiimides and/or polyepoxides. 28. The electrode slurry of claim 26 in which the polyvinylidene fluoride polymer is present in amounts of 50 to 98 percent by weight; the (meth)acrylic polymer is present in amounts of 2 to 50 percent by weight and the crosslinking agent is present in amounts of 2 to 50 percent by weight, the percentages by weight being based on resin solids. 29. The electrode slurry of claim 28 which has a resin solids content of 30 to 80 percent by weight. 30. An electrode comprising:
(a) an electrical current collector; (b) a cured film formed on the collector (a) comprising:
(i) a polyvinylidene fluoride polymer,
(ii) a crosslinked (meth)acrylic polymer,
(iii) a conductive material,
(iv) an electrode active material capable of lithium intercalation/deintercalation, and
(v) a thickener. 31. The electrode of claim 30 in which (a) comprises copper or aluminum sheet or foil. 32. The electrode of claim 30 in which the crosslinked (meth)acrylic polymer is formed from reacting active hydrogen groups associated with the (meth)acrylic polymer and a crosslinking agent containing reactive groups that are reactive with the active hydrogen groups. 33. The electrode of claim 32 in which the active hydrogen groups comprise carboxylic acid groups. 34. The electrode of claim 32 in which the crosslinking agent contains a reactive group in the (meth)acrylic polymer or in the separately added crosslinking material that are reactive with the active hydrogen groups. 35. The electrode of claim 34 in which the reactive groups in the (meth)acrylic polymer comprise N-alkoxymethyl amide groups and/or blocked isocyanate groups. 36. The electrode of claim 32 in which the separately added material comprises aminoplast, polycarbodiimides and/or polyepoxides. 37. The electrode of claim 30 in which (iii) comprises graphite, activated carbon, acetylene black, furnace black and graphene. 38. The electrode of claim 30 in which (iv) comprises LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiFePO4, LiCoPO4, LiMnO2, LiMn2O4, Li(NiMnCo)O2, Li(NiCoAl)O2, carbon-coated LiFePO4, and mixtures thereof. 39. The electrode of claim 30 in which
(i) is present in amounts of 1 to 20 percent by weight;
(ii) is present in amounts of 0.1 to 10 percent by weight;
(iii) is present in amounts of 2 to 20 percent by weight;
(iv) is present in amounts of 45 to 95 percent by weight; and
(v) is present in amounts of 0.1 to 15 percent by weight,
the percentages by weight being based on total weight of the mixture. 40. An electrical storage device comprising:
(a) the electrode of claim 30, (b) a counter electrode, and (c) an electrolyte. 41. The electrical storage device of claim 40 in which the electrolyte is a lithium salt dissolved in a solvent. 42. The electrical storage device of claim 41 in which the lithium salt is dissolved in an organic carbonate. | An electrode binder of a lithium ion secondary battery comprising:
(a) a polyvinylidene binder dispersed in aqueous medium with (b) a (meth)acrylic polymer dispersant.
The binder can be used in the assembly of electrodes of lithium ion secondary batteries.1. An electrode binder of a lithium ion secondary battery comprising:
(a) a polyvinylidene fluoride polymer dispersed in aqueous medium with (b) a (meth)acrylic polymer dispersant. 2. The electrode binder of claim 1 in which the (meth)acrylic polymer has a glass transition temperature of from −50 to +70° C. 3. The electrode binder of claim 1 in which the (meth)acrylic polymer is prepared from a mixture of monomers comprising one or more carboxylic acid-containing (meth)acrylic monomers and in which the carboxylic acid groups are at least partially neutralized with a base. 4. The electrode binder of claim 3 in which the mixture of monomers comprises a hydroxyl group-containing (meth)acrylic monomer. 5. The electrode binder of claim 3 in which the base is an amine. 6. The electrode binder of claim 5 in which the amine is a volatile tertiary amine. 7. The electrode binder of claim 4 is self-crosslinking in that the mixture of monomers contains a monomer that contains reactive groups that are reactive with the carboxylic acid and/or the hydroxyl groups or are reactive with themselves. 8. The electrode binder of claim 7 in which the reactive groups comprise N-alkoxymethyl (meth)acrylamide groups and/or blocked isocyanate groups. 9. The electrode binder of claim 3 which additionally contains (c) a crosslinking agent reactive with carboxylic acid groups. 10. The electrode binder of claim 9 in which the crosslinking agent comprises aminoplast, polycarbodiimides and/or polyepoxides. 11. The electrode binder of claim 9 in which the polyvinylidene fluoride polymer is present in amounts of 50 to 98 percent by weight; the (meth)acrylic polymer is present in amounts of 2 to 50 percent by weight and the crosslinking agent is present in amounts of 2 to 50 percent by weight, the percentages by weight being based on resin solids. 12. The electrode binder of claim 11 which has a resin solids content of 30 to 80 percent by weight. 13. An electrode slurry for a lithium ion secondary battery comprising:
(a) an electrically active material capable of lithium intercalation/deintercalation, (b) a binder comprising as separate components:
(i) a polyvinylidene fluoride polymer dispersed in aqueous medium with
(ii) a (meth)acrylic polymer dispersant,
(c) a conductive agent, and (d) a thickener. 14. The electrode slurry of claim 13 in which (a) comprises LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiFePO4, LiCoPO4, LiMnO2, LiMn2O4, Li(NiMnCo)O2, Li(NiCoAl)O2, carbon-coated LiFePO4, and mixtures thereof. 15. The electrode slurry of claim 13 in which (a) is LiFePO4. 16. The electrode slurry of claim 13 in which (c) comprises graphite, activated carbon, acetylene black, furnace black and graphene. 17. The electrode slurry of claim 13 further comprising an organic solvent. 18. The electrode slurry of claim 13 in which
(a) is present in amounts of 45 to 95 percent by weight;
(b) is present in amounts of 2 to 20 percent by weight;
(c) is present in amounts of 2 to 20 percent by weight; and
(d) is present in amounts of 0.1 to 15 percent by weight;
the percentages by weight being based on total solids weight. 19. The electrode slurry of claim 13 in which the (meth)acrylic polymer has a glass transition temperature of from −50 to +70° C. 20. The electrode slurry of claim 13 in which the (meth)acrylic polymer is prepared from a mixture of monomers comprising one or more carboxylic acid-containing (meth)acrylic monomers and in which the carboxylic acid groups are at least partially neutralized with a base. 21. The electrode slurry of claim 20 in which the mixture of monomers comprises a hydroxyl group-containing (meth)acrylic monomer. 22. The electrode slurry of claim 20 in which the base is an amine. 23. The electrode slurry of claim 22 in which the amine is a volatile tertiary amine. 24. The electrode slurry of claim 21 in which the mixture of monomers is self-crosslinking in that the mixture contains a monomer that contains groups that are reactive with the carboxylic acid and/or the hydroxyl groups or with themselves. 25. The electrode slurry of claim 24 in which the reactive groups comprise N-alkoxymethyl amide groups and/or blocked isocyanate groups. 26. The electrode slurry of claim 20 which additionally contains (c) a crosslinking agent reactive with carboxylic acid groups. 27. The electrode slurry of claim 26 in which the crosslinking agent comprises aminoplast, polycarbodiimides and/or polyepoxides. 28. The electrode slurry of claim 26 in which the polyvinylidene fluoride polymer is present in amounts of 50 to 98 percent by weight; the (meth)acrylic polymer is present in amounts of 2 to 50 percent by weight and the crosslinking agent is present in amounts of 2 to 50 percent by weight, the percentages by weight being based on resin solids. 29. The electrode slurry of claim 28 which has a resin solids content of 30 to 80 percent by weight. 30. An electrode comprising:
(a) an electrical current collector; (b) a cured film formed on the collector (a) comprising:
(i) a polyvinylidene fluoride polymer,
(ii) a crosslinked (meth)acrylic polymer,
(iii) a conductive material,
(iv) an electrode active material capable of lithium intercalation/deintercalation, and
(v) a thickener. 31. The electrode of claim 30 in which (a) comprises copper or aluminum sheet or foil. 32. The electrode of claim 30 in which the crosslinked (meth)acrylic polymer is formed from reacting active hydrogen groups associated with the (meth)acrylic polymer and a crosslinking agent containing reactive groups that are reactive with the active hydrogen groups. 33. The electrode of claim 32 in which the active hydrogen groups comprise carboxylic acid groups. 34. The electrode of claim 32 in which the crosslinking agent contains a reactive group in the (meth)acrylic polymer or in the separately added crosslinking material that are reactive with the active hydrogen groups. 35. The electrode of claim 34 in which the reactive groups in the (meth)acrylic polymer comprise N-alkoxymethyl amide groups and/or blocked isocyanate groups. 36. The electrode of claim 32 in which the separately added material comprises aminoplast, polycarbodiimides and/or polyepoxides. 37. The electrode of claim 30 in which (iii) comprises graphite, activated carbon, acetylene black, furnace black and graphene. 38. The electrode of claim 30 in which (iv) comprises LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiFePO4, LiCoPO4, LiMnO2, LiMn2O4, Li(NiMnCo)O2, Li(NiCoAl)O2, carbon-coated LiFePO4, and mixtures thereof. 39. The electrode of claim 30 in which
(i) is present in amounts of 1 to 20 percent by weight;
(ii) is present in amounts of 0.1 to 10 percent by weight;
(iii) is present in amounts of 2 to 20 percent by weight;
(iv) is present in amounts of 45 to 95 percent by weight; and
(v) is present in amounts of 0.1 to 15 percent by weight,
the percentages by weight being based on total weight of the mixture. 40. An electrical storage device comprising:
(a) the electrode of claim 30, (b) a counter electrode, and (c) an electrolyte. 41. The electrical storage device of claim 40 in which the electrolyte is a lithium salt dissolved in a solvent. 42. The electrical storage device of claim 41 in which the lithium salt is dissolved in an organic carbonate. | 1,700 |
2,419 | 13,551,115 | 1,725 | An electrolyte includes an organosilicon solvent, propylene carbonate, and a salt. | 1. An electrolyte comprising:
propylene carbonate; a salt; and an organosilicon solvent of formula SiR1R2R3OR4; wherein:
R1 and R2 are individually alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, or siloxy;
R3 is alkyl, alkoxy, siloxy, —(CH2CH2O)nCH3 or —(CH2CH2CH2O)nCH3, a
and
R4 is —(CH2CH2O)nCH3 or —(CH2CH2CH2O)nCH3; a is 0 or 1; b is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and n is from 1 to 20. 2. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein a ratio of organosilicon solvent to propylene carbonate is from about 1:9 to about 9:1. 3. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein a ratio of organosilicon solvent to propylene carbonate is from about 3 :7 to about 7:3. 4. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the concentration of the salt in the electrolyte is from about 0.5 M to about 1.5 M. 5. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the concentration of the salt in the electrolyte is from about 1 M to about 1.2 M. 6. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein R1, R2, and R3 are individually C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 alkoxy; and R4 is —(CH2CH2O)nCH3, where n is from 1 to 5. 7. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the organosilicon solvent comprises Si(CH3)3[O(CH2CH2O)nCH3]; Si(CH3)2[O(CH2CH2O)nCH3][O(CH2CH2O)mCH3]; Si(CH3)3OSi(CH3)2[O(CH2CH2O)nCH3]; Si(CH3)3OSi(CH3)2[CH2(CH2CH2O)nCH3]; or
n is from 1 to 20; and
m is from 1 to 20. 8. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the organosilicon solvent comprises (CH3)3SiO(CH2CH2O)3CH3 or (CH3)3SiOSi(CH3)2CH2(CH2CH2O)3CH3. 9. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the salt comprises LiBr, LiI, LiSCN, LiBF4, LiAlF4, LiPF6, LiAsF6, LiClO4, Li2SO4, LiB(Ph)4, LiAlO2, Li[N(FSO2)2], Li[SO3CH3], Li[BF3(C2F5)], Li[PF3(CF2CF3)3], Li[B(C2O4)2], Li[B(C2O4)F2], Li[PF4(C2O4)], Li[PF2(C2O4)2], Li[CF3CO2], Li[C2F5CO2], Li[N(CF3SO2)2], Li[C(SO2CF3)3], Li[N(C2F5SO2)2], Li[CF3SO3], Li2B12X12-nHn, Li2B10X10-n′Hn′, Li2Sx″, (LiSx″R1)y, (LiSex″R1)y, or a lithium alkyl fluorophosphate; where X is a halogen, n is an integer from 0 to 12, n′ is an integer from 0 to 10, x″ is an integer from 1 to 20, y is an integer from 1 to 3, and R1 is H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, ether, F, CF3, COCF3, SO2CF3, or SO2F. 10. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the salt comprises Li[B(C2O4)2], Li[B(C2O4)F2], LiClO4, LiBF4, LiAsF6, LiPF6, LiCF3SO3, Li[N(CF3SO2)2], Li[C(CF3SO2)3], Li[N(SO2C2F5)2], or a lithium alkyl fluorophosphate. 11. A lithium ion battery comprising an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte, the electrolyte comprising propylene carbonate, a salt, and an organosilicon solvent of formula SiR1R2R3OR4;
wherein:
R1 and R2 are individually alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, or siloxy;
R3 is alkyl, alkoxy, siloxy, —(CH2CH2O)nCH3 or —(CH2CH2CH2O)nCH3, a
and
R4 is —(CH2CH2O)nCH3 or —(CH2CH2CH2O)nCH3;
a is 0 or 1;
b is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and
n is from 1 to 20. 12. The lithium ion battery of claim 11, wherein a ratio of organosilicon solvent to propylene carbonate in the electrolyte is from about 1:9 to about 9:1. 13. The lithium ion battery of claim 11, wherein a ratio of organosilicon solvent to propylene carbonate in the electrolyte is from about 3:7 to about 7:3. 14. The lithium ion battery of claim 11, wherein the concentration of the salt in the electrolyte is from about 0.5 M to about 1.5 M. 15. The lithium ion battery of claim 11, wherein the concentration of the salt in the electrolyte is from about 1 M to about 1.2 M. 16. The lithium ion battery of claim 11, wherein the organosilicon solvent comprises Si(CH3)3[O(CH2CH2O)nCH3]; Si(CH3)2[O(CH2CH2O)nCH3][O(CH2CH2O)mCH3]; Si(CH3)3OSi(CH3)2[O(CH2CH2O)nCH3]; Si(CH3)3OSi(CH3)2[CH2(CH2CH2O)nCH3]; and
n is from 1 to 20; and
m is from 1 to 20. 17. The lithium ion battery of claim 11, wherein the cathode comprises a spinel, a olivine, a carbon-coated olivine, LiFePO4, LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiNi1−xCoyM4 zO2, LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2, LiMn1/3Co1/3Ni1/3O2, LiMn2O4, LiFeO2, LiM4 0.5Mn1.5O4, Li1+x″NiαMnβCoγM5 δ′O2-z″Fz″, An′B1 2(M2O4)3, or VO2, wherein M4 is Al, Mg, Ti, B, Ga, Si, Mn, or Co; M5 is Mg, Zn, Al, Ga, B, Zr, or Ti; A is Li, Ag, Cu, Na, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, or Zn; B1 is Ti, V, Cr, Fe, or Zr; 0≦x≦0.3; 0≦y≦0.5; 0≦z≦0.5; 0≦m≦0.5; 0≦n≦0.5; 0≦x″≦0.4; 0≦α≦1; 0≦β≦1; 0≦γ≦1; 0≦δ′≦0.4; 0≦z″≦0;4; and 0≦n′≦3; with the proviso that at least one of α, β and γ is greater than 0. 18. The lithium ion battery of claim 11, wherein the anode comprises synthetic graphite, natural graphite, amorphous carbon, hard carbon, soft carbon, acetylene black, mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), carbon black, Ketjen black, mesoporous carbon, porous carbon matrix, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, or graphene. | An electrolyte includes an organosilicon solvent, propylene carbonate, and a salt.1. An electrolyte comprising:
propylene carbonate; a salt; and an organosilicon solvent of formula SiR1R2R3OR4; wherein:
R1 and R2 are individually alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, or siloxy;
R3 is alkyl, alkoxy, siloxy, —(CH2CH2O)nCH3 or —(CH2CH2CH2O)nCH3, a
and
R4 is —(CH2CH2O)nCH3 or —(CH2CH2CH2O)nCH3; a is 0 or 1; b is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and n is from 1 to 20. 2. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein a ratio of organosilicon solvent to propylene carbonate is from about 1:9 to about 9:1. 3. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein a ratio of organosilicon solvent to propylene carbonate is from about 3 :7 to about 7:3. 4. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the concentration of the salt in the electrolyte is from about 0.5 M to about 1.5 M. 5. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the concentration of the salt in the electrolyte is from about 1 M to about 1.2 M. 6. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein R1, R2, and R3 are individually C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 alkoxy; and R4 is —(CH2CH2O)nCH3, where n is from 1 to 5. 7. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the organosilicon solvent comprises Si(CH3)3[O(CH2CH2O)nCH3]; Si(CH3)2[O(CH2CH2O)nCH3][O(CH2CH2O)mCH3]; Si(CH3)3OSi(CH3)2[O(CH2CH2O)nCH3]; Si(CH3)3OSi(CH3)2[CH2(CH2CH2O)nCH3]; or
n is from 1 to 20; and
m is from 1 to 20. 8. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the organosilicon solvent comprises (CH3)3SiO(CH2CH2O)3CH3 or (CH3)3SiOSi(CH3)2CH2(CH2CH2O)3CH3. 9. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the salt comprises LiBr, LiI, LiSCN, LiBF4, LiAlF4, LiPF6, LiAsF6, LiClO4, Li2SO4, LiB(Ph)4, LiAlO2, Li[N(FSO2)2], Li[SO3CH3], Li[BF3(C2F5)], Li[PF3(CF2CF3)3], Li[B(C2O4)2], Li[B(C2O4)F2], Li[PF4(C2O4)], Li[PF2(C2O4)2], Li[CF3CO2], Li[C2F5CO2], Li[N(CF3SO2)2], Li[C(SO2CF3)3], Li[N(C2F5SO2)2], Li[CF3SO3], Li2B12X12-nHn, Li2B10X10-n′Hn′, Li2Sx″, (LiSx″R1)y, (LiSex″R1)y, or a lithium alkyl fluorophosphate; where X is a halogen, n is an integer from 0 to 12, n′ is an integer from 0 to 10, x″ is an integer from 1 to 20, y is an integer from 1 to 3, and R1 is H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, ether, F, CF3, COCF3, SO2CF3, or SO2F. 10. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the salt comprises Li[B(C2O4)2], Li[B(C2O4)F2], LiClO4, LiBF4, LiAsF6, LiPF6, LiCF3SO3, Li[N(CF3SO2)2], Li[C(CF3SO2)3], Li[N(SO2C2F5)2], or a lithium alkyl fluorophosphate. 11. A lithium ion battery comprising an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte, the electrolyte comprising propylene carbonate, a salt, and an organosilicon solvent of formula SiR1R2R3OR4;
wherein:
R1 and R2 are individually alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, or siloxy;
R3 is alkyl, alkoxy, siloxy, —(CH2CH2O)nCH3 or —(CH2CH2CH2O)nCH3, a
and
R4 is —(CH2CH2O)nCH3 or —(CH2CH2CH2O)nCH3;
a is 0 or 1;
b is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and
n is from 1 to 20. 12. The lithium ion battery of claim 11, wherein a ratio of organosilicon solvent to propylene carbonate in the electrolyte is from about 1:9 to about 9:1. 13. The lithium ion battery of claim 11, wherein a ratio of organosilicon solvent to propylene carbonate in the electrolyte is from about 3:7 to about 7:3. 14. The lithium ion battery of claim 11, wherein the concentration of the salt in the electrolyte is from about 0.5 M to about 1.5 M. 15. The lithium ion battery of claim 11, wherein the concentration of the salt in the electrolyte is from about 1 M to about 1.2 M. 16. The lithium ion battery of claim 11, wherein the organosilicon solvent comprises Si(CH3)3[O(CH2CH2O)nCH3]; Si(CH3)2[O(CH2CH2O)nCH3][O(CH2CH2O)mCH3]; Si(CH3)3OSi(CH3)2[O(CH2CH2O)nCH3]; Si(CH3)3OSi(CH3)2[CH2(CH2CH2O)nCH3]; and
n is from 1 to 20; and
m is from 1 to 20. 17. The lithium ion battery of claim 11, wherein the cathode comprises a spinel, a olivine, a carbon-coated olivine, LiFePO4, LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiNi1−xCoyM4 zO2, LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2, LiMn1/3Co1/3Ni1/3O2, LiMn2O4, LiFeO2, LiM4 0.5Mn1.5O4, Li1+x″NiαMnβCoγM5 δ′O2-z″Fz″, An′B1 2(M2O4)3, or VO2, wherein M4 is Al, Mg, Ti, B, Ga, Si, Mn, or Co; M5 is Mg, Zn, Al, Ga, B, Zr, or Ti; A is Li, Ag, Cu, Na, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, or Zn; B1 is Ti, V, Cr, Fe, or Zr; 0≦x≦0.3; 0≦y≦0.5; 0≦z≦0.5; 0≦m≦0.5; 0≦n≦0.5; 0≦x″≦0.4; 0≦α≦1; 0≦β≦1; 0≦γ≦1; 0≦δ′≦0.4; 0≦z″≦0;4; and 0≦n′≦3; with the proviso that at least one of α, β and γ is greater than 0. 18. The lithium ion battery of claim 11, wherein the anode comprises synthetic graphite, natural graphite, amorphous carbon, hard carbon, soft carbon, acetylene black, mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), carbon black, Ketjen black, mesoporous carbon, porous carbon matrix, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, or graphene. | 1,700 |
2,420 | 13,504,268 | 1,782 | A method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition, comprising the steps of: (I) melt-kneading (A) acid anhydride-modified or epoxy-modified rubber with (B) ethylene-vinylalcohol copolymer resin to prepare a first resin composition in which (A) acid anhydride-modified or epoxy-modified rubber is dispersed in (B) ethylene-vinylalcohol copolymer resin, (II) crosslinking (C) crosslinkable elastomer while melt-kneading the crosslinkable elastomer with (D) polyamide resin to prepare a second resin composition in which crosslinked elastomer particles are dispersed in (D) polyamide resin, and (III) melt-mixing together the first resin composition with the second resin composition. The thermoplastic resin composition has excellent gas barrier properties, low-temperature durability, and fatigue resistance. | 1. A method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition, comprising the steps of:
(I) melt-kneading (A) acid anhydride-modified or epoxy-modified rubber with (B) ethylene-vinylalcohol copolymer resin to prepare a first resin composition in which (A) acid anhydride-modified or epoxy-modified rubber is dispersed in (B) ethylene-vinylalcohol copolymer resin, (II) crosslinking (C) crosslinkable elastomer while melt-kneading the crosslinkable elastomer with (D) polyamide resin to prepare a second resin composition in which crosslinked elastomer particles are dispersed in (D) polyamide resin, and (III) melt-mixing together the first resin composition with the second resin composition. 2. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, in which (A) acid anhydride-modified or epoxy-modified rubber is selected from the group consisting of ethylene-α-olefin copolymers and the acid anhydride-modified products and epoxy-modified products of their derivatives, ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymers and acid anhydride-modified products and epoxy-modified products of their derivatives, and combinations thereof. 3. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, in which (C) crosslinkable elastomer is selected from the group consisting of halogenated butyl rubbers, halogenated isoolefin-paraalkylstyrene copolymers, and combinations thereof. 4. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, in which (D) polyamide resin is selected from the group consisting of Nylon 6, Nylon 66, Nylon 6/66 copolymer, Nylon 11, Nylon 12, Nylon MXD6, and combinations thereof. 5. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, in which the amount of (A) acid anhydride-modified or epoxy-modified rubber contained in the thermoplastic resin composition is 70 to 180 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of (B) ethylene-vinylalcohol copolymer resin. 6. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, in which the amount of (C) crosslinkable elastomer contained in the thermoplastic resin composition is 70 to 180 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of (D) polyamide resin. 7. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, in which the first resin composition and the second resin composition are melt-mixed at a weight ratio of from 90:10 to 10:90. 8. A thermoplastic resin composition produced by the method according to claim 1. 9. A pneumatic tire using a film comprising the thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 8 in an innerliner. 10. A hose using a film comprising the thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 8 in a gas barrier layer. 11. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 2, in which (C) crosslinkable elastomer is selected from the group consisting of halogenated butyl rubbers, halogenated isoolefin-paraalkylstyrene copolymers, and combinations thereof. 12. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 2, in which (D) polyamide resin is selected from the group consisting of Nylon 6, Nylon 66, Nylon 6/66 copolymer, Nylon 11, Nylon 12, Nylon MXD6, and combinations thereof. 13. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 3, in which (D) polyamide resin is selected from the group consisting of Nylon 6, Nylon 66, Nylon 6/66 copolymer, Nylon 11, Nylon 12, Nylon MXD6, and combinations thereof. 14. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 2, in which the amount of (A) acid anhydride-modified or epoxy-modified rubber contained in the thermoplastic resin composition is 70 to 180 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of (B) ethylene-vinylalcohol copolymer resin. 15. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 3, in which the amount of (A) acid anhydride-modified or epoxy-modified rubber contained in the thermoplastic resin composition is 70 to 180 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of (B) ethylene-vinylalcohol copolymer resin. 16. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 4, in which the amount of (A) acid anhydride-modified or epoxy-modified rubber contained in the thermoplastic resin composition is 70 to 180 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of (B) ethylene-vinylalcohol copolymer resin. 17. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 2, in which the amount of (C) crosslinkable elastomer contained in the thermoplastic resin composition is 70 to 180 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of (D) polyamide resin. 18. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 3, in which the amount of (C) crosslinkable elastomer contained in the thermoplastic resin composition is 70 to 180 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of (D) polyamide resin. 19. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 4, in which the amount of (C) crosslinkable elastomer contained in the thermoplastic resin composition is 70 to 180 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of (D) polyamide resin. 20. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 5, in which the amount of (C) crosslinkable elastomer contained in the thermoplastic resin composition is 70 to 180 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of (D) polyamide resin. | A method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition, comprising the steps of: (I) melt-kneading (A) acid anhydride-modified or epoxy-modified rubber with (B) ethylene-vinylalcohol copolymer resin to prepare a first resin composition in which (A) acid anhydride-modified or epoxy-modified rubber is dispersed in (B) ethylene-vinylalcohol copolymer resin, (II) crosslinking (C) crosslinkable elastomer while melt-kneading the crosslinkable elastomer with (D) polyamide resin to prepare a second resin composition in which crosslinked elastomer particles are dispersed in (D) polyamide resin, and (III) melt-mixing together the first resin composition with the second resin composition. The thermoplastic resin composition has excellent gas barrier properties, low-temperature durability, and fatigue resistance.1. A method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition, comprising the steps of:
(I) melt-kneading (A) acid anhydride-modified or epoxy-modified rubber with (B) ethylene-vinylalcohol copolymer resin to prepare a first resin composition in which (A) acid anhydride-modified or epoxy-modified rubber is dispersed in (B) ethylene-vinylalcohol copolymer resin, (II) crosslinking (C) crosslinkable elastomer while melt-kneading the crosslinkable elastomer with (D) polyamide resin to prepare a second resin composition in which crosslinked elastomer particles are dispersed in (D) polyamide resin, and (III) melt-mixing together the first resin composition with the second resin composition. 2. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, in which (A) acid anhydride-modified or epoxy-modified rubber is selected from the group consisting of ethylene-α-olefin copolymers and the acid anhydride-modified products and epoxy-modified products of their derivatives, ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymers and acid anhydride-modified products and epoxy-modified products of their derivatives, and combinations thereof. 3. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, in which (C) crosslinkable elastomer is selected from the group consisting of halogenated butyl rubbers, halogenated isoolefin-paraalkylstyrene copolymers, and combinations thereof. 4. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, in which (D) polyamide resin is selected from the group consisting of Nylon 6, Nylon 66, Nylon 6/66 copolymer, Nylon 11, Nylon 12, Nylon MXD6, and combinations thereof. 5. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, in which the amount of (A) acid anhydride-modified or epoxy-modified rubber contained in the thermoplastic resin composition is 70 to 180 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of (B) ethylene-vinylalcohol copolymer resin. 6. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, in which the amount of (C) crosslinkable elastomer contained in the thermoplastic resin composition is 70 to 180 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of (D) polyamide resin. 7. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, in which the first resin composition and the second resin composition are melt-mixed at a weight ratio of from 90:10 to 10:90. 8. A thermoplastic resin composition produced by the method according to claim 1. 9. A pneumatic tire using a film comprising the thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 8 in an innerliner. 10. A hose using a film comprising the thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 8 in a gas barrier layer. 11. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 2, in which (C) crosslinkable elastomer is selected from the group consisting of halogenated butyl rubbers, halogenated isoolefin-paraalkylstyrene copolymers, and combinations thereof. 12. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 2, in which (D) polyamide resin is selected from the group consisting of Nylon 6, Nylon 66, Nylon 6/66 copolymer, Nylon 11, Nylon 12, Nylon MXD6, and combinations thereof. 13. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 3, in which (D) polyamide resin is selected from the group consisting of Nylon 6, Nylon 66, Nylon 6/66 copolymer, Nylon 11, Nylon 12, Nylon MXD6, and combinations thereof. 14. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 2, in which the amount of (A) acid anhydride-modified or epoxy-modified rubber contained in the thermoplastic resin composition is 70 to 180 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of (B) ethylene-vinylalcohol copolymer resin. 15. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 3, in which the amount of (A) acid anhydride-modified or epoxy-modified rubber contained in the thermoplastic resin composition is 70 to 180 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of (B) ethylene-vinylalcohol copolymer resin. 16. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 4, in which the amount of (A) acid anhydride-modified or epoxy-modified rubber contained in the thermoplastic resin composition is 70 to 180 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of (B) ethylene-vinylalcohol copolymer resin. 17. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 2, in which the amount of (C) crosslinkable elastomer contained in the thermoplastic resin composition is 70 to 180 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of (D) polyamide resin. 18. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 3, in which the amount of (C) crosslinkable elastomer contained in the thermoplastic resin composition is 70 to 180 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of (D) polyamide resin. 19. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 4, in which the amount of (C) crosslinkable elastomer contained in the thermoplastic resin composition is 70 to 180 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of (D) polyamide resin. 20. The method for producing a thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 5, in which the amount of (C) crosslinkable elastomer contained in the thermoplastic resin composition is 70 to 180 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of (D) polyamide resin. | 1,700 |
2,421 | 13,950,883 | 1,734 | An article includes a microscale composite material having a matrix with titanium boride particles configured to form an insert in a metallic mass being comprised of material other than a consolidated titanium-based metallic composition having titanium particles. | 1. An article comprising a microscale composite material, the microscale composite material comprising:
grains including titanium boride particles at a first volume fraction; and additional grains including titanium boride particles at a second volume fraction; the grains and the additional grains being dispersed together, and the first volume fraction being higher than the second volume fraction; wherein at least about 50 volume percent of the titanium boride particles in the first volume fraction include a maximum dimension of less than about 2 micrometers. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the microscale composite material has less than about 1.5 percent by weight boron. 3. The article of claim 1, wherein the microscale composite material has from about 1.5 percent by weight boron to about 17 weight percent boron. 4. The article of claim 1, wherein at least about 50 volume percent of the titanium boride particles have a maximum dimension of less than about 1 micrometer. 5. The article of claim 1, wherein at least about 50 volume percent of the titanium boride particles have a maximum dimension of less than about 0.5 micrometers. 6. The article of claim 1, wherein at least about 90 percent of the titanium boride particles have a maximum dimension of less than about 2 micrometers. 7. The article of claim 1, wherein intragranular titanium boride particles are crystallographically orientated relative to the matrix. 8. The article of claim 1, intragranular titanium boride particles are coherent or partially coherent with the matrix. 9. An article comprising a microscale composite material, the microscale composite material comprising:
a titanium-based matrix comprising titanium boride particles, the titanium-based matrix disposed as a macroscopic insert within a metallic mass, wherein the metallic mass is substantially devoid of consolidated titanium-based metallic composition having titanium boride particles; wherein at least about 50 volume percent of the titanium boride particles include a maximum dimension of less than 2 micrometers. 10. The article of claim 9, wherein the microscale composite material has less than about 1.5 percent by weight boron. 11. The article of claim 9, wherein the microscale composite material has from about 1.5 percent by weight boron to about 17 weight percent boron. 12. The article of claim 9, wherein at least about 50 volume percent of the titanium boride particles have a maximum dimension of less than about 1 micrometer. 13. The article of claim 9, wherein at least about 50 volume percent of the titanium boride particles have a maximum dimension of less than about 0.5 micrometers. 14. The article of claim 9, wherein at least about 90 percent of the titanium boride particles have a maximum dimension of less than about 2 micrometers. 15. An article comprising:
a first microscale composite material comprising a titanium-based matrix comprising a first volume fraction of titanium boride particles forming a macroscopic insert; and a second microscale composite material comprising a titanium-based matrix comprising a second volume fraction of titanium boride particles; the insert being arranged within the second microscale composite material; wherein at least about 50 volume percent of the titanium boride particles in first volume fraction of titanium boride particles include a maximum dimension of less than 2 micrometers. 16. The article of claim 15, wherein the microscale composite material has less than about 1.5 percent by weight boron. 17. The article of claim 15, wherein the microscale composite material has from about 1.5 percent by weight boron to about 17 weight percent boron. 18. The article of claim 15, wherein at least about 50 volume percent of the titanium boride particles in first volume fraction of titanium boride particles have a maximum dimension of less than about 1 micrometer. 19. The article of claim 15, wherein at least about 50 volume percent of the titanium boride particles in first volume fraction of titanium boride particles have a maximum dimension of less than about 0.5 micrometers. 20. The article of claim 15, wherein at least about 90 percent of the titanium boride particles in first volume fraction of titanium boride particles have a maximum dimension of less than about 2 micrometers. | An article includes a microscale composite material having a matrix with titanium boride particles configured to form an insert in a metallic mass being comprised of material other than a consolidated titanium-based metallic composition having titanium particles.1. An article comprising a microscale composite material, the microscale composite material comprising:
grains including titanium boride particles at a first volume fraction; and additional grains including titanium boride particles at a second volume fraction; the grains and the additional grains being dispersed together, and the first volume fraction being higher than the second volume fraction; wherein at least about 50 volume percent of the titanium boride particles in the first volume fraction include a maximum dimension of less than about 2 micrometers. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the microscale composite material has less than about 1.5 percent by weight boron. 3. The article of claim 1, wherein the microscale composite material has from about 1.5 percent by weight boron to about 17 weight percent boron. 4. The article of claim 1, wherein at least about 50 volume percent of the titanium boride particles have a maximum dimension of less than about 1 micrometer. 5. The article of claim 1, wherein at least about 50 volume percent of the titanium boride particles have a maximum dimension of less than about 0.5 micrometers. 6. The article of claim 1, wherein at least about 90 percent of the titanium boride particles have a maximum dimension of less than about 2 micrometers. 7. The article of claim 1, wherein intragranular titanium boride particles are crystallographically orientated relative to the matrix. 8. The article of claim 1, intragranular titanium boride particles are coherent or partially coherent with the matrix. 9. An article comprising a microscale composite material, the microscale composite material comprising:
a titanium-based matrix comprising titanium boride particles, the titanium-based matrix disposed as a macroscopic insert within a metallic mass, wherein the metallic mass is substantially devoid of consolidated titanium-based metallic composition having titanium boride particles; wherein at least about 50 volume percent of the titanium boride particles include a maximum dimension of less than 2 micrometers. 10. The article of claim 9, wherein the microscale composite material has less than about 1.5 percent by weight boron. 11. The article of claim 9, wherein the microscale composite material has from about 1.5 percent by weight boron to about 17 weight percent boron. 12. The article of claim 9, wherein at least about 50 volume percent of the titanium boride particles have a maximum dimension of less than about 1 micrometer. 13. The article of claim 9, wherein at least about 50 volume percent of the titanium boride particles have a maximum dimension of less than about 0.5 micrometers. 14. The article of claim 9, wherein at least about 90 percent of the titanium boride particles have a maximum dimension of less than about 2 micrometers. 15. An article comprising:
a first microscale composite material comprising a titanium-based matrix comprising a first volume fraction of titanium boride particles forming a macroscopic insert; and a second microscale composite material comprising a titanium-based matrix comprising a second volume fraction of titanium boride particles; the insert being arranged within the second microscale composite material; wherein at least about 50 volume percent of the titanium boride particles in first volume fraction of titanium boride particles include a maximum dimension of less than 2 micrometers. 16. The article of claim 15, wherein the microscale composite material has less than about 1.5 percent by weight boron. 17. The article of claim 15, wherein the microscale composite material has from about 1.5 percent by weight boron to about 17 weight percent boron. 18. The article of claim 15, wherein at least about 50 volume percent of the titanium boride particles in first volume fraction of titanium boride particles have a maximum dimension of less than about 1 micrometer. 19. The article of claim 15, wherein at least about 50 volume percent of the titanium boride particles in first volume fraction of titanium boride particles have a maximum dimension of less than about 0.5 micrometers. 20. The article of claim 15, wherein at least about 90 percent of the titanium boride particles in first volume fraction of titanium boride particles have a maximum dimension of less than about 2 micrometers. | 1,700 |
2,422 | 13,595,795 | 1,783 | Surface structured decorative boards ( 1 ) having a, first and a second opposite edge ( 1′ and 1″ respectively). The board ( 1 ) include: an upper side: decorative surface ( 2 ) an upper side surface structure and a base layer. The structure is comprised by at least two surface grades ( 10 ) forming a decorative surface pattern on said upper side, said pattern being applied In predetermined fixed positions (P) on the first and the second edges ( 1′ and 1″ respectively). The first edge pattern positions (P L ) and the second edge pattern' positions (P R ) are matched so that the pattern continues over the first and second edges ( 1′ and 1″ respectively) of adjacent boards ( 1 ). | 1. Surface structured decorative boards (1) having a first and second opposite edge (1 I and 1 II respectively) which board (1) include an upper side decorative surface an upper side surface structure and a base layer, wherein the structure is comprised by at least two surface grades (10) forming a decorative surface pattern on said upper side, said pattern being applied in predetermined fixed positions (P) on at least the first and the second edges (1 I and 1 II respectively), that the first edge pattern positions (PL) and the second edge pattern positions (PR) are matched so that the pattern continues over the first and second edges (1 I and 1 II respectively) of adjacent boards (1). | Surface structured decorative boards ( 1 ) having a, first and a second opposite edge ( 1′ and 1″ respectively). The board ( 1 ) include: an upper side: decorative surface ( 2 ) an upper side surface structure and a base layer. The structure is comprised by at least two surface grades ( 10 ) forming a decorative surface pattern on said upper side, said pattern being applied In predetermined fixed positions (P) on the first and the second edges ( 1′ and 1″ respectively). The first edge pattern positions (P L ) and the second edge pattern' positions (P R ) are matched so that the pattern continues over the first and second edges ( 1′ and 1″ respectively) of adjacent boards ( 1 ).1. Surface structured decorative boards (1) having a first and second opposite edge (1 I and 1 II respectively) which board (1) include an upper side decorative surface an upper side surface structure and a base layer, wherein the structure is comprised by at least two surface grades (10) forming a decorative surface pattern on said upper side, said pattern being applied in predetermined fixed positions (P) on at least the first and the second edges (1 I and 1 II respectively), that the first edge pattern positions (PL) and the second edge pattern positions (PR) are matched so that the pattern continues over the first and second edges (1 I and 1 II respectively) of adjacent boards (1). | 1,700 |
2,423 | 13,649,498 | 1,721 | A multilayered laminate film containing dispersed pigment which is suitable as a back cover for a solar module is provided. The film comprises, in the order listed: a) a layer of a moulding composition which comprises: at least 35% by weight, of polyamide; and from 1 to 65% by weight of a light-reflecting filler; b) optionally, a layer of a thermoplastic moulding composition; and c) a layer of a moulding composition which comprises at least 35% by weight, of polyamide; and from 1 to 65% by weight of a light-reflecting filler; wherein at least one of layers a) and c) further comprises from 1 to 25% by weight of the layer composition of a polyamide elastomer which is a polyetheresteramide, a polyetheramide or a combination thereof. A solar module containing the multilayered laminate film is also provided. | 1. A multilayer film, comprising, in the order listed:
a) a layer of a moulding composition which comprises: at least 35% by weight, based on the overall layer moulding composition, of polyamide; and from 1 to 65% by weight of a light-reflecting filler; b) optionally, a layer of a thermoplastic moulding composition; and c) a layer of a moulding composition which comprises at least 35% by weight, based on the overall moulding composition, of polyamide; and from 1 to 65% by weight of a light-reflecting filler; wherein at least one of layers a) and c) further comprises from 1 to 25% by weight of the layer composition of a polyamide elastomer which is a polyetheresteramide, a polyetheramide or a combination thereof. 2. The multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein the polyamide elastomer is a polyetheramide. 3. The multilayer film according to claim 1, which comprises the layer a) and the layer c) in direct succession. 4. The multilayer film according to claim 3, wherein
a thickness of the layer a) is from 15 to 100 μm, and a thickness of the layer c) is from 100 to 500 μm. 5. The multilayer film according to claim 1, which comprises the layer b) and a thickness of the layer b) is from 100 to 500 μm. 6. The multilayer film according to claim 5, wherein
a thickness of the layer a) and the layer c) is from 15 to 100 μm. 7. The multilayer film according to claim 5, which further comprises at least one of an adhesion promoter layer between layer a) and layer b) and an adhesion promoter layer between layer b) and layer c). 8. The multilayer film according to claim 7, wherein a thickness of the at least one adhesion promoter layer is from 3 to 40 μm. 9. The multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein the light-reflecting filler is titanium dioxide. 10. The multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein the polyamide comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a partly crystalline polyamide having an enthalpy of fusion of more than 25 J/g, a semicrystalline polyamide having an enthalpy of fusion of from 4 to 25 J/g and an amorphous polyamide having an enthalpy of fusion of less than 4 J/g. 11. The multilayer film according to claim 2 wherein the polyetheramide comprises from 4 to 60% by weight of a polyamine obtained from a diol selected from the group consisting of 1,2-ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol and 1,3-butanediol. 12. The multilayer film according to claim 1 wherein the layer a), the layer c) or both layer a) and layer c) further comprise an impact-modifying rubber optionally modified with a polyamide compatible functional group. 13. A photovoltaic module, comprising;
a solar cell embedded in a sealing layer; and the laminate film according to claim 1 as a back cover; wherein the layer a) of the multilayer film is bonded to the sealing layer. 14. The photovoltaic module according to claim 13,
wherein the polyamide elastomer is a polyetheramide. 15. The photovoltaic module according to claim 13,
wherein the light-reflecting filler is titanium dioxide. 16. The photovoltaic module according to claim 13,
wherein the layer a) and layer c) are in direct succession, a thickness of the layer a) is from 15 to 100 μm, and a thickness of the layer c) is from 100 to 500 μm. 17. The photovoltaic module according to claim 13, wherein the layer a), the layer c) or both layer a) and layer c) further comprise an impact-modifying rubber optionally modified with a polyamide compatible functional group. 18. A photovoltaic module, comprising;
a solar cell embedded in a sealing layer; and the multilayer film according to claim 5 as a back cover; wherein the layer a) of the laminate film is bonded to the sealing layer. 19. The photovoltaic module according to claim 18, wherein the multilayer film further comprises at least one of an adhesion promoter layer between layer a) and layer b) and an adhesion promoter layer between layer b) and layer c). 20. The photovoltaic module according to claim 19, wherein
a thickness of the layer b) is from 100 to 500 μm, a thickness of the layer a) and the layer c) is from 15 to 100 μm, and a thickness of the at least one adhesion promoter layer is from 3 to 40 μm. | A multilayered laminate film containing dispersed pigment which is suitable as a back cover for a solar module is provided. The film comprises, in the order listed: a) a layer of a moulding composition which comprises: at least 35% by weight, of polyamide; and from 1 to 65% by weight of a light-reflecting filler; b) optionally, a layer of a thermoplastic moulding composition; and c) a layer of a moulding composition which comprises at least 35% by weight, of polyamide; and from 1 to 65% by weight of a light-reflecting filler; wherein at least one of layers a) and c) further comprises from 1 to 25% by weight of the layer composition of a polyamide elastomer which is a polyetheresteramide, a polyetheramide or a combination thereof. A solar module containing the multilayered laminate film is also provided.1. A multilayer film, comprising, in the order listed:
a) a layer of a moulding composition which comprises: at least 35% by weight, based on the overall layer moulding composition, of polyamide; and from 1 to 65% by weight of a light-reflecting filler; b) optionally, a layer of a thermoplastic moulding composition; and c) a layer of a moulding composition which comprises at least 35% by weight, based on the overall moulding composition, of polyamide; and from 1 to 65% by weight of a light-reflecting filler; wherein at least one of layers a) and c) further comprises from 1 to 25% by weight of the layer composition of a polyamide elastomer which is a polyetheresteramide, a polyetheramide or a combination thereof. 2. The multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein the polyamide elastomer is a polyetheramide. 3. The multilayer film according to claim 1, which comprises the layer a) and the layer c) in direct succession. 4. The multilayer film according to claim 3, wherein
a thickness of the layer a) is from 15 to 100 μm, and a thickness of the layer c) is from 100 to 500 μm. 5. The multilayer film according to claim 1, which comprises the layer b) and a thickness of the layer b) is from 100 to 500 μm. 6. The multilayer film according to claim 5, wherein
a thickness of the layer a) and the layer c) is from 15 to 100 μm. 7. The multilayer film according to claim 5, which further comprises at least one of an adhesion promoter layer between layer a) and layer b) and an adhesion promoter layer between layer b) and layer c). 8. The multilayer film according to claim 7, wherein a thickness of the at least one adhesion promoter layer is from 3 to 40 μm. 9. The multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein the light-reflecting filler is titanium dioxide. 10. The multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein the polyamide comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a partly crystalline polyamide having an enthalpy of fusion of more than 25 J/g, a semicrystalline polyamide having an enthalpy of fusion of from 4 to 25 J/g and an amorphous polyamide having an enthalpy of fusion of less than 4 J/g. 11. The multilayer film according to claim 2 wherein the polyetheramide comprises from 4 to 60% by weight of a polyamine obtained from a diol selected from the group consisting of 1,2-ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol and 1,3-butanediol. 12. The multilayer film according to claim 1 wherein the layer a), the layer c) or both layer a) and layer c) further comprise an impact-modifying rubber optionally modified with a polyamide compatible functional group. 13. A photovoltaic module, comprising;
a solar cell embedded in a sealing layer; and the laminate film according to claim 1 as a back cover; wherein the layer a) of the multilayer film is bonded to the sealing layer. 14. The photovoltaic module according to claim 13,
wherein the polyamide elastomer is a polyetheramide. 15. The photovoltaic module according to claim 13,
wherein the light-reflecting filler is titanium dioxide. 16. The photovoltaic module according to claim 13,
wherein the layer a) and layer c) are in direct succession, a thickness of the layer a) is from 15 to 100 μm, and a thickness of the layer c) is from 100 to 500 μm. 17. The photovoltaic module according to claim 13, wherein the layer a), the layer c) or both layer a) and layer c) further comprise an impact-modifying rubber optionally modified with a polyamide compatible functional group. 18. A photovoltaic module, comprising;
a solar cell embedded in a sealing layer; and the multilayer film according to claim 5 as a back cover; wherein the layer a) of the laminate film is bonded to the sealing layer. 19. The photovoltaic module according to claim 18, wherein the multilayer film further comprises at least one of an adhesion promoter layer between layer a) and layer b) and an adhesion promoter layer between layer b) and layer c). 20. The photovoltaic module according to claim 19, wherein
a thickness of the layer b) is from 100 to 500 μm, a thickness of the layer a) and the layer c) is from 15 to 100 μm, and a thickness of the at least one adhesion promoter layer is from 3 to 40 μm. | 1,700 |
2,424 | 13,934,256 | 1,743 | Certain example embodiments of this invention relate to edge sealing techniques for vacuum insulating glass (VIG) units. More particularly, certain example embodiments relate to techniques for providing localized heating to edge seals of units, and/or unitized ovens for accomplishing the same. In certain example embodiments, a unit is pre-heated to one or more intermediate temperatures, localized heating (e.g., from one or more substantially linear focused IR heat sources) is provided proximate to the peripheral edges of the unit so as to melt frits placed thereon, and cooled. In certain non-limiting implementations, the pre-heating and/or cooling may be provided in one or more steps. An oven for accomplishing the same may include multiple zones for performing the above-noted steps, each zone optionally including one or more chambers. Accordingly, in certain example embodiments, a temperature gradient proximate to the edges of the unit is created, thereby reducing the chances of breakage and/or at least some de-tempering of the substrates. | 1-26. (canceled) 27. A method of making a vacuum insulating glass (VIG) window unit, including an edge seal, the method comprising:
providing a unit comprising first and second substantially parallel spaced-apart glass substrates, one or more edge portions of the first and second substrates to be sealed, and a frit provided at least partially between the first and second glass substrates for sealing said one or more edge portions to be sealed; pre-heating the unit in substantially its entirety to at least one intermediate temperature, each intermediate temperature in the pre-heating being below a melting point of the first and second substrates and below a melting point of the fit; and after said pre-heating, providing near infrared (IR) inclusive heat to the unit proximate to the edge portions to be sealed so as to at least partially melt the frit, the localized near IR heat being provided to the unit such that at least some areas of the unit not proximate to the edge portions to be sealed are kept at a temperature(s) below frit-melting temperature in making the vacuum insulating glass (VIG) window unit. 28. The method of claim 27, further comprising concentrating and/or focusing the near infrared radiation on or proximate to the frit via at least one parabolic mirror. 29. The method of claim 27, comprising providing the near infrared radiation at a wavelength of at least from about 1.1-1.4 μm. 30. The method of claim 27, wherein the frit melting temperature is from about 350-500° C. 31. The method of claim 27, wherein the first and second glass substrates are tempered, and wherein at least certain portions of the first and second glass substrates lose no more than about 50% of their respective original temper strengths during said method. 32. The method of claim 27, wherein an area between the first and second substrates is at a pressure less than atmospheric in making the VIG window unit. | Certain example embodiments of this invention relate to edge sealing techniques for vacuum insulating glass (VIG) units. More particularly, certain example embodiments relate to techniques for providing localized heating to edge seals of units, and/or unitized ovens for accomplishing the same. In certain example embodiments, a unit is pre-heated to one or more intermediate temperatures, localized heating (e.g., from one or more substantially linear focused IR heat sources) is provided proximate to the peripheral edges of the unit so as to melt frits placed thereon, and cooled. In certain non-limiting implementations, the pre-heating and/or cooling may be provided in one or more steps. An oven for accomplishing the same may include multiple zones for performing the above-noted steps, each zone optionally including one or more chambers. Accordingly, in certain example embodiments, a temperature gradient proximate to the edges of the unit is created, thereby reducing the chances of breakage and/or at least some de-tempering of the substrates.1-26. (canceled) 27. A method of making a vacuum insulating glass (VIG) window unit, including an edge seal, the method comprising:
providing a unit comprising first and second substantially parallel spaced-apart glass substrates, one or more edge portions of the first and second substrates to be sealed, and a frit provided at least partially between the first and second glass substrates for sealing said one or more edge portions to be sealed; pre-heating the unit in substantially its entirety to at least one intermediate temperature, each intermediate temperature in the pre-heating being below a melting point of the first and second substrates and below a melting point of the fit; and after said pre-heating, providing near infrared (IR) inclusive heat to the unit proximate to the edge portions to be sealed so as to at least partially melt the frit, the localized near IR heat being provided to the unit such that at least some areas of the unit not proximate to the edge portions to be sealed are kept at a temperature(s) below frit-melting temperature in making the vacuum insulating glass (VIG) window unit. 28. The method of claim 27, further comprising concentrating and/or focusing the near infrared radiation on or proximate to the frit via at least one parabolic mirror. 29. The method of claim 27, comprising providing the near infrared radiation at a wavelength of at least from about 1.1-1.4 μm. 30. The method of claim 27, wherein the frit melting temperature is from about 350-500° C. 31. The method of claim 27, wherein the first and second glass substrates are tempered, and wherein at least certain portions of the first and second glass substrates lose no more than about 50% of their respective original temper strengths during said method. 32. The method of claim 27, wherein an area between the first and second substrates is at a pressure less than atmospheric in making the VIG window unit. | 1,700 |
2,425 | 14,278,695 | 1,792 | The present disclosure relates to a device for the high-pressure treatment of products, particularly of packaged foodstuffs. The device comprises a high-pressure chamber and a discharge valve for discharging high-pressure medium out of the high-pressure chamber. The invention is characterized in that a controllable actuator is provided for adjusting the rate of the pressure decrease in the high-pressure chamber at least over a predetermined pressure range. The disclosure also relates to a method for the high-pressure treatment of products, wherein pressure decrease takes place in a first phase and in a second phase, and the mean pressure decrease rate in the first phase is higher than in the second phase. | 1-22. (canceled) 23. A method for processing a food product, comprising:
loading the food product into a packaging, replacing air inside the packaging with a protective gas or a protective gas-mixture, subsequent to replacing air inside the packaging by a protective gas or a protective gas mixture:
gas-tight closing the packaging to form a packaged food product,
loading the packaged food product into a high-pressure chamber,
subjecting the packaged food product in the high-pressure chamber to a high-pressure treatment, during which a high-pressure medium acts upon the packaged food product, and
decreasing the pressure within the high-pressure chamber in a first phase and in a second phase, wherein a mean pressure decrease rate in the first phase is higher than in the second phase. 24. Method according to claim 23, wherein the mean pressure decrease rate in the first phase and/or in the second phase is continuously adjustable. 25. Method according to claim 23, wherein the second phase is followed by a third phase in which the mean pressure decrease rate is higher than in the second phase. 26. The method according to claim 23, wherein the pressure during the high-pressure treatment reaches a value of 300 to 1,000 MPa. 27. The method according to claim 26, wherein the pressure during the high-pressure treatment reaches a value from 300 to 700 MPa. 28. The method according to claim 23, wherein the packaging is made from a plastic film or a film composite. 29. The method according to claim 28, wherein the packaging is made from a multilayer packaging material. 30. The method according to claim 23, wherein, during the second phase, the pressure in the high-pressure chamber is reduced in a controlled way within a pressure range from 100 MPa to 0.1 MPa. 31. The method according to claim 30, wherein the pressure is reduced during the second phase in a controlled way between 500 MPa and 5 MPa. 32. The method according to claim 23, wherein the pressure decrease rate is controlled at least in the second phase by a controllable actuator. 33. The method according to claim 32, wherein the actuator comprises a pressure transformer, and a counter-pressure acting on the actuator is continuously decreased at least over a specific pressure range. 34. The method according to claim 32, wherein the actuator is used for controlling the pressure decrease rate only after the pressure in the high-pressure chamber has been reduced to a predetermined threshold value. 35. The method according to claim 34, wherein the predetermined threshold value is 50 MPa. 36. The method according to claim 23, wherein water is used as the high-pressure medium. 37. A method for the high-pressure treatment of a food product, said method comprising:
placing the food product into a package made from a multilayer packaging material,
hermetically sealing the package to form a packaged food product,
placing the packaged food in a high-pressure chamber,
subjecting the packaged food product to a high-pressure treatment within the high-pressure chamber, in which a pressurized high-pressure medium acts upon the packaged food product, and
decreasing pressure within the high-pressure chamber in a first phase at a first mean pressure decrease rate and in a subsequent second phase at a second mean pressure decrease rate, wherein the first mean pressure decrease rate is higher than the second mean pressure decrease rate. 38. The method according to claim 37, wherein a protective gas or a protective gas mixture is provided within the hermetically sealed package. 39. The method according to claim 38, wherein the protective gas or protective gas mixture comprises nitrogen, oxygen or CO2. 40. The method according to claim 15, wherein a rate of the pressure decrease is continuously adjustable. 41. A method for processing a food product, comprising:
loading the food product into a packaging, replacing air inside the packaging with a protective gas or a protective gas-mixture, subsequent to introducing a protective gas or a protective gas mixture into the packaging, gas-tight closing the packaging to form a packaged food product, loading the packaged food product into a high-pressure chamber, subjecting the packaged food product in the high-pressure chamber to a high-pressure treatment, during which a high-pressure medium acts upon the packaged food product, decreasing pressure within the high-pressure chamber in a first phase at a first mean pressure decrease rate, and subsequent to the first phase, decreasing pressure within the high-pressure chamber in second phase at a second mean pressure decrease rate, wherein the first mean pressure decrease rate is higher than the second mean pressure decrease rate. | The present disclosure relates to a device for the high-pressure treatment of products, particularly of packaged foodstuffs. The device comprises a high-pressure chamber and a discharge valve for discharging high-pressure medium out of the high-pressure chamber. The invention is characterized in that a controllable actuator is provided for adjusting the rate of the pressure decrease in the high-pressure chamber at least over a predetermined pressure range. The disclosure also relates to a method for the high-pressure treatment of products, wherein pressure decrease takes place in a first phase and in a second phase, and the mean pressure decrease rate in the first phase is higher than in the second phase.1-22. (canceled) 23. A method for processing a food product, comprising:
loading the food product into a packaging, replacing air inside the packaging with a protective gas or a protective gas-mixture, subsequent to replacing air inside the packaging by a protective gas or a protective gas mixture:
gas-tight closing the packaging to form a packaged food product,
loading the packaged food product into a high-pressure chamber,
subjecting the packaged food product in the high-pressure chamber to a high-pressure treatment, during which a high-pressure medium acts upon the packaged food product, and
decreasing the pressure within the high-pressure chamber in a first phase and in a second phase, wherein a mean pressure decrease rate in the first phase is higher than in the second phase. 24. Method according to claim 23, wherein the mean pressure decrease rate in the first phase and/or in the second phase is continuously adjustable. 25. Method according to claim 23, wherein the second phase is followed by a third phase in which the mean pressure decrease rate is higher than in the second phase. 26. The method according to claim 23, wherein the pressure during the high-pressure treatment reaches a value of 300 to 1,000 MPa. 27. The method according to claim 26, wherein the pressure during the high-pressure treatment reaches a value from 300 to 700 MPa. 28. The method according to claim 23, wherein the packaging is made from a plastic film or a film composite. 29. The method according to claim 28, wherein the packaging is made from a multilayer packaging material. 30. The method according to claim 23, wherein, during the second phase, the pressure in the high-pressure chamber is reduced in a controlled way within a pressure range from 100 MPa to 0.1 MPa. 31. The method according to claim 30, wherein the pressure is reduced during the second phase in a controlled way between 500 MPa and 5 MPa. 32. The method according to claim 23, wherein the pressure decrease rate is controlled at least in the second phase by a controllable actuator. 33. The method according to claim 32, wherein the actuator comprises a pressure transformer, and a counter-pressure acting on the actuator is continuously decreased at least over a specific pressure range. 34. The method according to claim 32, wherein the actuator is used for controlling the pressure decrease rate only after the pressure in the high-pressure chamber has been reduced to a predetermined threshold value. 35. The method according to claim 34, wherein the predetermined threshold value is 50 MPa. 36. The method according to claim 23, wherein water is used as the high-pressure medium. 37. A method for the high-pressure treatment of a food product, said method comprising:
placing the food product into a package made from a multilayer packaging material,
hermetically sealing the package to form a packaged food product,
placing the packaged food in a high-pressure chamber,
subjecting the packaged food product to a high-pressure treatment within the high-pressure chamber, in which a pressurized high-pressure medium acts upon the packaged food product, and
decreasing pressure within the high-pressure chamber in a first phase at a first mean pressure decrease rate and in a subsequent second phase at a second mean pressure decrease rate, wherein the first mean pressure decrease rate is higher than the second mean pressure decrease rate. 38. The method according to claim 37, wherein a protective gas or a protective gas mixture is provided within the hermetically sealed package. 39. The method according to claim 38, wherein the protective gas or protective gas mixture comprises nitrogen, oxygen or CO2. 40. The method according to claim 15, wherein a rate of the pressure decrease is continuously adjustable. 41. A method for processing a food product, comprising:
loading the food product into a packaging, replacing air inside the packaging with a protective gas or a protective gas-mixture, subsequent to introducing a protective gas or a protective gas mixture into the packaging, gas-tight closing the packaging to form a packaged food product, loading the packaged food product into a high-pressure chamber, subjecting the packaged food product in the high-pressure chamber to a high-pressure treatment, during which a high-pressure medium acts upon the packaged food product, decreasing pressure within the high-pressure chamber in a first phase at a first mean pressure decrease rate, and subsequent to the first phase, decreasing pressure within the high-pressure chamber in second phase at a second mean pressure decrease rate, wherein the first mean pressure decrease rate is higher than the second mean pressure decrease rate. | 1,700 |
2,426 | 13,551,007 | 1,714 | The beverage appliance of the present invention includes a venturi having a steam inlet and a milk inlet. The steam inlet and milk inlet each include a solenoid valve configurable between an open state and a closed state. The solenoid valves are electrically coupled to a processor and are controllable through first and second switches. In operation, upon activation of the first switch, the solenoid valves are controlled to their open states to deliver milk and steam to the venturi to produce frothed milk. When a desired amount of frothed milk has been dispensed, the user deactivates the first switch and the processor controls only the milk inlet solenoid valve to its closed state. The steam inlet solenoid valve remains in its open state for a predetermined amount of time such that a burst of steam only is forced through the venturi and distribution lines to purge them of milk. | 1. A brewed beverage appliance, comprising:
a housing; a steam source; a milk reservoir; a brewed beverage dispensing spout; a frothed milk dispensing spout; a milk frothing unit fluidly coupled to said frothed milk dispensing spout, said milk frothing unit having a steam inlet for receiving steam from said steam source and a milk inlet for receiving milk from said milk reservoir; a first valve associated with said milk inlet and controllable between an open state and a closed state to control a flow of milk to said milk frothing unit; a second valve associated with said steam inlet and controllable between an open state and a closed state to control a flow of steam to said milk frothing unit. 2. The brewed beverage appliance of claim 1, further comprising:
a processor electrically coupled to said first and said second valves and configured to control said first and second valves between said open and closed states. 3. The brewed beverage appliance of claim 2, wherein:
said processor is configured to control said first valve and said second valve to said open states to permit said flow of milk and said flow of steam into said milk frothing unit to produce frothed milk; and wherein said processor operates according to a control algorithm such that when a desired quantity of frothed milk is dispensed from said frothed milk dispensing spout, said first valve is controlled to said closed state and said second valve is maintained in said open state for a predetermined amount of time to cleanse said milk frothing unit and milk dispensing spout. 4. The brewed beverage appliance of claim 1, further comprising:
a first switch electrically coupled to said first valve for manually controlling said first valve between said open and closed states; and a second switch electrically coupled to said second valve for manually controlling said second valve between said open and closed states. 5. A cleaning system for a brewed beverage appliance, comprising:
a venturi having a steam inlet for receiving steam from a steam source and a milk inlet for receiving milk from a milk reservoir; a first solenoid valve associated with said milk inlet and configurable between an open state and a closed state; a second solenoid valve associated with said steam inlet and configurable between an open state and a closed state; and a processor electrically coupled to said first and second solenoid valves, said processor configured to control said first and second solenoid valves between said open and closed states. 6. The cleaning system of claim 5, further comprising:
a first switch electrically coupled to said processor and configured to control said first solenoid valve between said open and said closed state; and a second switch electrically coupled to said processor and configured to control said second solenoid valve between said open and said closed state; wherein said first and said second solenoid valves are controllable between said open and closed states independently of one another through said first and said second switches. 7. The cleaning system of claim 5, wherein:
said processor is configured to maintain said second solenoid valve in said open position for a predetermined duration after said first solenoid valve is controlled to its closed state. 8. A method of cleaning a brewed beverage appliance having a milk frothing unit including a frothed milk dispensing spout in fluid communication with a venturi, said venturi having a steam inlet for receiving steam from a steam source and a milk inlet for receiving milk from a milk reservoir, said method comprising the steps of:
initiating a flow of milk from said milk reservoir and a flow of steam from said steam source through said venturi and out of said frothed milk dispensing spout; ceasing said flow of milk though said venturi; and maintaining said flow of steam through said venturi for a predetermined period of time. 9. The method according to claim 8, further comprising the step of:
ceasing said flow of steam through said venturi. 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein:
a milk value controls an ingress of milk to said venturi; a steam valve controls an ingress of milk to said venturi; and said steps of initiating, ceasing and maintaining said flows of milk and steam through said venturi are carried out automatically by a processor electrically coupled to said milk valve and said steam valve. 11. The method according to claim 8, further comprising:
initiating a flow of steam only through said venturi and out of said dispensing spout. | The beverage appliance of the present invention includes a venturi having a steam inlet and a milk inlet. The steam inlet and milk inlet each include a solenoid valve configurable between an open state and a closed state. The solenoid valves are electrically coupled to a processor and are controllable through first and second switches. In operation, upon activation of the first switch, the solenoid valves are controlled to their open states to deliver milk and steam to the venturi to produce frothed milk. When a desired amount of frothed milk has been dispensed, the user deactivates the first switch and the processor controls only the milk inlet solenoid valve to its closed state. The steam inlet solenoid valve remains in its open state for a predetermined amount of time such that a burst of steam only is forced through the venturi and distribution lines to purge them of milk.1. A brewed beverage appliance, comprising:
a housing; a steam source; a milk reservoir; a brewed beverage dispensing spout; a frothed milk dispensing spout; a milk frothing unit fluidly coupled to said frothed milk dispensing spout, said milk frothing unit having a steam inlet for receiving steam from said steam source and a milk inlet for receiving milk from said milk reservoir; a first valve associated with said milk inlet and controllable between an open state and a closed state to control a flow of milk to said milk frothing unit; a second valve associated with said steam inlet and controllable between an open state and a closed state to control a flow of steam to said milk frothing unit. 2. The brewed beverage appliance of claim 1, further comprising:
a processor electrically coupled to said first and said second valves and configured to control said first and second valves between said open and closed states. 3. The brewed beverage appliance of claim 2, wherein:
said processor is configured to control said first valve and said second valve to said open states to permit said flow of milk and said flow of steam into said milk frothing unit to produce frothed milk; and wherein said processor operates according to a control algorithm such that when a desired quantity of frothed milk is dispensed from said frothed milk dispensing spout, said first valve is controlled to said closed state and said second valve is maintained in said open state for a predetermined amount of time to cleanse said milk frothing unit and milk dispensing spout. 4. The brewed beverage appliance of claim 1, further comprising:
a first switch electrically coupled to said first valve for manually controlling said first valve between said open and closed states; and a second switch electrically coupled to said second valve for manually controlling said second valve between said open and closed states. 5. A cleaning system for a brewed beverage appliance, comprising:
a venturi having a steam inlet for receiving steam from a steam source and a milk inlet for receiving milk from a milk reservoir; a first solenoid valve associated with said milk inlet and configurable between an open state and a closed state; a second solenoid valve associated with said steam inlet and configurable between an open state and a closed state; and a processor electrically coupled to said first and second solenoid valves, said processor configured to control said first and second solenoid valves between said open and closed states. 6. The cleaning system of claim 5, further comprising:
a first switch electrically coupled to said processor and configured to control said first solenoid valve between said open and said closed state; and a second switch electrically coupled to said processor and configured to control said second solenoid valve between said open and said closed state; wherein said first and said second solenoid valves are controllable between said open and closed states independently of one another through said first and said second switches. 7. The cleaning system of claim 5, wherein:
said processor is configured to maintain said second solenoid valve in said open position for a predetermined duration after said first solenoid valve is controlled to its closed state. 8. A method of cleaning a brewed beverage appliance having a milk frothing unit including a frothed milk dispensing spout in fluid communication with a venturi, said venturi having a steam inlet for receiving steam from a steam source and a milk inlet for receiving milk from a milk reservoir, said method comprising the steps of:
initiating a flow of milk from said milk reservoir and a flow of steam from said steam source through said venturi and out of said frothed milk dispensing spout; ceasing said flow of milk though said venturi; and maintaining said flow of steam through said venturi for a predetermined period of time. 9. The method according to claim 8, further comprising the step of:
ceasing said flow of steam through said venturi. 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein:
a milk value controls an ingress of milk to said venturi; a steam valve controls an ingress of milk to said venturi; and said steps of initiating, ceasing and maintaining said flows of milk and steam through said venturi are carried out automatically by a processor electrically coupled to said milk valve and said steam valve. 11. The method according to claim 8, further comprising:
initiating a flow of steam only through said venturi and out of said dispensing spout. | 1,700 |
2,427 | 13,590,892 | 1,785 | A chamber may include a first barrier portion, a second barrier portion, a peripheral bond, an interior bond, and a fold. The first barrier portion defines a first surface of the chamber. The second barrier portion defines a second surface of the chamber, the first surface being opposite the second surface. The peripheral bond joins the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion to form an interior void within the chamber and seal a fluid within the interior void. The interior bond is spaced inward from the peripheral bond and joins the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion. Additionally, the fold is in the second barrier portion and extends away from the interior bond and through a majority of a thickness of the chamber. | 1. A chamber comprising:
a first barrier portion formed from a polymer material and defining a first surface of the chamber; a second barrier portion formed from the polymer material and defining a second surface of the chamber, the first surface being opposite the second surface; a peripheral bond that joins the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion to form an interior void within the chamber and seal a fluid within the interior void; an interior bond that is spaced inward from the peripheral bond and joins the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion; and a fold in the second barrier portion that extends away from the interior bond and through a majority of a thickness of the chamber. 2. The chamber recited in claim 1, wherein the fold forms a ridge within the interior void and a depression in the second surface. 3. The chamber recited in claim 2, wherein an apex of the ridge forms an angle in a range of 20 to 60 degrees with the first surface. 4. The chamber recited in claim 2, wherein an apex of the ridge includes an indentation that (a) is located within the interior void and (b) extends through a majority of a length of the ridge. 5. The chamber recited in claim 1, wherein (a) a majority of the first surface substantially coincides with a first plane, (b) a majority of the second surface substantially coincides with a second plane, (c) the interior bond is located closer to the first plane than the second plane, and (d) the fold extends from the interior bond to the second plane. 6. The chamber recited in claim 1, wherein a tensile member is located within the interior void and secured to the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion, the tensile member being absent in an area of the interior bond and the fold. 7. The chamber recited in claim 6, wherein the tensile member has an edge located inward from the peripheral bond and adjacent to the peripheral bond, the edge defining an indentation in the tensile member that extends at least partially around the interior bond and the fold. 8. The chamber recited in claim 6, wherein the tensile member is a textile that includes a first layer, a second layer, and a plurality of connecting members extending between the first layer and the second layer, the first layer being joined to the first barrier portion, and the second layer being joined to the second barrier portion. 9. The chamber recited in claim 1, wherein the chamber is incorporated into an article of footwear. 10. A chamber comprising:
a first barrier portion defining a first surface of the chamber, a majority of the first surface substantially coinciding with a first plane; a second barrier portion defining a second surface of the chamber, the first surface being opposite the second surface, and a majority of the second surface substantially coinciding with a second plane; a peripheral bond that joins the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion to form an interior void within the chamber and seal a fluid within the interior void; an interior bond that is spaced inward from the peripheral bond and joins the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion, the interior bond being located closer to the first plane than the second plane; and a fold in the second barrier portion that extends from the interior bond to the second plane, the fold forming a ridge within the interior void and a depression in the second surface, and an apex of the ridge forming an angle in a range of 20 to 60 degrees with the first surface. 11. The chamber recited in claim 10, wherein the apex of the ridge includes an indentation that (a) is located within the interior void and (b) extends through a majority of a length of the ridge. 12. The chamber recited in claim 10, wherein a tensile member is located within the interior void and secured to the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion, the tensile member being absent in an area of the interior bond and the fold. 13. The chamber recited in claim 12, wherein the tensile member has an edge located inward from the peripheral bond and adjacent to the peripheral bond, the edge defining an indentation in the tensile member that extends at least partially around the interior bond and the fold. 14. The chamber recited in claim 12, wherein the tensile member is a textile that includes a first layer, a second layer, and a plurality of connecting members extending between the first layer and the second layer, the first layer being joined to the first barrier portion, and the second layer being joined to the second barrier portion. 15. The chamber recited in claim 10, wherein the chamber is incorporated into an article of footwear. 16. A chamber comprising:
a barrier formed from a polymer material and including a first barrier portion and a second barrier portion, the first barrier portion defining a first surface of the chamber, and the second barrier portion defining a second surface of the chamber, the first surface being opposite the second surface; a peripheral bond that joins the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion to form an interior void within the chamber and seal a fluid within the interior void; an interior bond that is spaced inward from the peripheral bond and joins the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion; a first fold in the second barrier portion that forms a first ridge within the interior void, the first ridge extending outward from the interior bond and through a majority of a thickness of the chamber; and a second fold in the second barrier portion that forms a second ridge within the interior void, the second ridge extending outward from the interior bond and through a majority of the thickness of the chamber. 17. The chamber recited in claim 16, wherein the first fold and the second fold form a depression in the second surface. 18. The chamber recited in claim 16, wherein apexes of the first ridge and the second ridge each form an angle in a range of 20 to 60 degrees with the first surface. 19. The chamber recited in claim 16, wherein an apex of the first ridge defines an indentation that (a) is located within the interior void and (b) extends through a majority of a length of the first ridge. 20. The chamber recited in claim 16, wherein a tensile member is located within the interior void, the tensile member being a textile that includes a first layer, a second layer, and a plurality of connecting members extending between the first layer and the second layer, the first layer being joined to the first barrier portion, and the second layer being joined to the second barrier portion, and the tensile member extending at least partially around the interior bond, the first fold, and the second fold. 21. A chamber comprising:
a barrier formed from a polymer material and defining an interior void, the barrier having (a) a first barrier portion forming a first surface of the chamber and (b) a second barrier portion forming a second surface of the chamber, the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion being secured to each other at (a) a peripheral bond to seal a fluid within the interior void and (b) an interior bond that is spaced inward from the peripheral bond; and a tensile member located within the interior void and secured to the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion, the tensile member having an edge located inward and adjacent to the peripheral bond, the edge defining an indentation in the tensile member that extends at least partially around the interior bond. 22. The chamber recited in claim 21, wherein the tensile member is a textile that includes a first layer, a second layer, and a plurality of connecting members extending between the first layer and the second layer, the first layer being joined to the first barrier portion, and the second layer being joined to the second barrier portion. 23. The chamber recited in claim 22, wherein the first layer, the second layer, and the connecting members are absent in the indentation. 24. The chamber recited in claim 22, wherein the edge of the tensile member is spaced inward from the peripheral bond. 25. The chamber recited in claim 21, wherein the second barrier portion forms a fold that extends outward from the interior bond and through a majority of a thickness of the chamber, the fold forming a ridge within the interior void and a depression in the second surface, and an apex of the ridge forms an angle in a range of 20 to 60 degrees with the first surface. 26. A method of manufacturing a chamber, the method comprising:
molding a barrier to include a first barrier portion and a second barrier portion that define an interior void, a tensile member being located within the interior void and unsecured to at least one of the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion; and compressing and heating the first barrier portion, the second barrier portion, and the tensile member after the step of molding to bond the tensile member to the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion. 27. The method recited in claim 26, wherein the step of compressing and heating includes applying heat to areas of the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion that are immediately adjacent to the tensile member. 28. The method recited in claim 26, wherein the step of compressing and heating includes applying radio frequency energy to heat at least the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion. 29. The method recited in claim 28, wherein the step of compressing and heating includes utilizing a bonding tool with a bonding area having a shape of the tensile member. 30. The method recited in claim 26, wherein the step of molding includes forming a peripheral bond that joins the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion and extends around the interior void. 31. A method of manufacturing a chamber, the method comprising:
utilizing a mold to form a barrier from a pair of polymer layers, the barrier having a first barrier portion and a second barrier portion that define an interior void; locating a tensile member within the interior void, the tensile member being unsecured to at least one of the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion; and utilizing a bonding tool to (a) heat at least the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion and (b) compress the tensile member between the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion to bond the tensile member to each of the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion. 32. The method recited in claim 31 wherein the step of locating the tensile member is performed during the step of utilizing the mold. 33. The method recited in claim 31, wherein the step of utilizing the bonding tool includes heating areas of the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion that are immediately adjacent to the tensile member. 34. The method recited in claim 31, wherein the step of utilizing the bonding tool includes applying radio frequency energy to heat at least the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion. 35. The method recited in claim 31, wherein the bonding tool includes a bonding area having a shape of the tensile member. | A chamber may include a first barrier portion, a second barrier portion, a peripheral bond, an interior bond, and a fold. The first barrier portion defines a first surface of the chamber. The second barrier portion defines a second surface of the chamber, the first surface being opposite the second surface. The peripheral bond joins the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion to form an interior void within the chamber and seal a fluid within the interior void. The interior bond is spaced inward from the peripheral bond and joins the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion. Additionally, the fold is in the second barrier portion and extends away from the interior bond and through a majority of a thickness of the chamber.1. A chamber comprising:
a first barrier portion formed from a polymer material and defining a first surface of the chamber; a second barrier portion formed from the polymer material and defining a second surface of the chamber, the first surface being opposite the second surface; a peripheral bond that joins the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion to form an interior void within the chamber and seal a fluid within the interior void; an interior bond that is spaced inward from the peripheral bond and joins the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion; and a fold in the second barrier portion that extends away from the interior bond and through a majority of a thickness of the chamber. 2. The chamber recited in claim 1, wherein the fold forms a ridge within the interior void and a depression in the second surface. 3. The chamber recited in claim 2, wherein an apex of the ridge forms an angle in a range of 20 to 60 degrees with the first surface. 4. The chamber recited in claim 2, wherein an apex of the ridge includes an indentation that (a) is located within the interior void and (b) extends through a majority of a length of the ridge. 5. The chamber recited in claim 1, wherein (a) a majority of the first surface substantially coincides with a first plane, (b) a majority of the second surface substantially coincides with a second plane, (c) the interior bond is located closer to the first plane than the second plane, and (d) the fold extends from the interior bond to the second plane. 6. The chamber recited in claim 1, wherein a tensile member is located within the interior void and secured to the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion, the tensile member being absent in an area of the interior bond and the fold. 7. The chamber recited in claim 6, wherein the tensile member has an edge located inward from the peripheral bond and adjacent to the peripheral bond, the edge defining an indentation in the tensile member that extends at least partially around the interior bond and the fold. 8. The chamber recited in claim 6, wherein the tensile member is a textile that includes a first layer, a second layer, and a plurality of connecting members extending between the first layer and the second layer, the first layer being joined to the first barrier portion, and the second layer being joined to the second barrier portion. 9. The chamber recited in claim 1, wherein the chamber is incorporated into an article of footwear. 10. A chamber comprising:
a first barrier portion defining a first surface of the chamber, a majority of the first surface substantially coinciding with a first plane; a second barrier portion defining a second surface of the chamber, the first surface being opposite the second surface, and a majority of the second surface substantially coinciding with a second plane; a peripheral bond that joins the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion to form an interior void within the chamber and seal a fluid within the interior void; an interior bond that is spaced inward from the peripheral bond and joins the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion, the interior bond being located closer to the first plane than the second plane; and a fold in the second barrier portion that extends from the interior bond to the second plane, the fold forming a ridge within the interior void and a depression in the second surface, and an apex of the ridge forming an angle in a range of 20 to 60 degrees with the first surface. 11. The chamber recited in claim 10, wherein the apex of the ridge includes an indentation that (a) is located within the interior void and (b) extends through a majority of a length of the ridge. 12. The chamber recited in claim 10, wherein a tensile member is located within the interior void and secured to the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion, the tensile member being absent in an area of the interior bond and the fold. 13. The chamber recited in claim 12, wherein the tensile member has an edge located inward from the peripheral bond and adjacent to the peripheral bond, the edge defining an indentation in the tensile member that extends at least partially around the interior bond and the fold. 14. The chamber recited in claim 12, wherein the tensile member is a textile that includes a first layer, a second layer, and a plurality of connecting members extending between the first layer and the second layer, the first layer being joined to the first barrier portion, and the second layer being joined to the second barrier portion. 15. The chamber recited in claim 10, wherein the chamber is incorporated into an article of footwear. 16. A chamber comprising:
a barrier formed from a polymer material and including a first barrier portion and a second barrier portion, the first barrier portion defining a first surface of the chamber, and the second barrier portion defining a second surface of the chamber, the first surface being opposite the second surface; a peripheral bond that joins the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion to form an interior void within the chamber and seal a fluid within the interior void; an interior bond that is spaced inward from the peripheral bond and joins the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion; a first fold in the second barrier portion that forms a first ridge within the interior void, the first ridge extending outward from the interior bond and through a majority of a thickness of the chamber; and a second fold in the second barrier portion that forms a second ridge within the interior void, the second ridge extending outward from the interior bond and through a majority of the thickness of the chamber. 17. The chamber recited in claim 16, wherein the first fold and the second fold form a depression in the second surface. 18. The chamber recited in claim 16, wherein apexes of the first ridge and the second ridge each form an angle in a range of 20 to 60 degrees with the first surface. 19. The chamber recited in claim 16, wherein an apex of the first ridge defines an indentation that (a) is located within the interior void and (b) extends through a majority of a length of the first ridge. 20. The chamber recited in claim 16, wherein a tensile member is located within the interior void, the tensile member being a textile that includes a first layer, a second layer, and a plurality of connecting members extending between the first layer and the second layer, the first layer being joined to the first barrier portion, and the second layer being joined to the second barrier portion, and the tensile member extending at least partially around the interior bond, the first fold, and the second fold. 21. A chamber comprising:
a barrier formed from a polymer material and defining an interior void, the barrier having (a) a first barrier portion forming a first surface of the chamber and (b) a second barrier portion forming a second surface of the chamber, the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion being secured to each other at (a) a peripheral bond to seal a fluid within the interior void and (b) an interior bond that is spaced inward from the peripheral bond; and a tensile member located within the interior void and secured to the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion, the tensile member having an edge located inward and adjacent to the peripheral bond, the edge defining an indentation in the tensile member that extends at least partially around the interior bond. 22. The chamber recited in claim 21, wherein the tensile member is a textile that includes a first layer, a second layer, and a plurality of connecting members extending between the first layer and the second layer, the first layer being joined to the first barrier portion, and the second layer being joined to the second barrier portion. 23. The chamber recited in claim 22, wherein the first layer, the second layer, and the connecting members are absent in the indentation. 24. The chamber recited in claim 22, wherein the edge of the tensile member is spaced inward from the peripheral bond. 25. The chamber recited in claim 21, wherein the second barrier portion forms a fold that extends outward from the interior bond and through a majority of a thickness of the chamber, the fold forming a ridge within the interior void and a depression in the second surface, and an apex of the ridge forms an angle in a range of 20 to 60 degrees with the first surface. 26. A method of manufacturing a chamber, the method comprising:
molding a barrier to include a first barrier portion and a second barrier portion that define an interior void, a tensile member being located within the interior void and unsecured to at least one of the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion; and compressing and heating the first barrier portion, the second barrier portion, and the tensile member after the step of molding to bond the tensile member to the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion. 27. The method recited in claim 26, wherein the step of compressing and heating includes applying heat to areas of the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion that are immediately adjacent to the tensile member. 28. The method recited in claim 26, wherein the step of compressing and heating includes applying radio frequency energy to heat at least the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion. 29. The method recited in claim 28, wherein the step of compressing and heating includes utilizing a bonding tool with a bonding area having a shape of the tensile member. 30. The method recited in claim 26, wherein the step of molding includes forming a peripheral bond that joins the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion and extends around the interior void. 31. A method of manufacturing a chamber, the method comprising:
utilizing a mold to form a barrier from a pair of polymer layers, the barrier having a first barrier portion and a second barrier portion that define an interior void; locating a tensile member within the interior void, the tensile member being unsecured to at least one of the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion; and utilizing a bonding tool to (a) heat at least the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion and (b) compress the tensile member between the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion to bond the tensile member to each of the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion. 32. The method recited in claim 31 wherein the step of locating the tensile member is performed during the step of utilizing the mold. 33. The method recited in claim 31, wherein the step of utilizing the bonding tool includes heating areas of the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion that are immediately adjacent to the tensile member. 34. The method recited in claim 31, wherein the step of utilizing the bonding tool includes applying radio frequency energy to heat at least the first barrier portion and the second barrier portion. 35. The method recited in claim 31, wherein the bonding tool includes a bonding area having a shape of the tensile member. | 1,700 |
2,428 | 14,165,085 | 1,799 | A system and method for providing tissue regeneration without the use of scaffolds. The system includes a vessel that contains a fluid suitable for enhancing the tissue regeneration process. An acoustic transducer is provided at one end of the vessel and a reflector is provided at an opposite end of the vessel. The transducer provides an acoustic signal that creates standing acoustic fields in the vessel that confine human cells within the fluid into a plurality of cell sheets. A system of electrodes provides dielectrophoretic forces within the vessel to create cellular chain arrays to provide vascularization for the tissue. | 1. A system for regenerating tissue, said system comprising:
a vessel containing a fluid suitable for enhancing tissue generation; and an acoustic transducer providing an acoustic signal that generates standing acoustic fields in the vessel, said standing acoustic fields substantially confining cells within the fluid into at least one cell sheet to cause the cells to generate an extracellular matrix and subsequently the tissue. 2. The system according to claim 1 further comprising an electric field generating circuit for generating an electric field within the vessel that provides dielectrophoretic forces to create cellular arrays relative to the at least one cell sheet. 3. The system according to claim 2 wherein the cellular arrays generate vascularization for the tissue. 4. The system according to claim 1 further comprising at least one microfluidic channel being operable to provide sustaining tissue regeneration materials to the vessel. 5. The system according to claim 4 wherein the at least one microfluidic channel provides the cells to the vessel. 6. The system according to claim 4 wherein the at least one microfluidic channel provides cell nutrients to the vessel. 7. The system according to claim 4 wherein the at least one microfluidic channel provides endothelial cells to the vessel to provide vascularization for the tissue. 8. The system according to claim 4 wherein the at least one microfluidic channel is a plurality of microfluidic channels strategically positioned at different locations within the vessel to deliver the material at different locations in vessel. 9. The system according to clam 1 wherein the tissue is human tissue. 10. A system for regenerating human tissue, said system comprising:
a vessel containing a fluid suitable for enhancing tissue regeneration; an acoustic transducer providing an acoustic signal to generate standing acoustic fields in the vessel, said standing acoustic fields substantially confining cells within the fluid into a plurality of cell sheets to cause the cells to regenerate tissue; and an electric field generating circuit for generating an electric field within the vessel that provides dielectrophoretic forces to create cellular arrays relative to the plurality of cell sheets to provide vascularization for the tissue. 11. The system according to claim 10 further comprising at least one microfluidic channel being operable to provide sustaining tissue regeneration materials to the vessel. 12. The system according to claim 11 wherein the at least one microfluidic channel provides the cells to the vessel. 13. The system according to claim 11 wherein the at least one microfluidic channel provides cell nutrients to the vessel. 14. The system according to claim 11 wherein the at least one microfluidic channel provides endothelial cells to the vessel to provide vascularization. 15. The system according to claim 11 wherein the at least one microfluidic channel is a plurality of microfluidic channels strategically positioned at different locations within the vessel to deliver the material at different locations in vessel. 16. A method for regenerating tissue, said method comprising:
generating standing acoustic fields within a vessel so as to confine cells within the vessel as a plurality of tissue cell sheets at locations in the vessel that allow the tissue cell sheets to form an extra cellular matrix and regenerate the tissue; and providing nutrients and other materials to the vessel to enhance the tissue regeneration. 17. The method according to claim 16 further comprising generating an electric field within the vessel that provides dielectrophoretic forces to create cellular arrays relative to the at least one cell sheet, where the cellular arrays generate vascularization for the tissue. 18. The method according to claim 16 further comprising providing a plurality of microfluidic channels that provide tissue sustaining regeneration materials to the vessel. 19. The method according to claim 18 wherein the plurality of microfluidic channels provide one or more of the cells, nutrients or endothelial cells. 20. A method for causing human tissue growth comprising:
suspending human cells in a fluid media; and applying a field-induced force to the suspended cells in a manner that allows the cells to assemble into a three-dimensional structure for a period of time effective to allow the cells to form a natural extra cellular matrix. | A system and method for providing tissue regeneration without the use of scaffolds. The system includes a vessel that contains a fluid suitable for enhancing the tissue regeneration process. An acoustic transducer is provided at one end of the vessel and a reflector is provided at an opposite end of the vessel. The transducer provides an acoustic signal that creates standing acoustic fields in the vessel that confine human cells within the fluid into a plurality of cell sheets. A system of electrodes provides dielectrophoretic forces within the vessel to create cellular chain arrays to provide vascularization for the tissue.1. A system for regenerating tissue, said system comprising:
a vessel containing a fluid suitable for enhancing tissue generation; and an acoustic transducer providing an acoustic signal that generates standing acoustic fields in the vessel, said standing acoustic fields substantially confining cells within the fluid into at least one cell sheet to cause the cells to generate an extracellular matrix and subsequently the tissue. 2. The system according to claim 1 further comprising an electric field generating circuit for generating an electric field within the vessel that provides dielectrophoretic forces to create cellular arrays relative to the at least one cell sheet. 3. The system according to claim 2 wherein the cellular arrays generate vascularization for the tissue. 4. The system according to claim 1 further comprising at least one microfluidic channel being operable to provide sustaining tissue regeneration materials to the vessel. 5. The system according to claim 4 wherein the at least one microfluidic channel provides the cells to the vessel. 6. The system according to claim 4 wherein the at least one microfluidic channel provides cell nutrients to the vessel. 7. The system according to claim 4 wherein the at least one microfluidic channel provides endothelial cells to the vessel to provide vascularization for the tissue. 8. The system according to claim 4 wherein the at least one microfluidic channel is a plurality of microfluidic channels strategically positioned at different locations within the vessel to deliver the material at different locations in vessel. 9. The system according to clam 1 wherein the tissue is human tissue. 10. A system for regenerating human tissue, said system comprising:
a vessel containing a fluid suitable for enhancing tissue regeneration; an acoustic transducer providing an acoustic signal to generate standing acoustic fields in the vessel, said standing acoustic fields substantially confining cells within the fluid into a plurality of cell sheets to cause the cells to regenerate tissue; and an electric field generating circuit for generating an electric field within the vessel that provides dielectrophoretic forces to create cellular arrays relative to the plurality of cell sheets to provide vascularization for the tissue. 11. The system according to claim 10 further comprising at least one microfluidic channel being operable to provide sustaining tissue regeneration materials to the vessel. 12. The system according to claim 11 wherein the at least one microfluidic channel provides the cells to the vessel. 13. The system according to claim 11 wherein the at least one microfluidic channel provides cell nutrients to the vessel. 14. The system according to claim 11 wherein the at least one microfluidic channel provides endothelial cells to the vessel to provide vascularization. 15. The system according to claim 11 wherein the at least one microfluidic channel is a plurality of microfluidic channels strategically positioned at different locations within the vessel to deliver the material at different locations in vessel. 16. A method for regenerating tissue, said method comprising:
generating standing acoustic fields within a vessel so as to confine cells within the vessel as a plurality of tissue cell sheets at locations in the vessel that allow the tissue cell sheets to form an extra cellular matrix and regenerate the tissue; and providing nutrients and other materials to the vessel to enhance the tissue regeneration. 17. The method according to claim 16 further comprising generating an electric field within the vessel that provides dielectrophoretic forces to create cellular arrays relative to the at least one cell sheet, where the cellular arrays generate vascularization for the tissue. 18. The method according to claim 16 further comprising providing a plurality of microfluidic channels that provide tissue sustaining regeneration materials to the vessel. 19. The method according to claim 18 wherein the plurality of microfluidic channels provide one or more of the cells, nutrients or endothelial cells. 20. A method for causing human tissue growth comprising:
suspending human cells in a fluid media; and applying a field-induced force to the suspended cells in a manner that allows the cells to assemble into a three-dimensional structure for a period of time effective to allow the cells to form a natural extra cellular matrix. | 1,700 |
2,429 | 14,150,005 | 1,734 | The present invention relates to a method and system for cleaning a process gas containing carbon dioxide and contaminants, by bringing the process gas into direct contact with an alkaline solution or slurry, and capturing in the alkaline solution or slurry at least a part of the contaminants of the process gas; and bringing the process gas, depleted in contaminants, into direct contact with a cooling liquid to form a cooled process gas; wherein said alkaline solution or slurry is separate from the cooling liquid. | 1. A method of cleaning a process gas containing carbon dioxide and contaminants, said method comprising:
bringing the process gas into direct contact with an alkaline solution or slurry, and capturing in the alkaline solution or slurry at least a part of the contaminants of the process gas; and bringing the process gas, depleted in contaminants, into direct contact with a cooling liquid to form a cooled process gas; wherein said alkaline solution or slurry is separate from the cooling liquid. 2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising:
bringing the cooled process gas into direct contact with an ammoniated solution or slurry to remove, at least partly, carbon dioxide from the process gas, and to form a process gas containing ammonia; and bringing the process gas containing ammonia into direct contact with a wash liquid to remove, at least partly, ammonia from the process gas. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the alkaline solution or slurry comprises NaOH or Ca(OH)2. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the alkaline solution or slurry has a pH-value of 8 or higher. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of bringing the process gas into direct contact with an alkaline solution or slurry is performed at a temperature above the dew point of the process gas. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the contaminants include sulfur dioxide, heavy metals and particulate material. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the process gas is generated by a cement production facility or a steel production facility. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the alkaline solution or slurry containing contaminants captured from the process gas is, at least partly, returned to the process in which the process gas was generated. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein particulate material captured from the process gas or formed in the alkaline solution or slurry is, at least partly, separated from the alkaline solution or slurry. 10. A gas cleaning system for cleaning a process gas containing carbon dioxide and contaminants, said gas cleaning system comprising:
an alkaline cleaning system comprising a gas-liquid contacting device operative for removing, at least partly, contaminants from the process gas, by bringing the process gas into direct contact with an alkaline solution or slurry, and capturing in the alkaline solution or slurry at least a part of the contaminants of the process gas; and a cooling system comprising a gas-liquid contacting device operative for cooling the process gas depleted in contaminants by bringing the process gas depleted in contaminants into direct contact with a cooling liquid; wherein said alkaline solution or slurry is separate from the cooling liquid. 11. The gas cleaning system according to claim 10, further comprising:
a CO2-absorber comprising a gas-liquid contacting device operative for removing, at least partly, carbon dioxide from the process gas by bringing cooled process gas into contact with an ammoniated solution absorbing at least a part of the carbon dioxide; and an ammonia removal system comprising a gas-liquid contacting device operative for removing, at least partly, ammonia from the process gas, which has been treated in the CO2-absorber and which comprises ammonia, by bringing the process gas containing ammonia into direct contact with a wash liquid. 12. The gas cleaning system according to claim 10, wherein the contaminants include sulfur dioxide, heavy metals and particulate material. 13. The gas cleaning system according to claim 10, wherein said gas cleaning system is integrated with a cement production facility or a steel production facility. 14. The gas cleaning system according to claim 10, wherein the alkaline cleaning system is configured to return, at least partly, alkaline solution or slurry containing contaminants absorbed from the process gas to the process in which the process gas was generated. 15. The gas cleaning system according to claim 14, wherein said alkaline cleaning system further comprises a liquid/solid separator operative for separating, at least partly, solids formed in the alkaline solution or slurry from the solution. | The present invention relates to a method and system for cleaning a process gas containing carbon dioxide and contaminants, by bringing the process gas into direct contact with an alkaline solution or slurry, and capturing in the alkaline solution or slurry at least a part of the contaminants of the process gas; and bringing the process gas, depleted in contaminants, into direct contact with a cooling liquid to form a cooled process gas; wherein said alkaline solution or slurry is separate from the cooling liquid.1. A method of cleaning a process gas containing carbon dioxide and contaminants, said method comprising:
bringing the process gas into direct contact with an alkaline solution or slurry, and capturing in the alkaline solution or slurry at least a part of the contaminants of the process gas; and bringing the process gas, depleted in contaminants, into direct contact with a cooling liquid to form a cooled process gas; wherein said alkaline solution or slurry is separate from the cooling liquid. 2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising:
bringing the cooled process gas into direct contact with an ammoniated solution or slurry to remove, at least partly, carbon dioxide from the process gas, and to form a process gas containing ammonia; and bringing the process gas containing ammonia into direct contact with a wash liquid to remove, at least partly, ammonia from the process gas. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the alkaline solution or slurry comprises NaOH or Ca(OH)2. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the alkaline solution or slurry has a pH-value of 8 or higher. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of bringing the process gas into direct contact with an alkaline solution or slurry is performed at a temperature above the dew point of the process gas. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the contaminants include sulfur dioxide, heavy metals and particulate material. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the process gas is generated by a cement production facility or a steel production facility. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the alkaline solution or slurry containing contaminants captured from the process gas is, at least partly, returned to the process in which the process gas was generated. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein particulate material captured from the process gas or formed in the alkaline solution or slurry is, at least partly, separated from the alkaline solution or slurry. 10. A gas cleaning system for cleaning a process gas containing carbon dioxide and contaminants, said gas cleaning system comprising:
an alkaline cleaning system comprising a gas-liquid contacting device operative for removing, at least partly, contaminants from the process gas, by bringing the process gas into direct contact with an alkaline solution or slurry, and capturing in the alkaline solution or slurry at least a part of the contaminants of the process gas; and a cooling system comprising a gas-liquid contacting device operative for cooling the process gas depleted in contaminants by bringing the process gas depleted in contaminants into direct contact with a cooling liquid; wherein said alkaline solution or slurry is separate from the cooling liquid. 11. The gas cleaning system according to claim 10, further comprising:
a CO2-absorber comprising a gas-liquid contacting device operative for removing, at least partly, carbon dioxide from the process gas by bringing cooled process gas into contact with an ammoniated solution absorbing at least a part of the carbon dioxide; and an ammonia removal system comprising a gas-liquid contacting device operative for removing, at least partly, ammonia from the process gas, which has been treated in the CO2-absorber and which comprises ammonia, by bringing the process gas containing ammonia into direct contact with a wash liquid. 12. The gas cleaning system according to claim 10, wherein the contaminants include sulfur dioxide, heavy metals and particulate material. 13. The gas cleaning system according to claim 10, wherein said gas cleaning system is integrated with a cement production facility or a steel production facility. 14. The gas cleaning system according to claim 10, wherein the alkaline cleaning system is configured to return, at least partly, alkaline solution or slurry containing contaminants absorbed from the process gas to the process in which the process gas was generated. 15. The gas cleaning system according to claim 14, wherein said alkaline cleaning system further comprises a liquid/solid separator operative for separating, at least partly, solids formed in the alkaline solution or slurry from the solution. | 1,700 |
2,430 | 15,206,659 | 1,777 | A porous membrane that includes a first zone, the first zone including a crystallizable polymer; and a first nucleating agent, the first nucleating agent having a first concentration in the first zone, the first zone having a first average pore size; and a second zone, the second zone including a crystallizable polymer; and a second nucleating agent, the second nucleating agent having a second concentration in the second zone, the second zone having a second average pore size, wherein the crystallizable polymer is the same in the first zone and second zone, wherein the first average pore size is not the same as the second average pore size, wherein the first nucleating agent and the second nucleating agent are the same or different, wherein the first concentration and the second concentration agent are the same or different and with the proviso that the first nucleating agent and the first concentration are not the same as the second nucleating agent and the second concentration. Methods of making membranes are also disclosed. | 1. A porous membrane comprising:
a first zone, the first zone comprising a crystallizable polyolefin polymer; and a first nucleating agent, the first nucleating agent having a first concentration in the first zone, the first zone having a first average pore size; and a second zone, the second zone comprising a crystallizable polyolefin polymer; and a second nucleating agent, the second nucleating agent having a second concentration in the second zone, the second zone having a second average pore size, wherein the crystallizable polymer is the same in the first zone and second zone, wherein the first average pore size is not the same as the second average pore size, wherein the first nucleating agent and the second nucleating agent are the same or different, wherein the first concentration and the second concentration agent are the same or different and with the proviso that the first nucleating agent and the first concentration are not the same as the second nucleating agent and the second concentration. 2. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the first nucleating agent and second nucleating agent are independently melting nucleating agents or non-melting nucleating agents. 3. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the crystallizable polyolefin polymer is chosen from the group consisting of: polypropylene or copolymers thereof. 4. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the first concentration is less than the second concentration and the first average pore size is greater than the second average pore size. 5. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the first nucleating agent is the same as the second nucleating agent. 6. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the first nucleating agent is different than the second nucleating agent. 7. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the first concentration of the first nucleating agent and the second concentration of the second nucleating agent are from about 0.1 wt % to about 5.0 wt % based on the total weight of the membrane. 8. A porous membrane comprising:
a first zone, the first zone comprising a crystallizable polymer; and a first melting nucleating agent, the first melting nucleating agent having a first concentration in the first zone, the first zone having a first average pore size; and a second zone, the second zone comprising a crystallizable polymer; and a second melting nucleating agent, the second melting nucleating agent having a second concentration in the second zone, the second zone having a second average pore size, wherein the crystallizable polymer is the same in the first zone and second zone, wherein the first average pore size is not the same as the second average pore size, wherein the first nucleating agent and the second nucleating agent are the same or different, wherein the first concentration and the second concentration agent are the same or different and with the proviso that the first nucleating agent and the first concentration are not the same as the second nucleating agent and the second concentration. 9. The membrane according to claim 8, wherein the crystallizable polymer is a polyolefin polymer. 10. The membrane according to claim 9, wherein the polyolefin polymer is chosen from the group consisting of: polypropylene or copolymers thereof. 11. The membrane according to claim 8, wherein the first concentration is less than the second concentration and the first average pore size is greater than the second average pore size. 12. The membrane according to claim 8, wherein the first nucleating agent is the same as the second nucleating agent. 13. The membrane according to claim 8, wherein the first nucleating agent is different than the second nucleating agent. 14. The membrane according to claim 8, wherein the first concentration of the first nucleating agent and the second concentration of the second nucleating agent are from about 0.1 wt % to about 5.0 wt % based on the total weight of the membrane. 15. A method of making a porous membrane the method comprising:
forming a first composition in a first extruder, the first composition comprising a first crystallizable polymer, a first nucleating agent and a diluent, wherein the first composition has a first concentration of the first nucleating agent, and wherein the first extruder is operated at a first specific energy input; forming a second composition in a second extruder, the second composition comprising a second crystallizable polymer and a diluent, wherein the second extruder is operated at a second specific energy input; coextruding the first composition and the second composition to form a multilayer article; and cooling the multilayer article to allow phase separation of the diluent from the crystallizable polymers to form a porous membrane wherein the first specific energy input is not the same as the second specific energy input. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the first specific energy input and the second specific energy input are made different by varying one or more of the following operational parameters of the first and second extruders: modifying the screw speed, modifying the extruder temperature, modifying the extruder throughput, modifying the aggressiveness of the screw design, modifying the extruder length/diameter (L/D) ratio and modifying the extruder pressure. 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein the first specific energy input and the second specific energy input are made different by varying the screw speed of the first and second extruders. 18. The method according to claim 15, wherein the second composition further comprises a second nucleating agent, the second nucleating agent being present at a second concentration in the second composition. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the first concentration of the first nucleating agent is different than the second concentration of the second nucleating agent. 20. The method according to claim 18, wherein the first composition and second composition are extruded through a multilayer feedblock. 21. The method according to claim 18, wherein the first composition and second composition are extruded through a multi-manifold die. 22. The method according to claim 15 further comprising at least partially removing the diluents from the porous membrane. 23. The method according to claim 15 further comprising stretching the porous membrane. 24. A method of making a porous membrane the method comprising:
forming a first composition in a first extruder, the first composition comprising a first crystallizable polyolefin polymer, a first nucleating agent and a diluent, wherein the first composition has a first concentration of the first nucleating agent; forming a second composition in a second extruder, the second composition comprising a second crystallizable polyolefin polymer, a second nucleating agent and a diluent, wherein the second composition has a second concentration of the second nucleating agent; coextruding the first composition and the second composition to form a multilayer article; and cooling the multilayer article to allow phase separation of the diluent from the crystallizable polymers to form a porous membrane,
wherein the crystallizable polymer is the same in the first zone and second zone,
wherein the first nucleating agent and the second nucleating agent are the same or different,
wherein the first concentration and the second concentration agent are the same or different and
with the proviso that the first nucleating agent and the first concentration are not the same as the second nucleating agent and the second concentration. 25. The method according to claim 24, wherein the first extruder is operated at a specific energy input, the second extruder is operated at a second specific energy input and the first specific energy input is not the same as the second specific energy input. 26. The method according to claim 25, wherein the first specific energy input and the second specific energy input are made different by varying one or more of the following operational parameters of the first and second extruders: modifying the screw speed, modifying the extruder temperature, modifying the extruder throughput, modifying the aggressiveness of the screw design, modifying the extruder length/diameter (L/D) ratio and modifying the extruder pressure. 27. The method according to claim 26, wherein the first specific energy input and the second specific energy input are made different by varying the screw speed of the first and second extruders. 28. The method according to claim 24, wherein the first composition and second composition are extruded through a multilayer feedblock. 29. The method according to claim 24, wherein the first composition and second composition are extruded through a multi-manifold die. 30. The method according to claim 24 further comprising at least partially removing the diluents from the porous membrane. 31. The method according to claim 24 further comprising stretching the porous membrane. | A porous membrane that includes a first zone, the first zone including a crystallizable polymer; and a first nucleating agent, the first nucleating agent having a first concentration in the first zone, the first zone having a first average pore size; and a second zone, the second zone including a crystallizable polymer; and a second nucleating agent, the second nucleating agent having a second concentration in the second zone, the second zone having a second average pore size, wherein the crystallizable polymer is the same in the first zone and second zone, wherein the first average pore size is not the same as the second average pore size, wherein the first nucleating agent and the second nucleating agent are the same or different, wherein the first concentration and the second concentration agent are the same or different and with the proviso that the first nucleating agent and the first concentration are not the same as the second nucleating agent and the second concentration. Methods of making membranes are also disclosed.1. A porous membrane comprising:
a first zone, the first zone comprising a crystallizable polyolefin polymer; and a first nucleating agent, the first nucleating agent having a first concentration in the first zone, the first zone having a first average pore size; and a second zone, the second zone comprising a crystallizable polyolefin polymer; and a second nucleating agent, the second nucleating agent having a second concentration in the second zone, the second zone having a second average pore size, wherein the crystallizable polymer is the same in the first zone and second zone, wherein the first average pore size is not the same as the second average pore size, wherein the first nucleating agent and the second nucleating agent are the same or different, wherein the first concentration and the second concentration agent are the same or different and with the proviso that the first nucleating agent and the first concentration are not the same as the second nucleating agent and the second concentration. 2. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the first nucleating agent and second nucleating agent are independently melting nucleating agents or non-melting nucleating agents. 3. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the crystallizable polyolefin polymer is chosen from the group consisting of: polypropylene or copolymers thereof. 4. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the first concentration is less than the second concentration and the first average pore size is greater than the second average pore size. 5. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the first nucleating agent is the same as the second nucleating agent. 6. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the first nucleating agent is different than the second nucleating agent. 7. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the first concentration of the first nucleating agent and the second concentration of the second nucleating agent are from about 0.1 wt % to about 5.0 wt % based on the total weight of the membrane. 8. A porous membrane comprising:
a first zone, the first zone comprising a crystallizable polymer; and a first melting nucleating agent, the first melting nucleating agent having a first concentration in the first zone, the first zone having a first average pore size; and a second zone, the second zone comprising a crystallizable polymer; and a second melting nucleating agent, the second melting nucleating agent having a second concentration in the second zone, the second zone having a second average pore size, wherein the crystallizable polymer is the same in the first zone and second zone, wherein the first average pore size is not the same as the second average pore size, wherein the first nucleating agent and the second nucleating agent are the same or different, wherein the first concentration and the second concentration agent are the same or different and with the proviso that the first nucleating agent and the first concentration are not the same as the second nucleating agent and the second concentration. 9. The membrane according to claim 8, wherein the crystallizable polymer is a polyolefin polymer. 10. The membrane according to claim 9, wherein the polyolefin polymer is chosen from the group consisting of: polypropylene or copolymers thereof. 11. The membrane according to claim 8, wherein the first concentration is less than the second concentration and the first average pore size is greater than the second average pore size. 12. The membrane according to claim 8, wherein the first nucleating agent is the same as the second nucleating agent. 13. The membrane according to claim 8, wherein the first nucleating agent is different than the second nucleating agent. 14. The membrane according to claim 8, wherein the first concentration of the first nucleating agent and the second concentration of the second nucleating agent are from about 0.1 wt % to about 5.0 wt % based on the total weight of the membrane. 15. A method of making a porous membrane the method comprising:
forming a first composition in a first extruder, the first composition comprising a first crystallizable polymer, a first nucleating agent and a diluent, wherein the first composition has a first concentration of the first nucleating agent, and wherein the first extruder is operated at a first specific energy input; forming a second composition in a second extruder, the second composition comprising a second crystallizable polymer and a diluent, wherein the second extruder is operated at a second specific energy input; coextruding the first composition and the second composition to form a multilayer article; and cooling the multilayer article to allow phase separation of the diluent from the crystallizable polymers to form a porous membrane wherein the first specific energy input is not the same as the second specific energy input. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the first specific energy input and the second specific energy input are made different by varying one or more of the following operational parameters of the first and second extruders: modifying the screw speed, modifying the extruder temperature, modifying the extruder throughput, modifying the aggressiveness of the screw design, modifying the extruder length/diameter (L/D) ratio and modifying the extruder pressure. 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein the first specific energy input and the second specific energy input are made different by varying the screw speed of the first and second extruders. 18. The method according to claim 15, wherein the second composition further comprises a second nucleating agent, the second nucleating agent being present at a second concentration in the second composition. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the first concentration of the first nucleating agent is different than the second concentration of the second nucleating agent. 20. The method according to claim 18, wherein the first composition and second composition are extruded through a multilayer feedblock. 21. The method according to claim 18, wherein the first composition and second composition are extruded through a multi-manifold die. 22. The method according to claim 15 further comprising at least partially removing the diluents from the porous membrane. 23. The method according to claim 15 further comprising stretching the porous membrane. 24. A method of making a porous membrane the method comprising:
forming a first composition in a first extruder, the first composition comprising a first crystallizable polyolefin polymer, a first nucleating agent and a diluent, wherein the first composition has a first concentration of the first nucleating agent; forming a second composition in a second extruder, the second composition comprising a second crystallizable polyolefin polymer, a second nucleating agent and a diluent, wherein the second composition has a second concentration of the second nucleating agent; coextruding the first composition and the second composition to form a multilayer article; and cooling the multilayer article to allow phase separation of the diluent from the crystallizable polymers to form a porous membrane,
wherein the crystallizable polymer is the same in the first zone and second zone,
wherein the first nucleating agent and the second nucleating agent are the same or different,
wherein the first concentration and the second concentration agent are the same or different and
with the proviso that the first nucleating agent and the first concentration are not the same as the second nucleating agent and the second concentration. 25. The method according to claim 24, wherein the first extruder is operated at a specific energy input, the second extruder is operated at a second specific energy input and the first specific energy input is not the same as the second specific energy input. 26. The method according to claim 25, wherein the first specific energy input and the second specific energy input are made different by varying one or more of the following operational parameters of the first and second extruders: modifying the screw speed, modifying the extruder temperature, modifying the extruder throughput, modifying the aggressiveness of the screw design, modifying the extruder length/diameter (L/D) ratio and modifying the extruder pressure. 27. The method according to claim 26, wherein the first specific energy input and the second specific energy input are made different by varying the screw speed of the first and second extruders. 28. The method according to claim 24, wherein the first composition and second composition are extruded through a multilayer feedblock. 29. The method according to claim 24, wherein the first composition and second composition are extruded through a multi-manifold die. 30. The method according to claim 24 further comprising at least partially removing the diluents from the porous membrane. 31. The method according to claim 24 further comprising stretching the porous membrane. | 1,700 |
2,431 | 14,483,870 | 1,712 | A method of preparing metal oxide nanoparticles is described herein. The method involves reacting nanoparticle precursors in the presence of a population of molecular cluster compounds. The molecular cluster compound may or may not contain the same metal as will be present in the metal oxide nanoparticle. Likewise, the molecular cluster compound may or may not contain oxygen. The molecular cluster compounds acts a seeds or templates upon which nanoparticle growth is initiated. As the molecular cluster compounds are all identical, the identical nucleation sites result in highly monodisperse populations of metal oxide nanoparticles. | 1. A method of forming metal oxide nanoparticles, the method comprising: reacting nanoparticle precursors comprising a metal and oxygen in the presence of a population of molecular cluster compounds. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the molecular cluster compounds and the metal oxide nanoparticles share a crystallographic phase. 3. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the molecular cluster compounds are fabricated in situ. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the molecular cluster compounds are II-VI molecular cluster compounds. 5. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein both the molecular cluster compounds and the metal oxide nanoparticle precursors comprise identical Group JIB metals and oxygen. 6. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the molecular cluster compounds do not comprise oxygen. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the molecular cluster compounds do not comprise a Group IIB metal identical to a metal of the nanoparticle precursors. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the cluster compounds are oximato clusters. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal oxide nanoparticles comprise a Group IIB metal. 10. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal oxide nanoparticles comprise ZnO, CdO or HgO. 11. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal oxide nanoparticles are doped or alloyed with atoms of the molecular cluster compounds. 12. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal oxide nanoparticles are grown on the molecular cluster compounds. 13. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal oxide nanoparticle precursors comprise a Group IIB metal and oxygen. 14. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the Group IIB metal and oxygen are added as a single-source precursor. 15. The method as recited in claim 1, the reacting comprises reacting the nanoparticle precursors in the presence of an activating agent. 16. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal oxide nanoparticles are quantum dots. 17. A nanoparticle comprising a metal oxide crystalline core disposed upon a molecular cluster compound. 18. The nanoparticle as recited in claim 17, wherein the molecular cluster compound and the metal oxide core share a crystallographic phase. 19. The nanoparticle as recited in claim 17, wherein the molecular cluster compound are II-VI molecular cluster compounds. 20. The nanoparticle as recited in claim 17, wherein both the molecular cluster compound and the metal oxide crystalline core comprise identical Group IIB metals and oxygen. 21. The nanoparticle as recited in claim 17, wherein the molecular cluster compound does not comprise oxygen. 22. The nanoparticle as recited in claim 17, wherein the molecular cluster compound does not comprise a Group IIB metal identical to a metal of the metal oxide crystalline core. | A method of preparing metal oxide nanoparticles is described herein. The method involves reacting nanoparticle precursors in the presence of a population of molecular cluster compounds. The molecular cluster compound may or may not contain the same metal as will be present in the metal oxide nanoparticle. Likewise, the molecular cluster compound may or may not contain oxygen. The molecular cluster compounds acts a seeds or templates upon which nanoparticle growth is initiated. As the molecular cluster compounds are all identical, the identical nucleation sites result in highly monodisperse populations of metal oxide nanoparticles.1. A method of forming metal oxide nanoparticles, the method comprising: reacting nanoparticle precursors comprising a metal and oxygen in the presence of a population of molecular cluster compounds. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the molecular cluster compounds and the metal oxide nanoparticles share a crystallographic phase. 3. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the molecular cluster compounds are fabricated in situ. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the molecular cluster compounds are II-VI molecular cluster compounds. 5. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein both the molecular cluster compounds and the metal oxide nanoparticle precursors comprise identical Group JIB metals and oxygen. 6. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the molecular cluster compounds do not comprise oxygen. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the molecular cluster compounds do not comprise a Group IIB metal identical to a metal of the nanoparticle precursors. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the cluster compounds are oximato clusters. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal oxide nanoparticles comprise a Group IIB metal. 10. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal oxide nanoparticles comprise ZnO, CdO or HgO. 11. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal oxide nanoparticles are doped or alloyed with atoms of the molecular cluster compounds. 12. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal oxide nanoparticles are grown on the molecular cluster compounds. 13. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal oxide nanoparticle precursors comprise a Group IIB metal and oxygen. 14. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the Group IIB metal and oxygen are added as a single-source precursor. 15. The method as recited in claim 1, the reacting comprises reacting the nanoparticle precursors in the presence of an activating agent. 16. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal oxide nanoparticles are quantum dots. 17. A nanoparticle comprising a metal oxide crystalline core disposed upon a molecular cluster compound. 18. The nanoparticle as recited in claim 17, wherein the molecular cluster compound and the metal oxide core share a crystallographic phase. 19. The nanoparticle as recited in claim 17, wherein the molecular cluster compound are II-VI molecular cluster compounds. 20. The nanoparticle as recited in claim 17, wherein both the molecular cluster compound and the metal oxide crystalline core comprise identical Group IIB metals and oxygen. 21. The nanoparticle as recited in claim 17, wherein the molecular cluster compound does not comprise oxygen. 22. The nanoparticle as recited in claim 17, wherein the molecular cluster compound does not comprise a Group IIB metal identical to a metal of the metal oxide crystalline core. | 1,700 |
2,432 | 13,275,765 | 1,789 | A textile sheet element having selectively applied arrays of surface projection elements defining raised zones across an active surface for cleaning and/or personal care, The textile sheet element is adapted for use by itself and/or for attachment to a user manipulated support with or without a handle such as a mop head or the like. | 1. A cleaning or personal care textile sheet element, the textile sheet element comprising:
a substrate layer; and a plurality of yarns extending through the substrate layer such that said yarns define a discontinuous patterned arrangement of surface elements projecting away from the substrate layer. 2. A cleaning or personal care textile sheet element of stitch-bonded construction the textile sheet element comprising:
a substrate; and a plurality of yarns extending in stitched relation through the substrate such that said yarns define a discontinuous patterned arrangement of surface elements projecting away from the substrate, the textile sheet element including a three-dimensional active treatment zone comprising a plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements disposed across an interior portion of the textile sheet element and a pair of two-dimensional attachment zones disposed outboard of the active treatment zone. 3. The invention as recited in claim 2, wherein said active treatment zone comprises a plurality of three dimensional sub-zones of variable character. 4. The invention as recited in claim 3, wherein said active treatment zone comprises a particle collection zone and at least one scouring edge zone positioned between the particle collection zone and one of said two-dimensional attachment zones, the particle collection zone comprising a first plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements characterized by a first stiffness and the scouring edge zone comprising a second plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements characterized by a second stiffness, the second stiffness being greater than the first stiffness. 5. The invention as recited in claim 4, wherein the first plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements comprises looped yarn elements. 6. The invention as recited in claim 4, wherein the second plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements comprises looped yarn elements. 7. The invention as recited in claim 4, wherein each of the first plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements and the second plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements comprise looped yarn elements. 8. The invention as recited in claim 2, wherein said active treatment zone comprises a plurality of three dimensional sub-zones of variable character and wherein said active treatment zone comprises a particle collection zone bordered by a pair of scouring edge zones positioned between the particle collection zone and said two-dimensional attachment zones, the particle collection zone comprising a first plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements characterized by a first stiffness and the scouring edge zones comprising a second plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements characterized by second stiffness greater than the first stiffness. 9. The invention as recited in claim 8, wherein the first plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements comprises looped yarn elements. 10. The invention as recited in claim 8, wherein the second plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements comprises looped yarn elements. 11. The invention as recited in claim 8, wherein each of the first plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements and the second plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements comprise looped yarn elements. 12. The invention as recited in claim 2, wherein said substrate is a multi-layer structure comprising a first layer of substantially open-pore hydrophobic character and a second layer of substantially hydrophilic character. 13. The invention as recited in claim 2, wherein at least a portion of said plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements comprise micro denier yarns. 14. A cleaning or personal care system comprising:
a textile sheet element of stitch-bonded construction, the textile sheet element including a substrate of spunbonded nonwoven construction with a plurality of ground yarns extending in stitched relation through the substrate such that the ground yarns define a substantially continuous ground covering across the substrate and a plurality of pile yarns extending in stitched relation through the substrate such that the pile yarns define a discontinuous patterned arrangement of outwardly projecting surface elements of loop construction extending away from the substrate; and a user manipulated support structure adapted to operatively secure the textile sheet element across at least one surface of the support structure. 15. The invention as recited in claim 14, wherein the user manipulated support structure is operatively connected to an elongate handle structure. 16. The invention as recited in claim 14, wherein the textile sheet element includes a three-dimensional active treatment zone having a plurality of said outwardly projecting surface elements disposed across an interior portion of the textile sheet element and a pair of attachment zones adapted for operative connection to the user manipulated support structure disposed outboard of the active treatment zone. 17. The invention as recited in claim 16, wherein the attachment zones are substantially two dimensional consisting essentially of the ground covering across the substrate. 18. The invention as recited in claim 16, wherein the attachment zones comprise one half of a hook and loop attachment structure. | A textile sheet element having selectively applied arrays of surface projection elements defining raised zones across an active surface for cleaning and/or personal care, The textile sheet element is adapted for use by itself and/or for attachment to a user manipulated support with or without a handle such as a mop head or the like.1. A cleaning or personal care textile sheet element, the textile sheet element comprising:
a substrate layer; and a plurality of yarns extending through the substrate layer such that said yarns define a discontinuous patterned arrangement of surface elements projecting away from the substrate layer. 2. A cleaning or personal care textile sheet element of stitch-bonded construction the textile sheet element comprising:
a substrate; and a plurality of yarns extending in stitched relation through the substrate such that said yarns define a discontinuous patterned arrangement of surface elements projecting away from the substrate, the textile sheet element including a three-dimensional active treatment zone comprising a plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements disposed across an interior portion of the textile sheet element and a pair of two-dimensional attachment zones disposed outboard of the active treatment zone. 3. The invention as recited in claim 2, wherein said active treatment zone comprises a plurality of three dimensional sub-zones of variable character. 4. The invention as recited in claim 3, wherein said active treatment zone comprises a particle collection zone and at least one scouring edge zone positioned between the particle collection zone and one of said two-dimensional attachment zones, the particle collection zone comprising a first plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements characterized by a first stiffness and the scouring edge zone comprising a second plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements characterized by a second stiffness, the second stiffness being greater than the first stiffness. 5. The invention as recited in claim 4, wherein the first plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements comprises looped yarn elements. 6. The invention as recited in claim 4, wherein the second plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements comprises looped yarn elements. 7. The invention as recited in claim 4, wherein each of the first plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements and the second plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements comprise looped yarn elements. 8. The invention as recited in claim 2, wherein said active treatment zone comprises a plurality of three dimensional sub-zones of variable character and wherein said active treatment zone comprises a particle collection zone bordered by a pair of scouring edge zones positioned between the particle collection zone and said two-dimensional attachment zones, the particle collection zone comprising a first plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements characterized by a first stiffness and the scouring edge zones comprising a second plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements characterized by second stiffness greater than the first stiffness. 9. The invention as recited in claim 8, wherein the first plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements comprises looped yarn elements. 10. The invention as recited in claim 8, wherein the second plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements comprises looped yarn elements. 11. The invention as recited in claim 8, wherein each of the first plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements and the second plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements comprise looped yarn elements. 12. The invention as recited in claim 2, wherein said substrate is a multi-layer structure comprising a first layer of substantially open-pore hydrophobic character and a second layer of substantially hydrophilic character. 13. The invention as recited in claim 2, wherein at least a portion of said plurality of outwardly projecting yarn elements comprise micro denier yarns. 14. A cleaning or personal care system comprising:
a textile sheet element of stitch-bonded construction, the textile sheet element including a substrate of spunbonded nonwoven construction with a plurality of ground yarns extending in stitched relation through the substrate such that the ground yarns define a substantially continuous ground covering across the substrate and a plurality of pile yarns extending in stitched relation through the substrate such that the pile yarns define a discontinuous patterned arrangement of outwardly projecting surface elements of loop construction extending away from the substrate; and a user manipulated support structure adapted to operatively secure the textile sheet element across at least one surface of the support structure. 15. The invention as recited in claim 14, wherein the user manipulated support structure is operatively connected to an elongate handle structure. 16. The invention as recited in claim 14, wherein the textile sheet element includes a three-dimensional active treatment zone having a plurality of said outwardly projecting surface elements disposed across an interior portion of the textile sheet element and a pair of attachment zones adapted for operative connection to the user manipulated support structure disposed outboard of the active treatment zone. 17. The invention as recited in claim 16, wherein the attachment zones are substantially two dimensional consisting essentially of the ground covering across the substrate. 18. The invention as recited in claim 16, wherein the attachment zones comprise one half of a hook and loop attachment structure. | 1,700 |
2,433 | 14,581,074 | 1,732 | A paint composition with reduced seed formation includes a solvent, a polymeric binder, and a plurality of zeolite particles. Characteristically, each zeolite particle defines a plurality of pores therein with an average pore size from about 1 to 100 angstroms and having cations disposed within the pores. Advantageously, the paint composition exhibits reduced seed formation by sequestering cations in the paint composition that tend to cause seed formation. | 1. A paint composition comprising:
a solvent; a polymeric binder; and a plurality of zeolite particles, each zeolite particle defining a plurality of pores therein with an average pore size from about 1 to 100 angstroms and having cations disposed within the pores. 2. The paint composition of claim 1 wherein the zeolite particles have an average size from 0.5 to 10 microns. 3. The paint composition of claim 1 wherein the zeolite particles have an average size from 2 to 7 microns. 4. The paint composition of claim 1 wherein the zeolite particles are described by the following formula:
nXpO.mAl2O3 .oSiO2
wherein:
n is 0.8 to 1.5;
m is 0.8 to 1.5;
p is 1 to 2; and
o is 0.8 to 24. 5. The paint composition of claim 1 wherein the plurality of zeolite particles is present in an amount from about 2 lbs per 100 gallons of paint composition to about 15 lbs per 100 gallons of paint composition. 6. The paint composition of claim 1 having at least one source of atoms or cations that initiate seed formation. 7. The paint composition of claim 6 wherein the cations that initiate seed formation include Mg2+, Ca2+, or Zn2+. 8. The paint composition of claim 1 wherein the exchangeable cations are sodium cations. 9. The paint composition of claim 1 wherein the polymeric binder includes a component selected from the group consisting of alkyds, acrylics, vinyl-acrylics, vinyl acetate/ethylene (VAE), polyurethanes, polyesters, melamine resins, epoxy, oils, and combinations thereof. 10. The paint composition of claim 1 further comprising an additive selected from the group consisting of thickeners, dispersants, surfactants, defoamers, additives, and combinations thereof. 11. The paint composition of claim 1 further comprising a pigment. 12. The paint composition of claim 10 wherein the pigment includes a component selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc chromate (ZnCrO4), iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), iron (II) oxide (FeO), organic dyes, carbon black, aluminosilicates, calcium carbonates, attapulgites, talcs, silicas, micas, kaolins, and combinations thereof. 13. A paint composition comprising:
water; a polymeric binder; a pigment; and a plurality of zeolite particles, each zeolite particle defining a plurality of pores therein with an average pore size from about 1 to 100 angstroms, cations being disposed within the pores, the cations selected from the group consisting of Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, and combinations thereof. 14. The paint composition of claim 13 wherein the zeolite particles have an average size from 0.5 to 10 microns. 15. The paint composition of claim 13 wherein the zeolite particles are described by the following formula:
nXpO.mAl2O3 .oSiO2
wherein:
n is 0.8 to 1.5;
m is 0.8 to 1.5;
p is 1 to 2; and
o is 0.8 to 24. 16. The paint composition of claim 13 wherein the polymeric binder includes a component selected from the group consisting of alkyds, acrylics, vinyl-acrylics, vinyl acetate/ethylene (VAE), polyurethanes, polyesters, melamine resins, epoxy, oils, and combinations thereof. 17. A method of forming a paint composition, the method comprising:
a) combining a solvent, pigments, and a plurality of zeolites together to form a first mixture, each zeolite particle defining a plurality of pores therein with an average pore size from about 1 to 100 angstroms, the pores including exchangeable cations disposed therein; and b) adding a binder to the first mixture to form the paint composition, wherein cations that initiate seed formation are at least partially exchanged with exchangeable cations. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein dispersant and defoamer are also combined in step a) to form the first mixture. 19. The method of claim 17 wherein mildewcide and rheology modifiers are also added in step b) to form the paint composition. 20. The method of claim 17 wherein the exchangeable cations are sodium cations and the cations that initiate seed formation are selected from the group consisting of Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, and combinations thereof. | A paint composition with reduced seed formation includes a solvent, a polymeric binder, and a plurality of zeolite particles. Characteristically, each zeolite particle defines a plurality of pores therein with an average pore size from about 1 to 100 angstroms and having cations disposed within the pores. Advantageously, the paint composition exhibits reduced seed formation by sequestering cations in the paint composition that tend to cause seed formation.1. A paint composition comprising:
a solvent; a polymeric binder; and a plurality of zeolite particles, each zeolite particle defining a plurality of pores therein with an average pore size from about 1 to 100 angstroms and having cations disposed within the pores. 2. The paint composition of claim 1 wherein the zeolite particles have an average size from 0.5 to 10 microns. 3. The paint composition of claim 1 wherein the zeolite particles have an average size from 2 to 7 microns. 4. The paint composition of claim 1 wherein the zeolite particles are described by the following formula:
nXpO.mAl2O3 .oSiO2
wherein:
n is 0.8 to 1.5;
m is 0.8 to 1.5;
p is 1 to 2; and
o is 0.8 to 24. 5. The paint composition of claim 1 wherein the plurality of zeolite particles is present in an amount from about 2 lbs per 100 gallons of paint composition to about 15 lbs per 100 gallons of paint composition. 6. The paint composition of claim 1 having at least one source of atoms or cations that initiate seed formation. 7. The paint composition of claim 6 wherein the cations that initiate seed formation include Mg2+, Ca2+, or Zn2+. 8. The paint composition of claim 1 wherein the exchangeable cations are sodium cations. 9. The paint composition of claim 1 wherein the polymeric binder includes a component selected from the group consisting of alkyds, acrylics, vinyl-acrylics, vinyl acetate/ethylene (VAE), polyurethanes, polyesters, melamine resins, epoxy, oils, and combinations thereof. 10. The paint composition of claim 1 further comprising an additive selected from the group consisting of thickeners, dispersants, surfactants, defoamers, additives, and combinations thereof. 11. The paint composition of claim 1 further comprising a pigment. 12. The paint composition of claim 10 wherein the pigment includes a component selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc chromate (ZnCrO4), iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), iron (II) oxide (FeO), organic dyes, carbon black, aluminosilicates, calcium carbonates, attapulgites, talcs, silicas, micas, kaolins, and combinations thereof. 13. A paint composition comprising:
water; a polymeric binder; a pigment; and a plurality of zeolite particles, each zeolite particle defining a plurality of pores therein with an average pore size from about 1 to 100 angstroms, cations being disposed within the pores, the cations selected from the group consisting of Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, and combinations thereof. 14. The paint composition of claim 13 wherein the zeolite particles have an average size from 0.5 to 10 microns. 15. The paint composition of claim 13 wherein the zeolite particles are described by the following formula:
nXpO.mAl2O3 .oSiO2
wherein:
n is 0.8 to 1.5;
m is 0.8 to 1.5;
p is 1 to 2; and
o is 0.8 to 24. 16. The paint composition of claim 13 wherein the polymeric binder includes a component selected from the group consisting of alkyds, acrylics, vinyl-acrylics, vinyl acetate/ethylene (VAE), polyurethanes, polyesters, melamine resins, epoxy, oils, and combinations thereof. 17. A method of forming a paint composition, the method comprising:
a) combining a solvent, pigments, and a plurality of zeolites together to form a first mixture, each zeolite particle defining a plurality of pores therein with an average pore size from about 1 to 100 angstroms, the pores including exchangeable cations disposed therein; and b) adding a binder to the first mixture to form the paint composition, wherein cations that initiate seed formation are at least partially exchanged with exchangeable cations. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein dispersant and defoamer are also combined in step a) to form the first mixture. 19. The method of claim 17 wherein mildewcide and rheology modifiers are also added in step b) to form the paint composition. 20. The method of claim 17 wherein the exchangeable cations are sodium cations and the cations that initiate seed formation are selected from the group consisting of Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, and combinations thereof. | 1,700 |
2,434 | 13,644,268 | 1,714 | A method for cleaning a contaminated surface is provided. The method includes covering at least a portion of the contaminated surface with an absorptive medium. At least a portion of the absorptive medium is saturated with a cleaning solution before the portion of the contaminated surface is covered with the absorptive medium, or at least a portion of the absorptive medium is saturated with a cleaning solution after the portion of the contaminated surface is covered with the absorptive medium. Steam is applied to the saturated absorptive medium for a period of time to facilitate removing contaminants from the contaminated surface and to facilitate transferring the contaminants to the absorptive medium, wherein the saturated absorptive medium is substantially stationary relative to the contaminated surface as steam is applied to the saturated absorptive medium | 1. A method for cleaning a contaminated surface, said method comprising:
covering at least a portion of the contaminated surface with an absorptive medium; at least one of saturating at least a portion of the absorptive medium with a cleaning solution before the portion of the contaminated surface is covered with the absorptive medium, and saturating at least a portion of the absorptive medium with a cleaning solution after the portion of the contaminated surface is covered with the absorptive medium; and applying steam to the saturated absorptive medium for a period of time to facilitate removing contaminants from the contaminated surface and to facilitate transferring the contaminants to the absorptive medium, wherein the saturated absorptive medium is substantially stationary relative to the contaminated surface as steam is applied to the saturated absorptive medium. 2. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein applying steam to the saturated absorptive medium further comprises directing at least one steam jet from a steam jet head towards the saturated absorptive medium. 3. The method in accordance with claim 2, wherein directing a steam jet further comprises positioning the steam jet head a distance from the absorptive medium. 4. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein applying steam to the saturated absorptive medium further comprises directing the steam through the saturated absorptive medium to facilitate forcing the cleaning solution towards the contaminated surface. 5. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein applying steam to the saturated absorptive medium further comprises transferring contaminants from the contaminated surface to the absorptive medium via a capillary action. 6. The method in accordance with claim 1 further comprising removing the absorptive medium from the contaminated surface after the steam is applied thereto. 7. The method in accordance with claim 6 further comprising rinsing the contaminated surface after the absorptive medium is removed from the surface. 8. The method in accordance with claim 7, wherein rinsing the contaminated surface further comprises directing steam from a steam jet head towards the surface. 9. The method in accordance with claim 8 wherein directing steam further comprises directing steam from the steam jet head at a pressure of up to about 500 pounds per square inch (psi). 10. A method for cleaning a contaminated surface, said method comprising:
covering at least a portion of the contaminated surface with an absorptive medium; at least one of saturating at least a portion of the absorptive medium with a cleaning solution before the portion of the contaminated surface is covered with the absorptive medium, and saturating at least a portion of the absorptive medium with a cleaning solution after the portion of the contaminated surface is covered with the absorptive medium; applying steam to the saturated absorptive medium for a period of time such that contaminants are removed from the contaminated surface and transferred to the absorptive medium, wherein the saturated absorptive medium is substantially stationary relative to the contaminated surface as steam is applied to the saturated absorptive medium; and applying at least one of pressure or friction to the saturated absorptive medium to facilitate removing contaminants from the contaminated surface. 11. The method in accordance with claim 10, applying steam to the saturated absorptive medium further comprises directing at least one steam jet from a steam jet head towards the saturated absorptive medium. 12. The method in accordance with claim 10, wherein applying steam to the saturated absorptive medium further comprises directing the steam through the saturated absorptive medium to facilitate forcing the cleaning solution towards the contaminated surface. 13. The method in accordance with claim 10, wherein applying steam to the saturated absorptive medium further comprises transferring contaminants from the contaminated surface to the absorptive medium via a capillary action. 14. The method in accordance with claim 10, wherein applying at least one of pressure or friction further comprises applying at least one of pressure or friction to the saturated absorptive medium simultaneously with applying steam to the saturated absorptive medium. 15. The method in accordance with claim 10, wherein applying at least one of pressure or friction further comprises applying at least one of pressure or friction to the saturated absorptive medium with a steam jet head configured to contact the saturated absorptive medium while applying steam thereto. 16. The method in accordance with claim 10 further comprising removing the absorptive medium from the contaminated surface after the steam is applied thereto. 17. The method in accordance with claim 16 further comprising rinsing the contaminated surface after the absorptive medium has been removed from the surface. 18. The method in accordance with claim 17, wherein rinsing the contaminated surface further comprises: covering the portion of the contaminated surface with a second absorptive medium;
at least one of saturating at least a portion of the second absorptive medium with a rinsing solution before the portion of the contaminated surface is covered with the second absorptive medium, and saturating at least a portion of the second absorptive medium with a rinsing solution after the portion of the contaminated surface is covered with the second absorptive medium; and applying steam to the second absorptive medium for a period of time to facilitate removing the cleaning solution from the contaminated surface and to facilitate transferring the predetermined cleaning solution to the second absorptive medium. 19. The method in accordance with claim 18 wherein rinsing the contaminated surface further comprises applying at least one of pressure or friction to the second absorptive medium to facilitate removing the cleaning solution from the surface. 20. The method in accordance with claim 17, wherein rinsing the contaminated surface further comprises directing steam from a steam jet head towards the surface. | A method for cleaning a contaminated surface is provided. The method includes covering at least a portion of the contaminated surface with an absorptive medium. At least a portion of the absorptive medium is saturated with a cleaning solution before the portion of the contaminated surface is covered with the absorptive medium, or at least a portion of the absorptive medium is saturated with a cleaning solution after the portion of the contaminated surface is covered with the absorptive medium. Steam is applied to the saturated absorptive medium for a period of time to facilitate removing contaminants from the contaminated surface and to facilitate transferring the contaminants to the absorptive medium, wherein the saturated absorptive medium is substantially stationary relative to the contaminated surface as steam is applied to the saturated absorptive medium1. A method for cleaning a contaminated surface, said method comprising:
covering at least a portion of the contaminated surface with an absorptive medium; at least one of saturating at least a portion of the absorptive medium with a cleaning solution before the portion of the contaminated surface is covered with the absorptive medium, and saturating at least a portion of the absorptive medium with a cleaning solution after the portion of the contaminated surface is covered with the absorptive medium; and applying steam to the saturated absorptive medium for a period of time to facilitate removing contaminants from the contaminated surface and to facilitate transferring the contaminants to the absorptive medium, wherein the saturated absorptive medium is substantially stationary relative to the contaminated surface as steam is applied to the saturated absorptive medium. 2. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein applying steam to the saturated absorptive medium further comprises directing at least one steam jet from a steam jet head towards the saturated absorptive medium. 3. The method in accordance with claim 2, wherein directing a steam jet further comprises positioning the steam jet head a distance from the absorptive medium. 4. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein applying steam to the saturated absorptive medium further comprises directing the steam through the saturated absorptive medium to facilitate forcing the cleaning solution towards the contaminated surface. 5. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein applying steam to the saturated absorptive medium further comprises transferring contaminants from the contaminated surface to the absorptive medium via a capillary action. 6. The method in accordance with claim 1 further comprising removing the absorptive medium from the contaminated surface after the steam is applied thereto. 7. The method in accordance with claim 6 further comprising rinsing the contaminated surface after the absorptive medium is removed from the surface. 8. The method in accordance with claim 7, wherein rinsing the contaminated surface further comprises directing steam from a steam jet head towards the surface. 9. The method in accordance with claim 8 wherein directing steam further comprises directing steam from the steam jet head at a pressure of up to about 500 pounds per square inch (psi). 10. A method for cleaning a contaminated surface, said method comprising:
covering at least a portion of the contaminated surface with an absorptive medium; at least one of saturating at least a portion of the absorptive medium with a cleaning solution before the portion of the contaminated surface is covered with the absorptive medium, and saturating at least a portion of the absorptive medium with a cleaning solution after the portion of the contaminated surface is covered with the absorptive medium; applying steam to the saturated absorptive medium for a period of time such that contaminants are removed from the contaminated surface and transferred to the absorptive medium, wherein the saturated absorptive medium is substantially stationary relative to the contaminated surface as steam is applied to the saturated absorptive medium; and applying at least one of pressure or friction to the saturated absorptive medium to facilitate removing contaminants from the contaminated surface. 11. The method in accordance with claim 10, applying steam to the saturated absorptive medium further comprises directing at least one steam jet from a steam jet head towards the saturated absorptive medium. 12. The method in accordance with claim 10, wherein applying steam to the saturated absorptive medium further comprises directing the steam through the saturated absorptive medium to facilitate forcing the cleaning solution towards the contaminated surface. 13. The method in accordance with claim 10, wherein applying steam to the saturated absorptive medium further comprises transferring contaminants from the contaminated surface to the absorptive medium via a capillary action. 14. The method in accordance with claim 10, wherein applying at least one of pressure or friction further comprises applying at least one of pressure or friction to the saturated absorptive medium simultaneously with applying steam to the saturated absorptive medium. 15. The method in accordance with claim 10, wherein applying at least one of pressure or friction further comprises applying at least one of pressure or friction to the saturated absorptive medium with a steam jet head configured to contact the saturated absorptive medium while applying steam thereto. 16. The method in accordance with claim 10 further comprising removing the absorptive medium from the contaminated surface after the steam is applied thereto. 17. The method in accordance with claim 16 further comprising rinsing the contaminated surface after the absorptive medium has been removed from the surface. 18. The method in accordance with claim 17, wherein rinsing the contaminated surface further comprises: covering the portion of the contaminated surface with a second absorptive medium;
at least one of saturating at least a portion of the second absorptive medium with a rinsing solution before the portion of the contaminated surface is covered with the second absorptive medium, and saturating at least a portion of the second absorptive medium with a rinsing solution after the portion of the contaminated surface is covered with the second absorptive medium; and applying steam to the second absorptive medium for a period of time to facilitate removing the cleaning solution from the contaminated surface and to facilitate transferring the predetermined cleaning solution to the second absorptive medium. 19. The method in accordance with claim 18 wherein rinsing the contaminated surface further comprises applying at least one of pressure or friction to the second absorptive medium to facilitate removing the cleaning solution from the surface. 20. The method in accordance with claim 17, wherein rinsing the contaminated surface further comprises directing steam from a steam jet head towards the surface. | 1,700 |
2,435 | 13,811,663 | 1,788 | A dry liquid, comprising at least one additive having a molar mass greater than 20 g/mol, a melting temperature less than 500° C., and a boiling point, measured at 101325 Pa, greater than 100° C. and at least one calcium carbonate as a carrier material, wherein the calcium carbonate is precipitated calcium carbonate. The dry liquid is suitable in particular for introducing at least one preferably fluid additive into a chemical composition. | 1. A dry liquid, comprising:
a. at least one additive having a molar mass greater than 20 g/mol, a melting temperature lower than 500° C. and a boiling temperature, measured at 101325 Pa, higher than 100° C., and b. at least one calcium carbonate as a carrier material, wherein the calcium carbonate is a precipitated calcium carbonate. 2. The dry liquid according to claim 1, wherein the additive has a molar mass greater than 75 g/mol and a boiling temperature, measured at 101325 Pa, higher than 150° C. 3. The dry liquid according to claim 1, wherein the additive has a dynamic viscosity, measured at 25° C. and a shear rate of 100 Hz, lower than 106 mPas. 4. The dry liquid according to claim 1, wherein the calcium carbonate has a specific surface area (BET) greater than 3.0 m2/g. 5. The dry liquid according to claim 1, wherein the calcium carbonate has a total intrusion volume greater than 1.0 cm3/g. 6. The dry liquid according to claim 1, wherein the calcium carbonate has a d50% particle size larger than 0.2 μm. 7. The dry liquid according to claim 1, wherein the calcium carbonate has an oil number greater than 25 g/100 g calcium carbonate. 8. The dry liquid according to claim 1, wherein the calcium carbonate has a tapped density less than 1.0 g/ml. 9. The dry liquid according to claim 1, comprising calcitic calcium carbonate. 10. The dry liquid according to claim 1, comprising plate-like calcium carbonate. 11. The dry liquid according to claim 1, comprising:
10.0% by weight to 90.0% by weight of the at least one additive, and 90.0% by weight to 10.0% by weight of the at least one calcium carbonate relative to the total weight of the dry liquid. 12. The dry liquid according to claim 1, wherein the additive comprises at least one member of the group consisting of liquid silane, process oil, catalyst, crosslinking agent, plasticizer, flame retardant, and liquid plastic. 13. A process for producing a dry liquid according to claim 1, comprising:
dissolving the additive in a solvent to form a solution, mixing the solution with the calcium carbonate, and removing the solvent to produce a dry liquid. 14. The process for producing a dry liquid according to claim 1, comprising mixing the additive and the calcium carbonate directly, without the use of solvents or other additives that must be removed from the final product. 15. The process according to claim 14, comprising mixing the additive and the calcium carbonate in a heater cooler mixer. 16. Use of a dry liquid according to claim 1 for introducing at least one additive into a chemical compound. | A dry liquid, comprising at least one additive having a molar mass greater than 20 g/mol, a melting temperature less than 500° C., and a boiling point, measured at 101325 Pa, greater than 100° C. and at least one calcium carbonate as a carrier material, wherein the calcium carbonate is precipitated calcium carbonate. The dry liquid is suitable in particular for introducing at least one preferably fluid additive into a chemical composition.1. A dry liquid, comprising:
a. at least one additive having a molar mass greater than 20 g/mol, a melting temperature lower than 500° C. and a boiling temperature, measured at 101325 Pa, higher than 100° C., and b. at least one calcium carbonate as a carrier material, wherein the calcium carbonate is a precipitated calcium carbonate. 2. The dry liquid according to claim 1, wherein the additive has a molar mass greater than 75 g/mol and a boiling temperature, measured at 101325 Pa, higher than 150° C. 3. The dry liquid according to claim 1, wherein the additive has a dynamic viscosity, measured at 25° C. and a shear rate of 100 Hz, lower than 106 mPas. 4. The dry liquid according to claim 1, wherein the calcium carbonate has a specific surface area (BET) greater than 3.0 m2/g. 5. The dry liquid according to claim 1, wherein the calcium carbonate has a total intrusion volume greater than 1.0 cm3/g. 6. The dry liquid according to claim 1, wherein the calcium carbonate has a d50% particle size larger than 0.2 μm. 7. The dry liquid according to claim 1, wherein the calcium carbonate has an oil number greater than 25 g/100 g calcium carbonate. 8. The dry liquid according to claim 1, wherein the calcium carbonate has a tapped density less than 1.0 g/ml. 9. The dry liquid according to claim 1, comprising calcitic calcium carbonate. 10. The dry liquid according to claim 1, comprising plate-like calcium carbonate. 11. The dry liquid according to claim 1, comprising:
10.0% by weight to 90.0% by weight of the at least one additive, and 90.0% by weight to 10.0% by weight of the at least one calcium carbonate relative to the total weight of the dry liquid. 12. The dry liquid according to claim 1, wherein the additive comprises at least one member of the group consisting of liquid silane, process oil, catalyst, crosslinking agent, plasticizer, flame retardant, and liquid plastic. 13. A process for producing a dry liquid according to claim 1, comprising:
dissolving the additive in a solvent to form a solution, mixing the solution with the calcium carbonate, and removing the solvent to produce a dry liquid. 14. The process for producing a dry liquid according to claim 1, comprising mixing the additive and the calcium carbonate directly, without the use of solvents or other additives that must be removed from the final product. 15. The process according to claim 14, comprising mixing the additive and the calcium carbonate in a heater cooler mixer. 16. Use of a dry liquid according to claim 1 for introducing at least one additive into a chemical compound. | 1,700 |
2,436 | 14,841,617 | 1,723 | Provided are systems for energy storage for vehicles comprising a battery pack having a plurality of modules. Each module may comprise two half modules coupled together. Each half module can include cylindrical rechargeable lithium-ion cells with the cells being oriented horizontally. A current carrier of each half module may be electrically coupled to the cells, a cathode and anode of each cell being coupled to a respective first and second contact of the current carrier. The current carrier can include protection fuses electrically coupled to respective first contacts. The cells may be disposed between the current carrier and a blast plate. Each half module can have the cells, current carrier, and blast plate disposed therewithin. The modules may be disposed in a tray. A coolant system may be provided for circulating coolant so each of the modules and cells can respectively be maintained at approximately the same predetermined temperature. | 1. An energy-storage system for a vehicle comprising:
a plurality of modules, each module comprising two half modules coupled together, each half module including:
a plurality of cells, the cells being cylindrical rechargeable lithium-ion cells each having a first end and a second end, the first end distal from the second end, and having an anode terminal and a cathode terminal being disposed at the first end;
a current carrier electrically coupled to the cells, the cathode terminal of each of the cells being coupled to a respective first contact of the current carrier, the anode terminal of each of the cells being coupled to a respective second contact of the current carrier;
a blast plate disposed substantially parallel to the current carrier such that the cells are disposed between the current carrier and the blast plate; and
an enclosure having the cells, current carrier, and blast plate disposed therewithin, the enclosure including a coolant input port, a coolant output port, and a power connector electrically coupled to the current carrier, the enclosure having a coolant sub-system configured to circulate liquid coolant between the two half modules and within each half module by directing the coolant into the enclosure through the coolant input port and out of the enclosure through the coolant output port such that each of the cells is at approximately the same temperature, wherein the cells are disposed between the current carrier and the blast plate such that an exterior side of each of the cells is not in contact with the exterior sides of other cells, the coolant sub-system further configured to circulate the liquid coolant among and between the cells to provide submerged, substantially evenly distributed cooling;
a tray having the plurality of modules disposed therein, wherein at least two adjacent modules are fluidly coupled together such that at least two adjacent coolant input ports are engaged with each other and at least two adjacent coolant output ports are also engaged with each other; the tray including:
a positive bus bar; and
a negative bus bar, the positive and negative bus bars being separately electrically coupled to the power connectors associated with the plurality of modules; and
a coolant system configured to circulate the liquid coolant being pumped into the tray such that each of the modules is at approximately the same temperature. 2. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein the current carrier includes a plurality of fuses each electrically coupled to the respective first contact. 3. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein the cathode terminal of each cell is welded to the respective first contact of the current carrier and the anode terminal of each cell is welded to the respective second contact of the current carrier. 4. The energy-storage system of claim 3, wherein the welding is laser welding. 5. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein the blast plate is closer to the second end of the cells than to the first end, each of the cells being oriented to allow venting into the blast plate for both half modules. 6. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein the tray is sized and arranged to be disposed in the chassis of an electric vehicle. 7. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein the current carrier is held in the enclosure by at least one plastic stake. 8. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein at least two adjacent modules of the plurality of modules are electrically coupled to each other. 9. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein the first contact of the current carrier is a positive contact and the second contact of the current carrier is a negative contact. 10. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein the cells are oriented and mounted horizontally in each half module. 11. (canceled) 12. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein air pockets are formed using channels in a space between the current carrier and the blast plate that is not occupied by the cells. 13. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein the coolant system employs parallel cooling. 14. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein the liquid coolant flows through each half module along a cylindrical body of a battery cell within the half module. 15. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein the modules are arranged in a plurality of strings, each string of the plurality of strings including a plurality of modules. 16. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein the liquid coolant comprises at least one of: a synthetic oil, ethylene glycol and water, and a liquid dielectric. 17. The energy-storage system of claim 15, wherein the liquid coolant flows through the strings in parallel and the liquid coolant flows within each respective string of the battery modules in parallel. 18. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein a direct current internal resistance of each battery cell is maintained within a substantially predefined resistance. 19. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein a temperature of each half-module is maintained at approximately the same temperature. 20. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein a temperature of each cell is maintained at an approximately uniform level. | Provided are systems for energy storage for vehicles comprising a battery pack having a plurality of modules. Each module may comprise two half modules coupled together. Each half module can include cylindrical rechargeable lithium-ion cells with the cells being oriented horizontally. A current carrier of each half module may be electrically coupled to the cells, a cathode and anode of each cell being coupled to a respective first and second contact of the current carrier. The current carrier can include protection fuses electrically coupled to respective first contacts. The cells may be disposed between the current carrier and a blast plate. Each half module can have the cells, current carrier, and blast plate disposed therewithin. The modules may be disposed in a tray. A coolant system may be provided for circulating coolant so each of the modules and cells can respectively be maintained at approximately the same predetermined temperature.1. An energy-storage system for a vehicle comprising:
a plurality of modules, each module comprising two half modules coupled together, each half module including:
a plurality of cells, the cells being cylindrical rechargeable lithium-ion cells each having a first end and a second end, the first end distal from the second end, and having an anode terminal and a cathode terminal being disposed at the first end;
a current carrier electrically coupled to the cells, the cathode terminal of each of the cells being coupled to a respective first contact of the current carrier, the anode terminal of each of the cells being coupled to a respective second contact of the current carrier;
a blast plate disposed substantially parallel to the current carrier such that the cells are disposed between the current carrier and the blast plate; and
an enclosure having the cells, current carrier, and blast plate disposed therewithin, the enclosure including a coolant input port, a coolant output port, and a power connector electrically coupled to the current carrier, the enclosure having a coolant sub-system configured to circulate liquid coolant between the two half modules and within each half module by directing the coolant into the enclosure through the coolant input port and out of the enclosure through the coolant output port such that each of the cells is at approximately the same temperature, wherein the cells are disposed between the current carrier and the blast plate such that an exterior side of each of the cells is not in contact with the exterior sides of other cells, the coolant sub-system further configured to circulate the liquid coolant among and between the cells to provide submerged, substantially evenly distributed cooling;
a tray having the plurality of modules disposed therein, wherein at least two adjacent modules are fluidly coupled together such that at least two adjacent coolant input ports are engaged with each other and at least two adjacent coolant output ports are also engaged with each other; the tray including:
a positive bus bar; and
a negative bus bar, the positive and negative bus bars being separately electrically coupled to the power connectors associated with the plurality of modules; and
a coolant system configured to circulate the liquid coolant being pumped into the tray such that each of the modules is at approximately the same temperature. 2. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein the current carrier includes a plurality of fuses each electrically coupled to the respective first contact. 3. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein the cathode terminal of each cell is welded to the respective first contact of the current carrier and the anode terminal of each cell is welded to the respective second contact of the current carrier. 4. The energy-storage system of claim 3, wherein the welding is laser welding. 5. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein the blast plate is closer to the second end of the cells than to the first end, each of the cells being oriented to allow venting into the blast plate for both half modules. 6. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein the tray is sized and arranged to be disposed in the chassis of an electric vehicle. 7. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein the current carrier is held in the enclosure by at least one plastic stake. 8. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein at least two adjacent modules of the plurality of modules are electrically coupled to each other. 9. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein the first contact of the current carrier is a positive contact and the second contact of the current carrier is a negative contact. 10. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein the cells are oriented and mounted horizontally in each half module. 11. (canceled) 12. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein air pockets are formed using channels in a space between the current carrier and the blast plate that is not occupied by the cells. 13. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein the coolant system employs parallel cooling. 14. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein the liquid coolant flows through each half module along a cylindrical body of a battery cell within the half module. 15. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein the modules are arranged in a plurality of strings, each string of the plurality of strings including a plurality of modules. 16. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein the liquid coolant comprises at least one of: a synthetic oil, ethylene glycol and water, and a liquid dielectric. 17. The energy-storage system of claim 15, wherein the liquid coolant flows through the strings in parallel and the liquid coolant flows within each respective string of the battery modules in parallel. 18. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein a direct current internal resistance of each battery cell is maintained within a substantially predefined resistance. 19. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein a temperature of each half-module is maintained at approximately the same temperature. 20. The energy-storage system of claim 1, wherein a temperature of each cell is maintained at an approximately uniform level. | 1,700 |
2,437 | 14,780,264 | 1,733 | To provide an R-T-B based sintered magnet having high B r and high H cJ without using Dy by solving a problem that a significant reduction in B r due to a decrease in B concentration and H cJ are insufficient to satisfy recent requirements. Disclosed is an R-T-B based sintered magnet which includes an Nd 2 Fe 14 B type compound as a main phase, and comprises the main phase, a first grain boundary phase located between two main phases, and a second grain boundary phase located between three or more main phases, wherein the first grain boundary phase having a thickness of 5 nm or more and 30 nm or less is present. | 1-11. (canceled) 12. An R-T-B based sintered magnet including an Nd2Fe14B type compound as a main phase comprising:
the main phase; a first grain boundary phase located between two main phases; and a second grain boundary phase located between three or more main phases, wherein the first grain boundary phase having a thickness of 5 nm or more and 30 nm or less is present, and the composition of the R-T-B based sintered magnet comprises: R: 13.0 atomic % or more and 15 atomic % or less (R being Nd and/or Pr), B: 5.2 atomic % or more and 5.6 atomic % or less, Ga: 0.2 atomic % or more and 1.0 atomic % or less, Al: 0.69 atomic % or less (including 0 atomic %), and balance being T (T is a transition metal element and inevitably includes Fe) and inevitable impurities. 13. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 12, further comprising:
Cu: 0.01 atomic % or more and 1.0 atomic % or less. 14. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 12, wherein the content of Al is 0.3 atomic % or less (including 0 atomic %). 15. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 12, wherein the content of B is 5.2 atomic % or more and 5.43 atomic % or less. 16. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 12, wherein the content of Ga is 0.4 atomic % or more and 0.6 atomic % or less. 17. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 12, satisfying the following inequality expression (1):
0.8≦<Ga>/(1/17×100−<B>)<3.0 (1)
wherein <Ga> is the amount of Ga in terms of atomic %, and <B> is the amount of B in terms of atomic %. 18. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 17, satisfying the following inequality expression (2):
1.03≦<Ga>/( 1/17×100−<B>)≦1.24 (2)
wherein <Ga> is the amount of Ga in terms of atomic %, and <B> is the amount of B in terms of atomic %. 19. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 13, satisfying the following inequality expression (3):
1.0≦<Ga+Cu>/( 1/17×100−<B>)≦3.0 (3)
wherein <Ga+Cu> is the total amount of Ga and Cu in terms of atomic %, and <B> is the amount of B in terms of atomic %. 20. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 12, wherein the first grain boundary phase has a thickness of 10 nm or more and 30 nm or less. 21. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 12, wherein an atomic number ratio of the amount of B to the amount of R satisfies the following inequality expression (4):
0.37≦<B>/<R>≦0.42 (4)
wherein <B> is the amount of B in terms of atomic %, and <R> is the amount of R in terms of atomic %. 22. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 12, wherein the content of Fe or (Fe+Co) of the first grain boundary phase is 20 atomic % or less (including 0 atomic %). | To provide an R-T-B based sintered magnet having high B r and high H cJ without using Dy by solving a problem that a significant reduction in B r due to a decrease in B concentration and H cJ are insufficient to satisfy recent requirements. Disclosed is an R-T-B based sintered magnet which includes an Nd 2 Fe 14 B type compound as a main phase, and comprises the main phase, a first grain boundary phase located between two main phases, and a second grain boundary phase located between three or more main phases, wherein the first grain boundary phase having a thickness of 5 nm or more and 30 nm or less is present.1-11. (canceled) 12. An R-T-B based sintered magnet including an Nd2Fe14B type compound as a main phase comprising:
the main phase; a first grain boundary phase located between two main phases; and a second grain boundary phase located between three or more main phases, wherein the first grain boundary phase having a thickness of 5 nm or more and 30 nm or less is present, and the composition of the R-T-B based sintered magnet comprises: R: 13.0 atomic % or more and 15 atomic % or less (R being Nd and/or Pr), B: 5.2 atomic % or more and 5.6 atomic % or less, Ga: 0.2 atomic % or more and 1.0 atomic % or less, Al: 0.69 atomic % or less (including 0 atomic %), and balance being T (T is a transition metal element and inevitably includes Fe) and inevitable impurities. 13. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 12, further comprising:
Cu: 0.01 atomic % or more and 1.0 atomic % or less. 14. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 12, wherein the content of Al is 0.3 atomic % or less (including 0 atomic %). 15. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 12, wherein the content of B is 5.2 atomic % or more and 5.43 atomic % or less. 16. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 12, wherein the content of Ga is 0.4 atomic % or more and 0.6 atomic % or less. 17. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 12, satisfying the following inequality expression (1):
0.8≦<Ga>/(1/17×100−<B>)<3.0 (1)
wherein <Ga> is the amount of Ga in terms of atomic %, and <B> is the amount of B in terms of atomic %. 18. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 17, satisfying the following inequality expression (2):
1.03≦<Ga>/( 1/17×100−<B>)≦1.24 (2)
wherein <Ga> is the amount of Ga in terms of atomic %, and <B> is the amount of B in terms of atomic %. 19. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 13, satisfying the following inequality expression (3):
1.0≦<Ga+Cu>/( 1/17×100−<B>)≦3.0 (3)
wherein <Ga+Cu> is the total amount of Ga and Cu in terms of atomic %, and <B> is the amount of B in terms of atomic %. 20. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 12, wherein the first grain boundary phase has a thickness of 10 nm or more and 30 nm or less. 21. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 12, wherein an atomic number ratio of the amount of B to the amount of R satisfies the following inequality expression (4):
0.37≦<B>/<R>≦0.42 (4)
wherein <B> is the amount of B in terms of atomic %, and <R> is the amount of R in terms of atomic %. 22. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 12, wherein the content of Fe or (Fe+Co) of the first grain boundary phase is 20 atomic % or less (including 0 atomic %). | 1,700 |
2,438 | 13,806,146 | 1,722 | A liquid crystal compound with branched alkyl or branched alkenyl as represented by formula (1), a liquid crystal medium (a liquid crystal composition or a polymer/liquid crystal composite material) containing the liquid crystal compound, and an optical element containing the liquid crystal medium are described.
In formula (1), R 1 is branched alkyl of C 3-20 or branched alkenyl of C 3-20 . The ring A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , A 4 or A 5 is 1,4-phenylene or 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, for example. Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 and Z 4 are independently a single bond or C 1-4 alkylene, for example. Y 1 is fluorine, for example, m, n and p are independently 0 or 1, and 1≦m+n+p≦3. | 1. A compound represented by formula (1),
wherein in formula (1), R1 is branched alkyl of C3-20 or branched alkenyl of C3-20, and in the branched alkyl or the branched alkenyl, arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—, arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH—, —CF═CF— or —C≡C—, and arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine; rings A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5 are independently 1,4-phenylene, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-3,6-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl, pyridine-2,5-diyl or naphthalene-2,6-diyl, and in these rings arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine or chlorine, Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 are independently a single bond, or C1-4 alkylene in which arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—, —COO—, —OCO— or —CF2O—, arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH—, —CF═CF— or —C≡C—, and arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by halogen; Y1 is fluorine, chlorine, —SF5, —N═C═S, or C1-3 alkyl in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by halogen, and in the alkyl arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—, and arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH— or —C≡C—; m, n and p are independently 0 or 1, and 1≦m+n+p≦3. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein in formula (1), arbitrary one of the rings A1, A2, A3 and A4 is 1,4-phenylene in which one or two hydrogens are replaced by fluorine. 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein in formula (1), the ring A1 is 1,4-phenylene in which one or two hydrogens are replaced by fluorine. 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein in formula (1), R1 is C4-20 alkyl branching at a carbon of 2-position thereof. 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein in formula (1), R1 is C4-20 alkenyl branching at a carbon of 2-position thereof. 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein in formula (1), R1 is C5-20 alkyl branching at a carbon of 3-position thereof. 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is C5-20 alkenyl branching at a carbon of 3-position thereof. 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein in formula (1), R1 is C6-20 alkyl branching at a carbon of 4-position thereof. 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein in formula (1), R1 is C6-20 alkenyl branching at a carbon of 4-position thereof. 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein in formula (1), R1 is C4-20 alkyl branching at a carbon of 1-position thereof. 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein in formula (1), R1 is C4-20 alkenyl branching at a carbon of 1-position thereof. 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein in formula (1), m=1, n=1 and p=0. 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein in formula (1), m=1, n=1 and p=1. 14. The compound of claim 1, wherein in formula (1), m=1, n=1, p=0, and arbitrary one of Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 is —COO— or —CF2O—. 15. The compound of claim 1, wherein in formula (1), m=1, n=1, p=1, and arbitrary one of Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 is —COO— or —CF2O—. 16. The compound of claim 1, which is represented by arbitrary one of formulae (1-1) to (1-2),
wherein in formulae (1-1) to (1-2), R1 is branched alkyl of C3-20 or branched alkenyl of C3-20, the ring A1 is 1,4-phenylene, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-3,6-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl or pyridine-2,5-diyl, and in these rings arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine; Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 are independently a single bond, —CH2—CH2—, —COO— or —CF2O—, with a proviso that arbitrary one of Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 is —COO— or —CF2O—; Y1 is fluorine, chlorine, —C≡N, or C1-3 alkyl in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine, and in the alkyl arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O— and arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH—; X is fluorine or chlorine, wherein a symbol of 1,4-phenylene and (X) connected by a straight line,
represents 1,4-phenylene in which one or two hydrogens are optionally replaced by X. 17. The compound of claim 16, which is represented by arbitrary one of formulae (1-1-1) to (1-1-8) and formulae (1-2-1) to (1-2-16),
wherein in formulae (1-1-1) to (1-1-8) and (1-2-1) to (1-2-16), R1a is C1-10 alkyl in which arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O— and arbitrary —CH2—CH2— optionally replaced by —CH═CH—; R1b is hydrogen, or C1-10 alkyl in which arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O— and arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH—; M is —CH2— or —O—; L2, L3, L4 and L5 are independently hydrogen, fluorine or chlorine; the ring A1 is 1,4-phenylene, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-3,6-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl or pyridine-2,5-diyl, and in these rings arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine; Y1 is fluorine, chlorine, —C≡N, C1-3 alkyl in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine, alkenyl in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine, or alkoxy in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine. 18. A liquid crystal composition, comprising a compound represented by formula (1) and a chiral dopant, and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase,
wherein in formula (1), R1 is branched alkyl of C3-20 or branched alkenyl of C3-20, and in the branched alkyl or the branched alkenyl, arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—, arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH—, —CF═CF— or —C≡C—, and arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine; rings A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5 are independently 1,4-phenylene, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-3,6-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl, pyridine-2,5-diyl or naphthalene-2,6-diyl, and in these rings arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine or chlorine, Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 are independently a single bond, or C1-4 alkylene in which arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—, —COO—, —OCO— or —CF2O—, arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH—, —CF═CF— or —C≡C—, and arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by halogen; Y1 is fluorine, chlorine, —SF5, —N═C═S, or C1-3 alkyl in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by halogen, and in the alkyl arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O— and arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH— or —C≡C—; m, n and p are independently 0 or 1, and 1≦m+n+p≦3. 19. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, wherein in formula (1), arbitrary one of the rings A1, A2, A3 and A4 is 1,4-phenylene in which one or two hydrogens are replaced by fluorine. 20. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, wherein in formula (1), the ring A1 is 1,4-phenylene in which one or two hydrogens are replaced by fluorine. 21. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound of formula (1) with R1 being C4-20 alkyl branching at a carbon of 2-position, and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 22. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound of formula (1) with R1 being C4-20 alkenyl branching at a carbon of 2-position, and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 23. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound of formula (1) with R1 being C5-20 alkyl branching at a carbon of 3-position, and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 24. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound of formula (1) with R1 being C5-20 alkenyl branching at a carbon of 3-position, and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 25. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound of formula (1) with R1 being C6-20 alkyl branching at a carbon of 4-position, and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 26. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound of formula (1) with R1 being C6-20 alkenyl branching at a carbon of 4-position, and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 27. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound of formula (1) with R1 being C6-20 alkyl branching at a carbon of 1-position, and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 28. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound of formula (1) with R1 being C6-20 alkenyl branching at a carbon of 1-position, and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 29. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound of formula (1) with m=1, n=1 and p=0, and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 30. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound of formula (1) with m=1, n=1 and p=1, and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 31. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound of formula (1) with m=1, n=1, p=0 and arbitrary one of Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 being —COO— or —CF2O—, and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 32. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound of formula (1) with m=1, n=1, p=1 and arbitrary one of Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 being —COO— or —CF2O—, and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 33. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound represented by arbitrary one of formulae (1-1) to (1-2), and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase,
wherein in formulae (1-1) to (1-2), R1 is branched alkyl of C3-20 or branched alkenyl of C3-20, the ring A1 is 1,4-phenylene, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-3,6-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl or pyridine-2,5-diyl, and in these rings arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine; Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 are independently a single bond, —CH2—CH2—, —COO— or —CF2O—, with a proviso that arbitrary one of Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 is —COO— or —CF2O—; Y1 is fluorine, chlorine, —C≡N, or C1-3 alkyl in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine, and in the alkyl arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O— and arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH—; X is fluorine or chlorine, wherein a symbol of 1,4-phenylene and (X) connected by a straight line,
represents 1,4-phenylene in which one or two hydrogens are optionally replaced by X. 34. The liquid crystal composition of claim 33, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound represented by arbitrary one of formulae (1-1-1) to (1-1-8) and (1-2-1) to (1-2-16), and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase,
wherein in formulae (1-1-1) to (1-1-8) and (1-2-1) to (1-2-16), R1a is C1-10 alkyl in which arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O— and arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH—; R1b is hydrogen, or C1-10 alkyl in which arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O— and arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH—; M is —CH2— or —O—; L2, L3, L4 and L5 are independently hydrogen, fluorine or chlorine; the ring A1 is 1,4-phenylene, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-3,6-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl or pyridine-2,5-diyl, and in these rings arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine; Y1 is fluorine, chlorine, —C≡N, C1-3 alkyl in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine, alkenyl in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine, or alkoxy in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine. 35. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, further comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formulae (2), (3) and (4),
wherein R2 is straight alkyl of C1-10 or straight alkenyl of C2-10, and in the alkyl and the alkenyl, arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine and arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—; X2 is fluorine, chlorine, —OCF3, —OCHF2, —CF3, —CHF2, —CH2F, —OCF2CHF2 or —OCF2CHFCF3; ring B1, ring B2 and ring B3 are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, 1,4-phylene, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, 1,4-phylene in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine, or naphthalene-2,6-diyl in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; Z7 and Z8 are independently —(CH2)2—, —(CH2)4—, —COO—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH═CH—, —C≡C—, —CH2O— or a single bond; L6 and L7 are independently hydrogen or fluorine. 36. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, further comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (5),
wherein R3 is straight alkyl of C1-10 or straight alkenyl of C2-10, and in the alkyl and the alkenyl, arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine and arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—; X3 is —C≡N or —C≡C—C≡N; ring C1, ring C2 and ring C3 are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-phylene, 1,4-phylene in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl or pyrimidine-2,5-diyl; Z9 is —(CH2)2—, —COO—, —CH2O— or a dingle bond; L8 and L9 are independently hydrogen or fluorine; and r is 1 or 2, s is 0 or 1, and r+s is 0, 1 or 2. 37. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, further comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (6),
wherein R4 and R5 are independently straight alkyl of C1-10 or straight alkenyl of C2-10, and in the alkyl and the alkenyl, arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine and arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—; ring D1, ring D2 and ring D3 are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl, 1,4-phylene, 2-fluoro-1,4-phylene, 3-fluoro-1,4-phylene or 2,5-difluoro-1,4-phylene; and Z10 is —C≡C—, —COO—, —(CH2)2—, —CH═CH— or a single bond. 38. The liquid crystal composition of claim 35, further comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (5),
wherein R3 is straight alkyl C1-10 or straight alkenyl of C2-10, and in the alkyl and the alkenyl, arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine and arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—; X3 is —C≡N or —C≡C—C≡N; ring C1, ring C2 and ring C3 are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-phylene, 1,4-phylene in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl or pyrimidine-2,5-diyl; Z9 is —(CH2)2—, —COO—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —C≡C—, —CH2O— or a dingle bond; L8 and L9 are independently hydrogen or fluorine; and r is 1 or 2, s is 0 or 1, and r+s is 0, 1 or 2. 39. The liquid crystal composition of claim 35, further comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (6),
wherein R4 and R5 are independently straight alkyl C1-10 or straight alkenyl of C2-10 and in the alkyl and the alkenyl, arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine and arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by ring D1, ring D2 and ring D3 are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl, 1,4-phylene, 2-fluoro-1,4-phylene, 3-fluoro-1,4-phylene or 2,5-difluoro-1,4-phylene; and Z10 is —C≡C—, —COO—, —(CH2)2—, —CH═CH— or a single bond. 40. The liquid crystal composition of claim 36, further comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (6),
wherein R4 and R5 are independently straight or straight alkenyl of C2-10 and in the alkyl and the alkenyl, arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine and arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by ring D1, ring D2 and ring D3 are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl, 1,4-phylene, 2-fluoro-1,4-phylene, 3-fluoro-1,4-phylene or 2,5-difluoro-1,4-phylene; and Z10 is —C≡C—, —COO—, —(CH2)2—, —CH═CH— or a single bond. 41. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, further comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formulae (7), (8), (9) and (10),
wherein R6 is straight alkyl of C1-10, straight alkenyl of C2-10 or straight alkynyl of C2-10, and in the alkyl, the alkenyl and the alkynyl, arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine and arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—; X4 is fluorine, chlorine, —SF5, —OCF3, —OCHF2, —CF3, —CHF2, —CH2F, —OCF2CHF2 or —OCF2CHFCF3; ring E1, ring E2, ring E3 and ring E4 are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, 1,4-phylene, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, 1,4-phylene in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, or naphthalene-2,6-diyl in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; Z11, Z12 and Z13 are independently —(CH2)2—, —(CH2)4—, —COO—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH═CH—, —C≡C—, —CH2O— or a single bond; and L10 and L11 are independently hydrogen or fluorine. 42. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, further comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (11),
wherein R7 is straight alkyl of C1-10, straight alkenyl of C2-10 or straight alkynyl of C2-10, and in the alkyl, the alkenyl and the alkynyl, arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine and arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—; X5 is —C≡N, —N═C═S or —C≡C—C≡N; ring F1, ring F2 and ring F3 are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-phylene, 1,4-phylene in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, or pyrimidine-2,5-diyl; Z14 is —(CH2)2—, —COO—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH2O— or a single bond; L12 and L13 are independently hydrogen or fluorine; and aa is 0, 1 or 2, ab is 0 or 1, and aa+ab is 0, 1 or 2. 43. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, further comprising at least one antioxidant and/or ultraviolet absorbent. 44. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, wherein the optically isotropic liquid crystal phase does not exhibit two or more colors of diffracted light. 45. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, wherein the optically isotropic liquid crystal phase exhibits two or more colors of diffracted light. 46. The liquid crystal composition of claim 44, which is obtained by adding a chiral dopant to a composition having a temperature difference of 3° C. to 150° C. between an upper-limit temperature and a lower-limit temperature of co-existence of a chiral nematic phase and a non-liquid crystal isotropic phase. 47. The liquid crystal composition of claim 44, which is obtained by adding a chiral dopant to a composition having a temperature difference of 5° C. to 150° C. between an upper-limit temperature and a lower-limit temperature of co-existence of a chiral nematic phase and a non-liquid crystal isotropic phase. 48. The liquid crystal composition of claim 44, which is obtained by adding a chiral dopant to a composition having a temperature difference of 3° C. to 150° C. between an upper-limit temperature and a lower-limit temperature of co-existence of a nematic phase and a non-liquid crystal isotropic phase. 49. The liquid crystal composition of claim 44, wherein a content of the chiral dopant is from 1 wt % to 40 wt % relative to a total weight of the liquid crystal composition. 50. The liquid crystal composition of claim 44, wherein a content of the chiral dopant is from 2 wt % to 10 wt % relative to a total weight of the liquid crystal composition. 51. The liquid crystal composition of claim 49, which exhibits a chiral nematic phase at any temperature in a range of 70° C. to −20° C. and has a helical pitch of 700 nm or less at a temperature in at least a part of the range of 70° C. to −20° C. 52. The liquid crystal composition of claim 49, wherein the chiral dopant includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formulae (K1)-(K5),
wherein each RK is independently hydrogen, halogen, —C≡N, —N═C═O, —N—C═S, or C1-20 alkyl in which arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—, —S—, —COO— or —OCO—, arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH—, —CF═CF— or —C≡C—, and arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by halogen; each A is independently an aromatic or non-aromatic, three- to eight-membered ring, or a fused ring of 9 or more carbons, and in these rings arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by halogen, C1-3 alkyl or C1-3 haloalkyl, —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—, —S— or —NH—, and —CH═ is optionally replaced by —N═; each B is independently hydrogen, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 haloalkyl, an aromatic or non-aromatic, three- to eight-membered ring, or a fused ring of 9 or more carbons, and in these rings arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by halogen, C1-3 alkyl or C1-3 haloalkyl, —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—, —S— or —NH—, and —CH═ is optionally replaced by —N═; each Z is independently a single bond, or C1-8 alkylene in which arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—, —S—, —COO—, —OCO—, —CSO—, —OCS—, —N═N—, —CH═N— or —N═CH—, arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH—, —CF═CF— or —C≡C—, and arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by halogen;
X is a single bond, —COO—, —OCO—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —CF2O—, —OCF2— or —CH2CH2—; and
mK is an integer of 1-4. 53. The liquid crystal composition of claim 49, wherein the chiral dopant includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formulae (K2-1) to (K2-8), (K4-1) to (K4-6) and (K5-1) to (K5-3),
wherein in these formulae, each RK is independently C3-10 alkyl in which —CH2— directly bonded to a ring is optionally replaced by —O— and arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH—. 54. A mixture, comprising the liquid crystal composition of claim 18, and a polymerizable monomer. 55. The mixture of claim 54, wherein the polymerizable monomer is a photo-polymerizable monomer or a thermo-polymerizable monomer. 56. A polymer/liquid crystal composite material, being obtained by polymerizing the mixture of claim 54 and used in an element driven in an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 57. The polymer/liquid crystal composite material of claim 56, wherein the mixture is polymerized in a non-liquid crystal isotropic phase or in an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 58. The polymer/liquid crystal composite material of claim 56, wherein the polymer has mesogen moieties. 59. The polymer/liquid crystal composite material of claim 56, wherein the polymer has a cross-linked structure. 60. The polymer/liquid crystal composite material of claim 56, wherein a content of the liquid crystal composition is from 70 wt % to 99 wt % and a content of the polymer is from 1 wt % to 30 wt %. 61. An optical element, comprising: a liquid crystal medium disposed between two substrates with electrodes being disposed on a surface of one or both of the substrates, and an electric-field applying means applying an electric field to the liquid crystal medium via the electrodes, wherein the liquid crystal medium is the polymer/liquid crystal composite material of claim 56. 62. An optical element, comprising: two substrates with one or both thereof disposed with electrodes thereon and at least one thereof being transparent, a liquid crystal medium disposed between the two substrates, a polarizer disposed on an outer side of the substrates, and an electric-field applying means applying an electric field to the liquid crystal medium via the electrodes, wherein the liquid crystal medium is the polymer/liquid crystal composite material of claim 56. 63. The optical element of claim 62, wherein on at least one of the two substrates, the electrodes are constructed in a manner such that the electric field is applied in at least two directions. 64. The optical element of claim 62, wherein the two substrates are arranged parallel to each other, and on one or both of the two substrates, the electrodes are constructed in a manner such that the electric field is applied in at least two directions. 65. The optical element of claim 61, wherein the electrodes are disposed in a matrix form to form pixel electrodes, and each pixel is provided with an active device being a thin film transistor (TFT). | A liquid crystal compound with branched alkyl or branched alkenyl as represented by formula (1), a liquid crystal medium (a liquid crystal composition or a polymer/liquid crystal composite material) containing the liquid crystal compound, and an optical element containing the liquid crystal medium are described.
In formula (1), R 1 is branched alkyl of C 3-20 or branched alkenyl of C 3-20 . The ring A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , A 4 or A 5 is 1,4-phenylene or 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, for example. Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 and Z 4 are independently a single bond or C 1-4 alkylene, for example. Y 1 is fluorine, for example, m, n and p are independently 0 or 1, and 1≦m+n+p≦3.1. A compound represented by formula (1),
wherein in formula (1), R1 is branched alkyl of C3-20 or branched alkenyl of C3-20, and in the branched alkyl or the branched alkenyl, arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—, arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH—, —CF═CF— or —C≡C—, and arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine; rings A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5 are independently 1,4-phenylene, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-3,6-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl, pyridine-2,5-diyl or naphthalene-2,6-diyl, and in these rings arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine or chlorine, Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 are independently a single bond, or C1-4 alkylene in which arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—, —COO—, —OCO— or —CF2O—, arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH—, —CF═CF— or —C≡C—, and arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by halogen; Y1 is fluorine, chlorine, —SF5, —N═C═S, or C1-3 alkyl in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by halogen, and in the alkyl arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—, and arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH— or —C≡C—; m, n and p are independently 0 or 1, and 1≦m+n+p≦3. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein in formula (1), arbitrary one of the rings A1, A2, A3 and A4 is 1,4-phenylene in which one or two hydrogens are replaced by fluorine. 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein in formula (1), the ring A1 is 1,4-phenylene in which one or two hydrogens are replaced by fluorine. 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein in formula (1), R1 is C4-20 alkyl branching at a carbon of 2-position thereof. 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein in formula (1), R1 is C4-20 alkenyl branching at a carbon of 2-position thereof. 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein in formula (1), R1 is C5-20 alkyl branching at a carbon of 3-position thereof. 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is C5-20 alkenyl branching at a carbon of 3-position thereof. 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein in formula (1), R1 is C6-20 alkyl branching at a carbon of 4-position thereof. 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein in formula (1), R1 is C6-20 alkenyl branching at a carbon of 4-position thereof. 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein in formula (1), R1 is C4-20 alkyl branching at a carbon of 1-position thereof. 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein in formula (1), R1 is C4-20 alkenyl branching at a carbon of 1-position thereof. 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein in formula (1), m=1, n=1 and p=0. 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein in formula (1), m=1, n=1 and p=1. 14. The compound of claim 1, wherein in formula (1), m=1, n=1, p=0, and arbitrary one of Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 is —COO— or —CF2O—. 15. The compound of claim 1, wherein in formula (1), m=1, n=1, p=1, and arbitrary one of Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 is —COO— or —CF2O—. 16. The compound of claim 1, which is represented by arbitrary one of formulae (1-1) to (1-2),
wherein in formulae (1-1) to (1-2), R1 is branched alkyl of C3-20 or branched alkenyl of C3-20, the ring A1 is 1,4-phenylene, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-3,6-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl or pyridine-2,5-diyl, and in these rings arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine; Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 are independently a single bond, —CH2—CH2—, —COO— or —CF2O—, with a proviso that arbitrary one of Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 is —COO— or —CF2O—; Y1 is fluorine, chlorine, —C≡N, or C1-3 alkyl in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine, and in the alkyl arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O— and arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH—; X is fluorine or chlorine, wherein a symbol of 1,4-phenylene and (X) connected by a straight line,
represents 1,4-phenylene in which one or two hydrogens are optionally replaced by X. 17. The compound of claim 16, which is represented by arbitrary one of formulae (1-1-1) to (1-1-8) and formulae (1-2-1) to (1-2-16),
wherein in formulae (1-1-1) to (1-1-8) and (1-2-1) to (1-2-16), R1a is C1-10 alkyl in which arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O— and arbitrary —CH2—CH2— optionally replaced by —CH═CH—; R1b is hydrogen, or C1-10 alkyl in which arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O— and arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH—; M is —CH2— or —O—; L2, L3, L4 and L5 are independently hydrogen, fluorine or chlorine; the ring A1 is 1,4-phenylene, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-3,6-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl or pyridine-2,5-diyl, and in these rings arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine; Y1 is fluorine, chlorine, —C≡N, C1-3 alkyl in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine, alkenyl in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine, or alkoxy in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine. 18. A liquid crystal composition, comprising a compound represented by formula (1) and a chiral dopant, and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase,
wherein in formula (1), R1 is branched alkyl of C3-20 or branched alkenyl of C3-20, and in the branched alkyl or the branched alkenyl, arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—, arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH—, —CF═CF— or —C≡C—, and arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine; rings A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5 are independently 1,4-phenylene, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-3,6-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl, pyridine-2,5-diyl or naphthalene-2,6-diyl, and in these rings arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine or chlorine, Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 are independently a single bond, or C1-4 alkylene in which arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—, —COO—, —OCO— or —CF2O—, arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH—, —CF═CF— or —C≡C—, and arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by halogen; Y1 is fluorine, chlorine, —SF5, —N═C═S, or C1-3 alkyl in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by halogen, and in the alkyl arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O— and arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH— or —C≡C—; m, n and p are independently 0 or 1, and 1≦m+n+p≦3. 19. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, wherein in formula (1), arbitrary one of the rings A1, A2, A3 and A4 is 1,4-phenylene in which one or two hydrogens are replaced by fluorine. 20. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, wherein in formula (1), the ring A1 is 1,4-phenylene in which one or two hydrogens are replaced by fluorine. 21. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound of formula (1) with R1 being C4-20 alkyl branching at a carbon of 2-position, and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 22. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound of formula (1) with R1 being C4-20 alkenyl branching at a carbon of 2-position, and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 23. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound of formula (1) with R1 being C5-20 alkyl branching at a carbon of 3-position, and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 24. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound of formula (1) with R1 being C5-20 alkenyl branching at a carbon of 3-position, and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 25. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound of formula (1) with R1 being C6-20 alkyl branching at a carbon of 4-position, and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 26. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound of formula (1) with R1 being C6-20 alkenyl branching at a carbon of 4-position, and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 27. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound of formula (1) with R1 being C6-20 alkyl branching at a carbon of 1-position, and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 28. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound of formula (1) with R1 being C6-20 alkenyl branching at a carbon of 1-position, and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 29. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound of formula (1) with m=1, n=1 and p=0, and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 30. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound of formula (1) with m=1, n=1 and p=1, and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 31. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound of formula (1) with m=1, n=1, p=0 and arbitrary one of Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 being —COO— or —CF2O—, and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 32. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound of formula (1) with m=1, n=1, p=1 and arbitrary one of Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 being —COO— or —CF2O—, and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 33. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound represented by arbitrary one of formulae (1-1) to (1-2), and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase,
wherein in formulae (1-1) to (1-2), R1 is branched alkyl of C3-20 or branched alkenyl of C3-20, the ring A1 is 1,4-phenylene, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-3,6-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl or pyridine-2,5-diyl, and in these rings arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine; Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 are independently a single bond, —CH2—CH2—, —COO— or —CF2O—, with a proviso that arbitrary one of Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 is —COO— or —CF2O—; Y1 is fluorine, chlorine, —C≡N, or C1-3 alkyl in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine, and in the alkyl arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O— and arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH—; X is fluorine or chlorine, wherein a symbol of 1,4-phenylene and (X) connected by a straight line,
represents 1,4-phenylene in which one or two hydrogens are optionally replaced by X. 34. The liquid crystal composition of claim 33, comprising a chiral dopant and a compound represented by arbitrary one of formulae (1-1-1) to (1-1-8) and (1-2-1) to (1-2-16), and exhibiting an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase,
wherein in formulae (1-1-1) to (1-1-8) and (1-2-1) to (1-2-16), R1a is C1-10 alkyl in which arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O— and arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH—; R1b is hydrogen, or C1-10 alkyl in which arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O— and arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH—; M is —CH2— or —O—; L2, L3, L4 and L5 are independently hydrogen, fluorine or chlorine; the ring A1 is 1,4-phenylene, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-3,6-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl or pyridine-2,5-diyl, and in these rings arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine; Y1 is fluorine, chlorine, —C≡N, C1-3 alkyl in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine, alkenyl in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine, or alkoxy in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine. 35. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, further comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formulae (2), (3) and (4),
wherein R2 is straight alkyl of C1-10 or straight alkenyl of C2-10, and in the alkyl and the alkenyl, arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine and arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—; X2 is fluorine, chlorine, —OCF3, —OCHF2, —CF3, —CHF2, —CH2F, —OCF2CHF2 or —OCF2CHFCF3; ring B1, ring B2 and ring B3 are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, 1,4-phylene, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, 1,4-phylene in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine, or naphthalene-2,6-diyl in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; Z7 and Z8 are independently —(CH2)2—, —(CH2)4—, —COO—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH═CH—, —C≡C—, —CH2O— or a single bond; L6 and L7 are independently hydrogen or fluorine. 36. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, further comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (5),
wherein R3 is straight alkyl of C1-10 or straight alkenyl of C2-10, and in the alkyl and the alkenyl, arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine and arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—; X3 is —C≡N or —C≡C—C≡N; ring C1, ring C2 and ring C3 are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-phylene, 1,4-phylene in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl or pyrimidine-2,5-diyl; Z9 is —(CH2)2—, —COO—, —CH2O— or a dingle bond; L8 and L9 are independently hydrogen or fluorine; and r is 1 or 2, s is 0 or 1, and r+s is 0, 1 or 2. 37. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, further comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (6),
wherein R4 and R5 are independently straight alkyl of C1-10 or straight alkenyl of C2-10, and in the alkyl and the alkenyl, arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine and arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—; ring D1, ring D2 and ring D3 are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl, 1,4-phylene, 2-fluoro-1,4-phylene, 3-fluoro-1,4-phylene or 2,5-difluoro-1,4-phylene; and Z10 is —C≡C—, —COO—, —(CH2)2—, —CH═CH— or a single bond. 38. The liquid crystal composition of claim 35, further comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (5),
wherein R3 is straight alkyl C1-10 or straight alkenyl of C2-10, and in the alkyl and the alkenyl, arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine and arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—; X3 is —C≡N or —C≡C—C≡N; ring C1, ring C2 and ring C3 are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-phylene, 1,4-phylene in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl or pyrimidine-2,5-diyl; Z9 is —(CH2)2—, —COO—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —C≡C—, —CH2O— or a dingle bond; L8 and L9 are independently hydrogen or fluorine; and r is 1 or 2, s is 0 or 1, and r+s is 0, 1 or 2. 39. The liquid crystal composition of claim 35, further comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (6),
wherein R4 and R5 are independently straight alkyl C1-10 or straight alkenyl of C2-10 and in the alkyl and the alkenyl, arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine and arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by ring D1, ring D2 and ring D3 are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl, 1,4-phylene, 2-fluoro-1,4-phylene, 3-fluoro-1,4-phylene or 2,5-difluoro-1,4-phylene; and Z10 is —C≡C—, —COO—, —(CH2)2—, —CH═CH— or a single bond. 40. The liquid crystal composition of claim 36, further comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (6),
wherein R4 and R5 are independently straight or straight alkenyl of C2-10 and in the alkyl and the alkenyl, arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine and arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by ring D1, ring D2 and ring D3 are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl, 1,4-phylene, 2-fluoro-1,4-phylene, 3-fluoro-1,4-phylene or 2,5-difluoro-1,4-phylene; and Z10 is —C≡C—, —COO—, —(CH2)2—, —CH═CH— or a single bond. 41. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, further comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formulae (7), (8), (9) and (10),
wherein R6 is straight alkyl of C1-10, straight alkenyl of C2-10 or straight alkynyl of C2-10, and in the alkyl, the alkenyl and the alkynyl, arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine and arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—; X4 is fluorine, chlorine, —SF5, —OCF3, —OCHF2, —CF3, —CHF2, —CH2F, —OCF2CHF2 or —OCF2CHFCF3; ring E1, ring E2, ring E3 and ring E4 are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, 1,4-phylene, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, 1,4-phylene in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, or naphthalene-2,6-diyl in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; Z11, Z12 and Z13 are independently —(CH2)2—, —(CH2)4—, —COO—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH═CH—, —C≡C—, —CH2O— or a single bond; and L10 and L11 are independently hydrogen or fluorine. 42. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, further comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (11),
wherein R7 is straight alkyl of C1-10, straight alkenyl of C2-10 or straight alkynyl of C2-10, and in the alkyl, the alkenyl and the alkynyl, arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by fluorine and arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—; X5 is —C≡N, —N═C═S or —C≡C—C≡N; ring F1, ring F2 and ring F3 are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-phylene, 1,4-phylene in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, or pyrimidine-2,5-diyl; Z14 is —(CH2)2—, —COO—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH2O— or a single bond; L12 and L13 are independently hydrogen or fluorine; and aa is 0, 1 or 2, ab is 0 or 1, and aa+ab is 0, 1 or 2. 43. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, further comprising at least one antioxidant and/or ultraviolet absorbent. 44. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, wherein the optically isotropic liquid crystal phase does not exhibit two or more colors of diffracted light. 45. The liquid crystal composition of claim 18, wherein the optically isotropic liquid crystal phase exhibits two or more colors of diffracted light. 46. The liquid crystal composition of claim 44, which is obtained by adding a chiral dopant to a composition having a temperature difference of 3° C. to 150° C. between an upper-limit temperature and a lower-limit temperature of co-existence of a chiral nematic phase and a non-liquid crystal isotropic phase. 47. The liquid crystal composition of claim 44, which is obtained by adding a chiral dopant to a composition having a temperature difference of 5° C. to 150° C. between an upper-limit temperature and a lower-limit temperature of co-existence of a chiral nematic phase and a non-liquid crystal isotropic phase. 48. The liquid crystal composition of claim 44, which is obtained by adding a chiral dopant to a composition having a temperature difference of 3° C. to 150° C. between an upper-limit temperature and a lower-limit temperature of co-existence of a nematic phase and a non-liquid crystal isotropic phase. 49. The liquid crystal composition of claim 44, wherein a content of the chiral dopant is from 1 wt % to 40 wt % relative to a total weight of the liquid crystal composition. 50. The liquid crystal composition of claim 44, wherein a content of the chiral dopant is from 2 wt % to 10 wt % relative to a total weight of the liquid crystal composition. 51. The liquid crystal composition of claim 49, which exhibits a chiral nematic phase at any temperature in a range of 70° C. to −20° C. and has a helical pitch of 700 nm or less at a temperature in at least a part of the range of 70° C. to −20° C. 52. The liquid crystal composition of claim 49, wherein the chiral dopant includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formulae (K1)-(K5),
wherein each RK is independently hydrogen, halogen, —C≡N, —N═C═O, —N—C═S, or C1-20 alkyl in which arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—, —S—, —COO— or —OCO—, arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH—, —CF═CF— or —C≡C—, and arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by halogen; each A is independently an aromatic or non-aromatic, three- to eight-membered ring, or a fused ring of 9 or more carbons, and in these rings arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by halogen, C1-3 alkyl or C1-3 haloalkyl, —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—, —S— or —NH—, and —CH═ is optionally replaced by —N═; each B is independently hydrogen, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 haloalkyl, an aromatic or non-aromatic, three- to eight-membered ring, or a fused ring of 9 or more carbons, and in these rings arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by halogen, C1-3 alkyl or C1-3 haloalkyl, —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—, —S— or —NH—, and —CH═ is optionally replaced by —N═; each Z is independently a single bond, or C1-8 alkylene in which arbitrary —CH2— is optionally replaced by —O—, —S—, —COO—, —OCO—, —CSO—, —OCS—, —N═N—, —CH═N— or —N═CH—, arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH—, —CF═CF— or —C≡C—, and arbitrary hydrogen is optionally replaced by halogen;
X is a single bond, —COO—, —OCO—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —CF2O—, —OCF2— or —CH2CH2—; and
mK is an integer of 1-4. 53. The liquid crystal composition of claim 49, wherein the chiral dopant includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formulae (K2-1) to (K2-8), (K4-1) to (K4-6) and (K5-1) to (K5-3),
wherein in these formulae, each RK is independently C3-10 alkyl in which —CH2— directly bonded to a ring is optionally replaced by —O— and arbitrary —CH2—CH2— is optionally replaced by —CH═CH—. 54. A mixture, comprising the liquid crystal composition of claim 18, and a polymerizable monomer. 55. The mixture of claim 54, wherein the polymerizable monomer is a photo-polymerizable monomer or a thermo-polymerizable monomer. 56. A polymer/liquid crystal composite material, being obtained by polymerizing the mixture of claim 54 and used in an element driven in an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 57. The polymer/liquid crystal composite material of claim 56, wherein the mixture is polymerized in a non-liquid crystal isotropic phase or in an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase. 58. The polymer/liquid crystal composite material of claim 56, wherein the polymer has mesogen moieties. 59. The polymer/liquid crystal composite material of claim 56, wherein the polymer has a cross-linked structure. 60. The polymer/liquid crystal composite material of claim 56, wherein a content of the liquid crystal composition is from 70 wt % to 99 wt % and a content of the polymer is from 1 wt % to 30 wt %. 61. An optical element, comprising: a liquid crystal medium disposed between two substrates with electrodes being disposed on a surface of one or both of the substrates, and an electric-field applying means applying an electric field to the liquid crystal medium via the electrodes, wherein the liquid crystal medium is the polymer/liquid crystal composite material of claim 56. 62. An optical element, comprising: two substrates with one or both thereof disposed with electrodes thereon and at least one thereof being transparent, a liquid crystal medium disposed between the two substrates, a polarizer disposed on an outer side of the substrates, and an electric-field applying means applying an electric field to the liquid crystal medium via the electrodes, wherein the liquid crystal medium is the polymer/liquid crystal composite material of claim 56. 63. The optical element of claim 62, wherein on at least one of the two substrates, the electrodes are constructed in a manner such that the electric field is applied in at least two directions. 64. The optical element of claim 62, wherein the two substrates are arranged parallel to each other, and on one or both of the two substrates, the electrodes are constructed in a manner such that the electric field is applied in at least two directions. 65. The optical element of claim 61, wherein the electrodes are disposed in a matrix form to form pixel electrodes, and each pixel is provided with an active device being a thin film transistor (TFT). | 1,700 |
2,439 | 14,134,538 | 1,789 | The present invention relates to a mat for mounting one or more pollution control elements in a pollution control device for the treatment of exhaust gases, said mat comprising heat-treated glass fibers containing Al 2 O 3 in an amount of 10 to 30% by weight and SiO 2 in an amount of 52 to 65% by weight based on the total weight of the glass fibers. | 1. A mat for mounting one or more pollution control elements in a pollution control device for the treatment of exhaust gases, said mat being made according to the method of claim 15. 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. The method according to claim 15, wherein the heat-treated glass fibers are amorphous. 5. The method according to claim 15, wherein glass fibers are selected from the group consisting of E-glass, S-glass, S2-glass, R-glass and combinations thereof. 6. The method according to claim 15, wherein the heat-treated glass fibers have a diameter of greater than 4.0 μm and a length of from about 0.1 cm to about 15 cm. 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. The method according to claim 15, wherein the mat is an intumescent mat. 10. (canceled) 11. The method according to claim 15, wherein the mat has an internal surface and an external surface, and said method further comprises applying a coating on the internal surface of the mat having a solid component content in the range of from about 5 g/m2 to 100 g/m2, and applying a coating on the external surface of the mat having a solid component content in the range of from about 0.5 g/m2 to 10 g/m2. 12. (canceled) 13. A pollution control device comprising a support structure for a catalyst and a casing to house the support structure and arranged between the support structure and casing a mat according to claim 1. 14. The pollution control device of claim 13 being a catalytic converter of a gasoline engine. 15. A method of making mounting mats for use in a pollution control device, said method comprising:
(i) heat-treating glass fibers comprising Al2O3 in an amount of 10 to 30% by weight and SiO2 in an amount of 52 to 65% by weight based on the total weight of the glass fibers with a temperature of between 300° C. and about 50° C. below the softening point of the glass; (ii) supplying the heat treated glass fibers through an inlet of a forming box having an open bottom positioned over a forming wire to form a mat of fibers on the forming wire, the forming box having a plurality of fiber separating rollers provided in at least one row in the housing between the inlet and housing bottom for breaking apart clumps of fibers and an endless belt screen; (iii) capturing clumps of fibers on a lower run of the endless belt beneath fiber separating rollers and above the forming wire; (iv) conveying captured clumps of fibers on the endless belt above fiber separating rollers to enable captured clumps to release from the belt and to contact and be broken apart by the rollers; (v) transporting the mat of fibers out of the forming box by the forming wire; and (vi) compressing the mat of fibers and restraining the mat of fibers in its compressed state thereby obtaining a mounting mat having a desired thickness suitable for mounting a pollution control element in the housing of a catalytic converter. 16. A method of making mounting mats for use in a pollution control device, said method comprising:
(i) supplying glass fibers comprising Al2O3 in an amount of 10 to 30% by weight and SiO2 in an amount of 52 to 65% by weight based on the total weight of the glass fibers through an inlet of a forming box having an open bottom positioned over a forming wire to form a mat of fibers on the forming wire, the forming box having a plurality of fiber separating rollers provided in at least one row in the housing between the inlet and housing bottom for breaking apart clumps of fibers and an endless belt screen; (ii) capturing clumps of fibers on a lower run of the endless belt beneath fiber separating rollers and above the forming wire; (iii) conveying captured clumps of fibers on the endless belt above fiber separating rollers to enable captured clumps to release from the belt and to contact and be broken apart by the rollers; (iv) transporting the mat of fibers out of the forming box by the forming wire; and (v) compressing the mat of fibers and restraining the mat of fibers in its compressed state thereby obtaining a mounting mat having a desired thickness suitable for mounting a pollution control element in the housing of a catalytic converter, (vi) heat-treating the mat of fibers at a temperature of between 300° C. and about 50° C. below the softening point of the glass fibers. 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein said heat-treating is performed for a period of time from about 2 minutes to about 1 hour so as to improve the heat resistance and high temperature resiliency of the glass fibers. 18. The method according to claim 16, wherein said heat-treating is performed for a period of time from about 2 minutes to about 1 hour so as to improve the heat resistance and high temperature resiliency of the glass fibers. 19. A mat for mounting one or more pollution control elements in a pollution control device for the treatment of exhaust gases, said mat being made according to the method of claim 16. 20. The method according to claim 16, wherein the heat-treated glass fibers are amorphous. 21. The method according to claim 16, wherein glass fibers are selected from the group consisting of E-glass, S-glass, S2-glass, R-glass and combinations thereof. 22. The method according to claim 16, wherein the heat-treated glass fibers have a diameter of greater than 4.0 μm and a length of from about 0.1 cm to about 15 cm. 23. The method according to claim 16, wherein the mat is an intumescent mat. 24. The method according to claim 16, wherein the mat has an internal surface and an external surface, and said method further comprises applying a coating on the internal surface of the mat having a solid component content in the range of from about 5 g/m2 to 100 g/m2, and applying a coating on the external surface of the mat having a solid component content in the range of from about 0.5 g/m2 to 10 g/m2. 25. A pollution control device comprising a support structure for a catalyst and a casing to house the support structure and, arranged between the support structure and casing, a mat according to claim 19. 26. The pollution control device of claim 25 being a catalytic converter of a gasoline zengine. | The present invention relates to a mat for mounting one or more pollution control elements in a pollution control device for the treatment of exhaust gases, said mat comprising heat-treated glass fibers containing Al 2 O 3 in an amount of 10 to 30% by weight and SiO 2 in an amount of 52 to 65% by weight based on the total weight of the glass fibers.1. A mat for mounting one or more pollution control elements in a pollution control device for the treatment of exhaust gases, said mat being made according to the method of claim 15. 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. The method according to claim 15, wherein the heat-treated glass fibers are amorphous. 5. The method according to claim 15, wherein glass fibers are selected from the group consisting of E-glass, S-glass, S2-glass, R-glass and combinations thereof. 6. The method according to claim 15, wherein the heat-treated glass fibers have a diameter of greater than 4.0 μm and a length of from about 0.1 cm to about 15 cm. 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. The method according to claim 15, wherein the mat is an intumescent mat. 10. (canceled) 11. The method according to claim 15, wherein the mat has an internal surface and an external surface, and said method further comprises applying a coating on the internal surface of the mat having a solid component content in the range of from about 5 g/m2 to 100 g/m2, and applying a coating on the external surface of the mat having a solid component content in the range of from about 0.5 g/m2 to 10 g/m2. 12. (canceled) 13. A pollution control device comprising a support structure for a catalyst and a casing to house the support structure and arranged between the support structure and casing a mat according to claim 1. 14. The pollution control device of claim 13 being a catalytic converter of a gasoline engine. 15. A method of making mounting mats for use in a pollution control device, said method comprising:
(i) heat-treating glass fibers comprising Al2O3 in an amount of 10 to 30% by weight and SiO2 in an amount of 52 to 65% by weight based on the total weight of the glass fibers with a temperature of between 300° C. and about 50° C. below the softening point of the glass; (ii) supplying the heat treated glass fibers through an inlet of a forming box having an open bottom positioned over a forming wire to form a mat of fibers on the forming wire, the forming box having a plurality of fiber separating rollers provided in at least one row in the housing between the inlet and housing bottom for breaking apart clumps of fibers and an endless belt screen; (iii) capturing clumps of fibers on a lower run of the endless belt beneath fiber separating rollers and above the forming wire; (iv) conveying captured clumps of fibers on the endless belt above fiber separating rollers to enable captured clumps to release from the belt and to contact and be broken apart by the rollers; (v) transporting the mat of fibers out of the forming box by the forming wire; and (vi) compressing the mat of fibers and restraining the mat of fibers in its compressed state thereby obtaining a mounting mat having a desired thickness suitable for mounting a pollution control element in the housing of a catalytic converter. 16. A method of making mounting mats for use in a pollution control device, said method comprising:
(i) supplying glass fibers comprising Al2O3 in an amount of 10 to 30% by weight and SiO2 in an amount of 52 to 65% by weight based on the total weight of the glass fibers through an inlet of a forming box having an open bottom positioned over a forming wire to form a mat of fibers on the forming wire, the forming box having a plurality of fiber separating rollers provided in at least one row in the housing between the inlet and housing bottom for breaking apart clumps of fibers and an endless belt screen; (ii) capturing clumps of fibers on a lower run of the endless belt beneath fiber separating rollers and above the forming wire; (iii) conveying captured clumps of fibers on the endless belt above fiber separating rollers to enable captured clumps to release from the belt and to contact and be broken apart by the rollers; (iv) transporting the mat of fibers out of the forming box by the forming wire; and (v) compressing the mat of fibers and restraining the mat of fibers in its compressed state thereby obtaining a mounting mat having a desired thickness suitable for mounting a pollution control element in the housing of a catalytic converter, (vi) heat-treating the mat of fibers at a temperature of between 300° C. and about 50° C. below the softening point of the glass fibers. 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein said heat-treating is performed for a period of time from about 2 minutes to about 1 hour so as to improve the heat resistance and high temperature resiliency of the glass fibers. 18. The method according to claim 16, wherein said heat-treating is performed for a period of time from about 2 minutes to about 1 hour so as to improve the heat resistance and high temperature resiliency of the glass fibers. 19. A mat for mounting one or more pollution control elements in a pollution control device for the treatment of exhaust gases, said mat being made according to the method of claim 16. 20. The method according to claim 16, wherein the heat-treated glass fibers are amorphous. 21. The method according to claim 16, wherein glass fibers are selected from the group consisting of E-glass, S-glass, S2-glass, R-glass and combinations thereof. 22. The method according to claim 16, wherein the heat-treated glass fibers have a diameter of greater than 4.0 μm and a length of from about 0.1 cm to about 15 cm. 23. The method according to claim 16, wherein the mat is an intumescent mat. 24. The method according to claim 16, wherein the mat has an internal surface and an external surface, and said method further comprises applying a coating on the internal surface of the mat having a solid component content in the range of from about 5 g/m2 to 100 g/m2, and applying a coating on the external surface of the mat having a solid component content in the range of from about 0.5 g/m2 to 10 g/m2. 25. A pollution control device comprising a support structure for a catalyst and a casing to house the support structure and, arranged between the support structure and casing, a mat according to claim 19. 26. The pollution control device of claim 25 being a catalytic converter of a gasoline zengine. | 1,700 |
2,440 | 14,913,086 | 1,765 | The present invention relates to metal complexes, to compositions and formulations comprising these complexes, and to devices comprising the complexes or compositions. | 1-26. (canceled) 27. A compound of formula (I):
wherein
M is Al, Zr, Hf, Li, Na, K, Rb, or Cs;
X is S or O;
R is a branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy group having 3 to 40 C atoms, which in each case is optionally substituted by one or more radicals Ra, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally replaced by RaC═CRa, C≡C, Si(Ra)2, Ge(Ra)2, Sn(Ra)2, C═O, C═S, C═Se, C═NRa, P(═O)(Ra), SO, SO2, NRa, O, S, or CONRa and wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, or NO2, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms and which contains a radical Rb in at least one ortho-position relative to the bonding site to the quinoline ring and is optionally substituted by one or more radicals Ra;
Ra is on each occurrence, identically or differently, H, D, or an alkyl group having 1 to 20 C atoms, an aromatic ring system having 6 to 60 C ring atoms, or a heteroaromatic ring system having 1 to 60 C ring atoms, wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by D or F, and wherein two or more adjacent substituents Ra optionally define a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic, aromatic, or heteroaromatic ring system with one another;
Rb is on each occurrence, identically or differently, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 C atoms, an aromatic ring system having 6 to 60 C ring atoms, or a heteroaromatic ring system having 1 to 60 C ring atoms, wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by D or F, and wherein two or more adjacent substituents Rb optionally define a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic or aromatic ring system with one another;
n is 4 for Zr and Hf, 3 for Al, and 1 for Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs;
with the proviso that, if R is an aromatic ring system which contains a radical Rb in only one ortho-position to the quinoline ring, the radical Rb has at least 2 C atoms. 28. The compound of claim 27, wherein R is bonded to the quinoline ring at position 2, 4, 5, or 7. 29. The compound of claim 27, wherein R is a branched alkyl group having 4 to 40 C atoms, a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 40 C atoms, wherein the alkyl and cyclic alkyl groups are each optionally substituted by one or more radicals Ra and wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, or NO2, or an aromatic ring system haying 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms and which contains a radical Rb at least in one ortho-position relative to the bonding site to the quinoline ring and may optionally be substituted by one or more radicals Ra. 30. The compound of claim 27, wherein Ra is on each occurrence, identically or differently, H, D, or an alkyl group having 1 to 20 C atoms, wherein two or more adjacent radicals Ra do not define a ring. 31. The compound of claim 27, wherein the radical R is a group of formulae (R-1) through (R-33), wherein the dashed line denotes the bond to the quinoline ring of the compound of formula (1): 32. The compound of claim 27, wherein R is bonded to the quinoline ring via a quaternary carbon atom. 33. The compound of claim 27, wherein Ra is H. 34. The compound of claim 27, wherein the compound is a compound of formulae (A-2) through (A-4): 35. The compound of claim 27, wherein Rb is on each occurrence, identically or differently, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 C atoms. 36. The compound of claim 27, wherein the compound is a compound of formulae (B-1) through (B-9): 37. A composition comprising one or more compounds of claim 27 and at least one additional functional material selected from the group consisting of fluorescent emitters, phosphorescent emitters, host materials, matrix materials, electron-transport materials, electron-injection materials, hole-conductor materials, hole-injection materials, electron blocking materials, hole-blocking materials, and n-dopants. 38. The composition of claim 37, wherein the additional functional material is an electron-transport material selected from the group consisting of pyridines, pyrimidines, pyridazines, pyrazines, oxadiazoles, oxazoles, lactams, quinolines, quinoxalines, anthracenes, benzanthracenes, pyrenes, perylenes, benzimidazoles, triazines, ketones, phosphine oxides, and phenazines. 39. The composition of claim 37, wherein the additional functional material is an electron-transport material which comprises a compound of formula (2):
wherein:
R1 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, CHO, N(R2)2, N(Ar1)2, B(Ar1)2, C(═O)Ar1, P(═O)(Ar1)2, S(═O)Arl, S(═O)2Ar1, CR2═CR2Ar1, CN, NO2, Si(R2)3, B(OR2)2, B(R2)2, B(N(R2)2)2, OSO2R2, a straight-chain alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, or thioalkoxy group having 1 to 40 C atoms or a branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, or thioalkoxy group having 3 to 40 C atoms, each of which is optionally substituted by one or more radicals R2, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally replaced by R2C═CR2, C≡C, Si(R2)2, Ge(R2)2, Sn(R2)2, C═O, C═S, C═Se, C═NR2, P(═O)(R2), SO, SO2, NR2, O, S, or CONR2 and wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, or NO2, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms, which is optionally substituted by one or more radicals R2, or an aryloxy or heteroaryloxy group having 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms, which is optionally substituted by one or more radicals R2, or a combination of these systems, and wherein two or more adjacent substituents R2 optionally define a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic or aromatic ring system with one another;
Ar1 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having S to 30 aromatic ring atoms, which. is optionally substituted by one or more radicals R2 and wherein two radicals Ar1 which are bonded to the same nitrogen, phosphorus or boron atom is also optionally linked to one another by a single bond or a bridge selected from the group consisting of B(R2), C(R2)2, Si(R2)2, C═O, C═NR2, C═C(R2)2, O, S, S═O, SO2, N(R2), P(R2), and P(═O)R2;
R2 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, H, D, or an aliphatic, aromatic, and/or heteroaromatic hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 20 C atoms, wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by D or F, and wherein two or more adjacent substituents R2 optionally define a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic or aromatic ring system with one another. 40. The composition of claim 37, wherein the additional functional material is an n-dopant. 41. A formulation comprising at least one compound of claim 27 and at least one solvent. 42. A formulation comprising at least one composition of claim 37 and at least one solvent. 43. A device comprising at least one compound of claim 27. 44. A device comprising at least one composition of claim 37. 45. The device of claim 43, wherein the device is an electronic device. 46. The device of claim 44, wherein the device is an electronic device. 47. The device of claim 45, wherein the device is an electronic device selected from the group consisting of organic electroluminescent devices, organic integrated circuits, organic field-effect transistors, organic thin-film transistors, organic solar cells, organic optical detectors, organic photoreceptors, and organic field-quench devices. 48. The device of claim 46, wherein the device is an electronic device selected from the group consisting of organic electroluminescent devices, organic integrated circuits, organic field-effect transistors, organic thin-film transistors, organic solar cells, organic optical detectors, organic photoreceptors, and organic field-quench devices. 49. The device of claim 47, wherein it is an organic electroluminescent device selected from the group consisting of organic light-emitting diodes, organic light-emitting transistors, organic light-emitting electrochemical cells, and organic laser diodes. 50. The device of claim 48, wherein it is an organic electroluminescent device selected from the group consisting of organic light-emitting diodes, organic light-emitting transistors, organic light-emitting electrochemical cells, and organic laser diodes. 51. The device of claim 43, wherein the device comprises the at least one compound of claim 27 in an electron-conducting layer. 52. The device of claim 44, wherein the device comprises the at least one composition of claim 37 in an electron-conducting layer. 53. The device of claim 43, wherein the device comprises the at least one compound of claim 27 in an electron-injection layer or in an electron-transport layer. 54. The device of claim 44, wherein the device comprises the at least one composition of claim 37 in an electron-injection layer or in an electron-transport layer. 55. A process for preparing the compound of claim 27 comprising (I) preparing a ligand without metal and (2) reacting the ligand with a metal salt. 56. A compound of formula (D-1):
wherein
X is S or O;
R is a branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy group having 3 to 40 C atoms, which in each case is optionally substituted by one or more radicals Ra, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally replaced by RaC═CRa, C≡C, Si(Ra)2, Ge(Ra)2, Sn(Ra)2, C═O, C═S, C═Se, C═NRa, P(═O)(Ra), SO, SO2, NRa, O, S, or CONRa and wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, or NO2, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic rimg system having 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms and which contains a radical Rb in at least one ortho-position relative to the bonding site to the quinoline ring and is optionally substituted by one or more radicals Ra. | The present invention relates to metal complexes, to compositions and formulations comprising these complexes, and to devices comprising the complexes or compositions.1-26. (canceled) 27. A compound of formula (I):
wherein
M is Al, Zr, Hf, Li, Na, K, Rb, or Cs;
X is S or O;
R is a branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy group having 3 to 40 C atoms, which in each case is optionally substituted by one or more radicals Ra, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally replaced by RaC═CRa, C≡C, Si(Ra)2, Ge(Ra)2, Sn(Ra)2, C═O, C═S, C═Se, C═NRa, P(═O)(Ra), SO, SO2, NRa, O, S, or CONRa and wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, or NO2, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms and which contains a radical Rb in at least one ortho-position relative to the bonding site to the quinoline ring and is optionally substituted by one or more radicals Ra;
Ra is on each occurrence, identically or differently, H, D, or an alkyl group having 1 to 20 C atoms, an aromatic ring system having 6 to 60 C ring atoms, or a heteroaromatic ring system having 1 to 60 C ring atoms, wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by D or F, and wherein two or more adjacent substituents Ra optionally define a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic, aromatic, or heteroaromatic ring system with one another;
Rb is on each occurrence, identically or differently, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 C atoms, an aromatic ring system having 6 to 60 C ring atoms, or a heteroaromatic ring system having 1 to 60 C ring atoms, wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by D or F, and wherein two or more adjacent substituents Rb optionally define a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic or aromatic ring system with one another;
n is 4 for Zr and Hf, 3 for Al, and 1 for Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs;
with the proviso that, if R is an aromatic ring system which contains a radical Rb in only one ortho-position to the quinoline ring, the radical Rb has at least 2 C atoms. 28. The compound of claim 27, wherein R is bonded to the quinoline ring at position 2, 4, 5, or 7. 29. The compound of claim 27, wherein R is a branched alkyl group having 4 to 40 C atoms, a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 40 C atoms, wherein the alkyl and cyclic alkyl groups are each optionally substituted by one or more radicals Ra and wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, or NO2, or an aromatic ring system haying 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms and which contains a radical Rb at least in one ortho-position relative to the bonding site to the quinoline ring and may optionally be substituted by one or more radicals Ra. 30. The compound of claim 27, wherein Ra is on each occurrence, identically or differently, H, D, or an alkyl group having 1 to 20 C atoms, wherein two or more adjacent radicals Ra do not define a ring. 31. The compound of claim 27, wherein the radical R is a group of formulae (R-1) through (R-33), wherein the dashed line denotes the bond to the quinoline ring of the compound of formula (1): 32. The compound of claim 27, wherein R is bonded to the quinoline ring via a quaternary carbon atom. 33. The compound of claim 27, wherein Ra is H. 34. The compound of claim 27, wherein the compound is a compound of formulae (A-2) through (A-4): 35. The compound of claim 27, wherein Rb is on each occurrence, identically or differently, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 C atoms. 36. The compound of claim 27, wherein the compound is a compound of formulae (B-1) through (B-9): 37. A composition comprising one or more compounds of claim 27 and at least one additional functional material selected from the group consisting of fluorescent emitters, phosphorescent emitters, host materials, matrix materials, electron-transport materials, electron-injection materials, hole-conductor materials, hole-injection materials, electron blocking materials, hole-blocking materials, and n-dopants. 38. The composition of claim 37, wherein the additional functional material is an electron-transport material selected from the group consisting of pyridines, pyrimidines, pyridazines, pyrazines, oxadiazoles, oxazoles, lactams, quinolines, quinoxalines, anthracenes, benzanthracenes, pyrenes, perylenes, benzimidazoles, triazines, ketones, phosphine oxides, and phenazines. 39. The composition of claim 37, wherein the additional functional material is an electron-transport material which comprises a compound of formula (2):
wherein:
R1 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, CHO, N(R2)2, N(Ar1)2, B(Ar1)2, C(═O)Ar1, P(═O)(Ar1)2, S(═O)Arl, S(═O)2Ar1, CR2═CR2Ar1, CN, NO2, Si(R2)3, B(OR2)2, B(R2)2, B(N(R2)2)2, OSO2R2, a straight-chain alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, or thioalkoxy group having 1 to 40 C atoms or a branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, or thioalkoxy group having 3 to 40 C atoms, each of which is optionally substituted by one or more radicals R2, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally replaced by R2C═CR2, C≡C, Si(R2)2, Ge(R2)2, Sn(R2)2, C═O, C═S, C═Se, C═NR2, P(═O)(R2), SO, SO2, NR2, O, S, or CONR2 and wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, or NO2, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms, which is optionally substituted by one or more radicals R2, or an aryloxy or heteroaryloxy group having 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms, which is optionally substituted by one or more radicals R2, or a combination of these systems, and wherein two or more adjacent substituents R2 optionally define a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic or aromatic ring system with one another;
Ar1 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having S to 30 aromatic ring atoms, which. is optionally substituted by one or more radicals R2 and wherein two radicals Ar1 which are bonded to the same nitrogen, phosphorus or boron atom is also optionally linked to one another by a single bond or a bridge selected from the group consisting of B(R2), C(R2)2, Si(R2)2, C═O, C═NR2, C═C(R2)2, O, S, S═O, SO2, N(R2), P(R2), and P(═O)R2;
R2 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, H, D, or an aliphatic, aromatic, and/or heteroaromatic hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 20 C atoms, wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by D or F, and wherein two or more adjacent substituents R2 optionally define a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic or aromatic ring system with one another. 40. The composition of claim 37, wherein the additional functional material is an n-dopant. 41. A formulation comprising at least one compound of claim 27 and at least one solvent. 42. A formulation comprising at least one composition of claim 37 and at least one solvent. 43. A device comprising at least one compound of claim 27. 44. A device comprising at least one composition of claim 37. 45. The device of claim 43, wherein the device is an electronic device. 46. The device of claim 44, wherein the device is an electronic device. 47. The device of claim 45, wherein the device is an electronic device selected from the group consisting of organic electroluminescent devices, organic integrated circuits, organic field-effect transistors, organic thin-film transistors, organic solar cells, organic optical detectors, organic photoreceptors, and organic field-quench devices. 48. The device of claim 46, wherein the device is an electronic device selected from the group consisting of organic electroluminescent devices, organic integrated circuits, organic field-effect transistors, organic thin-film transistors, organic solar cells, organic optical detectors, organic photoreceptors, and organic field-quench devices. 49. The device of claim 47, wherein it is an organic electroluminescent device selected from the group consisting of organic light-emitting diodes, organic light-emitting transistors, organic light-emitting electrochemical cells, and organic laser diodes. 50. The device of claim 48, wherein it is an organic electroluminescent device selected from the group consisting of organic light-emitting diodes, organic light-emitting transistors, organic light-emitting electrochemical cells, and organic laser diodes. 51. The device of claim 43, wherein the device comprises the at least one compound of claim 27 in an electron-conducting layer. 52. The device of claim 44, wherein the device comprises the at least one composition of claim 37 in an electron-conducting layer. 53. The device of claim 43, wherein the device comprises the at least one compound of claim 27 in an electron-injection layer or in an electron-transport layer. 54. The device of claim 44, wherein the device comprises the at least one composition of claim 37 in an electron-injection layer or in an electron-transport layer. 55. A process for preparing the compound of claim 27 comprising (I) preparing a ligand without metal and (2) reacting the ligand with a metal salt. 56. A compound of formula (D-1):
wherein
X is S or O;
R is a branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy group having 3 to 40 C atoms, which in each case is optionally substituted by one or more radicals Ra, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally replaced by RaC═CRa, C≡C, Si(Ra)2, Ge(Ra)2, Sn(Ra)2, C═O, C═S, C═Se, C═NRa, P(═O)(Ra), SO, SO2, NRa, O, S, or CONRa and wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, or NO2, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic rimg system having 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms and which contains a radical Rb in at least one ortho-position relative to the bonding site to the quinoline ring and is optionally substituted by one or more radicals Ra. | 1,700 |
2,441 | 14,381,617 | 1,792 | Appliance for processing food and method of operating the same The present application in particular is related to a method of operating a cooking appliance, in which a food category of a food item automatically can be assigned based on features extracted from an image of the food item. For improving assignment, the method is provided with self learning performance. | 1. Method of operating an appliance (1) for processing food (2), in particular baking oven (1), wherein the appliance (1) comprises a chamber (3) adapted to accommodate and process at least a food item (2), wherein the method comprises the steps of
a) capturing at least one image of the at least one food item (2) placed or to be placed into the chamber (3); b) extracting a set of characteristic features of at least one of the at least one food item (2) from the captured image; c) assigning at least one food category to at least one of the at least one food item (2) based on the characteristic features and a user input in which the user is requested to affirm, verify and/or correct the assignment of food category; d) generating and storing an additional new dataset, comprising the extracted set of features linked to the assigned food category, in a feature database at least if at least one of the following situations applies: i. the extracted set of characteristic features is not contained in the database; ii. the extracted set of characteristic features differs from a dataset stored in the database by a predefined amount; and iii. the assigned food category differs from a predefined or stored food category linked to the extracted set of characteristic features or a similar dataset; and e) executing a food processing program assigned to the extracted set of characteristic features and food category. 2. Method according to claim 1, wherein assigning a food category to the food item (2) comprises the steps of comparing the extracted characteristic features to at least one dataset stored in the feature database, which at least one dataset comprises a set of characteristic features of at least one food item (2) and an assigned food category, and, based on the result of comparison, assigning to the extracted characteristic features the food category linked to a stored dataset having identical characteristic features or, within preset boundaries, similar or overlapping characteristic features. 3. Method according to claim 2, wherein the step of comparing the extracted features to stored datasets in the database is conducted only if a preset number of datasets is stored in the database. 4. Method according to claim 1, wherein assigning a food category to the extracted set of characteristic features is conducted only if a preset number of datasets containing the food category is stored in the database. 5. Method according to claim 1, wherein the set of characteristic features comprises at least one of the following features: number of objects or subitems of the food item (2), dimension of the food item (2), in particular length, width, height, diameter, cross sectional area of the food item (2), volume of the food item (2), color of the food item (2), a color histogram of the food item (2), existence and/or number and/or size of particles or segments of the food item (2) at different color-thresholds. 6. Method according to claim 1, wherein the image of the food item (2) is captured within the chamber (3) by a camera (4). 7. Method according to claim 1, wherein the food processing program is at least one of automatically and manually assigned to the extracted set of characteristic features and food category, wherein an automatic assignment of the food processing program comprises the step of comparing the extracted set of characteristic features and food category with datasets stored in the database and selecting a processing program linked to a stored dataset identical or, within preset boundaries, similar to the extracted set of characteristic features and food category. 8. Method according to claim 1, wherein generating the dataset comprises a step of linking, preferably via a weighting factor, the extracted set of features and food category to at least one food processing program. 9. Method according to of claim 1, wherein the at least one food category is assigned to the extracted set of characteristic features via a weighting factor. 10. Method according to claim 1, wherein parameters of the food processing program to be executed are stored as processing datasets in a processing database, if at least one of the following situations applies:
a. the food processing program is not identically contained in the database; and b. the processing database does not contain, within predefined boundaries, a similar processing dataset. 11. Method according to claim 1, wherein at least steps a) to d) are executed repeatedly during processing the food item (2) and, if a change in at least one of the extracted set of characteristic features and food category occurs, the food processing program is adapted to account for the change in the set of characteristic features and food category. 12. Appliance (1) for processing food items (2), in particular baking oven (1), comprising a control and operating system (5) adapted to operate the appliance (1) with a method according to claim 1. 13. Appliance (1) according to claim 12, comprising a food processing chamber (3) adapted to accommodate at least one food item (2) to be processed and further comprising an image generating unit (4, 5) adapted to capture an image of the at least one food item (2) placed the food processing chamber (3). 14. Appliance (1) according to of claim 12, comprising at least one database with at least one storage unit, in particular non-volatile storage unit, adapted for storing datasets, in particular cross-linked datasets, containing sets of characteristic features, food categories and/or food processing programs. | Appliance for processing food and method of operating the same The present application in particular is related to a method of operating a cooking appliance, in which a food category of a food item automatically can be assigned based on features extracted from an image of the food item. For improving assignment, the method is provided with self learning performance.1. Method of operating an appliance (1) for processing food (2), in particular baking oven (1), wherein the appliance (1) comprises a chamber (3) adapted to accommodate and process at least a food item (2), wherein the method comprises the steps of
a) capturing at least one image of the at least one food item (2) placed or to be placed into the chamber (3); b) extracting a set of characteristic features of at least one of the at least one food item (2) from the captured image; c) assigning at least one food category to at least one of the at least one food item (2) based on the characteristic features and a user input in which the user is requested to affirm, verify and/or correct the assignment of food category; d) generating and storing an additional new dataset, comprising the extracted set of features linked to the assigned food category, in a feature database at least if at least one of the following situations applies: i. the extracted set of characteristic features is not contained in the database; ii. the extracted set of characteristic features differs from a dataset stored in the database by a predefined amount; and iii. the assigned food category differs from a predefined or stored food category linked to the extracted set of characteristic features or a similar dataset; and e) executing a food processing program assigned to the extracted set of characteristic features and food category. 2. Method according to claim 1, wherein assigning a food category to the food item (2) comprises the steps of comparing the extracted characteristic features to at least one dataset stored in the feature database, which at least one dataset comprises a set of characteristic features of at least one food item (2) and an assigned food category, and, based on the result of comparison, assigning to the extracted characteristic features the food category linked to a stored dataset having identical characteristic features or, within preset boundaries, similar or overlapping characteristic features. 3. Method according to claim 2, wherein the step of comparing the extracted features to stored datasets in the database is conducted only if a preset number of datasets is stored in the database. 4. Method according to claim 1, wherein assigning a food category to the extracted set of characteristic features is conducted only if a preset number of datasets containing the food category is stored in the database. 5. Method according to claim 1, wherein the set of characteristic features comprises at least one of the following features: number of objects or subitems of the food item (2), dimension of the food item (2), in particular length, width, height, diameter, cross sectional area of the food item (2), volume of the food item (2), color of the food item (2), a color histogram of the food item (2), existence and/or number and/or size of particles or segments of the food item (2) at different color-thresholds. 6. Method according to claim 1, wherein the image of the food item (2) is captured within the chamber (3) by a camera (4). 7. Method according to claim 1, wherein the food processing program is at least one of automatically and manually assigned to the extracted set of characteristic features and food category, wherein an automatic assignment of the food processing program comprises the step of comparing the extracted set of characteristic features and food category with datasets stored in the database and selecting a processing program linked to a stored dataset identical or, within preset boundaries, similar to the extracted set of characteristic features and food category. 8. Method according to claim 1, wherein generating the dataset comprises a step of linking, preferably via a weighting factor, the extracted set of features and food category to at least one food processing program. 9. Method according to of claim 1, wherein the at least one food category is assigned to the extracted set of characteristic features via a weighting factor. 10. Method according to claim 1, wherein parameters of the food processing program to be executed are stored as processing datasets in a processing database, if at least one of the following situations applies:
a. the food processing program is not identically contained in the database; and b. the processing database does not contain, within predefined boundaries, a similar processing dataset. 11. Method according to claim 1, wherein at least steps a) to d) are executed repeatedly during processing the food item (2) and, if a change in at least one of the extracted set of characteristic features and food category occurs, the food processing program is adapted to account for the change in the set of characteristic features and food category. 12. Appliance (1) for processing food items (2), in particular baking oven (1), comprising a control and operating system (5) adapted to operate the appliance (1) with a method according to claim 1. 13. Appliance (1) according to claim 12, comprising a food processing chamber (3) adapted to accommodate at least one food item (2) to be processed and further comprising an image generating unit (4, 5) adapted to capture an image of the at least one food item (2) placed the food processing chamber (3). 14. Appliance (1) according to of claim 12, comprising at least one database with at least one storage unit, in particular non-volatile storage unit, adapted for storing datasets, in particular cross-linked datasets, containing sets of characteristic features, food categories and/or food processing programs. | 1,700 |
2,442 | 13,403,760 | 1,718 | Systems and methods are presented for a peripheral RF feed and symmetric RF return for symmetric RF delivery. According to one embodiment, a chuck assembly for plasma processing is provided. The chuck assembly includes an electrostatic chuck having a substrate support surface on a first side, and a facility plate coupled to the electrostatic chuck on a second side that is opposite the substrate support surface. A hollow RF feed is configured to deliver RF power, the hollow RF feed defined by a first portion contacting a periphery of the facility plate and a second portion coupled to the first portion, the second portion extending away from the chuck assembly. | 1. A chuck assembly for plasma processing, comprising:
an electrostatic chuck having a substrate support surface on a first side; a facility plate coupled to the electrostatic chuck on a second side that is opposite the substrate support surface; a hollow RF feed configured to deliver RF power, the hollow RF feed defined by a first portion contacting a periphery of the facility plate and a second portion coupled to the first portion, the second portion extending away from the chuck assembly. 2. The chuck assembly of claim 1,
wherein the first portion being a bowl-shaped section; wherein the second portion being a tubular section; and wherein the second portion connects to the first portion at an opening defined in the bowl-shaped section. 3. The chuck assembly of claim 2, wherein the hollow RF feed contains facility wires in a bundled configuration in the tubular section and in an expanded configuration in the bowl-shaped section. 4. The chuck assembly of claim 1, further comprising a conducting component coupled to the facility plate and defined within an interior of the first portion of the hollow RF feed. 5. The chuck assembly of claim 4, wherein the conducting component is one of a heating device, an electrostatic clamping device, a coolant fitting, or a pin lifter. 6. The chuck assembly of claim 1, wherein the second portion extends laterally away from the chuck assembly. 7. The chuck assembly of claim 1, further comprising a grounded shield surrounding a location of the hollow RF feed proximate to where the first and second portions are coupled, the grounded shield defining a barrier between the first and second portions of the hollow RF feed. 8. The chuck assembly of claim 1, wherein an insulating tube is defined within an interior of the second portion. 9. The chuck assembly of claim 1, wherein the first portion of the hollow RF feed contacts the periphery of the facility plate at a circumference defined on a side of the facility plate opposite the electrostatic chuck, the circumference having a radius greater than one-half of a radius of the facility plate. 10. A method for powering a chuck assembly for plasma processing, comprising:
contacting a first end of a hollow RF feed to a periphery of a facility plate; applying RF power to a second end of the hollow RF feed extending away from the chuck assembly, the hollow RF feed delivering the applied RF power to the facility plate. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the applied RF power is delivered over a tubular section of the hollow RF feed including the second end and a bowl-shaped section of the hollow RF feed including the first end. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising delivering current over facility wires in a bundled configuration in the tubular section and in an expanded configuration in the bowl-shaped section 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the delivery of the RF power by the hollow RF feed bypasses a central portion of the facility plate having a conducting component coupled thereto, the conducting component defined within an interior of the hollow RF feed. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the conducting component is one of a heating device, an electrostatic clamping device, a coolant fitting, or a pin lifter. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein applying the RF power to the second end of the hollow RF feed includes contacting the second end at a location lateral to the chuck assembly. 16. The method of claim 10, further comprising shielding a first portion of the hollow RF feed from a second portion of the hollow RF feed by a grounded shield, the first portion including the first end of the hollow RF feed and the second portion including the second end of the hollow RF feed. 17. The method of claim 10, further comprising insulating an interior surface of a portion of the hollow RF feed. 18. The method of claim 10, wherein contacting the first end of the hollow RF feed to the periphery of the facility plate includes contacting the periphery at a circumference defined on an underside of the facility plate, the circumference having a radius greater than one-half of a radius of the facility plate. | Systems and methods are presented for a peripheral RF feed and symmetric RF return for symmetric RF delivery. According to one embodiment, a chuck assembly for plasma processing is provided. The chuck assembly includes an electrostatic chuck having a substrate support surface on a first side, and a facility plate coupled to the electrostatic chuck on a second side that is opposite the substrate support surface. A hollow RF feed is configured to deliver RF power, the hollow RF feed defined by a first portion contacting a periphery of the facility plate and a second portion coupled to the first portion, the second portion extending away from the chuck assembly.1. A chuck assembly for plasma processing, comprising:
an electrostatic chuck having a substrate support surface on a first side; a facility plate coupled to the electrostatic chuck on a second side that is opposite the substrate support surface; a hollow RF feed configured to deliver RF power, the hollow RF feed defined by a first portion contacting a periphery of the facility plate and a second portion coupled to the first portion, the second portion extending away from the chuck assembly. 2. The chuck assembly of claim 1,
wherein the first portion being a bowl-shaped section; wherein the second portion being a tubular section; and wherein the second portion connects to the first portion at an opening defined in the bowl-shaped section. 3. The chuck assembly of claim 2, wherein the hollow RF feed contains facility wires in a bundled configuration in the tubular section and in an expanded configuration in the bowl-shaped section. 4. The chuck assembly of claim 1, further comprising a conducting component coupled to the facility plate and defined within an interior of the first portion of the hollow RF feed. 5. The chuck assembly of claim 4, wherein the conducting component is one of a heating device, an electrostatic clamping device, a coolant fitting, or a pin lifter. 6. The chuck assembly of claim 1, wherein the second portion extends laterally away from the chuck assembly. 7. The chuck assembly of claim 1, further comprising a grounded shield surrounding a location of the hollow RF feed proximate to where the first and second portions are coupled, the grounded shield defining a barrier between the first and second portions of the hollow RF feed. 8. The chuck assembly of claim 1, wherein an insulating tube is defined within an interior of the second portion. 9. The chuck assembly of claim 1, wherein the first portion of the hollow RF feed contacts the periphery of the facility plate at a circumference defined on a side of the facility plate opposite the electrostatic chuck, the circumference having a radius greater than one-half of a radius of the facility plate. 10. A method for powering a chuck assembly for plasma processing, comprising:
contacting a first end of a hollow RF feed to a periphery of a facility plate; applying RF power to a second end of the hollow RF feed extending away from the chuck assembly, the hollow RF feed delivering the applied RF power to the facility plate. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the applied RF power is delivered over a tubular section of the hollow RF feed including the second end and a bowl-shaped section of the hollow RF feed including the first end. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising delivering current over facility wires in a bundled configuration in the tubular section and in an expanded configuration in the bowl-shaped section 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the delivery of the RF power by the hollow RF feed bypasses a central portion of the facility plate having a conducting component coupled thereto, the conducting component defined within an interior of the hollow RF feed. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the conducting component is one of a heating device, an electrostatic clamping device, a coolant fitting, or a pin lifter. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein applying the RF power to the second end of the hollow RF feed includes contacting the second end at a location lateral to the chuck assembly. 16. The method of claim 10, further comprising shielding a first portion of the hollow RF feed from a second portion of the hollow RF feed by a grounded shield, the first portion including the first end of the hollow RF feed and the second portion including the second end of the hollow RF feed. 17. The method of claim 10, further comprising insulating an interior surface of a portion of the hollow RF feed. 18. The method of claim 10, wherein contacting the first end of the hollow RF feed to the periphery of the facility plate includes contacting the periphery at a circumference defined on an underside of the facility plate, the circumference having a radius greater than one-half of a radius of the facility plate. | 1,700 |
2,443 | 14,381,612 | 1,768 | Elastomeric compositions are described which have at least one functionalized elastomer and at least one modified filler which has adsorbed and/or attached chemical groups, such as a triazole and/or pyrazole thereon, or other modified fillers which are also described. Methods are further described to improve hysteresis and/or abrasion resistance in elastomeric compositions containing a functionalized elastomer using the modified fillers of the present invention. | 1. An elastomeric composition comprising at least one functionalized elastomer and at least one modified filler, wherein the modified filler comprising a filler having adsorbed thereon a triazole comprising:
or tautomers thereof;
wherein Zb is an alkylene group, where b is 0 or 1;
X, which is the same or different, is H, NH2, SH, NHNH2, CHO, COOR, COOH, CONR2, CN, CH3, OH, NDD′, or CF3;
Y is H, or NH2;
A is a functional group that is SkR, SSO3H, SO2NRR′, SO2SR, SNRR′, SNQ, SO2NQ, CO2NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), or 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl); or a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical substituted with one or more of said functional group;
where R and R′, which are the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C1-C12 unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl, arylene, heteroarylene, or alkylarylene;
k is an integer from 1 to 8 when R is H and otherwise k is 2 to 8;
Q is (CH2)w, (CH2)xO(CH2)z, (CH2)xNR(CH2)z, or (CH2)xS(CH2)z, where x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to 6;
E is a polysulfur-containing group; and
said triazole is optionally N− substituted with an NDD′ substituent, where
D and D′, which are the same or different, are H or C1-C4 alkyl. 2. (canceled) 3. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein the functionalized elastomer comprises a diene elastomer that is a copolymer of a diene and a vinyl aromatic compound, a copolymer of a diene and at least one alpha-olefin, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, chloroprene, polyisoprene, a copolymer of butadiene and isoprene, a copolymer of isobutylene and isoprene, a terpolymer of butadiene, a vinyl aromatic compound, and isoprene, or any combination thereof. 4. (canceled) 5. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein the functionalized elastomer is amine-functionalized, silane-functionalized, aminosilane-functionalized, mercaptosilane-functionalized, hydroxyl-functionalized, carboxylic-functionalized, epoxy-functionalized, tin-coupled, or any combination thereof. 6. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein the functionalized elastomer is an amine-functionalized styrene-butadiene rubber, silane-functionalized styrene-butadiene rubber, aminosilane-functionalized styrene-butadiene rubber, mercaptosilane-functionalized styrene-butadiene rubber, hydroxyl-functionalized styrene-butadiene rubber, carboxylic-functionalized styrene-butadiene rubber, epoxy-functionalized styrene-butadiene rubber, tin-coupled styrene-butadiene rubber, or any combination thereof. 7. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein said triazole comprises:
or tautomers thereof, and
E is Sw, where w is 2 to 8, SSO, SSO2, SOSO2, SO2SO2. 8. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein said triazole comprises:
or tautomers thereof. 9. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein said triazole is:
or tautomers thereof, and
wherein Y is NH2. 10. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein said filler has adsorbed thereon: 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiol, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl disulfide, 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol, or 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl disulfide, or any combination thereof. 11. An elastomeric composition comprising at least one functionalized elastomer and at least one filler having adsorbed thereon a pyrazole comprising:
or tautomers thereof;
wherein Zb is an alkylene group, where b is 0 or 1;
X and Y are independently H, NH2, SH, NHNH2, CHO, COOR, COOH, CONR2, CN, CH3, OH, NDD′, or CF3, or Y is R, where each X and Y are the same or different;
A is a functional group that is SkR, SSO3H, SO2NRR′, SO2SR, SNRR′, SNQ, SO2NQ, CO2NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), or 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl); or a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical substituted with one or more of said functional group;
where R and R′, which are the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C1-C12 unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl, arylene, heteroarylene, or alkylarylene;
k is an integer from 1 to 8 when R is H and otherwise k is 2 to 8;
Q is (CH2)w, (CH2)xO(CH2)z, (CH2)xNR(CH2)z, or (CH2)xS(CH2)z, where x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to 6; and
D and D′, which are the same or different, are H or C1-C4 alkyl.
E is a polysulfur-containing group. 12. The elastomeric composition of claim 11, wherein said pyrazole comprises:
or tautomers thereof. 13. The elastomeric composition of claim 11, wherein said pyrazole is:
or tautomers thereof,
where each Y is H or NH2. 14. The elastomeric composition of claim 11, wherein said pyrazole comprises:
or tautomers thereof, and
E is Sw, where w is 2 to 8, SSO, SSO2, SOSO2, SO2SO2. 15. An elastomeric composition comprising at least one functionalized elastomer and at least one modified filler, wherein the modified filler comprises a filler having absorbed thereon:
a) at least one triazole; b) at least one pyrazole; or any combination thereof, wherein said modified filler improves abrasion resistance when present in elastomeric composition compared to said filler that is not modified. 16-17. (canceled) 18. The elastomeric composition of claim 15, wherein a) or b) include a sulfur-containing substituent. 19. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one chemical group attached to said filler. 20. (canceled) 21. The elastomeric composition of claim 19, wherein said chemical group comprises:
a) at least one triazole; b) at least one pyrazole; c) at least one imidazole; or any combinations thereof. 22. The elastomeric composition of claim 21, wherein said triazole is attached to said filler and comprises:
or tautomers thereof;
wherein Zb is an alkylene group, where b is 0 or 1;
X comprises a bond to the filler;
Y is H, alkyl, aryl, or NH2;
A is a functional group that is SkR, SSO3H, SO2NRR′, SO2SR, SNRR′, SNQ, SO2NQ, CO2NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), or 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl); or a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical substituted with one or more of said functional group;
where R and R′, which are the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C1-C12 unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl, arylene, heteroarylene, or alkylarylene;
k is an integer from 1 to 8; and
Q is (CH2)w, (CH2)xO(CH2)z, (CH2)xNR(CH2)z, or (CH2)xS(CH2)z, where x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to 6. 23. The elastomeric composition of claim 21, wherein said triazole is attached to said filler and comprises:
or tautomers thereof;
wherein Zb is an alkylene group, where b is 0 or 1;
at least one X comprises a bond to the filler, and any remaining X comprises a bond to the filler or a functional group;
A is a functional group that is SkR, SSO3H, SO2NRR′, SO2SR, SNRR′, SNQ, SO2NQ, CO2NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), or 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl); or a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical substituted with one or more of said functional group;
where R and which are the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C1-C12 unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl, arylene, heteroarylene, or alkylarylene;
k is an integer from 1 to 8 when R is H and otherwise k is 2 to 8;
Q is (CH2)w, (CH2)xO(CH2)z, (CH2)xNR(CH2)z, or (CH2)xS(CH2)z, where x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to 6;
E is a polysulfur-containing radical; and
said triazole is optionally N− substituted with an NDD′ substituent, where
D and D′, which are the same or different, are H or C1-C4 alkyl. 24-32. (canceled) 33. The elastomeric composition of claim 21, wherein said organic group comprises an alkyl group or aromatic group having at least functional group that is R, OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, a carboxylate salt, halogen, CN, NR2, SO3H, a sulfonate salt, NR(COR), CONR2, NO2, PO3H2, a phosphonate salt, a phosphate salt N═NR, NR3 +X−, PR3 +X−, SkR, SSO3H, a SSO3 − salt, SO2NRR′, SO2SR, SNRR′, SNQ, SO2NQ, CO2NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl) 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl), SOR, or SO2R, wherein R and R′, which are the same or different, are independently hydrogen, branched or unbranched C1-C12 substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon, and k is an integer that ranges from 1-8, and X− is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid, Q is (CH2)w, (CH2)xO(CH2)z, (CH2)xNR(CH2)z, or (CH2)xS(CH2)z, where w is an integer from 2 to 6 and x and z are independently integers from 1 to 6. 34. The elastomeric composition of claim 21, wherein said organic group comprises an aromatic group having a formula AyAr—, wherein Ar is an aromatic radical and A is R, OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, a carboxylate salt, halogen, CN, NR2, SO3H, a sulfonate salt, NR(COR), CONR2, NO2, PO3H2, a phosphonate salt, a phosphate salt N═NR, NR3 +X−, PR3 +X−, SkR, SSO3H, a SSO3 − salt, SO2NRR′, SO2SR, SNRR′, SNQ, SO2NQ, CO2NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl) 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl), SOR, or SO2R, wherein R and R′, which are the same or different, are independently hydrogen, branched or unbranched C1-C100 substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon, and k is an integer that ranges from 1-8, and X− is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid, Q is (CH2)w, (CH2)xO(CH2)z, (CH2)xNR(CH2)z, or (CH2)xS(CH2)z, where w is an integer from 2 to 6 and x and z are independently integers from 1 to 6, and y is an integer from 1 to the total number of —CH radicals in the aromatic radical. 35. The elastomeric composition of claim 34, wherein said Ar comprises a triazole group. 36. The elastomeric composition of claim 34, wherein said Ar comprises a pyrazole group. 37. The elastomeric composition of claim 34, wherein said Ar comprises an imidazole group. 38. The elastomeric composition of claim 21, wherein said organic group is at least one aminomethylphenyl group. 39. The elastomeric composition of claim 21, wherein said organic group is X—C6H4—S—S—C6H4—X, where at least one X is a bond to the filler and the other X is a bond to the filler or a functional group. 40. The elastomeric composition of claim 21, wherein said organic group comprises at least one aromatic sulfide or polysulfide. 41. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein the modified filler has an adsorbed amount of from 0.01 to 10 micromoles of heterocyclic groups/m2 surface area of filler. 42. (canceled) 43. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein said modified filler improves abrasion resistance in the elastomeric composition compared to said filler that is not modified. 44. The elastomeric composition of claim 43, wherein said abrasion resistance is increased by at least 10%. 45. The elastomeric composition of claim 43, wherein said abrasion resistance is increased by at least 50%. 46-47. (canceled) 48. The elastomeric composition of claim 19, wherein said modified filler improves abrasion resistance in the elastomeric composition compared to said filler that is not modified and improves (decreases) hysteresis in said elastomeric composition compared to said filler that is unmodified. 49. The elastomeric composition of claim 48, wherein said hysteresis is improved (decreased) by at least 5%. 50. (canceled) 51. The elastomeric composition of claim 48, wherein said hysteresis is improved (decreased) by at least 20%. 52. The elastomeric composition of claim 48, wherein said abrasion resistance is increased by at least 10% and said hysteresis is improved (decreased) by at least 5%. 53. The elastomeric composition of claim 48, wherein said abrasion resistance is increased by at least 50% and said hysteresis is improved (decreased) by at least 10%. 54. (canceled) 55. An elastomeric composition comprising at least one functionalized elastomer and at least one modified filler, wherein the modified filler comprising a filler having attached thereon a triazole comprising:
or tautomers thereof, wherein
wherein Zb is an alkylene group, where b is 0 or 1;
at least one X comprises a bond to the filler and any remaining X comprises a bond to the filler or a functional group;
A is a functional group that is SkR, SSO3H, SO2NRR′, SO2SR, SNRR′, SNQ, SO2NQ, CO2NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), or 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl); or a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical substituted with one or more of said functional group;
where R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C1-C12 unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl, arylene, heteroarylene, or alkylarylene;
k is an integer from 1 to 8;
Q is (CH2)w, (CH2)xO(CH2)z, (CH2)xNR(CH2)z, or (CH2)xS(CH2)z, where x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to 6;
E is a polysulfur-containing radical; and
said triazole is optionally N− substituted with an NDD′ substituent, where
D and D′, which are the same or different, are H or C1-C4 alkyl. 56. The elastomeric composition of claim 55, wherein said triazole is:
or tautomers thereof. 57. The elastomeric composition of claim 55, wherein said triazole is:
or tautomers thereof. 58. The elastomeric composition of claim 19, wherein the modified filler having an attached amount of from 0.1 to 6 moles/m2 filler surface. 59. The elastomeric composition of claim 55, wherein said modified filler improves hysteresis in the elastomeric composition compared to said filler that is unmodified. 60. The elastomeric composition of claim 59, wherein said hysteresis is decreased by at least 5%. 61. (canceled) 62. The elastomeric composition of claim 59, wherein said hysteresis is decreased by at least 20%. 63. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein said filler is carbon black, silicon-treated carbon black, silicon-coated carbon black, or a metal oxide. 64-65. (canceled) 66. The elastomeric composition of claim 22, wherein said filler is at least one metal oxide and said X comprising a bond to the filler is through at least one silane linker group. 67. The elastomeric composition of claim 22, wherein said filler is at least one metal oxide and said X comprising a bond to the filler is through at least one Si-containing group, Ti-containing group, Cr-containing group, or a Zr-containing group. 68. An article of manufacture comprising the elastomeric composition of claim 1. 69. The article of claim 68, wherein said article is a tire or a component thereof. 70. The article of claim 68, wherein said article is a tire tread or tire sidewall. 71. A method to increase abrasion resistance, decrease hysteresis, or both, in an elastomeric composition comprising introducing at least one modified filler into said elastomeric composition prior to curing, wherein the modified filler comprising a filler having adsorbed thereon a triazole comprising:
or tautomers thereof;
wherein Zb is an alkylene group, where b is 0 or 1;
X, which is the same or different, is H, NH2, SH, NHNH2, CHO, COOR, COOH, CONR2, CN, CH3, OH, NDD′, or CF3;
A is a functional group that is SkR, SSO3H, SO2NRR′, SO2SR, SNRR′, SNQ, SO2NQ, CO2NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), or 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl); or a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical substituted with one or more of said functional group;
where R and R′, which are the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C1-C12 unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl, arylene, heteroarylene, or alkylarylene;
k is an integer from 1 to 8 when R is H and otherwise k is 2 to 8;
Q is (CH2)w, (CH2)xO(CH2)z, (CH2)xNR(CH2)z, or (CH2)xS(CH2)z, where x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to 6;
E is a polysulfur-containing group; and
said triazole is optionally N− substituted with an NDD′ substituent, where
D and D′, which are the same or different, are H or C1-C4 alkyl. | Elastomeric compositions are described which have at least one functionalized elastomer and at least one modified filler which has adsorbed and/or attached chemical groups, such as a triazole and/or pyrazole thereon, or other modified fillers which are also described. Methods are further described to improve hysteresis and/or abrasion resistance in elastomeric compositions containing a functionalized elastomer using the modified fillers of the present invention.1. An elastomeric composition comprising at least one functionalized elastomer and at least one modified filler, wherein the modified filler comprising a filler having adsorbed thereon a triazole comprising:
or tautomers thereof;
wherein Zb is an alkylene group, where b is 0 or 1;
X, which is the same or different, is H, NH2, SH, NHNH2, CHO, COOR, COOH, CONR2, CN, CH3, OH, NDD′, or CF3;
Y is H, or NH2;
A is a functional group that is SkR, SSO3H, SO2NRR′, SO2SR, SNRR′, SNQ, SO2NQ, CO2NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), or 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl); or a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical substituted with one or more of said functional group;
where R and R′, which are the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C1-C12 unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl, arylene, heteroarylene, or alkylarylene;
k is an integer from 1 to 8 when R is H and otherwise k is 2 to 8;
Q is (CH2)w, (CH2)xO(CH2)z, (CH2)xNR(CH2)z, or (CH2)xS(CH2)z, where x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to 6;
E is a polysulfur-containing group; and
said triazole is optionally N− substituted with an NDD′ substituent, where
D and D′, which are the same or different, are H or C1-C4 alkyl. 2. (canceled) 3. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein the functionalized elastomer comprises a diene elastomer that is a copolymer of a diene and a vinyl aromatic compound, a copolymer of a diene and at least one alpha-olefin, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, chloroprene, polyisoprene, a copolymer of butadiene and isoprene, a copolymer of isobutylene and isoprene, a terpolymer of butadiene, a vinyl aromatic compound, and isoprene, or any combination thereof. 4. (canceled) 5. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein the functionalized elastomer is amine-functionalized, silane-functionalized, aminosilane-functionalized, mercaptosilane-functionalized, hydroxyl-functionalized, carboxylic-functionalized, epoxy-functionalized, tin-coupled, or any combination thereof. 6. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein the functionalized elastomer is an amine-functionalized styrene-butadiene rubber, silane-functionalized styrene-butadiene rubber, aminosilane-functionalized styrene-butadiene rubber, mercaptosilane-functionalized styrene-butadiene rubber, hydroxyl-functionalized styrene-butadiene rubber, carboxylic-functionalized styrene-butadiene rubber, epoxy-functionalized styrene-butadiene rubber, tin-coupled styrene-butadiene rubber, or any combination thereof. 7. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein said triazole comprises:
or tautomers thereof, and
E is Sw, where w is 2 to 8, SSO, SSO2, SOSO2, SO2SO2. 8. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein said triazole comprises:
or tautomers thereof. 9. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein said triazole is:
or tautomers thereof, and
wherein Y is NH2. 10. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein said filler has adsorbed thereon: 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiol, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl disulfide, 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol, or 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl disulfide, or any combination thereof. 11. An elastomeric composition comprising at least one functionalized elastomer and at least one filler having adsorbed thereon a pyrazole comprising:
or tautomers thereof;
wherein Zb is an alkylene group, where b is 0 or 1;
X and Y are independently H, NH2, SH, NHNH2, CHO, COOR, COOH, CONR2, CN, CH3, OH, NDD′, or CF3, or Y is R, where each X and Y are the same or different;
A is a functional group that is SkR, SSO3H, SO2NRR′, SO2SR, SNRR′, SNQ, SO2NQ, CO2NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), or 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl); or a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical substituted with one or more of said functional group;
where R and R′, which are the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C1-C12 unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl, arylene, heteroarylene, or alkylarylene;
k is an integer from 1 to 8 when R is H and otherwise k is 2 to 8;
Q is (CH2)w, (CH2)xO(CH2)z, (CH2)xNR(CH2)z, or (CH2)xS(CH2)z, where x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to 6; and
D and D′, which are the same or different, are H or C1-C4 alkyl.
E is a polysulfur-containing group. 12. The elastomeric composition of claim 11, wherein said pyrazole comprises:
or tautomers thereof. 13. The elastomeric composition of claim 11, wherein said pyrazole is:
or tautomers thereof,
where each Y is H or NH2. 14. The elastomeric composition of claim 11, wherein said pyrazole comprises:
or tautomers thereof, and
E is Sw, where w is 2 to 8, SSO, SSO2, SOSO2, SO2SO2. 15. An elastomeric composition comprising at least one functionalized elastomer and at least one modified filler, wherein the modified filler comprises a filler having absorbed thereon:
a) at least one triazole; b) at least one pyrazole; or any combination thereof, wherein said modified filler improves abrasion resistance when present in elastomeric composition compared to said filler that is not modified. 16-17. (canceled) 18. The elastomeric composition of claim 15, wherein a) or b) include a sulfur-containing substituent. 19. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one chemical group attached to said filler. 20. (canceled) 21. The elastomeric composition of claim 19, wherein said chemical group comprises:
a) at least one triazole; b) at least one pyrazole; c) at least one imidazole; or any combinations thereof. 22. The elastomeric composition of claim 21, wherein said triazole is attached to said filler and comprises:
or tautomers thereof;
wherein Zb is an alkylene group, where b is 0 or 1;
X comprises a bond to the filler;
Y is H, alkyl, aryl, or NH2;
A is a functional group that is SkR, SSO3H, SO2NRR′, SO2SR, SNRR′, SNQ, SO2NQ, CO2NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), or 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl); or a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical substituted with one or more of said functional group;
where R and R′, which are the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C1-C12 unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl, arylene, heteroarylene, or alkylarylene;
k is an integer from 1 to 8; and
Q is (CH2)w, (CH2)xO(CH2)z, (CH2)xNR(CH2)z, or (CH2)xS(CH2)z, where x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to 6. 23. The elastomeric composition of claim 21, wherein said triazole is attached to said filler and comprises:
or tautomers thereof;
wherein Zb is an alkylene group, where b is 0 or 1;
at least one X comprises a bond to the filler, and any remaining X comprises a bond to the filler or a functional group;
A is a functional group that is SkR, SSO3H, SO2NRR′, SO2SR, SNRR′, SNQ, SO2NQ, CO2NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), or 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl); or a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical substituted with one or more of said functional group;
where R and which are the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C1-C12 unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl, arylene, heteroarylene, or alkylarylene;
k is an integer from 1 to 8 when R is H and otherwise k is 2 to 8;
Q is (CH2)w, (CH2)xO(CH2)z, (CH2)xNR(CH2)z, or (CH2)xS(CH2)z, where x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to 6;
E is a polysulfur-containing radical; and
said triazole is optionally N− substituted with an NDD′ substituent, where
D and D′, which are the same or different, are H or C1-C4 alkyl. 24-32. (canceled) 33. The elastomeric composition of claim 21, wherein said organic group comprises an alkyl group or aromatic group having at least functional group that is R, OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, a carboxylate salt, halogen, CN, NR2, SO3H, a sulfonate salt, NR(COR), CONR2, NO2, PO3H2, a phosphonate salt, a phosphate salt N═NR, NR3 +X−, PR3 +X−, SkR, SSO3H, a SSO3 − salt, SO2NRR′, SO2SR, SNRR′, SNQ, SO2NQ, CO2NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl) 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl), SOR, or SO2R, wherein R and R′, which are the same or different, are independently hydrogen, branched or unbranched C1-C12 substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon, and k is an integer that ranges from 1-8, and X− is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid, Q is (CH2)w, (CH2)xO(CH2)z, (CH2)xNR(CH2)z, or (CH2)xS(CH2)z, where w is an integer from 2 to 6 and x and z are independently integers from 1 to 6. 34. The elastomeric composition of claim 21, wherein said organic group comprises an aromatic group having a formula AyAr—, wherein Ar is an aromatic radical and A is R, OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, a carboxylate salt, halogen, CN, NR2, SO3H, a sulfonate salt, NR(COR), CONR2, NO2, PO3H2, a phosphonate salt, a phosphate salt N═NR, NR3 +X−, PR3 +X−, SkR, SSO3H, a SSO3 − salt, SO2NRR′, SO2SR, SNRR′, SNQ, SO2NQ, CO2NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl) 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl), SOR, or SO2R, wherein R and R′, which are the same or different, are independently hydrogen, branched or unbranched C1-C100 substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon, and k is an integer that ranges from 1-8, and X− is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid, Q is (CH2)w, (CH2)xO(CH2)z, (CH2)xNR(CH2)z, or (CH2)xS(CH2)z, where w is an integer from 2 to 6 and x and z are independently integers from 1 to 6, and y is an integer from 1 to the total number of —CH radicals in the aromatic radical. 35. The elastomeric composition of claim 34, wherein said Ar comprises a triazole group. 36. The elastomeric composition of claim 34, wherein said Ar comprises a pyrazole group. 37. The elastomeric composition of claim 34, wherein said Ar comprises an imidazole group. 38. The elastomeric composition of claim 21, wherein said organic group is at least one aminomethylphenyl group. 39. The elastomeric composition of claim 21, wherein said organic group is X—C6H4—S—S—C6H4—X, where at least one X is a bond to the filler and the other X is a bond to the filler or a functional group. 40. The elastomeric composition of claim 21, wherein said organic group comprises at least one aromatic sulfide or polysulfide. 41. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein the modified filler has an adsorbed amount of from 0.01 to 10 micromoles of heterocyclic groups/m2 surface area of filler. 42. (canceled) 43. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein said modified filler improves abrasion resistance in the elastomeric composition compared to said filler that is not modified. 44. The elastomeric composition of claim 43, wherein said abrasion resistance is increased by at least 10%. 45. The elastomeric composition of claim 43, wherein said abrasion resistance is increased by at least 50%. 46-47. (canceled) 48. The elastomeric composition of claim 19, wherein said modified filler improves abrasion resistance in the elastomeric composition compared to said filler that is not modified and improves (decreases) hysteresis in said elastomeric composition compared to said filler that is unmodified. 49. The elastomeric composition of claim 48, wherein said hysteresis is improved (decreased) by at least 5%. 50. (canceled) 51. The elastomeric composition of claim 48, wherein said hysteresis is improved (decreased) by at least 20%. 52. The elastomeric composition of claim 48, wherein said abrasion resistance is increased by at least 10% and said hysteresis is improved (decreased) by at least 5%. 53. The elastomeric composition of claim 48, wherein said abrasion resistance is increased by at least 50% and said hysteresis is improved (decreased) by at least 10%. 54. (canceled) 55. An elastomeric composition comprising at least one functionalized elastomer and at least one modified filler, wherein the modified filler comprising a filler having attached thereon a triazole comprising:
or tautomers thereof, wherein
wherein Zb is an alkylene group, where b is 0 or 1;
at least one X comprises a bond to the filler and any remaining X comprises a bond to the filler or a functional group;
A is a functional group that is SkR, SSO3H, SO2NRR′, SO2SR, SNRR′, SNQ, SO2NQ, CO2NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), or 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl); or a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical substituted with one or more of said functional group;
where R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C1-C12 unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl, arylene, heteroarylene, or alkylarylene;
k is an integer from 1 to 8;
Q is (CH2)w, (CH2)xO(CH2)z, (CH2)xNR(CH2)z, or (CH2)xS(CH2)z, where x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to 6;
E is a polysulfur-containing radical; and
said triazole is optionally N− substituted with an NDD′ substituent, where
D and D′, which are the same or different, are H or C1-C4 alkyl. 56. The elastomeric composition of claim 55, wherein said triazole is:
or tautomers thereof. 57. The elastomeric composition of claim 55, wherein said triazole is:
or tautomers thereof. 58. The elastomeric composition of claim 19, wherein the modified filler having an attached amount of from 0.1 to 6 moles/m2 filler surface. 59. The elastomeric composition of claim 55, wherein said modified filler improves hysteresis in the elastomeric composition compared to said filler that is unmodified. 60. The elastomeric composition of claim 59, wherein said hysteresis is decreased by at least 5%. 61. (canceled) 62. The elastomeric composition of claim 59, wherein said hysteresis is decreased by at least 20%. 63. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein said filler is carbon black, silicon-treated carbon black, silicon-coated carbon black, or a metal oxide. 64-65. (canceled) 66. The elastomeric composition of claim 22, wherein said filler is at least one metal oxide and said X comprising a bond to the filler is through at least one silane linker group. 67. The elastomeric composition of claim 22, wherein said filler is at least one metal oxide and said X comprising a bond to the filler is through at least one Si-containing group, Ti-containing group, Cr-containing group, or a Zr-containing group. 68. An article of manufacture comprising the elastomeric composition of claim 1. 69. The article of claim 68, wherein said article is a tire or a component thereof. 70. The article of claim 68, wherein said article is a tire tread or tire sidewall. 71. A method to increase abrasion resistance, decrease hysteresis, or both, in an elastomeric composition comprising introducing at least one modified filler into said elastomeric composition prior to curing, wherein the modified filler comprising a filler having adsorbed thereon a triazole comprising:
or tautomers thereof;
wherein Zb is an alkylene group, where b is 0 or 1;
X, which is the same or different, is H, NH2, SH, NHNH2, CHO, COOR, COOH, CONR2, CN, CH3, OH, NDD′, or CF3;
A is a functional group that is SkR, SSO3H, SO2NRR′, SO2SR, SNRR′, SNQ, SO2NQ, CO2NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), or 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl); or a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical substituted with one or more of said functional group;
where R and R′, which are the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C1-C12 unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl, arylene, heteroarylene, or alkylarylene;
k is an integer from 1 to 8 when R is H and otherwise k is 2 to 8;
Q is (CH2)w, (CH2)xO(CH2)z, (CH2)xNR(CH2)z, or (CH2)xS(CH2)z, where x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to 6;
E is a polysulfur-containing group; and
said triazole is optionally N− substituted with an NDD′ substituent, where
D and D′, which are the same or different, are H or C1-C4 alkyl. | 1,700 |
2,444 | 14,401,938 | 1,774 | An apparatus ( 10 ) receives an at least partially flexible vessel ( 14 ) adapted for receiving a fluid. The apparatus ( 10 ) may include an overpack ( 12 ) and a partition ( 16 ) removably positioned in an interior of the overpack ( 12 ). The partition ( 16 ) may extend generally transverse to a sidewall ( 12 b ) and generally aligned with a floor ( 12 c ) of the overpack ( 12 ) to form a compartment for receiving the vessel ( 14 ). The partition ( 16 ) may also form part of a carrier ( 17 ) for the vessel ( 14 ). A filling station for filling containers ( 10 ) is also disclosed, as are related methods. | 1. An apparatus for receiving an at least partially flexible vessel adapted for receiving a fluid, comprising:
an overpack including a base having a floor and an upstanding sidewall forming an interior for receiving the vessel; and a partition removably positioned in the interior of the overpack, the partition extending generally transverse to the sidewall and generally aligned with the floor to form a compartment in the interior of the overpack for receiving the vessel. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the base of the overpack includes a door for providing access to an exterior compartment of the base. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the overpack includes at least one hanger for hanging the overpack. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the base includes the hanger. 5.-7. (canceled) 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the overpack includes an upper wall adapted for receiving a conduit for connecting with the vessel in the overpack. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the partition is adapted for receiving the conduit. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the partition includes an apex formed by a pair of sloped walls adapted for causing fluid to drain from the vessel. 11. (canceled) 12. The apparatus of claim 1, further including a coupler adapted for forming a non-contact coupling with a component in the vessel. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the component comprises a magnetic agitator, and the coupler comprises a material for forming a magnetic coupling with the magnetic agitator. 14.-16. (canceled) 17. The apparatus of claim 1, further including a retainer for removably retaining the partition within the interior compartment of the overpack. 18. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the overpack further includes at least one receiver adapted for receiving a lifting device. 19.-20. (canceled) 21. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the overpack comprises a handle, the handle comprising at least one opening formed in at least one sidewall of the overpack, the opening adapted for being grasped by a hand of a user. 23. The apparatus of claim 1, further including a tubing positioned in a space between an upper surface of the partition and a lower surface of an upper wall of the overpack. 24.-25. (canceled) 26. The apparatus of claim 1, further including a carrier adapted for receiving the vessel and for nesting in the interior of the overpack. 27. (canceled) 28. The apparatus of claim 1, further including a support for supporting the partition in at least an inverted condition of the overpack. 29.-40. (canceled) 41. A system for use in filling a plurality of fluid containers with fluid from a fluid source, comprising:
a first delivery line for simultaneously delivering the fluid to the plurality of containers; a valve associated with each of the containers for controlling the flow of fluid from the delivery line to the container; a measuring device for measuring the fluid delivered to at least one of the containers and generating a corresponding output; and a controller for controlling the valve based on the output. 42.-56. (canceled) 57. A fluid handling apparatus, comprising:
a box; a carrier for nesting in the box; and a bag for positioning in the carrier and adapted for receiving the fluid. 58.-73. (canceled) | An apparatus ( 10 ) receives an at least partially flexible vessel ( 14 ) adapted for receiving a fluid. The apparatus ( 10 ) may include an overpack ( 12 ) and a partition ( 16 ) removably positioned in an interior of the overpack ( 12 ). The partition ( 16 ) may extend generally transverse to a sidewall ( 12 b ) and generally aligned with a floor ( 12 c ) of the overpack ( 12 ) to form a compartment for receiving the vessel ( 14 ). The partition ( 16 ) may also form part of a carrier ( 17 ) for the vessel ( 14 ). A filling station for filling containers ( 10 ) is also disclosed, as are related methods.1. An apparatus for receiving an at least partially flexible vessel adapted for receiving a fluid, comprising:
an overpack including a base having a floor and an upstanding sidewall forming an interior for receiving the vessel; and a partition removably positioned in the interior of the overpack, the partition extending generally transverse to the sidewall and generally aligned with the floor to form a compartment in the interior of the overpack for receiving the vessel. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the base of the overpack includes a door for providing access to an exterior compartment of the base. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the overpack includes at least one hanger for hanging the overpack. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the base includes the hanger. 5.-7. (canceled) 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the overpack includes an upper wall adapted for receiving a conduit for connecting with the vessel in the overpack. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the partition is adapted for receiving the conduit. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the partition includes an apex formed by a pair of sloped walls adapted for causing fluid to drain from the vessel. 11. (canceled) 12. The apparatus of claim 1, further including a coupler adapted for forming a non-contact coupling with a component in the vessel. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the component comprises a magnetic agitator, and the coupler comprises a material for forming a magnetic coupling with the magnetic agitator. 14.-16. (canceled) 17. The apparatus of claim 1, further including a retainer for removably retaining the partition within the interior compartment of the overpack. 18. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the overpack further includes at least one receiver adapted for receiving a lifting device. 19.-20. (canceled) 21. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the overpack comprises a handle, the handle comprising at least one opening formed in at least one sidewall of the overpack, the opening adapted for being grasped by a hand of a user. 23. The apparatus of claim 1, further including a tubing positioned in a space between an upper surface of the partition and a lower surface of an upper wall of the overpack. 24.-25. (canceled) 26. The apparatus of claim 1, further including a carrier adapted for receiving the vessel and for nesting in the interior of the overpack. 27. (canceled) 28. The apparatus of claim 1, further including a support for supporting the partition in at least an inverted condition of the overpack. 29.-40. (canceled) 41. A system for use in filling a plurality of fluid containers with fluid from a fluid source, comprising:
a first delivery line for simultaneously delivering the fluid to the plurality of containers; a valve associated with each of the containers for controlling the flow of fluid from the delivery line to the container; a measuring device for measuring the fluid delivered to at least one of the containers and generating a corresponding output; and a controller for controlling the valve based on the output. 42.-56. (canceled) 57. A fluid handling apparatus, comprising:
a box; a carrier for nesting in the box; and a bag for positioning in the carrier and adapted for receiving the fluid. 58.-73. (canceled) | 1,700 |
2,445 | 14,285,730 | 1,718 | An apparatus for processing a semiconductor workpiece includes a first chamber having a first plasma production source and a first gas supply for introducing a supply of gas into the first chamber, a second chamber having a second plasma production source and a second gas supply for introducing a supply of gas into the second chamber, a workpiece support positioned in the second chamber, and a plurality of gas flow pathway defining elements for defining a gas flow pathway in the vicinity of the workpiece when positioned on the workpiece support. The gas flow path defining elements include at least one wafer edge region protection element for protecting the edge of the wafer and/or a region outwardly circumjacent to the edge of the wafer, and at least one auxiliary element spaced apart from the wafer edge region protection element to define the gas flow pathway. | 1. An apparatus for processing a semiconductor workpiece including:
a first chamber having a first plasma production source and a first gas supply for introducing a supply of gas into the first chamber; a second chamber having a second plasma production source and a second gas supply for introducing a supply of gas into the second chamber, the second gas supply being independently controllable of the first gas supply; a workpiece support positioned in the second chamber; and a plurality of gas flow pathway defining elements for defining a gas flow pathway in the vicinity of the workpiece when positioned on the workpiece support, wherein the gas flow path defining elements include at least one wafer edge region protection element for protecting the edge of the wafer and/or a region outwardly circumjacent to the edge of the wafer, and at least one auxiliary element spaced apart from the wafer edge region protection element to define the gas flow pathway. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1 in which the wafer edge region protection device element is an annular wafer edge protection device. 3. An apparatus according to claim 1 in which the at least one auxiliary element includes one or more baffles. 4. An apparatus according to claim 3 at which the at least one auxiliary element is an annular baffle. 5. An apparatus according to claim 1 in which the auxiliary element is positioned over an inner portion of the wafer edge region protection element. 6. An apparatus according to claim 1 in which the auxiliary element is positioned over an outer part of the wafer edge region protection element. 7. An apparatus according to claim 1 in which the auxiliary element extends radially inward of the wall of the second chamber. 8. An apparatus according to claim 1 in which the auxiliary element extends downwardly from the wall of the second chamber. 9. An apparatus according to claim 1 in which the auxiliary element is spaced apart from the wafer edge region protection element to define a gap of between 2 and 80 mm, preferably between 5 and 50 mm, most preferably between 15 and 25 mm. 10. An apparatus according to claim 1 in which the gas flow pathway extends radially outwards from the workpiece when positioned on the workpiece support. 11. An apparatus according to claim 1 in which the workpiece, when positioned on the workpiece support, is supported by a carrier, and the wafer edge region protection element protects the carrier. 12. An apparatus according to claim 11 in which the carrier is of the tape and frame kind, and the wafer edge protection element protects the tape and/or the frame. 13. An apparatus according to claim 1 in which the first plasma production source includes an element for coupling energy into the first chamber to maintain a plasma induced in the first chamber, and the second plasma production source includes an element for coupling energy into the second chamber to maintain a plasma induced in the second chamber, wherein the element of the first plasma production source is spaced apart from the element of the second plasma production source so as to decouple the plasma induced in the first chamber from the plasma induced in the second chamber. 14. An apparatus according to claim 13 in which the first chamber meets the second chamber at an interface having an associated level, and at least one of the elements of the first plasma production source and the elements of the second plasma production source is spaced apart from said level. 15. An apparatus for processing a semiconductor workpiece including;
a first chamber having a first plasma production source including an element for coupling energy into the first chamber to maintain a plasma induced in the first chamber, and a first gas supply for introducing a supply of gas into the first chamber; a second chamber having a second plasma production source including an element for coupling energy into the first chamber to maintain a plasma induced in the second chamber and a second gas supply for introducing a supply of gas into the second chamber, the second gas supply being independently controllable of the first gas supply; and a workpiece support positioned in the second chamber; wherein the element of the first plasma production source is spaced apart from the element of the second plasma production source so as to decouple the plasma induced in the first chamber from the plasma induced in the second chamber. 16. An apparatus for processing a semiconductor workpiece including:
a chamber having a wall; a workpiece support positioned in the chamber; at least one plasma production source; and a plurality of gas flow pathway defining elements for defining a gas flow pathway in the vicinity of the workpiece when positioned on the workpiece support, wherein the gas flow pathway defining elements include at least one wafer edge region protection element for protecting the edge of the wafer and/or a region outwardly circumjacent to the edge of the wafer, and at least one auxiliary element spaced apart from the wafer edge region protection element to define the gas flow pathway. | An apparatus for processing a semiconductor workpiece includes a first chamber having a first plasma production source and a first gas supply for introducing a supply of gas into the first chamber, a second chamber having a second plasma production source and a second gas supply for introducing a supply of gas into the second chamber, a workpiece support positioned in the second chamber, and a plurality of gas flow pathway defining elements for defining a gas flow pathway in the vicinity of the workpiece when positioned on the workpiece support. The gas flow path defining elements include at least one wafer edge region protection element for protecting the edge of the wafer and/or a region outwardly circumjacent to the edge of the wafer, and at least one auxiliary element spaced apart from the wafer edge region protection element to define the gas flow pathway.1. An apparatus for processing a semiconductor workpiece including:
a first chamber having a first plasma production source and a first gas supply for introducing a supply of gas into the first chamber; a second chamber having a second plasma production source and a second gas supply for introducing a supply of gas into the second chamber, the second gas supply being independently controllable of the first gas supply; a workpiece support positioned in the second chamber; and a plurality of gas flow pathway defining elements for defining a gas flow pathway in the vicinity of the workpiece when positioned on the workpiece support, wherein the gas flow path defining elements include at least one wafer edge region protection element for protecting the edge of the wafer and/or a region outwardly circumjacent to the edge of the wafer, and at least one auxiliary element spaced apart from the wafer edge region protection element to define the gas flow pathway. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1 in which the wafer edge region protection device element is an annular wafer edge protection device. 3. An apparatus according to claim 1 in which the at least one auxiliary element includes one or more baffles. 4. An apparatus according to claim 3 at which the at least one auxiliary element is an annular baffle. 5. An apparatus according to claim 1 in which the auxiliary element is positioned over an inner portion of the wafer edge region protection element. 6. An apparatus according to claim 1 in which the auxiliary element is positioned over an outer part of the wafer edge region protection element. 7. An apparatus according to claim 1 in which the auxiliary element extends radially inward of the wall of the second chamber. 8. An apparatus according to claim 1 in which the auxiliary element extends downwardly from the wall of the second chamber. 9. An apparatus according to claim 1 in which the auxiliary element is spaced apart from the wafer edge region protection element to define a gap of between 2 and 80 mm, preferably between 5 and 50 mm, most preferably between 15 and 25 mm. 10. An apparatus according to claim 1 in which the gas flow pathway extends radially outwards from the workpiece when positioned on the workpiece support. 11. An apparatus according to claim 1 in which the workpiece, when positioned on the workpiece support, is supported by a carrier, and the wafer edge region protection element protects the carrier. 12. An apparatus according to claim 11 in which the carrier is of the tape and frame kind, and the wafer edge protection element protects the tape and/or the frame. 13. An apparatus according to claim 1 in which the first plasma production source includes an element for coupling energy into the first chamber to maintain a plasma induced in the first chamber, and the second plasma production source includes an element for coupling energy into the second chamber to maintain a plasma induced in the second chamber, wherein the element of the first plasma production source is spaced apart from the element of the second plasma production source so as to decouple the plasma induced in the first chamber from the plasma induced in the second chamber. 14. An apparatus according to claim 13 in which the first chamber meets the second chamber at an interface having an associated level, and at least one of the elements of the first plasma production source and the elements of the second plasma production source is spaced apart from said level. 15. An apparatus for processing a semiconductor workpiece including;
a first chamber having a first plasma production source including an element for coupling energy into the first chamber to maintain a plasma induced in the first chamber, and a first gas supply for introducing a supply of gas into the first chamber; a second chamber having a second plasma production source including an element for coupling energy into the first chamber to maintain a plasma induced in the second chamber and a second gas supply for introducing a supply of gas into the second chamber, the second gas supply being independently controllable of the first gas supply; and a workpiece support positioned in the second chamber; wherein the element of the first plasma production source is spaced apart from the element of the second plasma production source so as to decouple the plasma induced in the first chamber from the plasma induced in the second chamber. 16. An apparatus for processing a semiconductor workpiece including:
a chamber having a wall; a workpiece support positioned in the chamber; at least one plasma production source; and a plurality of gas flow pathway defining elements for defining a gas flow pathway in the vicinity of the workpiece when positioned on the workpiece support, wherein the gas flow pathway defining elements include at least one wafer edge region protection element for protecting the edge of the wafer and/or a region outwardly circumjacent to the edge of the wafer, and at least one auxiliary element spaced apart from the wafer edge region protection element to define the gas flow pathway. | 1,700 |
2,446 | 12,364,962 | 1,789 | A puncture, pierce, and cut resistant fabric comprised of a plurality of sheets of plates arranged in a repeating pattern. A material interconnects the plates. The fabric is twistable, bendable, and flexible. It is constructed of substances that will withstand cutting, puncture, and piercing forces encountered in medical or other environments. | 1. A fabric assembly suitable for use in protective apparel, the fabric assembly comprising:
a woven fabric substrate suitable for apparel; an array of non-overlapping, polygonal-shaped guard plates having selected dimensions, the guard plates made of a curable composite resin, wherein the resin is screen-printed directly on to the woven fabric substrate so that the resin at least partially penetrates into the woven fabric substrate, wherein the resin is subsequently heat-cured to provide a mechanical bond or surface adhesion between the guard plates and the woven fabric substrate, wherein the cured guard plates are so spaced to define gap sections having an approximately uniform width through which the woven fabric substrate remains visible, and wherein the width of the gap sections and the dimensions of the guard plates are so selected to render the fabric assembly cut and puncture resistant yet sufficiently flexible and supple so that the fabric assembly is suitable for use in protective apparel. 2. The fabric assembly of claim 1, wherein the curable composite resin comprises a cross-linked polymeric material so selected that after curing provide the guard plates with a hardness suitable for use in various protective apparel and wherein the guard plates are not brittle. 3. The fabric assembly of claim 2, wherein the width of the gap sections is between 5 mils and 15 mils. 4. The fabric assembly of claim 3, wherein the surface dimensions of the guard plates are between 50 mils and 100 mils. 5. The fabric assembly of claim 4, wherein the guard plates have a thickness between 5 mils and 20 mils. 6. The fabric assembly of claim 1, wherein the gaps sections have selected lengths and are interconnected in such a way that no more than a few adjacent gap sections are co-linear to greatly enhance the cut resistance of the fabric assembly over the cut resistance of the woven fabric substrate alone. 7. The fabric assembly of claim 1, wherein the woven fabric substrate is selected from the group consisting of polyester, nylon, cotton, Kevlar®, Nomex®, polyethylene or blends thereof. 8. The fabric assembly of claim 1, wherein the guard plates are identical hexagons printed in a repeating pattern. 9. A composite fabric comprising:
a woven fabric substrate; an array of flat, regularly-spaced, non-overlapping, polygon-shaped guard plates comprising a polymer material that is directed printed to partially penetrate into the surface of the woven fabric substrate so that after curing mechanical bonds are formed or surface adhesion is obtained between threads of the woven fabric substrate and the guard plates, wherein the guard plates define a plurality of interconnected gap sections, wherein the guard plates have surface dimensions so selected that the guard plates and the defined gap sections, collectively, greatly enhance the cut and puncture resistance of the composite fabric over the woven fabric substrate alone while maintaining sufficient flexibility and suppleness of the fabric assembly for use in protective apparel. 10. The composite fabric of claim 9, wherein the gap sections have uniform width and no more than a few adjacent gap sections are co-linear. 11. The composite fabric of claim 9, wherein the width of the gap sections is between 5 and 15 mils and the surface dimensions of the guard plates is between 50 and 100 mils. 12. The composite fabric of claim 11, wherein the guard plates have a thickness between 5 mils and 20 mils. 13. The composite fabric of claim 9, wherein the woven fabric substrate is selected from the group consisting of polyester, nylon, cotton, Kevlar®, Nomex®, polyethylene, or blends thereof. 14. The composite fabric of claim 9, wherein the guard plates are identical hexagons printed in a repeating pattern. 15. A fabric assembly comprising a woven fabric substrate and a plurality of cured polymeric plates printed onto the woven fabric substrate wherein the cured polymeric plates partially penetrate to mechanically bond with the woven fabric substrate, characterized by, the guard plates have selected dimensions, spacing, and hardness to selectively enhance the cut and puncture resistance of the fabric assembly over the cut and puncture resistance of the woven fabric substrate alone, while maintaining sufficient flexibility and suppleness so the fabric assembly is suitable for use in protective apparel. 16. The fabric assembly of claim 15, wherein the surface dimensions of the guard plates are between 50 mils and 100 mils, and wherein the distance between adjacent guard plates is less than 15 mils. 17. The fabric assembly of claim 16, wherein the thickness of the guard plates is between 5 mils and 20 mils. 18. The fabric assembly of claim 15, wherein the woven fabric substrate is selected from the group consisting of polyester, nylon, cotton, Kevlar®, Nomex®, polyethylene, or blends thereof. 19. The fabric assembly of claim 15, wherein the guard plates have a polygonal shape. 20. The fabric assembly of claim 15, wherein adjacent guard plates are separated by gap sections having approximately uniform width between 5 mils and 15 mils, and wherein no more than a few adjacent gap sections are co-linear. | A puncture, pierce, and cut resistant fabric comprised of a plurality of sheets of plates arranged in a repeating pattern. A material interconnects the plates. The fabric is twistable, bendable, and flexible. It is constructed of substances that will withstand cutting, puncture, and piercing forces encountered in medical or other environments.1. A fabric assembly suitable for use in protective apparel, the fabric assembly comprising:
a woven fabric substrate suitable for apparel; an array of non-overlapping, polygonal-shaped guard plates having selected dimensions, the guard plates made of a curable composite resin, wherein the resin is screen-printed directly on to the woven fabric substrate so that the resin at least partially penetrates into the woven fabric substrate, wherein the resin is subsequently heat-cured to provide a mechanical bond or surface adhesion between the guard plates and the woven fabric substrate, wherein the cured guard plates are so spaced to define gap sections having an approximately uniform width through which the woven fabric substrate remains visible, and wherein the width of the gap sections and the dimensions of the guard plates are so selected to render the fabric assembly cut and puncture resistant yet sufficiently flexible and supple so that the fabric assembly is suitable for use in protective apparel. 2. The fabric assembly of claim 1, wherein the curable composite resin comprises a cross-linked polymeric material so selected that after curing provide the guard plates with a hardness suitable for use in various protective apparel and wherein the guard plates are not brittle. 3. The fabric assembly of claim 2, wherein the width of the gap sections is between 5 mils and 15 mils. 4. The fabric assembly of claim 3, wherein the surface dimensions of the guard plates are between 50 mils and 100 mils. 5. The fabric assembly of claim 4, wherein the guard plates have a thickness between 5 mils and 20 mils. 6. The fabric assembly of claim 1, wherein the gaps sections have selected lengths and are interconnected in such a way that no more than a few adjacent gap sections are co-linear to greatly enhance the cut resistance of the fabric assembly over the cut resistance of the woven fabric substrate alone. 7. The fabric assembly of claim 1, wherein the woven fabric substrate is selected from the group consisting of polyester, nylon, cotton, Kevlar®, Nomex®, polyethylene or blends thereof. 8. The fabric assembly of claim 1, wherein the guard plates are identical hexagons printed in a repeating pattern. 9. A composite fabric comprising:
a woven fabric substrate; an array of flat, regularly-spaced, non-overlapping, polygon-shaped guard plates comprising a polymer material that is directed printed to partially penetrate into the surface of the woven fabric substrate so that after curing mechanical bonds are formed or surface adhesion is obtained between threads of the woven fabric substrate and the guard plates, wherein the guard plates define a plurality of interconnected gap sections, wherein the guard plates have surface dimensions so selected that the guard plates and the defined gap sections, collectively, greatly enhance the cut and puncture resistance of the composite fabric over the woven fabric substrate alone while maintaining sufficient flexibility and suppleness of the fabric assembly for use in protective apparel. 10. The composite fabric of claim 9, wherein the gap sections have uniform width and no more than a few adjacent gap sections are co-linear. 11. The composite fabric of claim 9, wherein the width of the gap sections is between 5 and 15 mils and the surface dimensions of the guard plates is between 50 and 100 mils. 12. The composite fabric of claim 11, wherein the guard plates have a thickness between 5 mils and 20 mils. 13. The composite fabric of claim 9, wherein the woven fabric substrate is selected from the group consisting of polyester, nylon, cotton, Kevlar®, Nomex®, polyethylene, or blends thereof. 14. The composite fabric of claim 9, wherein the guard plates are identical hexagons printed in a repeating pattern. 15. A fabric assembly comprising a woven fabric substrate and a plurality of cured polymeric plates printed onto the woven fabric substrate wherein the cured polymeric plates partially penetrate to mechanically bond with the woven fabric substrate, characterized by, the guard plates have selected dimensions, spacing, and hardness to selectively enhance the cut and puncture resistance of the fabric assembly over the cut and puncture resistance of the woven fabric substrate alone, while maintaining sufficient flexibility and suppleness so the fabric assembly is suitable for use in protective apparel. 16. The fabric assembly of claim 15, wherein the surface dimensions of the guard plates are between 50 mils and 100 mils, and wherein the distance between adjacent guard plates is less than 15 mils. 17. The fabric assembly of claim 16, wherein the thickness of the guard plates is between 5 mils and 20 mils. 18. The fabric assembly of claim 15, wherein the woven fabric substrate is selected from the group consisting of polyester, nylon, cotton, Kevlar®, Nomex®, polyethylene, or blends thereof. 19. The fabric assembly of claim 15, wherein the guard plates have a polygonal shape. 20. The fabric assembly of claim 15, wherein adjacent guard plates are separated by gap sections having approximately uniform width between 5 mils and 15 mils, and wherein no more than a few adjacent gap sections are co-linear. | 1,700 |
2,447 | 13,201,186 | 1,791 | The present invention relates to an oil-in-water-emulsion, which comprises a high amount of PUFA and which comprises a polymeric hydrocolloid from a plant source as an emulsifier. These emulsions can be used in any kind of food products, especially in beverages. | 1. An emulsion comprising
(i) 5-20 weight-% (wt-%), based on the total weight of the emulsion, of PUFA, and (ii) 10-40 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, of at least one emulsifier, which is a polymeric hydrocolloid originated from a plant source, (iii) 5-45 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, of at least one adjuvant, and (iv) 15-50 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, of water. 2. An emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the PUFAs have at least 2 carbon-carbon double bonds and consist of 16-24 carbon atoms (preferably 18-22 carbon atoms). 3. An emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the PUFAs are triglycerides. 4. An emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the emulsion comprises 6-18 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, of PUFA. 5. An emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the emulsifier is chosen from the group consisting of modified starches, gum arabic and food grade lignosulfonates. 6. An emulsion according to claim 1 comprising 12-35 wt-% based on the total weight of the emulsion, of emulsifier. 7. An emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the adjuvants are selected from the group consisting of vitamins, co-enzymes, monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycerol, triglycerides, water-soluble antioxidants and fat-soluble antioxidants 8. Use of an emulsion according to claim 1 in a food product. 9. Use according to claim 8, wherein the food product is a beverage. 10. Food product comprising an emulsion according to claim 1. 11. Food product according to claim 10, which is a beverage. | The present invention relates to an oil-in-water-emulsion, which comprises a high amount of PUFA and which comprises a polymeric hydrocolloid from a plant source as an emulsifier. These emulsions can be used in any kind of food products, especially in beverages.1. An emulsion comprising
(i) 5-20 weight-% (wt-%), based on the total weight of the emulsion, of PUFA, and (ii) 10-40 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, of at least one emulsifier, which is a polymeric hydrocolloid originated from a plant source, (iii) 5-45 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, of at least one adjuvant, and (iv) 15-50 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, of water. 2. An emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the PUFAs have at least 2 carbon-carbon double bonds and consist of 16-24 carbon atoms (preferably 18-22 carbon atoms). 3. An emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the PUFAs are triglycerides. 4. An emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the emulsion comprises 6-18 wt-%, based on the total weight of the emulsion, of PUFA. 5. An emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the emulsifier is chosen from the group consisting of modified starches, gum arabic and food grade lignosulfonates. 6. An emulsion according to claim 1 comprising 12-35 wt-% based on the total weight of the emulsion, of emulsifier. 7. An emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the adjuvants are selected from the group consisting of vitamins, co-enzymes, monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycerol, triglycerides, water-soluble antioxidants and fat-soluble antioxidants 8. Use of an emulsion according to claim 1 in a food product. 9. Use according to claim 8, wherein the food product is a beverage. 10. Food product comprising an emulsion according to claim 1. 11. Food product according to claim 10, which is a beverage. | 1,700 |
2,448 | 13,261,514 | 1,779 | The invention relates to a filter material for fluids, in particular hydraulic fluids, comprising a single- or multi-layered filter medium ( 6 ) and a supporting structure which rests flatly on the at least one side thereof and consists of at least one individual fabric ( 10, 12 ) made of warp threads ( 28 ) and weft threads ( 32 ). Said filter material is characterized in that at least one set of warp threads ( 28 ) and/or weft threads ( 32 ) overlaps three or more adjacent warp threads ( 28 ) and/or weft threads ( 32 ) while forming a long-float weave. | 1. A filter material for fluids, in particular for hydraulic fluids, comprising:
a single-layer or multi-layer filter medium (6), a support structure which rests flatly on the at least one side thereof and which consists of at least one individual fabric (10, 12) made of warp threads (28) and weft threads (32), characterized in that at least one set of warp threads (28) and/or weft threads (32), with formation of a long-float weave, passes over three or more adjacent weft threads (28) and/or warp threads (32). 2. The filter material according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one set of warp threads (28) and/or weft threads (32) forms an individual fabric (10) in a satin weave. 3. The filter material according to claim 1, characterized in that in addition to the first individual fabric (10) it has a second individual fabric (12), and that the two individual fabrics (10, 12) are connected to one another via woven-in binding threads (26). 4. The filter material according to claim 3, characterized in that the binding threads as binding warp threads (26) are woven into the fabric structure in addition to the warp threads (4, 28) of the two individual fabrics (10, 12). 5. The filter material according to claim 3, characterized in that the additional second individual fabric (12) is made in a plain weave. 6. The filter material according to claims 2, characterized in that the binding warp threads (26) pass over every fourth weft thread (2) of the plain weave of the second individual fabric (12) and pass under every fifth weft thread (32) of the satin weave of the first individual fabric (10). 7. The filter material according to claims 1, characterized in that warp threads (4, 28) and/or weft threads (2, 32) of at least one individual fabric (12, 10) consist of metal wire, especially high-grade steel, or of plastic. 8. The filter material according to claim 4, characterized in that the binding warp threads (26) consist of metal wire, especially high-grade steel, or of plastic. 9. The filter material according to claim 1, characterized in that the support structure has a nonwoven (30), preferably a coated polyester nonwoven, onto which the at least one individual fabric (10, 12) is laminated. 10. A filter element, especially a cylindrical filter element with a plurality of individual filter folds, consisting of a filter material according to one of the preceding claims, which is provided with a support structure (10, 12, 30) on one or both sides. | The invention relates to a filter material for fluids, in particular hydraulic fluids, comprising a single- or multi-layered filter medium ( 6 ) and a supporting structure which rests flatly on the at least one side thereof and consists of at least one individual fabric ( 10, 12 ) made of warp threads ( 28 ) and weft threads ( 32 ). Said filter material is characterized in that at least one set of warp threads ( 28 ) and/or weft threads ( 32 ) overlaps three or more adjacent warp threads ( 28 ) and/or weft threads ( 32 ) while forming a long-float weave.1. A filter material for fluids, in particular for hydraulic fluids, comprising:
a single-layer or multi-layer filter medium (6), a support structure which rests flatly on the at least one side thereof and which consists of at least one individual fabric (10, 12) made of warp threads (28) and weft threads (32), characterized in that at least one set of warp threads (28) and/or weft threads (32), with formation of a long-float weave, passes over three or more adjacent weft threads (28) and/or warp threads (32). 2. The filter material according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one set of warp threads (28) and/or weft threads (32) forms an individual fabric (10) in a satin weave. 3. The filter material according to claim 1, characterized in that in addition to the first individual fabric (10) it has a second individual fabric (12), and that the two individual fabrics (10, 12) are connected to one another via woven-in binding threads (26). 4. The filter material according to claim 3, characterized in that the binding threads as binding warp threads (26) are woven into the fabric structure in addition to the warp threads (4, 28) of the two individual fabrics (10, 12). 5. The filter material according to claim 3, characterized in that the additional second individual fabric (12) is made in a plain weave. 6. The filter material according to claims 2, characterized in that the binding warp threads (26) pass over every fourth weft thread (2) of the plain weave of the second individual fabric (12) and pass under every fifth weft thread (32) of the satin weave of the first individual fabric (10). 7. The filter material according to claims 1, characterized in that warp threads (4, 28) and/or weft threads (2, 32) of at least one individual fabric (12, 10) consist of metal wire, especially high-grade steel, or of plastic. 8. The filter material according to claim 4, characterized in that the binding warp threads (26) consist of metal wire, especially high-grade steel, or of plastic. 9. The filter material according to claim 1, characterized in that the support structure has a nonwoven (30), preferably a coated polyester nonwoven, onto which the at least one individual fabric (10, 12) is laminated. 10. A filter element, especially a cylindrical filter element with a plurality of individual filter folds, consisting of a filter material according to one of the preceding claims, which is provided with a support structure (10, 12, 30) on one or both sides. | 1,700 |
2,449 | 13,638,038 | 1,774 | The present invention relates to a mixing device, comprising a vessel for receiving material for mixing, which can be rotated abut a vessel axis and has a discharge opening disposed in the base thereof, a mixing tool disposed in the interior of the vessel, and a closure lid for closing the discharge opening, where the vessel base and/or the closure lid are provided with a wear-resistant lining on the side facing the interior of the vessel. In order to provide a mixing device having a wear-resistant lining which is less prone to wear, and in the event of wear can be replaced more easily and above all more cost-effectively, according to the invention the wear-resistant lining consists of a main lining part and a wear element, wherein the wear element is disposed closer to the vessel axis than the main lining part. | 1. A mixing device comprising a container rotatable about a container axis for receiving material to be mixed, in the bottom of which is arranged a discharge opening (14), a mixing tool (2) arranged in the interior of the container and a closure cover for closing the discharge opening, wherein the container bottom and/or the closure cover is provided with a wear-resistant lining at the side towards the container interior, characterised in that the wear-resistant lining comprises a main lining portion (31) and a wearing element (28), wherein the wearing element (28) is arranged closer to the container axis than the main lining portion (31). 2. A mixing device according to claim 1 characterised in that the main lining portion (31) has at least two and preferably at least three fixing elements, for example fixing bores, arranged on a circle, for example a bolthole circle, the main lining portion (31) has an opening for receiving the wearing element, the wearing element (28) has at least one and preferably at least three fixing elements, for example fixing bores, wherein the fixing elements of the wearing element are arranged on the circle when the wearing element is fitted into the opening. 3. A mixing device according to claim 1 or claim 2 characterised in that at its side towards the main lining portion (31) the wearing element (28) is of a concave configuration at least portion-wise, at its side towards the wearing element (28) the main lining portion (31) is of a convex configuration at least portion-wise, wherein the concave portion of the wearing element and the convex portion of the main lining portion (31) are of mutually corresponding configuration. 4. A mixing device according to one of claims 1 to 2 characterised in that the main lining portion (31) and the wearing portion overlap at least portion-wise at the mutually facing edges, wherein preferably the edges are of such a configuration that the main lining portion (31) and the wearing portion adjoin each other in substantially flush relationship. 5. A mixing device according to claim 4 characterised in that the edges of the main lining portion (31) and the wearing element (28) are of such a configuration in the overlap region that the edge of the wearing element projects over the edge of the lining element so that the main lining portion (31) is held by the wearing element (28). 6. A mixing device according to one of claims 1 to 2 characterised in that at the side towards the container interior the container bottom is provided with a wear-resistant lining comprising the main lining portion (31) and the wearing element (28), wherein the wearing element (28) is of a stepped configuration at its side towards the discharge opening (14) so that the wearing element (28) at least portion-wise covers over the inner edge of the discharge opening (14). 7. A mixing device according to one of claims 1 to 2 characterised in that at the side towards the container interior the closure cover is provided with a wear-resistant lining comprising the main lining portion (31) and the wearing element (28), wherein the main lining portion (31) is of a stepped configuration at its side towards the edge of the closure cover so that the main lining portion (31) at least portion-wise covers over the edge of the closure cover. 8. A mixing device according to one of claims 1 to 2 wherein at the side towards the container interior the container bottom is provided with a wear-resistant lining comprising the main lining portion (31) and the wearing element (28) and the container wall is provided with a wear-resistant lining, characterised in that the wear-resistant lining on the container wall does not extend to the container bottom so that a gap remains at least portion-wise between the wear-resistant lining of the container wall and the container bottom and the main lining portion (31) projects at least partially into said gap. 9. A mixing device according to one of claims 1 to 2 wherein at the side towards the container interior the container bottom is provided with a wear-resistant lining comprising the main lining portion (31) and the wearing element (28) characterised in that the container wall has at least one aperture and the main lining portion (31) is of such a configuration that it projects through the aperture in the container wall. 10. A mixing device according to claim 9 characterised in that a clamping device is arranged outside the container in such a way that the clamping device can come into engagement with the portion of the main lining portion (31), that projects through the aperture in the container wall, and can press the main lining portion (31) on to the container bottom. 11. A mixing device according to one of claims 1 to 2 characterised in that the main lining portion (31) is of a multi-part nature, wherein the parts of the main lining portion (31) are arranged in the peripheral direction, wherein preferably the mutually adjoining edges of two adjacently arranged parts of the main lining portion (31) are not arranged exactly radially. 12. A wear-resistant lining for use in a mixing device according to one of claims 1 to 2. 13. A wear-resistant lining according to claim 12 characterised in that the wearing element is of a multi-part nature. | The present invention relates to a mixing device, comprising a vessel for receiving material for mixing, which can be rotated abut a vessel axis and has a discharge opening disposed in the base thereof, a mixing tool disposed in the interior of the vessel, and a closure lid for closing the discharge opening, where the vessel base and/or the closure lid are provided with a wear-resistant lining on the side facing the interior of the vessel. In order to provide a mixing device having a wear-resistant lining which is less prone to wear, and in the event of wear can be replaced more easily and above all more cost-effectively, according to the invention the wear-resistant lining consists of a main lining part and a wear element, wherein the wear element is disposed closer to the vessel axis than the main lining part.1. A mixing device comprising a container rotatable about a container axis for receiving material to be mixed, in the bottom of which is arranged a discharge opening (14), a mixing tool (2) arranged in the interior of the container and a closure cover for closing the discharge opening, wherein the container bottom and/or the closure cover is provided with a wear-resistant lining at the side towards the container interior, characterised in that the wear-resistant lining comprises a main lining portion (31) and a wearing element (28), wherein the wearing element (28) is arranged closer to the container axis than the main lining portion (31). 2. A mixing device according to claim 1 characterised in that the main lining portion (31) has at least two and preferably at least three fixing elements, for example fixing bores, arranged on a circle, for example a bolthole circle, the main lining portion (31) has an opening for receiving the wearing element, the wearing element (28) has at least one and preferably at least three fixing elements, for example fixing bores, wherein the fixing elements of the wearing element are arranged on the circle when the wearing element is fitted into the opening. 3. A mixing device according to claim 1 or claim 2 characterised in that at its side towards the main lining portion (31) the wearing element (28) is of a concave configuration at least portion-wise, at its side towards the wearing element (28) the main lining portion (31) is of a convex configuration at least portion-wise, wherein the concave portion of the wearing element and the convex portion of the main lining portion (31) are of mutually corresponding configuration. 4. A mixing device according to one of claims 1 to 2 characterised in that the main lining portion (31) and the wearing portion overlap at least portion-wise at the mutually facing edges, wherein preferably the edges are of such a configuration that the main lining portion (31) and the wearing portion adjoin each other in substantially flush relationship. 5. A mixing device according to claim 4 characterised in that the edges of the main lining portion (31) and the wearing element (28) are of such a configuration in the overlap region that the edge of the wearing element projects over the edge of the lining element so that the main lining portion (31) is held by the wearing element (28). 6. A mixing device according to one of claims 1 to 2 characterised in that at the side towards the container interior the container bottom is provided with a wear-resistant lining comprising the main lining portion (31) and the wearing element (28), wherein the wearing element (28) is of a stepped configuration at its side towards the discharge opening (14) so that the wearing element (28) at least portion-wise covers over the inner edge of the discharge opening (14). 7. A mixing device according to one of claims 1 to 2 characterised in that at the side towards the container interior the closure cover is provided with a wear-resistant lining comprising the main lining portion (31) and the wearing element (28), wherein the main lining portion (31) is of a stepped configuration at its side towards the edge of the closure cover so that the main lining portion (31) at least portion-wise covers over the edge of the closure cover. 8. A mixing device according to one of claims 1 to 2 wherein at the side towards the container interior the container bottom is provided with a wear-resistant lining comprising the main lining portion (31) and the wearing element (28) and the container wall is provided with a wear-resistant lining, characterised in that the wear-resistant lining on the container wall does not extend to the container bottom so that a gap remains at least portion-wise between the wear-resistant lining of the container wall and the container bottom and the main lining portion (31) projects at least partially into said gap. 9. A mixing device according to one of claims 1 to 2 wherein at the side towards the container interior the container bottom is provided with a wear-resistant lining comprising the main lining portion (31) and the wearing element (28) characterised in that the container wall has at least one aperture and the main lining portion (31) is of such a configuration that it projects through the aperture in the container wall. 10. A mixing device according to claim 9 characterised in that a clamping device is arranged outside the container in such a way that the clamping device can come into engagement with the portion of the main lining portion (31), that projects through the aperture in the container wall, and can press the main lining portion (31) on to the container bottom. 11. A mixing device according to one of claims 1 to 2 characterised in that the main lining portion (31) is of a multi-part nature, wherein the parts of the main lining portion (31) are arranged in the peripheral direction, wherein preferably the mutually adjoining edges of two adjacently arranged parts of the main lining portion (31) are not arranged exactly radially. 12. A wear-resistant lining for use in a mixing device according to one of claims 1 to 2. 13. A wear-resistant lining according to claim 12 characterised in that the wearing element is of a multi-part nature. | 1,700 |
2,450 | 14,102,880 | 1,787 | The present invention is directed to a primer composition, comprising: (a) metal oxide nanoparticles surface-modified with an organofunctional silane moiety having a specific functionality, (b) an organic polymer; and (c) one or more solvents; wherein the composition comprises less than 4 wt % of water, based on the total weight of said primer composition. The composition produces films having excellent optical and adhesion characteristics, and excellent weatherability and thermal stability. | 1. A primer composition, comprising:
(a) metal oxide nanoparticles surface-modified with an organofunctional silane moiety, said organofunctional silane moiety having the structure of Formula I or II:
wherein in Formula (I), R1 is
R1=
or wherein R1 is a functional group-containing moiety; wherein each R is an alkyl group having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms; wherein each R2 and R5 is independently an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms or is —CO—CH3; wherein each R3, R4 and R6 is independently hydrogen or methyl; and, wherein x, y and z are each an integer independently selected from 1 to 50,
(b) an organic polymer; and
(c) one or more solvents. 2. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein said functional group-containing moiety of R1 is selected from amino, carbamate, vinyl, amide, ester, carboxylate, and combinations thereof. 3. The primer composition of claim 2, wherein said functional group is selected from —CH2CH2CH2NHCH2CH2NH2, —CH2CH2CH2NHC(O)OMe, —CH2CH2CH2NHC(O)OEt, —CH═CH2. —C(CH3)=CH2, (MeO)a(EtO)3-aSiCH2CH2NHC(O)C(CH3)═CH2, [CH3C(O)O]3SiCH2CH2CH2OC(O)C(Me)=CH2, (i-PrO)3SiCH2CH2CH2OC(O)C(Me)═CH2, (CH3OCH2CH2O)3SiCH═CH2, (MeO)3SiCH2CH2CH2NHCH2CH2NHCH2CH2C(O)OMe, (i-PrO)3SiCH2CH2CH2OC(O)C(Me)═CH2, (MeO)3Si(CH2)3NHCH2CH2NH(CH2)3Si(OMe)3, (EtO)3SiCH2CH2CH2OC(O)C(Me)═CH2, and, combinations thereof. 4. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein x, y and z are independently integers from 1 to 25. 5. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein x, y and z are independently integers from 2 to 15. 6. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein said organofunctional silane moiety is selected from the group consisting of 2-methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)9-12 propyl trimethoxysilane, γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 2-[(acetoxy(polyethyleneoxy)propyl]-triethoxysilane, tripropyleneglycol propyl ether carbamate silane, bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)polyethylene oxide, triethyleneglycol monobutyl ether carbamate silane, methyltrimethoxy silane, aminosilane, epoxy functional silane, isocyanatosilane, aldehyde containing silane, mercaptosilane, hydroxyl terminated silane, acrylate silane, N-beta-(aminoethyl)-gamma-aminopropyl-trimethoxy silane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropylmethyl-dimethoxy silane, diamino-alkoxysilane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropylmethyldimethoxy silane [methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)propyl]-trimethoxysilane [methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)propyl]-dimethoxysilane, [methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)propyl]-monomethoxysilane, and combinations thereof. 7. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein the metal oxide nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of cerium oxide nanoparticles, titanium oxide nanoparticles, zinc oxide nanoparticles, and combinations thereof. 8. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein said organic polymer is selected from the group consisting of homo and copolymers of alkyl acrylates, polyurethanes, polycarbonates, urethane hexaacrylates, pentaerythritol triacrylates, polyvinylbutyrals, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene terephthalate), and combinations thereof. 9. The primer composition of claim 8, wherein said organic polymer is polymethylmethacrylate. 10. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein said solvent is selected from the group consisting of 1-methoxy-2-propanol, diacetone alcohol, acetylacetone, cyclohexanone, methoxypropylacetate, ketones, glycol ether, aromatic hydrocarbons, saturated hydrocarbons, and mixtures thereof. 11. The primer composition of claim 1 which additionally contains water in an amount of from 0.1 to 4 wt %, based on the total weight of said primer composition. 12. The primer composition of claim 11, wherein said water is present in an amount of less than 2 wt %, based on the total weight of said primer composition. 13. The primer composition of claim 11, wherein the weight ratio of water to metal oxide in said composition is 0.01 to 0.08. 14. The primer composition of claim 11, wherein said silane moiety comprises from about 0.1 to about 50 wt %, based on the total weight of said metal oxide nanoparticles, wherein said solvent comprises from about 80 to about 99 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition, and wherein said metal oxide nanoparticles surface-modified with an organofunctional silane moiety comprise from about 0.1 to about 10 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition. 15. A primer film on a substrate, comprising:
(a) about 0.1 to about 50 wt % of metal oxide nanoparticles surface-modified with an organofunctional silane moiety, said organofunctional silane moiety having the structure of Formula I or II:
wherein in Formula (I), R1 is
R1=
or wherein R1 is a functional group-containing moiety; wherein each R is an alkyl group having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms; wherein each R2 and R5 is independently an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms or is —CO—CH3; wherein each R3, R4 and R6 is independently hydrogen or methyl; and, wherein x, y and z are each an integer independently selected from 1 to 50, and
(b) about 50 to about 99 wt % of an organic polymer,
said weight percents being based on the total weight of said film. 16. A substrate coated with the primer composition of claim 1. 17. The substrate of claim 16, wherein said substrate comprises polycarbonate or polyacrylates. 18. A substrate coated with the primer film of claim 15. 19. The substrate of claim 18, wherein said substrate comprises polycarbonate or polyacrylate. 20. An article comprising a substrate coated with the primer film of claim 15 and over coated with a silicone hardcoat. | The present invention is directed to a primer composition, comprising: (a) metal oxide nanoparticles surface-modified with an organofunctional silane moiety having a specific functionality, (b) an organic polymer; and (c) one or more solvents; wherein the composition comprises less than 4 wt % of water, based on the total weight of said primer composition. The composition produces films having excellent optical and adhesion characteristics, and excellent weatherability and thermal stability.1. A primer composition, comprising:
(a) metal oxide nanoparticles surface-modified with an organofunctional silane moiety, said organofunctional silane moiety having the structure of Formula I or II:
wherein in Formula (I), R1 is
R1=
or wherein R1 is a functional group-containing moiety; wherein each R is an alkyl group having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms; wherein each R2 and R5 is independently an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms or is —CO—CH3; wherein each R3, R4 and R6 is independently hydrogen or methyl; and, wherein x, y and z are each an integer independently selected from 1 to 50,
(b) an organic polymer; and
(c) one or more solvents. 2. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein said functional group-containing moiety of R1 is selected from amino, carbamate, vinyl, amide, ester, carboxylate, and combinations thereof. 3. The primer composition of claim 2, wherein said functional group is selected from —CH2CH2CH2NHCH2CH2NH2, —CH2CH2CH2NHC(O)OMe, —CH2CH2CH2NHC(O)OEt, —CH═CH2. —C(CH3)=CH2, (MeO)a(EtO)3-aSiCH2CH2NHC(O)C(CH3)═CH2, [CH3C(O)O]3SiCH2CH2CH2OC(O)C(Me)=CH2, (i-PrO)3SiCH2CH2CH2OC(O)C(Me)═CH2, (CH3OCH2CH2O)3SiCH═CH2, (MeO)3SiCH2CH2CH2NHCH2CH2NHCH2CH2C(O)OMe, (i-PrO)3SiCH2CH2CH2OC(O)C(Me)═CH2, (MeO)3Si(CH2)3NHCH2CH2NH(CH2)3Si(OMe)3, (EtO)3SiCH2CH2CH2OC(O)C(Me)═CH2, and, combinations thereof. 4. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein x, y and z are independently integers from 1 to 25. 5. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein x, y and z are independently integers from 2 to 15. 6. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein said organofunctional silane moiety is selected from the group consisting of 2-methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)9-12 propyl trimethoxysilane, γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 2-[(acetoxy(polyethyleneoxy)propyl]-triethoxysilane, tripropyleneglycol propyl ether carbamate silane, bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)polyethylene oxide, triethyleneglycol monobutyl ether carbamate silane, methyltrimethoxy silane, aminosilane, epoxy functional silane, isocyanatosilane, aldehyde containing silane, mercaptosilane, hydroxyl terminated silane, acrylate silane, N-beta-(aminoethyl)-gamma-aminopropyl-trimethoxy silane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropylmethyl-dimethoxy silane, diamino-alkoxysilane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropylmethyldimethoxy silane [methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)propyl]-trimethoxysilane [methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)propyl]-dimethoxysilane, [methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)propyl]-monomethoxysilane, and combinations thereof. 7. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein the metal oxide nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of cerium oxide nanoparticles, titanium oxide nanoparticles, zinc oxide nanoparticles, and combinations thereof. 8. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein said organic polymer is selected from the group consisting of homo and copolymers of alkyl acrylates, polyurethanes, polycarbonates, urethane hexaacrylates, pentaerythritol triacrylates, polyvinylbutyrals, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene terephthalate), and combinations thereof. 9. The primer composition of claim 8, wherein said organic polymer is polymethylmethacrylate. 10. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein said solvent is selected from the group consisting of 1-methoxy-2-propanol, diacetone alcohol, acetylacetone, cyclohexanone, methoxypropylacetate, ketones, glycol ether, aromatic hydrocarbons, saturated hydrocarbons, and mixtures thereof. 11. The primer composition of claim 1 which additionally contains water in an amount of from 0.1 to 4 wt %, based on the total weight of said primer composition. 12. The primer composition of claim 11, wherein said water is present in an amount of less than 2 wt %, based on the total weight of said primer composition. 13. The primer composition of claim 11, wherein the weight ratio of water to metal oxide in said composition is 0.01 to 0.08. 14. The primer composition of claim 11, wherein said silane moiety comprises from about 0.1 to about 50 wt %, based on the total weight of said metal oxide nanoparticles, wherein said solvent comprises from about 80 to about 99 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition, and wherein said metal oxide nanoparticles surface-modified with an organofunctional silane moiety comprise from about 0.1 to about 10 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition. 15. A primer film on a substrate, comprising:
(a) about 0.1 to about 50 wt % of metal oxide nanoparticles surface-modified with an organofunctional silane moiety, said organofunctional silane moiety having the structure of Formula I or II:
wherein in Formula (I), R1 is
R1=
or wherein R1 is a functional group-containing moiety; wherein each R is an alkyl group having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms; wherein each R2 and R5 is independently an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms or is —CO—CH3; wherein each R3, R4 and R6 is independently hydrogen or methyl; and, wherein x, y and z are each an integer independently selected from 1 to 50, and
(b) about 50 to about 99 wt % of an organic polymer,
said weight percents being based on the total weight of said film. 16. A substrate coated with the primer composition of claim 1. 17. The substrate of claim 16, wherein said substrate comprises polycarbonate or polyacrylates. 18. A substrate coated with the primer film of claim 15. 19. The substrate of claim 18, wherein said substrate comprises polycarbonate or polyacrylate. 20. An article comprising a substrate coated with the primer film of claim 15 and over coated with a silicone hardcoat. | 1,700 |
2,451 | 13,417,815 | 1,746 | A method and apparatus utilizing distributed temperature sensing (DTS) to monitor the temperature of a cured-in-place pipe liner to determine if proper curing temperatures and times are achieved. More particularly, an optical fiber is placed in the pipe between the original pipe and the liner running the entire length of the liner. The optical fiber is coupled to a DTS unit at one end. During curing, the DTS unit sends light pulses down the fiber and detects the characteristics and time delay of light backscattered to the unit. The characteristics of the backscattered light is indicative of the temperature of the fiber while the round trip time delay is indicative of the distance down the fiber from the DTS unit from which that particular backscatter signal originated. | 1. A method of curing a cured-in-place liner within a tube, the tube having a first longitudinal end, a second longitudinal end, and a length between the first and second longitudinal ends, the method comprising:
placing a single optical fiber within the tube extending longitudinally from at least the first end to the second end of the tube, the optical fiber having a first longitudinal end, a second longitudinal end, and a length between the first and second longitudinal ends; positioning a liner within the tube extending longitudinally from the first end to the second end of the tube, the liner comprising a curable material for lining the tube; coupling the first longitudinal end of the optical fiber to a distributed temperature sensing unit; heating the liner to cure the curable material; and measuring the temperature of the optical fiber continuously along its length via distributed temperature sensing using the distributed temperature sensing unit. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the placing of the single optical fiber comprises placing the fiber along the bottom of the tube. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprises:
forming a longitudinal groove in the tube; and
wherein the placing of the single optical fiber comprises placing the fiber in the longitudinal groove. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the placing comprises placing the optical fiber such that the second end of the optical fiber extends at least ten meters beyond the end of the tube. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the optical fiber is contained within an encasement and wherein the optical fiber is capable of movement relative to the encasement. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the positioning the liner comprises everting the liner into the tube from the second end of the tube and wherein the placing the single optical fiber comprises passing the fiber through the tube from the first end to the second end. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the placing the single optical fiber further comprises:
passing the fiber through a protective tube between the second end of the tube and the distributed temperature sensing unit. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the passing the fiber comprises passing the fiber through a longitudinal slit in the protective tube. 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
positioning a shoe adjacent the first end of the tube so as to be between the liner and the fiber when the liner reaches the first end of the tube. 10. The method of claim 1 further comprising, after the placing and before the coupling, installing an optical connector on the first longitudinal end of the cable for coupling the first longitudinal end of the cable to the distributed temperature sensing unit 11. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
generating a display of the temperature of the optical fiber as a function of distance segments along the length of the fiber. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the generating a display comprises displaying a graph plotting time along a first axis as a function of distance segments of the fiber along a second axis and temperature as a function of color. 13. The method of claim 11 wherein the generating a display comprises generating a first alert responsive to all of a predetermined set of longitudinal segments of the fiber reaching a predetermined minimum cure temperature and generating a second alert responsive to all of the predetermined set of longitudinal segments of the fiber remaining above the predetermined minimum cure temperature for a predetermined period of time. 14. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
controlledly reducing the temperature of the liner after the heating of the liner; and
wherein the measuring the temperature of the optical fiber comprises measuring the temperature during the reducing of the temperature. 15. The method of claim 14 further comprising:
generating a display of the temperature of the optical fiber as a function of distance segments along a length of the fiber during the reducing of the temperature; and
generating a first alert responsive to the temperature reducing at a rate exceeding a predetermined temperature reduction rate in a distance segment of the fiber; and
generating a second alert during the reducing of the temperature responsive to the temperature falling below a predetermined cool down stop temperature. 16. A system for curing cured-in-place pipe liner in a pipe having a first longitudinal end, a second longitudinal end and a length between the first and second longitudinal ends comprising:
a single optical fiber disposed within the pipe extending longitudinally from at least the first end to the second end of the tube, the single optical fiber having a first longitudinal end, a second longitudinal end and a length between the first and second longitudinal ends; a pipe liner within the tube extending longitudinally from the first end to the second end of the tube, the liner comprising a curable material for lining the tube; a distributed temperature sensing unit coupled to the first end of the optical fiber adapted to measure the temperature of the optical fiber continuously along its length via distributed temperature sensing. 17. The system of claim 16 further comprising an optical connector coupled to the first longitudinal end of the cable, the optical connector being an expanded beam optical connector. 18. The system of claim 16 further comprising an optical connector coupled to the first longitudinal end of the cable, the optical connector being an angle polished optical connector. 19. The system of claim 16 further comprising an optical connector coupled to the first longitudinal end of the cable, the optical connector being a secure type optical connector. 20. The system of claim 16 further comprising:
a protective tubing disposed between the second end of the tube and the distributed temperature sensing unit and wherein a portion of the length of the fiber is disposed within the protective tubing. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein the protective tubing comprises a longitudinal slit for receiving the fiber therethrough. 22. The system of claim 16 further comprising:
a shoe adjacent the first end of the tube disposed between the fiber and the liner, the shoe comprising a first longitudinal end and a second longitudinal end and a curved body therebetween. 23. The system of claim 22 wherein the shoe comprises a closed cellular foam. 24. The system of claim 23 wherein the shoe further comprising an elongated handle extending from one end of the curved body. | A method and apparatus utilizing distributed temperature sensing (DTS) to monitor the temperature of a cured-in-place pipe liner to determine if proper curing temperatures and times are achieved. More particularly, an optical fiber is placed in the pipe between the original pipe and the liner running the entire length of the liner. The optical fiber is coupled to a DTS unit at one end. During curing, the DTS unit sends light pulses down the fiber and detects the characteristics and time delay of light backscattered to the unit. The characteristics of the backscattered light is indicative of the temperature of the fiber while the round trip time delay is indicative of the distance down the fiber from the DTS unit from which that particular backscatter signal originated.1. A method of curing a cured-in-place liner within a tube, the tube having a first longitudinal end, a second longitudinal end, and a length between the first and second longitudinal ends, the method comprising:
placing a single optical fiber within the tube extending longitudinally from at least the first end to the second end of the tube, the optical fiber having a first longitudinal end, a second longitudinal end, and a length between the first and second longitudinal ends; positioning a liner within the tube extending longitudinally from the first end to the second end of the tube, the liner comprising a curable material for lining the tube; coupling the first longitudinal end of the optical fiber to a distributed temperature sensing unit; heating the liner to cure the curable material; and measuring the temperature of the optical fiber continuously along its length via distributed temperature sensing using the distributed temperature sensing unit. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the placing of the single optical fiber comprises placing the fiber along the bottom of the tube. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprises:
forming a longitudinal groove in the tube; and
wherein the placing of the single optical fiber comprises placing the fiber in the longitudinal groove. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the placing comprises placing the optical fiber such that the second end of the optical fiber extends at least ten meters beyond the end of the tube. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the optical fiber is contained within an encasement and wherein the optical fiber is capable of movement relative to the encasement. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the positioning the liner comprises everting the liner into the tube from the second end of the tube and wherein the placing the single optical fiber comprises passing the fiber through the tube from the first end to the second end. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the placing the single optical fiber further comprises:
passing the fiber through a protective tube between the second end of the tube and the distributed temperature sensing unit. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the passing the fiber comprises passing the fiber through a longitudinal slit in the protective tube. 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
positioning a shoe adjacent the first end of the tube so as to be between the liner and the fiber when the liner reaches the first end of the tube. 10. The method of claim 1 further comprising, after the placing and before the coupling, installing an optical connector on the first longitudinal end of the cable for coupling the first longitudinal end of the cable to the distributed temperature sensing unit 11. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
generating a display of the temperature of the optical fiber as a function of distance segments along the length of the fiber. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the generating a display comprises displaying a graph plotting time along a first axis as a function of distance segments of the fiber along a second axis and temperature as a function of color. 13. The method of claim 11 wherein the generating a display comprises generating a first alert responsive to all of a predetermined set of longitudinal segments of the fiber reaching a predetermined minimum cure temperature and generating a second alert responsive to all of the predetermined set of longitudinal segments of the fiber remaining above the predetermined minimum cure temperature for a predetermined period of time. 14. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
controlledly reducing the temperature of the liner after the heating of the liner; and
wherein the measuring the temperature of the optical fiber comprises measuring the temperature during the reducing of the temperature. 15. The method of claim 14 further comprising:
generating a display of the temperature of the optical fiber as a function of distance segments along a length of the fiber during the reducing of the temperature; and
generating a first alert responsive to the temperature reducing at a rate exceeding a predetermined temperature reduction rate in a distance segment of the fiber; and
generating a second alert during the reducing of the temperature responsive to the temperature falling below a predetermined cool down stop temperature. 16. A system for curing cured-in-place pipe liner in a pipe having a first longitudinal end, a second longitudinal end and a length between the first and second longitudinal ends comprising:
a single optical fiber disposed within the pipe extending longitudinally from at least the first end to the second end of the tube, the single optical fiber having a first longitudinal end, a second longitudinal end and a length between the first and second longitudinal ends; a pipe liner within the tube extending longitudinally from the first end to the second end of the tube, the liner comprising a curable material for lining the tube; a distributed temperature sensing unit coupled to the first end of the optical fiber adapted to measure the temperature of the optical fiber continuously along its length via distributed temperature sensing. 17. The system of claim 16 further comprising an optical connector coupled to the first longitudinal end of the cable, the optical connector being an expanded beam optical connector. 18. The system of claim 16 further comprising an optical connector coupled to the first longitudinal end of the cable, the optical connector being an angle polished optical connector. 19. The system of claim 16 further comprising an optical connector coupled to the first longitudinal end of the cable, the optical connector being a secure type optical connector. 20. The system of claim 16 further comprising:
a protective tubing disposed between the second end of the tube and the distributed temperature sensing unit and wherein a portion of the length of the fiber is disposed within the protective tubing. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein the protective tubing comprises a longitudinal slit for receiving the fiber therethrough. 22. The system of claim 16 further comprising:
a shoe adjacent the first end of the tube disposed between the fiber and the liner, the shoe comprising a first longitudinal end and a second longitudinal end and a curved body therebetween. 23. The system of claim 22 wherein the shoe comprises a closed cellular foam. 24. The system of claim 23 wherein the shoe further comprising an elongated handle extending from one end of the curved body. | 1,700 |
2,452 | 14,617,628 | 1,784 | Aspects of the disclosure are directed to a servicing of an airfoil of an aircraft engine. A first portion of a first bondcoat layer may be removed from the airfoil while leaving a second portion of the first bondcoat layer intact on the airfoil. A second bondcoat layer may be applied to the airfoil using a coating technique subsequent to the removal of the first portion of the first bondcoat layer. | 1. A method for servicing an airfoil of an aircraft engine, comprising:
removing a first portion of a first bondcoat layer from the airfoil while leaving a second portion of the first bondcoat layer intact on the airfoil; and applying a second bondcoat layer to the airfoil using a coating technique subsequent to the removal of the first portion of the first bondcoat layer. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
removing a ceramic layer from the airfoil. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the ceramic layer is removed from the airfoil prior to the removal of the first portion of the first bondcoat layer from the airfoil. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the ceramic layer is removed from the airfoil based on an application of a stripping or blasting technique. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first portion of the first bondcoat layer is removed from the airfoil based on an application of an acid. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising:
removing the application of the acid prior to applying the second bondcoat layer to the airfoil. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is applied as part of a scheduled maintenance activity associated with the engine. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is applied as part of an unscheduled maintenance activity associated with the engine. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the airfoil comprises a blade associated with a turbine of the engine. 10. An airfoil of an aircraft engine, comprising:
a first bondcoat layer; and a second bondcoat layer that is applied to the airfoil via a coating technique subsequent to a removal of a first portion of the first bondcoat layer from the airfoil. 11. The airfoil of claim 10, wherein the first portion of the first bondcoat layer is removed based on an application of an acid. 12. The airfoil of claim 11, wherein the acid is removed prior to the application of the second bondcoat layer to the airfoil. 13. The airfoil of claim 10, wherein the second bondcoat layer is applied as part of a scheduled maintenance activity associated with the engine. 14. The airfoil of claim 10, wherein the second bondcoat layer is applied as part of an unscheduled maintenance activity associated with the engine. 15. The airfoil of claim 10, wherein the airfoil comprises a blade associated with a turbine of the engine. 16. A method for servicing hardware associated with an aircraft engine, comprising:
removing a first portion of a first layer from the hardware while leaving a second portion of the first layer intact on the hardware; and applying a second layer to the hardware using a coating technique subsequent to the removal of the first portion of the first layer. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the hardware comprises at least one of a turbine blade, vane, a seal, a combustor float wall panel, or a nozzle. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein at least one of the first layer or the second layer comprises a bondcoat. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein at least one of the first layer or the second layer comprises a metallic coating. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the coating technique comprises a cathodic arc technique. | Aspects of the disclosure are directed to a servicing of an airfoil of an aircraft engine. A first portion of a first bondcoat layer may be removed from the airfoil while leaving a second portion of the first bondcoat layer intact on the airfoil. A second bondcoat layer may be applied to the airfoil using a coating technique subsequent to the removal of the first portion of the first bondcoat layer.1. A method for servicing an airfoil of an aircraft engine, comprising:
removing a first portion of a first bondcoat layer from the airfoil while leaving a second portion of the first bondcoat layer intact on the airfoil; and applying a second bondcoat layer to the airfoil using a coating technique subsequent to the removal of the first portion of the first bondcoat layer. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
removing a ceramic layer from the airfoil. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the ceramic layer is removed from the airfoil prior to the removal of the first portion of the first bondcoat layer from the airfoil. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the ceramic layer is removed from the airfoil based on an application of a stripping or blasting technique. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first portion of the first bondcoat layer is removed from the airfoil based on an application of an acid. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising:
removing the application of the acid prior to applying the second bondcoat layer to the airfoil. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is applied as part of a scheduled maintenance activity associated with the engine. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is applied as part of an unscheduled maintenance activity associated with the engine. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the airfoil comprises a blade associated with a turbine of the engine. 10. An airfoil of an aircraft engine, comprising:
a first bondcoat layer; and a second bondcoat layer that is applied to the airfoil via a coating technique subsequent to a removal of a first portion of the first bondcoat layer from the airfoil. 11. The airfoil of claim 10, wherein the first portion of the first bondcoat layer is removed based on an application of an acid. 12. The airfoil of claim 11, wherein the acid is removed prior to the application of the second bondcoat layer to the airfoil. 13. The airfoil of claim 10, wherein the second bondcoat layer is applied as part of a scheduled maintenance activity associated with the engine. 14. The airfoil of claim 10, wherein the second bondcoat layer is applied as part of an unscheduled maintenance activity associated with the engine. 15. The airfoil of claim 10, wherein the airfoil comprises a blade associated with a turbine of the engine. 16. A method for servicing hardware associated with an aircraft engine, comprising:
removing a first portion of a first layer from the hardware while leaving a second portion of the first layer intact on the hardware; and applying a second layer to the hardware using a coating technique subsequent to the removal of the first portion of the first layer. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the hardware comprises at least one of a turbine blade, vane, a seal, a combustor float wall panel, or a nozzle. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein at least one of the first layer or the second layer comprises a bondcoat. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein at least one of the first layer or the second layer comprises a metallic coating. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the coating technique comprises a cathodic arc technique. | 1,700 |
2,453 | 12,299,271 | 1,799 | A disposable material processing apparatus, useable as a bioreactor or fermenter, includes a hollow tank ( 101 ) and a mixing paddle ( 110 ) disposed within the interior of the tank and adapted to mix contents therein. The paddle may be isolated within a flexible sleeve ( 140 ). Various functional elements, such as a sparger, sensor, material extraction conduit, material addition conduit, and/or heat exchange element may be provided, and optionally arranged to travel with the paddle within the tank interior. Baffles may protrude into a mixing tank to enhance mixing. A tank and/or sleeve may comprise polymeric film materials. | 1-160. (canceled) 161. A material processing apparatus comprising:
a hollow tank having an interior bounded by at least one interior wall; a mixing paddle disposed and adapted to travel within the interior of the tank, the paddle being adapted to engage a support rod mechanically coupleable to receive kinetic energy from a kinetic energy source; and a functional element arranged to travel with the mixing paddle within the interior of the tank, the functional element including any of: (a) a first sparger adapted to permit the passage of gas into the interior of the tank; (b) at least one sensor in sensory communication with the interior of the tank; (c) a material extraction conduit in at least selective fluid communication with the interior of the tank and adapted to permit the extraction of material from the interior of the tank; (d) a material addition conduit in at least selective fluid communication with the interior of the tank and adapted to permit the addition of a material to the interior of the tank; and (e) a heat exchange element in thermal communication with the interior of the tank and adapted to permit the addition or removal of thermal energy from the interior;
wherein the tank comprises a flexible sleeve having an open end proximate to a wall of the mixing tank, having a closed end protruding into the interior, having at least one exterior wall, and defining a cavity containing the mixing paddle, with the at least one interior wall of the mixing tank and the at least one exterior wall of the sleeve enclosing a volume, such that the sleeve serves as an isolation barrier between the volume and the mixing paddle. 162. The apparatus of claim 161, wherein the tank is embodied in a bag comprising a flexible polymeric film material. 163. The apparatus of claim 161, wherein the functional element comprises said first sparger. 164. The apparatus of claim 161, wherein the functional element comprises said at least one sensor. 165. The apparatus of claim 161, wherein the functional element comprises said material extraction conduit. 166. The apparatus of claim 161, wherein the functional element comprises said material addition conduit. 167. The apparatus of claim 161, wherein said material extraction conduit and said material addition conduit comprise a common conduit, and said functional element comprises said common conduit. 168. The apparatus of claim 161, wherein the functional element comprises said heat exchange element. 169. The apparatus of claim 161, wherein the functional element is affixed to any of the mixing paddle and the support rod. 170. The apparatus of claim 161, wherein the functional element is affixed to the sleeve. 171. The apparatus of claim 170, wherein at least a portion of the functional element is in fluid communication with the interior of the tank. 172. The apparatus of claim 161, further comprising at least one of the following elements disposed within the sleeve: an electrical conductor, a fluid conduit, a sensor, and a wireless communication device. 173. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein the sparger comprises a perforated or porous material. 174. The apparatus of claim 161, adapted to permit pivotal movement of the support rod between the kinetic energy source and the tank. 175. The apparatus of claim 174, adapted to permit the paddle to travel through a closed curvilinear path within the interior of the tank without continuous rotation of the paddle about a longitudinal axis of the support rod. 176. The apparatus of claim 164, further comprising a wireless receiver, wherein the at least one sensor is adapted to communicate with the wireless receiver. 177. The apparatus of claim 161, wherein any of the mixing paddle and the support rod defines an internal cavity, and wherein any of the following is disposed within the internal cavity: a gas supply conduit, a sensor, at least one electrical conductor, a material extraction conduit, and a material addition conduit. 178. The apparatus of claim 161, further comprising at least one fixed second sparger disposed along a bottom or side wall portion of the tank. 179. A material processing apparatus comprising:
a hollow tank having an interior bounded by at least one interior wall; a mixing paddle disposed and adapted to travel within the interior of the tank, the paddle being adapted to engage a support rod mechanically coupleable to receive kinetic energy from a kinetic energy source; and a functional element interface adapted for coupling with a functional element arranged to travel with the mixing paddle, wherein the functional element is in fluid communication or sensory communication with the interior; wherein the tank comprises a flexible sleeve having an open end proximate to a wall of the mixing tank, having a closed end protruding into the interior, having at least one exterior wall, and defining a cavity containing the mixing paddle, with the at least one interior wall of the mixing tank and the at least one exterior wall of the sleeve enclosing a volume, such that the sleeve serves as an isolation barrier between the volume and the mixing paddle. 180. The apparatus of claim 179, wherein the functional element interface comprises any of a fluid conduit, an electrical conductor, and a communication device. 181. The apparatus of claim 179, wherein the functional element comprises any of a sparger, a sensor, a material extraction conduit, a material addition conduit, and a heat exchange element. 182. The apparatus of claim 179, wherein the functional element interface comprises any of:
(a) a gas supply conduit connectable with a functional element comprising a sparger adapted to permit passage of gas into the interior of the tank; (b) a first electrical conductor connectable with a functional element comprising a sensor in sensory communication with the interior of the tank; (c) a wireless transmitter or receiver connectable with a functional element comprising a sensor in sensory communication with the interior of the tank; (d) a material extraction segment connectable with a functional element comprising a material extraction conduit adapted to permit the extraction of material from the interior of the tank; (e) a material addition segment connectable with a functional element comprising a material addition conduit adapted to permit the addition of a material to the interior of the tank; (f) a second electrical conductor connectable with a functional element comprising an electrically-driven heat exchange element in thermal communication with the interior of the tank; and (g) at least one heat exchange fluid conduit connectable with a functional element comprising heat exchange element utilizing a heat exchange fluid. 183. The apparatus of claim 179, wherein the functional element interface comprises said gas supply conduit. 184. The apparatus of claim 179, wherein the functional element interface comprises at least one of said first electrical conductor and said second electrical conductor. 185. The apparatus of claim 179, wherein the functional element interface comprises said wireless transmitter or receiver. 186. The apparatus of claim 179, wherein the functional element interface comprises at least one of said material extraction segment, said material addition segment and said at least one heat exchange fluid conduit. 187. The apparatus of claim 179, wherein the tank is embodied in a bag comprising a flexible polymeric film material. 188. The apparatus of claim 179, wherein at least a portion of the functional element interface is disposed within or is affixed to the sleeve. 189. The apparatus of claim 179, adapted to permit pivotal movement of the support rod between the kinetic energy source and the tank. 190. The apparatus of claim 189, adapted to permit the paddle to travel through a closed curvilinear path within the interior of the tank without continuous rotation of the paddle about a longitudinal axis of the support rod. | A disposable material processing apparatus, useable as a bioreactor or fermenter, includes a hollow tank ( 101 ) and a mixing paddle ( 110 ) disposed within the interior of the tank and adapted to mix contents therein. The paddle may be isolated within a flexible sleeve ( 140 ). Various functional elements, such as a sparger, sensor, material extraction conduit, material addition conduit, and/or heat exchange element may be provided, and optionally arranged to travel with the paddle within the tank interior. Baffles may protrude into a mixing tank to enhance mixing. A tank and/or sleeve may comprise polymeric film materials.1-160. (canceled) 161. A material processing apparatus comprising:
a hollow tank having an interior bounded by at least one interior wall; a mixing paddle disposed and adapted to travel within the interior of the tank, the paddle being adapted to engage a support rod mechanically coupleable to receive kinetic energy from a kinetic energy source; and a functional element arranged to travel with the mixing paddle within the interior of the tank, the functional element including any of: (a) a first sparger adapted to permit the passage of gas into the interior of the tank; (b) at least one sensor in sensory communication with the interior of the tank; (c) a material extraction conduit in at least selective fluid communication with the interior of the tank and adapted to permit the extraction of material from the interior of the tank; (d) a material addition conduit in at least selective fluid communication with the interior of the tank and adapted to permit the addition of a material to the interior of the tank; and (e) a heat exchange element in thermal communication with the interior of the tank and adapted to permit the addition or removal of thermal energy from the interior;
wherein the tank comprises a flexible sleeve having an open end proximate to a wall of the mixing tank, having a closed end protruding into the interior, having at least one exterior wall, and defining a cavity containing the mixing paddle, with the at least one interior wall of the mixing tank and the at least one exterior wall of the sleeve enclosing a volume, such that the sleeve serves as an isolation barrier between the volume and the mixing paddle. 162. The apparatus of claim 161, wherein the tank is embodied in a bag comprising a flexible polymeric film material. 163. The apparatus of claim 161, wherein the functional element comprises said first sparger. 164. The apparatus of claim 161, wherein the functional element comprises said at least one sensor. 165. The apparatus of claim 161, wherein the functional element comprises said material extraction conduit. 166. The apparatus of claim 161, wherein the functional element comprises said material addition conduit. 167. The apparatus of claim 161, wherein said material extraction conduit and said material addition conduit comprise a common conduit, and said functional element comprises said common conduit. 168. The apparatus of claim 161, wherein the functional element comprises said heat exchange element. 169. The apparatus of claim 161, wherein the functional element is affixed to any of the mixing paddle and the support rod. 170. The apparatus of claim 161, wherein the functional element is affixed to the sleeve. 171. The apparatus of claim 170, wherein at least a portion of the functional element is in fluid communication with the interior of the tank. 172. The apparatus of claim 161, further comprising at least one of the following elements disposed within the sleeve: an electrical conductor, a fluid conduit, a sensor, and a wireless communication device. 173. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein the sparger comprises a perforated or porous material. 174. The apparatus of claim 161, adapted to permit pivotal movement of the support rod between the kinetic energy source and the tank. 175. The apparatus of claim 174, adapted to permit the paddle to travel through a closed curvilinear path within the interior of the tank without continuous rotation of the paddle about a longitudinal axis of the support rod. 176. The apparatus of claim 164, further comprising a wireless receiver, wherein the at least one sensor is adapted to communicate with the wireless receiver. 177. The apparatus of claim 161, wherein any of the mixing paddle and the support rod defines an internal cavity, and wherein any of the following is disposed within the internal cavity: a gas supply conduit, a sensor, at least one electrical conductor, a material extraction conduit, and a material addition conduit. 178. The apparatus of claim 161, further comprising at least one fixed second sparger disposed along a bottom or side wall portion of the tank. 179. A material processing apparatus comprising:
a hollow tank having an interior bounded by at least one interior wall; a mixing paddle disposed and adapted to travel within the interior of the tank, the paddle being adapted to engage a support rod mechanically coupleable to receive kinetic energy from a kinetic energy source; and a functional element interface adapted for coupling with a functional element arranged to travel with the mixing paddle, wherein the functional element is in fluid communication or sensory communication with the interior; wherein the tank comprises a flexible sleeve having an open end proximate to a wall of the mixing tank, having a closed end protruding into the interior, having at least one exterior wall, and defining a cavity containing the mixing paddle, with the at least one interior wall of the mixing tank and the at least one exterior wall of the sleeve enclosing a volume, such that the sleeve serves as an isolation barrier between the volume and the mixing paddle. 180. The apparatus of claim 179, wherein the functional element interface comprises any of a fluid conduit, an electrical conductor, and a communication device. 181. The apparatus of claim 179, wherein the functional element comprises any of a sparger, a sensor, a material extraction conduit, a material addition conduit, and a heat exchange element. 182. The apparatus of claim 179, wherein the functional element interface comprises any of:
(a) a gas supply conduit connectable with a functional element comprising a sparger adapted to permit passage of gas into the interior of the tank; (b) a first electrical conductor connectable with a functional element comprising a sensor in sensory communication with the interior of the tank; (c) a wireless transmitter or receiver connectable with a functional element comprising a sensor in sensory communication with the interior of the tank; (d) a material extraction segment connectable with a functional element comprising a material extraction conduit adapted to permit the extraction of material from the interior of the tank; (e) a material addition segment connectable with a functional element comprising a material addition conduit adapted to permit the addition of a material to the interior of the tank; (f) a second electrical conductor connectable with a functional element comprising an electrically-driven heat exchange element in thermal communication with the interior of the tank; and (g) at least one heat exchange fluid conduit connectable with a functional element comprising heat exchange element utilizing a heat exchange fluid. 183. The apparatus of claim 179, wherein the functional element interface comprises said gas supply conduit. 184. The apparatus of claim 179, wherein the functional element interface comprises at least one of said first electrical conductor and said second electrical conductor. 185. The apparatus of claim 179, wherein the functional element interface comprises said wireless transmitter or receiver. 186. The apparatus of claim 179, wherein the functional element interface comprises at least one of said material extraction segment, said material addition segment and said at least one heat exchange fluid conduit. 187. The apparatus of claim 179, wherein the tank is embodied in a bag comprising a flexible polymeric film material. 188. The apparatus of claim 179, wherein at least a portion of the functional element interface is disposed within or is affixed to the sleeve. 189. The apparatus of claim 179, adapted to permit pivotal movement of the support rod between the kinetic energy source and the tank. 190. The apparatus of claim 189, adapted to permit the paddle to travel through a closed curvilinear path within the interior of the tank without continuous rotation of the paddle about a longitudinal axis of the support rod. | 1,700 |
2,454 | 14,509,430 | 1,724 | A battery module according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, a housing having first and second vertical walls. Each of the first and second vertical walls including electrical connections. | 1. A battery module, comprising:
a housing having first and second vertical walls, each of the first and second vertical walls including electrical connections. 2. The battery module as recited in claim 1, wherein the housing includes a base, and wherein each of the first and second vertical walls are end walls extending vertically upward from opposite ends of the base. 3. The battery module as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the first and second vertical walls includes a positive electrical terminal and a negative electrical terminal. 4. The battery module as recited in claim 3, further comprising a plurality of battery cells provided within the module. 5. The battery module as recited in claim 4, further comprising first and second bus bars, wherein the positive electrical terminals and negative electrical terminals are electrically coupled to the battery cells by way of the first and second bus bars. 6. The battery module as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the first and second vertical walls includes at least one conduit. 7. The battery module as recited in claim 6, wherein the first vertical wall includes a pair of conduits, and wherein the second vertical wall includes a pair of conduits. 8. The battery module as recited in claim 1, wherein the housing includes a base, the first and second vertical walls extending vertically upward from the base. 9. The battery module as recited in claim 8, wherein the first and second vertical walls are end walls connected together by first and second side walls, wherein the first and second side walls extend vertically upward from the base. 10. The battery module as recited in claim 9, wherein the first and second end walls and first and second side walls have a free end providing a lip. 11. The battery module as recited in claim 10, further comprising a cover attached to the housing adjacent the lip to enclose the module. 12. A system, comprising:
a first battery module having a housing including a vertical wall with electrical and thermal connections; and a second battery module having a housing including a vertical wall having electrical and thermal connections, the first and second battery modules electrically and thermally coupled together by way of the respective electrical and thermal connections. 13. The system as recited in claim 12, wherein the electrical connections each include a positive electrical terminal and a negative electrical terminal. 14. The system as recited in claim 12, wherein the thermal connections each include at least one conduit. 15. The system as recited in claim 12, wherein the first battery module includes a first plurality of battery cells, and wherein the second battery module includes a second plurality of battery cells, wherein the first plurality of battery cells are electrically coupled to the second plurality of battery cells by way of the electrical connections. 16. The system as recited in claim 12, wherein the first battery module includes a first conduit and a second conduit, and wherein cooling fluid enters the first battery module by way of the first conduit and exits the first battery module by way of the second conduit. 17. The system as recited in claim 16, further comprising a source of cooling fluid, wherein the first conduit is fluidly coupled to the source of cooling fluid. 18. The system as recited in claim 16, wherein the second battery module includes a third conduit and a fourth conduit, and wherein fluid enters the second battery module by way of the third conduit and exits the second battery module by way of the fourth conduit. 19. The system as recited in claim 18, wherein fluid exiting the first battery module by way of the second conduit is directed into the second battery module by way of the third conduit. 20. The system as recited in claim 12, wherein the first battery module includes a cover, and wherein the second battery module is stacked on the cover of the first battery module such that the second battery module is supported vertically above the first battery module. | A battery module according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, a housing having first and second vertical walls. Each of the first and second vertical walls including electrical connections.1. A battery module, comprising:
a housing having first and second vertical walls, each of the first and second vertical walls including electrical connections. 2. The battery module as recited in claim 1, wherein the housing includes a base, and wherein each of the first and second vertical walls are end walls extending vertically upward from opposite ends of the base. 3. The battery module as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the first and second vertical walls includes a positive electrical terminal and a negative electrical terminal. 4. The battery module as recited in claim 3, further comprising a plurality of battery cells provided within the module. 5. The battery module as recited in claim 4, further comprising first and second bus bars, wherein the positive electrical terminals and negative electrical terminals are electrically coupled to the battery cells by way of the first and second bus bars. 6. The battery module as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the first and second vertical walls includes at least one conduit. 7. The battery module as recited in claim 6, wherein the first vertical wall includes a pair of conduits, and wherein the second vertical wall includes a pair of conduits. 8. The battery module as recited in claim 1, wherein the housing includes a base, the first and second vertical walls extending vertically upward from the base. 9. The battery module as recited in claim 8, wherein the first and second vertical walls are end walls connected together by first and second side walls, wherein the first and second side walls extend vertically upward from the base. 10. The battery module as recited in claim 9, wherein the first and second end walls and first and second side walls have a free end providing a lip. 11. The battery module as recited in claim 10, further comprising a cover attached to the housing adjacent the lip to enclose the module. 12. A system, comprising:
a first battery module having a housing including a vertical wall with electrical and thermal connections; and a second battery module having a housing including a vertical wall having electrical and thermal connections, the first and second battery modules electrically and thermally coupled together by way of the respective electrical and thermal connections. 13. The system as recited in claim 12, wherein the electrical connections each include a positive electrical terminal and a negative electrical terminal. 14. The system as recited in claim 12, wherein the thermal connections each include at least one conduit. 15. The system as recited in claim 12, wherein the first battery module includes a first plurality of battery cells, and wherein the second battery module includes a second plurality of battery cells, wherein the first plurality of battery cells are electrically coupled to the second plurality of battery cells by way of the electrical connections. 16. The system as recited in claim 12, wherein the first battery module includes a first conduit and a second conduit, and wherein cooling fluid enters the first battery module by way of the first conduit and exits the first battery module by way of the second conduit. 17. The system as recited in claim 16, further comprising a source of cooling fluid, wherein the first conduit is fluidly coupled to the source of cooling fluid. 18. The system as recited in claim 16, wherein the second battery module includes a third conduit and a fourth conduit, and wherein fluid enters the second battery module by way of the third conduit and exits the second battery module by way of the fourth conduit. 19. The system as recited in claim 18, wherein fluid exiting the first battery module by way of the second conduit is directed into the second battery module by way of the third conduit. 20. The system as recited in claim 12, wherein the first battery module includes a cover, and wherein the second battery module is stacked on the cover of the first battery module such that the second battery module is supported vertically above the first battery module. | 1,700 |
2,455 | 14,648,571 | 1,799 | An apparatus for processing cells is disclosed. In one embodiment, a fixed bed reactor is provided for the cells, the fixed bed reactor including a portion movable from a first position corresponding to a packed condition of the fixed bed to a second position corresponding to a depacked condition of the fixed bed. Movement of the partition facilitates harvesting of the cells there from. Related apparatus, kits, methods, and systems are also disclosed. | 1. An apparatus for processing cells, comprising:
a fixed bed reactor for the cells, the fixed bed reactor including a portion movable from a first position corresponding to a packed condition of the fixed bed to a second position corresponding to a depacked condition of the fixed bed, whereby movement of the partition expands the fixed bed to facilitate harvesting of the cells. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the movable portion comprises a partition positioned within a compartment of the reactor including the fixed bed. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, further including an expandable retainer for retaining the partition in the first position in a non-expanded condition of the retainer and the second condition in an expanded condition of the retainer. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, further including a plunger for moving the partition from the first position to the second position. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the plunger is connected to the partition. 6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the partition includes a first portion external to a compartment of the reactor comprising the fixed bed and a second portion within the compartment. 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the reactor comprises a sealed container. 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the reactor comprises a flexible outer wall. 9. The apparatus according to claim 1, further including a first compartment including the fixed bed and a second compartment for circulating fluid through the first compartment. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the reactor comprises a roller bottle. 11. An apparatus for processing cells, comprising:
a container including a media compatible for cell growth and a partition associated with an interior compartment for the cells, the partition being movable from a first position for providing the compartment with a first volume to a second position providing the compartment with a second volume greater than the first volume. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the media comprises a packing material in the compartment. 13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the partition forms a lower portion of the compartment in the second position. 14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the container includes an endwall, and the partition is closer to the endwall in the first position than in the second position. 15. The apparatus of claim 11, further including an expandable retainer for retaining the partition in the first position in a non-expanded condition of the retainer and the second position in an expanded condition of the retainer. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the expandable retainer comprises a spring. 17. The apparatus of claim 11, further including a plunger for moving the partition from the first position to the second position. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the plunger is connected to the partition. 19. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the partition includes a first portion external to a compartment of the reactor including the fixed bed and a second portion within the compartment. 20. The apparatus of claim 11, further including an exterior compartment for circulating fluid through the interior compartment. 21. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the partition is generally annular. 22. An apparatus for processing cells, comprising:
a container including a sidewall forming an interior for receiving a fluid, and an expandable compartment positioned within the interior of the container including a fixed bed for the cells. 23.-25. (canceled) 26. The apparatus of claim 1, further including a vibrator. 27. The apparatus of claim 1, further including a device for circulating fluid within the reactor. 28.-79. (canceled) | An apparatus for processing cells is disclosed. In one embodiment, a fixed bed reactor is provided for the cells, the fixed bed reactor including a portion movable from a first position corresponding to a packed condition of the fixed bed to a second position corresponding to a depacked condition of the fixed bed. Movement of the partition facilitates harvesting of the cells there from. Related apparatus, kits, methods, and systems are also disclosed.1. An apparatus for processing cells, comprising:
a fixed bed reactor for the cells, the fixed bed reactor including a portion movable from a first position corresponding to a packed condition of the fixed bed to a second position corresponding to a depacked condition of the fixed bed, whereby movement of the partition expands the fixed bed to facilitate harvesting of the cells. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the movable portion comprises a partition positioned within a compartment of the reactor including the fixed bed. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, further including an expandable retainer for retaining the partition in the first position in a non-expanded condition of the retainer and the second condition in an expanded condition of the retainer. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, further including a plunger for moving the partition from the first position to the second position. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the plunger is connected to the partition. 6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the partition includes a first portion external to a compartment of the reactor comprising the fixed bed and a second portion within the compartment. 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the reactor comprises a sealed container. 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the reactor comprises a flexible outer wall. 9. The apparatus according to claim 1, further including a first compartment including the fixed bed and a second compartment for circulating fluid through the first compartment. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the reactor comprises a roller bottle. 11. An apparatus for processing cells, comprising:
a container including a media compatible for cell growth and a partition associated with an interior compartment for the cells, the partition being movable from a first position for providing the compartment with a first volume to a second position providing the compartment with a second volume greater than the first volume. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the media comprises a packing material in the compartment. 13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the partition forms a lower portion of the compartment in the second position. 14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the container includes an endwall, and the partition is closer to the endwall in the first position than in the second position. 15. The apparatus of claim 11, further including an expandable retainer for retaining the partition in the first position in a non-expanded condition of the retainer and the second position in an expanded condition of the retainer. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the expandable retainer comprises a spring. 17. The apparatus of claim 11, further including a plunger for moving the partition from the first position to the second position. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the plunger is connected to the partition. 19. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the partition includes a first portion external to a compartment of the reactor including the fixed bed and a second portion within the compartment. 20. The apparatus of claim 11, further including an exterior compartment for circulating fluid through the interior compartment. 21. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the partition is generally annular. 22. An apparatus for processing cells, comprising:
a container including a sidewall forming an interior for receiving a fluid, and an expandable compartment positioned within the interior of the container including a fixed bed for the cells. 23.-25. (canceled) 26. The apparatus of claim 1, further including a vibrator. 27. The apparatus of claim 1, further including a device for circulating fluid within the reactor. 28.-79. (canceled) | 1,700 |
2,456 | 15,400,617 | 1,731 | Methods of forming a polycrystalline compact using at least one metal salt as a sintering aid. Such methods may include forming a mixture of the at least one metal salt and a plurality of grains of hard material and sintering the mixture to form a hard polycrystalline material. During sintering, the metal salt may melt or react with another compound to form a liquid that acts as a lubricant to promote rearrangement and packing of the grains of hard material. The metal salt may, thus, enable formation of hard polycrystalline material having increased density, abrasion resistance, or strength. The metal salt may also act as a getter to remove impurities (e.g., catalyst material) during sintering. The methods may also be employed to form cutting elements and earth-boring tools. | 1. A cutting element comprising:
a sintered diamond table comprising interbonded grains of diamond, the grains of diamond defining interstitial spaces within the sintered diamond table; and lithium fluoride within the interstitial spaces of the sintered diamond table. 2. The cutting element of claim 1, wherein the cutting element further comprises silicon within the interstitial spaces of the sintered diamond table. 3. The cutting element of claim 1, further comprising a substrate, wherein the sintered diamond table is secured to a surface of the substrate. 4. The cutting element of claim 1, further comprising, within the interstitial spaces of the sintered diamond table, at least one metallic element selected from the group consisting of the elements of Group VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements. 5. The cutting element of claim 4, wherein the at least one metallic element comprises cobalt. 6. The cutting element of claim 1, further comprising, within the interstitial spaces of the sintered diamond table, at least one material selected from the group consisting of carbonates, sulfates, hydroxides, and fullerenes. 7. An earth-boring tool, comprising:
a body; and at least one cutting element secured to the body, the at least one cutting element comprising:
a sintered diamond table comprising interbonded diamond, the grains of diamond defining interstitial spaces within the sintered diamond table; and
lithium fluoride within the interstitial spaces of the sintered diamond table. 8. The earth-boring tool of claim 7, wherein the at least one cutting element is secured within a pocket defined by the body. 9. The earth-boring tool of claim 7, wherein the earth-boring tool comprises a tool selected from the group consisting of fixed-cutter rotary drill bits, roller cone drill bits, percussion bits, core bits, eccentric bits, bi-center bits, reamers, expandable reamers, mills, and hybrid bits. 10. The earth-boring tool of claim 7, wherein the cutting element further comprises silicon within the interstitial spaces of the sintered diamond table. 11. The earth-boring tool of claim 7, wherein the at least one cutting element further comprises, within the interstitial spaces of the sintered diamond table, at least one metallic element selected from the group consisting of the elements of Group VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements. 12. A method of forming a cutting element, the method comprising:
subjecting a mixture of diamond grains and lithium fluoride to high temperature high pressure conditions to form a sintered diamond table comprising interbonded grains of diamond and lithium fluoride within interstitial spaces in the sintered diamond table. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising, prior to subjecting the mixture of diamond grains and lithium fluoride to high temperature high pressure conditions, combining the diamond particles with the lithium fluoride to form a powder mixture comprising the diamond particles and the lithium fluoride substantially homogeneously dispersed on the diamond particles, and wherein subjecting the mixture of diamond grains and lithium fluoride to high temperature high pressure conditions comprises subjecting the powder mixture to high temperature high pressure conditions. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein combining the diamond particles with the lithium fluoride comprises dispersing the lithium fluoride in an organic solvent. 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising:
prior to subjecting the mixture of diamond grains and lithium fluoride to high temperature high pressure conditions, combining the diamond particles with the lithium fluoride in at least one solvent to form a slurry; and subjecting the slurry to a spray-drying process to form a powder mixture, and wherein subjecting the mixture of diamond grains and lithium fluoride to high temperature high pressure conditions comprises subjecting the powder mixture to high temperature high pressure conditions. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein subjecting a mixture of diamond grains and lithium fluoride to high temperature high pressure conditions comprises subjecting a mixture of diamond grains, lithium fluoride, and at least one catalyst material to high temperature high pressure conditions. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising removing a portion of the lithium fluoride from interstitial spaces between the diamond grains. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein removing a portion of the lithium fluoride from interstitial spaces between the diamond grains comprises reacting fluorine of the lithium fluoride with at least one catalyst material in the mixture. 19. The method of claim 12, wherein subjecting a mixture of diamond grains and lithium fluoride to high temperature high pressure conditions comprises subjecting a mixture of diamond grains, lithium fluoride, and silicon to high temperature high pressure conditions. 20. The method of claim 12, wherein subjecting a mixture of diamond grains and lithium fluoride to high temperature high pressure conditions comprises subjecting the mixture to a temperature greater than about 1,500° C. and a pressure greater than about 5.0 GPa. | Methods of forming a polycrystalline compact using at least one metal salt as a sintering aid. Such methods may include forming a mixture of the at least one metal salt and a plurality of grains of hard material and sintering the mixture to form a hard polycrystalline material. During sintering, the metal salt may melt or react with another compound to form a liquid that acts as a lubricant to promote rearrangement and packing of the grains of hard material. The metal salt may, thus, enable formation of hard polycrystalline material having increased density, abrasion resistance, or strength. The metal salt may also act as a getter to remove impurities (e.g., catalyst material) during sintering. The methods may also be employed to form cutting elements and earth-boring tools.1. A cutting element comprising:
a sintered diamond table comprising interbonded grains of diamond, the grains of diamond defining interstitial spaces within the sintered diamond table; and lithium fluoride within the interstitial spaces of the sintered diamond table. 2. The cutting element of claim 1, wherein the cutting element further comprises silicon within the interstitial spaces of the sintered diamond table. 3. The cutting element of claim 1, further comprising a substrate, wherein the sintered diamond table is secured to a surface of the substrate. 4. The cutting element of claim 1, further comprising, within the interstitial spaces of the sintered diamond table, at least one metallic element selected from the group consisting of the elements of Group VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements. 5. The cutting element of claim 4, wherein the at least one metallic element comprises cobalt. 6. The cutting element of claim 1, further comprising, within the interstitial spaces of the sintered diamond table, at least one material selected from the group consisting of carbonates, sulfates, hydroxides, and fullerenes. 7. An earth-boring tool, comprising:
a body; and at least one cutting element secured to the body, the at least one cutting element comprising:
a sintered diamond table comprising interbonded diamond, the grains of diamond defining interstitial spaces within the sintered diamond table; and
lithium fluoride within the interstitial spaces of the sintered diamond table. 8. The earth-boring tool of claim 7, wherein the at least one cutting element is secured within a pocket defined by the body. 9. The earth-boring tool of claim 7, wherein the earth-boring tool comprises a tool selected from the group consisting of fixed-cutter rotary drill bits, roller cone drill bits, percussion bits, core bits, eccentric bits, bi-center bits, reamers, expandable reamers, mills, and hybrid bits. 10. The earth-boring tool of claim 7, wherein the cutting element further comprises silicon within the interstitial spaces of the sintered diamond table. 11. The earth-boring tool of claim 7, wherein the at least one cutting element further comprises, within the interstitial spaces of the sintered diamond table, at least one metallic element selected from the group consisting of the elements of Group VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements. 12. A method of forming a cutting element, the method comprising:
subjecting a mixture of diamond grains and lithium fluoride to high temperature high pressure conditions to form a sintered diamond table comprising interbonded grains of diamond and lithium fluoride within interstitial spaces in the sintered diamond table. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising, prior to subjecting the mixture of diamond grains and lithium fluoride to high temperature high pressure conditions, combining the diamond particles with the lithium fluoride to form a powder mixture comprising the diamond particles and the lithium fluoride substantially homogeneously dispersed on the diamond particles, and wherein subjecting the mixture of diamond grains and lithium fluoride to high temperature high pressure conditions comprises subjecting the powder mixture to high temperature high pressure conditions. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein combining the diamond particles with the lithium fluoride comprises dispersing the lithium fluoride in an organic solvent. 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising:
prior to subjecting the mixture of diamond grains and lithium fluoride to high temperature high pressure conditions, combining the diamond particles with the lithium fluoride in at least one solvent to form a slurry; and subjecting the slurry to a spray-drying process to form a powder mixture, and wherein subjecting the mixture of diamond grains and lithium fluoride to high temperature high pressure conditions comprises subjecting the powder mixture to high temperature high pressure conditions. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein subjecting a mixture of diamond grains and lithium fluoride to high temperature high pressure conditions comprises subjecting a mixture of diamond grains, lithium fluoride, and at least one catalyst material to high temperature high pressure conditions. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising removing a portion of the lithium fluoride from interstitial spaces between the diamond grains. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein removing a portion of the lithium fluoride from interstitial spaces between the diamond grains comprises reacting fluorine of the lithium fluoride with at least one catalyst material in the mixture. 19. The method of claim 12, wherein subjecting a mixture of diamond grains and lithium fluoride to high temperature high pressure conditions comprises subjecting a mixture of diamond grains, lithium fluoride, and silicon to high temperature high pressure conditions. 20. The method of claim 12, wherein subjecting a mixture of diamond grains and lithium fluoride to high temperature high pressure conditions comprises subjecting the mixture to a temperature greater than about 1,500° C. and a pressure greater than about 5.0 GPa. | 1,700 |
2,457 | 14,257,762 | 1,731 | Cutting elements include at least one metal diffused into interbonded grains of diamond. Earth-boring tools include at least one such cutting element. Methods of fanning cutting elements may include forming a mixture of the at least one metal salt and a plurality of grains of hard material and sintering the mixture to form a hard polycrystalline material. During sintering, the metal salt may melt or react with another compound to form a liquid that acts as a lubricant to promote rearrangement and packing of the grains of hard material. The metal salt may, thus, enable formation of hard polycrystalline material having increased density, abrasion resistance, or strength. The metal salt may also act as a getter to remove impurities (e.g., catalyst material) during sintering. The methods may also be employed to form cutting elements and earth-boring tools. | 1. A cutting element, comprising interbonded grains of diamond having lithium diffused thereinto. 2. (canceled) 3. An earth-boring tool, comprising:
a body; and at least one cutting element comprising interbonded diamond grains having lithium diffused thereinto. 4. (canceled) 5. The cutting element of claim 1, wherein the cutting element further comprises lithium fluoride. 6. The cutting element of claim 1, wherein the cutting element further comprises a silicon material. 7. The cutting element of claim 1, wherein the cutting element further comprises a catalyst material for catalyzing the formation of inter-granular bonds. 8. The cutting element of claim 7, wherein the catalyst material comprises a metallic element from Group VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements. 9. The cutting element of claim 8, wherein the catalyst material comprises cobalt. 10. The cutting element of claim 7, wherein the catalyst material comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of carbonates, sulfates, hydroxides, and fullerenes. 11. The cutting element of claim 1, further comprising a substrate, wherein the interbonded grains of diamond are secured to a surface of the substrate. 12. The earth-boring tool of claim 3, wherein the at least one cutting element is secured in a pocket defined by the body. 13. The earth-boring tool of claim 3, wherein the earth-boring tool comprises a tool selected from the group consisting of fixed-cutter rotary drill bits, roller cone drill bits, percussion bits, core bits, eccentric bits, bi-center bits, reamers, expandable reamers, mills, and hybrid bits. 14. The earth-boring tool of claim 3, wherein the cutting element further comprises a catalyst material for catalyzing the formation of inter-granular bonds. 15. The earth-boring tool of claim 3, wherein the cutting element further comprises a silicon material. 16. A composition, comprising:
a plurality of grains of hard material; and lithium fluoride formed over at least a portion of at least some grains of the plurality of grains of hard material. 17. The composition of claim 16, wherein the lithium fluoride completely surrounds at least some grains of the plurality of grains of hard material. 18. The composition of claim 16, wherein the lithium fluoride forms a discontinuous coating over at least some grains of the plurality of grains of hard material. 19. The composition of claim 16, wherein the lithium fluoride exhibits an average thickness between about 1 nm and about 500 μm over at least some grains of the plurality of grains of hard material. | Cutting elements include at least one metal diffused into interbonded grains of diamond. Earth-boring tools include at least one such cutting element. Methods of fanning cutting elements may include forming a mixture of the at least one metal salt and a plurality of grains of hard material and sintering the mixture to form a hard polycrystalline material. During sintering, the metal salt may melt or react with another compound to form a liquid that acts as a lubricant to promote rearrangement and packing of the grains of hard material. The metal salt may, thus, enable formation of hard polycrystalline material having increased density, abrasion resistance, or strength. The metal salt may also act as a getter to remove impurities (e.g., catalyst material) during sintering. The methods may also be employed to form cutting elements and earth-boring tools.1. A cutting element, comprising interbonded grains of diamond having lithium diffused thereinto. 2. (canceled) 3. An earth-boring tool, comprising:
a body; and at least one cutting element comprising interbonded diamond grains having lithium diffused thereinto. 4. (canceled) 5. The cutting element of claim 1, wherein the cutting element further comprises lithium fluoride. 6. The cutting element of claim 1, wherein the cutting element further comprises a silicon material. 7. The cutting element of claim 1, wherein the cutting element further comprises a catalyst material for catalyzing the formation of inter-granular bonds. 8. The cutting element of claim 7, wherein the catalyst material comprises a metallic element from Group VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements. 9. The cutting element of claim 8, wherein the catalyst material comprises cobalt. 10. The cutting element of claim 7, wherein the catalyst material comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of carbonates, sulfates, hydroxides, and fullerenes. 11. The cutting element of claim 1, further comprising a substrate, wherein the interbonded grains of diamond are secured to a surface of the substrate. 12. The earth-boring tool of claim 3, wherein the at least one cutting element is secured in a pocket defined by the body. 13. The earth-boring tool of claim 3, wherein the earth-boring tool comprises a tool selected from the group consisting of fixed-cutter rotary drill bits, roller cone drill bits, percussion bits, core bits, eccentric bits, bi-center bits, reamers, expandable reamers, mills, and hybrid bits. 14. The earth-boring tool of claim 3, wherein the cutting element further comprises a catalyst material for catalyzing the formation of inter-granular bonds. 15. The earth-boring tool of claim 3, wherein the cutting element further comprises a silicon material. 16. A composition, comprising:
a plurality of grains of hard material; and lithium fluoride formed over at least a portion of at least some grains of the plurality of grains of hard material. 17. The composition of claim 16, wherein the lithium fluoride completely surrounds at least some grains of the plurality of grains of hard material. 18. The composition of claim 16, wherein the lithium fluoride forms a discontinuous coating over at least some grains of the plurality of grains of hard material. 19. The composition of claim 16, wherein the lithium fluoride exhibits an average thickness between about 1 nm and about 500 μm over at least some grains of the plurality of grains of hard material. | 1,700 |
2,458 | 13,800,317 | 1,732 | The present invention relates to sol gel hydrous metal oxide particles, such as hydrous zirconium oxide particles, their manufacture, and their use in such applications as sorbent dialysis. | 1. Hydrous metal oxide particles comprising:
at least one hydrous metal oxide; and at least one oxygen-containing additive; wherein the oxygen-containing additive comprises at least one polar group or a charged group or both; and wherein the oxygen-containing additive is present as a soluble ligand that forms a complex with a metal ion of the hydrous metal oxide. 2. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, wherein a metal ion of the hydrous metal oxide comprises a zirconium ion, a hafnium ion, a titanium ion, a tin ion, or a lead ion. 3. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, wherein the metal ion is a zirconium ion. 4. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, wherein the oxygen-containing additive comprises a molecular weight from about 50 to about 500 Da. 5. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, wherein the oxygen-containing additive comprises a surfactant. 6. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, wherein the oxygen-containing additive comprises a dispersant. 7. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 6, wherein the dispersant is tartaric acid. 8. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, wherein the oxygen-containing additive comprises acetic acid, soda ash, polyvinyl alcohol, tartaric acid, EDTA, glycerol, sodium dodecyl sulfate, or any combination thereof. 9. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, wherein the hydrous metal oxide particles have a particle size range of from about 2 to about 200 microns. 10. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, wherein the hydrous metal oxide particles have a particle size distribution of less than 25% in the range of less than about 25 microns, less than 5% in the range of more than about 100 microns, and more than 70% in the range of from about 25 microns to about 100 microns. 11. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1 having a pore volume of at least 0.09 mL/g, or a monolayer volume of at least 37 mL/g (STP), or a 20-80 nm pore size content of at least 10%. 12. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, wherein the hydrous metal oxide particles have an average BET surface area of at least 100 m2/g. 13. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, wherein the hydrous metal oxide is capable of binding at least one anion that is phosphate, sulfate, nitrate or any combination thereof. 14. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, wherein the hydrous metal oxide is capable of binding one or more waste product comprising creatinine, uric acid, NH4+, beta-2 micro-globulin, bilirubin, citrate, phenol, methanol, or any combination thereof. 15. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, wherein the oxygen-containing additive forms a temporary complex with the metal ion of the hydrous metal oxide. 16. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, wherein the oxygen-containing additive forms a permanent complex with the metal oxide of the hydrous metal oxide. 17. A dialysis system comprising a cartridge that contains the hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1. 18. A portable dialysis system comprising a container that contains the hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1. 19. A hydrous zirconium oxide composition comprising a water-soluble hydrous zirconium oxide polymer in an aqueous solution, wherein the polymer is formed by combining, in an aqueous solvent, zirconium oxychloride with at least one oxygen-containing additive that is capable of forming a complex with zirconium ions, wherein the hydrous zirconium oxide composition, when dried, has a particle size distribution of less than 25% in the range of less than about 25 microns, less than 5% in the range of more than about 100 microns, and more than 70% in the range of from about 25 microns to about 100 microns. 20. A method of making hydrous metal oxide particles according to claim 1 comprising:
combining at least one oxygen-containing additive with at least one water soluble metal salt in an aqueous solvent to form a first solution wherein the oxygen-containing additive forms a complex with metal ions in the first solution; and
combining the first solution with at least one precipitant to obtain hydrous metal oxide particles by sol gel precipitation. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the metal ion of the hydrous metal oxide particles comprises a zirconium ion, a hafnium ion, a titanium ion, a tin ion, or a lead ion. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the metal ion is a zirconium ion and the water soluble metal salt is a zirconium salt. 23. The method of claim 20, wherein the water soluble metal salt is zirconium oxychloride. 24. The method of claim 20, wherein the precipitant has a molarity of from about 5 moles/L to about 25 moles/L. 25. The method of claim 20, wherein the precipitant is an alkali solution. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the alkali solution is sodium hydroxide. 27. The method of claim 20, wherein the water soluble metal salt is zirconium oxychloride and the zirconium oxychloride and precipitant are introduced at a molar ratio of metal salt to precipitant of from about 0.1:1 to about 0.5:1. 28. The method of claim 20, wherein the water soluble metal salt is zirconium oxychloride and the zirconium oxychloride is present in the aqueous solvent at a concentration of from about 0.5 to about 2.0 g/ml. 29. The method of claim 20, wherein the aqueous solvent is deionized water or reverse osmosis water. 30. The method of claim 20, wherein the water soluble metal salt is dissolved in the aqueous solvent and then the oxygen-containing additive is added to form the first solution. 31. The method of claim 20, wherein the water soluble metal salt is present in the aqueous solvent at a saturation concentration. 32. The method of claim 20, wherein the oxygen-containing additive is dissolved in the aqueous solvent and then the water soluble metal salt is added to form the first solution. 33. The method of claim 20, wherein the oxygen-containing additive is present in the first solution in a molar amount sufficient to prevent gelation of the particles. 34. The method of claim 20, wherein the oxygen-containing additive forms a soluble complex with the metal ion of the hydrous metal oxide. 35. The method of claim 20, wherein the oxygen-containing additive forms a temporary complex with the metal ion of the hydrous metal oxide in the solution such that the additive is removable from the particles with a washing step after precipitation. 36. The method of claim 20, wherein the oxygen-containing additive forms a permanent complex with the metal ion of the hydrous metal oxide. 37. The method of claim 20, wherein the first solution and the precipitant are combined by providing the precipitant in an aqueous solution and adding at least part of the first and at least part of the precipitant solution simultaneously to a reaction vessel so that the concentration of precipitant is kept constant in the reaction vessel during a period of time that the precipitant is added to the reaction vessel. 38. The method of claim 20, wherein said first solution is simultaneously added with a diluted solution of precipitant to the reaction vessel. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the reaction vessel includes an agitator. 40. The method of claim 20, wherein a slurry containing at least a hydrous metal oxide gel precipitate is formed, and wherein the slurry is agitated. 41. The method of claim 40, further comprising filtering the slurry after mixing. 42. The method of claim 40, further comprising washing the slurry with deionized water (alkaline wash). 43. The method of claim 42, further comprising forming a filter cake. 44. The method of claim 43, further comprising transferring the filter cake back to deionized water to form a second slurry. 45. The method of claim 44, further comprising titrating the second slurry to lower pH to a value in a range of from about pH 2 to about pH 8 by addition of acid to remove precipitant cations (acid wash). 46. The method of claim 45, further comprising filtering the titrated or acid-washed slurry and drying the product until the moisture of the product is from about 10% to about 40% LOD in the form of free-flowing powder. 47. The method of claim 20, further comprising isolating and drying the resulting hydrous metal oxide particles to obtain a free flowing powder. 48. The method of claim 20, wherein the first solution is in the form of droplets before it is combined with the precipitant. 49. The method of claim 20, wherein the first solution obtained and the precipitant solution are combined so that metal ions and precipitant are present in a molar ratio of from about 0.1 to about 1 of metal to precipitant. 50. A method of making hydrous metal oxide particles having a controlled particle size comprising:
forming hydrous metal oxide particles by sol gel precipitation by the method of claim 1, and controlling at least one of the following parameters to affect particle size or particle size distribution of the hydrous metal oxide particles: rate at which the solution of soluble metal salt is added to the reaction vessel, rate at which the precipitant solution is added to the reaction vessel, pH of the precipitant solution, concentration of soluble metal salt and precipitant in the reaction vessel, or speed of the agitator, or any combination thereof. 51. A method of making hydrous zirconium oxide particles comprising:
combining at least one oxygen-containing additive with zirconium oxychloride in an aqueous solvent to form a first solution wherein the oxygen-containing additive forms a complex with zirconium ions in the solution; and combining the first solution with precipitant to obtain hydrous zirconium oxide particles by sol gel precipitation, wherein the oxygen-containing additive is a surfactant, acetic acid, soda ash, polyvinyl alcohol, tartaric acid, EDTA, glycerol, sodium dodecyl sulfate, or any combination thereof. 52. A method of making hydrous zirconium oxide particles comprising: adding a solution of zirconium oxychloride and a precipitant solution simultaneously to a reaction vessel to obtain hydrous zirconium oxide particles by sol gel precipitation. 53. A composition comprising hydrous metal oxide particles, wherein the particles are formed by the method of claim 1. 54. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, further comprising at least one functional group attached to said hydrous metal oxide particles. 55. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 54, wherein said at least one functional group comprises at least one polar functional group. 56. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 54, wherein said functional group comprises a surfactant, an acid, an amine, a sulfate, or any combination thereof. 57. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 54, wherein said functional group is EDTA, sulfonic acid, hydroxy amine, lauryl sulfate, hydroxyl benzene sulfonic acid, or any combination thereof. 58. A hydrous metal oxide particle, wherein said hydrous metal oxide particle has at least one of the following characteristics:
a) a sulfate adsorption capacity of 5 mg/g; b) a BET surface area of at least 100 m2/g; c) a total pore volume of at least 0.09 mL/g; d) a pore size of at least 6 nm; or any combination thereof. 59. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 58, wherein said hydrous metal oxide particles have at least one functional group attached thereto. 60. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 58, wherein the hydrous metal oxide particles have a particle size range of from about 2 to about 200 microns. 61. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 58, wherein the hydrous metal oxide particles have a particle size distribution of less than 25% in the range of less than about 25 microns, less than 5% in the range of more than about 100 microns, and more than 70% in the range of from about 25 microns to about 100 microns. 62. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 58 having a pore volume of at least 0.09 mL/g, or a monolayer volume of at least 37 mL/g (STP), or a 20 to 80 nm pore size content of at least 10%. 63. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 59, wherein said at least one functional group comprises at least one polar functional group. 64. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 59, wherein said functional group comprises a surfactant, an acid, an amine, a sulfate, or any combination thereof. 65. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 59, wherein said functional group is EDTA, sulfonic acid, hydroxy amine, lauryl sulfate, hydroxyl benzene sulfonic acid, or any combination thereof. 66. The hydrous metal oxide particle of claim 1, wherein said hydrous metal oxide particle has at least one of the following characteristics:
a) a sulfate adsorption capacity of 5 mg/g; b) a BET surface area of at least 100 m2/g; c) a total pore volume of at least 0.09 mL/g; d) a pore size of at least 6 nm; or any combination thereof. 67. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 66, wherein said hydrous metal oxide particles have at least one functional group attached thereto. | The present invention relates to sol gel hydrous metal oxide particles, such as hydrous zirconium oxide particles, their manufacture, and their use in such applications as sorbent dialysis.1. Hydrous metal oxide particles comprising:
at least one hydrous metal oxide; and at least one oxygen-containing additive; wherein the oxygen-containing additive comprises at least one polar group or a charged group or both; and wherein the oxygen-containing additive is present as a soluble ligand that forms a complex with a metal ion of the hydrous metal oxide. 2. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, wherein a metal ion of the hydrous metal oxide comprises a zirconium ion, a hafnium ion, a titanium ion, a tin ion, or a lead ion. 3. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, wherein the metal ion is a zirconium ion. 4. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, wherein the oxygen-containing additive comprises a molecular weight from about 50 to about 500 Da. 5. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, wherein the oxygen-containing additive comprises a surfactant. 6. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, wherein the oxygen-containing additive comprises a dispersant. 7. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 6, wherein the dispersant is tartaric acid. 8. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, wherein the oxygen-containing additive comprises acetic acid, soda ash, polyvinyl alcohol, tartaric acid, EDTA, glycerol, sodium dodecyl sulfate, or any combination thereof. 9. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, wherein the hydrous metal oxide particles have a particle size range of from about 2 to about 200 microns. 10. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, wherein the hydrous metal oxide particles have a particle size distribution of less than 25% in the range of less than about 25 microns, less than 5% in the range of more than about 100 microns, and more than 70% in the range of from about 25 microns to about 100 microns. 11. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1 having a pore volume of at least 0.09 mL/g, or a monolayer volume of at least 37 mL/g (STP), or a 20-80 nm pore size content of at least 10%. 12. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, wherein the hydrous metal oxide particles have an average BET surface area of at least 100 m2/g. 13. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, wherein the hydrous metal oxide is capable of binding at least one anion that is phosphate, sulfate, nitrate or any combination thereof. 14. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, wherein the hydrous metal oxide is capable of binding one or more waste product comprising creatinine, uric acid, NH4+, beta-2 micro-globulin, bilirubin, citrate, phenol, methanol, or any combination thereof. 15. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, wherein the oxygen-containing additive forms a temporary complex with the metal ion of the hydrous metal oxide. 16. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, wherein the oxygen-containing additive forms a permanent complex with the metal oxide of the hydrous metal oxide. 17. A dialysis system comprising a cartridge that contains the hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1. 18. A portable dialysis system comprising a container that contains the hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1. 19. A hydrous zirconium oxide composition comprising a water-soluble hydrous zirconium oxide polymer in an aqueous solution, wherein the polymer is formed by combining, in an aqueous solvent, zirconium oxychloride with at least one oxygen-containing additive that is capable of forming a complex with zirconium ions, wherein the hydrous zirconium oxide composition, when dried, has a particle size distribution of less than 25% in the range of less than about 25 microns, less than 5% in the range of more than about 100 microns, and more than 70% in the range of from about 25 microns to about 100 microns. 20. A method of making hydrous metal oxide particles according to claim 1 comprising:
combining at least one oxygen-containing additive with at least one water soluble metal salt in an aqueous solvent to form a first solution wherein the oxygen-containing additive forms a complex with metal ions in the first solution; and
combining the first solution with at least one precipitant to obtain hydrous metal oxide particles by sol gel precipitation. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the metal ion of the hydrous metal oxide particles comprises a zirconium ion, a hafnium ion, a titanium ion, a tin ion, or a lead ion. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the metal ion is a zirconium ion and the water soluble metal salt is a zirconium salt. 23. The method of claim 20, wherein the water soluble metal salt is zirconium oxychloride. 24. The method of claim 20, wherein the precipitant has a molarity of from about 5 moles/L to about 25 moles/L. 25. The method of claim 20, wherein the precipitant is an alkali solution. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the alkali solution is sodium hydroxide. 27. The method of claim 20, wherein the water soluble metal salt is zirconium oxychloride and the zirconium oxychloride and precipitant are introduced at a molar ratio of metal salt to precipitant of from about 0.1:1 to about 0.5:1. 28. The method of claim 20, wherein the water soluble metal salt is zirconium oxychloride and the zirconium oxychloride is present in the aqueous solvent at a concentration of from about 0.5 to about 2.0 g/ml. 29. The method of claim 20, wherein the aqueous solvent is deionized water or reverse osmosis water. 30. The method of claim 20, wherein the water soluble metal salt is dissolved in the aqueous solvent and then the oxygen-containing additive is added to form the first solution. 31. The method of claim 20, wherein the water soluble metal salt is present in the aqueous solvent at a saturation concentration. 32. The method of claim 20, wherein the oxygen-containing additive is dissolved in the aqueous solvent and then the water soluble metal salt is added to form the first solution. 33. The method of claim 20, wherein the oxygen-containing additive is present in the first solution in a molar amount sufficient to prevent gelation of the particles. 34. The method of claim 20, wherein the oxygen-containing additive forms a soluble complex with the metal ion of the hydrous metal oxide. 35. The method of claim 20, wherein the oxygen-containing additive forms a temporary complex with the metal ion of the hydrous metal oxide in the solution such that the additive is removable from the particles with a washing step after precipitation. 36. The method of claim 20, wherein the oxygen-containing additive forms a permanent complex with the metal ion of the hydrous metal oxide. 37. The method of claim 20, wherein the first solution and the precipitant are combined by providing the precipitant in an aqueous solution and adding at least part of the first and at least part of the precipitant solution simultaneously to a reaction vessel so that the concentration of precipitant is kept constant in the reaction vessel during a period of time that the precipitant is added to the reaction vessel. 38. The method of claim 20, wherein said first solution is simultaneously added with a diluted solution of precipitant to the reaction vessel. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the reaction vessel includes an agitator. 40. The method of claim 20, wherein a slurry containing at least a hydrous metal oxide gel precipitate is formed, and wherein the slurry is agitated. 41. The method of claim 40, further comprising filtering the slurry after mixing. 42. The method of claim 40, further comprising washing the slurry with deionized water (alkaline wash). 43. The method of claim 42, further comprising forming a filter cake. 44. The method of claim 43, further comprising transferring the filter cake back to deionized water to form a second slurry. 45. The method of claim 44, further comprising titrating the second slurry to lower pH to a value in a range of from about pH 2 to about pH 8 by addition of acid to remove precipitant cations (acid wash). 46. The method of claim 45, further comprising filtering the titrated or acid-washed slurry and drying the product until the moisture of the product is from about 10% to about 40% LOD in the form of free-flowing powder. 47. The method of claim 20, further comprising isolating and drying the resulting hydrous metal oxide particles to obtain a free flowing powder. 48. The method of claim 20, wherein the first solution is in the form of droplets before it is combined with the precipitant. 49. The method of claim 20, wherein the first solution obtained and the precipitant solution are combined so that metal ions and precipitant are present in a molar ratio of from about 0.1 to about 1 of metal to precipitant. 50. A method of making hydrous metal oxide particles having a controlled particle size comprising:
forming hydrous metal oxide particles by sol gel precipitation by the method of claim 1, and controlling at least one of the following parameters to affect particle size or particle size distribution of the hydrous metal oxide particles: rate at which the solution of soluble metal salt is added to the reaction vessel, rate at which the precipitant solution is added to the reaction vessel, pH of the precipitant solution, concentration of soluble metal salt and precipitant in the reaction vessel, or speed of the agitator, or any combination thereof. 51. A method of making hydrous zirconium oxide particles comprising:
combining at least one oxygen-containing additive with zirconium oxychloride in an aqueous solvent to form a first solution wherein the oxygen-containing additive forms a complex with zirconium ions in the solution; and combining the first solution with precipitant to obtain hydrous zirconium oxide particles by sol gel precipitation, wherein the oxygen-containing additive is a surfactant, acetic acid, soda ash, polyvinyl alcohol, tartaric acid, EDTA, glycerol, sodium dodecyl sulfate, or any combination thereof. 52. A method of making hydrous zirconium oxide particles comprising: adding a solution of zirconium oxychloride and a precipitant solution simultaneously to a reaction vessel to obtain hydrous zirconium oxide particles by sol gel precipitation. 53. A composition comprising hydrous metal oxide particles, wherein the particles are formed by the method of claim 1. 54. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 1, further comprising at least one functional group attached to said hydrous metal oxide particles. 55. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 54, wherein said at least one functional group comprises at least one polar functional group. 56. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 54, wherein said functional group comprises a surfactant, an acid, an amine, a sulfate, or any combination thereof. 57. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 54, wherein said functional group is EDTA, sulfonic acid, hydroxy amine, lauryl sulfate, hydroxyl benzene sulfonic acid, or any combination thereof. 58. A hydrous metal oxide particle, wherein said hydrous metal oxide particle has at least one of the following characteristics:
a) a sulfate adsorption capacity of 5 mg/g; b) a BET surface area of at least 100 m2/g; c) a total pore volume of at least 0.09 mL/g; d) a pore size of at least 6 nm; or any combination thereof. 59. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 58, wherein said hydrous metal oxide particles have at least one functional group attached thereto. 60. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 58, wherein the hydrous metal oxide particles have a particle size range of from about 2 to about 200 microns. 61. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 58, wherein the hydrous metal oxide particles have a particle size distribution of less than 25% in the range of less than about 25 microns, less than 5% in the range of more than about 100 microns, and more than 70% in the range of from about 25 microns to about 100 microns. 62. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 58 having a pore volume of at least 0.09 mL/g, or a monolayer volume of at least 37 mL/g (STP), or a 20 to 80 nm pore size content of at least 10%. 63. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 59, wherein said at least one functional group comprises at least one polar functional group. 64. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 59, wherein said functional group comprises a surfactant, an acid, an amine, a sulfate, or any combination thereof. 65. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 59, wherein said functional group is EDTA, sulfonic acid, hydroxy amine, lauryl sulfate, hydroxyl benzene sulfonic acid, or any combination thereof. 66. The hydrous metal oxide particle of claim 1, wherein said hydrous metal oxide particle has at least one of the following characteristics:
a) a sulfate adsorption capacity of 5 mg/g; b) a BET surface area of at least 100 m2/g; c) a total pore volume of at least 0.09 mL/g; d) a pore size of at least 6 nm; or any combination thereof. 67. The hydrous metal oxide particles of claim 66, wherein said hydrous metal oxide particles have at least one functional group attached thereto. | 1,700 |
2,459 | 14,689,515 | 1,781 | A lens assembly, and a method for providing a lens assembly is disclosed herein. The lens assembly includes a first frame piece with a first edge on the direction in which a viewer of the electronic display would face, the first edge forming a first angle with a second edge; a second frame piece with a third edge on the direction in which a viewer of the electronic display would face, the third edge forming a second angle with a fourth edge; a lens with a first lens edge facing the viewer, a second lens edge and third lens edge connected to the first lens edge and forming a lens angle; a first adhesive layer placed between the second edge and the second lens edge to attach the first frame piece to the lens; and a second adhesive layer placed between the fourth edge and the third lens edge to attach the second frame piece to the lens. | 1. A lens assembly for an electronic display, comprising:
a first frame piece with a first edge on the direction in which a viewer of the electronic display would face, the first edge forming a first angle with a second edge; a second frame piece with a third edge on the direction in which a viewer of the electronic display would face, the third edge forming a second angle with a fourth edge; a lens with a first lens edge facing the viewer, a second lens edge and third lens edge connected to the first lens edge and forming a lens angle; a first adhesive layer placed between the second edge and the second lens edge to attach the first frame piece to the lens; and a second adhesive layer placed between the fourth edge and the third lens edge to attach the second frame piece to the lens. 2. The lens assembly according to claim 1, wherein the electronic display is integrated into a center stack area of a vehicle. 3. The lens assembly according to claim 1, wherein the first angle and the second angle are less than 90 degrees. 4. The lens assembly according to claim 3, wherein the lens angle is more than 90 degrees. 5. The lens assembly according to claim 1, wherein the first and second adhesive layer is defined by a Youngs modulus property ranging from between 0.1 through 10 Mpa but with practical example range of 0.2 to 2 Mpa. 6. The lens assembly according to claim 1, wherein a size of a gap between the first edge of the lens and at least one of the first adhesive layer and the second adhesive layer is spaced based on a predetermined determination as a function of temperature range, size of lens and differential coefficient of expansion of frame and lens. 7. The lens assembly according to claim 1, wherein a width of either the first frame piece and the second frame piece is sized based on a predetermined determination. 8. The lens assembly according to claim 1, wherein a size of a gap between the lens and either the first frame piece and the second frame piece is sized based on a predetermined determination. 9. A method for providing a lens assembly, comprising:
providing a first layer, the first layer being defined by a material employed to serve as a bezel of a lens; cutting the first layer into a first edge piece and a second edge piece, each with an inward face, the inward faces being disposed in a slanted manner away from a side oriented to a viewer of the lens assembly; providing a lens in between the first edge piece and the second edge piece; cutting the lens in a manner so that a first lens edge is slanted in an opposite orientation as the inward face of the first edge piece, and the second lens edge is slanted in an opposite orientation as the inward face of the second edge piece; and depositing adhesive material in between the lens and each of the first edge piece and the second edge piece. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the adhesive material is defined by Youngs modulus property ranging from between 0.1 through 10 Mpa but with practical example range of 0.2 to 2 Mpa. 11. The method according to claim 9, further comprising spacing a size of a gap between the first edge of the lens and at least one of the first adhesive layer and the second adhesive layer based on a predetermined determination. 12. The method according to claim 9, further comprising spacing a width of either the first frame piece and the second frame piece is based on a predetermined determination. 13. The method according to claim 9, further comprising spacing a size of a gap between the lens and either the first frame piece and the second frame piece based on a predetermined determination. 14. The method according to claim 9, further comprising determining a viscoelastic property of the adhesive material based on a predetermined amount for retention of the lens assembly. 15. The method according to claim 9, further comprising depositing the adhesive material at an edge of the lens either facing the first frame piece or the second frame piece in order limit breakage deformation. 16. The method according to claim 9, wherein the lens assembly is further configured to seal against a foreign substance. | A lens assembly, and a method for providing a lens assembly is disclosed herein. The lens assembly includes a first frame piece with a first edge on the direction in which a viewer of the electronic display would face, the first edge forming a first angle with a second edge; a second frame piece with a third edge on the direction in which a viewer of the electronic display would face, the third edge forming a second angle with a fourth edge; a lens with a first lens edge facing the viewer, a second lens edge and third lens edge connected to the first lens edge and forming a lens angle; a first adhesive layer placed between the second edge and the second lens edge to attach the first frame piece to the lens; and a second adhesive layer placed between the fourth edge and the third lens edge to attach the second frame piece to the lens.1. A lens assembly for an electronic display, comprising:
a first frame piece with a first edge on the direction in which a viewer of the electronic display would face, the first edge forming a first angle with a second edge; a second frame piece with a third edge on the direction in which a viewer of the electronic display would face, the third edge forming a second angle with a fourth edge; a lens with a first lens edge facing the viewer, a second lens edge and third lens edge connected to the first lens edge and forming a lens angle; a first adhesive layer placed between the second edge and the second lens edge to attach the first frame piece to the lens; and a second adhesive layer placed between the fourth edge and the third lens edge to attach the second frame piece to the lens. 2. The lens assembly according to claim 1, wherein the electronic display is integrated into a center stack area of a vehicle. 3. The lens assembly according to claim 1, wherein the first angle and the second angle are less than 90 degrees. 4. The lens assembly according to claim 3, wherein the lens angle is more than 90 degrees. 5. The lens assembly according to claim 1, wherein the first and second adhesive layer is defined by a Youngs modulus property ranging from between 0.1 through 10 Mpa but with practical example range of 0.2 to 2 Mpa. 6. The lens assembly according to claim 1, wherein a size of a gap between the first edge of the lens and at least one of the first adhesive layer and the second adhesive layer is spaced based on a predetermined determination as a function of temperature range, size of lens and differential coefficient of expansion of frame and lens. 7. The lens assembly according to claim 1, wherein a width of either the first frame piece and the second frame piece is sized based on a predetermined determination. 8. The lens assembly according to claim 1, wherein a size of a gap between the lens and either the first frame piece and the second frame piece is sized based on a predetermined determination. 9. A method for providing a lens assembly, comprising:
providing a first layer, the first layer being defined by a material employed to serve as a bezel of a lens; cutting the first layer into a first edge piece and a second edge piece, each with an inward face, the inward faces being disposed in a slanted manner away from a side oriented to a viewer of the lens assembly; providing a lens in between the first edge piece and the second edge piece; cutting the lens in a manner so that a first lens edge is slanted in an opposite orientation as the inward face of the first edge piece, and the second lens edge is slanted in an opposite orientation as the inward face of the second edge piece; and depositing adhesive material in between the lens and each of the first edge piece and the second edge piece. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the adhesive material is defined by Youngs modulus property ranging from between 0.1 through 10 Mpa but with practical example range of 0.2 to 2 Mpa. 11. The method according to claim 9, further comprising spacing a size of a gap between the first edge of the lens and at least one of the first adhesive layer and the second adhesive layer based on a predetermined determination. 12. The method according to claim 9, further comprising spacing a width of either the first frame piece and the second frame piece is based on a predetermined determination. 13. The method according to claim 9, further comprising spacing a size of a gap between the lens and either the first frame piece and the second frame piece based on a predetermined determination. 14. The method according to claim 9, further comprising determining a viscoelastic property of the adhesive material based on a predetermined amount for retention of the lens assembly. 15. The method according to claim 9, further comprising depositing the adhesive material at an edge of the lens either facing the first frame piece or the second frame piece in order limit breakage deformation. 16. The method according to claim 9, wherein the lens assembly is further configured to seal against a foreign substance. | 1,700 |
2,460 | 14,768,771 | 1,798 | Paramagnetic fine particles of 1 micron or less used under a strong magnetic field were shown to form beads-like aggregates along the magnetic flux, and become irregularly shaped as such a mass of particles combines with a flat particle layer. This phenomenon becomes a factor that degrades the quality of quantification in bioanalysis. By confining a solution of microscopic magnetic fine particles between flat substrates of high wettability as thin a vertical thickness as possible and attracting the magnetic fine particles under a magnetic field applied from the side of one of the flat substrates, the magnetic fine particles can be evenly immobilized in the form of a film on the substrate surface in a dispersion state, and the quality of the biomolecule quantification can be improved. | 1. A biomolecule analyzing device comprising a solution vessel defined between a pair of highly hydrophilic upper and lower flat substrates, and magnetic field generating means disposed on the side of one of the flat substrates, and that enables switching on and off of a magnetic force, or switching of magnetic force strengths, wherein the magnetic field generating means immobilizes magnetic fine particles on the substrate inside the solution vessel. 2. The biomolecule analyzing device according to claim 1, wherein the width between the flat substrates is 100 μm or less. 3. The biomolecule analyzing device according to claim 1, wherein the magnetic fine particles are paramagnetic fine particles having a particle size of 0.02 to 1 μm. 4. The biomolecule analyzing device according to claim, wherein the flat substrates have a surface contact angle of 30° or less for distilled water. 5. The biomolecule analyzing device according to claim 1, wherein a solution is introduced into the solution vessel with capillary action created by the upper and lower flat substrates of high wettability. 6. The biomolecule analyzing device according to claim 1, wherein the biomolecule analyzing device uses one of an electromagnet, a movable permanent magnet, an electromagnet coupled to a movable magnetic field shield, and a permanent magnet coupled to a movable magnetic field shield as the magnetic field generator (generating means). 7. The biomolecule analyzing device according to claim 1, comprising a channel structure with flowing means configured from inlet and outlet flow tubes having hydrophobic surfaces and joined to an inlet and an outlet, respectively, of the solution vessel. 8. The biomolecule analyzing device according to claim 1, wherein, in claim 1, the biomolecule is an antigen molecule, and is captured on the magnetic fine particles through antigen-antibody reaction. 9. The biomolecule analyzing device according to claim 1, wherein, in claim 1, the biomolecule is a nucleic acid molecule, and is captured on the magnetic fine particles through hybridization. 10. A biomolecule analyzer comprising the biosample analyzing device of claim 1 as an integral unit with means to excite a fluorescent dye, and means to detect fluorescence. 11. The biomolecule analyzer according to claim 10, wherein the flat substrate on the detector side uses glass, or an optical polymer subjected to a hydrophilic treatment. 12. The biomolecule analyzer according to claim 10, wherein an incident-light light microscope is used as the means to excite the fluorescent dye and detect fluorescence. 13. The biomolecule analyzer according to claim 10, wherein the biomolecule is labeled with a fluorescent dye and counted one by one. 14. The biomolecule analyzer according to claim 10, wherein a magnetic fine particle solution is introduced into the solution vessel with a magnetic force being switched off or in a weak mode, and a fluorescent dye is observed after switching on a magnetic force or switching to a strong mode. | Paramagnetic fine particles of 1 micron or less used under a strong magnetic field were shown to form beads-like aggregates along the magnetic flux, and become irregularly shaped as such a mass of particles combines with a flat particle layer. This phenomenon becomes a factor that degrades the quality of quantification in bioanalysis. By confining a solution of microscopic magnetic fine particles between flat substrates of high wettability as thin a vertical thickness as possible and attracting the magnetic fine particles under a magnetic field applied from the side of one of the flat substrates, the magnetic fine particles can be evenly immobilized in the form of a film on the substrate surface in a dispersion state, and the quality of the biomolecule quantification can be improved.1. A biomolecule analyzing device comprising a solution vessel defined between a pair of highly hydrophilic upper and lower flat substrates, and magnetic field generating means disposed on the side of one of the flat substrates, and that enables switching on and off of a magnetic force, or switching of magnetic force strengths, wherein the magnetic field generating means immobilizes magnetic fine particles on the substrate inside the solution vessel. 2. The biomolecule analyzing device according to claim 1, wherein the width between the flat substrates is 100 μm or less. 3. The biomolecule analyzing device according to claim 1, wherein the magnetic fine particles are paramagnetic fine particles having a particle size of 0.02 to 1 μm. 4. The biomolecule analyzing device according to claim, wherein the flat substrates have a surface contact angle of 30° or less for distilled water. 5. The biomolecule analyzing device according to claim 1, wherein a solution is introduced into the solution vessel with capillary action created by the upper and lower flat substrates of high wettability. 6. The biomolecule analyzing device according to claim 1, wherein the biomolecule analyzing device uses one of an electromagnet, a movable permanent magnet, an electromagnet coupled to a movable magnetic field shield, and a permanent magnet coupled to a movable magnetic field shield as the magnetic field generator (generating means). 7. The biomolecule analyzing device according to claim 1, comprising a channel structure with flowing means configured from inlet and outlet flow tubes having hydrophobic surfaces and joined to an inlet and an outlet, respectively, of the solution vessel. 8. The biomolecule analyzing device according to claim 1, wherein, in claim 1, the biomolecule is an antigen molecule, and is captured on the magnetic fine particles through antigen-antibody reaction. 9. The biomolecule analyzing device according to claim 1, wherein, in claim 1, the biomolecule is a nucleic acid molecule, and is captured on the magnetic fine particles through hybridization. 10. A biomolecule analyzer comprising the biosample analyzing device of claim 1 as an integral unit with means to excite a fluorescent dye, and means to detect fluorescence. 11. The biomolecule analyzer according to claim 10, wherein the flat substrate on the detector side uses glass, or an optical polymer subjected to a hydrophilic treatment. 12. The biomolecule analyzer according to claim 10, wherein an incident-light light microscope is used as the means to excite the fluorescent dye and detect fluorescence. 13. The biomolecule analyzer according to claim 10, wherein the biomolecule is labeled with a fluorescent dye and counted one by one. 14. The biomolecule analyzer according to claim 10, wherein a magnetic fine particle solution is introduced into the solution vessel with a magnetic force being switched off or in a weak mode, and a fluorescent dye is observed after switching on a magnetic force or switching to a strong mode. | 1,700 |
2,461 | 14,705,430 | 1,716 | A substrate processing system includes a processing chamber and a pedestal arranged in the processing chamber. An edge coupling ring is arranged adjacent to a radially outer edge of the pedestal. A first actuator is configured to selectively move the edge coupling ring to a raised position, relative to the pedestal to provide clearance between the edge coupling ring and the pedestal to allow a robot arm to remove the edge coupling ring from the processing chamber. | 1. A substrate processing system, comprising:
a processing chamber; a pedestal arranged in the processing chamber; an edge coupling ring arranged adjacent to a radially outer edge of the pedestal; and a first actuator configured to selectively move the edge coupling ring to a raised position relative to the pedestal to provide clearance between the edge coupling ring and the pedestal to allow a robot arm to remove the edge coupling ring from the processing chamber. 2. The substrate processing system of claim 1, further comprising a lifting ring arranged below at least part of the edge coupling ring wherein the first actuator biases the lifting ring and the lifting ring biases the edge coupling ring. 3. The substrate processing system of claim 2, further comprising a pillar arranged between the first actuator and the lifting ring. 4. The substrate processing system of claim 2, further comprising a robot arm configured to remove the edge coupling ring from the processing chamber when the edge coupling ring and the lifting ring are in a raised position. 5. The substrate processing system of claim 4, further comprising a holder connected to the robot arm, wherein the holder includes a self-centering feature that mates with a self-centering feature on the edge coupling ring. 6. The substrate processing system of claim 2, wherein the edge coupling ring includes a self-centering feature that mates with a self-centering feature on the lifting ring. 7. The substrate processing system of claim 2, further comprising a bottom edge coupling ring arranged below at least part of the edge coupling ring and the lifting ring. 8. The substrate processing system of claim 7, wherein the bottom edge coupling ring includes a self-centering feature that mates with a self-centering feature on the lifting ring. 9. The substrate processing system of claim 3, wherein:
the lifting ring includes a projection that extends radially outwardly; the projection includes a groove formed on a bottom facing surface thereof; and the groove is biased by the pillar when the edge coupling ring is lifted. 10. The substrate processing system of claim 1, wherein the robot arm removes the edge coupling ring from the processing chamber without requiring the processing chamber to be opened to atmospheric pressure. 11. The substrate processing system of claim 2, further comprising a second actuator configured to move the edge coupling ring relative to the lifting ring to alter an edge coupling profile of the edge coupling ring. 12. The substrate processing system of claim 11, further comprising a middle edge coupling ring arranged between at least part of the edge coupling ring and the lifting ring, wherein the middle edge coupling ring remains stationary when the second actuator moves the edge coupling ring relative to the lifting ring. 13. The substrate processing system of claim 11, further comprising a controller configured to move the edge coupling ring using the second actuator in response to erosion of a plasma-facing surface of the edge coupling ring. 14. The substrate processing system of claim 13, wherein the controller is configured to automatically move the edge coupling ring using the second actuator after the edge coupling ring is exposed to a predetermined number of etching cycles. 15. The substrate processing system of claim 13, wherein the controller is configured to automatically move the edge coupling ring using the second actuator after the edge coupling ring is exposed to a predetermined period of etching. 16. The substrate processing system of claim 13, further comprising a sensor configured to communicate with the controller and to detect the erosion of the edge coupling ring. 17. The substrate processing system of claim 16, further comprising a robot arm configured to communicate with the controller and to adjust a position of the sensor. 18. The substrate processing system of claim 11, further comprising a controller configured to move the edge coupling ring to a first position using the second actuator for a first treatment of the substrate using a first edge coupling effect and then to a second position using the second actuator for a second treatment of the substrate using a second edge coupling effect that is different than the first edge coupling effect. 19-33. (canceled) | A substrate processing system includes a processing chamber and a pedestal arranged in the processing chamber. An edge coupling ring is arranged adjacent to a radially outer edge of the pedestal. A first actuator is configured to selectively move the edge coupling ring to a raised position, relative to the pedestal to provide clearance between the edge coupling ring and the pedestal to allow a robot arm to remove the edge coupling ring from the processing chamber.1. A substrate processing system, comprising:
a processing chamber; a pedestal arranged in the processing chamber; an edge coupling ring arranged adjacent to a radially outer edge of the pedestal; and a first actuator configured to selectively move the edge coupling ring to a raised position relative to the pedestal to provide clearance between the edge coupling ring and the pedestal to allow a robot arm to remove the edge coupling ring from the processing chamber. 2. The substrate processing system of claim 1, further comprising a lifting ring arranged below at least part of the edge coupling ring wherein the first actuator biases the lifting ring and the lifting ring biases the edge coupling ring. 3. The substrate processing system of claim 2, further comprising a pillar arranged between the first actuator and the lifting ring. 4. The substrate processing system of claim 2, further comprising a robot arm configured to remove the edge coupling ring from the processing chamber when the edge coupling ring and the lifting ring are in a raised position. 5. The substrate processing system of claim 4, further comprising a holder connected to the robot arm, wherein the holder includes a self-centering feature that mates with a self-centering feature on the edge coupling ring. 6. The substrate processing system of claim 2, wherein the edge coupling ring includes a self-centering feature that mates with a self-centering feature on the lifting ring. 7. The substrate processing system of claim 2, further comprising a bottom edge coupling ring arranged below at least part of the edge coupling ring and the lifting ring. 8. The substrate processing system of claim 7, wherein the bottom edge coupling ring includes a self-centering feature that mates with a self-centering feature on the lifting ring. 9. The substrate processing system of claim 3, wherein:
the lifting ring includes a projection that extends radially outwardly; the projection includes a groove formed on a bottom facing surface thereof; and the groove is biased by the pillar when the edge coupling ring is lifted. 10. The substrate processing system of claim 1, wherein the robot arm removes the edge coupling ring from the processing chamber without requiring the processing chamber to be opened to atmospheric pressure. 11. The substrate processing system of claim 2, further comprising a second actuator configured to move the edge coupling ring relative to the lifting ring to alter an edge coupling profile of the edge coupling ring. 12. The substrate processing system of claim 11, further comprising a middle edge coupling ring arranged between at least part of the edge coupling ring and the lifting ring, wherein the middle edge coupling ring remains stationary when the second actuator moves the edge coupling ring relative to the lifting ring. 13. The substrate processing system of claim 11, further comprising a controller configured to move the edge coupling ring using the second actuator in response to erosion of a plasma-facing surface of the edge coupling ring. 14. The substrate processing system of claim 13, wherein the controller is configured to automatically move the edge coupling ring using the second actuator after the edge coupling ring is exposed to a predetermined number of etching cycles. 15. The substrate processing system of claim 13, wherein the controller is configured to automatically move the edge coupling ring using the second actuator after the edge coupling ring is exposed to a predetermined period of etching. 16. The substrate processing system of claim 13, further comprising a sensor configured to communicate with the controller and to detect the erosion of the edge coupling ring. 17. The substrate processing system of claim 16, further comprising a robot arm configured to communicate with the controller and to adjust a position of the sensor. 18. The substrate processing system of claim 11, further comprising a controller configured to move the edge coupling ring to a first position using the second actuator for a first treatment of the substrate using a first edge coupling effect and then to a second position using the second actuator for a second treatment of the substrate using a second edge coupling effect that is different than the first edge coupling effect. 19-33. (canceled) | 1,700 |
2,462 | 14,024,540 | 1,725 | An apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water, including a first porous electrode having first pores, a second porous electrode having second pores, a non-conducting permeable separator between the first porous electrode and the second porous electrode, a system for applying an electric potential difference between the first porous electrode, and the second porous electrode, and a system for flowing the fresh water and the salt water through the first porous electrode having first pores, through the non-conducting permeable separator, and through the second porous electrode having second pores thereby harvesting energy from the fresh water and the salt water. | 1. An apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water, comprising:
a first porous electrode having first pores, a second porous electrode having second pores, a on-conducting permeable separator between said first porous electrode and said second porous electrode, a system for applying an electric potential difference between said first porous electrode, and said second porous electrode, and a system for flowing the fresh water and the salt water through said first porous electrode having first pores, through said non-conducting permeable separator, and through said second porous electrode having second pores thereby harvesting energy from the fresh water and the salt water. 2. The apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water of claim 1 wherein said non-conducting permeable separator has a width that is less than 100 μm thick. 3. The apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water of claim 1 wherein said non-conducting permeable separator has a width and said width is between 20 μm and 100 μm. 4. The apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water of claim 1 wherein said first porous electrode conductor has a first electrode conductor width and wherein said non-conducting permeable separator has a width that is less forty percent of said first electrode width. 5. The apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water of claim 4 wherein said second porous electrode has a second electrode width and wherein said non-conducting permeable separator has a width that is less forty percent of said second electrode width. 6. The apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water of claim 1 wherein said first pores of said first porous electrode having first pores comprise transport pores with diameter greater than 500 nm for effecting transport of the target salt solution and adsorption pores with diameter less than 100 nm. 7. The apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water of claim 1 wherein said first porous electrode having first pores is made of carbon. 8. The apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water of claim 1 wherein said second porous electrode having second pores is made of carbon. 9. The apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water of claim 1 wherein said first porous electrode having first pores is made of carbon and wherein said second porous electrode having second pores is made of carbon. 10. The apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water of claim 1 wherein said first porous electrode having first pores is made of carbon aerogel. 11. The apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water of claim 1 wherein said first porous electrode having first pores and said second porous electrode having second pores are made of carbon aerogel. 12. The apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water of claim 1 further comprising additional units of apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water wherein said additional units of apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water comprise a third porous electrode having third pores, a fourth porous electrode having fourth pores, an additional non-conducting permeable separator between said third porous electrode and said fourth porous electrode, a system for applying an electric potential difference between said third porous electrode, and said fourth porous electrode, and a system for flowing the fresh water and the salt water through said third porous electrode having third pores, through said additional non-conducting permeable separator, and through said fourth porous electrode having fourth pores. 13. A method of harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water, comprising the steps of:
providing a porous electrode having first pores, providing a second porous electrode having second pores, providing a non-conducting permeable separator between said first porous electrode and said second porous electrode, applying an electric field between said first porous electrode and said second porous electrode, and alternately flowing the fresh water and the salt water through said first pores of said first porous electrode, said second pores of said second porous electrode, and said separator for harvesting energy from the fresh water and salt water. 14. The method of harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water of claim 13 wherein said step of providing a separator between said first porous electrode and said second porous electrode comprises providing a non-conducting permeable separator that has a width and said width is less than 100 μm thick between said first porous electrode and said second porous electrode. 15. The method of harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water of claim 13 wherein said step of providing a first porous electrode having first pores comprises providing a first porous electrode having first pores wherein said first pores include transport pores with diameter greater than 500 nm for effecting transport of the fresh water and salt water with diameter less than 100 nm. 16. A method of harvesting energy, comprising the steps of:
providing fresh water, providing salt water, providing a porous electrode having first pores, providing a second porous electrode having second pores, providing a non-conducting permeable separator between said first porous electrode and said second porous electrode, applying an electric field between said first porous electrode and said second porous electrode, and alternately flowing said fresh water and said salt water through said first pores of said first porous electrode, said second pores of said second porous electrode, and said separator for harvesting energy. 17. The method of harvesting energy of claim 16 wherein said step of providing a separator between said first porous electrode and said second porous electrode comprises providing a non-conducting permeable separator that has a width and said width is less than 100 μm thick between said first porous electrode and said second porous electrode. 18. The method of harvesting energy of claim 16 wherein said step of providing a first porous electrode having first pores comprises providing a first porous electrode having first pores wherein said first pores include transport pores with diameter greater than 500 nm for effecting transport of the fresh water and salt water with diameter less than 100 nm. 19. The apparatus for harvesting energy of claim 16 wherein said fresh water is river water. 20. The apparatus for harvesting energy of claim 16 wherein said fresh water is municipal waste. 21. The apparatus for harvesting energy of claim 16 wherein said salt water is ocean water. 22. The apparatus for harvesting energy of claim 16 wherein said salt water is urine. 23. The apparatus for harvesting energy of claim 16 wherein said fresh water is river water and wherein said salt water is ocean water. | An apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water, including a first porous electrode having first pores, a second porous electrode having second pores, a non-conducting permeable separator between the first porous electrode and the second porous electrode, a system for applying an electric potential difference between the first porous electrode, and the second porous electrode, and a system for flowing the fresh water and the salt water through the first porous electrode having first pores, through the non-conducting permeable separator, and through the second porous electrode having second pores thereby harvesting energy from the fresh water and the salt water.1. An apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water, comprising:
a first porous electrode having first pores, a second porous electrode having second pores, a on-conducting permeable separator between said first porous electrode and said second porous electrode, a system for applying an electric potential difference between said first porous electrode, and said second porous electrode, and a system for flowing the fresh water and the salt water through said first porous electrode having first pores, through said non-conducting permeable separator, and through said second porous electrode having second pores thereby harvesting energy from the fresh water and the salt water. 2. The apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water of claim 1 wherein said non-conducting permeable separator has a width that is less than 100 μm thick. 3. The apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water of claim 1 wherein said non-conducting permeable separator has a width and said width is between 20 μm and 100 μm. 4. The apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water of claim 1 wherein said first porous electrode conductor has a first electrode conductor width and wherein said non-conducting permeable separator has a width that is less forty percent of said first electrode width. 5. The apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water of claim 4 wherein said second porous electrode has a second electrode width and wherein said non-conducting permeable separator has a width that is less forty percent of said second electrode width. 6. The apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water of claim 1 wherein said first pores of said first porous electrode having first pores comprise transport pores with diameter greater than 500 nm for effecting transport of the target salt solution and adsorption pores with diameter less than 100 nm. 7. The apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water of claim 1 wherein said first porous electrode having first pores is made of carbon. 8. The apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water of claim 1 wherein said second porous electrode having second pores is made of carbon. 9. The apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water of claim 1 wherein said first porous electrode having first pores is made of carbon and wherein said second porous electrode having second pores is made of carbon. 10. The apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water of claim 1 wherein said first porous electrode having first pores is made of carbon aerogel. 11. The apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water of claim 1 wherein said first porous electrode having first pores and said second porous electrode having second pores are made of carbon aerogel. 12. The apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water of claim 1 further comprising additional units of apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water wherein said additional units of apparatus for harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water comprise a third porous electrode having third pores, a fourth porous electrode having fourth pores, an additional non-conducting permeable separator between said third porous electrode and said fourth porous electrode, a system for applying an electric potential difference between said third porous electrode, and said fourth porous electrode, and a system for flowing the fresh water and the salt water through said third porous electrode having third pores, through said additional non-conducting permeable separator, and through said fourth porous electrode having fourth pores. 13. A method of harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water, comprising the steps of:
providing a porous electrode having first pores, providing a second porous electrode having second pores, providing a non-conducting permeable separator between said first porous electrode and said second porous electrode, applying an electric field between said first porous electrode and said second porous electrode, and alternately flowing the fresh water and the salt water through said first pores of said first porous electrode, said second pores of said second porous electrode, and said separator for harvesting energy from the fresh water and salt water. 14. The method of harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water of claim 13 wherein said step of providing a separator between said first porous electrode and said second porous electrode comprises providing a non-conducting permeable separator that has a width and said width is less than 100 μm thick between said first porous electrode and said second porous electrode. 15. The method of harvesting energy from fresh water and salt water of claim 13 wherein said step of providing a first porous electrode having first pores comprises providing a first porous electrode having first pores wherein said first pores include transport pores with diameter greater than 500 nm for effecting transport of the fresh water and salt water with diameter less than 100 nm. 16. A method of harvesting energy, comprising the steps of:
providing fresh water, providing salt water, providing a porous electrode having first pores, providing a second porous electrode having second pores, providing a non-conducting permeable separator between said first porous electrode and said second porous electrode, applying an electric field between said first porous electrode and said second porous electrode, and alternately flowing said fresh water and said salt water through said first pores of said first porous electrode, said second pores of said second porous electrode, and said separator for harvesting energy. 17. The method of harvesting energy of claim 16 wherein said step of providing a separator between said first porous electrode and said second porous electrode comprises providing a non-conducting permeable separator that has a width and said width is less than 100 μm thick between said first porous electrode and said second porous electrode. 18. The method of harvesting energy of claim 16 wherein said step of providing a first porous electrode having first pores comprises providing a first porous electrode having first pores wherein said first pores include transport pores with diameter greater than 500 nm for effecting transport of the fresh water and salt water with diameter less than 100 nm. 19. The apparatus for harvesting energy of claim 16 wherein said fresh water is river water. 20. The apparatus for harvesting energy of claim 16 wherein said fresh water is municipal waste. 21. The apparatus for harvesting energy of claim 16 wherein said salt water is ocean water. 22. The apparatus for harvesting energy of claim 16 wherein said salt water is urine. 23. The apparatus for harvesting energy of claim 16 wherein said fresh water is river water and wherein said salt water is ocean water. | 1,700 |
2,463 | 14,355,148 | 1,795 | Process for deposition of a dense thin film comprising at least one material Px on a substrate, in which:
(a) a colloidal suspension is procured containing nanoparticles of at least one material Px, (b) said substrate is immersed in said colloidal suspension, jointly with a counter electrode, (c) an electrical voltage is applied between said substrate and said counter electrode so as to obtain the electrophoretic deposition of a compact film comprising nanoparticles of said at least one material Px on said substrate, (d) said compact film is dried, (e) said film is mechanically consolidated, (f) thermal consolidation is carried out at a temperature T R that does not exceed 0.7 times (and preferably does not exceed 0.5 times) the melting or decomposition temperature (expressed in ° C.) of the material Px that melts at the lowest temperature, preferably at a temperature of between 160° C. and 600° C., and even more preferably at a temperature of between 160° C. and 400° C.,
knowing that steps (e) and (f) can be carried out simultaneously, or can be inverted. | 1-15. (canceled) 16. A process for deposition of a dense thin film having at least one material Px on a substrate, the process comprising:
providing a colloidal suspension containing nanoparticles of at least one material Px, wherein the diameter of said nanoparticles of the at least one material Px is less than 100 nm; immersing, together with a counter electrode, said substrate in said colloidal suspension; applying an electrical voltage between said substrate and said counter electrode to obtain an electrophoretic deposition of a compact film having nanoparticles of said at least one material Px on said substrate; drying said compact film; mechanically consolidating said compact film; and conducting a thermal consolidation at a temperature that does not exceed 0.7 times a melting or decomposition temperature of the at least one material Px that melts at a lowest temperature. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein the diameter of said nanoparticles of the at least one material Px is less than one of:
30 nm; and 10 nm. 18. The process of claim 16, wherein the thermal consolidation is conducted at a temperature that does not exceed 0.5 times a melting or decomposition temperature of the at least one material Px that melts at a lowest temperature. 19. The process of claim 16, wherein the thermal consolidation is conducted at a temperature that does not exceed 0.3 times a melting or decomposition temperature of the at least one material Px that melts at a lowest temperature. 20. The process of claim 16, wherein the thermal consolidation is conducted at a temperature of between one of:
160° C. and 600° C.; and 160° C. and 400° C. 21. The process of claim 16, wherein the electrophoretic deposit has a thickness that is less than one of:
10 μm; and 5 μm. 22. The process of claim 16, wherein said colloidal suspension contains nanoparticles of several different materials. 23. The process of claim 16, wherein said colloidal suspension contains nanoparticles of at least one material Mx. 24. The process of claim 16, wherein said colloidal suspension has a zeta potential of more than one of:
40 mV expressed in absolute value; and 60 mV expressed in absolute value. 25. The process of claim 16, wherein said colloidal suspension contains one of a steric stabilizer or a electrostatic stabilizer. 26. The process of claim 16, wherein said colloidal suspension does not contain a steric stabilizer or a electrostatic stabilizer. 27. The process of claim 16, wherein the mechanical consolidation is conducted at pressures between one of:
10 and 100 MPa; 10 and 50 MPa; and 15 and 35 MPa 28. The process of claim 16, wherein the dense thin film obtained has a porosity of one of less than one of:
20%; 10%; and 5%. 29. The process of claim 16, wherein said thermal consolidation is conducted under vacuum. 30. The process of claim 16, wherein Px particles used to prepare cathode films in Li-ion type batteries are chosen from among at least one of the following materials Mx:
LiMn2O4, LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4, LiMn1.5Ni0.5−xXxO4 oxides (where x is selected from among Al, Fe, Cr, Co, Rh, Nd, other rare earths, and where 0<x<0.1), LiFeO2, LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O4; LiFePO4, LiMnPO4, LiCoPO4, LiNiPO4, Li3V2(PO4)3 phosphates; and all lithium forms of the following chalcogenides: V2O5, V3O8, TiS2, TiOySz, WOySz, CuS, CuS2. 31. The process of claim 16, wherein Px particles to prepare anode films in Li-ion type batteries are chosen from among at least one of the following materials Mx:
tin oxinitrides (SnOxNy); mixed silicon and tin oxinitrides (SiaSnbOyNz where a>0, b>0, a+b≦2, 0<y≦4, 0<z≦3) (also called SiTON); and oxynitrides in the form SiaSnbCcOyNz where a>0, b>0, a+b≦2, 0<c−10, 0<y<24, 0<z<17; SiaSnbCcOyNzXn and SiaSnbOyNzXn where Xn is at least one of the elements F, CI, Br, I, S, Se, Te, P, As, Sb, Bi, Ge, Pb; and SnO2, Li4Ti5O12, SnB0.6P0.4O2.9 oxides. 32. The process of claim 16, wherein Px particles used to prepare anode films in Li-ion type batteries comprise SiSn0.87O1.2N1.72. 33. The process of claim 16, wherein Px particles used to prepare an electrolyte thin film are chosen from among one or several of the following materials Mx:
lithium compounds based on lithium and phosphorus oxinitrides (called LiPON) in the form LixPOyNz where x˜2.8 and 2y+3z˜7.8 and 0.16≦z≦0.4, but also all variants in the form LiwPOxNySz where 2x+3y+2z=5=w and 3.2≦x≦3.8, 0.13≦y≦0.4, 0≦z≦0.2, 2.9≦w≦3.3 or in the form LitPxAlyOuNvSw where 5x+3y=5, 2u+3v+2w=5+t, 2.9≦t≦3.3, 0.94≦x≦0.84, 0.094≦y≦0.26, 3.2≦u≦3.8, 0.13≦v≦0.46, 0≦w≦0.2; lithium compounds based on lithium, phosphorus and silicon oxinitrides (called LiSiPON); lithium oxinitrides of the LiBON, LiBSO, LiSiPON, LiSON, thio-LiSiCON, LiPONB types (where B, P and S represent boron, phosphorus and sulfur respectively); La0.51Li0.34Ti2.94, Li3.4V0.4Ge0.6O4, Li2O—Nb2O5, LiAlGaSPO4 compounds; and formulations based on Li4SiO4, Li3PO4, Li2CO3, B2O3, Li2O, Al(PO3)3LiF, P2S3, Li2S, Li3N, Li14Zn(GeO4)4, Li3.6Ge0.6V0.4O4, LiTi2(PO4)3, Li0.35La0.55TiO3, Li3.25Ge0.25P0.25S4, Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3, Li1+xAlxM2−x(PO4)3 (where M=Ge, Ti, and/or Hf, and where 0<x<1), Li1+x+yAlxTi2−xSiyP3−yO12 (where 0≦x≦1 and 0≦y≦1), Li1+x+zMx(Ge1−yTiy)2−xSizP3−zO12 (where 0≦x≦≦0.8; 0≦y≦1.0, 0≦z≦0.6). 34. The process of claim 16, wherein Px particles used to prepare an electrolyte thin film comprise Li2.9PO3.3N0.46 particles. 35. The process of claim 16, wherein Px particles used to prepare an electrolyte thin film comprise Li1.9Si0.28P1.0O1.1N1.0 particles. 36. The process of claim 16, wherein Px particles used to prepare an electrolyte thin film comprise formulations based on 4.9LiI-34, 1Li2O-61B2O3, 0.30Li2S-0.26B2S3-0.44LiI, 60Li2S-40SiS2, 0.02Li3PO4-0.98(Li2S—SiS2), 2(Li1.4Ti2Si0.4P2.6O12)—AlPO4, and 0.7Li2S-0.3P2S5. 37. The process of claim 16, wherein the thin film comprises at least one of dielectric, magnetic, ferroelectric, piezoelectric, optical and electrode films in electronic, electrical and electro-technical devices. | Process for deposition of a dense thin film comprising at least one material Px on a substrate, in which:
(a) a colloidal suspension is procured containing nanoparticles of at least one material Px, (b) said substrate is immersed in said colloidal suspension, jointly with a counter electrode, (c) an electrical voltage is applied between said substrate and said counter electrode so as to obtain the electrophoretic deposition of a compact film comprising nanoparticles of said at least one material Px on said substrate, (d) said compact film is dried, (e) said film is mechanically consolidated, (f) thermal consolidation is carried out at a temperature T R that does not exceed 0.7 times (and preferably does not exceed 0.5 times) the melting or decomposition temperature (expressed in ° C.) of the material Px that melts at the lowest temperature, preferably at a temperature of between 160° C. and 600° C., and even more preferably at a temperature of between 160° C. and 400° C.,
knowing that steps (e) and (f) can be carried out simultaneously, or can be inverted.1-15. (canceled) 16. A process for deposition of a dense thin film having at least one material Px on a substrate, the process comprising:
providing a colloidal suspension containing nanoparticles of at least one material Px, wherein the diameter of said nanoparticles of the at least one material Px is less than 100 nm; immersing, together with a counter electrode, said substrate in said colloidal suspension; applying an electrical voltage between said substrate and said counter electrode to obtain an electrophoretic deposition of a compact film having nanoparticles of said at least one material Px on said substrate; drying said compact film; mechanically consolidating said compact film; and conducting a thermal consolidation at a temperature that does not exceed 0.7 times a melting or decomposition temperature of the at least one material Px that melts at a lowest temperature. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein the diameter of said nanoparticles of the at least one material Px is less than one of:
30 nm; and 10 nm. 18. The process of claim 16, wherein the thermal consolidation is conducted at a temperature that does not exceed 0.5 times a melting or decomposition temperature of the at least one material Px that melts at a lowest temperature. 19. The process of claim 16, wherein the thermal consolidation is conducted at a temperature that does not exceed 0.3 times a melting or decomposition temperature of the at least one material Px that melts at a lowest temperature. 20. The process of claim 16, wherein the thermal consolidation is conducted at a temperature of between one of:
160° C. and 600° C.; and 160° C. and 400° C. 21. The process of claim 16, wherein the electrophoretic deposit has a thickness that is less than one of:
10 μm; and 5 μm. 22. The process of claim 16, wherein said colloidal suspension contains nanoparticles of several different materials. 23. The process of claim 16, wherein said colloidal suspension contains nanoparticles of at least one material Mx. 24. The process of claim 16, wherein said colloidal suspension has a zeta potential of more than one of:
40 mV expressed in absolute value; and 60 mV expressed in absolute value. 25. The process of claim 16, wherein said colloidal suspension contains one of a steric stabilizer or a electrostatic stabilizer. 26. The process of claim 16, wherein said colloidal suspension does not contain a steric stabilizer or a electrostatic stabilizer. 27. The process of claim 16, wherein the mechanical consolidation is conducted at pressures between one of:
10 and 100 MPa; 10 and 50 MPa; and 15 and 35 MPa 28. The process of claim 16, wherein the dense thin film obtained has a porosity of one of less than one of:
20%; 10%; and 5%. 29. The process of claim 16, wherein said thermal consolidation is conducted under vacuum. 30. The process of claim 16, wherein Px particles used to prepare cathode films in Li-ion type batteries are chosen from among at least one of the following materials Mx:
LiMn2O4, LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4, LiMn1.5Ni0.5−xXxO4 oxides (where x is selected from among Al, Fe, Cr, Co, Rh, Nd, other rare earths, and where 0<x<0.1), LiFeO2, LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O4; LiFePO4, LiMnPO4, LiCoPO4, LiNiPO4, Li3V2(PO4)3 phosphates; and all lithium forms of the following chalcogenides: V2O5, V3O8, TiS2, TiOySz, WOySz, CuS, CuS2. 31. The process of claim 16, wherein Px particles to prepare anode films in Li-ion type batteries are chosen from among at least one of the following materials Mx:
tin oxinitrides (SnOxNy); mixed silicon and tin oxinitrides (SiaSnbOyNz where a>0, b>0, a+b≦2, 0<y≦4, 0<z≦3) (also called SiTON); and oxynitrides in the form SiaSnbCcOyNz where a>0, b>0, a+b≦2, 0<c−10, 0<y<24, 0<z<17; SiaSnbCcOyNzXn and SiaSnbOyNzXn where Xn is at least one of the elements F, CI, Br, I, S, Se, Te, P, As, Sb, Bi, Ge, Pb; and SnO2, Li4Ti5O12, SnB0.6P0.4O2.9 oxides. 32. The process of claim 16, wherein Px particles used to prepare anode films in Li-ion type batteries comprise SiSn0.87O1.2N1.72. 33. The process of claim 16, wherein Px particles used to prepare an electrolyte thin film are chosen from among one or several of the following materials Mx:
lithium compounds based on lithium and phosphorus oxinitrides (called LiPON) in the form LixPOyNz where x˜2.8 and 2y+3z˜7.8 and 0.16≦z≦0.4, but also all variants in the form LiwPOxNySz where 2x+3y+2z=5=w and 3.2≦x≦3.8, 0.13≦y≦0.4, 0≦z≦0.2, 2.9≦w≦3.3 or in the form LitPxAlyOuNvSw where 5x+3y=5, 2u+3v+2w=5+t, 2.9≦t≦3.3, 0.94≦x≦0.84, 0.094≦y≦0.26, 3.2≦u≦3.8, 0.13≦v≦0.46, 0≦w≦0.2; lithium compounds based on lithium, phosphorus and silicon oxinitrides (called LiSiPON); lithium oxinitrides of the LiBON, LiBSO, LiSiPON, LiSON, thio-LiSiCON, LiPONB types (where B, P and S represent boron, phosphorus and sulfur respectively); La0.51Li0.34Ti2.94, Li3.4V0.4Ge0.6O4, Li2O—Nb2O5, LiAlGaSPO4 compounds; and formulations based on Li4SiO4, Li3PO4, Li2CO3, B2O3, Li2O, Al(PO3)3LiF, P2S3, Li2S, Li3N, Li14Zn(GeO4)4, Li3.6Ge0.6V0.4O4, LiTi2(PO4)3, Li0.35La0.55TiO3, Li3.25Ge0.25P0.25S4, Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3, Li1+xAlxM2−x(PO4)3 (where M=Ge, Ti, and/or Hf, and where 0<x<1), Li1+x+yAlxTi2−xSiyP3−yO12 (where 0≦x≦1 and 0≦y≦1), Li1+x+zMx(Ge1−yTiy)2−xSizP3−zO12 (where 0≦x≦≦0.8; 0≦y≦1.0, 0≦z≦0.6). 34. The process of claim 16, wherein Px particles used to prepare an electrolyte thin film comprise Li2.9PO3.3N0.46 particles. 35. The process of claim 16, wherein Px particles used to prepare an electrolyte thin film comprise Li1.9Si0.28P1.0O1.1N1.0 particles. 36. The process of claim 16, wherein Px particles used to prepare an electrolyte thin film comprise formulations based on 4.9LiI-34, 1Li2O-61B2O3, 0.30Li2S-0.26B2S3-0.44LiI, 60Li2S-40SiS2, 0.02Li3PO4-0.98(Li2S—SiS2), 2(Li1.4Ti2Si0.4P2.6O12)—AlPO4, and 0.7Li2S-0.3P2S5. 37. The process of claim 16, wherein the thin film comprises at least one of dielectric, magnetic, ferroelectric, piezoelectric, optical and electrode films in electronic, electrical and electro-technical devices. | 1,700 |
2,464 | 13,923,437 | 1,714 | A dishwasher with a tub at least partially defining a treating chamber, a spraying system for spraying liquid into the treating chamber, and a recirculation system for recirculating liquid sprayed in the treating chamber to the spraying system, further includes a variable filtration system that permits varying the amount of wash liquid to be filtered during a cycle of operation in the dishwasher. | 1. A method of operating a dishwasher having a tub at least partially defining a treating chamber, a spraying system for spraying liquid into the treating chamber, a recirculation system for recirculating liquid sprayed in the treating chamber to the spraying system, and a filter for filtering the recirculated liquid, the method comprising:
recirculating a liquid through the treating chamber with the recirculation system; supplying a first portion of the liquid through the spraying system while the liquid is being recirculated; supplying a second portion of the liquid through the filter while the liquid is being recirculated; and varying the amount of the second portion of the liquid depending on at least one of a cycle parameter and a treatment condition parameter. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cycle parameter comprises at least one of a cycle type, a cycle phase, a time after the start of a cycle, a time until the end of a cycle, and a liquid temperature. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the treatment condition parameter comprises at least one of a soil level and a particulate size. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein varying the amount of the second portion comprises controlling an opening in a conduit of the recirculation system that fluidly couples a sump of the dishwasher to the filter. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein controlling the opening in the conduit comprises varying the flow rate of a variable flow rate valve. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein varying the flow rate comprises varying the flow rate based on the temperature of the recirculated liquid. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the valve comprises a diverter valve with at least one port, and controlling the opening in the conduit comprises controlling a degree of alignment of the at least one port in the diverter valve with an inlet to the filter. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the diverter valve comprises a disk, and adjusting the diverter valve comprises rotating the disk. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the diverter valve comprises multiple ports. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein controlling the opening in the conduit comprises aligning one of the multiple ports in the diverter valve with the inlet to the filter. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of the second portion of the liquid comprises one of a volume, a volumetric flow rate, a ratio, and a percentage of the total amount of recirculated liquid. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the amount of the second portion of the liquid varies between 0% and 20% of the total amount of recirculated liquid. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of the first portion of the liquid and the amount of the second portion of the liquid are inversely proportional. 14. The method of claim 1, and further comprising varying the amount of the second portion of the liquid at least once after the start of a cycle of operation of the dishwasher. 15. The method of claim 1, and further comprising varying the amount of the second portion of the liquid more than once after the start of a cycle of operation of the dishwasher. | A dishwasher with a tub at least partially defining a treating chamber, a spraying system for spraying liquid into the treating chamber, and a recirculation system for recirculating liquid sprayed in the treating chamber to the spraying system, further includes a variable filtration system that permits varying the amount of wash liquid to be filtered during a cycle of operation in the dishwasher.1. A method of operating a dishwasher having a tub at least partially defining a treating chamber, a spraying system for spraying liquid into the treating chamber, a recirculation system for recirculating liquid sprayed in the treating chamber to the spraying system, and a filter for filtering the recirculated liquid, the method comprising:
recirculating a liquid through the treating chamber with the recirculation system; supplying a first portion of the liquid through the spraying system while the liquid is being recirculated; supplying a second portion of the liquid through the filter while the liquid is being recirculated; and varying the amount of the second portion of the liquid depending on at least one of a cycle parameter and a treatment condition parameter. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cycle parameter comprises at least one of a cycle type, a cycle phase, a time after the start of a cycle, a time until the end of a cycle, and a liquid temperature. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the treatment condition parameter comprises at least one of a soil level and a particulate size. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein varying the amount of the second portion comprises controlling an opening in a conduit of the recirculation system that fluidly couples a sump of the dishwasher to the filter. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein controlling the opening in the conduit comprises varying the flow rate of a variable flow rate valve. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein varying the flow rate comprises varying the flow rate based on the temperature of the recirculated liquid. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the valve comprises a diverter valve with at least one port, and controlling the opening in the conduit comprises controlling a degree of alignment of the at least one port in the diverter valve with an inlet to the filter. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the diverter valve comprises a disk, and adjusting the diverter valve comprises rotating the disk. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the diverter valve comprises multiple ports. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein controlling the opening in the conduit comprises aligning one of the multiple ports in the diverter valve with the inlet to the filter. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of the second portion of the liquid comprises one of a volume, a volumetric flow rate, a ratio, and a percentage of the total amount of recirculated liquid. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the amount of the second portion of the liquid varies between 0% and 20% of the total amount of recirculated liquid. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of the first portion of the liquid and the amount of the second portion of the liquid are inversely proportional. 14. The method of claim 1, and further comprising varying the amount of the second portion of the liquid at least once after the start of a cycle of operation of the dishwasher. 15. The method of claim 1, and further comprising varying the amount of the second portion of the liquid more than once after the start of a cycle of operation of the dishwasher. | 1,700 |
2,465 | 13,970,242 | 1,777 | Method for treating iron-contaminated water using a treatment approach identified herein as the Activated Iron Solids (AIS) Process. The AIS process is capable of oxidizing and removing iron as iron oxides from iron-contaminated waters producing a clean effluent. The AIS process is performed in a single or multiple tank system in which high concentrations of AIS are suspended through mechanical mixing to maintain a catalytic surface chemistry environment that increases iron removal thousands times faster than would naturally occur and hundreds times faster than existing arts (e.g., aerobic pond passive treatment). The AIS process can utilize inexpensive alkaline material (such as, pulverized limestone) where initial mine drainage alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO 3 ) to ferrous iron (mg/L) ratio is less than approximately 1.7. Excess accumulated activated iron solids are periodically removed from the system using a waste-activated iron solids (WAIS) system and directed to an iron oxide thickener for further concentration. | 1. A Sequential Batch Reactor method of removing ferrous iron from an iron-containing fluid comprising the method steps of:
a. filling a tank with the iron-containing fluid; b. mechanically aerating the iron-containing fluid within the tank sufficiently to ensure adequate oxygen to for ferrous iron oxidation; c. mechanically mixing the iron-containing fluid within the tank to maintain a suspension of activated iron solids necessary to catalyze ferrous iron oxidation by a heterogeneous ferrous iron oxidation process to form a treated fluid; d. collecting activated iron solids within the tank to maintain a suspension of activated iron solids necessary to catalyze ferrous iron oxidation through re-suspension; e. decanting a substantially iron-free supernatant fluid from the tank; and f. removing excess activated iron solids from the tank. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of filling further comprises filling a plurality of tanks with the iron-containing fluid. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the step of filling further comprises selectively directing simultaneously the iron-containing fluid into the plurality of tanks for treatment. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the step of filling further comprises selectively directing sequentially the iron-containing fluid into the plurality of tanks for treatment. 5. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of adding to the tank a sufficient quantity of alkaline-bearing material selected from the group consisting of a pulverized limestone, a hydrated lime, a quick lime and a caustic soda for neutralizing the acidity associated with precipitation of ferric iron produced by the AIS process and based on a alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3) to iron (mg/L as Fe) ratio of less than about 1.7 in the iron-containing fluid. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein:
the step of mechanically mixing the iron-containing fluid within the tank to maintain a suspension of activated iron solids necessary to catalyze ferrous iron oxidation by a heterogeneous ferrous iron oxidation process to form a treated fluid, further comprises the suspension of activated iron solids at concentrations greater than 200 mg/L as iron; and the step of collecting activated iron solids within the tank to maintain a suspension of activated iron solids to catalyze ferrous iron oxidation through re-suspension, further comprises the suspension of activated iron solids at concentrations greater than 200 mg/L as iron. 7. A product by the process according to claim 1. 8. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of conveying the excess activated iron solids to an iron oxide thickener to form a product. 9. A Two-Stage Flow-Through AIS method of removing ferrous iron from an iron-containing fluid comprising the method steps of:
a. feeding a first tank with the iron-containing fluid; b. mechanically aerating the iron-containing fluid within the first tank sufficiently to ensure adequate oxygen for ferrous iron oxidation; c. mechanically mixing the iron-containing fluid within the first tank sufficiently to maintain a suspension of activated iron solids at concentrations greater than 200 mg/L as iron necessary to catalyze ferrous iron oxidation by a heterogeneous ferrous iron oxidation process to form a first processed fluid; d. conveying the processed fluid to a second tank; e. mechanically aerating the iron-containing fluid within the second tank sufficiently to ensure adequate oxygen to complete ferrous iron oxidation; f. mechanically mixing the iron-containing fluid within the second tank sufficiently to maintain a suspension of activated iron solids at concentrations greater than 200 mg/L as iron necessary to catalyze ferrous iron oxidation by a heterogeneous ferrous iron oxidation process to form a second processed fluid essentially free of ferrous iron; g. conveying the processed fluid to a third tank to flocculate and collect the activated iron solids in the third tank to form a processed fluid; h. returning the collected activated iron solids to the first tank sufficiently to maintain high reactor activated iron solids necessary to catalyze ferrous iron oxidation; i. removing a substantially iron-free supernatant fluid from the third tank; and j. removing excess activated iron solids from the third tank. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the step of feeding further comprises the step of feeding a plurality of first tanks with the iron-containing fluid. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the step of feeding further comprises the step of selectively directing simultaneously the iron-containing fluid into the plurality of first tanks for treatment. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the step of feeding further comprises the step of selectively directing sequentially the iron-containing fluid into the plurality of first tanks for treatment. 13. The method according to claim 9, further comprising the step of adding to the first tank or feed water to the first tank a sufficient quantity of alkaline-bearing material selected from the group consisting of a pulverized limestone, a hydrated lime, a quick lime and a caustic soda for neutralizing the acidity associated with the ferric iron produced by the AIS process and based on a alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3) to iron (mg/L as Fe) ratio of less than about 1.7 in the iron-containing fluid. 14. The method according to claim 10, further comprising the step of conveying the first processed fluid to a plurality of second tanks from the plurality of first tanks to continue treatment. 15. The method according to claim 10, further comprising the step of conveying the first processed fluid to a plurality of third tanks from the plurality of second tanks to promote flocculation and collection of the activated iron solids; and returning the activated iron solids to the plurality of first tanks sufficiently to maintain high reactor activated iron solids concentrations in excess of 200 mg/L as iron necessary to effectively catalyze ferrous iron oxidation. 16. The method according to claim 9, wherein:
the mechanically mixing the iron-containing fluid within the first tank sufficiently to maintain a suspension of activated iron solids necessary to catalyze ferrous iron oxidation by a heterogeneous ferrous iron oxidation process to form a first processed fluid; further comprising the suspension of activated iron solids at concentrations greater than 200 mg/L as iron; and the step of returning the collected activated iron solids to the first tank sufficiently to maintain high reactor activated iron solids necessary to catalyze ferrous iron oxidation; further comprising the high reactor activated iron solids at concentrations greater than 200 mg/L as iron. 17. The method according to claim 9, further comprising the step of conveying the excess activated iron solids from the second tank to an iron oxide thickener to form a product. 18. A product by the process according to claim 9. 19. A product by the process according to claim 16. 20. A product by the process according to claim 8. 21. A Two-stage Flow-through system for removing ferrous iron from an iron-contaminated fluid comprises:
a first flow-through reactor having plug flow and complete mixing characteristics, wherein the first flow-through reactor includes a fluid ingress to receive the iron-contaminated fluid, a fluid egress to exit a first treated fluid, an aeration device and a mixing device to suspend activated iron solids thereby creating a catalytic oxidation environment dominated by a heterogeneous ferrous iron oxidation process to form the first treated fluid; a second flow-through reactor having plug flow and complete mixing characteristics, wherein the second flow-through reactor includes a fluid ingress to receive the first treated fluid from the first flow-through reactor, a fluid egress to exit a second treated fluid, an aeration device and a mixing device to suspend activated iron solids at thereby creating a catalytic oxidation environment dominated by a heterogeneous ferrous iron oxidation process to form the second treated fluid; a flocculation/clarifier tank to receive the second treated fluid from the second flow-through reactor to remove and collect activated iron solids to form a treated effluent, wherein the flocculation/clarifier tank includes an outlet conduit into which the treated effluent is discharged from the system; and a recirculation system to recirculate a portion of the collected activated iron solids to the first flow-through reactor. 22. The system according to claim 21, further comprising a thicker tank to receive another portion of the collected activated iron solids for further treatment to form a product. 23. The system according to claim 21, wherein the first flow-through reactor plug flow characteristic includes a weighted factor ranging from 1-99%, and the first flow-through reactor complete mix characteristic includes a weighted factor ranging from 1-99%, wherein a sum of the first flow-through reactor weighted factors equal 100%. 24. The system according to claim 21, wherein the second flow-through reactor plug flow characteristic includes a weighted factor ranging from 1-99%, and the second flow-through reactor complete mix characteristic includes a weighted factor ranging from 1-99%, wherein a sum of the second flow-through reactor weighted factors equal 100%. 25. The system according to claim 21, further comprising an Alkaline material doser for delivering into the first flow-through reactor an alkaline-bearing material selected from the group consisting of a powdered limestone, a quick lime, a hydrated lime and a caustic soda. 26. The system according to claim 21, further comprising a polymer doser for delivering into the flocculation/clarifier tank to enable iron oxide particle interaction and agglomeration. 27. The system according to claim 21, wherein the first flow-through reactor suspended activated iron solids have a concentration greater than 200 mg/L as iron. 28. The system according to claim 21, wherein the second flow-through reactor suspended activated iron solids have a concentration greater than 200 mg/L as iron. | Method for treating iron-contaminated water using a treatment approach identified herein as the Activated Iron Solids (AIS) Process. The AIS process is capable of oxidizing and removing iron as iron oxides from iron-contaminated waters producing a clean effluent. The AIS process is performed in a single or multiple tank system in which high concentrations of AIS are suspended through mechanical mixing to maintain a catalytic surface chemistry environment that increases iron removal thousands times faster than would naturally occur and hundreds times faster than existing arts (e.g., aerobic pond passive treatment). The AIS process can utilize inexpensive alkaline material (such as, pulverized limestone) where initial mine drainage alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO 3 ) to ferrous iron (mg/L) ratio is less than approximately 1.7. Excess accumulated activated iron solids are periodically removed from the system using a waste-activated iron solids (WAIS) system and directed to an iron oxide thickener for further concentration.1. A Sequential Batch Reactor method of removing ferrous iron from an iron-containing fluid comprising the method steps of:
a. filling a tank with the iron-containing fluid; b. mechanically aerating the iron-containing fluid within the tank sufficiently to ensure adequate oxygen to for ferrous iron oxidation; c. mechanically mixing the iron-containing fluid within the tank to maintain a suspension of activated iron solids necessary to catalyze ferrous iron oxidation by a heterogeneous ferrous iron oxidation process to form a treated fluid; d. collecting activated iron solids within the tank to maintain a suspension of activated iron solids necessary to catalyze ferrous iron oxidation through re-suspension; e. decanting a substantially iron-free supernatant fluid from the tank; and f. removing excess activated iron solids from the tank. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of filling further comprises filling a plurality of tanks with the iron-containing fluid. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the step of filling further comprises selectively directing simultaneously the iron-containing fluid into the plurality of tanks for treatment. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the step of filling further comprises selectively directing sequentially the iron-containing fluid into the plurality of tanks for treatment. 5. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of adding to the tank a sufficient quantity of alkaline-bearing material selected from the group consisting of a pulverized limestone, a hydrated lime, a quick lime and a caustic soda for neutralizing the acidity associated with precipitation of ferric iron produced by the AIS process and based on a alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3) to iron (mg/L as Fe) ratio of less than about 1.7 in the iron-containing fluid. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein:
the step of mechanically mixing the iron-containing fluid within the tank to maintain a suspension of activated iron solids necessary to catalyze ferrous iron oxidation by a heterogeneous ferrous iron oxidation process to form a treated fluid, further comprises the suspension of activated iron solids at concentrations greater than 200 mg/L as iron; and the step of collecting activated iron solids within the tank to maintain a suspension of activated iron solids to catalyze ferrous iron oxidation through re-suspension, further comprises the suspension of activated iron solids at concentrations greater than 200 mg/L as iron. 7. A product by the process according to claim 1. 8. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of conveying the excess activated iron solids to an iron oxide thickener to form a product. 9. A Two-Stage Flow-Through AIS method of removing ferrous iron from an iron-containing fluid comprising the method steps of:
a. feeding a first tank with the iron-containing fluid; b. mechanically aerating the iron-containing fluid within the first tank sufficiently to ensure adequate oxygen for ferrous iron oxidation; c. mechanically mixing the iron-containing fluid within the first tank sufficiently to maintain a suspension of activated iron solids at concentrations greater than 200 mg/L as iron necessary to catalyze ferrous iron oxidation by a heterogeneous ferrous iron oxidation process to form a first processed fluid; d. conveying the processed fluid to a second tank; e. mechanically aerating the iron-containing fluid within the second tank sufficiently to ensure adequate oxygen to complete ferrous iron oxidation; f. mechanically mixing the iron-containing fluid within the second tank sufficiently to maintain a suspension of activated iron solids at concentrations greater than 200 mg/L as iron necessary to catalyze ferrous iron oxidation by a heterogeneous ferrous iron oxidation process to form a second processed fluid essentially free of ferrous iron; g. conveying the processed fluid to a third tank to flocculate and collect the activated iron solids in the third tank to form a processed fluid; h. returning the collected activated iron solids to the first tank sufficiently to maintain high reactor activated iron solids necessary to catalyze ferrous iron oxidation; i. removing a substantially iron-free supernatant fluid from the third tank; and j. removing excess activated iron solids from the third tank. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the step of feeding further comprises the step of feeding a plurality of first tanks with the iron-containing fluid. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the step of feeding further comprises the step of selectively directing simultaneously the iron-containing fluid into the plurality of first tanks for treatment. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the step of feeding further comprises the step of selectively directing sequentially the iron-containing fluid into the plurality of first tanks for treatment. 13. The method according to claim 9, further comprising the step of adding to the first tank or feed water to the first tank a sufficient quantity of alkaline-bearing material selected from the group consisting of a pulverized limestone, a hydrated lime, a quick lime and a caustic soda for neutralizing the acidity associated with the ferric iron produced by the AIS process and based on a alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3) to iron (mg/L as Fe) ratio of less than about 1.7 in the iron-containing fluid. 14. The method according to claim 10, further comprising the step of conveying the first processed fluid to a plurality of second tanks from the plurality of first tanks to continue treatment. 15. The method according to claim 10, further comprising the step of conveying the first processed fluid to a plurality of third tanks from the plurality of second tanks to promote flocculation and collection of the activated iron solids; and returning the activated iron solids to the plurality of first tanks sufficiently to maintain high reactor activated iron solids concentrations in excess of 200 mg/L as iron necessary to effectively catalyze ferrous iron oxidation. 16. The method according to claim 9, wherein:
the mechanically mixing the iron-containing fluid within the first tank sufficiently to maintain a suspension of activated iron solids necessary to catalyze ferrous iron oxidation by a heterogeneous ferrous iron oxidation process to form a first processed fluid; further comprising the suspension of activated iron solids at concentrations greater than 200 mg/L as iron; and the step of returning the collected activated iron solids to the first tank sufficiently to maintain high reactor activated iron solids necessary to catalyze ferrous iron oxidation; further comprising the high reactor activated iron solids at concentrations greater than 200 mg/L as iron. 17. The method according to claim 9, further comprising the step of conveying the excess activated iron solids from the second tank to an iron oxide thickener to form a product. 18. A product by the process according to claim 9. 19. A product by the process according to claim 16. 20. A product by the process according to claim 8. 21. A Two-stage Flow-through system for removing ferrous iron from an iron-contaminated fluid comprises:
a first flow-through reactor having plug flow and complete mixing characteristics, wherein the first flow-through reactor includes a fluid ingress to receive the iron-contaminated fluid, a fluid egress to exit a first treated fluid, an aeration device and a mixing device to suspend activated iron solids thereby creating a catalytic oxidation environment dominated by a heterogeneous ferrous iron oxidation process to form the first treated fluid; a second flow-through reactor having plug flow and complete mixing characteristics, wherein the second flow-through reactor includes a fluid ingress to receive the first treated fluid from the first flow-through reactor, a fluid egress to exit a second treated fluid, an aeration device and a mixing device to suspend activated iron solids at thereby creating a catalytic oxidation environment dominated by a heterogeneous ferrous iron oxidation process to form the second treated fluid; a flocculation/clarifier tank to receive the second treated fluid from the second flow-through reactor to remove and collect activated iron solids to form a treated effluent, wherein the flocculation/clarifier tank includes an outlet conduit into which the treated effluent is discharged from the system; and a recirculation system to recirculate a portion of the collected activated iron solids to the first flow-through reactor. 22. The system according to claim 21, further comprising a thicker tank to receive another portion of the collected activated iron solids for further treatment to form a product. 23. The system according to claim 21, wherein the first flow-through reactor plug flow characteristic includes a weighted factor ranging from 1-99%, and the first flow-through reactor complete mix characteristic includes a weighted factor ranging from 1-99%, wherein a sum of the first flow-through reactor weighted factors equal 100%. 24. The system according to claim 21, wherein the second flow-through reactor plug flow characteristic includes a weighted factor ranging from 1-99%, and the second flow-through reactor complete mix characteristic includes a weighted factor ranging from 1-99%, wherein a sum of the second flow-through reactor weighted factors equal 100%. 25. The system according to claim 21, further comprising an Alkaline material doser for delivering into the first flow-through reactor an alkaline-bearing material selected from the group consisting of a powdered limestone, a quick lime, a hydrated lime and a caustic soda. 26. The system according to claim 21, further comprising a polymer doser for delivering into the flocculation/clarifier tank to enable iron oxide particle interaction and agglomeration. 27. The system according to claim 21, wherein the first flow-through reactor suspended activated iron solids have a concentration greater than 200 mg/L as iron. 28. The system according to claim 21, wherein the second flow-through reactor suspended activated iron solids have a concentration greater than 200 mg/L as iron. | 1,700 |
2,466 | 13,698,608 | 1,764 | A propylene polymer composition comprising:
A) 70-94% wt of a propylene-ethylene copolymer comprising from 2.5 to 5% wt of ethylene derived units; and B) 6-30% wt of a second propylene-ethylene copolymer comprising from 35 to 60% wt of ethylene derived units.
Said propylene polymer composition having a MFR L (Melt Flow Rate according to ISO 1133, condition L, i.e. 230° C. and 2.16 kg load) from 0.1 to 5 g/10 min, and an Intrinsic Viscosity of the fraction soluble in xylene [XSIV] at room temperature: from 1 to 4.5 dl/g.
Such propylene polymer composition being particularly suitable for the production of injection moulded articles and in particular of films. | 1. A propylene polymer composition comprising:
A) 70-94% wt of a propylene-ethylene copolymer comprising from 2.5 to 5% wt of ethylene derived units; and B) 6-30% wt of a second propylene-ethylene copolymer comprising from 35 to 60% wt of ethylene derived units; said propylene polymer composition having an MFR L according to ISO 1133, condition L, of from 0.1 to 5 g/10 min, and an Intrinsic Viscosity of the fraction soluble in xylene [XSIV] at room temperature from 1 to 4.5 dl/g. 2. The propylene polymer composition according to claim 1 having a Flexural Modulus of between 300 MPa and 500 MPa. 3. The propylene polymer composition according to claim 1 wherein the component A) is a propylene-ethylene copolymer comprising from 3.1 to 5% wt of ethylene derived units. 4. The propylene polymer composition according to claim 1 wherein the component B) is a propylene-ethylene copolymer comprising from 41 to 55% wt of ethylene derived units. 5. A film comprising a propylene polymer composition according to claim 1. 6. A moulded article comprising a propylene polymer composition according to claim 1. | A propylene polymer composition comprising:
A) 70-94% wt of a propylene-ethylene copolymer comprising from 2.5 to 5% wt of ethylene derived units; and B) 6-30% wt of a second propylene-ethylene copolymer comprising from 35 to 60% wt of ethylene derived units.
Said propylene polymer composition having a MFR L (Melt Flow Rate according to ISO 1133, condition L, i.e. 230° C. and 2.16 kg load) from 0.1 to 5 g/10 min, and an Intrinsic Viscosity of the fraction soluble in xylene [XSIV] at room temperature: from 1 to 4.5 dl/g.
Such propylene polymer composition being particularly suitable for the production of injection moulded articles and in particular of films.1. A propylene polymer composition comprising:
A) 70-94% wt of a propylene-ethylene copolymer comprising from 2.5 to 5% wt of ethylene derived units; and B) 6-30% wt of a second propylene-ethylene copolymer comprising from 35 to 60% wt of ethylene derived units; said propylene polymer composition having an MFR L according to ISO 1133, condition L, of from 0.1 to 5 g/10 min, and an Intrinsic Viscosity of the fraction soluble in xylene [XSIV] at room temperature from 1 to 4.5 dl/g. 2. The propylene polymer composition according to claim 1 having a Flexural Modulus of between 300 MPa and 500 MPa. 3. The propylene polymer composition according to claim 1 wherein the component A) is a propylene-ethylene copolymer comprising from 3.1 to 5% wt of ethylene derived units. 4. The propylene polymer composition according to claim 1 wherein the component B) is a propylene-ethylene copolymer comprising from 41 to 55% wt of ethylene derived units. 5. A film comprising a propylene polymer composition according to claim 1. 6. A moulded article comprising a propylene polymer composition according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,467 | 14,200,264 | 1,713 | The invention refers to a method and apparatus for protecting a substrate during a processing by at least one particle beam. The method comprises the following steps: (a) applying a locally restrict limited protection layer on the substrate; (b) etching the substrate and/or a layer arranged on the substrate by use of the at least one particle beam and at least one gas; and/or (c) depositing material onto the substrate by use of the at least one particle beam and at least one precursor gas; and (d) removing the locally limited protection layer from the substrate. | 1. A method for protecting a substrate during a processing by at least one particle beam, the method comprising the following steps:
a. applying a locally limited protection layer on the substrate; b. etching the substrate and/or a layer arranged on the substrate by the at least one particle beam and at least one gas; and/or c. depositing material onto the substrate by use of the at least one particle beam and at least one precursor gas; and d. removing the locally limited protection layer from the substrate. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein applying the locally limited protection layer comprises applying the protection layer adjacent to a portion of the substrate or to the layer to be processed and/or applying the protection layer in a distance from the layer within which material is to be deposited onto the substrate. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein applying the protection layer comprises depositing a protection layer which has an etch selectivity compared to the substrate of larger than 1:1. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein applying the protection layer comprises depositing at least one metal containing layer by use of an electron beam and at least one volatile metal compound on the substrate. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the at least one volatile metal compound comprises at least one metal carbonyl precursor gas, and wherein the at least one metal carbonyl precursor gas comprises at least one of the following compounds: molybdenum hexacarbonyl (Mo(CO)6), chromium hexacarbonyl (Cr(CO)6), vanadium hexacarbonyl (V(CO)6), tungsten hexacarbonyl (W(CO)6), nickel tetracarbonyl (Ni(CO)4), iron pentacarbonyl (Fe3(CO)5), ruthenium pentacarbonyl (Ru(CO)5), or osmium pentacarbonyl (Os(CO)5). 6. The method according to claim 4, wherein the at least one volatile metal compound comprises a metal fluoride, and wherein the metal fluoride comprises at least one of the following compounds: tungsten hexafluoride (WF6), molybdenum hexafluoride (MoF6), vanadium fluoride (VF2, VF3, VF4, VF5), and/or chromium fluoride (CrF2, CrF3, CrF4, CrF5). 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the locally limited protection layer has a thickness of 0.2 nm-1000 nm. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein depositing material on the substrate comprises depositing material on the substrate adjacent to the layer arranged on the substrate. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one gas comprises at least one etching gas. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the at least one etching gas comprises: xenon difluoride (XeF2), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), sulfur tetrafluoride (SF4), nitrogen trifluoride (NF3), phosphor trifluoride (PF3), tungsten hexafluoride (WF6), molybdenum hexafluoride (MoF6), fluorine hydrogen (HF), nitrogen oxygen fluoride (NOF), triphosphor trinitrogen hexafluoride (P3N3F6) or a combination of these gases. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein removing the protection layer comprises directing the electron beam and at least one second etching gas onto the protection layer, wherein the at least one second etching gas comprises an etch selectivity compared to the substrate of larger than 2:1. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein removing the protection layer comprises directing the electron beam and at least one second etching gas onto the protection layer, wherein the at least one second etching gas comprises a chlorine containing gas, a bromine containing gas, an iodine containing gas and/or a gas which comprises a combination of these halogens. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the at least one second etching gas comprises at least one chlorine containing gas. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein removing the protection layer from the substrate takes place by using a wet chemical cleaning of the substrate. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a substrate of a photolithographic mask and/or the layer arranged on the substrate comprises an absorber layer. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the absorber layer comprises MoxSiOyNz, wherein 0≦x≦0.5, 0≦y≦2, and 0≦z≦4/3. 17. A method for removing portions of an absorber layer which is arranged on portions of a surface of a substrate of a photolithographic mask, wherein the absorber layer comprises MoxSiOyNz, and wherein 0≦x≦0.5, 0≦y≦2, and 0≦z≦4/3, the method comprising the step:
directing at least one particle beam and at least one gas on at least one portion of the absorber layer to be removed, wherein the at least one gas comprises at least one etching gas and at least one second gas, and wherein the at least one gas comprises an etching gas and at least one second gas in one compound. 18. The method according to claim 17, further comprising the step: changing a ratio of gas flow rates of the at least one etching gas and the at least one second gas during a time period the at least one particle beam is directed on the at least one portion of the absorber layer to be removed. 19. The method according to claim 17, further comprising the step: changing the composition of the at least one second gas prior to reaching a layer boundary between the absorber layer and the substrate. 20. The method according to claim 17, wherein the at least one second gas comprises an ammonia providing gas. 21. The method according to claim 20, wherein the at least one ammonia providing gas comprises ammonia (NH3), ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3), diimine (N2H2), hydrazine (N2H4), hydrogen nitrate (HNO3), ammonium hydrocarbonate (NH4HCO3), and/or diammonium carbonate ((NH3)2CO3). 22. The method according to claim 20, wherein the at least one etching gas and the at least one ammonia providing gas are provided in a compound, and wherein the compound comprises trifluoro acetamide (CF2CONH2), triethylamine trihydrofluoride ((C2H5)3N.3HF), ammonium fluoride (NH4F), ammonium difluoride (NH4F2) and/or tetraammine copper sulfate (CuSO4.(NH3)4). 23. The method according to claim 17, wherein the at least one second gas comprises at least water vapor. 24. The method according to claim 23, wherein the at least one second gas comprises at least one ammonia providing gas and water vapor. 25. The method according to claim 17, wherein the at least one second gas comprises a metal precursor gas, and wherein the at least one metal precursor gas comprises at least one of the following compounds: molybdenum hexacarbonyl (Mo(CO)6), chromium hexacarbonyl (Cr(CO)6), vanadium hexacarbonyl (V(CO)6), tungsten hexacarbonyl (W(CO)6), nickel tetracarbonyl (Ni(CO)4), iron pentacarbonyl (Fe3(CO)5), ruthenium pentacarbonyl (Ru(CO)5) and osmium pentacarbonyl (Os(CO)5). 26. The method according to claim 25, wherein the at least one second gas comprises a metal carbonyl and water and/or at least one ammonia providing gas. 27. The method according to claim 17, wherein the at least one second gas comprises oxygen, nitrogen and/or at least one nitrogen oxygen compound. 28. The method according to claim 27, wherein the at least one second gas comprises oxygen, nitrogen and/or at least one nitrogen oxygen compound, and an ammonia providing gas. 29. The method according to claim 27, wherein the at least one second gas comprises oxygen, nitrogen and/or at least one nitrogen oxygen compound, and water vapor. 30. The method according to claim 27, wherein directing the at least one second gas onto a portion of the absorber layer to be removed comprises activating the oxygen, the nitrogen and/or the at least one nitrogen oxygen compound by means of an activation source. 31. The method according to claim 1, further comprising executing at least one of the steps of the claim 17. 32. The method according to claim 1, wherein the substrate of the photolithographic mask comprises a material which is transparent in the ultraviolet wavelength range, and/or wherein the particle beam comprises an electron beam. 33. An apparatus for protecting a substrate during a processing by means of at least one particle beam comprising:
a. means for arranging a locally limited protection layer on the substrate; b. means for etching the substrate and/or a layer arranged on the substrate by use of the at least one particle beam and at least one gas; and/or c. means for depositing material on the substrate by means of the at least one particle beam and at least one precursor gas; and d. means for removing the locally limited protection layer from the substrate. 34. The apparatus according to claim 33, wherein the apparatus is further configured to execute a method according to claim 1. 35. The method according to claim 33, further comprising means for generating a second particle beam for activating oxygen, nitrogen and/or a nitrogen oxygen compound. | The invention refers to a method and apparatus for protecting a substrate during a processing by at least one particle beam. The method comprises the following steps: (a) applying a locally restrict limited protection layer on the substrate; (b) etching the substrate and/or a layer arranged on the substrate by use of the at least one particle beam and at least one gas; and/or (c) depositing material onto the substrate by use of the at least one particle beam and at least one precursor gas; and (d) removing the locally limited protection layer from the substrate.1. A method for protecting a substrate during a processing by at least one particle beam, the method comprising the following steps:
a. applying a locally limited protection layer on the substrate; b. etching the substrate and/or a layer arranged on the substrate by the at least one particle beam and at least one gas; and/or c. depositing material onto the substrate by use of the at least one particle beam and at least one precursor gas; and d. removing the locally limited protection layer from the substrate. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein applying the locally limited protection layer comprises applying the protection layer adjacent to a portion of the substrate or to the layer to be processed and/or applying the protection layer in a distance from the layer within which material is to be deposited onto the substrate. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein applying the protection layer comprises depositing a protection layer which has an etch selectivity compared to the substrate of larger than 1:1. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein applying the protection layer comprises depositing at least one metal containing layer by use of an electron beam and at least one volatile metal compound on the substrate. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the at least one volatile metal compound comprises at least one metal carbonyl precursor gas, and wherein the at least one metal carbonyl precursor gas comprises at least one of the following compounds: molybdenum hexacarbonyl (Mo(CO)6), chromium hexacarbonyl (Cr(CO)6), vanadium hexacarbonyl (V(CO)6), tungsten hexacarbonyl (W(CO)6), nickel tetracarbonyl (Ni(CO)4), iron pentacarbonyl (Fe3(CO)5), ruthenium pentacarbonyl (Ru(CO)5), or osmium pentacarbonyl (Os(CO)5). 6. The method according to claim 4, wherein the at least one volatile metal compound comprises a metal fluoride, and wherein the metal fluoride comprises at least one of the following compounds: tungsten hexafluoride (WF6), molybdenum hexafluoride (MoF6), vanadium fluoride (VF2, VF3, VF4, VF5), and/or chromium fluoride (CrF2, CrF3, CrF4, CrF5). 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the locally limited protection layer has a thickness of 0.2 nm-1000 nm. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein depositing material on the substrate comprises depositing material on the substrate adjacent to the layer arranged on the substrate. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one gas comprises at least one etching gas. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the at least one etching gas comprises: xenon difluoride (XeF2), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), sulfur tetrafluoride (SF4), nitrogen trifluoride (NF3), phosphor trifluoride (PF3), tungsten hexafluoride (WF6), molybdenum hexafluoride (MoF6), fluorine hydrogen (HF), nitrogen oxygen fluoride (NOF), triphosphor trinitrogen hexafluoride (P3N3F6) or a combination of these gases. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein removing the protection layer comprises directing the electron beam and at least one second etching gas onto the protection layer, wherein the at least one second etching gas comprises an etch selectivity compared to the substrate of larger than 2:1. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein removing the protection layer comprises directing the electron beam and at least one second etching gas onto the protection layer, wherein the at least one second etching gas comprises a chlorine containing gas, a bromine containing gas, an iodine containing gas and/or a gas which comprises a combination of these halogens. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the at least one second etching gas comprises at least one chlorine containing gas. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein removing the protection layer from the substrate takes place by using a wet chemical cleaning of the substrate. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a substrate of a photolithographic mask and/or the layer arranged on the substrate comprises an absorber layer. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the absorber layer comprises MoxSiOyNz, wherein 0≦x≦0.5, 0≦y≦2, and 0≦z≦4/3. 17. A method for removing portions of an absorber layer which is arranged on portions of a surface of a substrate of a photolithographic mask, wherein the absorber layer comprises MoxSiOyNz, and wherein 0≦x≦0.5, 0≦y≦2, and 0≦z≦4/3, the method comprising the step:
directing at least one particle beam and at least one gas on at least one portion of the absorber layer to be removed, wherein the at least one gas comprises at least one etching gas and at least one second gas, and wherein the at least one gas comprises an etching gas and at least one second gas in one compound. 18. The method according to claim 17, further comprising the step: changing a ratio of gas flow rates of the at least one etching gas and the at least one second gas during a time period the at least one particle beam is directed on the at least one portion of the absorber layer to be removed. 19. The method according to claim 17, further comprising the step: changing the composition of the at least one second gas prior to reaching a layer boundary between the absorber layer and the substrate. 20. The method according to claim 17, wherein the at least one second gas comprises an ammonia providing gas. 21. The method according to claim 20, wherein the at least one ammonia providing gas comprises ammonia (NH3), ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3), diimine (N2H2), hydrazine (N2H4), hydrogen nitrate (HNO3), ammonium hydrocarbonate (NH4HCO3), and/or diammonium carbonate ((NH3)2CO3). 22. The method according to claim 20, wherein the at least one etching gas and the at least one ammonia providing gas are provided in a compound, and wherein the compound comprises trifluoro acetamide (CF2CONH2), triethylamine trihydrofluoride ((C2H5)3N.3HF), ammonium fluoride (NH4F), ammonium difluoride (NH4F2) and/or tetraammine copper sulfate (CuSO4.(NH3)4). 23. The method according to claim 17, wherein the at least one second gas comprises at least water vapor. 24. The method according to claim 23, wherein the at least one second gas comprises at least one ammonia providing gas and water vapor. 25. The method according to claim 17, wherein the at least one second gas comprises a metal precursor gas, and wherein the at least one metal precursor gas comprises at least one of the following compounds: molybdenum hexacarbonyl (Mo(CO)6), chromium hexacarbonyl (Cr(CO)6), vanadium hexacarbonyl (V(CO)6), tungsten hexacarbonyl (W(CO)6), nickel tetracarbonyl (Ni(CO)4), iron pentacarbonyl (Fe3(CO)5), ruthenium pentacarbonyl (Ru(CO)5) and osmium pentacarbonyl (Os(CO)5). 26. The method according to claim 25, wherein the at least one second gas comprises a metal carbonyl and water and/or at least one ammonia providing gas. 27. The method according to claim 17, wherein the at least one second gas comprises oxygen, nitrogen and/or at least one nitrogen oxygen compound. 28. The method according to claim 27, wherein the at least one second gas comprises oxygen, nitrogen and/or at least one nitrogen oxygen compound, and an ammonia providing gas. 29. The method according to claim 27, wherein the at least one second gas comprises oxygen, nitrogen and/or at least one nitrogen oxygen compound, and water vapor. 30. The method according to claim 27, wherein directing the at least one second gas onto a portion of the absorber layer to be removed comprises activating the oxygen, the nitrogen and/or the at least one nitrogen oxygen compound by means of an activation source. 31. The method according to claim 1, further comprising executing at least one of the steps of the claim 17. 32. The method according to claim 1, wherein the substrate of the photolithographic mask comprises a material which is transparent in the ultraviolet wavelength range, and/or wherein the particle beam comprises an electron beam. 33. An apparatus for protecting a substrate during a processing by means of at least one particle beam comprising:
a. means for arranging a locally limited protection layer on the substrate; b. means for etching the substrate and/or a layer arranged on the substrate by use of the at least one particle beam and at least one gas; and/or c. means for depositing material on the substrate by means of the at least one particle beam and at least one precursor gas; and d. means for removing the locally limited protection layer from the substrate. 34. The apparatus according to claim 33, wherein the apparatus is further configured to execute a method according to claim 1. 35. The method according to claim 33, further comprising means for generating a second particle beam for activating oxygen, nitrogen and/or a nitrogen oxygen compound. | 1,700 |
2,468 | 14,436,412 | 1,762 | A process for the preparation of random copolymer of propylene containing up to 6.0% by weight of ethylene units, suitable for the manufacture of pipes, by copolymerizing propylene and ethylene in the presence of a catalyst system comprising the product obtained by contacting the following components:
(a) a solid catalyst component comprising a magnesium halide, a titanium compound having at least a Ti-halogen bond and at least two electron donor compounds one of which being present in an amount from 40 to 90% by mol with respect to the total amount of donors and selected from succinates and the other being selected from 1,3 diethers,
(b) an aluminum hydrocarbyl compound, and
(c) optionally an external electron donor compound. | 1. A process for the preparation of random copolymer of propylene containing up to 6.0% by weight of ethylene units, comprising the step of copolymerizing propylene and ethylene in the presence of a catalyst system comprising the product obtained by contacting the following components:
(a) a solid catalyst component comprising a magnesium halide, a titanium compound having at least a Ti-halogen bond and at least two electron donor compounds one of which being present in an amount from 40 to 90% by mol with respect to the total amount of donors and selected from succinates and the other being selected from 1,3 diethers, (b) an aluminum hydrocarbyl compound, and (c) optionally an external electron donor compound. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the succinate is of formula (I):
wherein the radicals R1 and R2, equal to, or different from, each other are a C1-C20 linear or branched alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl or alkylaryl group, optionally containing heteroatoms; and the radicals R3 and R4 equal to, or different from, each other, are C1-C20 alkyl, C3-C20 cycloalkyl, C5-C20 aryl, arylalkyl or alkylaryl group with the proviso that at least one of them is a branched alkyl; said compounds being, with respect to the two asymmetric carbon atoms identified in the structure of formula (I), stereoisomers of the type (S,R) or (R,S). 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the 1,3-diether is of formula (I):
wherein RI and RII are the same or different and are hydrogen or linear or branched C1-C18 hydrocarbon groups which can also form one or more cyclic structures; RIII groups, equal or different from each other, are hydrogen or C1-C18 hydrocarbon groups; RIV groups equal or different from each other, have the same meaning of RIII except that they cannot be hydrogen; each of RI to RIV groups can contain heteroatoms selected from halogens, N, O, S and Si. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst component (a) has an average particle size ranging from 15 to 80 μm. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the succinate is present in amount ranging from 40 to 90% by mol with respect to the total amount of internal donors. 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. The process of claim 1, comprising forming a pipe with the random copolymer of propylene. | A process for the preparation of random copolymer of propylene containing up to 6.0% by weight of ethylene units, suitable for the manufacture of pipes, by copolymerizing propylene and ethylene in the presence of a catalyst system comprising the product obtained by contacting the following components:
(a) a solid catalyst component comprising a magnesium halide, a titanium compound having at least a Ti-halogen bond and at least two electron donor compounds one of which being present in an amount from 40 to 90% by mol with respect to the total amount of donors and selected from succinates and the other being selected from 1,3 diethers,
(b) an aluminum hydrocarbyl compound, and
(c) optionally an external electron donor compound.1. A process for the preparation of random copolymer of propylene containing up to 6.0% by weight of ethylene units, comprising the step of copolymerizing propylene and ethylene in the presence of a catalyst system comprising the product obtained by contacting the following components:
(a) a solid catalyst component comprising a magnesium halide, a titanium compound having at least a Ti-halogen bond and at least two electron donor compounds one of which being present in an amount from 40 to 90% by mol with respect to the total amount of donors and selected from succinates and the other being selected from 1,3 diethers, (b) an aluminum hydrocarbyl compound, and (c) optionally an external electron donor compound. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the succinate is of formula (I):
wherein the radicals R1 and R2, equal to, or different from, each other are a C1-C20 linear or branched alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl or alkylaryl group, optionally containing heteroatoms; and the radicals R3 and R4 equal to, or different from, each other, are C1-C20 alkyl, C3-C20 cycloalkyl, C5-C20 aryl, arylalkyl or alkylaryl group with the proviso that at least one of them is a branched alkyl; said compounds being, with respect to the two asymmetric carbon atoms identified in the structure of formula (I), stereoisomers of the type (S,R) or (R,S). 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the 1,3-diether is of formula (I):
wherein RI and RII are the same or different and are hydrogen or linear or branched C1-C18 hydrocarbon groups which can also form one or more cyclic structures; RIII groups, equal or different from each other, are hydrogen or C1-C18 hydrocarbon groups; RIV groups equal or different from each other, have the same meaning of RIII except that they cannot be hydrogen; each of RI to RIV groups can contain heteroatoms selected from halogens, N, O, S and Si. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst component (a) has an average particle size ranging from 15 to 80 μm. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the succinate is present in amount ranging from 40 to 90% by mol with respect to the total amount of internal donors. 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. The process of claim 1, comprising forming a pipe with the random copolymer of propylene. | 1,700 |
2,469 | 14,502,723 | 1,724 | The present disclosure includes a system having a battery module, where the battery module includes a housing having a top side, a lateral side, and an edge extending along and between the top side and the lateral side. The battery module also includes electrochemical cells disposed in the housing, and a heat sink disposed on the lateral side of the housing. A fan is disposed over the top side of the housing. A hood includes a first hood portion disposed over the top side of the housing and the fan and a second hood portion coupled to the first hood portion and disposed over the lateral side of the housing, where the hood defines an airspace between the hood and the housing and the hood is configured to guide an airflow through the airspace from the fan on the top side of the housing, over the edge between the top side and the lateral side of the housing, and over the heat sink disposed on the lateral side of the housing. | 1. A battery system, comprising:
a battery module; a housing of the battery module, wherein the housing comprises a top side, a lateral side, and an edge extending along and between the top side and the lateral side; a plurality of electrochemical cells disposed in the housing; a heat sink disposed on the lateral side of the housing; a fan disposed over the top side of the housing; and a hood comprising a first hood portion disposed over the top side of the housing and the fan and a second hood portion coupled to the first hood portion and disposed over the lateral side of the housing, wherein the hood defines an airspace between the hood and the housing and the hood is configured to guide an airflow through the airspace from the fan on the top side of the housing, over the edge between the top side and the lateral side of the housing, and over the heat sink disposed on the lateral side of the housing. 2. The battery system of claim 1, wherein the hood comprises an opening on a side surface of the hood and the fan comprises an air intake in fluid communication with the opening, wherein the air intake facilitates drawing air into the fan through the opening in the side surface of the hood. 3. The battery system of claim 1, wherein the heat sink comprises two thermally conductive plates in-molded with the lateral side of the housing and the two thermally conductive plates are separated by a central portion of the lateral side of the housing. 4. The battery system of claim 3, wherein the second portion of the hood comprises a central ridge disposed proximate to the central portion of the lateral side of the housing and the central ridge is configured to guide the airflow away from the central portion of the lateral side of the housing to the two thermally conductive plates on either side of the central portion. 5. The battery system of claim 3, wherein the two thermally conductive plates each comprise a plurality of cooling fins extending therefrom. 6. The battery system of claim 1, wherein the hood comprises outer ridges that extend toward and engage the housing to contain the airflow within the airspace. 7. The battery system of claim 1, wherein the hood comprises a plurality of extensions that extend from an internal surface of the hood toward the housing and within the airspace, wherein the plurality of extensions is configured to redistribute the airflow coming from the fan. 8. The battery system of claim 7, wherein the plurality of extensions is disposed on the first portion of the hood, on the second portion of the hood, or on a combination thereof. 9. The battery system of claim 7, wherein the plurality of extensions is disposed within the airspace upstream of the heat sink. 10. The battery system of claim 7, wherein the plurality of extensions is disposed within the airspace and extending from the second portion of the hood toward the heat sink. 11. The battery system of claim 1, wherein the heat sink is an evaporator plate configured to route coolant therethrough. 12. The battery system of claim 1, wherein the fan is disposed between the hood and a top cover disposed over the top side of the housing. 13. The battery system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of electrochemical cells is disposed into the housing such that base ends of the electrochemical cells opposite to terminal ends of the electrochemical cells are positioned adjacent to the heat sink, wherein the terminal ends of the electrochemical cells comprise terminals. 14. The battery system of claim 13, comprising a thermal layer disposed between the base ends of the electrochemical cells and the heat sink, wherein the thermal layer comprises a thermal gap pad, thermal fillers, thermal adhesives, or thermal paste. 15. The battery system of claim 1, wherein the battery module is configured to be disposed into an allotted surface area of a vehicle such that the lateral side is substantially perpendicular to the allotted surface area. 16. A battery module, comprising:
a housing having a top side, a lateral side, and an edge extending along and between the top side and the lateral side; electrochemical cells disposed in the housing such that base ends of the electrochemical cells are proximate to the lateral side of the housing, wherein the base ends are opposite to terminal ends of the electrochemical cells and the terminal ends comprise terminals extending therefrom; a heat sink disposed on the lateral side of the housing proximate to the base ends of the electrochemical cells; a fan disposed over the top side of the housing; and a hood comprising a first hood portion disposed over the top side of the housing and the fan and a second hood portion coupled to the first hood portion and disposed over the lateral side of the housing, wherein the hood defines an airspace between the hood and the housing and the hood configured to guide an airflow through the airspace from the fan on the top side of the housing, over the edge between the top side and the lateral side of the housing, and to the lateral side of the housing. 17. The battery module of claim 16, wherein the heat sink is in-molded with the lateral side of the housing. 18. The battery module of claim 16, wherein the heat sink comprises two thermally conductive plates disposed on the lateral side of the housing and the two thermally conductive plates are separated by a central portion of the lateral side of the housing. 19. The battery module of claim 18, wherein the second portion of the hood comprises a central ridge disposed proximate to the central portion of the lateral side of the housing and the central ridge configured to guide the airflow away from the central portion of the lateral side of the housing to the two thermally conductive plates on either side of the central portion, and wherein the hood comprises outer ridges that extend toward the housing to contain the airflow within the airspace. 20. The battery module of claim 16, wherein the hood comprises a plurality of extensions that extend from an internal surface of the hood toward the housing and within the airspace, wherein the plurality of extensions is configured to redistribute the airflow coming from the fan, wherein the plurality of extensions is disposed on the first portion of the hood, on the second portion of the hood, or on a combination thereof, and wherein the plurality of extensions is disposed within the airspace upstream of the heat sink, within the airspace and extending from the second portion of the hood toward the heat sink, or a combination thereof. 21. The battery module of claim 16, comprising a thermal layer disposed between the base ends of the electrochemical cells and the heat sink, wherein the thermal layer comprises a thermal gap pad, thermal fillers, thermal adhesives, or thermal paste. 22. A battery module, comprising:
a housing of the battery module, wherein the housing comprises a top side and a lateral side coupled to the top side at an edge; a heat sink disposed on the lateral side of the housing; a fan disposed on the top side of the housing; and a hood comprising a first hood portion disposed over the top side of the housing and the fan and a second hood portion coupled to the first hood portion and disposed over the lateral side of the housing, wherein the hood defines an airspace between the hood and the housing and the hood is configured to guide an airflow through the airspace from the fan on the top side of the housing, over the edge between the top side and the lateral side of the housing, and to the lateral side of the housing, and wherein the hood comprises outer ridges that contact the housing to contain the airflow within the airspace. 23. The battery module of claim 22, wherein the hood comprises a plurality of extensions extending from an internal surface of the hood into the airspace and the plurality of extensions is configured to swirl or redistribute the airflow. 24. The battery module of claim 23, wherein the plurality of extensions is disposed upstream of the heat sink or proximate to the heat sink. 25. The battery module of claim 23, wherein the plurality of extensions is disposed on the first hood portion, the second hood portion, or a combination thereof. 26. The battery module of claim 22, wherein the heat sink is an evaporator plate configured to route a coolant therethrough. 27. The battery module of claim 22, wherein the first hood portion and the second hood portion are substantially orthogonal to one another. 28. The battery module of claim 22, wherein the first hood portion and the second hood portion are integral. | The present disclosure includes a system having a battery module, where the battery module includes a housing having a top side, a lateral side, and an edge extending along and between the top side and the lateral side. The battery module also includes electrochemical cells disposed in the housing, and a heat sink disposed on the lateral side of the housing. A fan is disposed over the top side of the housing. A hood includes a first hood portion disposed over the top side of the housing and the fan and a second hood portion coupled to the first hood portion and disposed over the lateral side of the housing, where the hood defines an airspace between the hood and the housing and the hood is configured to guide an airflow through the airspace from the fan on the top side of the housing, over the edge between the top side and the lateral side of the housing, and over the heat sink disposed on the lateral side of the housing.1. A battery system, comprising:
a battery module; a housing of the battery module, wherein the housing comprises a top side, a lateral side, and an edge extending along and between the top side and the lateral side; a plurality of electrochemical cells disposed in the housing; a heat sink disposed on the lateral side of the housing; a fan disposed over the top side of the housing; and a hood comprising a first hood portion disposed over the top side of the housing and the fan and a second hood portion coupled to the first hood portion and disposed over the lateral side of the housing, wherein the hood defines an airspace between the hood and the housing and the hood is configured to guide an airflow through the airspace from the fan on the top side of the housing, over the edge between the top side and the lateral side of the housing, and over the heat sink disposed on the lateral side of the housing. 2. The battery system of claim 1, wherein the hood comprises an opening on a side surface of the hood and the fan comprises an air intake in fluid communication with the opening, wherein the air intake facilitates drawing air into the fan through the opening in the side surface of the hood. 3. The battery system of claim 1, wherein the heat sink comprises two thermally conductive plates in-molded with the lateral side of the housing and the two thermally conductive plates are separated by a central portion of the lateral side of the housing. 4. The battery system of claim 3, wherein the second portion of the hood comprises a central ridge disposed proximate to the central portion of the lateral side of the housing and the central ridge is configured to guide the airflow away from the central portion of the lateral side of the housing to the two thermally conductive plates on either side of the central portion. 5. The battery system of claim 3, wherein the two thermally conductive plates each comprise a plurality of cooling fins extending therefrom. 6. The battery system of claim 1, wherein the hood comprises outer ridges that extend toward and engage the housing to contain the airflow within the airspace. 7. The battery system of claim 1, wherein the hood comprises a plurality of extensions that extend from an internal surface of the hood toward the housing and within the airspace, wherein the plurality of extensions is configured to redistribute the airflow coming from the fan. 8. The battery system of claim 7, wherein the plurality of extensions is disposed on the first portion of the hood, on the second portion of the hood, or on a combination thereof. 9. The battery system of claim 7, wherein the plurality of extensions is disposed within the airspace upstream of the heat sink. 10. The battery system of claim 7, wherein the plurality of extensions is disposed within the airspace and extending from the second portion of the hood toward the heat sink. 11. The battery system of claim 1, wherein the heat sink is an evaporator plate configured to route coolant therethrough. 12. The battery system of claim 1, wherein the fan is disposed between the hood and a top cover disposed over the top side of the housing. 13. The battery system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of electrochemical cells is disposed into the housing such that base ends of the electrochemical cells opposite to terminal ends of the electrochemical cells are positioned adjacent to the heat sink, wherein the terminal ends of the electrochemical cells comprise terminals. 14. The battery system of claim 13, comprising a thermal layer disposed between the base ends of the electrochemical cells and the heat sink, wherein the thermal layer comprises a thermal gap pad, thermal fillers, thermal adhesives, or thermal paste. 15. The battery system of claim 1, wherein the battery module is configured to be disposed into an allotted surface area of a vehicle such that the lateral side is substantially perpendicular to the allotted surface area. 16. A battery module, comprising:
a housing having a top side, a lateral side, and an edge extending along and between the top side and the lateral side; electrochemical cells disposed in the housing such that base ends of the electrochemical cells are proximate to the lateral side of the housing, wherein the base ends are opposite to terminal ends of the electrochemical cells and the terminal ends comprise terminals extending therefrom; a heat sink disposed on the lateral side of the housing proximate to the base ends of the electrochemical cells; a fan disposed over the top side of the housing; and a hood comprising a first hood portion disposed over the top side of the housing and the fan and a second hood portion coupled to the first hood portion and disposed over the lateral side of the housing, wherein the hood defines an airspace between the hood and the housing and the hood configured to guide an airflow through the airspace from the fan on the top side of the housing, over the edge between the top side and the lateral side of the housing, and to the lateral side of the housing. 17. The battery module of claim 16, wherein the heat sink is in-molded with the lateral side of the housing. 18. The battery module of claim 16, wherein the heat sink comprises two thermally conductive plates disposed on the lateral side of the housing and the two thermally conductive plates are separated by a central portion of the lateral side of the housing. 19. The battery module of claim 18, wherein the second portion of the hood comprises a central ridge disposed proximate to the central portion of the lateral side of the housing and the central ridge configured to guide the airflow away from the central portion of the lateral side of the housing to the two thermally conductive plates on either side of the central portion, and wherein the hood comprises outer ridges that extend toward the housing to contain the airflow within the airspace. 20. The battery module of claim 16, wherein the hood comprises a plurality of extensions that extend from an internal surface of the hood toward the housing and within the airspace, wherein the plurality of extensions is configured to redistribute the airflow coming from the fan, wherein the plurality of extensions is disposed on the first portion of the hood, on the second portion of the hood, or on a combination thereof, and wherein the plurality of extensions is disposed within the airspace upstream of the heat sink, within the airspace and extending from the second portion of the hood toward the heat sink, or a combination thereof. 21. The battery module of claim 16, comprising a thermal layer disposed between the base ends of the electrochemical cells and the heat sink, wherein the thermal layer comprises a thermal gap pad, thermal fillers, thermal adhesives, or thermal paste. 22. A battery module, comprising:
a housing of the battery module, wherein the housing comprises a top side and a lateral side coupled to the top side at an edge; a heat sink disposed on the lateral side of the housing; a fan disposed on the top side of the housing; and a hood comprising a first hood portion disposed over the top side of the housing and the fan and a second hood portion coupled to the first hood portion and disposed over the lateral side of the housing, wherein the hood defines an airspace between the hood and the housing and the hood is configured to guide an airflow through the airspace from the fan on the top side of the housing, over the edge between the top side and the lateral side of the housing, and to the lateral side of the housing, and wherein the hood comprises outer ridges that contact the housing to contain the airflow within the airspace. 23. The battery module of claim 22, wherein the hood comprises a plurality of extensions extending from an internal surface of the hood into the airspace and the plurality of extensions is configured to swirl or redistribute the airflow. 24. The battery module of claim 23, wherein the plurality of extensions is disposed upstream of the heat sink or proximate to the heat sink. 25. The battery module of claim 23, wherein the plurality of extensions is disposed on the first hood portion, the second hood portion, or a combination thereof. 26. The battery module of claim 22, wherein the heat sink is an evaporator plate configured to route a coolant therethrough. 27. The battery module of claim 22, wherein the first hood portion and the second hood portion are substantially orthogonal to one another. 28. The battery module of claim 22, wherein the first hood portion and the second hood portion are integral. | 1,700 |
2,470 | 15,034,085 | 1,741 | The present invention relates to an apparatus for molding a glass substrate, and more specifically, to an apparatus for molding a glass substrate capable of forming a glass substrate in a 3D shape and preventing the shape of a vacuum hole from transferring onto the surface of the substrate. To this end, the present invention provides the apparatus for molding a glass substrate comprising: a molding frame; a molding groove formed on one surface of the molding frame; at least one vacuum hole formed on the molding frame at the lower portion of the molding groove and is connected to an external vacuum device; and a pressure-reducing groove, which is formed between the molding groove and the vacuum hole and allows communication between the molding groove and the vacuum hole, for reducing vacuum pressure applied to the glass substrate positioned on the molding groove through the vacuum hole. | 1. An apparatus for shaping a glass substrate, comprising:
a molding frame; a shaping recess disposed on one surface of the molding frame; at least one vacuum hole formed in the molding frame below the shaping recess, the at least one vacuum hole being connected to an external vacuum device; and at least one decompression recess defined between the shaping recess and the at least one vacuum hole such that the shaping recess communicates with the at least one vacuum hole, wherein the at least one decompression recess lessens vacuum pressure applied to the glass substrate disposed on the shaping recess through the at least one vacuum hole. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a width of the at least one decompression recess is greater than a width of the at least one vacuum hole. 3. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the apparatus comprises a plurality of the vacuum holes and a plurality of the decompression recesses, the plurality of the decompression recesses corresponding to the plurality of the vacuum holes respectively. 4. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the apparatus comprises a plurality of the vacuum holes, and at least two vacuum holes of the plurality of the vacuum holes are connected to one decompression recess of the at least one decompression recess. 5. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the at least two vacuum holes are arranged in a row or column, and the apparatus comprises a plurality of the decompression recesses, each of which extends along and is connected to the at least two vacuum holes in the row or column. 6. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein each of the plurality of the decompression recesses comprises a trench structure in which the at least two vacuum holes arranged in a row or column is exposed. 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least one wall surface of the shaping recess comprises a curved surface such that at least one edge portion of four edges of the glass substrate is shaped to have a curved surface. 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the vacuum hole comprises:
a first path having one end adjoining to the decompression recess; a second path connected to the other end of the first path, wherein an inner diameter of the second path is greater than an inner diameter of the first path. | The present invention relates to an apparatus for molding a glass substrate, and more specifically, to an apparatus for molding a glass substrate capable of forming a glass substrate in a 3D shape and preventing the shape of a vacuum hole from transferring onto the surface of the substrate. To this end, the present invention provides the apparatus for molding a glass substrate comprising: a molding frame; a molding groove formed on one surface of the molding frame; at least one vacuum hole formed on the molding frame at the lower portion of the molding groove and is connected to an external vacuum device; and a pressure-reducing groove, which is formed between the molding groove and the vacuum hole and allows communication between the molding groove and the vacuum hole, for reducing vacuum pressure applied to the glass substrate positioned on the molding groove through the vacuum hole.1. An apparatus for shaping a glass substrate, comprising:
a molding frame; a shaping recess disposed on one surface of the molding frame; at least one vacuum hole formed in the molding frame below the shaping recess, the at least one vacuum hole being connected to an external vacuum device; and at least one decompression recess defined between the shaping recess and the at least one vacuum hole such that the shaping recess communicates with the at least one vacuum hole, wherein the at least one decompression recess lessens vacuum pressure applied to the glass substrate disposed on the shaping recess through the at least one vacuum hole. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a width of the at least one decompression recess is greater than a width of the at least one vacuum hole. 3. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the apparatus comprises a plurality of the vacuum holes and a plurality of the decompression recesses, the plurality of the decompression recesses corresponding to the plurality of the vacuum holes respectively. 4. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the apparatus comprises a plurality of the vacuum holes, and at least two vacuum holes of the plurality of the vacuum holes are connected to one decompression recess of the at least one decompression recess. 5. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the at least two vacuum holes are arranged in a row or column, and the apparatus comprises a plurality of the decompression recesses, each of which extends along and is connected to the at least two vacuum holes in the row or column. 6. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein each of the plurality of the decompression recesses comprises a trench structure in which the at least two vacuum holes arranged in a row or column is exposed. 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least one wall surface of the shaping recess comprises a curved surface such that at least one edge portion of four edges of the glass substrate is shaped to have a curved surface. 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the vacuum hole comprises:
a first path having one end adjoining to the decompression recess; a second path connected to the other end of the first path, wherein an inner diameter of the second path is greater than an inner diameter of the first path. | 1,700 |
2,471 | 15,151,650 | 1,716 | A side tuning ring for a gas distribution device of a substrate processing system includes a first ring adjacent to a faceplate of the gas distribution device. The first ring surrounds the faceplate and defines a first plenum, communicates with a first gas source, and includes a first plurality of holes arranged to direct gas from the first gas source into a process chamber at a first angle. A second ring is adjacent to the first ring. The second ring surrounds the first ring and defines a second plenum, communicates with at least one of the first gas source and a second gas source, and includes a second plurality of holes arranged to direct gas from the at least one of the first gas source and the second gas source into the process chamber at the first angle or a second angle. The first ring and the second ring are detachable from the faceplate of the gas distribution device. | 1. A side tuning ring for a gas distribution device of a substrate processing system, the side tuning ring comprising:
a first ring adjacent to a faceplate of the gas distribution device, wherein
the first ring surrounds the faceplate and defines a first plenum, and
the first ring communicates with a first gas source and includes a first plurality of holes arranged to direct gas from the first gas source into a process chamber at a first angle; and
a second ring adjacent to the first ring, wherein
the second ring surrounds the first ring and defines a second plenum, and
the second ring communicates with at least one of the first gas source and a second gas source and includes a second plurality of holes arranged to direct gas from the at least one of the first gas source and the second gas source into the process chamber at a second angle,
wherein the first ring and the second ring are detachable from the faceplate of the gas distribution device, wherein the first ring is detachable from the second ring, and wherein the first angle and the second angle are different. 2-4. (canceled) 5. The side tuning ring of claim 1, wherein the first angle corresponds to one of inward with respect to the faceplate, outward with respect to the faceplate, and directly downward from the first ring, and wherein the second angle corresponds to another one of inward with respect to the faceplate, outward with respect to the faceplate, and directly downward from the second ring. 6. The side tuning ring of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first ring and the second ring is arranged above an outer edge of a substrate in the process chamber. 7. A system comprising the side tuning ring of claim 1, and further comprising:
the first gas source; the second gas source; and a controller. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the first gas source includes a first gas and the second gas source includes a second gas different from the first gas. 9. The system of claim 7, wherein the controller independently controls first gas flow from the first gas source through the first ring and second gas flow from the second gas source through the second ring. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the first gas flow is provided to a first plurality of injection points in a top side of the first ring and the second gas flow is provided to a second plurality of injection points in a top side of the second ring. 11-19. (canceled) | A side tuning ring for a gas distribution device of a substrate processing system includes a first ring adjacent to a faceplate of the gas distribution device. The first ring surrounds the faceplate and defines a first plenum, communicates with a first gas source, and includes a first plurality of holes arranged to direct gas from the first gas source into a process chamber at a first angle. A second ring is adjacent to the first ring. The second ring surrounds the first ring and defines a second plenum, communicates with at least one of the first gas source and a second gas source, and includes a second plurality of holes arranged to direct gas from the at least one of the first gas source and the second gas source into the process chamber at the first angle or a second angle. The first ring and the second ring are detachable from the faceplate of the gas distribution device.1. A side tuning ring for a gas distribution device of a substrate processing system, the side tuning ring comprising:
a first ring adjacent to a faceplate of the gas distribution device, wherein
the first ring surrounds the faceplate and defines a first plenum, and
the first ring communicates with a first gas source and includes a first plurality of holes arranged to direct gas from the first gas source into a process chamber at a first angle; and
a second ring adjacent to the first ring, wherein
the second ring surrounds the first ring and defines a second plenum, and
the second ring communicates with at least one of the first gas source and a second gas source and includes a second plurality of holes arranged to direct gas from the at least one of the first gas source and the second gas source into the process chamber at a second angle,
wherein the first ring and the second ring are detachable from the faceplate of the gas distribution device, wherein the first ring is detachable from the second ring, and wherein the first angle and the second angle are different. 2-4. (canceled) 5. The side tuning ring of claim 1, wherein the first angle corresponds to one of inward with respect to the faceplate, outward with respect to the faceplate, and directly downward from the first ring, and wherein the second angle corresponds to another one of inward with respect to the faceplate, outward with respect to the faceplate, and directly downward from the second ring. 6. The side tuning ring of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first ring and the second ring is arranged above an outer edge of a substrate in the process chamber. 7. A system comprising the side tuning ring of claim 1, and further comprising:
the first gas source; the second gas source; and a controller. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the first gas source includes a first gas and the second gas source includes a second gas different from the first gas. 9. The system of claim 7, wherein the controller independently controls first gas flow from the first gas source through the first ring and second gas flow from the second gas source through the second ring. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the first gas flow is provided to a first plurality of injection points in a top side of the first ring and the second gas flow is provided to a second plurality of injection points in a top side of the second ring. 11-19. (canceled) | 1,700 |
2,472 | 14,123,528 | 1,789 | The invention relates to a multilayer laid scrim ( 10, 15 ) for sheet-like or 3-dimensional high-strength components, consisting of a structure made of a multiplicity of plies of multilayer laid scrim for sheet-like or 3-dimensional high-strength components, consisting of a structure made of a multiplicity of plies made of glass fibres, synthetic fibres, aramid fibres and/or carbon fibres. In order to prevent fan-out of the individual fibres or filaments of the multilayer laid scrim used, it is provided according to the invention that in certain regions structural reinforcement elements ( 11, 16 ) are embedded at least into one ply, and/or between at least two plies, of the multilayer laid scrim. Said embedding here can take place over an entire area or else only in the regions which are exposed to a subsequent deformation. The structural reinforcement elements ( 11, 16 ) help to generate greater coherence between the individual fibres of the laid scrims, thus preventing fan-out, for example in the edge region. | 1. Multilayer laid scrim for sheet-like or 3-dimensional high-strength components comprising a structure made of several layers of glass fibers, synthetic fibers, aramid fibers and/or carbon fibers,
characterized in that structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23) are at least embedded in certain areas, at least in a layer and/or between at least two layers. 2. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1, characterized in that the structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23) are arranged without orientation on the layers or between the layers. 3. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1 characterized in that
the structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23) are distributed isotropically. 4. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1,
characterized in that the structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23) are arranged to be distributed over the entire plane of the individual layers, or that selected areas of the layers are equipped with structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23). 5. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1, characterized in that
the structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23) are preferably arranged in the area of the draping zones, that means in the shaping arch and/or edge areas (21, 22). 6. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1, characterized in that
the structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23) are designed to be straight, curved, wavy or arch-shaped. 7. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1, characterized in that
the structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23) are made of random fibers, random-fiber coatings or random-fiber films. 8. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1, characterized in that
the structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23) can be applied via coating, lamination or spraying of the individual layers. 9. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1, characterized in that
the percentage share of fibers in the coating volume can be controlled when the structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23) are sprayed on. 10. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1, characterized in that
the structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23) adhere via electrostatic charging on the layers, especially in the draping zones. 11. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1, characterized in that the draping zones are electrostatically pretreated. 12. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1, characterized in that
follow-up work is done on the draping zones by sewing them. 13. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1,
characterized in that the layers are thermoplastically workable, wherein air permeability is retained. 14. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1, characterized in that
the layers and structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23) can be brought into their final form via pressing while heat is applied. 15. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1, characterized in that
the layers and structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23) are pressed at first at a low speed and at a greater speed before the end position is reached. 16. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1, characterized in that
the number of layers with and without structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23) is adapted to the stability requirements. | The invention relates to a multilayer laid scrim ( 10, 15 ) for sheet-like or 3-dimensional high-strength components, consisting of a structure made of a multiplicity of plies of multilayer laid scrim for sheet-like or 3-dimensional high-strength components, consisting of a structure made of a multiplicity of plies made of glass fibres, synthetic fibres, aramid fibres and/or carbon fibres. In order to prevent fan-out of the individual fibres or filaments of the multilayer laid scrim used, it is provided according to the invention that in certain regions structural reinforcement elements ( 11, 16 ) are embedded at least into one ply, and/or between at least two plies, of the multilayer laid scrim. Said embedding here can take place over an entire area or else only in the regions which are exposed to a subsequent deformation. The structural reinforcement elements ( 11, 16 ) help to generate greater coherence between the individual fibres of the laid scrims, thus preventing fan-out, for example in the edge region.1. Multilayer laid scrim for sheet-like or 3-dimensional high-strength components comprising a structure made of several layers of glass fibers, synthetic fibers, aramid fibers and/or carbon fibers,
characterized in that structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23) are at least embedded in certain areas, at least in a layer and/or between at least two layers. 2. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1, characterized in that the structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23) are arranged without orientation on the layers or between the layers. 3. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1 characterized in that
the structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23) are distributed isotropically. 4. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1,
characterized in that the structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23) are arranged to be distributed over the entire plane of the individual layers, or that selected areas of the layers are equipped with structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23). 5. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1, characterized in that
the structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23) are preferably arranged in the area of the draping zones, that means in the shaping arch and/or edge areas (21, 22). 6. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1, characterized in that
the structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23) are designed to be straight, curved, wavy or arch-shaped. 7. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1, characterized in that
the structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23) are made of random fibers, random-fiber coatings or random-fiber films. 8. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1, characterized in that
the structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23) can be applied via coating, lamination or spraying of the individual layers. 9. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1, characterized in that
the percentage share of fibers in the coating volume can be controlled when the structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23) are sprayed on. 10. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1, characterized in that
the structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23) adhere via electrostatic charging on the layers, especially in the draping zones. 11. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1, characterized in that the draping zones are electrostatically pretreated. 12. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1, characterized in that
follow-up work is done on the draping zones by sewing them. 13. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1,
characterized in that the layers are thermoplastically workable, wherein air permeability is retained. 14. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1, characterized in that
the layers and structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23) can be brought into their final form via pressing while heat is applied. 15. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1, characterized in that
the layers and structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23) are pressed at first at a low speed and at a greater speed before the end position is reached. 16. Multilayer laid scrim according to claim 1, characterized in that
the number of layers with and without structural reinforcement elements (2, 6, 11, 16, 23) is adapted to the stability requirements. | 1,700 |
2,473 | 13,725,003 | 1,762 | A process for the polymerization of olefin carried out in the presence of a Cr-oxide supported catalyst and a cocatalyst the improvement comprising polymerizing in the presence of an effective amount of hydrogen thereby obtaining an increased catalyst activity. | 1. A process for polymerizing an olefin comprising the steps of:
(i) forming an activated silica supported chromium catalyst further comprising the steps of:
(a) preparing a homogeneous solution comprising an organic or inorganic chromium compound in a protic or aprotic polar solvent,
(b) bringing the resulting solution from (a) into contact with the silica material to form a solid,
(c) removing the solvent from the resulting solid formed in (b) thereby forming a chromium catalyst precursor; and
(d) calcination of the chromium catalyst precursor at a temperature between 350 to 1050° C., under oxidative conditions to form the activated silica supported chromium catalyst
(ii) polymerizing an olefin in the presence of
(a) the silica supported chromium catalyst
(b) a co-catalyst, and
(c) hydrogen wherein hydrogen is present in a concentration of 0.01 to 5 mole % based upon total content of polymerization contents. 2. A process according to claim 1 in which the cocatalyst is selected from organometallic compound of a metal from groups I to III of the Periodic Classification of the Elements. 3. A process according to claim 2, in which the co-catalyst is selected from the group consisting of organoaluminum compounds, lithium organo compounds, alkyl boron compounds and mixtures thereof. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the polymerization is carried out in gas phase or slurry phase. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the polymerization is carried out in the presence of hydrogen used in an amount of from 0.03 to 2 mole %. 6. The process according to claim 5 in which the amount of hydrogen ranges from 0.07 to 1.5 mole %. 7. The process according to claim 1 wherein, the supported chromium catalyst precursor is supported on a refractory oxide support. 8. The process according to claim 1 in which the supported chromium catalyst further comprises secondary dopants or mixtures of dopants. 9. The process according to claim 8 in which the dopants are organic or inorganic compounds of atoms selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, B, Al, Si, P. Bi, Sc, Ti, V. Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Hf, Ta, W, B, and F. 10. The process according to claim 9 in which the dopant is selected from compounds of the general formula M(OR)nX4-n, where M is titanium or zirconium and R is a hydrocarbon compound which has from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and n is an integer from 0 to 4. | A process for the polymerization of olefin carried out in the presence of a Cr-oxide supported catalyst and a cocatalyst the improvement comprising polymerizing in the presence of an effective amount of hydrogen thereby obtaining an increased catalyst activity.1. A process for polymerizing an olefin comprising the steps of:
(i) forming an activated silica supported chromium catalyst further comprising the steps of:
(a) preparing a homogeneous solution comprising an organic or inorganic chromium compound in a protic or aprotic polar solvent,
(b) bringing the resulting solution from (a) into contact with the silica material to form a solid,
(c) removing the solvent from the resulting solid formed in (b) thereby forming a chromium catalyst precursor; and
(d) calcination of the chromium catalyst precursor at a temperature between 350 to 1050° C., under oxidative conditions to form the activated silica supported chromium catalyst
(ii) polymerizing an olefin in the presence of
(a) the silica supported chromium catalyst
(b) a co-catalyst, and
(c) hydrogen wherein hydrogen is present in a concentration of 0.01 to 5 mole % based upon total content of polymerization contents. 2. A process according to claim 1 in which the cocatalyst is selected from organometallic compound of a metal from groups I to III of the Periodic Classification of the Elements. 3. A process according to claim 2, in which the co-catalyst is selected from the group consisting of organoaluminum compounds, lithium organo compounds, alkyl boron compounds and mixtures thereof. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the polymerization is carried out in gas phase or slurry phase. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the polymerization is carried out in the presence of hydrogen used in an amount of from 0.03 to 2 mole %. 6. The process according to claim 5 in which the amount of hydrogen ranges from 0.07 to 1.5 mole %. 7. The process according to claim 1 wherein, the supported chromium catalyst precursor is supported on a refractory oxide support. 8. The process according to claim 1 in which the supported chromium catalyst further comprises secondary dopants or mixtures of dopants. 9. The process according to claim 8 in which the dopants are organic or inorganic compounds of atoms selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, B, Al, Si, P. Bi, Sc, Ti, V. Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Hf, Ta, W, B, and F. 10. The process according to claim 9 in which the dopant is selected from compounds of the general formula M(OR)nX4-n, where M is titanium or zirconium and R is a hydrocarbon compound which has from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and n is an integer from 0 to 4. | 1,700 |
2,474 | 14,411,000 | 1,722 | A battery, such as a lithium-ion battery, includes two battery cells electrically wired together. Each battery cell includes a battery cell housing, having a connecting structure. The connecting structure of one of the two battery cell housings is configured to engage the connecting structure of the other of the two battery housings in a force-fitting and an interlocking manner to mechanically connect the two battery cells. | 1. A battery comprising:
two battery cells each having a battery cell housing, the two battery cells are electrically wired to each other, wherein the battery cell housing of each of the two battery cells includes a connecting structure, the connecting structure of one of the two battery cell housings configured to engage the connecting structure of the other of the two battery housings in a force-fitting and an interlocking manner to mechanically connect the two battery cells to each other. 2. The battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the connecting structures are stamped into the battery cell housings. 3. The battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
the connecting structure of one of the battery cell housings includes a lock element; the connecting structure of the other of the battery cell housings includes a key element; and the lock and key elements are configured to be engaged in an interlocking manner to mechanically connect the two battery cells to each other. 4. The battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the connecting structures are linear or crossed in relation to each other. 5. The battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the connecting structures each include corresponding raised portions and/or recesses. 6. The battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the connecting structures are at an angle of from 1° to 90° in relation to each other. 7. The battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the connecting structures are configured with a neutral design. 8. The battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the connecting structures are configured so as to be circular. 9. A motor vehicle comprising:
a drive system; and a battery including two battery cells electrically wired to each other and each having a battery cell housing, the battery cell housing of each of the two battery cells having a connecting structure, the connecting structure of one of the two battery cell housings configured to engage the connecting structure of the other of the two battery housings in a force-fitting and an interlocking manner to mechanically connect the two battery cells to each other, wherein the battery is connected to the drive system. 10. The battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the battery is configured as a lithium-on battery. 11. The battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the two battery cells are electrically wired to each other in series. 12. The battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the two battery cells are electrically wired to each other in parallel. 13. The battery as claimed in claim 5, wherein the corresponding raised portions and/or recesses have a meandering pattern. 14. The battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the connecting structures are configured so as to be polygonal. | A battery, such as a lithium-ion battery, includes two battery cells electrically wired together. Each battery cell includes a battery cell housing, having a connecting structure. The connecting structure of one of the two battery cell housings is configured to engage the connecting structure of the other of the two battery housings in a force-fitting and an interlocking manner to mechanically connect the two battery cells.1. A battery comprising:
two battery cells each having a battery cell housing, the two battery cells are electrically wired to each other, wherein the battery cell housing of each of the two battery cells includes a connecting structure, the connecting structure of one of the two battery cell housings configured to engage the connecting structure of the other of the two battery housings in a force-fitting and an interlocking manner to mechanically connect the two battery cells to each other. 2. The battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the connecting structures are stamped into the battery cell housings. 3. The battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
the connecting structure of one of the battery cell housings includes a lock element; the connecting structure of the other of the battery cell housings includes a key element; and the lock and key elements are configured to be engaged in an interlocking manner to mechanically connect the two battery cells to each other. 4. The battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the connecting structures are linear or crossed in relation to each other. 5. The battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the connecting structures each include corresponding raised portions and/or recesses. 6. The battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the connecting structures are at an angle of from 1° to 90° in relation to each other. 7. The battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the connecting structures are configured with a neutral design. 8. The battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the connecting structures are configured so as to be circular. 9. A motor vehicle comprising:
a drive system; and a battery including two battery cells electrically wired to each other and each having a battery cell housing, the battery cell housing of each of the two battery cells having a connecting structure, the connecting structure of one of the two battery cell housings configured to engage the connecting structure of the other of the two battery housings in a force-fitting and an interlocking manner to mechanically connect the two battery cells to each other, wherein the battery is connected to the drive system. 10. The battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the battery is configured as a lithium-on battery. 11. The battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the two battery cells are electrically wired to each other in series. 12. The battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the two battery cells are electrically wired to each other in parallel. 13. The battery as claimed in claim 5, wherein the corresponding raised portions and/or recesses have a meandering pattern. 14. The battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the connecting structures are configured so as to be polygonal. | 1,700 |
2,475 | 14,459,453 | 1,727 | Disclosed is an electrode assembly including a plurality of alternately arranged cathode and anode plates, a separator interposed between the cathode plate and the anode plate, a plurality of cathode tabs respectively formed on the cathode plates, a plurality of anode tabs respectively formed on the anode plates, a cathode lead coupled to the cathode tabs, and an anode lead coupled to the anode tabs, wherein i) the cathode and anode tabs have different shapes and widths of the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are equal to 2 to 100% the length of electrode surfaces with the tabs formed thereon, or ii) the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are asymmetrically arranged with respect to electrode surfaces with the cathode and anode tabs formed thereon and widths of the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are equal to 5 to 45% the length of the electrode surfaces. | 1. An electrode assembly comprising:
a plurality of alternately arranged cathode and anode plates; a separator disposed between the cathode plate and the anode plate; a plurality of cathode tabs respectively formed on the cathode plates; a plurality of anode tabs respectively formed on the anode plates; a cathode lead coupled to the cathode tabs; and an anode lead coupled to the anode tabs, wherein the cathode tabs and the anode tabs have different shapes and widths of the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are equal to 2 to 100% a length of electrode surfaces with the tabs formed thereon. 2. The electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the cathode tabs and the anode tabs have different polygonal shapes. 3. The electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein any one kind of the cathode and anode tabs has a shape with an arc end portion. 4. The electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the widths of the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are equal to 2 to 80% the length of electrode surfaces with the tabs formed thereon. 5. The electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are positioned on an end portion in a lateral direction of the electrode assembly, or respectively positioned on opposite end portions of the electrode assembly facing each other, or respectively positioned on end portions of the electrode assembly perpendicular to each other, when viewed in plan view in manufacture of the electrode assembly. 6. The electrode assembly according to claim 5, wherein the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are positioned on an end portion in a lateral direction of the electrode assembly when viewed in plan view in manufacture of the electrode assembly, and the widths of the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are equal to 5 to 45% the length of electrode surfaces with the tabs formed thereon. 7. The electrode assembly according to claim 6, wherein the widths of the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are equal to 10 to 40% the length of electrode surfaces with the tabs formed thereon. 8. The electrode assembly according to claim 5, wherein the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are respectively positioned on opposite end portions of the electrode assembly facing each other, or respectively positioned on end portions of the electrode assembly perpendicular to each other, when viewed in plan view in manufacture of the electrode assembly, and the widths of the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are equal to 10 to 80% the length of electrode surfaces with the tabs formed thereon. 9. The electrode assembly according to claim 8, wherein the widths of the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are equal to 15 to 70% the length of electrode surfaces with the tabs formed thereon. 10. An electrode assembly comprising:
a plurality of alternately arranged cathode and anode plates; a separator disposed between the cathode plate and the anode plate; a plurality of cathode tabs respectively formed on the cathode plates; a plurality of anode tabs respectively formed on the anode plates; a cathode lead coupled to the cathode tabs; and an anode lead coupled to the anode tabs, wherein the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are asymmetrically positioned with respect to electrode surfaces with the tabs formed thereon, and widths of the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are equal to 5 to 45% a length of the electrode surfaces. 11. The electrode assembly according to claim 10, wherein, when manufacturing the electrode assembly, the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are formed such that the cathode tabs are positioned on longer electrode surfaces than electrode surfaces on which the anode tabs are formed. 12. The electrode assembly according to claim 10, wherein, when manufacturing the electrode assembly, the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are formed such that the anode tabs are positioned on longer electrode surfaces than electrode surfaces on which the cathode tabs are formed. 13. The electrode assembly according to claim 10, wherein the widths of the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are equal to 10 to 40% the length of the electrode surfaces. 14. The electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the cathode lead and the anode lead have different shapes. 15. The electrode assembly according to claim 14, wherein the cathode lead and the anode lead have different polygonal shapes. 16. The electrode assembly according to claim 14, wherein any one of the cathode lead and the anode lead has a shape with an arc end portion. 17. The electrode assembly according to claim 14, wherein the cathode lead or the anode lead has a bent shape so that the cathode lead and the anode lead are asymmetrically positioned with respect to the electrode surfaces. 18. The electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein materials constituting the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are identical. 19. The electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein materials constituting the cathode and anode leads are identical. 20. The electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein heights of welding portions where the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are respectively coupled to the cathode lead and the anode lead are equal to 3 to 30% a height of the cathode and anode leads. 21. The electrode assembly according to claim 20, wherein the heights of welding portions where the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are respectively coupled to the cathode lead and the anode lead are equal to 3 to 20% the height of the cathode and anode leads. 22. The electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the cathode plate comprises, as a cathode active material, a spinel-structure lithium manganese composite oxide represented by Formula 1 below:
LixMyMn2−yO4−zAz (1)
wherein 0.9≦x≦1.2, 0<y<2, and 0≦z<0.2; M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, Mg, Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, B, Ca, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sr, Sb, W, Ti, and Bi; and A is at least one monovalent or divalent anion. 23. The electrode assembly according to claim 22, wherein the lithium manganese composite oxide of Formula 1 is a lithium nickel manganese composite oxide (LNMO) represented by Formula 2 below:
LixNiyMn2−yO4 (2)
wherein 0.9≦x≦1.2 and 0.4≦y≦0.5. 24. The electrode assembly according to claim 23, wherein the lithium nickel manganese composite oxide is LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 or LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4. 25. The electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the cathode plate comprises, as a cathode active material, at least one of oxides represented by Formulas 3 and 4:
Li 1+x′Ni1−y′−z′−tMny′Coz′M′tO2−wA′w (3)
wherein −0.2<x′<0.2, 0≦y′≦0.4, 0≦z′≦0.4, 0≦t≦0.2, and 0≦w≦0.05; M′=a first row transition metal such as Fe, Cr, Ti, Zn, V, or the like, Al, Mg, or the like; A′=Groups 6A and 7A elements such as S, Se, F, Cl, I, and the like, and
Li1+x″Mn2−y″M″y″O4−w′A″w′ (4)
wherein −0.2<x″<0.2, 0≦y″<0.4, and 0≦w′≦0.05; M″=a first row transition metal such as Ni, Mn, Fe, Cr, Ti, Zn, V, or the like; and A″=Groups 6A and 7A elements such as S, Se, F, Cl, I, and the like. 26. The electrode assembly according to claim 25, wherein the cathode active material is at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2, LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2, LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, and LiMn2O4. 27. The electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the anode plate comprises, as an anode active material, lithium titanium oxide (LTO) represented by Formula 5 below:
LiaTibO4 (5)
wherein 0.5≦a≦3 and 1≦b≦2.5. 28. The electrode assembly according to claim 27, wherein the lithium titanium oxide is Li1.33Ti1.67O4 or LiTi2O4. 29. A secondary battery comprising the electrode assembly according to claim 1. | Disclosed is an electrode assembly including a plurality of alternately arranged cathode and anode plates, a separator interposed between the cathode plate and the anode plate, a plurality of cathode tabs respectively formed on the cathode plates, a plurality of anode tabs respectively formed on the anode plates, a cathode lead coupled to the cathode tabs, and an anode lead coupled to the anode tabs, wherein i) the cathode and anode tabs have different shapes and widths of the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are equal to 2 to 100% the length of electrode surfaces with the tabs formed thereon, or ii) the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are asymmetrically arranged with respect to electrode surfaces with the cathode and anode tabs formed thereon and widths of the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are equal to 5 to 45% the length of the electrode surfaces.1. An electrode assembly comprising:
a plurality of alternately arranged cathode and anode plates; a separator disposed between the cathode plate and the anode plate; a plurality of cathode tabs respectively formed on the cathode plates; a plurality of anode tabs respectively formed on the anode plates; a cathode lead coupled to the cathode tabs; and an anode lead coupled to the anode tabs, wherein the cathode tabs and the anode tabs have different shapes and widths of the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are equal to 2 to 100% a length of electrode surfaces with the tabs formed thereon. 2. The electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the cathode tabs and the anode tabs have different polygonal shapes. 3. The electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein any one kind of the cathode and anode tabs has a shape with an arc end portion. 4. The electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the widths of the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are equal to 2 to 80% the length of electrode surfaces with the tabs formed thereon. 5. The electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are positioned on an end portion in a lateral direction of the electrode assembly, or respectively positioned on opposite end portions of the electrode assembly facing each other, or respectively positioned on end portions of the electrode assembly perpendicular to each other, when viewed in plan view in manufacture of the electrode assembly. 6. The electrode assembly according to claim 5, wherein the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are positioned on an end portion in a lateral direction of the electrode assembly when viewed in plan view in manufacture of the electrode assembly, and the widths of the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are equal to 5 to 45% the length of electrode surfaces with the tabs formed thereon. 7. The electrode assembly according to claim 6, wherein the widths of the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are equal to 10 to 40% the length of electrode surfaces with the tabs formed thereon. 8. The electrode assembly according to claim 5, wherein the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are respectively positioned on opposite end portions of the electrode assembly facing each other, or respectively positioned on end portions of the electrode assembly perpendicular to each other, when viewed in plan view in manufacture of the electrode assembly, and the widths of the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are equal to 10 to 80% the length of electrode surfaces with the tabs formed thereon. 9. The electrode assembly according to claim 8, wherein the widths of the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are equal to 15 to 70% the length of electrode surfaces with the tabs formed thereon. 10. An electrode assembly comprising:
a plurality of alternately arranged cathode and anode plates; a separator disposed between the cathode plate and the anode plate; a plurality of cathode tabs respectively formed on the cathode plates; a plurality of anode tabs respectively formed on the anode plates; a cathode lead coupled to the cathode tabs; and an anode lead coupled to the anode tabs, wherein the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are asymmetrically positioned with respect to electrode surfaces with the tabs formed thereon, and widths of the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are equal to 5 to 45% a length of the electrode surfaces. 11. The electrode assembly according to claim 10, wherein, when manufacturing the electrode assembly, the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are formed such that the cathode tabs are positioned on longer electrode surfaces than electrode surfaces on which the anode tabs are formed. 12. The electrode assembly according to claim 10, wherein, when manufacturing the electrode assembly, the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are formed such that the anode tabs are positioned on longer electrode surfaces than electrode surfaces on which the cathode tabs are formed. 13. The electrode assembly according to claim 10, wherein the widths of the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are equal to 10 to 40% the length of the electrode surfaces. 14. The electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the cathode lead and the anode lead have different shapes. 15. The electrode assembly according to claim 14, wherein the cathode lead and the anode lead have different polygonal shapes. 16. The electrode assembly according to claim 14, wherein any one of the cathode lead and the anode lead has a shape with an arc end portion. 17. The electrode assembly according to claim 14, wherein the cathode lead or the anode lead has a bent shape so that the cathode lead and the anode lead are asymmetrically positioned with respect to the electrode surfaces. 18. The electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein materials constituting the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are identical. 19. The electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein materials constituting the cathode and anode leads are identical. 20. The electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein heights of welding portions where the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are respectively coupled to the cathode lead and the anode lead are equal to 3 to 30% a height of the cathode and anode leads. 21. The electrode assembly according to claim 20, wherein the heights of welding portions where the cathode tabs and the anode tabs are respectively coupled to the cathode lead and the anode lead are equal to 3 to 20% the height of the cathode and anode leads. 22. The electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the cathode plate comprises, as a cathode active material, a spinel-structure lithium manganese composite oxide represented by Formula 1 below:
LixMyMn2−yO4−zAz (1)
wherein 0.9≦x≦1.2, 0<y<2, and 0≦z<0.2; M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, Mg, Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, B, Ca, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sr, Sb, W, Ti, and Bi; and A is at least one monovalent or divalent anion. 23. The electrode assembly according to claim 22, wherein the lithium manganese composite oxide of Formula 1 is a lithium nickel manganese composite oxide (LNMO) represented by Formula 2 below:
LixNiyMn2−yO4 (2)
wherein 0.9≦x≦1.2 and 0.4≦y≦0.5. 24. The electrode assembly according to claim 23, wherein the lithium nickel manganese composite oxide is LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 or LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4. 25. The electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the cathode plate comprises, as a cathode active material, at least one of oxides represented by Formulas 3 and 4:
Li 1+x′Ni1−y′−z′−tMny′Coz′M′tO2−wA′w (3)
wherein −0.2<x′<0.2, 0≦y′≦0.4, 0≦z′≦0.4, 0≦t≦0.2, and 0≦w≦0.05; M′=a first row transition metal such as Fe, Cr, Ti, Zn, V, or the like, Al, Mg, or the like; A′=Groups 6A and 7A elements such as S, Se, F, Cl, I, and the like, and
Li1+x″Mn2−y″M″y″O4−w′A″w′ (4)
wherein −0.2<x″<0.2, 0≦y″<0.4, and 0≦w′≦0.05; M″=a first row transition metal such as Ni, Mn, Fe, Cr, Ti, Zn, V, or the like; and A″=Groups 6A and 7A elements such as S, Se, F, Cl, I, and the like. 26. The electrode assembly according to claim 25, wherein the cathode active material is at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2, LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2, LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, and LiMn2O4. 27. The electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the anode plate comprises, as an anode active material, lithium titanium oxide (LTO) represented by Formula 5 below:
LiaTibO4 (5)
wherein 0.5≦a≦3 and 1≦b≦2.5. 28. The electrode assembly according to claim 27, wherein the lithium titanium oxide is Li1.33Ti1.67O4 or LiTi2O4. 29. A secondary battery comprising the electrode assembly according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,476 | 14,266,302 | 1,711 | Mobile apparatuses move within contaminated fluid to create fluid flows against structures that remove and prevent contaminant deposition on structure surfaces immersed in the fluid. Unsettling flows in water may exceed approximately 2 m/s for radionuclide particles and solutes found in nuclear power plants. Mobile apparatuses include pressurized liquid from a pump or pressurized source that can be chemically and thermally treated to maximize deposition removal. When spraying the pressurized liquid to create the deposition-removing flow, mobile apparatuses may be self-propelled within the fluid about an entire surface to be cleaned. Mobile apparatuses include filters keyed to remove the contaminants moved into the coolant by the flow, and by taking in ambient fluid, enable such filtering of the ambient fluid along with a larger flow volume and propulsion. Propulsion and the pressurized liquid in turn enhance intake of ambient fluid. | 1. A system for reducing contaminant deposition on a surface immersed in a fluid, the system comprising:
a fluid source; and an apparatus configured to discharge fluid from the fluid source against a surface while immersed in the fluid. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the fluid source includes,
a pump configured to draw the fluid from a cavity in which the apparatus is immersed. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the apparatus includes the pump such that the pump is immersed in the fluid. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the fluid is coolant water, and wherein the apparatus is further configured to discharge the coolant water to create a flow speed of the coolant water immediately on the surface of at least 2 meters per second. 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
a filter within at least one of the fluid source and the apparatus, wherein the filter is configured to remove contaminants from the fluid discharged by the apparatus, wherein the filter includes at least one stage of resins to remove dissolved contaminants in the fluid. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the fluid source includes,
a heat exchanger to cool the discharged fluid below a temperature of the fluid in which the surface is immersed; and a chemical injector configured to modify a chemistry of the discharged fluid. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein,
the fluid source includes a base having a pump, a first filter, and piping together configured to draw the fluid from an area in which the apparatus is immersed in the fluid, the apparatus is a mobile assembly including an induction pump connected to the fluid source, and the mobile assembly is moveable within the fluid to discharge the fluid on several different positions on the surface. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein
the fluid source further includes a heat exchanger and a chemical injector, the mobile assembly includes an intake and a second filter together configured to draw the fluid from the area in which the mobile assembly is immersed in the fluid, and the mobile assembly is moveable by force from the induction pump discharging the fluid within the area. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the intake and the second filter are connected to the induction pump so that the fluid is actively drawn through the intake and the second filter is entrained with fluid from the fluid source to create the discharged fluid. 10. A mobile apparatus to reduce contaminant depositions by inducing flows in spaces flooded with a liquid, the mobile apparatus comprising:
a flow intake receiving the liquid from the space; and a multi-stage filter configured to filter particulate and dissolved contaminants from the liquid; and an outlet directing the liquid toward a surface so as to create a flow speed of at least 2 meters per second of the liquid contacting the surface. 11. The mobile apparatus of claim 10, further comprising:
a pump connected to the flow intake, wherein the pump is configured to create the flow while the mobile apparatus is completely immersed in the liquid in the space. 12. The mobile apparatus of claim 11, further comprising:
a liquid connection configured to receive liquid from a source, wherein the pump is an induction pump that drives the liquid from the source and the liquid from the intake together to create the flow. 13. The mobile apparatus of claim 12, wherein the liquid from the source has a different temperature, a different pH, and a different oxidizer content from the liquid from the intake. 14. The mobile apparatus of claim 10, wherein the filter includes,
a coarse reservoir stage, a fibrous filter stage, a charged bed stage, a metallic filtering bed stage, and a resin bed stage secured between two screens. 15. The mobile apparatus of claim 14, wherein each of the stages are in separate sections of the filter, and wherein the separate sections are removably attached to each other through flanges on ends of each of the sections. 16. The mobile apparatus of claim 14, wherein the resin bed includes a resin configured to filter metallic solutes from the liquid that are removed from depositing on the surface. 17. The mobile apparatus of claim 10, wherein the flow moves the mobile apparatus within the space. 18. A method of removing contaminant depositions on open-system surfaces immersed in contaminant-bearing water, the method comprising:
flowing the water at a speed of about 2 meters per second where the water meets the surface; and filtering the water for contaminants dissolved in the water as a result of the flowing. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the flowed water includes an oxidizer and a weak acid. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the flowing is produced by a mobile assembly completely submerged in the water, wherein the mobile assembly includes an induction pump causing the flow. | Mobile apparatuses move within contaminated fluid to create fluid flows against structures that remove and prevent contaminant deposition on structure surfaces immersed in the fluid. Unsettling flows in water may exceed approximately 2 m/s for radionuclide particles and solutes found in nuclear power plants. Mobile apparatuses include pressurized liquid from a pump or pressurized source that can be chemically and thermally treated to maximize deposition removal. When spraying the pressurized liquid to create the deposition-removing flow, mobile apparatuses may be self-propelled within the fluid about an entire surface to be cleaned. Mobile apparatuses include filters keyed to remove the contaminants moved into the coolant by the flow, and by taking in ambient fluid, enable such filtering of the ambient fluid along with a larger flow volume and propulsion. Propulsion and the pressurized liquid in turn enhance intake of ambient fluid.1. A system for reducing contaminant deposition on a surface immersed in a fluid, the system comprising:
a fluid source; and an apparatus configured to discharge fluid from the fluid source against a surface while immersed in the fluid. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the fluid source includes,
a pump configured to draw the fluid from a cavity in which the apparatus is immersed. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the apparatus includes the pump such that the pump is immersed in the fluid. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the fluid is coolant water, and wherein the apparatus is further configured to discharge the coolant water to create a flow speed of the coolant water immediately on the surface of at least 2 meters per second. 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
a filter within at least one of the fluid source and the apparatus, wherein the filter is configured to remove contaminants from the fluid discharged by the apparatus, wherein the filter includes at least one stage of resins to remove dissolved contaminants in the fluid. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the fluid source includes,
a heat exchanger to cool the discharged fluid below a temperature of the fluid in which the surface is immersed; and a chemical injector configured to modify a chemistry of the discharged fluid. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein,
the fluid source includes a base having a pump, a first filter, and piping together configured to draw the fluid from an area in which the apparatus is immersed in the fluid, the apparatus is a mobile assembly including an induction pump connected to the fluid source, and the mobile assembly is moveable within the fluid to discharge the fluid on several different positions on the surface. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein
the fluid source further includes a heat exchanger and a chemical injector, the mobile assembly includes an intake and a second filter together configured to draw the fluid from the area in which the mobile assembly is immersed in the fluid, and the mobile assembly is moveable by force from the induction pump discharging the fluid within the area. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the intake and the second filter are connected to the induction pump so that the fluid is actively drawn through the intake and the second filter is entrained with fluid from the fluid source to create the discharged fluid. 10. A mobile apparatus to reduce contaminant depositions by inducing flows in spaces flooded with a liquid, the mobile apparatus comprising:
a flow intake receiving the liquid from the space; and a multi-stage filter configured to filter particulate and dissolved contaminants from the liquid; and an outlet directing the liquid toward a surface so as to create a flow speed of at least 2 meters per second of the liquid contacting the surface. 11. The mobile apparatus of claim 10, further comprising:
a pump connected to the flow intake, wherein the pump is configured to create the flow while the mobile apparatus is completely immersed in the liquid in the space. 12. The mobile apparatus of claim 11, further comprising:
a liquid connection configured to receive liquid from a source, wherein the pump is an induction pump that drives the liquid from the source and the liquid from the intake together to create the flow. 13. The mobile apparatus of claim 12, wherein the liquid from the source has a different temperature, a different pH, and a different oxidizer content from the liquid from the intake. 14. The mobile apparatus of claim 10, wherein the filter includes,
a coarse reservoir stage, a fibrous filter stage, a charged bed stage, a metallic filtering bed stage, and a resin bed stage secured between two screens. 15. The mobile apparatus of claim 14, wherein each of the stages are in separate sections of the filter, and wherein the separate sections are removably attached to each other through flanges on ends of each of the sections. 16. The mobile apparatus of claim 14, wherein the resin bed includes a resin configured to filter metallic solutes from the liquid that are removed from depositing on the surface. 17. The mobile apparatus of claim 10, wherein the flow moves the mobile apparatus within the space. 18. A method of removing contaminant depositions on open-system surfaces immersed in contaminant-bearing water, the method comprising:
flowing the water at a speed of about 2 meters per second where the water meets the surface; and filtering the water for contaminants dissolved in the water as a result of the flowing. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the flowed water includes an oxidizer and a weak acid. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the flowing is produced by a mobile assembly completely submerged in the water, wherein the mobile assembly includes an induction pump causing the flow. | 1,700 |
2,477 | 14,933,847 | 1,762 | A radically coupled polymer having a density of from about 0.915 g/ml to about 0.975 g/ml characterized by a crossover modulus that is equal to or less than y mn where y mn =18000e −0.15x and x is the number average molecular weight of the radically coupled polymer. An ethylene polymer having a level of short chain branching ranging from about 0 to about 10 mol. %; a level of long chain branching ranging from about 0.001 LCB/10 3 carbons to about 1.5 LCB/10 3 carbons as determined by SEC-MALS; and characterized by a crossover modulus that is equal to or less than y mn where y mn =18000e −0.15x and x is the number average molecular weight of the radically coupled polymer. | 1. A radically coupled polymer having a density of from about 0.915 g/ml to about 0.975 g/ml characterized by a crossover modulus that is equal to or less than ymn where ymn=18000e−0.15x and x is the number average molecular weight of the radically coupled polymer. 2. The polymer of claim 1 characterized by a crossover modulus that is equal to or less than ymz where ymz=193266e−0.005535x and x is the z-average molecular weight of the radically coupled polymer. 3. The polymer of claim 1 characterized by a crossover frequency that is equal to or less than the value fmn where fmn=3000e−0.25x and x is the number average molecular weight of the radically coupled polymer. 4. The polymer of claim 1 characterized by a crossover frequency that is equal to or less than the value fmz where fmz=500e−0.01x and x is the z-average molecular weight of the radically coupled polymer. 5. The polymer of claim 1 having a weight-average molecular weight ranging from about 25 Kg/mol to about 250 Kg/mol. 6. The polymer of claim 1 having a polydispersity index of from about 4 to about 40. 7. The polymer of claim 1 having at least two types of short chain branching. 8. The polymer of claim 7 wherein the types of short chain branching are selected from the group consisting of ethyl, butyl, hexyl, 4-methylpentyl and octyl. 9. The polymer of claim 1 having a flow activation energy of from about 35 kJ mol−1 to about 70 kJ mol−1. 10. An ethylene polymer having a level of short chain branching ranging from about 0 to about 10 mol. %; a level of long chain branching ranging from about 0.001 LCB/103 carbons to about 1.5 LCB/103 carbons as determined by SEC-MALS; and characterized by a crossover modulus that is equal to or less than ymn where ymn=18000e−0.15x and x is the number average molecular weight of the radically coupled polymer. 11. An ethylene polymer characterized by a higher molecular weight (HMW) component and a lower molecular weight (LMW) component having a polydispersity index ranging from about 8 to about 25; a level of long chain branching ranging from about 0.001 LCB/103 carbons to about 1.5 LCB/103 carbons as determined by SEC-MALS and characterized by a crossover modulus that is equal to or less than ymn where ymn=18000e−0.15x and x is the number average molecular weight of the radically coupled polymer. 12. The polymer of claim 11 having a weight-average molecular weight ranging from about 350 g/mol to about 50,000 g/mol. 13. The polymer of claim 11 wherein the LMW component has a weight average molecular weight ranging from about 350 g/mol to about 40,000 g/mol. 14. The polymer of claim 11 having a polydispersity index of from about 1 to about 50. 15. The polymer of claim 11 characterized by a crossover modulus that is equal to or less than ymz where ymz=193266e−0.005535x and x is the z-average molecular weight of the radically coupled polymer. 16. The polymer of claim 11 characterized by a crossover frequency that is equal to or less than the value fmn where fmn=3000e−0.25x and x is the number average molecular weight of the radically coupled polymer. 17. The polymer of claim 11 characterized by a crossover frequency that is equal to or less than the value fmz where fmz=500e−0.01x and x is the z-average molecular weight of the radically coupled polymer. 18. The polymer of claim 11 having a high load melt index in the range of from about 100 dg/min. to about 5000 dg/min as determined in accordance with ASTM D1238. 19. The polymer of claim 11 characterized by a shear response in the range of from about 10 to about 500. 20. The polymer of claim 11 characterized by a zero shear viscosity in the range of from about 1.0E+00 Pa-s to about 1.0E+06 Pa-s. | A radically coupled polymer having a density of from about 0.915 g/ml to about 0.975 g/ml characterized by a crossover modulus that is equal to or less than y mn where y mn =18000e −0.15x and x is the number average molecular weight of the radically coupled polymer. An ethylene polymer having a level of short chain branching ranging from about 0 to about 10 mol. %; a level of long chain branching ranging from about 0.001 LCB/10 3 carbons to about 1.5 LCB/10 3 carbons as determined by SEC-MALS; and characterized by a crossover modulus that is equal to or less than y mn where y mn =18000e −0.15x and x is the number average molecular weight of the radically coupled polymer.1. A radically coupled polymer having a density of from about 0.915 g/ml to about 0.975 g/ml characterized by a crossover modulus that is equal to or less than ymn where ymn=18000e−0.15x and x is the number average molecular weight of the radically coupled polymer. 2. The polymer of claim 1 characterized by a crossover modulus that is equal to or less than ymz where ymz=193266e−0.005535x and x is the z-average molecular weight of the radically coupled polymer. 3. The polymer of claim 1 characterized by a crossover frequency that is equal to or less than the value fmn where fmn=3000e−0.25x and x is the number average molecular weight of the radically coupled polymer. 4. The polymer of claim 1 characterized by a crossover frequency that is equal to or less than the value fmz where fmz=500e−0.01x and x is the z-average molecular weight of the radically coupled polymer. 5. The polymer of claim 1 having a weight-average molecular weight ranging from about 25 Kg/mol to about 250 Kg/mol. 6. The polymer of claim 1 having a polydispersity index of from about 4 to about 40. 7. The polymer of claim 1 having at least two types of short chain branching. 8. The polymer of claim 7 wherein the types of short chain branching are selected from the group consisting of ethyl, butyl, hexyl, 4-methylpentyl and octyl. 9. The polymer of claim 1 having a flow activation energy of from about 35 kJ mol−1 to about 70 kJ mol−1. 10. An ethylene polymer having a level of short chain branching ranging from about 0 to about 10 mol. %; a level of long chain branching ranging from about 0.001 LCB/103 carbons to about 1.5 LCB/103 carbons as determined by SEC-MALS; and characterized by a crossover modulus that is equal to or less than ymn where ymn=18000e−0.15x and x is the number average molecular weight of the radically coupled polymer. 11. An ethylene polymer characterized by a higher molecular weight (HMW) component and a lower molecular weight (LMW) component having a polydispersity index ranging from about 8 to about 25; a level of long chain branching ranging from about 0.001 LCB/103 carbons to about 1.5 LCB/103 carbons as determined by SEC-MALS and characterized by a crossover modulus that is equal to or less than ymn where ymn=18000e−0.15x and x is the number average molecular weight of the radically coupled polymer. 12. The polymer of claim 11 having a weight-average molecular weight ranging from about 350 g/mol to about 50,000 g/mol. 13. The polymer of claim 11 wherein the LMW component has a weight average molecular weight ranging from about 350 g/mol to about 40,000 g/mol. 14. The polymer of claim 11 having a polydispersity index of from about 1 to about 50. 15. The polymer of claim 11 characterized by a crossover modulus that is equal to or less than ymz where ymz=193266e−0.005535x and x is the z-average molecular weight of the radically coupled polymer. 16. The polymer of claim 11 characterized by a crossover frequency that is equal to or less than the value fmn where fmn=3000e−0.25x and x is the number average molecular weight of the radically coupled polymer. 17. The polymer of claim 11 characterized by a crossover frequency that is equal to or less than the value fmz where fmz=500e−0.01x and x is the z-average molecular weight of the radically coupled polymer. 18. The polymer of claim 11 having a high load melt index in the range of from about 100 dg/min. to about 5000 dg/min as determined in accordance with ASTM D1238. 19. The polymer of claim 11 characterized by a shear response in the range of from about 10 to about 500. 20. The polymer of claim 11 characterized by a zero shear viscosity in the range of from about 1.0E+00 Pa-s to about 1.0E+06 Pa-s. | 1,700 |
2,478 | 13,991,098 | 1,787 | The invention provides a multilayer film comprising a substrate film and a coating layer arranged on at least one surface of the substrate film, wherein the coating layer contains an oxazoline group and comprises an acrylic resin, the coating layer has a thickness (D) of 5-150 nm, and the ratio (P1/P2) of the peak intensity (P1) of a peak that has an absorption maximum in a region of 1655±10 cm −1 to the peak intensity (P2) of a peak that has an absorption maximum in a range of 1580±10 cm −1 in the total reflection infrared absorption spectrum of the coating layer and the thickness (D) of the coating layer fulfill the relationship represented by the formula: 0.03≦(P1/P2)/D≦0.15. | 1. A multilayer film obtained by forming a coating layer on at least one face of a substrate film, wherein
said coating layer contains an oxazoline group, comprises an acrylic resin, and has a thickness (D) of 5 to 150 nm and a relation of the thickness (D) of the coating layer with the ratio (P1/P2) of the peak-intensity (P1) of the peak having the absorption maximum in a region of 1655±10 cm−1 and the peak-intensity (P2) of the peak having the absorption maximum in a region of 1580±10 cm−1 in the total reflection infrared absorption spectrum of the coating layer satisfies the equation 0.03≦(P1/P2)/D≦0.15. 2. The multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein an inorganic thin film layer is laminated on said coating layer. 3. The multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein
an inorganic thin film layer is laminated on said coating layer, a protection layer is further laminated on the inorganic thin film layer, and said protection layer is formed from a resin composition A for protection layers comprising a polymer (a) of either a (meth)acrylic acid homopolymer or a (meth)acrylic acid/(meth)acrylic acid ester copolymer containing not less than 10% by mass of (meth)acrylic acid; a polyurethane-urea resin (b) having an ether bond; and at least one crosslinking agent (c) selected from epoxy resins, polyisocyanates, and silane coupling agents. 4. The multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein an inorganic thin film layer is laminated on said coating layer,
a protection layer is further laminated on said coating layer, and said protection layer is formed from a resin composition B for protection layers comprising a polymer (d) having a weight-average molecular weight of 22,000 to 40,000 and a polyisocyanate (e). 5. The multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein said coating layer is formed from a resin composition for coating layers comprising an oxazoline group-containing resin and an acrylic resin as indispensable ingredients. 6. The multilayer film according to claim 5, wherein the oxazoline group-containing resin in said resin composition for coating layers has an amount of the oxazoline group of 5.1 to 9.0 mmol/g. 7. The multilayer film according to claim 5, wherein said resin composition for coating layers comprises a urethane resin. 8. The multilayer film according to claim 7, wherein said urethane resin comprises a carboxyl group and the acid value thereof is 10 to 40 mgKOH/g. 9. The multilayer film according to claim 5, wherein the acrylic resin in said resin composition for coating layers comprises a carboxyl group and the acid value thereof is not more than 40 mgKOH/g. 10. The multilayer film according to claim 7, wherein the amount of the oxazoline group-containing resin is 20 to 70% by mass, the amount of the acrylic resin is 10 to 60% by mass, and the amount of the urethane resin is 10 to 60% by mass based on 100% by mass in total of said oxazoline group-containing resin, said acrylic resin, and said urethane resin. 11. The multilayer film according to any claim 2, wherein said inorganic thin film layer is a layer consisting of a composite oxide of silicon oxide and aluminum oxide. 12. The multilayer film according to claim 3, wherein said coating layer is formed from a resin composition for coating layers comprising an oxazoline group-containing resin and an acrylic resin as indispensable ingredients. 13. The multilayer film according to claim 12, wherein the oxazoline group-containing resin in said resin composition for coating layers has an amount of the oxazoline group of 5.1 to 9.0 mmol/g. 14. The multilayer film according to claim 13, wherein said resin composition for coating layers comprises a urethane resin. 15. The multilayer film according to claim 14, wherein said urethane resin comprises a carboxyl group and the acid value thereof is 10 to 40 mgKOH/g. 16. The multilayer film according to claim 15, wherein the acrylic resin in said resin composition for coating layers comprises a carboxyl group and the acid value thereof is not more than 40 mgKOH/g. 17. The multilayer film according to claim 16, wherein the amount of the oxazoline group-containing resin is 20 to 70% by mass, the amount of the acrylic resin is 10 to 60% by mass, and the amount of the urethane resin is 10 to 60% by mass based on 100% by mass in total of said oxazoline group-containing resin, said acrylic resin, and said urethane resin. 18. The multilayer film according to any claim 17, wherein said inorganic thin film layer is a layer consisting of a composite oxide of silicon oxide and aluminum oxide. | The invention provides a multilayer film comprising a substrate film and a coating layer arranged on at least one surface of the substrate film, wherein the coating layer contains an oxazoline group and comprises an acrylic resin, the coating layer has a thickness (D) of 5-150 nm, and the ratio (P1/P2) of the peak intensity (P1) of a peak that has an absorption maximum in a region of 1655±10 cm −1 to the peak intensity (P2) of a peak that has an absorption maximum in a range of 1580±10 cm −1 in the total reflection infrared absorption spectrum of the coating layer and the thickness (D) of the coating layer fulfill the relationship represented by the formula: 0.03≦(P1/P2)/D≦0.15.1. A multilayer film obtained by forming a coating layer on at least one face of a substrate film, wherein
said coating layer contains an oxazoline group, comprises an acrylic resin, and has a thickness (D) of 5 to 150 nm and a relation of the thickness (D) of the coating layer with the ratio (P1/P2) of the peak-intensity (P1) of the peak having the absorption maximum in a region of 1655±10 cm−1 and the peak-intensity (P2) of the peak having the absorption maximum in a region of 1580±10 cm−1 in the total reflection infrared absorption spectrum of the coating layer satisfies the equation 0.03≦(P1/P2)/D≦0.15. 2. The multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein an inorganic thin film layer is laminated on said coating layer. 3. The multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein
an inorganic thin film layer is laminated on said coating layer, a protection layer is further laminated on the inorganic thin film layer, and said protection layer is formed from a resin composition A for protection layers comprising a polymer (a) of either a (meth)acrylic acid homopolymer or a (meth)acrylic acid/(meth)acrylic acid ester copolymer containing not less than 10% by mass of (meth)acrylic acid; a polyurethane-urea resin (b) having an ether bond; and at least one crosslinking agent (c) selected from epoxy resins, polyisocyanates, and silane coupling agents. 4. The multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein an inorganic thin film layer is laminated on said coating layer,
a protection layer is further laminated on said coating layer, and said protection layer is formed from a resin composition B for protection layers comprising a polymer (d) having a weight-average molecular weight of 22,000 to 40,000 and a polyisocyanate (e). 5. The multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein said coating layer is formed from a resin composition for coating layers comprising an oxazoline group-containing resin and an acrylic resin as indispensable ingredients. 6. The multilayer film according to claim 5, wherein the oxazoline group-containing resin in said resin composition for coating layers has an amount of the oxazoline group of 5.1 to 9.0 mmol/g. 7. The multilayer film according to claim 5, wherein said resin composition for coating layers comprises a urethane resin. 8. The multilayer film according to claim 7, wherein said urethane resin comprises a carboxyl group and the acid value thereof is 10 to 40 mgKOH/g. 9. The multilayer film according to claim 5, wherein the acrylic resin in said resin composition for coating layers comprises a carboxyl group and the acid value thereof is not more than 40 mgKOH/g. 10. The multilayer film according to claim 7, wherein the amount of the oxazoline group-containing resin is 20 to 70% by mass, the amount of the acrylic resin is 10 to 60% by mass, and the amount of the urethane resin is 10 to 60% by mass based on 100% by mass in total of said oxazoline group-containing resin, said acrylic resin, and said urethane resin. 11. The multilayer film according to any claim 2, wherein said inorganic thin film layer is a layer consisting of a composite oxide of silicon oxide and aluminum oxide. 12. The multilayer film according to claim 3, wherein said coating layer is formed from a resin composition for coating layers comprising an oxazoline group-containing resin and an acrylic resin as indispensable ingredients. 13. The multilayer film according to claim 12, wherein the oxazoline group-containing resin in said resin composition for coating layers has an amount of the oxazoline group of 5.1 to 9.0 mmol/g. 14. The multilayer film according to claim 13, wherein said resin composition for coating layers comprises a urethane resin. 15. The multilayer film according to claim 14, wherein said urethane resin comprises a carboxyl group and the acid value thereof is 10 to 40 mgKOH/g. 16. The multilayer film according to claim 15, wherein the acrylic resin in said resin composition for coating layers comprises a carboxyl group and the acid value thereof is not more than 40 mgKOH/g. 17. The multilayer film according to claim 16, wherein the amount of the oxazoline group-containing resin is 20 to 70% by mass, the amount of the acrylic resin is 10 to 60% by mass, and the amount of the urethane resin is 10 to 60% by mass based on 100% by mass in total of said oxazoline group-containing resin, said acrylic resin, and said urethane resin. 18. The multilayer film according to any claim 17, wherein said inorganic thin film layer is a layer consisting of a composite oxide of silicon oxide and aluminum oxide. | 1,700 |
2,479 | 13,261,429 | 1,746 | The invention relates to a method for producing a filter element for filtering fluids, such as hydraulic fluids, lubricants, or fuels, comprising the following steps: a) providing at least one section of a filter mat web ( 14 ) made of one or more layers of at least one filter medium; b) connecting the ends of the at least one section in order to form an annular body ( 12 ) and placing said annular body onto a support pipe ( 16 ); wherein said method is characterized by: c) wrapping at least one cutout of a film web ( 8 ) around the outside of the annular body ( 12 ) located on the support pipe ( 16 ) and d) placing end areas ( 24 ) of the at least one cutout of the film web ( 8 ) one on top of the other and connecting the overlapping end areas ( 24 ). | 1. A method for producing a filter element (2) for filtering fluids, such as hydraulic fluids, lubricants, or fuels, said method comprising the steps:
a) providing at least one section of a filter mat web (14) made of one or more layers of at least one filter medium; b) connecting the ends of the at least one section in order to form an annular body (12), and placing said annular body onto a support tube (16); characterized by: c) wrapping the exterior of the annular body (12), which is located on the support tube (16), with at least one blank of a film web (8); and d) placing the end areas (24) of the at least one blank of the film web (8) one on top of the other, and connecting the overlapping end areas (24). 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one blank of the film web (8) is clamped around the annular body (12) before the end areas (24) of the blank are connected. 3. The method according to claims 1, characterized in that the connecting of the overlapping end areas (24) is carried out by a thermal joining procedure (38). 4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that a film web (8) made of a synthetic plastic material that is suitable for a welding process is used. 5. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the connecting of the overlapping end areas (24) is carried out by means of laser welding (38) using a laser-impermeable barrier layer (42). 6. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the welding is carried out without a welding filler. 7. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that a welding filler (42) is inserted between the overlapping end areas (24) before the welding operation. 8. The method according to claim 7, characterized in that a film (42) that serves as the laser-impermeable barrier layer is used as the welding filler. 9. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the wrapping of the annular body (12) with the film is carried out by means of the infeed movements of the molded bodies (26, 28, 30) that act upon the flat film web (8). 10. The method according to one of claim 3, characterized in that, during the welding operation, the overlapping end areas (24) of the film web (8) are pressed against each other by feeding in pressure-applying pieces (40). 11. A filter element, which is produced according to the method according to claim 1, and has an outer sleeve made of a film web (8), which is clamped around the exterior of an annular body (12) with a filter mat web (14). 12. The filter element according to claim 11, characterized in that the film web (8) is made of a synthetic plastic material. 13. The filter element according to claim 11, characterized in that the film web (8) is made with perforations. 14. The filter element according to claim 11, characterized in that the annular body (12) is placed on a support tube (16) having fluid openings. | The invention relates to a method for producing a filter element for filtering fluids, such as hydraulic fluids, lubricants, or fuels, comprising the following steps: a) providing at least one section of a filter mat web ( 14 ) made of one or more layers of at least one filter medium; b) connecting the ends of the at least one section in order to form an annular body ( 12 ) and placing said annular body onto a support pipe ( 16 ); wherein said method is characterized by: c) wrapping at least one cutout of a film web ( 8 ) around the outside of the annular body ( 12 ) located on the support pipe ( 16 ) and d) placing end areas ( 24 ) of the at least one cutout of the film web ( 8 ) one on top of the other and connecting the overlapping end areas ( 24 ).1. A method for producing a filter element (2) for filtering fluids, such as hydraulic fluids, lubricants, or fuels, said method comprising the steps:
a) providing at least one section of a filter mat web (14) made of one or more layers of at least one filter medium; b) connecting the ends of the at least one section in order to form an annular body (12), and placing said annular body onto a support tube (16); characterized by: c) wrapping the exterior of the annular body (12), which is located on the support tube (16), with at least one blank of a film web (8); and d) placing the end areas (24) of the at least one blank of the film web (8) one on top of the other, and connecting the overlapping end areas (24). 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one blank of the film web (8) is clamped around the annular body (12) before the end areas (24) of the blank are connected. 3. The method according to claims 1, characterized in that the connecting of the overlapping end areas (24) is carried out by a thermal joining procedure (38). 4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that a film web (8) made of a synthetic plastic material that is suitable for a welding process is used. 5. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the connecting of the overlapping end areas (24) is carried out by means of laser welding (38) using a laser-impermeable barrier layer (42). 6. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the welding is carried out without a welding filler. 7. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that a welding filler (42) is inserted between the overlapping end areas (24) before the welding operation. 8. The method according to claim 7, characterized in that a film (42) that serves as the laser-impermeable barrier layer is used as the welding filler. 9. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the wrapping of the annular body (12) with the film is carried out by means of the infeed movements of the molded bodies (26, 28, 30) that act upon the flat film web (8). 10. The method according to one of claim 3, characterized in that, during the welding operation, the overlapping end areas (24) of the film web (8) are pressed against each other by feeding in pressure-applying pieces (40). 11. A filter element, which is produced according to the method according to claim 1, and has an outer sleeve made of a film web (8), which is clamped around the exterior of an annular body (12) with a filter mat web (14). 12. The filter element according to claim 11, characterized in that the film web (8) is made of a synthetic plastic material. 13. The filter element according to claim 11, characterized in that the film web (8) is made with perforations. 14. The filter element according to claim 11, characterized in that the annular body (12) is placed on a support tube (16) having fluid openings. | 1,700 |
2,480 | 14,103,179 | 1,727 | Disclosed is a method for manufacturing a separator for an electrochemical device. The method contributes to formation of a separator with good bondability to electrodes and prevents inorganic particles from detaching during an assembling process of an electrochemical device. | 1. A method for manufacturing a separator comprising:
(S1) preparing a porous substrate having pores; (S2) coating a slurry on at least one surface of the porous substrate, the slurry containing inorganic particles dispersed therein and a first binder polymer dissolved in a first solvent; (S3) coating a binder solution on the slurry, the binder solution containing a second binder polymer dissolved in a second solvent; and (S4) simultaneously drying the first and second solvents to form a porous polymer outer layer of the second binder polymer and an organic-inorganic composite inner layer, wherein the porous polymer outer layer has pores formed while the second solvent is dried, and the organic-inorganic composite inner layer has pores or interstitial volumes formed between the inorganic particles when the inorganic particles are bonded and fixed to each other by the first binder polymer while the first solvent is dried. 2. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 1, wherein the porous substrate is a polyolefin-based porous membrane. 3. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 1, wherein the porous substrate has a thickness between 1 and 100 μm. 4. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic particles have an average particle size between 0.001 and 10 μm. 5. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic particles are selected from the group consisting of inorganic particles having a dielectric constant of 5 or above, and inorganic particles having lithium ion conductivity, and the mixtures thereof. 6. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 5, wherein the inorganic particles having a dielectric constant of 5 or above are at least one selected from the group consisting of BaTiO3, Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT), Pb1-xLaxZr1-yTiyO3 (PLZT, 0<x<1, 0<y<1), PB (Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3—PbTiO3 (PMN-PT), hafnia (HfO2), SrTiO3, SnO2, CeO2, MgO, NiO, CaO, ZnO, ZrO2, SiO2, Y2O3, Al2O3, SiC and TiO2, and the mixtures thereof. 7. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 5, wherein the inorganic particles having lithium ion conductivity are at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium phosphate (Li3PO4), lithium titanium phosphate (LixTiy(PO4)3, 0<x<2, 0<y<3), lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (LixAlyTiz(PO4)3, 0<x<2, 0<y<1, 0<z<3), (LiAlTiP)xOy-based glass (0<x<4, 0<y<13), lithium lanthanum titanate (LixLayTiO3, 0<x<2, 0<y<3), lithium germanium thiophosphate (LixGeyPzSw, 0<x<4, 0<y<1, 0<z<1, 0<w<5), lithium nitrides (LixNy, 0<x<4, 0<y<2), SiS2-based glass (LixSiySz, 0<x<3, 0<y<2, 0<z<4), and P2S5-based glass (LixPySz, 0<x<3, 0<y<3, 0<z<7), and the mixtures thereof. 8. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 1, wherein a weight ratio of the inorganic particles to the binder polymer is 50:50 to 99:1. 9. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 1, wherein each of the first binder polymer and the second binder polymer has a solubility parameter between 15 and 45 Mpa1/2, independently. 10. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 1, wherein each of the first binder polymer and the second binder polymer is, independently, at least one selected from the group consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride-co-trichloroethylene, polymethylmethacrylate, polybutylacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylacetate, polyethylene-co-vinylacetate, polyethylene oxide, polyarylate, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, cyanoethylpullulan, cyanoethylpolyvinlyalcohol, cyanoethylcellulose, cyanoethylsucrose, pullulan and carboxyl methyl cellulose, and the mixtures thereof. 11. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 1, wherein each of the first solvent and the second solvent is, independently, at least one selected from the group consisting of acetone, tetrahydrofuran, methylene chloride, chloroform, dimethylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), cyclohexane and water, and the mixtures thereof. 12. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 1, wherein the content of the second binder polymer in the binder solution is in the range between 0.1 and 30 weight %. 13. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 1, wherein a loading amount of the binder solution is adjusted such that a loading amount of the porous polymer outer layer made from the second binder polymer is in the range between 0.1 and 3.0 g/m2. 14. A separator manufactured by the method of claim 1. 15. A method for manufacturing an electrochemical device comprising:
preparing a separator; interposing the separator between a cathode and an anode; and laminating the separator, wherein the separator is manufactured by the method of claim 1. 16. The method for manufacturing an electrochemical device according to claim 15, wherein the electrochemical device is a lithium secondary battery. | Disclosed is a method for manufacturing a separator for an electrochemical device. The method contributes to formation of a separator with good bondability to electrodes and prevents inorganic particles from detaching during an assembling process of an electrochemical device.1. A method for manufacturing a separator comprising:
(S1) preparing a porous substrate having pores; (S2) coating a slurry on at least one surface of the porous substrate, the slurry containing inorganic particles dispersed therein and a first binder polymer dissolved in a first solvent; (S3) coating a binder solution on the slurry, the binder solution containing a second binder polymer dissolved in a second solvent; and (S4) simultaneously drying the first and second solvents to form a porous polymer outer layer of the second binder polymer and an organic-inorganic composite inner layer, wherein the porous polymer outer layer has pores formed while the second solvent is dried, and the organic-inorganic composite inner layer has pores or interstitial volumes formed between the inorganic particles when the inorganic particles are bonded and fixed to each other by the first binder polymer while the first solvent is dried. 2. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 1, wherein the porous substrate is a polyolefin-based porous membrane. 3. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 1, wherein the porous substrate has a thickness between 1 and 100 μm. 4. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic particles have an average particle size between 0.001 and 10 μm. 5. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic particles are selected from the group consisting of inorganic particles having a dielectric constant of 5 or above, and inorganic particles having lithium ion conductivity, and the mixtures thereof. 6. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 5, wherein the inorganic particles having a dielectric constant of 5 or above are at least one selected from the group consisting of BaTiO3, Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT), Pb1-xLaxZr1-yTiyO3 (PLZT, 0<x<1, 0<y<1), PB (Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3—PbTiO3 (PMN-PT), hafnia (HfO2), SrTiO3, SnO2, CeO2, MgO, NiO, CaO, ZnO, ZrO2, SiO2, Y2O3, Al2O3, SiC and TiO2, and the mixtures thereof. 7. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 5, wherein the inorganic particles having lithium ion conductivity are at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium phosphate (Li3PO4), lithium titanium phosphate (LixTiy(PO4)3, 0<x<2, 0<y<3), lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (LixAlyTiz(PO4)3, 0<x<2, 0<y<1, 0<z<3), (LiAlTiP)xOy-based glass (0<x<4, 0<y<13), lithium lanthanum titanate (LixLayTiO3, 0<x<2, 0<y<3), lithium germanium thiophosphate (LixGeyPzSw, 0<x<4, 0<y<1, 0<z<1, 0<w<5), lithium nitrides (LixNy, 0<x<4, 0<y<2), SiS2-based glass (LixSiySz, 0<x<3, 0<y<2, 0<z<4), and P2S5-based glass (LixPySz, 0<x<3, 0<y<3, 0<z<7), and the mixtures thereof. 8. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 1, wherein a weight ratio of the inorganic particles to the binder polymer is 50:50 to 99:1. 9. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 1, wherein each of the first binder polymer and the second binder polymer has a solubility parameter between 15 and 45 Mpa1/2, independently. 10. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 1, wherein each of the first binder polymer and the second binder polymer is, independently, at least one selected from the group consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride-co-trichloroethylene, polymethylmethacrylate, polybutylacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylacetate, polyethylene-co-vinylacetate, polyethylene oxide, polyarylate, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, cyanoethylpullulan, cyanoethylpolyvinlyalcohol, cyanoethylcellulose, cyanoethylsucrose, pullulan and carboxyl methyl cellulose, and the mixtures thereof. 11. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 1, wherein each of the first solvent and the second solvent is, independently, at least one selected from the group consisting of acetone, tetrahydrofuran, methylene chloride, chloroform, dimethylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), cyclohexane and water, and the mixtures thereof. 12. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 1, wherein the content of the second binder polymer in the binder solution is in the range between 0.1 and 30 weight %. 13. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 1, wherein a loading amount of the binder solution is adjusted such that a loading amount of the porous polymer outer layer made from the second binder polymer is in the range between 0.1 and 3.0 g/m2. 14. A separator manufactured by the method of claim 1. 15. A method for manufacturing an electrochemical device comprising:
preparing a separator; interposing the separator between a cathode and an anode; and laminating the separator, wherein the separator is manufactured by the method of claim 1. 16. The method for manufacturing an electrochemical device according to claim 15, wherein the electrochemical device is a lithium secondary battery. | 1,700 |
2,481 | 14,183,949 | 1,787 | Disclosed herein is a multilayer film comprising two outer layers; where each outer layer comprises polyethylene; two tie layers; where each tie layer comprises a crystalline block copolymer composite; where each tie layer has a first face and a second face that are opposed to each other, and where the first face of each tie layer contacts at least one outer layer; and a core layer; where the core layer comprises a polypropylene; where the second face of each tie layer contacts the core layer; and where the core layer has a thicknesses that is greater than 50% of the total thickness of the multilayer film. | 1. A multilayer film comprising:
two outer layers; where each outer layer comprises polyethylene; two tie layers; where each tie layer comprises a crystalline block copolymer composite; where each tie layer has a first face and a second face that are opposed to each other, and where the first face of each tie layer contacts at least one outer layer; and a core layer; where the core layer comprises a polypropylene; where the second face of each tie layer contacts the core layer; and where the core layer has a thicknesses that is greater than 50% of the total thickness of the multilayer film. 2. The multilayer film of claim 1, where the polyethylene comprises a linear low density polyethylene or an ethylene-α-olefin copolymer. 3. The multilayer film of claim 2, where the linear low density polyethylene in each outer layer has a melt index I2 of 0.25 to 2.5 g/10 minutes when measured as per ASTM D 1238 at 190° C. and 2.16 kg. 4. The multilayer film of claim 2, where the ethylene-α-olefin copolymer is ethylene/propylene, ethylene/butene, ethylene/1-hexene, ethylene/1-octene, ethylene/styrene, ethylene/propylene/1-octene, ethylene/propylene/butene, ethylene/butene/1-octene, ethylene/butene/styrene, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing ethylene-α-olefin copolymers. 5. The multilayer film of claim 3, where the outer layer further comprises low density polyethylene and/or high density polyethylene. 6. The multilayer film of claim 4, where the outer layer further comprises low density polyethylene and/or high density polyethylene. 7. The multilayer film of claim 1, where the crystalline block copolymer composite comprises a crystalline ethylene based polymer, a crystalline alpha-olefin based polymer, and a block copolymer comprising a crystalline ethylene block and a crystalline alpha-olefin block, wherein the crystalline ethylene block of the block copolymer is the same composition as the crystalline ethylene based polymer in the block composite and the crystalline alpha-olefin block of the block copolymer is the same composition as the crystalline alpha-olefin based polymer of the block composite. 8. The multilayer film of claim 1, where each tie layer further comprises an elastomer; and where the elastomer is a homogeneously branched ethylene-α-olefin copolymer, a polyolefin elastomer, a vinyl aromatic block copolymer, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing elastomers. 9. The multilayer film of claim 8, where each tie layer further comprises polypropylene and/or polyethylene. 10. The multilayer film of claim 1, where the polypropylene is selected from the groups consisting of random copolymer polypropylene, impact copolymer polypropylene, high impact polypropylene, high melt strength polypropylene, isotactic polypropylene, syndiotactic polypropylene, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing polypropylenes. 11. The multilayer film of claim 10, where the core layer further comprises polyethylene or an elastomer; and where the elastomer is a homogeneously branched ethylene-α-olefin copolymer, a polyolefin elastomer, a vinyl aromatic block copolymer, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing elastomers. 12. The multilayer film of claim 1, where the crystalline block composite has a melt flow ratio 0.1 to 30 dg/min, when measured as per ASTM D 1238 at 230° C. and 2.16 kilograms. 13. The multilayer film of claim 1, where the crystalline block composite comprises 5 to 95 weight percent crystalline ethylene blocks and 95 to 5 wt percent crystalline alpha-olefin blocks. 14. The multilayer film of claim 1, where the crystalline block composite has a crystalline block composite index of 0.3 to 1.0. 15. An article comprising the multilayer film of claim 1. 16. A method comprising:
coextruding a multilayered film comprising:
two outer layers; where each outer layer comprises polyethylene;
two tie layers; where each tie layer comprises a crystalline block copolymer composite; where each tie layer has a first face and a second face that are opposed to each other, and where the first face of each tie layer contacts at least one outer layer; and
a core layer; where the core layer comprises a polypropylene; where the second face of each tie layer contacts the core layer; and where the core layer has a thicknesses that is greater than 50% of the total thickness of the multilayer film; and
blowing the multilayered film. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising laminating the film in a roll mill. | Disclosed herein is a multilayer film comprising two outer layers; where each outer layer comprises polyethylene; two tie layers; where each tie layer comprises a crystalline block copolymer composite; where each tie layer has a first face and a second face that are opposed to each other, and where the first face of each tie layer contacts at least one outer layer; and a core layer; where the core layer comprises a polypropylene; where the second face of each tie layer contacts the core layer; and where the core layer has a thicknesses that is greater than 50% of the total thickness of the multilayer film.1. A multilayer film comprising:
two outer layers; where each outer layer comprises polyethylene; two tie layers; where each tie layer comprises a crystalline block copolymer composite; where each tie layer has a first face and a second face that are opposed to each other, and where the first face of each tie layer contacts at least one outer layer; and a core layer; where the core layer comprises a polypropylene; where the second face of each tie layer contacts the core layer; and where the core layer has a thicknesses that is greater than 50% of the total thickness of the multilayer film. 2. The multilayer film of claim 1, where the polyethylene comprises a linear low density polyethylene or an ethylene-α-olefin copolymer. 3. The multilayer film of claim 2, where the linear low density polyethylene in each outer layer has a melt index I2 of 0.25 to 2.5 g/10 minutes when measured as per ASTM D 1238 at 190° C. and 2.16 kg. 4. The multilayer film of claim 2, where the ethylene-α-olefin copolymer is ethylene/propylene, ethylene/butene, ethylene/1-hexene, ethylene/1-octene, ethylene/styrene, ethylene/propylene/1-octene, ethylene/propylene/butene, ethylene/butene/1-octene, ethylene/butene/styrene, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing ethylene-α-olefin copolymers. 5. The multilayer film of claim 3, where the outer layer further comprises low density polyethylene and/or high density polyethylene. 6. The multilayer film of claim 4, where the outer layer further comprises low density polyethylene and/or high density polyethylene. 7. The multilayer film of claim 1, where the crystalline block copolymer composite comprises a crystalline ethylene based polymer, a crystalline alpha-olefin based polymer, and a block copolymer comprising a crystalline ethylene block and a crystalline alpha-olefin block, wherein the crystalline ethylene block of the block copolymer is the same composition as the crystalline ethylene based polymer in the block composite and the crystalline alpha-olefin block of the block copolymer is the same composition as the crystalline alpha-olefin based polymer of the block composite. 8. The multilayer film of claim 1, where each tie layer further comprises an elastomer; and where the elastomer is a homogeneously branched ethylene-α-olefin copolymer, a polyolefin elastomer, a vinyl aromatic block copolymer, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing elastomers. 9. The multilayer film of claim 8, where each tie layer further comprises polypropylene and/or polyethylene. 10. The multilayer film of claim 1, where the polypropylene is selected from the groups consisting of random copolymer polypropylene, impact copolymer polypropylene, high impact polypropylene, high melt strength polypropylene, isotactic polypropylene, syndiotactic polypropylene, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing polypropylenes. 11. The multilayer film of claim 10, where the core layer further comprises polyethylene or an elastomer; and where the elastomer is a homogeneously branched ethylene-α-olefin copolymer, a polyolefin elastomer, a vinyl aromatic block copolymer, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing elastomers. 12. The multilayer film of claim 1, where the crystalline block composite has a melt flow ratio 0.1 to 30 dg/min, when measured as per ASTM D 1238 at 230° C. and 2.16 kilograms. 13. The multilayer film of claim 1, where the crystalline block composite comprises 5 to 95 weight percent crystalline ethylene blocks and 95 to 5 wt percent crystalline alpha-olefin blocks. 14. The multilayer film of claim 1, where the crystalline block composite has a crystalline block composite index of 0.3 to 1.0. 15. An article comprising the multilayer film of claim 1. 16. A method comprising:
coextruding a multilayered film comprising:
two outer layers; where each outer layer comprises polyethylene;
two tie layers; where each tie layer comprises a crystalline block copolymer composite; where each tie layer has a first face and a second face that are opposed to each other, and where the first face of each tie layer contacts at least one outer layer; and
a core layer; where the core layer comprises a polypropylene; where the second face of each tie layer contacts the core layer; and where the core layer has a thicknesses that is greater than 50% of the total thickness of the multilayer film; and
blowing the multilayered film. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising laminating the film in a roll mill. | 1,700 |
2,482 | 15,077,758 | 1,791 | A method and composition comprising hydrolyzed starch. In a first aspect, the method comprises several steps. A first step comprises combining at least a portion of pulse and a suitable enzyme to form an enzyme-pulse starting mixture. The enzyme-pulse starting mixture comprises starch. A second step comprises heating the enzyme-pulse starting mixture to between about 48.89° C. and about 93.33° C. to begin to hydrolyze the starch, thereby providing a heated pulse mixture. A third step comprises extruding the heated pulse mixture to continue hydrolyzing the starch and further to gelatinize and cook the heated pulse mixture thereby providing a pulse product comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch. In a second aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising at least a portion of pulse, and the at least a portion of pulse comprises gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch. | 1. A method comprising:
combining at least a portion of pulse and a suitable enzyme to form an enzyme-pulse starting mixture, wherein the enzyme-pulse starting mixture comprises starch; heating the enzyme-pulse starting mixture to between about 48.89° C. and about 93.33° C. to begin to hydrolyze the starch, thereby providing a heated pulse mixture; and extruding the heated pulse mixture to continue hydrolyzing the starch and further to gelatinize and cook the heated pulse mixture thereby providing a pulse product comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the enzyme-pulse starting mixture further comprises sugar and at least one antioxidant; and
wherein the pulse is selected from the group consisting of peas, lentils, chickpeas, navy beans, black turtle beans, cranberry beans, kidney beans, pinto beans, small red beans, Dutch brown beans, pink beans, and any combination thereof. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the enzyme-pulse starting mixture further comprises a maltodextrin. 4. The method of claim 1:
wherein the at least a portion of pulse is pulse flour; wherein the enzyme-pulse starting mixture comprises: a mass ratio of sugar to pulse flour from about 0.03 to about 0.3; a mass ratio of maltodextrin to pulse flour from about 0 to about 0.3; and an effective amount of at least one antioxidant. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the pulse flour is whole pulse flour. 6. The method of claim 4 wherein a pulse starting mixture comprises the at least a portion of pulse;
wherein the pulse starting mixture is combined with the suitable enzyme to form the enzyme-pulse starting mixture; and
wherein the pulse starting mixture comprises about 90 to about 95% by weight pulse flour. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising pelletizing the pulse product to form pelletized pulse product. 8. The method of claim 7 further comprising granulating the pelletized pulse product to form granulated pulse product. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the extruding occurs at a barrel temperature of about 60.00° C. to about 176.67° C. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein during the extruding the heated pulse mixture is heated to a temperature of about 100° C. to about 176.67° C. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein during the heating the enzyme-pulse starting mixture is heated to 60° C. to about 82.2° C. 12. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
adding the pulse product to a beverage to provide a product composition. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the beverage is selected from the group consisting of fruit juices, dairy beverages, and carbonated soft drinks. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the pulse product is added to the beverage to provide the product composition with 1 to 25% soluble fiber based on total weight of the product composition. 15. A product composition prepared in accordance with the method of claim 12, wherein the product composition is a beverage. 16. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
adding the pulse product to a mixture for a food product. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the food product is selected from the group consisting of bars, cereals, puddings, smoothies, ice cream, cookies, and crackers. 18. The method of claim 1:
wherein the combining step comprises combining the at least a portion of pulse, at least a portion of grain, and the suitable enzyme to form the enzyme-pulse starting mixture; wherein the enzyme-pulse starting mixture is an enzyme-pulse-and-grain starting mixture; wherein the heating step comprises heating the enzyme-pulse-and-grain starting mixture to between about 48.89° C. and about 93.33° C. to begin to hydrolyze the starch, thereby providing a heated pulse-and-grain mixture; and wherein the extruding step comprises extruding the heated pulse-and-grain mixture to continue hydrolyzing the starch and further to gelatinize and cook the heated pulse-and-grain mixture thereby providing a pulse-and-grain product comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the enzyme-pulse-and-grain starting mixture further comprises sugar and at least one antioxidant;
wherein the pulse is selected from the group consisting of peas, lentils, chickpeas, navy beans, black turtle beans, cranberry beans, kidney beans, pinto beans, small red beans, Dutch brown beans, pink beans, and any combination thereof; and
wherein the grain is selected from the group consisting of wheat, oat, barley, corn, white rice, brown rice, barley, millet, sorghum, rye, triticale, teff, spelt, buckwheat, quinoa, amaranth, kaniwa, cockscomb, green groat, and any combination thereof. 20. A composition comprising:
at least a portion of pulse; wherein the at least a portion of pulse comprises gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch. 21. The composition of claim 20:
wherein the at least a portion of pulse is hydrolyzed-starch pulse comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch; and wherein the hydrolyzed-starch pulse has, within a tolerance of +/−20%, at least one mass ratio selected from the group consisting of: a mass ratio of starch to protein equal to a mass ratio of starch to protein of unhydrolyzed pulse equivalent in kind and condition to the hydrolyzed-starch pulse; a mass ratio of fat to protein equal to a mass ratio of fat to protein of unhydrolyzed pulse equivalent in kind and condition to the hydrolyzed-starch pulse; a mass ratio of dietary fiber to protein equal to a mass ratio of dietary fiber to protein of unhydrolyzed pulse equivalent in kind and condition to the hydrolyzed-starch pulse; and any combination thereof. 22. The composition of claim 20, wherein, at a time of harvesting the at least a portion of pulse, the at least a portion of pulse comprises an original set of components comprising starch and protein,
wherein at the time of harvesting the at least a portion of pulse, the at least a portion of pulse comprises each component in the original set of components at an original mass ratio relative to the protein; wherein the at least a portion of pulse comprises each component in the original set of components at the original mass ratio relative to the protein, within a tolerance of +/−20%. 23. The composition of claim 20, further comprising:
deactivated amylase enzyme. 24. The composition of claim 20, wherein the at least a portion of pulse comprises pulse selected from the group consisting of peas, lentils, chickpeas, navy beans, black turtle beans, cranberry beans, kidney beans, pinto beans, small red beans, Dutch brown beans, pink beans and combinations thereof. 25. The composition of claim 20, wherein the composition comprises on a dry basis at least about 90 wt. % of the at least a portion of pulse. 26. The composition of claim 20, wherein the composition comprises water. 27. The composition of claim 20, wherein the composition comprises at least 80 wt. % water. 28. The composition of claim 20, wherein the composition comprises at least about 3.0 wt. % of the at least a portion of pulse. 29. The composition of claim 20, wherein the composition comprises at least about 10 wt. % of the at least a portion of pulse. 30. The composition of claim 20, wherein the composition comprises about 3.3 wt. % to about 6.6 wt. % of the at least a portion of pulse. 31. The composition of claim 20, wherein the at least a portion of pulse is made by hydrolyzing starch in pulse. 32. The composition of claim 20, wherein the composition is a first composition, and wherein the first composition has an RVA viscosity at 25° C. that is at most 75% of an RVA viscosity at 25° C. of a second composition that is equivalent to the first composition except that the second composition comprises gelatinized, unhydrolyzed starch in place of gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch. 33. The composition of claim 20 wherein the composition is a first composition;
wherein the first composition consists of a first set of ingredients;
wherein the first set of ingredients comprises the at least a portion of pulse and water;
wherein the first composition consists of each ingredient in the first set of ingredients at a specified weight percentage;
wherein the first composition comprises an RVA viscosity at 25° C. that is at most 75% of an RVA viscosity at 25° C. of a second composition;
wherein the second composition consists of the first set of ingredients in the specified weight percentages, except that the at least a portion of pulse comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch is replaced with at least a portion of pulse comprising gelatinized, unhydrolyzed starch. 34. The composition of claim 20 further comprising:
at least a portion of grain; and
wherein the at least a portion of grain comprises gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch. 35. The composition of claim 34:
wherein the at least a portion of grain is hydrolyzed-starch bran comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch; and wherein the hydrolyzed-starch bran has within a tolerance of +/−20% at least one mass ratio selected from the group consisting of: a mass ratio of starch to protein equal to a mass ratio of starch to protein of unhydrolyzed bran equivalent in kind and condition to the hydrolyzed-starch bran; a mass ratio of fat to protein equal to a mass ratio of fat to protein of unhydrolyzed bran equivalent in kind and condition to the hydrolyzed-starch bran; a mass ratio of dietary fiber to protein equal to a mass ratio of dietary fiber to protein of unhydrolyzed bran equivalent in kind and condition to the hydrolyzed-starch bran; and any combination thereof. 36. A composition comprising:
whole grain; wherein the whole grain comprises gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch. | A method and composition comprising hydrolyzed starch. In a first aspect, the method comprises several steps. A first step comprises combining at least a portion of pulse and a suitable enzyme to form an enzyme-pulse starting mixture. The enzyme-pulse starting mixture comprises starch. A second step comprises heating the enzyme-pulse starting mixture to between about 48.89° C. and about 93.33° C. to begin to hydrolyze the starch, thereby providing a heated pulse mixture. A third step comprises extruding the heated pulse mixture to continue hydrolyzing the starch and further to gelatinize and cook the heated pulse mixture thereby providing a pulse product comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch. In a second aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising at least a portion of pulse, and the at least a portion of pulse comprises gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch.1. A method comprising:
combining at least a portion of pulse and a suitable enzyme to form an enzyme-pulse starting mixture, wherein the enzyme-pulse starting mixture comprises starch; heating the enzyme-pulse starting mixture to between about 48.89° C. and about 93.33° C. to begin to hydrolyze the starch, thereby providing a heated pulse mixture; and extruding the heated pulse mixture to continue hydrolyzing the starch and further to gelatinize and cook the heated pulse mixture thereby providing a pulse product comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the enzyme-pulse starting mixture further comprises sugar and at least one antioxidant; and
wherein the pulse is selected from the group consisting of peas, lentils, chickpeas, navy beans, black turtle beans, cranberry beans, kidney beans, pinto beans, small red beans, Dutch brown beans, pink beans, and any combination thereof. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the enzyme-pulse starting mixture further comprises a maltodextrin. 4. The method of claim 1:
wherein the at least a portion of pulse is pulse flour; wherein the enzyme-pulse starting mixture comprises: a mass ratio of sugar to pulse flour from about 0.03 to about 0.3; a mass ratio of maltodextrin to pulse flour from about 0 to about 0.3; and an effective amount of at least one antioxidant. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the pulse flour is whole pulse flour. 6. The method of claim 4 wherein a pulse starting mixture comprises the at least a portion of pulse;
wherein the pulse starting mixture is combined with the suitable enzyme to form the enzyme-pulse starting mixture; and
wherein the pulse starting mixture comprises about 90 to about 95% by weight pulse flour. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising pelletizing the pulse product to form pelletized pulse product. 8. The method of claim 7 further comprising granulating the pelletized pulse product to form granulated pulse product. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the extruding occurs at a barrel temperature of about 60.00° C. to about 176.67° C. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein during the extruding the heated pulse mixture is heated to a temperature of about 100° C. to about 176.67° C. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein during the heating the enzyme-pulse starting mixture is heated to 60° C. to about 82.2° C. 12. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
adding the pulse product to a beverage to provide a product composition. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the beverage is selected from the group consisting of fruit juices, dairy beverages, and carbonated soft drinks. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the pulse product is added to the beverage to provide the product composition with 1 to 25% soluble fiber based on total weight of the product composition. 15. A product composition prepared in accordance with the method of claim 12, wherein the product composition is a beverage. 16. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
adding the pulse product to a mixture for a food product. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the food product is selected from the group consisting of bars, cereals, puddings, smoothies, ice cream, cookies, and crackers. 18. The method of claim 1:
wherein the combining step comprises combining the at least a portion of pulse, at least a portion of grain, and the suitable enzyme to form the enzyme-pulse starting mixture; wherein the enzyme-pulse starting mixture is an enzyme-pulse-and-grain starting mixture; wherein the heating step comprises heating the enzyme-pulse-and-grain starting mixture to between about 48.89° C. and about 93.33° C. to begin to hydrolyze the starch, thereby providing a heated pulse-and-grain mixture; and wherein the extruding step comprises extruding the heated pulse-and-grain mixture to continue hydrolyzing the starch and further to gelatinize and cook the heated pulse-and-grain mixture thereby providing a pulse-and-grain product comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the enzyme-pulse-and-grain starting mixture further comprises sugar and at least one antioxidant;
wherein the pulse is selected from the group consisting of peas, lentils, chickpeas, navy beans, black turtle beans, cranberry beans, kidney beans, pinto beans, small red beans, Dutch brown beans, pink beans, and any combination thereof; and
wherein the grain is selected from the group consisting of wheat, oat, barley, corn, white rice, brown rice, barley, millet, sorghum, rye, triticale, teff, spelt, buckwheat, quinoa, amaranth, kaniwa, cockscomb, green groat, and any combination thereof. 20. A composition comprising:
at least a portion of pulse; wherein the at least a portion of pulse comprises gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch. 21. The composition of claim 20:
wherein the at least a portion of pulse is hydrolyzed-starch pulse comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch; and wherein the hydrolyzed-starch pulse has, within a tolerance of +/−20%, at least one mass ratio selected from the group consisting of: a mass ratio of starch to protein equal to a mass ratio of starch to protein of unhydrolyzed pulse equivalent in kind and condition to the hydrolyzed-starch pulse; a mass ratio of fat to protein equal to a mass ratio of fat to protein of unhydrolyzed pulse equivalent in kind and condition to the hydrolyzed-starch pulse; a mass ratio of dietary fiber to protein equal to a mass ratio of dietary fiber to protein of unhydrolyzed pulse equivalent in kind and condition to the hydrolyzed-starch pulse; and any combination thereof. 22. The composition of claim 20, wherein, at a time of harvesting the at least a portion of pulse, the at least a portion of pulse comprises an original set of components comprising starch and protein,
wherein at the time of harvesting the at least a portion of pulse, the at least a portion of pulse comprises each component in the original set of components at an original mass ratio relative to the protein; wherein the at least a portion of pulse comprises each component in the original set of components at the original mass ratio relative to the protein, within a tolerance of +/−20%. 23. The composition of claim 20, further comprising:
deactivated amylase enzyme. 24. The composition of claim 20, wherein the at least a portion of pulse comprises pulse selected from the group consisting of peas, lentils, chickpeas, navy beans, black turtle beans, cranberry beans, kidney beans, pinto beans, small red beans, Dutch brown beans, pink beans and combinations thereof. 25. The composition of claim 20, wherein the composition comprises on a dry basis at least about 90 wt. % of the at least a portion of pulse. 26. The composition of claim 20, wherein the composition comprises water. 27. The composition of claim 20, wherein the composition comprises at least 80 wt. % water. 28. The composition of claim 20, wherein the composition comprises at least about 3.0 wt. % of the at least a portion of pulse. 29. The composition of claim 20, wherein the composition comprises at least about 10 wt. % of the at least a portion of pulse. 30. The composition of claim 20, wherein the composition comprises about 3.3 wt. % to about 6.6 wt. % of the at least a portion of pulse. 31. The composition of claim 20, wherein the at least a portion of pulse is made by hydrolyzing starch in pulse. 32. The composition of claim 20, wherein the composition is a first composition, and wherein the first composition has an RVA viscosity at 25° C. that is at most 75% of an RVA viscosity at 25° C. of a second composition that is equivalent to the first composition except that the second composition comprises gelatinized, unhydrolyzed starch in place of gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch. 33. The composition of claim 20 wherein the composition is a first composition;
wherein the first composition consists of a first set of ingredients;
wherein the first set of ingredients comprises the at least a portion of pulse and water;
wherein the first composition consists of each ingredient in the first set of ingredients at a specified weight percentage;
wherein the first composition comprises an RVA viscosity at 25° C. that is at most 75% of an RVA viscosity at 25° C. of a second composition;
wherein the second composition consists of the first set of ingredients in the specified weight percentages, except that the at least a portion of pulse comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch is replaced with at least a portion of pulse comprising gelatinized, unhydrolyzed starch. 34. The composition of claim 20 further comprising:
at least a portion of grain; and
wherein the at least a portion of grain comprises gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch. 35. The composition of claim 34:
wherein the at least a portion of grain is hydrolyzed-starch bran comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch; and wherein the hydrolyzed-starch bran has within a tolerance of +/−20% at least one mass ratio selected from the group consisting of: a mass ratio of starch to protein equal to a mass ratio of starch to protein of unhydrolyzed bran equivalent in kind and condition to the hydrolyzed-starch bran; a mass ratio of fat to protein equal to a mass ratio of fat to protein of unhydrolyzed bran equivalent in kind and condition to the hydrolyzed-starch bran; a mass ratio of dietary fiber to protein equal to a mass ratio of dietary fiber to protein of unhydrolyzed bran equivalent in kind and condition to the hydrolyzed-starch bran; and any combination thereof. 36. A composition comprising:
whole grain; wherein the whole grain comprises gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch. | 1,700 |
2,483 | 14,911,115 | 1,783 | The present invention describes a fiber batting for thermally insulating composite. The semi-rigid batting has a facing sheet and can be rolled. | 1. Fiber batting for the manufacture of thermally insulating composite comprising:
a semi-rigid fibrous batt including mineral wool fibers bonded by a binder a facing sheet adhered to one outer main surface of the fibrous batt by means of a binder or adhesive, wherein the density of the semi-rigid fibrous batt is above 20 kg/m3, especially selected in the range from 22 to 35 kg/m3, the thickness of the fibrous batt is at least 15 mm, especially 20 mm the mineral wool fibers are arranged in a substantially laminar layout with a majority of fibers parallel to the main face, the batt being provided in a rolled form with the facing sheet interior to the roll and is packaged into a roll packaged unit. 2. Fiber batting according to claim 1 wherein the batt is provided with alterations such that it can be rolled with the facing sheet interior to the roll. 3. Fiber batting according to claim 1 wherein the batt is compressed inside the roll to a thickness of 1:2 to 1:6 of the initial thickness. 4. Fiber batting according to claim 2, wherein the alterations are obtained by scoring the fibrous batt throughout at least one half of its thickness. 5. Fiber batting according to claim 4, wherein the depth of scoring varies or the scoring is not continuous across the width of the batt. 6. Fiber batting according to claim 4, wherein the thickness of the batt is higher than 25 mm and the depth of scoring is less than 1:2 of the bates thickness. 7. Fiber batting according to claim 2, wherein the alterations are obtained by locally modifying mechanically the fibrous structure, especially by punching so as to soften the batt locally. 8. Fiber batting according to claim 2, wherein the alterations are regularly spaced longitudinally by a distance of 1 to 20 cm, especially from 1 to 5 cm, preferably 1 to 2 cm. 9. Fiber batting according to claim 1, wherein the batt is at least 5 m, especially from 10 to 40 m long before rolling. 10. Fiber batting according to claim 1, wherein the facing sheet comprises fibers, especially is selected from glass fiber mats or fabrics. 11. Fiber batting according to claim 1, wherein the mineral fibers are mineral wool or glass wool fibers. 12. Use of the fiber batting according to claim 1 for making a non-aerogel containing composite, wherein the voids between fibers are filled with an impregnation composition combining particulate material with a binder and/or with a foaming composition based on organic and/or inorganic materials. | The present invention describes a fiber batting for thermally insulating composite. The semi-rigid batting has a facing sheet and can be rolled.1. Fiber batting for the manufacture of thermally insulating composite comprising:
a semi-rigid fibrous batt including mineral wool fibers bonded by a binder a facing sheet adhered to one outer main surface of the fibrous batt by means of a binder or adhesive, wherein the density of the semi-rigid fibrous batt is above 20 kg/m3, especially selected in the range from 22 to 35 kg/m3, the thickness of the fibrous batt is at least 15 mm, especially 20 mm the mineral wool fibers are arranged in a substantially laminar layout with a majority of fibers parallel to the main face, the batt being provided in a rolled form with the facing sheet interior to the roll and is packaged into a roll packaged unit. 2. Fiber batting according to claim 1 wherein the batt is provided with alterations such that it can be rolled with the facing sheet interior to the roll. 3. Fiber batting according to claim 1 wherein the batt is compressed inside the roll to a thickness of 1:2 to 1:6 of the initial thickness. 4. Fiber batting according to claim 2, wherein the alterations are obtained by scoring the fibrous batt throughout at least one half of its thickness. 5. Fiber batting according to claim 4, wherein the depth of scoring varies or the scoring is not continuous across the width of the batt. 6. Fiber batting according to claim 4, wherein the thickness of the batt is higher than 25 mm and the depth of scoring is less than 1:2 of the bates thickness. 7. Fiber batting according to claim 2, wherein the alterations are obtained by locally modifying mechanically the fibrous structure, especially by punching so as to soften the batt locally. 8. Fiber batting according to claim 2, wherein the alterations are regularly spaced longitudinally by a distance of 1 to 20 cm, especially from 1 to 5 cm, preferably 1 to 2 cm. 9. Fiber batting according to claim 1, wherein the batt is at least 5 m, especially from 10 to 40 m long before rolling. 10. Fiber batting according to claim 1, wherein the facing sheet comprises fibers, especially is selected from glass fiber mats or fabrics. 11. Fiber batting according to claim 1, wherein the mineral fibers are mineral wool or glass wool fibers. 12. Use of the fiber batting according to claim 1 for making a non-aerogel containing composite, wherein the voids between fibers are filled with an impregnation composition combining particulate material with a binder and/or with a foaming composition based on organic and/or inorganic materials. | 1,700 |
2,484 | 14,387,601 | 1,773 | Provided are filtration media and matrixes comprising a pulverized powder of ion exchange resin and a polymeric binder. The resin can be pulverized to an average particle size in the range of 50 to 250 microns and can comprise a cation exchange resin, an anion exchange resin, a chelating resin, a biologically-related ion exchange resin, or combinations thereof. The media can further comprise activated carbon. The binder can be ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. The filtration media can be used to make matrixes and systems. Methods of making and using the same are also provided. | 1. A filtration matrix comprising a polymeric binder that immobilizes a pulverized powder of an ion exchange resin having an average particle size in the range of about 50 to about 250 micron; wherein the ion exchange resin comprises a cationic resin, an anionic resin, a chelating resin, a biologically-related ion exchange resin, or combinations thereof. 2. The filtration matrix of claim 1, further comprising activated carbon that is immobilized by the polymeric binder. 3. The filtration matrix of claim 1, wherein the polymeric binder is present in an amount in the range of 10 to 40% by weight of the media. 4. The filtration matrix of claim 1, wherein the polymeric binder comprises ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. 5. The filtration matrix of claim 1, wherein the polymeric binder comprises particles having an irregular, convoluted surface formed from ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. 6. The filtration matrix of claim 1, wherein the ion exchange resin is present in an amount in the range of 50 to 90% by weight and the polyethylene binder is present in an amount in the range of 10 to 40% by weight. 7. The filtration matrix of claim 1, wherein the filtration matrix is effective to provide an increased hardness reduction as compared to a comparative bed media that comprises an ion exchange resin in bead form that is not immobilized by a binder. 8. The filtration matrix of claim 1, wherein the filtration matrix is effective to provide lower pressure drop as compared to a comparative bed media that comprises an ion exchange resin in bead form that is not immobilized by a binder. 9. A filtration system comprising:
a filter matrix formed from an ultra high molecular weight polyethylene binder that immobilizes a pulverized powder of ion exchange resin having an average particle size in the range of about 50 to about 250 micron and comprising a cation exchange resin, an anion exchange resin, a chelating resin, a biologically-related ion exchange resin, or combinations thereof, a housing surrounding the filter matrix, a fluid inlet, and a fluid outlet. 10. The filtration system of claim 9, wherein the polymeric binder comprises ultra high molecular weight polyethylene particles having an irregular, convoluted surface. 11. The filtration system of claim 9, wherein the filter matrix further comprises activated carbon. 12. A method of filtering comprising contacting a fluid with the filtration matrix of claim 1. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising locating the filtration matrix in a scale reduction filter. 14. A method of making a filtration system, the method comprising:
providing a pulverized powder of ion exchange resin having an average particle size in the range of about 50 to about 250 micron and comprising a cation exchange resin, an anion exchange resin, a chelating resin, a biologically-related ion exchange resin, or combinations thereof; contacting the pulverized powder of ion exchange resin with a polymeric binder comprising ultra high molecular weight polyethylene to form a media mixture; heating the media mixture form a heat-treated matrix; compressing the media mixture to form a filtration block; inserting the filtration block in a housing to form the filtration system. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising mixing activated carbon with the mixture of pulverized powder of ion exchange resin and polymeric binder comprising ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the heating step is at a temperature of about 180° C. or less. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the heating step is at a temperature in the range of about 145-160° C. | Provided are filtration media and matrixes comprising a pulverized powder of ion exchange resin and a polymeric binder. The resin can be pulverized to an average particle size in the range of 50 to 250 microns and can comprise a cation exchange resin, an anion exchange resin, a chelating resin, a biologically-related ion exchange resin, or combinations thereof. The media can further comprise activated carbon. The binder can be ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. The filtration media can be used to make matrixes and systems. Methods of making and using the same are also provided.1. A filtration matrix comprising a polymeric binder that immobilizes a pulverized powder of an ion exchange resin having an average particle size in the range of about 50 to about 250 micron; wherein the ion exchange resin comprises a cationic resin, an anionic resin, a chelating resin, a biologically-related ion exchange resin, or combinations thereof. 2. The filtration matrix of claim 1, further comprising activated carbon that is immobilized by the polymeric binder. 3. The filtration matrix of claim 1, wherein the polymeric binder is present in an amount in the range of 10 to 40% by weight of the media. 4. The filtration matrix of claim 1, wherein the polymeric binder comprises ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. 5. The filtration matrix of claim 1, wherein the polymeric binder comprises particles having an irregular, convoluted surface formed from ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. 6. The filtration matrix of claim 1, wherein the ion exchange resin is present in an amount in the range of 50 to 90% by weight and the polyethylene binder is present in an amount in the range of 10 to 40% by weight. 7. The filtration matrix of claim 1, wherein the filtration matrix is effective to provide an increased hardness reduction as compared to a comparative bed media that comprises an ion exchange resin in bead form that is not immobilized by a binder. 8. The filtration matrix of claim 1, wherein the filtration matrix is effective to provide lower pressure drop as compared to a comparative bed media that comprises an ion exchange resin in bead form that is not immobilized by a binder. 9. A filtration system comprising:
a filter matrix formed from an ultra high molecular weight polyethylene binder that immobilizes a pulverized powder of ion exchange resin having an average particle size in the range of about 50 to about 250 micron and comprising a cation exchange resin, an anion exchange resin, a chelating resin, a biologically-related ion exchange resin, or combinations thereof, a housing surrounding the filter matrix, a fluid inlet, and a fluid outlet. 10. The filtration system of claim 9, wherein the polymeric binder comprises ultra high molecular weight polyethylene particles having an irregular, convoluted surface. 11. The filtration system of claim 9, wherein the filter matrix further comprises activated carbon. 12. A method of filtering comprising contacting a fluid with the filtration matrix of claim 1. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising locating the filtration matrix in a scale reduction filter. 14. A method of making a filtration system, the method comprising:
providing a pulverized powder of ion exchange resin having an average particle size in the range of about 50 to about 250 micron and comprising a cation exchange resin, an anion exchange resin, a chelating resin, a biologically-related ion exchange resin, or combinations thereof; contacting the pulverized powder of ion exchange resin with a polymeric binder comprising ultra high molecular weight polyethylene to form a media mixture; heating the media mixture form a heat-treated matrix; compressing the media mixture to form a filtration block; inserting the filtration block in a housing to form the filtration system. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising mixing activated carbon with the mixture of pulverized powder of ion exchange resin and polymeric binder comprising ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the heating step is at a temperature of about 180° C. or less. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the heating step is at a temperature in the range of about 145-160° C. | 1,700 |
2,485 | 14,559,692 | 1,711 | Apparatuses and methods based thereon are provided for utilizing washing attachments in portable manner. A washing attachment may comprise a movement component and a washing component. The movement component is adapted to connect the washing attachment to a driving device that is operable to provide a driving force to the washing attachment. The washing component is adapted to fit within a space in the container when the washing attachment is applied to the container, and is configured to facilitate laundry washing within the space when the driving force is applied to the washing attachment. The washing component may be an auger component having a helical-shaped structure. The helical-shaped structure may comprise helical extensions (e.g., spiral blades) configured to generate washing movement in the space. When the driving device is a power drill, the helical-shaped structure may be designed such that the spacing between spiral blades of the structure is 0.9 inches. | 1. An apparatus, comprising:
a washing attachment that is configured to be applied to a particular container, the washing attachment comprising:
a movement component adapted to connect the washing attachment to a driving device that is operable to provide a driving force to the washing attachment; and
a washing component, adapted to fit within a space in the container when the washing attachment is applied to the container, the washing component being configured to facilitate laundry washing within the space when the driving force is applied to the washing attachment. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the washing component is configured to generate a washing movement within the space in the container in response to application of the driving force to the washing attachment. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the washing component is designed particularly based on the characteristics of the driving force provided by the driving device. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the washing component comprises an auger component having a helical-shaped structure. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the helical-shaped structure comprises helical extensions configured to generate washing movement within the space in the container in response to application of the driving force to the washing attachment. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, the helical-shaped structure is designed particularly based on the characteristics of the driving force provided by the driving device. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein, when the driving device is a common power drill, the helical-shaped structure is designed such that the spacing between the helical extensions of the helical-shaped structure is 0.9 inches. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, comprising a securing component for securing application of the washing attachment to the container. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the securing component comprises one or more elements for securing an enclosing component to the container. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the one or more elements comprise clamp or a clip based elements. 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the securing component comprises a securing structure for securing the washing attachment when applied to the container. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the securing structure comprises a multi-pod based structure, the multi-pod based structure comprising:
a base element through which the movement component is passed; and a plurality of support legs, wherein support leg is connected to the base element on one end and to the container on the other end. 13. The apparatus of claim 1, comprising an enclosing component adapted for application to an opening in the container, to enclose the space in the container. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein:
the container comprises a cylindrical shaped space with a circular opening on one end corresponding to the opening of the container; and the enclosing component comprises a circular shaped section that is adapted for application to the circular opening of the cylindrical shaped space. 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the driving device is configurable to operate in portable manner. 16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the driving device comprises a power drill, the power drill comprising integrated power supply source to enable using the power drill in portable manner. 17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the driving force comprises rotating the washing attachment around a rotation axis along the movement component. | Apparatuses and methods based thereon are provided for utilizing washing attachments in portable manner. A washing attachment may comprise a movement component and a washing component. The movement component is adapted to connect the washing attachment to a driving device that is operable to provide a driving force to the washing attachment. The washing component is adapted to fit within a space in the container when the washing attachment is applied to the container, and is configured to facilitate laundry washing within the space when the driving force is applied to the washing attachment. The washing component may be an auger component having a helical-shaped structure. The helical-shaped structure may comprise helical extensions (e.g., spiral blades) configured to generate washing movement in the space. When the driving device is a power drill, the helical-shaped structure may be designed such that the spacing between spiral blades of the structure is 0.9 inches.1. An apparatus, comprising:
a washing attachment that is configured to be applied to a particular container, the washing attachment comprising:
a movement component adapted to connect the washing attachment to a driving device that is operable to provide a driving force to the washing attachment; and
a washing component, adapted to fit within a space in the container when the washing attachment is applied to the container, the washing component being configured to facilitate laundry washing within the space when the driving force is applied to the washing attachment. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the washing component is configured to generate a washing movement within the space in the container in response to application of the driving force to the washing attachment. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the washing component is designed particularly based on the characteristics of the driving force provided by the driving device. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the washing component comprises an auger component having a helical-shaped structure. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the helical-shaped structure comprises helical extensions configured to generate washing movement within the space in the container in response to application of the driving force to the washing attachment. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, the helical-shaped structure is designed particularly based on the characteristics of the driving force provided by the driving device. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein, when the driving device is a common power drill, the helical-shaped structure is designed such that the spacing between the helical extensions of the helical-shaped structure is 0.9 inches. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, comprising a securing component for securing application of the washing attachment to the container. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the securing component comprises one or more elements for securing an enclosing component to the container. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the one or more elements comprise clamp or a clip based elements. 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the securing component comprises a securing structure for securing the washing attachment when applied to the container. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the securing structure comprises a multi-pod based structure, the multi-pod based structure comprising:
a base element through which the movement component is passed; and a plurality of support legs, wherein support leg is connected to the base element on one end and to the container on the other end. 13. The apparatus of claim 1, comprising an enclosing component adapted for application to an opening in the container, to enclose the space in the container. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein:
the container comprises a cylindrical shaped space with a circular opening on one end corresponding to the opening of the container; and the enclosing component comprises a circular shaped section that is adapted for application to the circular opening of the cylindrical shaped space. 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the driving device is configurable to operate in portable manner. 16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the driving device comprises a power drill, the power drill comprising integrated power supply source to enable using the power drill in portable manner. 17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the driving force comprises rotating the washing attachment around a rotation axis along the movement component. | 1,700 |
2,486 | 14,065,780 | 1,783 | A robotic electrostatic painting system includes a barrier formed from an electrical insulating material and disposed between adjacent reservoirs for holding a conductive paint used in an electrostatic painting operation. The barrier is shaped and dimensioned with a central plate and upper and lower flanges to block every straight line path between the reservoirs to electrostatically separate the reservoirs and prevent the formation of a ground path or short circuit when there is a voltage difference between the reservoirs. The electrostatic separation of the reservoirs further prevents deterioration of conductive components of the robotic electrostatic painting system. | 1. An apparatus for electrostatically separating two adjacent paint reservoirs in a robotic painting apparatus, comprising:
a barrier formed from an electrical insulating material, the barrier being shaped and dimensioned wherein when the barrier is disposed between two adjacent paint reservoirs there is no straight line path between the reservoirs that does not pass through the barrier. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the electrical insulating material has a dielectric strength greater than 300 V/mil. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the electrical insulating material is a polytetrafluoroethylene material. 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the electrical insulating material is an acetal copolymer material. 5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the barrier is shaped to limit a shortest path between the reservoirs that does not pass through the barrier to no less than 100 mm. 6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the barrier has a length along a longitudinal axis greater than a longitudinal length of each the adjacent reservoirs. 7. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the length of the barrier is greater than the longitudinal length of each reservoir by at least 10 mm at each longitudinal end of the reservoirs. 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the barrier is assembled from at least two components to facilitate installation and maintenance thereof. 9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the barrier components include a central plate having a top surface and a bottom surface, an upper flange adapted to be attached to the central plate at the top surface, and a lower flange adapted to be attached to the central plate at the bottom surface. 10. An apparatus for electrostatically insulating a first paint reservoir from an adjacent second paint reservoir in a robotic painting apparatus for conductive materials, comprising:
a barrier formed from an electrical insulating material having a dielectric strength greater than 300 V/mil, the barrier being assembled from a plurality components to facilitate installation and maintenance thereof; and wherein when the barrier is disposed between the first and second adjacent paint reservoirs, there is no straight line path between the paint reservoirs that does not pass through the barrier. 11. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the barrier components include a central plate and an upper flange, wherein the upper flange is disposed on a top surface of the central plate and extends laterally beyond each of a first side surface and a second side surface of the central plate. 12. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the barrier components include a central plate and a lower flange disposed on a bottom surface of the central plate, the lower flange extending laterally beyond each of a first side surface and a second side surface of the central plate. 13. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the lower flange is configured to be coupled to a robot arm of the robotic painting apparatus. 14. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein a first end of the barrier extends at least 10 mm beyond a first longitudinal end of each of the reservoirs in a direction parallel to a longitudinal axis of each of the reservoirs. 15. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein a second end of the barrier extends at least 10 mm beyond a second longitudinal end of each of the reservoirs in the direction parallel to the longitudinal axes of the reservoirs. 16. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the electrical insulating material is one of a polytetrafluoroethylene material and an acetal copolymer material. 17. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the barrier is shaped to limit a shortest path between the first reservoir and the adjacent second reservoir that does not pass through the barrier to greater than 100 mm. 18. An apparatus for electrostatically insulating a first paint reservoir from an adjacent second paint reservoir in a robotic painting apparatus for conductive materials, comprising:
a barrier formed from an electrical insulating material, the barrier including a central plate having a top surface and a bottom surface, an upper flange disposed on the top surface of the central plate, and a lower flange disposed on the bottom surface of the central plate and adapted to be mounted on a robot arm; and wherein when the barrier is disposed with the central plate between the first and second adjacent paint reservoirs, there is no straight line path between the first and second paint reservoirs that does not pass through the barrier. 19. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the central plate has a longitudinal length greater than a longitudinal length of each reservoir by at least 10 mm at each longitudinal end of the reservoirs. 20. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the electrical insulating material has a dielectric strength greater than 300 V/mil. | A robotic electrostatic painting system includes a barrier formed from an electrical insulating material and disposed between adjacent reservoirs for holding a conductive paint used in an electrostatic painting operation. The barrier is shaped and dimensioned with a central plate and upper and lower flanges to block every straight line path between the reservoirs to electrostatically separate the reservoirs and prevent the formation of a ground path or short circuit when there is a voltage difference between the reservoirs. The electrostatic separation of the reservoirs further prevents deterioration of conductive components of the robotic electrostatic painting system.1. An apparatus for electrostatically separating two adjacent paint reservoirs in a robotic painting apparatus, comprising:
a barrier formed from an electrical insulating material, the barrier being shaped and dimensioned wherein when the barrier is disposed between two adjacent paint reservoirs there is no straight line path between the reservoirs that does not pass through the barrier. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the electrical insulating material has a dielectric strength greater than 300 V/mil. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the electrical insulating material is a polytetrafluoroethylene material. 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the electrical insulating material is an acetal copolymer material. 5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the barrier is shaped to limit a shortest path between the reservoirs that does not pass through the barrier to no less than 100 mm. 6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the barrier has a length along a longitudinal axis greater than a longitudinal length of each the adjacent reservoirs. 7. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the length of the barrier is greater than the longitudinal length of each reservoir by at least 10 mm at each longitudinal end of the reservoirs. 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the barrier is assembled from at least two components to facilitate installation and maintenance thereof. 9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the barrier components include a central plate having a top surface and a bottom surface, an upper flange adapted to be attached to the central plate at the top surface, and a lower flange adapted to be attached to the central plate at the bottom surface. 10. An apparatus for electrostatically insulating a first paint reservoir from an adjacent second paint reservoir in a robotic painting apparatus for conductive materials, comprising:
a barrier formed from an electrical insulating material having a dielectric strength greater than 300 V/mil, the barrier being assembled from a plurality components to facilitate installation and maintenance thereof; and wherein when the barrier is disposed between the first and second adjacent paint reservoirs, there is no straight line path between the paint reservoirs that does not pass through the barrier. 11. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the barrier components include a central plate and an upper flange, wherein the upper flange is disposed on a top surface of the central plate and extends laterally beyond each of a first side surface and a second side surface of the central plate. 12. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the barrier components include a central plate and a lower flange disposed on a bottom surface of the central plate, the lower flange extending laterally beyond each of a first side surface and a second side surface of the central plate. 13. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the lower flange is configured to be coupled to a robot arm of the robotic painting apparatus. 14. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein a first end of the barrier extends at least 10 mm beyond a first longitudinal end of each of the reservoirs in a direction parallel to a longitudinal axis of each of the reservoirs. 15. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein a second end of the barrier extends at least 10 mm beyond a second longitudinal end of each of the reservoirs in the direction parallel to the longitudinal axes of the reservoirs. 16. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the electrical insulating material is one of a polytetrafluoroethylene material and an acetal copolymer material. 17. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the barrier is shaped to limit a shortest path between the first reservoir and the adjacent second reservoir that does not pass through the barrier to greater than 100 mm. 18. An apparatus for electrostatically insulating a first paint reservoir from an adjacent second paint reservoir in a robotic painting apparatus for conductive materials, comprising:
a barrier formed from an electrical insulating material, the barrier including a central plate having a top surface and a bottom surface, an upper flange disposed on the top surface of the central plate, and a lower flange disposed on the bottom surface of the central plate and adapted to be mounted on a robot arm; and wherein when the barrier is disposed with the central plate between the first and second adjacent paint reservoirs, there is no straight line path between the first and second paint reservoirs that does not pass through the barrier. 19. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the central plate has a longitudinal length greater than a longitudinal length of each reservoir by at least 10 mm at each longitudinal end of the reservoirs. 20. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the electrical insulating material has a dielectric strength greater than 300 V/mil. | 1,700 |
2,487 | 13,893,735 | 1,746 | A method of making a laminate for an absorbent article is provided. The laminate comprises elastic elements disposed at least partially intermediate two substrates. The first substrate has a primary fiber bond pattern formed therein and comprising a plurality of primary fiber bonds. The method comprises forming densified regions in the first substrate. A perimeter of each of the densified regions is larger than a perimeter of each of the primary fiber bonds. The densified regions together form a pattern of densified regions in the first substrate. The method comprises adhesively attaching the elastic elements to the first substrate, joining the second substrate to the first substrate or to some of the elastic elements, and forming a plurality of rugosities in the first substrate by allowing the elastic elements to at least partially contract. The frequency and amplitude ranges of the rugosities result from the pattern of the densified regions. | 1. A method of making a laminate configured to form a portion of an absorbent article, wherein the laminate comprises a plurality of elastic elements disposed at least partially intermediate a first substrate and a second substrate, and wherein the first substrate has a primary fiber bond pattern formed therein that comprises a plurality of primary fiber bonds, the method comprising:
forming densified regions in the first substrate, wherein a perimeter of each of the densified regions is larger than a perimeter of each of the primary fiber bonds, and wherein the densified regions together form a pattern of densified regions in the first substrate; adhesively attaching the elastic elements to portions of the first substrate; joining the second substrate to the first substrate or to some of the elastic elements; and forming a plurality of rugosities in the first substrate by allowing the elastic elements to at least partially contract, wherein frequency and amplitude ranges of the rugosities result from the pattern of the densified regions. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second substrates comprise nonwoven materials. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the second substrate has a second primary fiber bond pattern comprising a plurality of primary fiber bonds formed therein, the method comprising:
forming densified regions in the second substrate, wherein a perimeter of each of the densified regions in the second substrate is larger than a perimeter of each of the primary fiber bonds in the second substrate, and wherein the densified regions together form a second pattern of densified regions in the second substrate; and forming a plurality of rugosities in the second substrate by allowing the elastic elements to at least partially contract, wherein frequency and amplitude ranges of the rugosities result from the second pattern of the densified regions. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the pattern of densified regions in the first substrate is the same as the second pattern of densified regions in the second substrate. 5. The method of claim 1, comprising:
applying a patterned adhesive to the first substrate; and attaching the elastic elements to the portion of the first substrate using the patterned adhesive. 6. The method of claim 1, comprising forming the densified regions in the first substrate by any of calendering, embossing, mechanical deformation, and thermal bonding. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein a perimeter of each of the densified regions is greater than 2 mm. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein an aspect ratio of each of the densified regions is greater than 5. 9. The method of claim 1, comprising adhesively attaching the elastic elements to the portion of the first substrate in a direction transverse to a direction of extension of the longest dimension of the densified regions. 10. A method of making a laminate for an absorbent article, wherein the laminate comprises a plurality of elastic elements disposed at least partially intermediate first and second nonwoven substrates, and wherein the first and second nonwoven substrates each have primary fiber bond patterns formed therein, each primary fiber bond pattern comprising a plurality of primary fiber bonds, the method comprising:
forming a pattern of first densified regions in the first substrate, wherein a perimeter of each of the first densified regions is larger than a perimeter of each of the primary fiber bonds in the first substrate; forming a pattern of second densified regions in the second substrate, wherein a perimeter of each of the second densified regions is larger than a perimeter of each of the primary fiber bonds in the second substrate; applying a patterned adhesive to one of the substrates; attaching the elastic elements, in a prestrained state, to one of the substrates using the patterned adhesive; joining the second substrate to the first substrate or to some of the elastic elements; and forming a plurality of rugosities in the laminate by allowing the elastic elements to at least partially contract, wherein the structure of the rugosities is a result of the pattern of the first densified regions and the pattern of the second densified regions. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the pattern of the first densified regions is the same as the pattern of the second densified regions. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the primary fiber bond pattern is the same in the first and second substrates. 13. The method of claim 10, comprising forming the first and second densified regions through any of calendering, embossing, thermal bonding, and mechanical bonding. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein at least one of the densified regions is continuous. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein at least one of the densified regions is nonlinear. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein at least one of the densified regions is linear. 17. A method of making a laminate configured to be joined with a chassis of an absorbent article, wherein the laminate comprises a plurality of elastic elements disposed at least partially intermediate first and second substrates, wherein the first substrate has a pattern of densified regions which forms primary fiber bonds in the first substrate, and wherein each of the densified regions is at least 0.5 mm at its narrowest dimension and at least 1 mm at its longest dimension, the method comprising:
adhesively attaching the elastic elements to one of the substrates, wherein the elastic elements are attached when in a prestrained state; joining a second substrate to the first substrate or to some of the elastic elements; and forming a portion comprising a plurality of rugosities in the elastic laminate by allowing the elastic elements to contract, wherein amplitude and frequency ranges of the rugosities result from the pattern of the densified regions. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein a perimeter of each of the densified regions is greater than 3 mm. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein an aspect ratio of each of the densified regions is greater than 3. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein each of the densified regions is at least 3 mm at its longest dimension. 21. A method of making a laminate for an absorbent article, wherein the laminate comprises a plurality of elastic elements disposed on a substrate, the method comprising:
calendering the substrate using a calendering unit comprising a roll having a raised pattern of elements on a surface thereof; densifying regions of the substrate using the raised pattern of elements to form a pattern of densified regions in the substrate; adhesively attaching the elastic elements to portions of the substrate while the elastic elements are in a prestrained state; and creating a frequency range of rugosities in the substrate by allowing the elastic elements to at least partially contract, wherein the frequency range of rugosities is a result of the pattern of densified regions. 22. The method of claim 21, comprising applying a patterned adhesive to the substrate wherein the densified regions extend in a direction transverse to a longitudinal axis of the elastic elements when the elastic elements are attached to the substrate. | A method of making a laminate for an absorbent article is provided. The laminate comprises elastic elements disposed at least partially intermediate two substrates. The first substrate has a primary fiber bond pattern formed therein and comprising a plurality of primary fiber bonds. The method comprises forming densified regions in the first substrate. A perimeter of each of the densified regions is larger than a perimeter of each of the primary fiber bonds. The densified regions together form a pattern of densified regions in the first substrate. The method comprises adhesively attaching the elastic elements to the first substrate, joining the second substrate to the first substrate or to some of the elastic elements, and forming a plurality of rugosities in the first substrate by allowing the elastic elements to at least partially contract. The frequency and amplitude ranges of the rugosities result from the pattern of the densified regions.1. A method of making a laminate configured to form a portion of an absorbent article, wherein the laminate comprises a plurality of elastic elements disposed at least partially intermediate a first substrate and a second substrate, and wherein the first substrate has a primary fiber bond pattern formed therein that comprises a plurality of primary fiber bonds, the method comprising:
forming densified regions in the first substrate, wherein a perimeter of each of the densified regions is larger than a perimeter of each of the primary fiber bonds, and wherein the densified regions together form a pattern of densified regions in the first substrate; adhesively attaching the elastic elements to portions of the first substrate; joining the second substrate to the first substrate or to some of the elastic elements; and forming a plurality of rugosities in the first substrate by allowing the elastic elements to at least partially contract, wherein frequency and amplitude ranges of the rugosities result from the pattern of the densified regions. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second substrates comprise nonwoven materials. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the second substrate has a second primary fiber bond pattern comprising a plurality of primary fiber bonds formed therein, the method comprising:
forming densified regions in the second substrate, wherein a perimeter of each of the densified regions in the second substrate is larger than a perimeter of each of the primary fiber bonds in the second substrate, and wherein the densified regions together form a second pattern of densified regions in the second substrate; and forming a plurality of rugosities in the second substrate by allowing the elastic elements to at least partially contract, wherein frequency and amplitude ranges of the rugosities result from the second pattern of the densified regions. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the pattern of densified regions in the first substrate is the same as the second pattern of densified regions in the second substrate. 5. The method of claim 1, comprising:
applying a patterned adhesive to the first substrate; and attaching the elastic elements to the portion of the first substrate using the patterned adhesive. 6. The method of claim 1, comprising forming the densified regions in the first substrate by any of calendering, embossing, mechanical deformation, and thermal bonding. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein a perimeter of each of the densified regions is greater than 2 mm. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein an aspect ratio of each of the densified regions is greater than 5. 9. The method of claim 1, comprising adhesively attaching the elastic elements to the portion of the first substrate in a direction transverse to a direction of extension of the longest dimension of the densified regions. 10. A method of making a laminate for an absorbent article, wherein the laminate comprises a plurality of elastic elements disposed at least partially intermediate first and second nonwoven substrates, and wherein the first and second nonwoven substrates each have primary fiber bond patterns formed therein, each primary fiber bond pattern comprising a plurality of primary fiber bonds, the method comprising:
forming a pattern of first densified regions in the first substrate, wherein a perimeter of each of the first densified regions is larger than a perimeter of each of the primary fiber bonds in the first substrate; forming a pattern of second densified regions in the second substrate, wherein a perimeter of each of the second densified regions is larger than a perimeter of each of the primary fiber bonds in the second substrate; applying a patterned adhesive to one of the substrates; attaching the elastic elements, in a prestrained state, to one of the substrates using the patterned adhesive; joining the second substrate to the first substrate or to some of the elastic elements; and forming a plurality of rugosities in the laminate by allowing the elastic elements to at least partially contract, wherein the structure of the rugosities is a result of the pattern of the first densified regions and the pattern of the second densified regions. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the pattern of the first densified regions is the same as the pattern of the second densified regions. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the primary fiber bond pattern is the same in the first and second substrates. 13. The method of claim 10, comprising forming the first and second densified regions through any of calendering, embossing, thermal bonding, and mechanical bonding. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein at least one of the densified regions is continuous. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein at least one of the densified regions is nonlinear. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein at least one of the densified regions is linear. 17. A method of making a laminate configured to be joined with a chassis of an absorbent article, wherein the laminate comprises a plurality of elastic elements disposed at least partially intermediate first and second substrates, wherein the first substrate has a pattern of densified regions which forms primary fiber bonds in the first substrate, and wherein each of the densified regions is at least 0.5 mm at its narrowest dimension and at least 1 mm at its longest dimension, the method comprising:
adhesively attaching the elastic elements to one of the substrates, wherein the elastic elements are attached when in a prestrained state; joining a second substrate to the first substrate or to some of the elastic elements; and forming a portion comprising a plurality of rugosities in the elastic laminate by allowing the elastic elements to contract, wherein amplitude and frequency ranges of the rugosities result from the pattern of the densified regions. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein a perimeter of each of the densified regions is greater than 3 mm. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein an aspect ratio of each of the densified regions is greater than 3. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein each of the densified regions is at least 3 mm at its longest dimension. 21. A method of making a laminate for an absorbent article, wherein the laminate comprises a plurality of elastic elements disposed on a substrate, the method comprising:
calendering the substrate using a calendering unit comprising a roll having a raised pattern of elements on a surface thereof; densifying regions of the substrate using the raised pattern of elements to form a pattern of densified regions in the substrate; adhesively attaching the elastic elements to portions of the substrate while the elastic elements are in a prestrained state; and creating a frequency range of rugosities in the substrate by allowing the elastic elements to at least partially contract, wherein the frequency range of rugosities is a result of the pattern of densified regions. 22. The method of claim 21, comprising applying a patterned adhesive to the substrate wherein the densified regions extend in a direction transverse to a longitudinal axis of the elastic elements when the elastic elements are attached to the substrate. | 1,700 |
2,488 | 12,810,142 | 1,771 | Provided herein are blends oils or fatty acids comprising more than 50% medium chain fatty acids, or the fatty acid alkyl esters thereof, and having low melting points. Such blends are useful as a fuel or as a starting material for the production of, for example, a biodiesel. Also provided genetically altered or modified plants, modified such that the amount of medium chain fatty acids generated by the plant are increased. Further provided is a method of predicting the melting point of a blend of fatty acid methyl esters and the use of such a method for identifying blends suitable for use as, for example, a biodiesel. | 1. A mixture of fatty acids comprising:
80% to 100% saturated fatty acids having 8-12 carbons and monounsaturated fatty acids having 12-18 carbons; 5% to 80% caprylic acid (C8:0) and capric acid (C10:0), and less than 20% lauric acid (C12:0); wherein said monounsaturated fatty acids account for 5% to 95% by weight of the mixture; and wherein said mixture comprises less than 20% polyunsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids having more than 12 carbons; wherein said fatty acids are alkyl-esterified; wherein the alkyl-esterified fatty acids comprise one or more alkyl esters selected from the group consisting of methylesters, ethylesters, n-propylesters, n-butylesters, and isopropylesters: or wherein the alkyl-esterified fatty acids comprise straight chain alkyl esters. 2-140. (canceled) 141. A blend of two or more oils, wherein said blend comprises
at least 50% by weight saturated medium chain fatty acids, myristoleic acid (C14:1), and monounsaturated long chain fatty acids, wherein said medium chain fatty acids comprise caprylic acid (C8:0), and wherein said caprylic acid comprises up to about 25% by weight of the blend and less than 10% by weight myristic acid (C14:0) and saturated long chain fatty acids; wherein said fatty acids are alkyl-esterified: and wherein the alkyl-esterified fatty acids comprise one or more alkyl esters selected from the group consisting of methylesters, ethylesters, n-propylesters, n-butylesters, and isopropylesters or wherein the alkyl-esterified fatty acids comprise straight chain alkyl esters. 142. A mixture of fatty acids comprising
at least 50% by weight medium chain fatty acids, myristoleic acid (C14:1), and monounsaturated long chain fatty acids, wherein said saturated medium chain fatty acids compose caprylic-acid (C8:0), and wherein said caprylic acid comprises up to about 25% by weight of the blend, and less than 1.0% by weight myristle acid (C14:0) and saturated long chain fatty acids; wherein said fatty acids are alkyl-esterified; and wherein the alkyl-esterified fatty acids comprise one or more alkyl esters selected from, the group consisting of nrethylesters, ethylesters, n-propylesters, n-butylesters, and isopropylesters or wherein the alkyl-esterified fatty acids comprise straight chain alkyl esters. 143. The mixture of claim 1, wherein oleic acid (C18:1) and palmitoleic acid (16:1) together account for 50% to 35% of the mixture. 144. The mixture of claim 1, wherein stearic (18:0) and palmitic acid (16:0) account for less than 4% of the mixture. 145. The mixture of claim 1, wherein linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) together account for less than 3% of the mixture. 146. The mixture of claim 1, wherein said mixture comprises:
55% to 65% oleic acid (C18:1); 5% to 15% lauric acid (C12:0): 15% to 25% capric acid (C10:0); and 5% to 15% caprylic acid (C8:0), 147. The mixture of claim 1, wherein caprylic acid (C8:0), capric acid (C10:0), and lauric acid (C12:0) together account for 60% to 85% of the mixture. 148. The mixture of claim 1, wherein oleic acid (C18:1) and palmitoleic acid (16:1) together account for 15% to 40% of the mixture. 149. The mixture of claim 141, wherein oleic acid (C18:1) and palmitoleic acid (16:1) together account for 50% to 85% of the mixture. 150. The mixture of claim 141, wherein stearic (18:0) and palmitic acid (16:0) account for less than 4% of the mixture. 151. The mixture of claim 141, wherein linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) together account for less than 3% of the mixture. 152. The mixture of claim 141, wherein said mixture comprises:
55% to 65% oleic acid (C18:1); 5% to 15% lauric acid (C12:0); 13% to 25% capric acid (C10:0); and 5% to 15% caprylic acid (C8:0). 153. The mixture of claim 141, wherein caprylic acid (C8:0), capric acid (C10:0), and lauric acid (C12:0) together account tor 60% to 85% of the mixture, 154. The mixture of claim 141, wherein oleic acid (C18:1) and palmitoleic acid (1.6:1) together account, for 15% to 40% of the mixture. 155. The mixture of claim 142, wherein stearic (18:0) and palmitic acid (16:0) account for less than 4% of the mixture. 156. The mixture of claim 142, wherein linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) together account, for less than 3% of the mixture. 157. The mixture of claim 142, wherein said mixture comprises:
55% to 65% oleic acid (C18:1); 5% to 15% lauric add (C12:0); 13% to 25% capric acid (C10:0); and 5% to 15% caprylic acid (C8:0). 158. The mixture of claim 142, wherein caprylic acid (C8;0), capric acid (C10:0), and lauric acid (C12:0) together account for 60% to 85% of the mixture. 159. The mixture of claim 142, wherein oleic acid (C18:1) and palmitoleic acid (16:1) together account for 15% to 40% of the mixture. | Provided herein are blends oils or fatty acids comprising more than 50% medium chain fatty acids, or the fatty acid alkyl esters thereof, and having low melting points. Such blends are useful as a fuel or as a starting material for the production of, for example, a biodiesel. Also provided genetically altered or modified plants, modified such that the amount of medium chain fatty acids generated by the plant are increased. Further provided is a method of predicting the melting point of a blend of fatty acid methyl esters and the use of such a method for identifying blends suitable for use as, for example, a biodiesel.1. A mixture of fatty acids comprising:
80% to 100% saturated fatty acids having 8-12 carbons and monounsaturated fatty acids having 12-18 carbons; 5% to 80% caprylic acid (C8:0) and capric acid (C10:0), and less than 20% lauric acid (C12:0); wherein said monounsaturated fatty acids account for 5% to 95% by weight of the mixture; and wherein said mixture comprises less than 20% polyunsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids having more than 12 carbons; wherein said fatty acids are alkyl-esterified; wherein the alkyl-esterified fatty acids comprise one or more alkyl esters selected from the group consisting of methylesters, ethylesters, n-propylesters, n-butylesters, and isopropylesters: or wherein the alkyl-esterified fatty acids comprise straight chain alkyl esters. 2-140. (canceled) 141. A blend of two or more oils, wherein said blend comprises
at least 50% by weight saturated medium chain fatty acids, myristoleic acid (C14:1), and monounsaturated long chain fatty acids, wherein said medium chain fatty acids comprise caprylic acid (C8:0), and wherein said caprylic acid comprises up to about 25% by weight of the blend and less than 10% by weight myristic acid (C14:0) and saturated long chain fatty acids; wherein said fatty acids are alkyl-esterified: and wherein the alkyl-esterified fatty acids comprise one or more alkyl esters selected from the group consisting of methylesters, ethylesters, n-propylesters, n-butylesters, and isopropylesters or wherein the alkyl-esterified fatty acids comprise straight chain alkyl esters. 142. A mixture of fatty acids comprising
at least 50% by weight medium chain fatty acids, myristoleic acid (C14:1), and monounsaturated long chain fatty acids, wherein said saturated medium chain fatty acids compose caprylic-acid (C8:0), and wherein said caprylic acid comprises up to about 25% by weight of the blend, and less than 1.0% by weight myristle acid (C14:0) and saturated long chain fatty acids; wherein said fatty acids are alkyl-esterified; and wherein the alkyl-esterified fatty acids comprise one or more alkyl esters selected from, the group consisting of nrethylesters, ethylesters, n-propylesters, n-butylesters, and isopropylesters or wherein the alkyl-esterified fatty acids comprise straight chain alkyl esters. 143. The mixture of claim 1, wherein oleic acid (C18:1) and palmitoleic acid (16:1) together account for 50% to 35% of the mixture. 144. The mixture of claim 1, wherein stearic (18:0) and palmitic acid (16:0) account for less than 4% of the mixture. 145. The mixture of claim 1, wherein linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) together account for less than 3% of the mixture. 146. The mixture of claim 1, wherein said mixture comprises:
55% to 65% oleic acid (C18:1); 5% to 15% lauric acid (C12:0): 15% to 25% capric acid (C10:0); and 5% to 15% caprylic acid (C8:0), 147. The mixture of claim 1, wherein caprylic acid (C8:0), capric acid (C10:0), and lauric acid (C12:0) together account for 60% to 85% of the mixture. 148. The mixture of claim 1, wherein oleic acid (C18:1) and palmitoleic acid (16:1) together account for 15% to 40% of the mixture. 149. The mixture of claim 141, wherein oleic acid (C18:1) and palmitoleic acid (16:1) together account for 50% to 85% of the mixture. 150. The mixture of claim 141, wherein stearic (18:0) and palmitic acid (16:0) account for less than 4% of the mixture. 151. The mixture of claim 141, wherein linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) together account for less than 3% of the mixture. 152. The mixture of claim 141, wherein said mixture comprises:
55% to 65% oleic acid (C18:1); 5% to 15% lauric acid (C12:0); 13% to 25% capric acid (C10:0); and 5% to 15% caprylic acid (C8:0). 153. The mixture of claim 141, wherein caprylic acid (C8:0), capric acid (C10:0), and lauric acid (C12:0) together account tor 60% to 85% of the mixture, 154. The mixture of claim 141, wherein oleic acid (C18:1) and palmitoleic acid (1.6:1) together account, for 15% to 40% of the mixture. 155. The mixture of claim 142, wherein stearic (18:0) and palmitic acid (16:0) account for less than 4% of the mixture. 156. The mixture of claim 142, wherein linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) together account, for less than 3% of the mixture. 157. The mixture of claim 142, wherein said mixture comprises:
55% to 65% oleic acid (C18:1); 5% to 15% lauric add (C12:0); 13% to 25% capric acid (C10:0); and 5% to 15% caprylic acid (C8:0). 158. The mixture of claim 142, wherein caprylic acid (C8;0), capric acid (C10:0), and lauric acid (C12:0) together account for 60% to 85% of the mixture. 159. The mixture of claim 142, wherein oleic acid (C18:1) and palmitoleic acid (16:1) together account for 15% to 40% of the mixture. | 1,700 |
2,489 | 14,686,988 | 1,713 | The present invention provides compositions and methods for polishing a molybdenum metal-containing surface. A polishing composition (slurry) described herein comprises an abrasive concentration of an inorganic particulate abrasive material (e.g., alumina or silica) suspended in an acidic aqueous medium containing a water soluble surface active material and an oxidizing agent. The surface active material is selected based on the zeta potential of the particulate abrasive, such that when the abrasive has a positive zeta potential, the surface active material comprises a cationic material, and when the particulate abrasive has a negative zeta potential, the surface active material comprises an anionic material, a non-ionic material, or a combination thereof. | 1. A chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) method for polishing a molybdenum-containing substrate comprising the steps of:
(a) contacting a surface of the substrate with a polishing pad and an aqueous CMP composition comprising an aqueous carrier having a pH in the range of about 3 to about 6 and containing, at point of use: (a) a particulate abrasive selected from the group consisting of a silica abrasive and an alumina abrasive; (b) a water soluble surface active material; and (c) an oxidizing agent; wherein the surface active material is selected based on the zeta potential of the particulate abrasive, such that when the abrasive has a positive zeta potential, the surface active material comprises a cationic material, and when the particulate abrasive has a negative zeta potential, the surface active material comprises an anionic material, a non-ionic material, or a combination thereof; and (b) causing relative motion between the polishing pad and the substrate while maintaining a portion of the CMP composition in contact with the surface between the pad and the substrate for a time period sufficient to abrade at least a portion of the molybdenum from the substrate. 2. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the particulate abrasive comprises alpha-alumina and the surface active agent is a cationic material. 3. The CMP method of claim 2 wherein the cationic material is a cationic polymer. 4. The CMP method of claim 3 wherein the cationic polymer comprises a poly(methacryloxyethyltrimethylammonium)halide. 5. The CMP method of claim 3 wherein oxidizing agent comprises hydrogen peroxide. 6. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the particulate abrasive comprises silica and the surface active material is an anionic material, a non-ionic material or a combination thereof. 7. The CMP method of claim 6 wherein the surface active material comprises a poly(acrylic acid), a polyacrylamide, or a combination thereof. 8. The CMP method of claim 6 wherein oxidizing agent comprises hydrogen peroxide. 9. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the particulate abrasive comprises an aminosilane surface-treated silica having a positive zeta potential, and the surface active material comprises cationic material. 10. The CMP method of claim 9 wherein the cationic material is a cationic polymer. 11. The CMP method of claim 10 wherein the cationic polymer comprises a poly(methacryloxyethyl trimethylammonium)halide. 12. The CMP method of claim 9 wherein the oxidizing agent comprises hydrogen peroxide. 13. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the oxidizing agent comprises hydrogen peroxide. 14. A chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) method for polishing a molybdenum-containing substrate comprising the steps of:
(a) contacting a surface of the substrate with a polishing pad and an aqueous CMP composition comprising an aqueous carrier having a pH in the range of about 3 to about 6 and containing, at point of use:
(i) about 0.5 to about 6 wt % of a particulate abrasive selected from the group consisting of a silica abrasive and an alumina abrasive;
(ii) about 25 to about 5,000 ppm of a water soluble surface active material; and
(iii) about 0.1 to about 1.5 wt % of an oxidizing agent.
wherein the surface active material is selected based on the zeta potential of the particulate abrasive, such that when the abrasive has a positive zeta potential, the surface active material comprises a cationic material, and when the particulate abrasive has a negative zeta potential, the surface active material comprises an anionic material, a non-ionic material, or a combination thereof; and
(b) causing relative motion between the polishing pad and the substrate while maintaining a portion of the CMP composition in contact with the surface between the pad and the substrate for a time period sufficient to abrade at least a portion of the molybdenum from the substrate. 15. The CMP method of claim 14 wherein the particulate abrasive comprises alpha-alumina or an aminosilane surface-treated silica, and has a positive zeta potential, and the water soluble surface active material comprises a poly(methacryloyloxyethyl trimethylammonium)halide. 16. The CMP method of claim 15 wherein the oxidizing agent comprises hydrogen peroxide. 17. The CMP method of claim 14 wherein the particulate abrasive comprises a silica having a negative zeta potential, and the water soluble surface active material comprises a poly(acrylic acid), a polyacrylamide, or a combination thereof. 18. The CMP method of claim 17 wherein the oxidizing agent comprises hydrogen peroxide. | The present invention provides compositions and methods for polishing a molybdenum metal-containing surface. A polishing composition (slurry) described herein comprises an abrasive concentration of an inorganic particulate abrasive material (e.g., alumina or silica) suspended in an acidic aqueous medium containing a water soluble surface active material and an oxidizing agent. The surface active material is selected based on the zeta potential of the particulate abrasive, such that when the abrasive has a positive zeta potential, the surface active material comprises a cationic material, and when the particulate abrasive has a negative zeta potential, the surface active material comprises an anionic material, a non-ionic material, or a combination thereof.1. A chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) method for polishing a molybdenum-containing substrate comprising the steps of:
(a) contacting a surface of the substrate with a polishing pad and an aqueous CMP composition comprising an aqueous carrier having a pH in the range of about 3 to about 6 and containing, at point of use: (a) a particulate abrasive selected from the group consisting of a silica abrasive and an alumina abrasive; (b) a water soluble surface active material; and (c) an oxidizing agent; wherein the surface active material is selected based on the zeta potential of the particulate abrasive, such that when the abrasive has a positive zeta potential, the surface active material comprises a cationic material, and when the particulate abrasive has a negative zeta potential, the surface active material comprises an anionic material, a non-ionic material, or a combination thereof; and (b) causing relative motion between the polishing pad and the substrate while maintaining a portion of the CMP composition in contact with the surface between the pad and the substrate for a time period sufficient to abrade at least a portion of the molybdenum from the substrate. 2. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the particulate abrasive comprises alpha-alumina and the surface active agent is a cationic material. 3. The CMP method of claim 2 wherein the cationic material is a cationic polymer. 4. The CMP method of claim 3 wherein the cationic polymer comprises a poly(methacryloxyethyltrimethylammonium)halide. 5. The CMP method of claim 3 wherein oxidizing agent comprises hydrogen peroxide. 6. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the particulate abrasive comprises silica and the surface active material is an anionic material, a non-ionic material or a combination thereof. 7. The CMP method of claim 6 wherein the surface active material comprises a poly(acrylic acid), a polyacrylamide, or a combination thereof. 8. The CMP method of claim 6 wherein oxidizing agent comprises hydrogen peroxide. 9. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the particulate abrasive comprises an aminosilane surface-treated silica having a positive zeta potential, and the surface active material comprises cationic material. 10. The CMP method of claim 9 wherein the cationic material is a cationic polymer. 11. The CMP method of claim 10 wherein the cationic polymer comprises a poly(methacryloxyethyl trimethylammonium)halide. 12. The CMP method of claim 9 wherein the oxidizing agent comprises hydrogen peroxide. 13. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the oxidizing agent comprises hydrogen peroxide. 14. A chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) method for polishing a molybdenum-containing substrate comprising the steps of:
(a) contacting a surface of the substrate with a polishing pad and an aqueous CMP composition comprising an aqueous carrier having a pH in the range of about 3 to about 6 and containing, at point of use:
(i) about 0.5 to about 6 wt % of a particulate abrasive selected from the group consisting of a silica abrasive and an alumina abrasive;
(ii) about 25 to about 5,000 ppm of a water soluble surface active material; and
(iii) about 0.1 to about 1.5 wt % of an oxidizing agent.
wherein the surface active material is selected based on the zeta potential of the particulate abrasive, such that when the abrasive has a positive zeta potential, the surface active material comprises a cationic material, and when the particulate abrasive has a negative zeta potential, the surface active material comprises an anionic material, a non-ionic material, or a combination thereof; and
(b) causing relative motion between the polishing pad and the substrate while maintaining a portion of the CMP composition in contact with the surface between the pad and the substrate for a time period sufficient to abrade at least a portion of the molybdenum from the substrate. 15. The CMP method of claim 14 wherein the particulate abrasive comprises alpha-alumina or an aminosilane surface-treated silica, and has a positive zeta potential, and the water soluble surface active material comprises a poly(methacryloyloxyethyl trimethylammonium)halide. 16. The CMP method of claim 15 wherein the oxidizing agent comprises hydrogen peroxide. 17. The CMP method of claim 14 wherein the particulate abrasive comprises a silica having a negative zeta potential, and the water soluble surface active material comprises a poly(acrylic acid), a polyacrylamide, or a combination thereof. 18. The CMP method of claim 17 wherein the oxidizing agent comprises hydrogen peroxide. | 1,700 |
2,490 | 15,503,570 | 1,781 | A non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a high magnetic flux density and a low iron loss includes C: not more than 0.01 mass %, Si: 1.3-5.0 mass %, Mn: 0.001-3 mass %, sol. Al: not more than 0.004 mass %, P: 0.03-0.20 mass %, S: not more than 0.005 mass %, N: not more than 0.005 mass %, Ti: more than 0.0020 mass % but not more than 0.1 mass %, and further contains one or more selected from Sn: 0.001-0.1 mass %, Sb: 0.001-0.1 mass %, Ca: 0.001-0.02 mass % and Mg: 0.001-0.02 mass % as required. | 1. A non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a chemical composition comprising C: not more than 0.01 mass %, Si: 1.3-5.0 mass %, Mn: 0.001-3 mass %, sol. Al: not more than 0.004 mass %, P: 0.03-0.20 mass %, S: not more than 0.005 mass %, N: not more than 0.005 mass %, Ti: more than 0.0020 mass % but not more than 0.1 mass %, and the remainder being Fe and inevitable impurities. 2. The non-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 1, which contains one or two of Sn: 0.001-0.1 mass % and Sb: 0.001-0.1 mass % in addition to the above chemical composition. 3. The non-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 1, which further contains one or two of Ca: 0.001-0.02 mass % and Mg: 0.001-0.02 mass % in addition to the above chemical composition. 4. The non-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein a sheet thickness is 0.1-0.3 mm. 5. The non-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 2, which further contains one or two of Ca: 0.001-0.02 mass % and Mg: 0.001-0.02 mass % in addition to the above chemical composition. 6. The non-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 2, wherein a sheet thickness is 0.1-0.3 mm. 7. The non-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 3, wherein a sheet thickness is 0.1-0.3 mm. 8. The non-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 5, wherein a sheet thickness is 0.1-0.3 mm. | A non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a high magnetic flux density and a low iron loss includes C: not more than 0.01 mass %, Si: 1.3-5.0 mass %, Mn: 0.001-3 mass %, sol. Al: not more than 0.004 mass %, P: 0.03-0.20 mass %, S: not more than 0.005 mass %, N: not more than 0.005 mass %, Ti: more than 0.0020 mass % but not more than 0.1 mass %, and further contains one or more selected from Sn: 0.001-0.1 mass %, Sb: 0.001-0.1 mass %, Ca: 0.001-0.02 mass % and Mg: 0.001-0.02 mass % as required.1. A non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a chemical composition comprising C: not more than 0.01 mass %, Si: 1.3-5.0 mass %, Mn: 0.001-3 mass %, sol. Al: not more than 0.004 mass %, P: 0.03-0.20 mass %, S: not more than 0.005 mass %, N: not more than 0.005 mass %, Ti: more than 0.0020 mass % but not more than 0.1 mass %, and the remainder being Fe and inevitable impurities. 2. The non-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 1, which contains one or two of Sn: 0.001-0.1 mass % and Sb: 0.001-0.1 mass % in addition to the above chemical composition. 3. The non-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 1, which further contains one or two of Ca: 0.001-0.02 mass % and Mg: 0.001-0.02 mass % in addition to the above chemical composition. 4. The non-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein a sheet thickness is 0.1-0.3 mm. 5. The non-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 2, which further contains one or two of Ca: 0.001-0.02 mass % and Mg: 0.001-0.02 mass % in addition to the above chemical composition. 6. The non-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 2, wherein a sheet thickness is 0.1-0.3 mm. 7. The non-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 3, wherein a sheet thickness is 0.1-0.3 mm. 8. The non-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 5, wherein a sheet thickness is 0.1-0.3 mm. | 1,700 |
2,491 | 14,374,438 | 1,791 | Disclosed are methods for stabilizing an oxygen dependent or oxygen-labile pigment from discoloration, and for maintaining the freshness and preventing discoloration of a foodstuff comprising the oxygen-labile pigment. In some embodiments, the method comprises (1) reducing the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere of a sealed container comprising the pigment to a level such that the oxygen will not discolor the pigment when CO 2 is introduced into the container, and (2) introducing CO 2 into the sealed container while retaining or further reducing the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere of the sealed container. Systems useful in the methods disclosed herein. | 1. A method to stabilize an oxygen-dependent or oxygen-labile pigment from discoloration for a predictable period of time in a sealed container, which method comprises
(1) reducing the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere of the container without introducing exogenous carbon dioxide wherein the oxygen concentration is reduced to a level such that pigment damage is minimized over the period of time when exogenous carbon dioxide is introduced into the container, and (2) introducing exogenous carbon dioxide into the container while retaining or further reducing the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere of the container. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the pigment is myoglobin. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxygen concentration of step (2) is maintained in the sealed container at least three days. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxygen concentration is reduced by a fuel cell. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the fuel cell is internal to the container. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the fuel cell is external to the container. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxygen concentration is reduced by replacing the oxygen with an inert gas. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the inert gas is nitrogen. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein in step (1), the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere of the sealed container is reduced to less than 5%. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein before step (2), the foodstuff is incubated in the atmosphere produced in step (1) so as to reach deoxygenation of the foodstuff. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein before step (2), the foodstuff is incubated in the atmosphere of the container produced in step (1) for at least 1 hour. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein in step (2), the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere of the sealed container is further reduced to less than 1500 ppm. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the sealed container is a tote comprising a flexible, collapsible or expandable material. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the tote comprises a headspace. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the sealed container is rigid container. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the pigment is myoglobin pigment present in red meat. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the pigment is myoglobin pigment present in tilapia, tuna, or mackerel. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the predictable period of time is at least 3 days. 19. A method to stabilize myoglobin pigment of a foodstuff containing myoglobin pigment during transportation and/or storage of the foodstuff in a sealed container to maintain the freshness and prevent discoloration of the foodstuff, which method comprises
(1) replacing at least a portion of the atmosphere in the container with a nitrogen flush so as to reduce the oxygen concentration to less than 5%, and incubate the foodstuff in the container for a period sufficient to deoxygenate the foodstuff, and (2) replacing at least a portion of the atmosphere of the container with a sufficient amount of exogenous carbon dioxide to prevent spoilage and account for any absorption of carbon dioxide by the foodstuff thereby maintaining the freshness, and preventing discoloration of the foodstuff upon return to ambient air after a period of at least 3 days in the atmosphere of the sealed container. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein in step (1), the oxygen concentration in atmosphere of the sealed container is reduced to less than 1%. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein in step (1), the foodstuff is incubated for at least 5 hours. 22. The method of claim 19, wherein in step (2), the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere of the sealed container is further reduced to less than 1500 ppm. 23. The method of claim 19, wherein the sealed container is a tote comprising a flexible, collapsible or expandable material. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the tote comprises a headspace. 25. The method of claim 19, wherein the foodstuff is red meat. 26. The method of claim 19, wherein the foodstuff is tilapia, tuna, or mackerel. | Disclosed are methods for stabilizing an oxygen dependent or oxygen-labile pigment from discoloration, and for maintaining the freshness and preventing discoloration of a foodstuff comprising the oxygen-labile pigment. In some embodiments, the method comprises (1) reducing the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere of a sealed container comprising the pigment to a level such that the oxygen will not discolor the pigment when CO 2 is introduced into the container, and (2) introducing CO 2 into the sealed container while retaining or further reducing the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere of the sealed container. Systems useful in the methods disclosed herein.1. A method to stabilize an oxygen-dependent or oxygen-labile pigment from discoloration for a predictable period of time in a sealed container, which method comprises
(1) reducing the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere of the container without introducing exogenous carbon dioxide wherein the oxygen concentration is reduced to a level such that pigment damage is minimized over the period of time when exogenous carbon dioxide is introduced into the container, and (2) introducing exogenous carbon dioxide into the container while retaining or further reducing the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere of the container. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the pigment is myoglobin. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxygen concentration of step (2) is maintained in the sealed container at least three days. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxygen concentration is reduced by a fuel cell. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the fuel cell is internal to the container. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the fuel cell is external to the container. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxygen concentration is reduced by replacing the oxygen with an inert gas. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the inert gas is nitrogen. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein in step (1), the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere of the sealed container is reduced to less than 5%. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein before step (2), the foodstuff is incubated in the atmosphere produced in step (1) so as to reach deoxygenation of the foodstuff. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein before step (2), the foodstuff is incubated in the atmosphere of the container produced in step (1) for at least 1 hour. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein in step (2), the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere of the sealed container is further reduced to less than 1500 ppm. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the sealed container is a tote comprising a flexible, collapsible or expandable material. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the tote comprises a headspace. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the sealed container is rigid container. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the pigment is myoglobin pigment present in red meat. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the pigment is myoglobin pigment present in tilapia, tuna, or mackerel. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the predictable period of time is at least 3 days. 19. A method to stabilize myoglobin pigment of a foodstuff containing myoglobin pigment during transportation and/or storage of the foodstuff in a sealed container to maintain the freshness and prevent discoloration of the foodstuff, which method comprises
(1) replacing at least a portion of the atmosphere in the container with a nitrogen flush so as to reduce the oxygen concentration to less than 5%, and incubate the foodstuff in the container for a period sufficient to deoxygenate the foodstuff, and (2) replacing at least a portion of the atmosphere of the container with a sufficient amount of exogenous carbon dioxide to prevent spoilage and account for any absorption of carbon dioxide by the foodstuff thereby maintaining the freshness, and preventing discoloration of the foodstuff upon return to ambient air after a period of at least 3 days in the atmosphere of the sealed container. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein in step (1), the oxygen concentration in atmosphere of the sealed container is reduced to less than 1%. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein in step (1), the foodstuff is incubated for at least 5 hours. 22. The method of claim 19, wherein in step (2), the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere of the sealed container is further reduced to less than 1500 ppm. 23. The method of claim 19, wherein the sealed container is a tote comprising a flexible, collapsible or expandable material. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the tote comprises a headspace. 25. The method of claim 19, wherein the foodstuff is red meat. 26. The method of claim 19, wherein the foodstuff is tilapia, tuna, or mackerel. | 1,700 |
2,492 | 15,064,823 | 1,732 | A chromium-free water-gas shift catalyst. In contrast to industry standard water-gas catalysts including chromium, a chromium-free water-gas shift catalyst is prepared using iron, boron, copper, aluminum and mixtures thereof. The improved catalyst provides enhanced thermal stability and avoidance of potentially dangerous chromium. | 1. A chromium-free water-gas catalyst comprising:
iron, and boron. 2. The catalyst according to claim 1, further comprising aluminum. 3. The catalyst according to claim 1, further comprising copper. 4. The catalyst according to claim 2, further comprising copper. 5. The catalyst according to claim 1, comprising a surface area of at least 30 m2/g. 6. The catalyst according to claim 1, comprising a surface area of at least 60 m2/g. 7. The catalyst according to claim 1, comprising a surface area of at least 90 m2/g. 8. The catalyst according to claim 1, comprising a surface area of at least 120 m2/g. 9. The catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst has a particle surface composition by mole that is greater than 0.5% boron and less than 3.0% boron. 10. The catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst has a total composition by mass of greater than 0.001% boron and less than or equal to 2% boron. 11. The catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst has a particle surface composition by mole that is greater than 0.5% boron and less than 2% boron. 12. The catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst has a total composition of greater than 0.01% boron and less than or equal to 0.5% boron. 13. The catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the iron further comprises a plurality of iron oxides. 14. A chromium-free water-gas catalyst comprising:
boron, and copper. 15. The catalyst according to claim 14, further comprising aluminum. 16. The catalyst according to claim 14, further comprising iron. 17. A chromium-free water-gas shift catalyst, comprising:
iron; boron; aluminum; and copper. 18. A process for producing a catalyst having improved thermal stability, comprising the steps of:
a. mixing a catalyst precursor and a source of boron to form a first mixture; and b. calcining the first mixture at a temperature equal to or greater that 300° C. to form the catalyst. 19. The process according to claim 18, wherein the step of mixing a catalyst precursor with a source of boron comprises mixing a catalyst precursor with a source of boron selected from the sources of boron consisting of boric acid, boron oxide, alkali borate salts, boron nitride, alkali to borohydrides, ammonia borane, organoboron compounds, iron boride, aluminum boride, copper boride, iron borate, aluminum borate, copper borate, and mixtures thereof. 20. The process according to claim 18, wherein the step of mixing a catalyst precursor with a source of boron comprises mixing a catalyst precursor with a source of boron having a weight relative to the catalyst equal to or greater than 0.01% and equal to or less than 0.5%. 21. The process according to claim 18, wherein the step of mixing a catalyst precursor with a source of boron comprises mixing a catalyst precursor selected from the group of catalyst precursors consisting of a hydroxide of iron, a hydroxide of copper, a hydroxide of aluminum, mixtures thereof, a carbonate of iron, a carbonate of copper, a carbonate of aluminum, mixtures thereof, and mixtures of a hydroxide of iron, a hydroxide of copper, a hydroxide of aluminum, mixtures thereof, a carbonate of iron, a carbonate of copper, and a carbonate of aluminum, with a source of boron. 22. The process according to claim 18, wherein the step of calcining the first mixture at a temperature equal to or greater that 300° C. further comprises the step of calcining the first mixture at a temperature equal to or greater than 450° C. | A chromium-free water-gas shift catalyst. In contrast to industry standard water-gas catalysts including chromium, a chromium-free water-gas shift catalyst is prepared using iron, boron, copper, aluminum and mixtures thereof. The improved catalyst provides enhanced thermal stability and avoidance of potentially dangerous chromium.1. A chromium-free water-gas catalyst comprising:
iron, and boron. 2. The catalyst according to claim 1, further comprising aluminum. 3. The catalyst according to claim 1, further comprising copper. 4. The catalyst according to claim 2, further comprising copper. 5. The catalyst according to claim 1, comprising a surface area of at least 30 m2/g. 6. The catalyst according to claim 1, comprising a surface area of at least 60 m2/g. 7. The catalyst according to claim 1, comprising a surface area of at least 90 m2/g. 8. The catalyst according to claim 1, comprising a surface area of at least 120 m2/g. 9. The catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst has a particle surface composition by mole that is greater than 0.5% boron and less than 3.0% boron. 10. The catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst has a total composition by mass of greater than 0.001% boron and less than or equal to 2% boron. 11. The catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst has a particle surface composition by mole that is greater than 0.5% boron and less than 2% boron. 12. The catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst has a total composition of greater than 0.01% boron and less than or equal to 0.5% boron. 13. The catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the iron further comprises a plurality of iron oxides. 14. A chromium-free water-gas catalyst comprising:
boron, and copper. 15. The catalyst according to claim 14, further comprising aluminum. 16. The catalyst according to claim 14, further comprising iron. 17. A chromium-free water-gas shift catalyst, comprising:
iron; boron; aluminum; and copper. 18. A process for producing a catalyst having improved thermal stability, comprising the steps of:
a. mixing a catalyst precursor and a source of boron to form a first mixture; and b. calcining the first mixture at a temperature equal to or greater that 300° C. to form the catalyst. 19. The process according to claim 18, wherein the step of mixing a catalyst precursor with a source of boron comprises mixing a catalyst precursor with a source of boron selected from the sources of boron consisting of boric acid, boron oxide, alkali borate salts, boron nitride, alkali to borohydrides, ammonia borane, organoboron compounds, iron boride, aluminum boride, copper boride, iron borate, aluminum borate, copper borate, and mixtures thereof. 20. The process according to claim 18, wherein the step of mixing a catalyst precursor with a source of boron comprises mixing a catalyst precursor with a source of boron having a weight relative to the catalyst equal to or greater than 0.01% and equal to or less than 0.5%. 21. The process according to claim 18, wherein the step of mixing a catalyst precursor with a source of boron comprises mixing a catalyst precursor selected from the group of catalyst precursors consisting of a hydroxide of iron, a hydroxide of copper, a hydroxide of aluminum, mixtures thereof, a carbonate of iron, a carbonate of copper, a carbonate of aluminum, mixtures thereof, and mixtures of a hydroxide of iron, a hydroxide of copper, a hydroxide of aluminum, mixtures thereof, a carbonate of iron, a carbonate of copper, and a carbonate of aluminum, with a source of boron. 22. The process according to claim 18, wherein the step of calcining the first mixture at a temperature equal to or greater that 300° C. further comprises the step of calcining the first mixture at a temperature equal to or greater than 450° C. | 1,700 |
2,493 | 14,323,683 | 1,729 | A jelly roll tape for a rechargeable battery and a rechargeable battery having the same are disclosed. In one aspect, the jelly roll tape includes a first adhesive layer configured to develop an adhesive property based at least in part on a reaction with an electrolytic solution and a second adhesive layer formed on at least one surface of the first adhesive layer. The second adhesive layer is formed at least partially of a rubber-based material. | 1. A jelly roll tape for an electrode assembly of a rechargeable battery, the jelly roll tape comprising:
a first adhesive layer configured to develop an adhesive property based at least in part on a reaction with an electrolytic solution; and a second adhesive layer formed on at least one surface of the first adhesive layer, wherein the second adhesive layer is formed at least partially of a rubber-based material. 2. The jelly roll tape of claim 1, wherein the first adhesive layer comprises an oriented polystyrene (OPS) film. 3. The jelly roll tape of claim 1, wherein the electrode assembly jelly roll tape is a seal tape. 4. The jelly roll tape of claim 1, wherein the rubber-based material comprises one or more of natural rubber, polyisoprene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, styrene-isoprene rubber, styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer rubber, styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer rubber, styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block copolymer rubber, styrene-ethylene-propylene-styrene block copolymer rubber, styrene-ethylene-propylene block copolymer rubber, reclaimed rubber, butyl rubber, polyisobutylene, and modified rubbers thereof. 5. The jelly roll tape of claim 1, wherein the jelly roll tape has a thickness in the range of about 20 μm to about 50 μm. 6. The jelly roll tape of claim 1, wherein the OPS film has a tensile strength in the range of about 200 kgf/cm2 to about 600 kgf/cm2. 7. The jelly roll tape of claim 1, further comprising an electrolyte insoluble film interposed between the first and second adhesive layers. 8. The jelly roll tape of claim 7, wherein the electrolyte insoluble film is formed of one or more of polyethyleneterephthalate (PET), polyimide (PI), polyethylene (PE), and polypropylene (PP). 9. The jelly roll tape of claim 7, wherein the electrolyte insoluble film is adhered to the first and second adhesive layers. 10. A rechargeable battery, comprising:
an electrode assembly including a first electrode plate, a second electrode plate having a different polarity than the first electrode plate, and a separator interposed between the first and second electrode plates; an electrolytic solution; a jelly roll tape attached to an outer surface of the electrode assembly; and a case housing the electrode assembly and the electrolytic solution, wherein the jelly roll tape comprises:
a first adhesive layer configured to develop an adhesive property based at least in part on a reaction with the electrolytic solution; and
a second adhesive layer formed on at least one surface of the first adhesive layer,
wherein the second adhesive layer is formed at least partially of a rubber-based material. 11. The rechargeable battery of claim 10, wherein the separator is wrapped around the electrode assembly to form the outermost surface of the electrode assembly. 12. The rechargeable battery of claim 10, wherein the rechargeable battery is a pouch-type rechargeable battery. 13. The rechargeable battery of claim 10, wherein the electrolytic solution includes a non-aqueous organic solvent and a lithium salt and wherein the non-aqueous organic solvent includes at least one material selected from the group consisting of: one or more cyclic carbonate selected from ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), 1,2-butylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate 1,2-pentylene carbonate, and 2,3-pentylene carbonate; one or more linear carbonates selected from diethyl carbonate (DEC), dipropyl carbonate (DPC), methylpropyl carbonate (MPC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC), and ethylpropyl carbonate (EPC); one or more esters selected from methylacetate, ethylacetate, propylacetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, γ-butyrolactone, γ-valerolactone, γ-caprolactone, δ-valerolactone, and ε-caprolactone; one or more ethers selected from tetrahydrofuran, and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dibutylether; and polymethylvinyl ketone. 14. The rechargeable battery of claim 10, wherein the jelly roll tape is attached to the separator. 15. The rechargeable battery of claim 10, wherein the separator is formed at least partially of polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP). 16. The rechargeable battery of claim 15, further comprising a ceramic layer formed on the separator. 17. The rechargeable battery of claim 16, further comprising a rubber-based adhesive layer formed on the ceramic layer. 18. A rechargeable battery, comprising:
an electrode assembly; an electrolyte; a first adhesive layer attached to an outer surface of the electrode assembly and configured to become an adhesive upon contacting the electrolyte; and a second adhesive layer formed on at least one surface of the first adhesive layer, wherein the second adhesive layer is formed of a rubber-based material. 19. The rechargeable battery of claim 18, further comprising an electrolyte insoluble film interposed between the first and second adhesive layers. 20. The rechargeable battery of claim 19, wherein the electrolyte insoluble film is formed one or more of polyethyleneterephthalate (PET), polyimide (PI), polyethylene (PE), and polypropylene (PP). | A jelly roll tape for a rechargeable battery and a rechargeable battery having the same are disclosed. In one aspect, the jelly roll tape includes a first adhesive layer configured to develop an adhesive property based at least in part on a reaction with an electrolytic solution and a second adhesive layer formed on at least one surface of the first adhesive layer. The second adhesive layer is formed at least partially of a rubber-based material.1. A jelly roll tape for an electrode assembly of a rechargeable battery, the jelly roll tape comprising:
a first adhesive layer configured to develop an adhesive property based at least in part on a reaction with an electrolytic solution; and a second adhesive layer formed on at least one surface of the first adhesive layer, wherein the second adhesive layer is formed at least partially of a rubber-based material. 2. The jelly roll tape of claim 1, wherein the first adhesive layer comprises an oriented polystyrene (OPS) film. 3. The jelly roll tape of claim 1, wherein the electrode assembly jelly roll tape is a seal tape. 4. The jelly roll tape of claim 1, wherein the rubber-based material comprises one or more of natural rubber, polyisoprene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, styrene-isoprene rubber, styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer rubber, styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer rubber, styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block copolymer rubber, styrene-ethylene-propylene-styrene block copolymer rubber, styrene-ethylene-propylene block copolymer rubber, reclaimed rubber, butyl rubber, polyisobutylene, and modified rubbers thereof. 5. The jelly roll tape of claim 1, wherein the jelly roll tape has a thickness in the range of about 20 μm to about 50 μm. 6. The jelly roll tape of claim 1, wherein the OPS film has a tensile strength in the range of about 200 kgf/cm2 to about 600 kgf/cm2. 7. The jelly roll tape of claim 1, further comprising an electrolyte insoluble film interposed between the first and second adhesive layers. 8. The jelly roll tape of claim 7, wherein the electrolyte insoluble film is formed of one or more of polyethyleneterephthalate (PET), polyimide (PI), polyethylene (PE), and polypropylene (PP). 9. The jelly roll tape of claim 7, wherein the electrolyte insoluble film is adhered to the first and second adhesive layers. 10. A rechargeable battery, comprising:
an electrode assembly including a first electrode plate, a second electrode plate having a different polarity than the first electrode plate, and a separator interposed between the first and second electrode plates; an electrolytic solution; a jelly roll tape attached to an outer surface of the electrode assembly; and a case housing the electrode assembly and the electrolytic solution, wherein the jelly roll tape comprises:
a first adhesive layer configured to develop an adhesive property based at least in part on a reaction with the electrolytic solution; and
a second adhesive layer formed on at least one surface of the first adhesive layer,
wherein the second adhesive layer is formed at least partially of a rubber-based material. 11. The rechargeable battery of claim 10, wherein the separator is wrapped around the electrode assembly to form the outermost surface of the electrode assembly. 12. The rechargeable battery of claim 10, wherein the rechargeable battery is a pouch-type rechargeable battery. 13. The rechargeable battery of claim 10, wherein the electrolytic solution includes a non-aqueous organic solvent and a lithium salt and wherein the non-aqueous organic solvent includes at least one material selected from the group consisting of: one or more cyclic carbonate selected from ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), 1,2-butylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate 1,2-pentylene carbonate, and 2,3-pentylene carbonate; one or more linear carbonates selected from diethyl carbonate (DEC), dipropyl carbonate (DPC), methylpropyl carbonate (MPC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC), and ethylpropyl carbonate (EPC); one or more esters selected from methylacetate, ethylacetate, propylacetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, γ-butyrolactone, γ-valerolactone, γ-caprolactone, δ-valerolactone, and ε-caprolactone; one or more ethers selected from tetrahydrofuran, and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dibutylether; and polymethylvinyl ketone. 14. The rechargeable battery of claim 10, wherein the jelly roll tape is attached to the separator. 15. The rechargeable battery of claim 10, wherein the separator is formed at least partially of polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP). 16. The rechargeable battery of claim 15, further comprising a ceramic layer formed on the separator. 17. The rechargeable battery of claim 16, further comprising a rubber-based adhesive layer formed on the ceramic layer. 18. A rechargeable battery, comprising:
an electrode assembly; an electrolyte; a first adhesive layer attached to an outer surface of the electrode assembly and configured to become an adhesive upon contacting the electrolyte; and a second adhesive layer formed on at least one surface of the first adhesive layer, wherein the second adhesive layer is formed of a rubber-based material. 19. The rechargeable battery of claim 18, further comprising an electrolyte insoluble film interposed between the first and second adhesive layers. 20. The rechargeable battery of claim 19, wherein the electrolyte insoluble film is formed one or more of polyethyleneterephthalate (PET), polyimide (PI), polyethylene (PE), and polypropylene (PP). | 1,700 |
2,494 | 13,133,282 | 1,761 | The invention relates to a method of dusting coal mine surfaces, the method comprising applying stone dust particles treated with a cationic and/or zwitterionic surfactant to surfaces in the coal mine. The invention also relates to liquid formulations, coal mine dusting agents and apparatus for use in such a method. | 1. A method of dusting coal mine surfaces, the method comprising applying stone dust particles treated with a cationic and/or zwitterionic surfactant to surfaces in the coal mine. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the stone dust particles are treated by mixing with a liquid comprising or consisting of the cationic and/or zwitterionic surfactant. 3. The method according to claim 2 wherein the liquid is in the form of an aqueous solution comprising the cationic and/or zwitterionic surfactant 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the mixture of stone dust particles and the solution comprising the cationic and/or zwitterionic surfactant forms a slurry and the stone dust particles are applied as the slurry. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the slurry includes a foaming agent and the slurry is aerated during application to form a foam. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the cationic and/or the zwitterionic surfactant is the foaming agent. 7. The method according to claim 2, wherein the mixture of stone dust particles and the liquid comprising or consisting of the cationic and/or zwitterionic surfactant forms a slurry and the method further includes the step of drying the slurry so that the stone dust particles are applied dry. 8. A liquid formulation when used to treat stone dust particles applied to coal mine surfaces, the formulation comprising or consisting of a cationic and/or zwitterionic surfactant. 9. A formulation according to claim 8 comprising a blend of cationic and zwitterionic surfactant, wherein the zwitterionic surfactant comprises at least 60%, more preferably at least 65% of the blend. 10. A formulation according to claim 8, wherein the formulation comprises a cationic surfactant selected from cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC), alkyl pyridinium chlorides, benzalkonium chlorides, twin chain QACs, long-chain tallow cationics and any combination thereof. 11. A formulation according to claim 8, wherein the formulation comprises a zwitterionic surfactant selected from cocoamine oxide, cocamidopropyl betaine, alkyl betaines, alkylaminopropioic acids, alkyliminodipropionic acids, alkylimidazoline carboxylates, sulphobetaines or combinations thereof and any combination thereof. 12. A formulation according to claim 11 comprising cocoamine oxide and cocamidopropyl betaine. 13. A formulation according to claim 8 which is in the form of an aqueous solution. 14. A coal mine dusting agent comprising stone dust particles treated with a cationic and/or zwitterionic surfactant. 15. A coal mine dusting agent according to claim 14 in the form of a slurry. 16. A coal mine dusting agent according to claim 14, wherein a zwitterionic surfactant is present, the zwitterionic surfactant comprising cocoamine oxide and/or cocamidopropyl betaine. 17. An apparatus when used to apply a foamed slurry comprising stone dust to the surfaces of a coal mine, the apparatus comprising:
a mixing vessel in which stone dust particles are mixed with a liquid to form a slurry; and an applicator connected to said mixing vessel for application of the slurry to the coal mine surfaces, said applicator comprising an aerator for foaming the slurry as it is applied;
wherein said stone dust particles are treated with a cationic and/or zwitterionic surfactant prior to application to the coal mine surfaces. | The invention relates to a method of dusting coal mine surfaces, the method comprising applying stone dust particles treated with a cationic and/or zwitterionic surfactant to surfaces in the coal mine. The invention also relates to liquid formulations, coal mine dusting agents and apparatus for use in such a method.1. A method of dusting coal mine surfaces, the method comprising applying stone dust particles treated with a cationic and/or zwitterionic surfactant to surfaces in the coal mine. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the stone dust particles are treated by mixing with a liquid comprising or consisting of the cationic and/or zwitterionic surfactant. 3. The method according to claim 2 wherein the liquid is in the form of an aqueous solution comprising the cationic and/or zwitterionic surfactant 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the mixture of stone dust particles and the solution comprising the cationic and/or zwitterionic surfactant forms a slurry and the stone dust particles are applied as the slurry. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the slurry includes a foaming agent and the slurry is aerated during application to form a foam. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the cationic and/or the zwitterionic surfactant is the foaming agent. 7. The method according to claim 2, wherein the mixture of stone dust particles and the liquid comprising or consisting of the cationic and/or zwitterionic surfactant forms a slurry and the method further includes the step of drying the slurry so that the stone dust particles are applied dry. 8. A liquid formulation when used to treat stone dust particles applied to coal mine surfaces, the formulation comprising or consisting of a cationic and/or zwitterionic surfactant. 9. A formulation according to claim 8 comprising a blend of cationic and zwitterionic surfactant, wherein the zwitterionic surfactant comprises at least 60%, more preferably at least 65% of the blend. 10. A formulation according to claim 8, wherein the formulation comprises a cationic surfactant selected from cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC), alkyl pyridinium chlorides, benzalkonium chlorides, twin chain QACs, long-chain tallow cationics and any combination thereof. 11. A formulation according to claim 8, wherein the formulation comprises a zwitterionic surfactant selected from cocoamine oxide, cocamidopropyl betaine, alkyl betaines, alkylaminopropioic acids, alkyliminodipropionic acids, alkylimidazoline carboxylates, sulphobetaines or combinations thereof and any combination thereof. 12. A formulation according to claim 11 comprising cocoamine oxide and cocamidopropyl betaine. 13. A formulation according to claim 8 which is in the form of an aqueous solution. 14. A coal mine dusting agent comprising stone dust particles treated with a cationic and/or zwitterionic surfactant. 15. A coal mine dusting agent according to claim 14 in the form of a slurry. 16. A coal mine dusting agent according to claim 14, wherein a zwitterionic surfactant is present, the zwitterionic surfactant comprising cocoamine oxide and/or cocamidopropyl betaine. 17. An apparatus when used to apply a foamed slurry comprising stone dust to the surfaces of a coal mine, the apparatus comprising:
a mixing vessel in which stone dust particles are mixed with a liquid to form a slurry; and an applicator connected to said mixing vessel for application of the slurry to the coal mine surfaces, said applicator comprising an aerator for foaming the slurry as it is applied;
wherein said stone dust particles are treated with a cationic and/or zwitterionic surfactant prior to application to the coal mine surfaces. | 1,700 |
2,495 | 14,379,793 | 1,722 | The invention relates to a liquid-crystalline medium which contains at least two polymerisable compounds or reactive mesogens (RM)
and
at least one compound selected from the group of compounds of the formula IIA, IIB and IIC,
in which
R 2A , R 2B , R 2C , L 1-6 , ring B, Z 2 , Z 2 , p, q and v have the meanings indicated in Claim 1,
and to the use thereof for an active-matrix display, in particular based on the VA, PSA, PS-VA, PALC, FFS, PS-FFS, IPS or PS-IPS effect, especially for the use in LC displays of the PS (polymer stabilised) or PSA (polymer sustained alignment) type. | 1. Liquid-crystalline medium based on a mixture of polar compounds having negative dielectric anisotropy, characterised in that it contains
at least two polymerisable compounds or reactive mesogens (RM) and at least one compound selected from the group of compounds of the formula IIA, IIB and IIC,
in which
R2A, R2B and R2C each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl or alkenyl radical having up to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may be replaced by —O—, —S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
denotes
Y1-6 each, independently of one another, denote H or F.
L1 and L2 each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl, CF3 or CHF2,
L3-6 each, independently of one another, denote H, F, Cl, CF3 or CHF2, but at least two of L3-6 denote F, Cl, CF3 or CHF2
Z2 and Z2′ each, independently of one another, denote a single bond, —CH2CH2—, —CH═CH—, —C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —COO—, —OCO—, —C2F4—, —CF═CF—, —CH═CHCH2O—,
p denotes 1 or 2, and, in the case where Z2=single bond, p may also denote 0,
q denotes 0 or 1,
(O)CvH2v+1 denotes OCvH2v+1 or CvH2v+1, and
v denotes 1 to 6. 2. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the polymerisable compounds are selected from the compounds of the formula I,
RMa-AM1-(ZM1-AM2)m1-RMb I
in which the individual radicals have the following meanings:
RMa and RMb each, independently of one another, denote P, P-Sp-, H, halogen, SF5, NO2, an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group, where at least one of the radicals RMa and RMb preferably denotes or contains a group P or P-Sp-,
P denotes a polymerisable group,
Sp denotes a spacer group or a single bond,
AM1 and AM2 each, independently of one another, denote an aromatic, heteroaromatic, alicyclic or heterocyclic group, preferably having 4 to 25 ring atoms, preferably C atoms, which may also encompass or contain fused rings, and which may optionally be mono- or polysubstituted by L,
L denotes P, P-Sp-, OH, CH2OH, F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NO2, —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)N(Rx)2, —C(═O)Y1, —C(═O)Rx, —N(Rx)2, optionally substituted silyl, optionally substituted aryl having 6 to 20 C atoms, or straight-chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy having 1 to 25 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, P or P-Sp-, preferably P, P-Sp-, H, OH, CH2OH, halogen, SF5, NO2, an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group,
Y1 denotes halogen,
ZM1 denotes —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —OCO—, —O—CO—O—, —OCH2—, —CH2O—, —SCH2—, —CH2S, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CF2S, —SCF2—, —(CH2)n1—, —CF2CH2—, —CH2CF2—, —(CF2)n1—, —CH═CH—, —CF═CF—, —C≡C—, —CH═CH—, —COO—, —OCO—CH═CH—, CR0R00 or a single bond,
R0 and R00 each, independently of one another, denote H or alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms,
Rx denotes P, P-Sp-, H, halogen, straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups may be replaced by —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—O— in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, P or P-Sp-, an optionally substituted aryl or aryloxy group having 6 to 40 C atoms, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl or heteroaryloxy group having 2 to 40 C atoms,
m1 denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and
n1 denotes 1, 2, 3 or 4,
where at least one from the group RMa, RMb and the substituents L present denotes a group P or P-Sp- or contains at least one group P or P-Sp-. 3. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 2, characterised in that in formula I one of RMa and RMb or both denote(s) P or P-Sp-. 4. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1 characterised in that it contains at least two polymerisable compounds selected from the group of the compounds of the formula I-1 to I-44
in which the individual radicals have the following meanings:
P1 and P2 each, independently of one another, denote a polymerisable group, preferably having one of the meanings indicated above and below for P, particularly preferably an acrylate, methacrylate, fluoroacrylate, oxetane, vinyloxy or epoxy group,
Sp1 and Sp2 each, independently of one another, denote a single bond or a spacer group, preferably having one of the meanings indicated above and below for Sp, and particularly preferably —(CH2)p1—, —(CH2)p1—O—, —(CH2)p1—CO—O— or —(CH2)p1—O—CO—O—, in which p1 is an integer from 1 to 12, and where the linking of the last-mentioned groups to the adjacent ring takes place via the O atom, where one of the radicals P1-Sp1- and P2-Sp2- may also denote Raa,
Raa denotes H, F, Cl, CN or straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C(R0)═C(R00)—, —C≡C—, —N(R0)—, —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—O— in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, CN or P1-Sp1-, particularly preferably straight-chain or branched, optionally mono- or polyfluorinated alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylcarbonyloxy having 1 to 12 C atoms (where the alkenyl and alkynyl radicals have at least two C atoms and the branched radicals have at least three C atoms),
R0, R00 each, independently of one another and on each occurrence identically or differently, denote H or alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms,
Ry and Rz each, independently of one another, denote H, F, CH3 or CF3,
Z1 denotes —O—, —CO—, —C(RyRz)— or —CF2CF2—,
Z2 and Z3 each, independently of one another, denote —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —CF2O—, —OCF2— or —(CH2)n—, where n is 2, 3 or 4,
L on each occurrence, identically or differently, denotes F, Cl, CN, or straight-chain or branched, optionally mono- or polyfluorinated alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylcarbonyloxy having 1 to 12 C atoms, preferably F,
L′ and L″ each, independently of one another, denote H, FCl or CF3,
r denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4,
s denotes 0, 1, 2 or 3,
t denotes 0, 1 or 2, and
x denotes 0 or 1. 5. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the polymerisable compounds of the formula I are selected from the group of compounds of the formula RM-1 to RM-86: 6. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1 characterised in that the compounds of the formula IIA, IIB and IIC are selected from the formulae IIA-1 to IIC-6,
in which alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms and alkenyl denotes a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms. 7. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it additionally contains one or more compounds of the formula III,
in which
R31 and R32 each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl or alkoxy radical having up to 12 C atoms, and
denotes
Z3 denotes a single bond, —CH2CH2—, —CH═CH—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —COO—, —OCO—, —C2F4—, —C4H9—, —CF═CF—. 8. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the medium additionally contains at least one compound of the formulae L-1 to L-11,
in which
R, R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, have the meanings indicated for R2A in claim 1, and alkyl denotes an alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms, and
s denotes 1 or 2. 9. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the medium additionally contains one or more terphenyls of the formulae T-1 to T-21,
in which
R denotes a straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1-7 C atoms, and
m denotes 1-6. 10. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the medium additionally contains one or more compounds of the formulae O-1 to O-16,
in which
R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, have the meanings indicated for R2A in claim 1. 11. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the medium additionally contains one or more indane compounds of the formula In,
in which
R11, R12, R13 denote a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl or alkenyl radical having 1-5 C atoms,
R12 and R13 additionally also denote halogen,
denotes
i denotes 0, 1 or 2. 12. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the proportion of the polymerisable compounds of the formula I in the mixture as a whole is 0.1 to 5% by weight. 13. Process for the preparation of a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that at least two polymerisable compounds are mixed with at least one compound of the formula IIA, IIB or TIC with at least one further mesogen compound, and additives are optionally added. 14. (canceled) 15. A polymer produced from polymerisable compounds or reactive mesogens in a liquid crystalline medium according to claim 1. 16. The polymer according to claim 15, wherein at least two polymerisable compounds in the liquid crystalline medium are polymerised by UV radiation, by applying a voltage, by use of appropriate UV filters and/or by controlling the temperature for enhancement of the reaction. 17. Electro-optical display having active-matrix addressing, characterised in that it contains, as dielectric, a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1. 18. Electro-optical display according to claim 17 characterised in that it is a VA, PSA, PS-VA, PALC, FFS, PS-FFS, IPS, PS-IPS or flexible display. 19. PS or PSA display according to claim 17 characterized in that a display cell containing two substrates and two electrodes, wherein at least one substrate is transparent to light and at least one substrate has one or two electrodes provided thereon, and a layer of an LC medium containing two polymerised compounds located between the substrates, wherein the polymerised components are obtainable by polymerisation of one or more polymerisable compounds between the substrates of the display cell in the LC medium, preferably while applying a voltage to the electrodes. 20. PS or PSA display according to claim 19 characterized in that a display cell contains two substrates wherein one substrate is a glass substrate and the other substrate is a flexible substrate made by RM polymerisation of at least one polymerisable compound of the formula I. 21. Method of producing a PS or PSA display by providing a LC mixture according to claim 1 into a display cell containing two substrates and two electrodes, wherein at least one substrate is transparent to light and at least one substrate has one or two electrodes provided thereon, and polymerising at least two polymerisable compounds. 22. Method of according to claim 21, characterized in that the polymerisable compounds are polymerised by exposure to UV light having a wavelength from 320 nm to 400 nm. | The invention relates to a liquid-crystalline medium which contains at least two polymerisable compounds or reactive mesogens (RM)
and
at least one compound selected from the group of compounds of the formula IIA, IIB and IIC,
in which
R 2A , R 2B , R 2C , L 1-6 , ring B, Z 2 , Z 2 , p, q and v have the meanings indicated in Claim 1,
and to the use thereof for an active-matrix display, in particular based on the VA, PSA, PS-VA, PALC, FFS, PS-FFS, IPS or PS-IPS effect, especially for the use in LC displays of the PS (polymer stabilised) or PSA (polymer sustained alignment) type.1. Liquid-crystalline medium based on a mixture of polar compounds having negative dielectric anisotropy, characterised in that it contains
at least two polymerisable compounds or reactive mesogens (RM) and at least one compound selected from the group of compounds of the formula IIA, IIB and IIC,
in which
R2A, R2B and R2C each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl or alkenyl radical having up to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may be replaced by —O—, —S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
denotes
Y1-6 each, independently of one another, denote H or F.
L1 and L2 each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl, CF3 or CHF2,
L3-6 each, independently of one another, denote H, F, Cl, CF3 or CHF2, but at least two of L3-6 denote F, Cl, CF3 or CHF2
Z2 and Z2′ each, independently of one another, denote a single bond, —CH2CH2—, —CH═CH—, —C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —COO—, —OCO—, —C2F4—, —CF═CF—, —CH═CHCH2O—,
p denotes 1 or 2, and, in the case where Z2=single bond, p may also denote 0,
q denotes 0 or 1,
(O)CvH2v+1 denotes OCvH2v+1 or CvH2v+1, and
v denotes 1 to 6. 2. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the polymerisable compounds are selected from the compounds of the formula I,
RMa-AM1-(ZM1-AM2)m1-RMb I
in which the individual radicals have the following meanings:
RMa and RMb each, independently of one another, denote P, P-Sp-, H, halogen, SF5, NO2, an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group, where at least one of the radicals RMa and RMb preferably denotes or contains a group P or P-Sp-,
P denotes a polymerisable group,
Sp denotes a spacer group or a single bond,
AM1 and AM2 each, independently of one another, denote an aromatic, heteroaromatic, alicyclic or heterocyclic group, preferably having 4 to 25 ring atoms, preferably C atoms, which may also encompass or contain fused rings, and which may optionally be mono- or polysubstituted by L,
L denotes P, P-Sp-, OH, CH2OH, F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NO2, —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)N(Rx)2, —C(═O)Y1, —C(═O)Rx, —N(Rx)2, optionally substituted silyl, optionally substituted aryl having 6 to 20 C atoms, or straight-chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy having 1 to 25 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, P or P-Sp-, preferably P, P-Sp-, H, OH, CH2OH, halogen, SF5, NO2, an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group,
Y1 denotes halogen,
ZM1 denotes —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —OCO—, —O—CO—O—, —OCH2—, —CH2O—, —SCH2—, —CH2S, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CF2S, —SCF2—, —(CH2)n1—, —CF2CH2—, —CH2CF2—, —(CF2)n1—, —CH═CH—, —CF═CF—, —C≡C—, —CH═CH—, —COO—, —OCO—CH═CH—, CR0R00 or a single bond,
R0 and R00 each, independently of one another, denote H or alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms,
Rx denotes P, P-Sp-, H, halogen, straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups may be replaced by —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—O— in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, P or P-Sp-, an optionally substituted aryl or aryloxy group having 6 to 40 C atoms, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl or heteroaryloxy group having 2 to 40 C atoms,
m1 denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and
n1 denotes 1, 2, 3 or 4,
where at least one from the group RMa, RMb and the substituents L present denotes a group P or P-Sp- or contains at least one group P or P-Sp-. 3. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 2, characterised in that in formula I one of RMa and RMb or both denote(s) P or P-Sp-. 4. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1 characterised in that it contains at least two polymerisable compounds selected from the group of the compounds of the formula I-1 to I-44
in which the individual radicals have the following meanings:
P1 and P2 each, independently of one another, denote a polymerisable group, preferably having one of the meanings indicated above and below for P, particularly preferably an acrylate, methacrylate, fluoroacrylate, oxetane, vinyloxy or epoxy group,
Sp1 and Sp2 each, independently of one another, denote a single bond or a spacer group, preferably having one of the meanings indicated above and below for Sp, and particularly preferably —(CH2)p1—, —(CH2)p1—O—, —(CH2)p1—CO—O— or —(CH2)p1—O—CO—O—, in which p1 is an integer from 1 to 12, and where the linking of the last-mentioned groups to the adjacent ring takes place via the O atom, where one of the radicals P1-Sp1- and P2-Sp2- may also denote Raa,
Raa denotes H, F, Cl, CN or straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C(R0)═C(R00)—, —C≡C—, —N(R0)—, —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—O— in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, CN or P1-Sp1-, particularly preferably straight-chain or branched, optionally mono- or polyfluorinated alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylcarbonyloxy having 1 to 12 C atoms (where the alkenyl and alkynyl radicals have at least two C atoms and the branched radicals have at least three C atoms),
R0, R00 each, independently of one another and on each occurrence identically or differently, denote H or alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms,
Ry and Rz each, independently of one another, denote H, F, CH3 or CF3,
Z1 denotes —O—, —CO—, —C(RyRz)— or —CF2CF2—,
Z2 and Z3 each, independently of one another, denote —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —CF2O—, —OCF2— or —(CH2)n—, where n is 2, 3 or 4,
L on each occurrence, identically or differently, denotes F, Cl, CN, or straight-chain or branched, optionally mono- or polyfluorinated alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylcarbonyloxy having 1 to 12 C atoms, preferably F,
L′ and L″ each, independently of one another, denote H, FCl or CF3,
r denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4,
s denotes 0, 1, 2 or 3,
t denotes 0, 1 or 2, and
x denotes 0 or 1. 5. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the polymerisable compounds of the formula I are selected from the group of compounds of the formula RM-1 to RM-86: 6. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1 characterised in that the compounds of the formula IIA, IIB and IIC are selected from the formulae IIA-1 to IIC-6,
in which alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms and alkenyl denotes a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms. 7. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it additionally contains one or more compounds of the formula III,
in which
R31 and R32 each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl or alkoxy radical having up to 12 C atoms, and
denotes
Z3 denotes a single bond, —CH2CH2—, —CH═CH—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —COO—, —OCO—, —C2F4—, —C4H9—, —CF═CF—. 8. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the medium additionally contains at least one compound of the formulae L-1 to L-11,
in which
R, R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, have the meanings indicated for R2A in claim 1, and alkyl denotes an alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms, and
s denotes 1 or 2. 9. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the medium additionally contains one or more terphenyls of the formulae T-1 to T-21,
in which
R denotes a straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1-7 C atoms, and
m denotes 1-6. 10. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the medium additionally contains one or more compounds of the formulae O-1 to O-16,
in which
R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, have the meanings indicated for R2A in claim 1. 11. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the medium additionally contains one or more indane compounds of the formula In,
in which
R11, R12, R13 denote a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl or alkenyl radical having 1-5 C atoms,
R12 and R13 additionally also denote halogen,
denotes
i denotes 0, 1 or 2. 12. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that the proportion of the polymerisable compounds of the formula I in the mixture as a whole is 0.1 to 5% by weight. 13. Process for the preparation of a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that at least two polymerisable compounds are mixed with at least one compound of the formula IIA, IIB or TIC with at least one further mesogen compound, and additives are optionally added. 14. (canceled) 15. A polymer produced from polymerisable compounds or reactive mesogens in a liquid crystalline medium according to claim 1. 16. The polymer according to claim 15, wherein at least two polymerisable compounds in the liquid crystalline medium are polymerised by UV radiation, by applying a voltage, by use of appropriate UV filters and/or by controlling the temperature for enhancement of the reaction. 17. Electro-optical display having active-matrix addressing, characterised in that it contains, as dielectric, a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1. 18. Electro-optical display according to claim 17 characterised in that it is a VA, PSA, PS-VA, PALC, FFS, PS-FFS, IPS, PS-IPS or flexible display. 19. PS or PSA display according to claim 17 characterized in that a display cell containing two substrates and two electrodes, wherein at least one substrate is transparent to light and at least one substrate has one or two electrodes provided thereon, and a layer of an LC medium containing two polymerised compounds located between the substrates, wherein the polymerised components are obtainable by polymerisation of one or more polymerisable compounds between the substrates of the display cell in the LC medium, preferably while applying a voltage to the electrodes. 20. PS or PSA display according to claim 19 characterized in that a display cell contains two substrates wherein one substrate is a glass substrate and the other substrate is a flexible substrate made by RM polymerisation of at least one polymerisable compound of the formula I. 21. Method of producing a PS or PSA display by providing a LC mixture according to claim 1 into a display cell containing two substrates and two electrodes, wherein at least one substrate is transparent to light and at least one substrate has one or two electrodes provided thereon, and polymerising at least two polymerisable compounds. 22. Method of according to claim 21, characterized in that the polymerisable compounds are polymerised by exposure to UV light having a wavelength from 320 nm to 400 nm. | 1,700 |
2,496 | 12,979,608 | 1,765 | A water redispersible polymer powder is produced by drying an aqueous mixture of a water insoluble film-forming polymer and a colloidal stabilizer which includes a chelating agent and at least one water soluble polymer. The amount of chelating agent is at least 0.1% by weight, based upon the weight of the water insoluble film-forming polymer, and the amount of the at least one water soluble polymer is at least 0.1% by weight, based upon the weight of the water insoluble film-forming polymer. Dispersions or polymer compositions containing a chelating agent and water soluble polymer as a colloidal stabilizer exhibit an unexpectedly low viscosity which facilitates spray drying and permits use of high solids content dispersions with low pressure spray drying to increase production efficiency. The colloidal stabilizer composition provides unexpectedly superior redispersibility for water insoluble film-forming polymers having very low carboxylation levels. | 1. A water redispersible polymer powder comprising a co-dried admixture of a water insoluble film-forming polymer and a colloidal stabilizer, said colloidal stabilizer comprising a chelating agent and at least one water soluble polymer, wherein the amount of chelating agent is at least 0.1% by weight based upon the weight of the water insoluble film-forming polymer, and the amount of the at least one water soluble polymer is at least 0.1% by weight based upon the weight of the water insoluble film-forming polymer. 2. A water redispersible polymer powder as claimed in claim 1 wherein the amount of the at least one water soluble polymer is from 5% by weight to 95% by weight based upon the total weight of the chelating agent and the at least one water soluble polymer. 3. A water redispersible polymer powder as claimed in claim 1 wherein the at least one water soluble polymer comprises at least one member chosen from polyoxyalkylene surfactants or polymers, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinylpyrrolidones, polysaccharides, ligninsulfonates, acrylate polymers with carboxyl groups, polyacrylic acid and its copolymers, polyvinylsulfonic acids and its copolymers, cellulosic water soluble polymers and derivatives thereof, polyesters with polyols and copolymers thereof, and caseinates. 4. A water redispersible polymer powder as claimed in claim 1 wherein the amount of the at least one water soluble polymer is from 10% by weight to 65% by weight based upon the total weight of the chelating agent and the at least one water soluble polymer. 5. A water redispersible polymer powder as claimed in claim 1 wherein the water insoluble film-forming polymer has an amount of carboxylation of less than 2.5% by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acid, dicarboxylic acid, salts thereof, or mixtures thereof, based upon the weight of the water insoluble film forming polymer. 6. A water redispersible polymer powder as claimed in claim 1 wherein the chelating agent comprises at least one member chosen from alkylenepolyaminepolyacetates, porphyrins, ethylenediamine and its derivatives, 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol, succinic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), sodium diethanolglycine, and salts thereof, and the water insoluble film-forming polymer comprises at least one polymer prepared from a styrene butadiene copolymer, a styrene butadiene copolymerized with another comonomer, a styrene acrylate copolymer, an acrylate, a vinylacetate ethylene (VAE) copolymer, a VAE/VeoVA copolymer mixture, a polyurethane, an epoxy, a polyolefin, a cellulose, or a cellulose derivative. 7. A method for producing a water redispersible polymer powder comprising drying an aqueous mixture of a water insoluble film-forming polymer and a colloidal stabilizer to obtain a water redispersible polymer powder, wherein said colloidal stabilizer comprises a chelating agent and at least one water soluble polymer, the amount of chelating agent being at least 0.1% by weight based upon the weight of the water insoluble film-forming polymer, and the amount of the at least one water soluble polymer being at least 0.1% by weight based upon the weight of the water insoluble film-forming polymer. 8. A method for producing a water redispersible polymer powder as claimed in claim 7 wherein the amount of the at least one water soluble polymer is from 5% by weight to 95% by weight based upon the total weight of the chelating agent and the at least one water soluble polymer. 9. A method for producing a water redispersible polymer powder as claimed in claim 7 further comprising providing an aqueous dispersion of a water insoluble film-forming polymer by polymerization, and admixing said chelating agent and said water soluble polymer with the aqueous dispersion after polymerization, and then spray drying the aqueous dispersion to obtain the water redispersible polymer powder, wherein the chelating agent comprises at least one member chosen from ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (DTPA), N-(hydroxyethyl)ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid (HEDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), and salts thereof, the at least one water soluble polymer comprises at least one member chosen from polyvinylalcohols, ethyleneoxide-butylene oxide (EOBO) copolymers, ethyleneoxide-propyleneoxide copolymers, and polyethylene glycols, the amount of the at least one water soluble polymer is from 10% by weight to 65% by weight based upon the total weight of the chelating agent and the at least one water soluble polymer, the amount of chelating agent is from 1% by weight to 20% by weight, based upon the weight of the water insoluble film-forming polymer, and the water insoluble film-forming polymer comprises a polymer prepared from a styrene butadiene copolymer, a styrene butadiene copolymerized with another comonomer, a styrene acrylate copolymer, an acrylate, a vinylacetate ethylene (VAE) copolymer, a VAE/VeoVA copolymer mixture, a polyurethane, an epoxy, a polyolefin, a cellulose, or a cellulose derivative. 10. A method for making a cement based composition comprising admixing cement ingredients with a water redispersible polymer powder as claimed in claim 1. | A water redispersible polymer powder is produced by drying an aqueous mixture of a water insoluble film-forming polymer and a colloidal stabilizer which includes a chelating agent and at least one water soluble polymer. The amount of chelating agent is at least 0.1% by weight, based upon the weight of the water insoluble film-forming polymer, and the amount of the at least one water soluble polymer is at least 0.1% by weight, based upon the weight of the water insoluble film-forming polymer. Dispersions or polymer compositions containing a chelating agent and water soluble polymer as a colloidal stabilizer exhibit an unexpectedly low viscosity which facilitates spray drying and permits use of high solids content dispersions with low pressure spray drying to increase production efficiency. The colloidal stabilizer composition provides unexpectedly superior redispersibility for water insoluble film-forming polymers having very low carboxylation levels.1. A water redispersible polymer powder comprising a co-dried admixture of a water insoluble film-forming polymer and a colloidal stabilizer, said colloidal stabilizer comprising a chelating agent and at least one water soluble polymer, wherein the amount of chelating agent is at least 0.1% by weight based upon the weight of the water insoluble film-forming polymer, and the amount of the at least one water soluble polymer is at least 0.1% by weight based upon the weight of the water insoluble film-forming polymer. 2. A water redispersible polymer powder as claimed in claim 1 wherein the amount of the at least one water soluble polymer is from 5% by weight to 95% by weight based upon the total weight of the chelating agent and the at least one water soluble polymer. 3. A water redispersible polymer powder as claimed in claim 1 wherein the at least one water soluble polymer comprises at least one member chosen from polyoxyalkylene surfactants or polymers, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinylpyrrolidones, polysaccharides, ligninsulfonates, acrylate polymers with carboxyl groups, polyacrylic acid and its copolymers, polyvinylsulfonic acids and its copolymers, cellulosic water soluble polymers and derivatives thereof, polyesters with polyols and copolymers thereof, and caseinates. 4. A water redispersible polymer powder as claimed in claim 1 wherein the amount of the at least one water soluble polymer is from 10% by weight to 65% by weight based upon the total weight of the chelating agent and the at least one water soluble polymer. 5. A water redispersible polymer powder as claimed in claim 1 wherein the water insoluble film-forming polymer has an amount of carboxylation of less than 2.5% by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acid, dicarboxylic acid, salts thereof, or mixtures thereof, based upon the weight of the water insoluble film forming polymer. 6. A water redispersible polymer powder as claimed in claim 1 wherein the chelating agent comprises at least one member chosen from alkylenepolyaminepolyacetates, porphyrins, ethylenediamine and its derivatives, 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol, succinic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), sodium diethanolglycine, and salts thereof, and the water insoluble film-forming polymer comprises at least one polymer prepared from a styrene butadiene copolymer, a styrene butadiene copolymerized with another comonomer, a styrene acrylate copolymer, an acrylate, a vinylacetate ethylene (VAE) copolymer, a VAE/VeoVA copolymer mixture, a polyurethane, an epoxy, a polyolefin, a cellulose, or a cellulose derivative. 7. A method for producing a water redispersible polymer powder comprising drying an aqueous mixture of a water insoluble film-forming polymer and a colloidal stabilizer to obtain a water redispersible polymer powder, wherein said colloidal stabilizer comprises a chelating agent and at least one water soluble polymer, the amount of chelating agent being at least 0.1% by weight based upon the weight of the water insoluble film-forming polymer, and the amount of the at least one water soluble polymer being at least 0.1% by weight based upon the weight of the water insoluble film-forming polymer. 8. A method for producing a water redispersible polymer powder as claimed in claim 7 wherein the amount of the at least one water soluble polymer is from 5% by weight to 95% by weight based upon the total weight of the chelating agent and the at least one water soluble polymer. 9. A method for producing a water redispersible polymer powder as claimed in claim 7 further comprising providing an aqueous dispersion of a water insoluble film-forming polymer by polymerization, and admixing said chelating agent and said water soluble polymer with the aqueous dispersion after polymerization, and then spray drying the aqueous dispersion to obtain the water redispersible polymer powder, wherein the chelating agent comprises at least one member chosen from ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (DTPA), N-(hydroxyethyl)ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid (HEDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), and salts thereof, the at least one water soluble polymer comprises at least one member chosen from polyvinylalcohols, ethyleneoxide-butylene oxide (EOBO) copolymers, ethyleneoxide-propyleneoxide copolymers, and polyethylene glycols, the amount of the at least one water soluble polymer is from 10% by weight to 65% by weight based upon the total weight of the chelating agent and the at least one water soluble polymer, the amount of chelating agent is from 1% by weight to 20% by weight, based upon the weight of the water insoluble film-forming polymer, and the water insoluble film-forming polymer comprises a polymer prepared from a styrene butadiene copolymer, a styrene butadiene copolymerized with another comonomer, a styrene acrylate copolymer, an acrylate, a vinylacetate ethylene (VAE) copolymer, a VAE/VeoVA copolymer mixture, a polyurethane, an epoxy, a polyolefin, a cellulose, or a cellulose derivative. 10. A method for making a cement based composition comprising admixing cement ingredients with a water redispersible polymer powder as claimed in claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,497 | 11,928,559 | 1,712 | Disclosed are methods for producing spheroid polymer particles from non-spheroid particles by heating the non-spheroid particles in a liquid medium. | 1. A method of producing a spheroid polymer particle, comprising:
a. providing a mixture comprising a liquid medium and a non-spheroid polymer particle comprising one or more secondary components; b. heating the mixture above the glass transition temperature or the melting temperature of the polymer; and c. cooling the mixture to below the glass transition temperature or melting temperature of the polymer, thereby producing a spheroid polymer particle. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the non-spheroid polymer particle is a ground polymer or a cutting from a polymeric rod or fiber extrudate. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the non-spheroid polymer particle is contacted with a plasticizer prior to step a, prior to step b, or during step b. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the secondary component comprises one or more bioactive agent, imaging agent, targeting moiety, or magnetic particle. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the bioactive agent comprises one or more pharmaceutical or biomolecule. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the non-spheroid polymer comprises a residue of a monomer chosen from lactide, glycolide, caprolactone, hydroxybutyrate, and mixtures thereof. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the non-spheroid polymer is a poly(lactide-glycolide) copolymer, lactide homopolymer, glycolide homopolymer, polycaprolactone, polyethylenevinylacetate, or a mixture thereof. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid medium is water. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid medium comprises a surfactant. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid medium comprises an additive. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the spheroid particles are from about 1 μm to about 1000 μm in diameter. 12. A method of producing a spheroid polymer particle, comprising:
a. providing a mixture comprising a liquid medium and a non-spheroid polymer particle; b. heating the mixture above the glass transition temperature or the melting temperature of the polymer; c. cooling the mixture to below the glass transition temperature or melting temperature of the polymer, thereby producing a spheroid polymer particle; and d. attaching a secondary component to the surface of the spheroid polymer particle. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the secondary component comprises collagen. 14. A method of producing a low-residual-monomer polymer particle, comprising:
a. providing a mixture comprising a high-residual-monomer polymer particle having an initial residual monomer content and a liquid medium; b. heating the mixture above the glass transition temperature or the melting temperature of the polymer; and c. cooling the mixture to below the glass transition temperature or melting temperature of the polymer, thereby producing the low-residual-monomer polymer particle a low residual monomer content that is less than the initial residual monomer content. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the high-residual-monomer polymer particle is a ground polymer or a cutting from a polymeric rod or fiber extrudate. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the high-residual-monomer polymer particle is contacted with a plasticizer prior to step a, prior to step b, or during step b. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the high-residual-monomer polymer particle further comprises one or more secondary components. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the secondary component comprises a pharmaceutical. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the secondary component comprises one or more biomolecule, imaging agent, targeting moiety, or magnetic particle. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the polymer comprises a residue of a monomer chosen from lactide, glycolide, caprolactone, hydroxybutyrate, and mixtures thereof. 21. The method of claim 14, wherein the polymer comprises a poly(lactide-glycolide) copolymer, lactide homopolymer, glycolide homopolymer, polycaprolactone, polyethylenevinylacetate, or a mixture thereof. 22. The method of claim 14, wherein the liquid medium is water. 23. The method of claim 14, wherein the liquid medium comprises water and a surfactant. 24. The method of claim 14, wherein the low-residual-monomer polymer particles are from about 1 μm to about 1000 μm in diameter. 25. The method of claim 14, further comprising attaching a secondary component to the surface of the particles. | Disclosed are methods for producing spheroid polymer particles from non-spheroid particles by heating the non-spheroid particles in a liquid medium.1. A method of producing a spheroid polymer particle, comprising:
a. providing a mixture comprising a liquid medium and a non-spheroid polymer particle comprising one or more secondary components; b. heating the mixture above the glass transition temperature or the melting temperature of the polymer; and c. cooling the mixture to below the glass transition temperature or melting temperature of the polymer, thereby producing a spheroid polymer particle. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the non-spheroid polymer particle is a ground polymer or a cutting from a polymeric rod or fiber extrudate. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the non-spheroid polymer particle is contacted with a plasticizer prior to step a, prior to step b, or during step b. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the secondary component comprises one or more bioactive agent, imaging agent, targeting moiety, or magnetic particle. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the bioactive agent comprises one or more pharmaceutical or biomolecule. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the non-spheroid polymer comprises a residue of a monomer chosen from lactide, glycolide, caprolactone, hydroxybutyrate, and mixtures thereof. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the non-spheroid polymer is a poly(lactide-glycolide) copolymer, lactide homopolymer, glycolide homopolymer, polycaprolactone, polyethylenevinylacetate, or a mixture thereof. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid medium is water. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid medium comprises a surfactant. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid medium comprises an additive. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the spheroid particles are from about 1 μm to about 1000 μm in diameter. 12. A method of producing a spheroid polymer particle, comprising:
a. providing a mixture comprising a liquid medium and a non-spheroid polymer particle; b. heating the mixture above the glass transition temperature or the melting temperature of the polymer; c. cooling the mixture to below the glass transition temperature or melting temperature of the polymer, thereby producing a spheroid polymer particle; and d. attaching a secondary component to the surface of the spheroid polymer particle. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the secondary component comprises collagen. 14. A method of producing a low-residual-monomer polymer particle, comprising:
a. providing a mixture comprising a high-residual-monomer polymer particle having an initial residual monomer content and a liquid medium; b. heating the mixture above the glass transition temperature or the melting temperature of the polymer; and c. cooling the mixture to below the glass transition temperature or melting temperature of the polymer, thereby producing the low-residual-monomer polymer particle a low residual monomer content that is less than the initial residual monomer content. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the high-residual-monomer polymer particle is a ground polymer or a cutting from a polymeric rod or fiber extrudate. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the high-residual-monomer polymer particle is contacted with a plasticizer prior to step a, prior to step b, or during step b. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the high-residual-monomer polymer particle further comprises one or more secondary components. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the secondary component comprises a pharmaceutical. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the secondary component comprises one or more biomolecule, imaging agent, targeting moiety, or magnetic particle. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the polymer comprises a residue of a monomer chosen from lactide, glycolide, caprolactone, hydroxybutyrate, and mixtures thereof. 21. The method of claim 14, wherein the polymer comprises a poly(lactide-glycolide) copolymer, lactide homopolymer, glycolide homopolymer, polycaprolactone, polyethylenevinylacetate, or a mixture thereof. 22. The method of claim 14, wherein the liquid medium is water. 23. The method of claim 14, wherein the liquid medium comprises water and a surfactant. 24. The method of claim 14, wherein the low-residual-monomer polymer particles are from about 1 μm to about 1000 μm in diameter. 25. The method of claim 14, further comprising attaching a secondary component to the surface of the particles. | 1,700 |
2,498 | 14,929,475 | 1,792 | The present invention relates to advancements in injection moulding and in particular to a method and apparatus for co-injection moulding articles of complex non symmetrical geometry. The method forms a multilayer injection moulded article comprising an outer skin of a first material and a central core of a second material which is encapsulated by the outer skin. The first and second materials are injected in a single stream into a cavity of an injection mould, with the second material encased within the first material. The flow of the stream is controlled by means of flow paths within the mould cavity such that both the first and second materials are present in at least one first area of the mould cavity and that only the first material is present in at least one second area of the mould cavity. The flow paths include at least one primary flow path in the first mould cavity area which divides into at least two secondary flow paths. The resistance of a first of the secondary flow paths in the at least one first mould cavity area is reduced relative to that of a second of the two secondary flow paths, which is in the at least the second mould cavity area. | 1-7. (canceled) 8. Apparatus for forming a multilayer injection moulded article comprising an outer skin of a first material and a central core of a second material encapsulated by the outer skin, the apparatus comprising:
an injection mould having a cavity defining the shape of the moulded article; a device for co-injecting the first and second materials as a single stream into the cavity, with the second material encased by the first material; the mould cavity comprising a plurality of flow paths to control the flow of the materials such that both the first and second materials are present in at least one first mould cavity area and only the first material is present in at least one second mould cavity area; the plurality of flow paths including at least one primary flow path in the first mould cavity area, which primary flow path divides into at least two secondary flow paths, of which the first of the secondary flow paths is in the first mould cavity area and has a lower resistance relative to that of the second secondary flow path, which is in the second mould cavity area. 9. The apparatus as claimed in claim 8 in which the resistance of the first of the secondary flow paths is reduced relative to that of the second of the secondary flow paths by varying one or more of the following elements of the secondary flow paths relative to each other;
cross sectional area of the secondary flow paths;
length of the secondary flow paths;
radii between the primary flow path and the first of the secondary flow paths; and
at least one angle between the primary flow path and at least one of the secondary flow paths. 10. The apparatus as claimed in claim 9 wherein one or more of the secondary flow paths become primary flow paths which divide again to form further secondary flow paths. 11. The apparatus as claimed in claim 10 wherein the primary flow path divides into multiple secondary flow paths. 12. A food or beverage cartridge comprising:
an outer member comprising an outer skin of a first material and a central core of a second material encapsulated by the first material, the outer member being formed by a plurality of flow paths within a mould cavity such that both the first and second materials are present in at least one first area of the outer member and only the first material is present in at least one second area, the plurality of flow paths including at least one primary flow path in the one first area, the primary flow path dividing into at least two secondary flow paths, wherein the at least two secondary flow paths includes a first secondary flow path in the one first area and a second secondary flow path in the one second area and the resistance of the first secondary flow path is reduced relative to that of the second secondary flow path; and a sealing member sealed to the outer member at sealing areas. 13. The food or beverage cartridge as claimed in claim 12 in which the core material is not present in the sealing areas. 14. The apparatus as claimed in claim 8 wherein the primary flow path divides into multiple secondary flow paths. 15. The apparatus as claimed in claim 8 wherein one or more of the secondary flow paths become primary flow paths which divide again to form further secondary flow paths. | The present invention relates to advancements in injection moulding and in particular to a method and apparatus for co-injection moulding articles of complex non symmetrical geometry. The method forms a multilayer injection moulded article comprising an outer skin of a first material and a central core of a second material which is encapsulated by the outer skin. The first and second materials are injected in a single stream into a cavity of an injection mould, with the second material encased within the first material. The flow of the stream is controlled by means of flow paths within the mould cavity such that both the first and second materials are present in at least one first area of the mould cavity and that only the first material is present in at least one second area of the mould cavity. The flow paths include at least one primary flow path in the first mould cavity area which divides into at least two secondary flow paths. The resistance of a first of the secondary flow paths in the at least one first mould cavity area is reduced relative to that of a second of the two secondary flow paths, which is in the at least the second mould cavity area.1-7. (canceled) 8. Apparatus for forming a multilayer injection moulded article comprising an outer skin of a first material and a central core of a second material encapsulated by the outer skin, the apparatus comprising:
an injection mould having a cavity defining the shape of the moulded article; a device for co-injecting the first and second materials as a single stream into the cavity, with the second material encased by the first material; the mould cavity comprising a plurality of flow paths to control the flow of the materials such that both the first and second materials are present in at least one first mould cavity area and only the first material is present in at least one second mould cavity area; the plurality of flow paths including at least one primary flow path in the first mould cavity area, which primary flow path divides into at least two secondary flow paths, of which the first of the secondary flow paths is in the first mould cavity area and has a lower resistance relative to that of the second secondary flow path, which is in the second mould cavity area. 9. The apparatus as claimed in claim 8 in which the resistance of the first of the secondary flow paths is reduced relative to that of the second of the secondary flow paths by varying one or more of the following elements of the secondary flow paths relative to each other;
cross sectional area of the secondary flow paths;
length of the secondary flow paths;
radii between the primary flow path and the first of the secondary flow paths; and
at least one angle between the primary flow path and at least one of the secondary flow paths. 10. The apparatus as claimed in claim 9 wherein one or more of the secondary flow paths become primary flow paths which divide again to form further secondary flow paths. 11. The apparatus as claimed in claim 10 wherein the primary flow path divides into multiple secondary flow paths. 12. A food or beverage cartridge comprising:
an outer member comprising an outer skin of a first material and a central core of a second material encapsulated by the first material, the outer member being formed by a plurality of flow paths within a mould cavity such that both the first and second materials are present in at least one first area of the outer member and only the first material is present in at least one second area, the plurality of flow paths including at least one primary flow path in the one first area, the primary flow path dividing into at least two secondary flow paths, wherein the at least two secondary flow paths includes a first secondary flow path in the one first area and a second secondary flow path in the one second area and the resistance of the first secondary flow path is reduced relative to that of the second secondary flow path; and a sealing member sealed to the outer member at sealing areas. 13. The food or beverage cartridge as claimed in claim 12 in which the core material is not present in the sealing areas. 14. The apparatus as claimed in claim 8 wherein the primary flow path divides into multiple secondary flow paths. 15. The apparatus as claimed in claim 8 wherein one or more of the secondary flow paths become primary flow paths which divide again to form further secondary flow paths. | 1,700 |
2,499 | 12,042,641 | 1,779 | The present invention relates to a fuel filter component containing a heating device for heating a fluid; a detection device for detecting a level of a further fluid, located in a reservoir; and an outlet conduit for the further fluid. The component is a one-piece component, in particular the heating device, detection device, and outlet conduit are embodied. The present invention further relates to a fluid filter, in particular a fuel filter, having such a component. | 1. In a component for a fuel filter, comprising
a heating device for heating a fluid, a detection device for detecting a level of a further fluid located in particular in a reservoir, and an outlet conduit for the further fluid, the improvement wherein the component is a one-piece component, in which the heating device, the detection device, and the outlet conduit are embodied. 2. The component as defined by claim 1, further comprising an inlet for carrying the fluid to the heating device and an outlet for carrying away the fluid heated by the heating device, the inlet and outlet being embodied in the one-piece component. 3. The component as defined by claim 1, further comprising an inlet integrally joined to the outlet conduit for carrying the further fluid to the outlet conduit and an outlet integrally joined to the outlet conduit for carrying the further fluid away from the outlet conduit. 4. The component as defined by claim 2, further comprising an inlet integrally joined to the outlet conduit for carrying the further fluid to the outlet conduit and an outlet integrally joined to the outlet conduit for carrying the further fluid away from the outlet conduit. 5. The component as defined by claim 1, further comprising an electrical plug embodied in the one-piece component. 6. The component as defined by claim 2, further comprising an electrical plug embodied in the one-piece component. 7. The component as defined by claim 4, further comprising an electrical plug embodied in the one-piece component. 8. The component as defined by claim 1, further comprising an electric control device for controlling the heating device, the control device being disposed in the one-piece component. 9. The component as defined by claim 4, further comprising an electric control device for controlling the heating device, the control device being disposed in the one-piece component. 10. The component as defined by claim 8, wherein the electric control device is additionally operable for controlling the detection device. 11. The component as defined by claim 1, further comprising a fluid conduit for transporting the fluid, the fluid conduit being embodied parallel to the outlet conduit for the further fluid. 12. The component as defined by claim 2, further comprising a fluid conduit for transporting the fluid, the fluid conduit being embodied parallel to the outlet conduit for the further fluid. 13. The component as defined by claim 5, further comprising a fluid conduit for transporting the fluid, the fluid conduit being embodied parallel to the outlet conduit for the further fluid. 14. The component as defined by claim 8, further comprising a fluid conduit for transporting the fluid, the fluid conduit being embodied parallel to the outlet conduit for the further fluid. 15. The component as defined by claim 11, wherein the heating device is embodied in the fluid conduit. 16. The component as defined by claim 13, wherein the heating device is embodied in the fluid conduit. 17. The component as defined by claim 14, wherein the heating device is embodied in the fluid conduit. 18. The component as defined by claim 1, wherein the fluid is diesel fuel; wherein the further fluid is water separated from the fuel; and wherein the fluid filter is a fuel filter. 19. The component as defined by claim 1, further comprising a temperature sensor embodied in the one-piece component. 20. A fuel filter comprising a component as defined by claim 1. | The present invention relates to a fuel filter component containing a heating device for heating a fluid; a detection device for detecting a level of a further fluid, located in a reservoir; and an outlet conduit for the further fluid. The component is a one-piece component, in particular the heating device, detection device, and outlet conduit are embodied. The present invention further relates to a fluid filter, in particular a fuel filter, having such a component.1. In a component for a fuel filter, comprising
a heating device for heating a fluid, a detection device for detecting a level of a further fluid located in particular in a reservoir, and an outlet conduit for the further fluid, the improvement wherein the component is a one-piece component, in which the heating device, the detection device, and the outlet conduit are embodied. 2. The component as defined by claim 1, further comprising an inlet for carrying the fluid to the heating device and an outlet for carrying away the fluid heated by the heating device, the inlet and outlet being embodied in the one-piece component. 3. The component as defined by claim 1, further comprising an inlet integrally joined to the outlet conduit for carrying the further fluid to the outlet conduit and an outlet integrally joined to the outlet conduit for carrying the further fluid away from the outlet conduit. 4. The component as defined by claim 2, further comprising an inlet integrally joined to the outlet conduit for carrying the further fluid to the outlet conduit and an outlet integrally joined to the outlet conduit for carrying the further fluid away from the outlet conduit. 5. The component as defined by claim 1, further comprising an electrical plug embodied in the one-piece component. 6. The component as defined by claim 2, further comprising an electrical plug embodied in the one-piece component. 7. The component as defined by claim 4, further comprising an electrical plug embodied in the one-piece component. 8. The component as defined by claim 1, further comprising an electric control device for controlling the heating device, the control device being disposed in the one-piece component. 9. The component as defined by claim 4, further comprising an electric control device for controlling the heating device, the control device being disposed in the one-piece component. 10. The component as defined by claim 8, wherein the electric control device is additionally operable for controlling the detection device. 11. The component as defined by claim 1, further comprising a fluid conduit for transporting the fluid, the fluid conduit being embodied parallel to the outlet conduit for the further fluid. 12. The component as defined by claim 2, further comprising a fluid conduit for transporting the fluid, the fluid conduit being embodied parallel to the outlet conduit for the further fluid. 13. The component as defined by claim 5, further comprising a fluid conduit for transporting the fluid, the fluid conduit being embodied parallel to the outlet conduit for the further fluid. 14. The component as defined by claim 8, further comprising a fluid conduit for transporting the fluid, the fluid conduit being embodied parallel to the outlet conduit for the further fluid. 15. The component as defined by claim 11, wherein the heating device is embodied in the fluid conduit. 16. The component as defined by claim 13, wherein the heating device is embodied in the fluid conduit. 17. The component as defined by claim 14, wherein the heating device is embodied in the fluid conduit. 18. The component as defined by claim 1, wherein the fluid is diesel fuel; wherein the further fluid is water separated from the fuel; and wherein the fluid filter is a fuel filter. 19. The component as defined by claim 1, further comprising a temperature sensor embodied in the one-piece component. 20. A fuel filter comprising a component as defined by claim 1. | 1,700 |
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