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2,600 | 14,891,024 | 1,726 | An organic photovoltaic cell is provided. The organic photovoltaic cell includes a first electrode layer formed on a substrate, metal nanoparticles bound to the surface of the first electrode layer, a hole transport layer formed on the metal nanoparticles to form a nano-bump structure together with the metal nanoparticles, a photoactive layer formed on the hole transport layer, and a second electrode layer formed on the photoactive layer. The nano-bump structure enhances plasmonic effects, leading to an increase in photocurrent. The photoactive layer has an uneven structure. This uneven structure allows the photoactive layer to absorb larger amount of light than an even structure does, leading to an improvement in the photovoltaic efficiency of the organic photovoltaic cell. In addition, the nano-bump structure can be formed by simple dry aerosol deposition without involving a complicated exposure or transfer process, contributing to a marked improvement in economic efficiency. | 1. An organic photovoltaic cell comprising
a first electrode layer formed on a substrate, metal nanoparticles bound to the surface of the first electrode layer to form nano-bumps, a hole transport layer formed on the metal nanoparticles and the exposed portion of the first electrode layer to form a nano-bump structure together with the metal nanoparticles, a photoactive layer formed on the hole transport layer, and a second electrode layer formed on the photoactive layer. 2. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, wherein an increase in light absorption occurs around the nano-bumps. 3. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, wherein the photoactive layer has an uneven structure. 4. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, wherein the nano-bump structure has a height of 5 nm to 100 nm. 5. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, wherein the first electrode layer is an anode and the second electrode layer is a cathode. 6. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, wherein the first electrode layer comprises at least one material selected from indium tin oxide (ITO), tin oxide, indium oxide-zinc oxide (IZO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide, graphene, metal nanowires, and conductive polymers. 7. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles are selected from copper nanoparticles, tin nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, zinc nanoparticles, platinum nanoparticles, palladium nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, indium nanoparticles, cadmium nanoparticles, aluminum nanoparticles, and mixtures thereof. 8. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 7, wherein the metal nanoparticles are core/shell structures, the cores are composed of at least one metal selected from copper, tin, silver, zinc, platinum, palladium, gold, indium, cadmium, and aluminum, and the shells are composed of at least one material selected from metals, metal oxides, metal sulfides, silicon oxides, and metal nitrides. 9. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles have a diameter of 1 nm to 300 nm and an aspect ratio of 3:1 to 1:3. 10. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles have a surface density of 0.1 to 10.0×109 cm−2. 11. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, wherein the intervals between the metal nanoparticles are greater than the diameter of the nanoparticles and smaller than 2 μm. 12. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, wherein the hole transport layer comprises at least one metal oxide film selected from tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, ruthenium, nickel, and chromium oxide films. 13. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the hole transport layer is 0.2 to 2 times the radius of the metal nanoparticles. 14. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, wherein the photoactive layer has a bulk hetero-j unction structure. 15. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, further comprising an electron transport layer between the photoactive layer and the second electrode layer. 16. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles are in direct contact with and bound to the surface of the first electrode layer. 17. A method for fabricating an organic photovoltaic cell, comprising
forming a first electrode layer on a substrate, binding metal nanoparticles to the surface of the first electrode layer to form nano-bumps, forming a hole transport layer on the metal nanoparticles and the exposed portion of the first electrode layer to form a nano-bump structure together with the metal nanoparticles, forming a photoactive layer on the hole transport layer, and forming a second electrode layer on the photoactive layer. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the photoactive layer has an uneven structure. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the uneven structure has a height of 5 nm to 100 nm. 20. The method according to claim 17, wherein the metal nanoparticles are electrically charged and bound in the form of dry aerosols to the surface of the first electrode layer. | An organic photovoltaic cell is provided. The organic photovoltaic cell includes a first electrode layer formed on a substrate, metal nanoparticles bound to the surface of the first electrode layer, a hole transport layer formed on the metal nanoparticles to form a nano-bump structure together with the metal nanoparticles, a photoactive layer formed on the hole transport layer, and a second electrode layer formed on the photoactive layer. The nano-bump structure enhances plasmonic effects, leading to an increase in photocurrent. The photoactive layer has an uneven structure. This uneven structure allows the photoactive layer to absorb larger amount of light than an even structure does, leading to an improvement in the photovoltaic efficiency of the organic photovoltaic cell. In addition, the nano-bump structure can be formed by simple dry aerosol deposition without involving a complicated exposure or transfer process, contributing to a marked improvement in economic efficiency.1. An organic photovoltaic cell comprising
a first electrode layer formed on a substrate, metal nanoparticles bound to the surface of the first electrode layer to form nano-bumps, a hole transport layer formed on the metal nanoparticles and the exposed portion of the first electrode layer to form a nano-bump structure together with the metal nanoparticles, a photoactive layer formed on the hole transport layer, and a second electrode layer formed on the photoactive layer. 2. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, wherein an increase in light absorption occurs around the nano-bumps. 3. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, wherein the photoactive layer has an uneven structure. 4. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, wherein the nano-bump structure has a height of 5 nm to 100 nm. 5. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, wherein the first electrode layer is an anode and the second electrode layer is a cathode. 6. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, wherein the first electrode layer comprises at least one material selected from indium tin oxide (ITO), tin oxide, indium oxide-zinc oxide (IZO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide, graphene, metal nanowires, and conductive polymers. 7. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles are selected from copper nanoparticles, tin nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, zinc nanoparticles, platinum nanoparticles, palladium nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, indium nanoparticles, cadmium nanoparticles, aluminum nanoparticles, and mixtures thereof. 8. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 7, wherein the metal nanoparticles are core/shell structures, the cores are composed of at least one metal selected from copper, tin, silver, zinc, platinum, palladium, gold, indium, cadmium, and aluminum, and the shells are composed of at least one material selected from metals, metal oxides, metal sulfides, silicon oxides, and metal nitrides. 9. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles have a diameter of 1 nm to 300 nm and an aspect ratio of 3:1 to 1:3. 10. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles have a surface density of 0.1 to 10.0×109 cm−2. 11. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, wherein the intervals between the metal nanoparticles are greater than the diameter of the nanoparticles and smaller than 2 μm. 12. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, wherein the hole transport layer comprises at least one metal oxide film selected from tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, ruthenium, nickel, and chromium oxide films. 13. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the hole transport layer is 0.2 to 2 times the radius of the metal nanoparticles. 14. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, wherein the photoactive layer has a bulk hetero-j unction structure. 15. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, further comprising an electron transport layer between the photoactive layer and the second electrode layer. 16. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles are in direct contact with and bound to the surface of the first electrode layer. 17. A method for fabricating an organic photovoltaic cell, comprising
forming a first electrode layer on a substrate, binding metal nanoparticles to the surface of the first electrode layer to form nano-bumps, forming a hole transport layer on the metal nanoparticles and the exposed portion of the first electrode layer to form a nano-bump structure together with the metal nanoparticles, forming a photoactive layer on the hole transport layer, and forming a second electrode layer on the photoactive layer. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the photoactive layer has an uneven structure. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the uneven structure has a height of 5 nm to 100 nm. 20. The method according to claim 17, wherein the metal nanoparticles are electrically charged and bound in the form of dry aerosols to the surface of the first electrode layer. | 1,700 |
2,601 | 14,920,081 | 1,716 | A system for depositing coating on a workpiece includes a deposition chamber within which is formed a vortex to at least partially surround a workpiece therein. | 1. A system for depositing coating on a workpiece comprising:
a deposition chamber including at least one wall with a thermal barrier coating. 2. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein a gas pressure within said deposition chamber is about 10 Pa. 3. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the gas pressure provides an about 0.5 Pa pressure drop via a vortex that at least partially surrounds a workpiece within the deposition chamber. 4. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein a gas temperature within said deposition chamber is at least about 1300 F (704 C). 5. The system as recited in claim 4, wherein the gas temperature is provided via an electron beam gun. 6. The system as recited in claim 4, wherein every wall of said deposition chamber includes said thermal barrier coating. 7. The system as recited in claim 6, wherein said thermal barrier coating is Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2). 8. A system for depositing coating on a workpiece comprising:
a deposition chamber within which a gas temperature is at least about 1300 F (704 C). 9. The system as recited in claim 8, wherein a gas pressure within said deposition chamber is about 10 Pa. 10. The system as recited in claim 9, wherein the gas pressure provides an about 0.5 Pa pressure drop. 11. The system as recited in claim 8, wherein the gas temperature is provided via an electron beam gun. 12. The system as recited in claim 8, wherein said deposition chamber includes at least one wall with a thermal barrier coating. 13. The system as recited in claim 12, wherein said thermal barrier coating is Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2). 14. The system as recited in claim 12, further comprising forming a vortex within said deposition chamber. 15. A method of Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition, comprising:
preheating process gasses within the deposition chamber to about a deposition temperature to counteract a condensation phenomenon. 16. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising maintaining a gas temperature within the deposition chamber at about 1400 F-2000 F (760 C-1093 C). 17. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising injecting the process gases through a manifold. 18. The system as recited in claim 15, further comprising maintaining the gas temperature within the deposition chamber via a wall with a thermal barrier coating. 19. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising forming a vortex within the deposition chamber. 20. The method as recited in claim 19, wherein a gas pressure within said deposition chamber is about 10 Pa with an about 0.5 Pa pressure drop via the vortex. | A system for depositing coating on a workpiece includes a deposition chamber within which is formed a vortex to at least partially surround a workpiece therein.1. A system for depositing coating on a workpiece comprising:
a deposition chamber including at least one wall with a thermal barrier coating. 2. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein a gas pressure within said deposition chamber is about 10 Pa. 3. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the gas pressure provides an about 0.5 Pa pressure drop via a vortex that at least partially surrounds a workpiece within the deposition chamber. 4. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein a gas temperature within said deposition chamber is at least about 1300 F (704 C). 5. The system as recited in claim 4, wherein the gas temperature is provided via an electron beam gun. 6. The system as recited in claim 4, wherein every wall of said deposition chamber includes said thermal barrier coating. 7. The system as recited in claim 6, wherein said thermal barrier coating is Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2). 8. A system for depositing coating on a workpiece comprising:
a deposition chamber within which a gas temperature is at least about 1300 F (704 C). 9. The system as recited in claim 8, wherein a gas pressure within said deposition chamber is about 10 Pa. 10. The system as recited in claim 9, wherein the gas pressure provides an about 0.5 Pa pressure drop. 11. The system as recited in claim 8, wherein the gas temperature is provided via an electron beam gun. 12. The system as recited in claim 8, wherein said deposition chamber includes at least one wall with a thermal barrier coating. 13. The system as recited in claim 12, wherein said thermal barrier coating is Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2). 14. The system as recited in claim 12, further comprising forming a vortex within said deposition chamber. 15. A method of Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition, comprising:
preheating process gasses within the deposition chamber to about a deposition temperature to counteract a condensation phenomenon. 16. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising maintaining a gas temperature within the deposition chamber at about 1400 F-2000 F (760 C-1093 C). 17. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising injecting the process gases through a manifold. 18. The system as recited in claim 15, further comprising maintaining the gas temperature within the deposition chamber via a wall with a thermal barrier coating. 19. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising forming a vortex within the deposition chamber. 20. The method as recited in claim 19, wherein a gas pressure within said deposition chamber is about 10 Pa with an about 0.5 Pa pressure drop via the vortex. | 1,700 |
2,602 | 13,699,131 | 1,774 | A method and device for in-line injecting of flocculent agent into a fluid flow of mature fine tailings (MFT). The method includes the steps of: a) providing a fluid flow of mature fine tailings to be treated along a given channel fluidly connected to the pipeline; b) providing a source of flocculating agent; and c) introducing flocculating agent inside the fluid flow of mature fine tailings via a plurality of injection outlets for injecting the flocculating agent into the fluid flow in a dispersed manner so as to increase an exposed surface area of the injected flocculating agent and thus increase a corresponding reaction with the mature fine tailings, for an improved flocculation of said mature fine tailings, and/or other desired end results. Also disclosed is a kit with corresponding components for assembling the in-line injection device to be connected in-line with the pipeline carrying the mature fine tailings to be treated. | 1. An injection device for inline-injection of flocculating agent into a fluid flow of a pipeline of mature fine tailings in order to promote flocculation of said mature fine tailings, the injection device comprising:
a main inlet for receiving the fluid flow; a main channel along which the fluid flow entering the inlet is allowed to travel; a main outlet for releasing the fluid flow; and a complementary conduit, disposed co-annularly with respect to the main channel, and configured for receiving flocculating agent from a feed inlet different from the main inlet, the complementary conduit having a plurality of injection outlets disposed co-annularly about the main outlet for injecting flocculating agent into the fluid flow exiting the main outlet, the injection outlets being shaped and sized, and each having an orifice substantially smaller than that of the feed inlet so as to increase dispersion of the flocculating agent about the main outlet in order to improve mixing of the fluid flow with said flocculating agent via an increased exposed surface area of the flocculating agent. 2. An injection device according to claim 1, wherein the main inlet is tapered. 3. An injection device according to claim 1, wherein the injection outlets are radially positioned about the main outlet of the fluid flow in an equally spaced manner. 4. An injection device according to claim 1, wherein the injection device comprises eight injection outlets. 5. An injection device according to claim 1, wherein each injection outlet is about ⅞ inches in diameter. 6. An injection device according to claim 1, wherein a center point for each injection outlet is positioned about ⅞ inches away from an inner surface of the main channel. 7. An injection device according to claim 1, wherein the increased wetted perimeter of the flocculating agent being injected out through the injection outlets is about 2.8. 8. An injection device according to claim 1, wherein the main channel has an internal diameter which is about half the size of an internal diameter of the pipeline. 9. An injection device according to claim 1, wherein the internal diameter of the main channel is about 6 inches. 10. An injection device according to claim 8, wherein the internal diameter of the main channel is about 4 inches. 11. An injection device according to claim 1, wherein the feed inlet is provided with a connecting flange for removably connecting said feed inlet to a source of flocculating agent. 12. An injection device according to claim 1, wherein the flocculating agent is a liquid polymer. 13. An injection device according to claim 1, further comprising:
an inner component, the inner component comprising a cylinder defining the main channel along which the fluid flow is allowed to travel, the cylinder having a first end operatively connectable to the main inlet and a second end provided with a ring operatively connectable to the main outlet, the ring being provided with the injection outlets; and an outer component, the outer component comprising a sleeve concentrically mounted about the inner component, the sleeve having a first end provided with a first flange being removably connectable onto a first section of the pipeline, and a second end provided with a second flange being removably connectable onto a second section of the pipeline, the outer component being also provided with the feed inlet projecting outwardly from a peripheral surface of the sleeve; wherein the cylinder and sleeve are configured so that the complementary conduit is defined thereinbetween when the outer component is mounted about the inner component, said complementary conduit being in fluid communication between the feed inlet and the injection outlets provided on the ring of the inner component so that flocculating agent introduced into the complementary conduit via the feed inlet is injected out the injection outlets of the inner component so as to increase dispersion of the flocculating agent within the fluid flow. 14. An injection device according to claim 13, wherein the first end of the cylinder of the inner component is tapered. 15. An injection device according to claim 13, wherein the outer component is a fitting. 16. An injection device according to claim 13, wherein the first and second ends of the cylinder are respectively welded onto the first and second ends of the sleeve. 17. An injection device for inline-injection of flocculating agent into a fluid flow of mature fine tailings in order to promote flocculation of said mature fine tailings, the injection device comprising:
a main inlet for receiving the fluid flow; a main channel along which the fluid flow entering the inlet is allowed to travel; a main outlet for releasing the fluid flow; and a complementary conduit, disposed co-annularly with respect to the main channel, and configured for receiving flocculating agent from a feed inlet different from the main inlet, the complementary conduit having a plurality of injection outlets disposed co-annularly about the main outlet for injecting flocculating agent into the fluid flow exiting the main outlet, the injection outlets being shaped and sized, and each having an orifice substantially smaller than that of the feed inlet so as to increase dispersion of the flocculating agent about the main outlet in order to improve mixing of the fluid flow with said flocculating agent via an increased exposed surface area of the flocculating agent, due to the flocculating agent being injected through said plurality of smaller injection outlets. 18. A pipeline of mature fine tailings provided with an injection device according to claim 1. 19. A method of inline-injection of flocculating agent into a pipeline of mature fine tailings in order to promote flocculation of said mature fine tailings, the method comprising the steps of:
a) providing a fluid flow of mature fine tailings to be treated along a given channel fluidly connected to the pipeline; b) providing a source of flocculating agent; and c) introducing flocculating agent inside the fluid flow of mature fine tailings via a plurality of injection outlets for injecting the flocculating agent into the fluid flow in a dispersed manner so as to increase an exposed surface area of the injected flocculating agent and thus increase a corresponding reaction with the mature fine tailings, for an improved flocculation of said mature fine tailings. 20. A method according to claim 19, wherein step c) comprises the steps of:
i) creating a zone of turbulence within the fluid flow of mature fine tailings; and ii) injecting flocculating agent in a dispersed manner via the plurality of injection outlets within said zone of turbulence for mixing the flocculating agent with the mature fine tailings and further promoting flocculation of the mature fine tailings. 21. A method according to claim 19, wherein step a) comprises the step of:
iii) reducing the cross-sectional area of the channel along a given transitional segment of the channel for increasing the flow velocity of the mature fine tailings travelling through said transitional segment, and in turn increasing a turbulence of the fluid flow exiting from said transitional segment. 22. A method according to claim 19, wherein step a) comprises the step of gradually reducing the cross-sectional area of the channel along a slope having a ratio of about 7 to 1. 23. A method according to claim 19, wherein step a) comprises the step of:
iv) rapidly increasing the cross-sectional area of the channel along a given interface segment of the channel for abruptly altering the flow velocity of the mature fine tailings travelling through said interface segment of the channel, in order to create a turbulent zone of fluid flow adjacent to said interface segment. 24. A method according to claim 19, wherein step c) comprises the step of positioning the injection outlets about a main segment of the channel to that the flocculating agent is injected radially towards a longitudinal axis of the fluid flow. 25. A method according to claim 19, wherein step c) comprises the step of positioning the injection outlets about an interface segment of the channel to that the flocculating agent is injected in a direction substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the fluid flow. 26. A kit for assembling an injection device for inline-injection of flocculating agent into a fluid flow of a pipeline of mature fine tailings in order to promote flocculation of said mature fine tailings, the kit comprising:
a tee joint having first, second and third sections, each section being provided with a corresponding orifice being fluidly connected to each other; a first flange mountable about the first section of the tee joint, said first flange being configured for mounting the assembled injection device onto a first section of the pipeline; a second flange mountable about the second section of the tee joint, said second flange being configured for mounting the assembled injection device onto a second section of the pipeline; a third flange mountable about the third section of the tee joint, said third flange being configured for connecting the assembled injection device to a source of flocculent agent; a reducer mountable onto the first section of the tee joint so as to be positioned inside the tee joint, the reducer having an inlet and an outlet, the inlet of the reducer being concentrically mountable about the orifice of the first section of the tee joint, the cross-sectional area of the reducer being reduced from its inlet to its outlet; an inner pipe mountable onto the second section of the tee joint so as to be positioned inside the tee joint, the inner pipe having an inlet and an outlet, the inlet of the inner pipe being connectable to the outlet of the reducer, the outlet of the inner pipe being concentrically mountable about the orifice of the second section of the tee joint, the inner pipe being cooperable with the second section of the tee joint for defining a plurality of injection outlets about the outlet of the inner pipe so that flocculent agent coming from the third section of the tee joint be injected in a dispersed manner through said injection outlets and into a fluid flow of mature fine tailings traveling through the reducer and the inner pipe. 27. A kit according to claim 26, wherein the second section of the tee joint includes an outer pipe positionable concentrically about the inner pipe for defining a conduit thereinbetween destined to receive the flocculent agent. 28. A kit according to claim 26, wherein the second flange is mountable onto the outer pipe. 29. A kit according to claim 27, wherein the kit further comprises a backing ring mountable between the inner pipe and the outer pipe. 30. A kit according to claim 29, wherein the backing ring is provided with injection outlets for receiving flocculent agent from the second section of the tee joint. 31. A kit according to claim 26, wherein the kit further comprises a lap ring mountable onto the second flange. 32. A kit according to claim 26, wherein the kit further comprises a nut mountable onto the second flange. 33. A kit according to claim 26, wherein components of the kit are securely mountable to one another by welding. 34. An injection device for use with a lateral pipe fitting of a pipeline of mature fine tailings, the lateral pipe fitting having a substantially y-joint arrangement including a main line along which a fluid flow of mature fine tailings is intended to travel, and a corresponding branch line, the injection device comprising:
an abutment flange for abutting against a distal end of the branch line; a supporting body projecting from the abutment flange inwardly towards the main line, the supporting body having an internal conduit for conveying flocculent agent to be introduced into the fluid flow via a corresponding distal extremity intersecting said fluid flow of mature fine tailings; and a plurality of injection outlets provided on the distal extremity of the supporting body, and through which flocculent agent is injected, the injection outlets being shaped and sized, and each having an orifice substantially smaller than that of the internal conduit so as to increase dispersion of the flocculating agent about the injection outlets in order to improve mixing of the fluid flow with said flocculating agent via an increased exposed surface area of the flocculating agent provided by the plurality of injection outlets. 35. An injection device according to claim 34, wherein the supporting body of the injection device is configured so that its distal extremity is positioned about a main longitudinal axis of the fluid flow, and so that injection outlets are positioned below said longitudinal axis. 36. An injection device according to claim 34, wherein the supporting body of the injection device is configured so that its distal extremity is positioned above a main longitudinal axis of the fluid flow, and so that injection outlets are positioned about said longitudinal axis. 37. An injection device according to claim 34, wherein the supporting body is a cylinder. 38. An injection device according to claim 34, wherein the injection outlets are disposed about the supporting body along four rows of injection outlets. 39. An injection device according to claim 34, wherein there is about 30 degrees of radial separation between each row of injection outlets. 40. An injection device according to claim 34, wherein the injection outlets are about ⅜ inches in diameter. 41. An injection device according to claim 34, wherein the internal conduit of the supporting body is about ¾ inches in diameter. 42. An injection device according to claim 34, wherein the supporting body is provided with a stabilizer for resting against an inner wall of the branch line. | A method and device for in-line injecting of flocculent agent into a fluid flow of mature fine tailings (MFT). The method includes the steps of: a) providing a fluid flow of mature fine tailings to be treated along a given channel fluidly connected to the pipeline; b) providing a source of flocculating agent; and c) introducing flocculating agent inside the fluid flow of mature fine tailings via a plurality of injection outlets for injecting the flocculating agent into the fluid flow in a dispersed manner so as to increase an exposed surface area of the injected flocculating agent and thus increase a corresponding reaction with the mature fine tailings, for an improved flocculation of said mature fine tailings, and/or other desired end results. Also disclosed is a kit with corresponding components for assembling the in-line injection device to be connected in-line with the pipeline carrying the mature fine tailings to be treated.1. An injection device for inline-injection of flocculating agent into a fluid flow of a pipeline of mature fine tailings in order to promote flocculation of said mature fine tailings, the injection device comprising:
a main inlet for receiving the fluid flow; a main channel along which the fluid flow entering the inlet is allowed to travel; a main outlet for releasing the fluid flow; and a complementary conduit, disposed co-annularly with respect to the main channel, and configured for receiving flocculating agent from a feed inlet different from the main inlet, the complementary conduit having a plurality of injection outlets disposed co-annularly about the main outlet for injecting flocculating agent into the fluid flow exiting the main outlet, the injection outlets being shaped and sized, and each having an orifice substantially smaller than that of the feed inlet so as to increase dispersion of the flocculating agent about the main outlet in order to improve mixing of the fluid flow with said flocculating agent via an increased exposed surface area of the flocculating agent. 2. An injection device according to claim 1, wherein the main inlet is tapered. 3. An injection device according to claim 1, wherein the injection outlets are radially positioned about the main outlet of the fluid flow in an equally spaced manner. 4. An injection device according to claim 1, wherein the injection device comprises eight injection outlets. 5. An injection device according to claim 1, wherein each injection outlet is about ⅞ inches in diameter. 6. An injection device according to claim 1, wherein a center point for each injection outlet is positioned about ⅞ inches away from an inner surface of the main channel. 7. An injection device according to claim 1, wherein the increased wetted perimeter of the flocculating agent being injected out through the injection outlets is about 2.8. 8. An injection device according to claim 1, wherein the main channel has an internal diameter which is about half the size of an internal diameter of the pipeline. 9. An injection device according to claim 1, wherein the internal diameter of the main channel is about 6 inches. 10. An injection device according to claim 8, wherein the internal diameter of the main channel is about 4 inches. 11. An injection device according to claim 1, wherein the feed inlet is provided with a connecting flange for removably connecting said feed inlet to a source of flocculating agent. 12. An injection device according to claim 1, wherein the flocculating agent is a liquid polymer. 13. An injection device according to claim 1, further comprising:
an inner component, the inner component comprising a cylinder defining the main channel along which the fluid flow is allowed to travel, the cylinder having a first end operatively connectable to the main inlet and a second end provided with a ring operatively connectable to the main outlet, the ring being provided with the injection outlets; and an outer component, the outer component comprising a sleeve concentrically mounted about the inner component, the sleeve having a first end provided with a first flange being removably connectable onto a first section of the pipeline, and a second end provided with a second flange being removably connectable onto a second section of the pipeline, the outer component being also provided with the feed inlet projecting outwardly from a peripheral surface of the sleeve; wherein the cylinder and sleeve are configured so that the complementary conduit is defined thereinbetween when the outer component is mounted about the inner component, said complementary conduit being in fluid communication between the feed inlet and the injection outlets provided on the ring of the inner component so that flocculating agent introduced into the complementary conduit via the feed inlet is injected out the injection outlets of the inner component so as to increase dispersion of the flocculating agent within the fluid flow. 14. An injection device according to claim 13, wherein the first end of the cylinder of the inner component is tapered. 15. An injection device according to claim 13, wherein the outer component is a fitting. 16. An injection device according to claim 13, wherein the first and second ends of the cylinder are respectively welded onto the first and second ends of the sleeve. 17. An injection device for inline-injection of flocculating agent into a fluid flow of mature fine tailings in order to promote flocculation of said mature fine tailings, the injection device comprising:
a main inlet for receiving the fluid flow; a main channel along which the fluid flow entering the inlet is allowed to travel; a main outlet for releasing the fluid flow; and a complementary conduit, disposed co-annularly with respect to the main channel, and configured for receiving flocculating agent from a feed inlet different from the main inlet, the complementary conduit having a plurality of injection outlets disposed co-annularly about the main outlet for injecting flocculating agent into the fluid flow exiting the main outlet, the injection outlets being shaped and sized, and each having an orifice substantially smaller than that of the feed inlet so as to increase dispersion of the flocculating agent about the main outlet in order to improve mixing of the fluid flow with said flocculating agent via an increased exposed surface area of the flocculating agent, due to the flocculating agent being injected through said plurality of smaller injection outlets. 18. A pipeline of mature fine tailings provided with an injection device according to claim 1. 19. A method of inline-injection of flocculating agent into a pipeline of mature fine tailings in order to promote flocculation of said mature fine tailings, the method comprising the steps of:
a) providing a fluid flow of mature fine tailings to be treated along a given channel fluidly connected to the pipeline; b) providing a source of flocculating agent; and c) introducing flocculating agent inside the fluid flow of mature fine tailings via a plurality of injection outlets for injecting the flocculating agent into the fluid flow in a dispersed manner so as to increase an exposed surface area of the injected flocculating agent and thus increase a corresponding reaction with the mature fine tailings, for an improved flocculation of said mature fine tailings. 20. A method according to claim 19, wherein step c) comprises the steps of:
i) creating a zone of turbulence within the fluid flow of mature fine tailings; and ii) injecting flocculating agent in a dispersed manner via the plurality of injection outlets within said zone of turbulence for mixing the flocculating agent with the mature fine tailings and further promoting flocculation of the mature fine tailings. 21. A method according to claim 19, wherein step a) comprises the step of:
iii) reducing the cross-sectional area of the channel along a given transitional segment of the channel for increasing the flow velocity of the mature fine tailings travelling through said transitional segment, and in turn increasing a turbulence of the fluid flow exiting from said transitional segment. 22. A method according to claim 19, wherein step a) comprises the step of gradually reducing the cross-sectional area of the channel along a slope having a ratio of about 7 to 1. 23. A method according to claim 19, wherein step a) comprises the step of:
iv) rapidly increasing the cross-sectional area of the channel along a given interface segment of the channel for abruptly altering the flow velocity of the mature fine tailings travelling through said interface segment of the channel, in order to create a turbulent zone of fluid flow adjacent to said interface segment. 24. A method according to claim 19, wherein step c) comprises the step of positioning the injection outlets about a main segment of the channel to that the flocculating agent is injected radially towards a longitudinal axis of the fluid flow. 25. A method according to claim 19, wherein step c) comprises the step of positioning the injection outlets about an interface segment of the channel to that the flocculating agent is injected in a direction substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the fluid flow. 26. A kit for assembling an injection device for inline-injection of flocculating agent into a fluid flow of a pipeline of mature fine tailings in order to promote flocculation of said mature fine tailings, the kit comprising:
a tee joint having first, second and third sections, each section being provided with a corresponding orifice being fluidly connected to each other; a first flange mountable about the first section of the tee joint, said first flange being configured for mounting the assembled injection device onto a first section of the pipeline; a second flange mountable about the second section of the tee joint, said second flange being configured for mounting the assembled injection device onto a second section of the pipeline; a third flange mountable about the third section of the tee joint, said third flange being configured for connecting the assembled injection device to a source of flocculent agent; a reducer mountable onto the first section of the tee joint so as to be positioned inside the tee joint, the reducer having an inlet and an outlet, the inlet of the reducer being concentrically mountable about the orifice of the first section of the tee joint, the cross-sectional area of the reducer being reduced from its inlet to its outlet; an inner pipe mountable onto the second section of the tee joint so as to be positioned inside the tee joint, the inner pipe having an inlet and an outlet, the inlet of the inner pipe being connectable to the outlet of the reducer, the outlet of the inner pipe being concentrically mountable about the orifice of the second section of the tee joint, the inner pipe being cooperable with the second section of the tee joint for defining a plurality of injection outlets about the outlet of the inner pipe so that flocculent agent coming from the third section of the tee joint be injected in a dispersed manner through said injection outlets and into a fluid flow of mature fine tailings traveling through the reducer and the inner pipe. 27. A kit according to claim 26, wherein the second section of the tee joint includes an outer pipe positionable concentrically about the inner pipe for defining a conduit thereinbetween destined to receive the flocculent agent. 28. A kit according to claim 26, wherein the second flange is mountable onto the outer pipe. 29. A kit according to claim 27, wherein the kit further comprises a backing ring mountable between the inner pipe and the outer pipe. 30. A kit according to claim 29, wherein the backing ring is provided with injection outlets for receiving flocculent agent from the second section of the tee joint. 31. A kit according to claim 26, wherein the kit further comprises a lap ring mountable onto the second flange. 32. A kit according to claim 26, wherein the kit further comprises a nut mountable onto the second flange. 33. A kit according to claim 26, wherein components of the kit are securely mountable to one another by welding. 34. An injection device for use with a lateral pipe fitting of a pipeline of mature fine tailings, the lateral pipe fitting having a substantially y-joint arrangement including a main line along which a fluid flow of mature fine tailings is intended to travel, and a corresponding branch line, the injection device comprising:
an abutment flange for abutting against a distal end of the branch line; a supporting body projecting from the abutment flange inwardly towards the main line, the supporting body having an internal conduit for conveying flocculent agent to be introduced into the fluid flow via a corresponding distal extremity intersecting said fluid flow of mature fine tailings; and a plurality of injection outlets provided on the distal extremity of the supporting body, and through which flocculent agent is injected, the injection outlets being shaped and sized, and each having an orifice substantially smaller than that of the internal conduit so as to increase dispersion of the flocculating agent about the injection outlets in order to improve mixing of the fluid flow with said flocculating agent via an increased exposed surface area of the flocculating agent provided by the plurality of injection outlets. 35. An injection device according to claim 34, wherein the supporting body of the injection device is configured so that its distal extremity is positioned about a main longitudinal axis of the fluid flow, and so that injection outlets are positioned below said longitudinal axis. 36. An injection device according to claim 34, wherein the supporting body of the injection device is configured so that its distal extremity is positioned above a main longitudinal axis of the fluid flow, and so that injection outlets are positioned about said longitudinal axis. 37. An injection device according to claim 34, wherein the supporting body is a cylinder. 38. An injection device according to claim 34, wherein the injection outlets are disposed about the supporting body along four rows of injection outlets. 39. An injection device according to claim 34, wherein there is about 30 degrees of radial separation between each row of injection outlets. 40. An injection device according to claim 34, wherein the injection outlets are about ⅜ inches in diameter. 41. An injection device according to claim 34, wherein the internal conduit of the supporting body is about ¾ inches in diameter. 42. An injection device according to claim 34, wherein the supporting body is provided with a stabilizer for resting against an inner wall of the branch line. | 1,700 |
2,603 | 13,725,663 | 1,721 | Solar cell wafers are fabricated, tested, and sorted into solar cell wafer stacks. A solar cell wafer stack includes a solar cell wafer with a front side that faces a front side of an adjacent solar cell wafer, and another solar cell wafer with a backside that directly contacts a backside of the solar cell wafer. A front side protector may be placed between front sides of adjacent solar cell wafers. The solar cell wafer stack includes end pieces on both ends, and is wrapped to hold and bundle the solar cell wafers, front side protectors, and end pieces together as a single unit. The solar cell wafer stack is boxed along with other solar cell wafer stacks, and then transported to another location where the solar cell wafers are assembled into solar cell modules. | 1. A method comprising:
testing a plurality of solar cell wafers; after testing the plurality of solar cell wafers, stacking the plurality of solar wafers into a solar cell wafer stack, the plurality of solar cell wafers in the solar cell wafer stack being arranged such that a front side of a first solar cell wafer is facing toward a front side of an adjacent second solar cell wafer, and a backside of the first solar cell wafer is directly contacting a backside of an adjoining third solar cell wafer; and boxing the solar cell wafer stack along with other solar cell wafer stacks. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the front side of the first solar cell wafer directly contacts the front side of the adjacent second solar cell wafer. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
placing a front side protector between the front side of the first solar cell wafer and the front side of the adjacent second solar cell wafer. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the front side protector has a same shape and dimension as the plurality of solar cell wafers. 5. The method of claim 3 wherein the front side protector has a pseudo-square shape. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein stacking the plurality of solar wafers into the solar cell wafer stack further comprises placing end protectors on each end of the solar cell wafer stack. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the end protectors have a same shape and dimensions as the plurality of solar cell wafers. 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising wrapping the solar cell wafer stack. 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
shipping the solar cell wafer stack to a module assembly location; and
assembling the solar cell wafers of the solar cell wafer stack into a solar cell module. 10. An article of manufacture comprising:
a stack of solar cell wafers comprising a first solar cell wafer having a front side that faces a front side of a second solar cell wafer that is adjacent to the first solar cell wafer, a third solar cell wafer having a backside that directly contacts a backside of the first solar cell wafer, and a fourth solar cell wafer having a backside that directly contacts a backside of the second solar cell wafer. 11. The article of manufacture of claim 10 wherein the front side of the first solar cell wafer directly contacts the front side of the second solar cell wafer. 12. The article of manufacture of claim 10 further comprising:
a front side protector between the front side of the first solar cell wafer and the front side of the second solar cell wafer. 13. The article of manufacture of claim 12 wherein the front side protector has a same shape and dimension as the solar cell wafers. 14. The article of manufacture of claim 12 wherein the front side protector has a pseudo-square shape. 15. The article of manufacture of claim 10 further comprising an end protector on an end of the solar cell wafer stack. 16. The article of manufacture of claim 10 further comprising a wrapper wrapping the solar cell wafer stack. 17. A method of comprising:
stacking a plurality of solar cell wafers into a solar cell wafer stack such that a front side of a first solar cell wafer faces a front side of a second solar cell wafer that is adjacent to the first solar cell wafer, a backside of a third solar cell directly contacts a backside of the first solar cell wafer, and a backside of a fourth solar cell directly contacts a backside of the second solar cell wafer; and wrapping the solar cell wafer stack. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein wrapping the solar cell wafer stack comprises shrink wrapping the solar cell wafer stack. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein stacking the plurality of solar cell wafers into the solar cell wafer stack comprises placing an end protector on an end of the solar cell wafer stack. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein stacking the plurality solar cell wafers into the solar cell wafer stack comprises placing a front side protector between the front sides of the first and second solar cell wafers. | Solar cell wafers are fabricated, tested, and sorted into solar cell wafer stacks. A solar cell wafer stack includes a solar cell wafer with a front side that faces a front side of an adjacent solar cell wafer, and another solar cell wafer with a backside that directly contacts a backside of the solar cell wafer. A front side protector may be placed between front sides of adjacent solar cell wafers. The solar cell wafer stack includes end pieces on both ends, and is wrapped to hold and bundle the solar cell wafers, front side protectors, and end pieces together as a single unit. The solar cell wafer stack is boxed along with other solar cell wafer stacks, and then transported to another location where the solar cell wafers are assembled into solar cell modules.1. A method comprising:
testing a plurality of solar cell wafers; after testing the plurality of solar cell wafers, stacking the plurality of solar wafers into a solar cell wafer stack, the plurality of solar cell wafers in the solar cell wafer stack being arranged such that a front side of a first solar cell wafer is facing toward a front side of an adjacent second solar cell wafer, and a backside of the first solar cell wafer is directly contacting a backside of an adjoining third solar cell wafer; and boxing the solar cell wafer stack along with other solar cell wafer stacks. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the front side of the first solar cell wafer directly contacts the front side of the adjacent second solar cell wafer. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
placing a front side protector between the front side of the first solar cell wafer and the front side of the adjacent second solar cell wafer. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the front side protector has a same shape and dimension as the plurality of solar cell wafers. 5. The method of claim 3 wherein the front side protector has a pseudo-square shape. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein stacking the plurality of solar wafers into the solar cell wafer stack further comprises placing end protectors on each end of the solar cell wafer stack. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the end protectors have a same shape and dimensions as the plurality of solar cell wafers. 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising wrapping the solar cell wafer stack. 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
shipping the solar cell wafer stack to a module assembly location; and
assembling the solar cell wafers of the solar cell wafer stack into a solar cell module. 10. An article of manufacture comprising:
a stack of solar cell wafers comprising a first solar cell wafer having a front side that faces a front side of a second solar cell wafer that is adjacent to the first solar cell wafer, a third solar cell wafer having a backside that directly contacts a backside of the first solar cell wafer, and a fourth solar cell wafer having a backside that directly contacts a backside of the second solar cell wafer. 11. The article of manufacture of claim 10 wherein the front side of the first solar cell wafer directly contacts the front side of the second solar cell wafer. 12. The article of manufacture of claim 10 further comprising:
a front side protector between the front side of the first solar cell wafer and the front side of the second solar cell wafer. 13. The article of manufacture of claim 12 wherein the front side protector has a same shape and dimension as the solar cell wafers. 14. The article of manufacture of claim 12 wherein the front side protector has a pseudo-square shape. 15. The article of manufacture of claim 10 further comprising an end protector on an end of the solar cell wafer stack. 16. The article of manufacture of claim 10 further comprising a wrapper wrapping the solar cell wafer stack. 17. A method of comprising:
stacking a plurality of solar cell wafers into a solar cell wafer stack such that a front side of a first solar cell wafer faces a front side of a second solar cell wafer that is adjacent to the first solar cell wafer, a backside of a third solar cell directly contacts a backside of the first solar cell wafer, and a backside of a fourth solar cell directly contacts a backside of the second solar cell wafer; and wrapping the solar cell wafer stack. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein wrapping the solar cell wafer stack comprises shrink wrapping the solar cell wafer stack. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein stacking the plurality of solar cell wafers into the solar cell wafer stack comprises placing an end protector on an end of the solar cell wafer stack. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein stacking the plurality solar cell wafers into the solar cell wafer stack comprises placing a front side protector between the front sides of the first and second solar cell wafers. | 1,700 |
2,604 | 13,949,413 | 1,746 | Certain example embodiments relate to techniques for bonding automotive brackets for sensors, rear view mirrors, and/or other components to an interior surface of the glass. The adhesive films of certain example embodiments may be film-based adhesives that may be die-cut and pre-applied to the brackets or components. They may have a good initial adhesion or green strength immediately upon contact with the glass. In certain example instances, the films may be applied and successfully bond to the glass at near ambient temperature conditions to a strength level adequate to meet operational specifications for the component in under 72 hours. | 1-17. (canceled) 18. A method of bonding a bracket to a vehicle windshield, the bracket supporting a rear view mirror and/or one or more sensors, the method comprising:
applying the bracket to the vehicle windshield, the bracket having a die-cut film-based adhesive pre-applied to each of a plurality of spaced apart mating surfaces thereof; and allowing the film-based adhesive to cure so as to bond the bracket to the vehicle windshield, any curing being completed to a desired strength level within 72 hours; the film-based adhesive on the bracket being applied to the vehicle windshield and allowed to cure at a temperature at or near ambient; and the film-based adhesive having an immediate green strength adequate to fully locate the bracket during subsequent curing of the adhesive. 19. (canceled) 20. The method of claim 18, wherein:
the film-based adhesive is a moisture cured urethane based film that, prior to said applying, is to be stored in a dry environment; the moisture cured urethane based film includes a tacky surface to promote initial adhesion upon contact, and further comprising: after said applying, exposing the moisture cured urethane based film to an elevated humidity to promote curing. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein:
the film-based adhesive is a urethane adhesive film such as that typically used to laminate glass to polycarbonate; the urethane adhesive film is activatable or bondable at temperatures only slightly above ambient; and the film-based adhesive is cured to a strength level adequate to meet operational specifications for the component in under 72 hours. 22. A system for bonding a bracket to a vehicle windshield, wherein:
the bracket supports a rear view mirror and/or one or more sensors; the bracket is applied to the vehicle windshield at a temperature at or near ambient via a die-cut film-based adhesive pre-applied to each of a plurality of spaced apart mating surfaces thereof; the film-based adhesive is curable to a desired strength level at a temperature at or near ambient within 72 hours of application to the vehicle windshield; and the film-based adhesive has an immediate green strength adequate to fully locate the bracket during subsequent curing of the adhesive. 23. The system of claim 22, wherein:
the film-based adhesive is an epoxy-based film that, prior to said applying, is to be stored in a refrigerated condition to retard curing; the epoxy-based film is blanked in a cold state to the bracket prior to said applying; a cure cycle of the epoxy-based film is activatable by warming the epoxy-based film to ambient temperature; and warming of the bracket and/or vehicle windshield to ambient temperature or a temperature slightly higher than ambient temperature prior to said applying facilitates bonding. 24. The system of claim 22, wherein:
the film-based adhesive is a moisture cured urethane based film that, prior to said applying, is to be stored in a dry environment; the moisture cured urethane based film includes a tacky surface to promote initial adhesion upon contact; and exposing the moisture cured urethane based film to an elevated humidity after initial application promotes curing. 25. The system of claim 22, wherein:
the film-based adhesive is a urethane adhesive film such as that typically used to laminate glass to polycarbonate; and the urethane adhesive film is activatable or bondable at temperatures only slightly above ambient. 26. The system of claim 22, wherein at least some of the mating surfaces are feet that are spaced apart by 50-150 mm. 27. The system of claim 22, wherein the bonding occurs at a temperature of about 20-25 degrees C. 28. The system of claim 22, further comprising an adhesion promoter layer is provided on the vehicle windshield and/or on a surface of the bracket. | Certain example embodiments relate to techniques for bonding automotive brackets for sensors, rear view mirrors, and/or other components to an interior surface of the glass. The adhesive films of certain example embodiments may be film-based adhesives that may be die-cut and pre-applied to the brackets or components. They may have a good initial adhesion or green strength immediately upon contact with the glass. In certain example instances, the films may be applied and successfully bond to the glass at near ambient temperature conditions to a strength level adequate to meet operational specifications for the component in under 72 hours.1-17. (canceled) 18. A method of bonding a bracket to a vehicle windshield, the bracket supporting a rear view mirror and/or one or more sensors, the method comprising:
applying the bracket to the vehicle windshield, the bracket having a die-cut film-based adhesive pre-applied to each of a plurality of spaced apart mating surfaces thereof; and allowing the film-based adhesive to cure so as to bond the bracket to the vehicle windshield, any curing being completed to a desired strength level within 72 hours; the film-based adhesive on the bracket being applied to the vehicle windshield and allowed to cure at a temperature at or near ambient; and the film-based adhesive having an immediate green strength adequate to fully locate the bracket during subsequent curing of the adhesive. 19. (canceled) 20. The method of claim 18, wherein:
the film-based adhesive is a moisture cured urethane based film that, prior to said applying, is to be stored in a dry environment; the moisture cured urethane based film includes a tacky surface to promote initial adhesion upon contact, and further comprising: after said applying, exposing the moisture cured urethane based film to an elevated humidity to promote curing. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein:
the film-based adhesive is a urethane adhesive film such as that typically used to laminate glass to polycarbonate; the urethane adhesive film is activatable or bondable at temperatures only slightly above ambient; and the film-based adhesive is cured to a strength level adequate to meet operational specifications for the component in under 72 hours. 22. A system for bonding a bracket to a vehicle windshield, wherein:
the bracket supports a rear view mirror and/or one or more sensors; the bracket is applied to the vehicle windshield at a temperature at or near ambient via a die-cut film-based adhesive pre-applied to each of a plurality of spaced apart mating surfaces thereof; the film-based adhesive is curable to a desired strength level at a temperature at or near ambient within 72 hours of application to the vehicle windshield; and the film-based adhesive has an immediate green strength adequate to fully locate the bracket during subsequent curing of the adhesive. 23. The system of claim 22, wherein:
the film-based adhesive is an epoxy-based film that, prior to said applying, is to be stored in a refrigerated condition to retard curing; the epoxy-based film is blanked in a cold state to the bracket prior to said applying; a cure cycle of the epoxy-based film is activatable by warming the epoxy-based film to ambient temperature; and warming of the bracket and/or vehicle windshield to ambient temperature or a temperature slightly higher than ambient temperature prior to said applying facilitates bonding. 24. The system of claim 22, wherein:
the film-based adhesive is a moisture cured urethane based film that, prior to said applying, is to be stored in a dry environment; the moisture cured urethane based film includes a tacky surface to promote initial adhesion upon contact; and exposing the moisture cured urethane based film to an elevated humidity after initial application promotes curing. 25. The system of claim 22, wherein:
the film-based adhesive is a urethane adhesive film such as that typically used to laminate glass to polycarbonate; and the urethane adhesive film is activatable or bondable at temperatures only slightly above ambient. 26. The system of claim 22, wherein at least some of the mating surfaces are feet that are spaced apart by 50-150 mm. 27. The system of claim 22, wherein the bonding occurs at a temperature of about 20-25 degrees C. 28. The system of claim 22, further comprising an adhesion promoter layer is provided on the vehicle windshield and/or on a surface of the bracket. | 1,700 |
2,605 | 14,647,481 | 1,796 | An electrically operated food processor with a mixing bowl and a mixer in the mixing bowl is provided with a camera, in particular an electronic camera, which is potentially directed towards the user of the food processor, and with stored gesture recognition software, as well as a gesture data bank, it being possible to use gesture recognition to cause the food processor to carry out a routine task. | 1. An electrically operated food processor (1) with a mixing bowl (4) and a mixer (5) in the mixing bowl (4), wherein the food processor (1) encompasses a camera (20), in particular an electronic camera, which is potentially directed towards the user of the food processor (1), and wherein a gesture recognition software as well as a gesture data bank (G1) are stored and wherein gesture recognition (G) can be used to cause the food processor (1) to carry out a routine task. 2. The food processor according to claim 1, wherein the gesture recognition (G) activates the food processor (1). 3. The food processor according to claim 1, wherein the gesture recognition (G) activates a speech control (E) of the food processor (1). 4. The food processor according to claim 1, wherein the gesture recognition (G) activates a recipe selection of the food processor (1). 5. The food processor according to claim 1, wherein a face recognition software as well as a face data base (F1) are stored and wherein the gesture recognition (G) can be activated as a function of a face recognition (F). 6. The food processor according to claim 1, wherein the gesture recognition (G) is activated by turning on the food processor (1). 7. The food processor according to claim 1, wherein the gesture recognition (G) can only be deactivated by turning off the food processor (1). 8. The food processor according to claim 1, wherein a heating and/or a running of the mixer (5) is carried out only when speed (C1), temperature (C2) and duration (C3) are provided or are accepted in response to a corresponding suggestion from the food processor (1). 9. (canceled) | An electrically operated food processor with a mixing bowl and a mixer in the mixing bowl is provided with a camera, in particular an electronic camera, which is potentially directed towards the user of the food processor, and with stored gesture recognition software, as well as a gesture data bank, it being possible to use gesture recognition to cause the food processor to carry out a routine task.1. An electrically operated food processor (1) with a mixing bowl (4) and a mixer (5) in the mixing bowl (4), wherein the food processor (1) encompasses a camera (20), in particular an electronic camera, which is potentially directed towards the user of the food processor (1), and wherein a gesture recognition software as well as a gesture data bank (G1) are stored and wherein gesture recognition (G) can be used to cause the food processor (1) to carry out a routine task. 2. The food processor according to claim 1, wherein the gesture recognition (G) activates the food processor (1). 3. The food processor according to claim 1, wherein the gesture recognition (G) activates a speech control (E) of the food processor (1). 4. The food processor according to claim 1, wherein the gesture recognition (G) activates a recipe selection of the food processor (1). 5. The food processor according to claim 1, wherein a face recognition software as well as a face data base (F1) are stored and wherein the gesture recognition (G) can be activated as a function of a face recognition (F). 6. The food processor according to claim 1, wherein the gesture recognition (G) is activated by turning on the food processor (1). 7. The food processor according to claim 1, wherein the gesture recognition (G) can only be deactivated by turning off the food processor (1). 8. The food processor according to claim 1, wherein a heating and/or a running of the mixer (5) is carried out only when speed (C1), temperature (C2) and duration (C3) are provided or are accepted in response to a corresponding suggestion from the food processor (1). 9. (canceled) | 1,700 |
2,606 | 14,766,616 | 1,761 | [Object] To provide fine particles 2 having excellent printing characteristics, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity.
[Solution] The fine particles 2 are flake-like. A main component of the fine particles 2 is an electrically conductive metal. A representative metal is silver. The structure of this metal is monocrystalline. An arithmetical mean roughness Ra of the surface of the fine particles 2 is not larger than 10 nm. The fine particles 2, a solvent, a binder, and a dispersant, etc., are mixed to obtain an electrically conductive paste. By using the electrically conductive paste, a pattern connecting elements is printed on a printed circuit board of an electronic device. | 1. Fine particles that are flake-like, whose main component is a metal, and whose surface has an arithmetical mean roughness Ra of not larger than 10 nm. 2. The fine particles according to claim 1, wherein the main component is silver. 3. The fine particles according to claim 1, wherein a metal structure of the main component is monocrystalline. 4. A powder comprising multiple fine particles that are flake-like and whose main component is a metal,
the powder having an arithmetical mean roughness Ra of not larger than 10 nm. 5. The powder according to claim 4, wherein a median size (D50) of the powder is not smaller than 0.1 μm but not larger than 20 μm. 6. The powder according to claim 4, wherein a standard deviation σD of diameter D of the powder is not larger than 10 μm. 7. The powder according to claim 4, wherein an average thickness Tave of the powder is not smaller than 1 nm but not larger than 100 nm. 8. The powder according to claim 4, wherein an aspect ratio (D50/Tave) of the powder is not lower than 20 but not higher than 1000. 9. An electrically conductive paste comprising:
(1) fine particles that are flake-like, whose main component is a metal, and whose surface has an arithmetical mean roughness Ra of not larger than 10 nm; and (2) a solvent. 10. The fine particles according to claim 2, wherein a metal structure of the main component is monocrystalline. 11. The powder according to claim 5, wherein a standard deviation σD of diameter D of the powder is not larger than 10 μm. 12. The powder according to claim 5, wherein an average thickness Tave of the powder is not smaller than 1 nm but not larger than 100 nm. 13. The powder according to claim 6, wherein an average thickness Tave of the powder is not smaller than 1 nm but not larger than 100 nm. 14. The powder according to claim 5, wherein an aspect ratio (D50/Tave) of the powder is not lower than 20 but not higher than 1000. 15. The powder according to claim 6, wherein an aspect ratio (D50/Tave) of the powder is not lower than 20 but not higher than 1000. 16. The powder according to claim 7, wherein an aspect ratio (D50/Tave) of the powder is not lower than 20 but not higher than 1000. | [Object] To provide fine particles 2 having excellent printing characteristics, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity.
[Solution] The fine particles 2 are flake-like. A main component of the fine particles 2 is an electrically conductive metal. A representative metal is silver. The structure of this metal is monocrystalline. An arithmetical mean roughness Ra of the surface of the fine particles 2 is not larger than 10 nm. The fine particles 2, a solvent, a binder, and a dispersant, etc., are mixed to obtain an electrically conductive paste. By using the electrically conductive paste, a pattern connecting elements is printed on a printed circuit board of an electronic device.1. Fine particles that are flake-like, whose main component is a metal, and whose surface has an arithmetical mean roughness Ra of not larger than 10 nm. 2. The fine particles according to claim 1, wherein the main component is silver. 3. The fine particles according to claim 1, wherein a metal structure of the main component is monocrystalline. 4. A powder comprising multiple fine particles that are flake-like and whose main component is a metal,
the powder having an arithmetical mean roughness Ra of not larger than 10 nm. 5. The powder according to claim 4, wherein a median size (D50) of the powder is not smaller than 0.1 μm but not larger than 20 μm. 6. The powder according to claim 4, wherein a standard deviation σD of diameter D of the powder is not larger than 10 μm. 7. The powder according to claim 4, wherein an average thickness Tave of the powder is not smaller than 1 nm but not larger than 100 nm. 8. The powder according to claim 4, wherein an aspect ratio (D50/Tave) of the powder is not lower than 20 but not higher than 1000. 9. An electrically conductive paste comprising:
(1) fine particles that are flake-like, whose main component is a metal, and whose surface has an arithmetical mean roughness Ra of not larger than 10 nm; and (2) a solvent. 10. The fine particles according to claim 2, wherein a metal structure of the main component is monocrystalline. 11. The powder according to claim 5, wherein a standard deviation σD of diameter D of the powder is not larger than 10 μm. 12. The powder according to claim 5, wherein an average thickness Tave of the powder is not smaller than 1 nm but not larger than 100 nm. 13. The powder according to claim 6, wherein an average thickness Tave of the powder is not smaller than 1 nm but not larger than 100 nm. 14. The powder according to claim 5, wherein an aspect ratio (D50/Tave) of the powder is not lower than 20 but not higher than 1000. 15. The powder according to claim 6, wherein an aspect ratio (D50/Tave) of the powder is not lower than 20 but not higher than 1000. 16. The powder according to claim 7, wherein an aspect ratio (D50/Tave) of the powder is not lower than 20 but not higher than 1000. | 1,700 |
2,607 | 14,728,442 | 1,799 | Medical devices are typically sterilized in processes used to manufacture such products and their sterilization by exposure to radiation is a common practice. Radiation has a number of advantages over other sterilization processes including a high penetrating ability, relatively low chemical reactivity, and instantaneous effects without the need to control temperature, pressure, vacuum, or humidity. Unfortunately, radiation sterilization can compromise the function of certain components of medical devices. For example, radiation sterilization can lead to loss of protein activity and/or lead to bleaching of various dye compounds. Embodiments of the invention provide methods and materials that can be used to protect medical devices from unwanted effects of radiation sterilization. | 1. A method of inhibiting damage to a saccharide sensor that can result from a radiation sterilization process, the method comprising combining the saccharide sensor with an aqueous radioprotectant formulation during the sterilization process, wherein:
the saccharide sensor comprises mannose binding lectin; the aqueous radioprotectant formulation comprises a saccharide selected for its ability to bind the mannose binding lectin, the aqueous radioprotectant formulation further comprises at least one reactive oxygen species that includes sodium nitrate; and performing the sterilization process under conditions selected so that the saccharide binds the mannose binding lectin and the reactive oxygen species absorbs free electron energy generated by the radiation sterilization process, wherein said conditions include a temperature below 10° C., thereby inhibiting damage to the saccharide sensor. 2. (canceled) 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the reactive oxygen species further comprises a, sulphate, phosphate or benzoyl peroxide. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the radioprotectant formulation further comprises mannitol. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the aqueous radioprotectant formulation comprises sodium nitrate, sucrose, and mannitol. 6. (canceled) 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the saccharide comprises glucose, mannose, fructose, melizitose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, sucrose or trehalose. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the saccharide sensor comprises a fluorophore; and the aqueous radioprotectant formulation comprises a fluorophore quenching composition selected for its ability to quench the fluorophore. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the radiation sterilization process comprises electron beam irradiation. 10-20. (canceled) 21. A method of inhibiting damage to a saccharide sensor that can result from a radiation sterilization process, the method comprising combining the saccharide sensor with an aqueous radioprotectant formulation during the sterilization process, wherein:
the saccharide sensor comprises mannose binding lectin; the aqueous radioprotectant formulation comprises a saccharide selected for its ability to bind the mannose binding lectin, the aqueous radioprotectant formulation further comprises at least one reactive oxygen species that includes a nitrate; and performing the sterilization process under conditions selected so that the saccharide binds the mannose binding lectin and the reactive oxygen species absorbs free electron energy generated by the radiation sterilization process, wherein said conditions include a temperature below 10° C., thereby inhibiting damage to the saccharide sensor. 22. A method of inhibiting damage to a saccharide sensor that can result from a radiation sterilization process, the method comprising combining the saccharide sensor with an aqueous radioprotectant formulation during the sterilization process, wherein:
the saccharide sensor comprises mannose binding lectin; the aqueous radioprotectant formulation comprises a saccharide selected for its ability to bind the mannose binding lectin, the aqueous radioprotectant formulation further comprises at least one reactive oxygen species that includes a phosphate; and performing the sterilization process under conditions selected so that the saccharide binds the mannose binding lectin and the reactive oxygen species absorbs free electron energy generated by the radiation sterilization process, wherein said conditions include a temperature below 10° C., thereby inhibiting damage to the saccharide sensor. 23. A method of inhibiting damage to a saccharide sensor that can result from a radiation sterilization process, the method comprising combining the saccharide sensor with an aqueous radioprotectant formulation during the sterilization process, wherein:
the saccharide sensor comprises mannose binding lectin; the aqueous radioprotectant formulation comprises a saccharide selected for its ability to bind the mannose binding lectin, the aqueous radioprotectant formulation further comprises at least one reactive oxygen species that includes a benzoyl peroxide; and performing the sterilization process under conditions selected so that the saccharide binds the mannose binding lectin and the reactive oxygen species absorbs free electron energy generated by the radiation sterilization process, wherein said conditions include a temperature below 10° C., thereby inhibiting damage to the saccharide sensor. | Medical devices are typically sterilized in processes used to manufacture such products and their sterilization by exposure to radiation is a common practice. Radiation has a number of advantages over other sterilization processes including a high penetrating ability, relatively low chemical reactivity, and instantaneous effects without the need to control temperature, pressure, vacuum, or humidity. Unfortunately, radiation sterilization can compromise the function of certain components of medical devices. For example, radiation sterilization can lead to loss of protein activity and/or lead to bleaching of various dye compounds. Embodiments of the invention provide methods and materials that can be used to protect medical devices from unwanted effects of radiation sterilization.1. A method of inhibiting damage to a saccharide sensor that can result from a radiation sterilization process, the method comprising combining the saccharide sensor with an aqueous radioprotectant formulation during the sterilization process, wherein:
the saccharide sensor comprises mannose binding lectin; the aqueous radioprotectant formulation comprises a saccharide selected for its ability to bind the mannose binding lectin, the aqueous radioprotectant formulation further comprises at least one reactive oxygen species that includes sodium nitrate; and performing the sterilization process under conditions selected so that the saccharide binds the mannose binding lectin and the reactive oxygen species absorbs free electron energy generated by the radiation sterilization process, wherein said conditions include a temperature below 10° C., thereby inhibiting damage to the saccharide sensor. 2. (canceled) 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the reactive oxygen species further comprises a, sulphate, phosphate or benzoyl peroxide. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the radioprotectant formulation further comprises mannitol. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the aqueous radioprotectant formulation comprises sodium nitrate, sucrose, and mannitol. 6. (canceled) 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the saccharide comprises glucose, mannose, fructose, melizitose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, sucrose or trehalose. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the saccharide sensor comprises a fluorophore; and the aqueous radioprotectant formulation comprises a fluorophore quenching composition selected for its ability to quench the fluorophore. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the radiation sterilization process comprises electron beam irradiation. 10-20. (canceled) 21. A method of inhibiting damage to a saccharide sensor that can result from a radiation sterilization process, the method comprising combining the saccharide sensor with an aqueous radioprotectant formulation during the sterilization process, wherein:
the saccharide sensor comprises mannose binding lectin; the aqueous radioprotectant formulation comprises a saccharide selected for its ability to bind the mannose binding lectin, the aqueous radioprotectant formulation further comprises at least one reactive oxygen species that includes a nitrate; and performing the sterilization process under conditions selected so that the saccharide binds the mannose binding lectin and the reactive oxygen species absorbs free electron energy generated by the radiation sterilization process, wherein said conditions include a temperature below 10° C., thereby inhibiting damage to the saccharide sensor. 22. A method of inhibiting damage to a saccharide sensor that can result from a radiation sterilization process, the method comprising combining the saccharide sensor with an aqueous radioprotectant formulation during the sterilization process, wherein:
the saccharide sensor comprises mannose binding lectin; the aqueous radioprotectant formulation comprises a saccharide selected for its ability to bind the mannose binding lectin, the aqueous radioprotectant formulation further comprises at least one reactive oxygen species that includes a phosphate; and performing the sterilization process under conditions selected so that the saccharide binds the mannose binding lectin and the reactive oxygen species absorbs free electron energy generated by the radiation sterilization process, wherein said conditions include a temperature below 10° C., thereby inhibiting damage to the saccharide sensor. 23. A method of inhibiting damage to a saccharide sensor that can result from a radiation sterilization process, the method comprising combining the saccharide sensor with an aqueous radioprotectant formulation during the sterilization process, wherein:
the saccharide sensor comprises mannose binding lectin; the aqueous radioprotectant formulation comprises a saccharide selected for its ability to bind the mannose binding lectin, the aqueous radioprotectant formulation further comprises at least one reactive oxygen species that includes a benzoyl peroxide; and performing the sterilization process under conditions selected so that the saccharide binds the mannose binding lectin and the reactive oxygen species absorbs free electron energy generated by the radiation sterilization process, wherein said conditions include a temperature below 10° C., thereby inhibiting damage to the saccharide sensor. | 1,700 |
2,608 | 14,362,046 | 1,765 | A food or beverage can post repair coating composition comprising an acrylic latex material. | 1. A food or beverage can post repair coating composition comprising an acrylic latex material. 2. A food or beverage can comprising a surface having a food or beverage can post repair coating on at least a portion thereof, the food or beverage can post repair coating composition comprising
an acrylic latex material. 3. A method of repairing a score line on a food or beverage can, the method comprising applying to the score line a food or beverage can post repair coating composition, the food or beverage can post repair coating composition comprising
an acrylic latex material. 4. A coating composition, can or method according to any preceding claim, wherein the acrylic latex material comprises an aqueous emulsion of one or more acrylic polymers. 5. A coating composition, can or method according to any preceding claim, wherein the acrylic latex material comprises an aqueous dispersion of an acrylic material in a core/shell arrangement. 6. A coating composition, can or method according to claim 5, wherein the core is formed from a core mixture and the shell is formed from a shell mixture, and wherein the ratio of the core mixture (monomers and initiator) to shell mixture (monomers and initiator) is typically between about 20:80 and 90:10 by weight. 7. A coating composition, can or method according to any preceding claim, wherein the latex material comprises an aqueous dispersion of an acrylic material with reactive functional groups and stabilized with an emulsifier or surfactant material. | A food or beverage can post repair coating composition comprising an acrylic latex material.1. A food or beverage can post repair coating composition comprising an acrylic latex material. 2. A food or beverage can comprising a surface having a food or beverage can post repair coating on at least a portion thereof, the food or beverage can post repair coating composition comprising
an acrylic latex material. 3. A method of repairing a score line on a food or beverage can, the method comprising applying to the score line a food or beverage can post repair coating composition, the food or beverage can post repair coating composition comprising
an acrylic latex material. 4. A coating composition, can or method according to any preceding claim, wherein the acrylic latex material comprises an aqueous emulsion of one or more acrylic polymers. 5. A coating composition, can or method according to any preceding claim, wherein the acrylic latex material comprises an aqueous dispersion of an acrylic material in a core/shell arrangement. 6. A coating composition, can or method according to claim 5, wherein the core is formed from a core mixture and the shell is formed from a shell mixture, and wherein the ratio of the core mixture (monomers and initiator) to shell mixture (monomers and initiator) is typically between about 20:80 and 90:10 by weight. 7. A coating composition, can or method according to any preceding claim, wherein the latex material comprises an aqueous dispersion of an acrylic material with reactive functional groups and stabilized with an emulsifier or surfactant material. | 1,700 |
2,609 | 14,671,258 | 1,732 | A method of manufacturing a modified zeolite catalyst may include reacting a zeolite with a metal salt to form a zeolite/metal salt complex. The zeolite may be a ZSM-5 or ZSM-11. The method may include heating the zeolite/metal salt complex to form an intermediate modified zeolite, and reacting the intermediate modified zeolite with an acid. The method may include ion exchanging the intermediate modified zeolite following the reaction with the acid to form a modified zeolite catalyst. | 1. A method of manufacturing a modified zeolite catalyst comprising:
reacting a zeolite, wherein the zeolite is ZSM-5 or ZSM-11, with a metal salt to form a zeolite/metal salt complex; heating the zeolite metal salt complex to form an intermediate modified zeolite; reacting the intermediate modified zeolite with an acid; and ion exchanging the intermediate modified zeolite following the reaction with the acid to form a modified zeolite catalyst. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of reacting the intermediate modified zeolite with an acid comprises:
dissolving excess metal oxide with a first acid; and dealuminating the intermediate modified zeolite with a second acid. 3. A catalyst formed by the method of claim 1. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the zeolite is basic or in hydrogen form. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal salt include Mg or Ca. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal salt is magnesium acetate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium nitrate, magnesium formate, magnesium chloride, magnesium bromide, magnesium iodide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium methylsulfonate, calcium formate, calcium chloride, calcium bromide, calcium iodide, calcium carbonate, calcium methyl sulfonate, or combinations thereof. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal salt/zeolite ratio in the zeolite/metal salt complex is between 0.1 to 2.0 (by weight). 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of heating the zeolite metal salt complex to form an intermediate modified zeolite results in a solid state reaction between the zeolite and the metal salt. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the step of heating the zeolite metal salt complex to form an intermediate modified zeolite comprises:
decomposing the metal salt; and reaction of the metal oxide with the zeolite. 10. The method of claim 1 further comprising after the step of ion exchanging the intermediate modified zeolite following the reaction with the acid to form a modified zeolite catalyst:
heating the modified zeolite catalyst to form an activated modified zeolite catalyst. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the step of heating the modified zeolite catalyst to form an activated modified zeolite catalyst is performed at a temperature between 250 and 600° C. 12. The method of claim 10 further comprising after the step of heating the modified zeolite catalyst to form an activated modified zeolite catalyst:
reacting the activated modified zeolite catalyst with methyl bromide, dibromomethane, or a combination thereof. | A method of manufacturing a modified zeolite catalyst may include reacting a zeolite with a metal salt to form a zeolite/metal salt complex. The zeolite may be a ZSM-5 or ZSM-11. The method may include heating the zeolite/metal salt complex to form an intermediate modified zeolite, and reacting the intermediate modified zeolite with an acid. The method may include ion exchanging the intermediate modified zeolite following the reaction with the acid to form a modified zeolite catalyst.1. A method of manufacturing a modified zeolite catalyst comprising:
reacting a zeolite, wherein the zeolite is ZSM-5 or ZSM-11, with a metal salt to form a zeolite/metal salt complex; heating the zeolite metal salt complex to form an intermediate modified zeolite; reacting the intermediate modified zeolite with an acid; and ion exchanging the intermediate modified zeolite following the reaction with the acid to form a modified zeolite catalyst. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of reacting the intermediate modified zeolite with an acid comprises:
dissolving excess metal oxide with a first acid; and dealuminating the intermediate modified zeolite with a second acid. 3. A catalyst formed by the method of claim 1. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the zeolite is basic or in hydrogen form. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal salt include Mg or Ca. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal salt is magnesium acetate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium nitrate, magnesium formate, magnesium chloride, magnesium bromide, magnesium iodide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium methylsulfonate, calcium formate, calcium chloride, calcium bromide, calcium iodide, calcium carbonate, calcium methyl sulfonate, or combinations thereof. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal salt/zeolite ratio in the zeolite/metal salt complex is between 0.1 to 2.0 (by weight). 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of heating the zeolite metal salt complex to form an intermediate modified zeolite results in a solid state reaction between the zeolite and the metal salt. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the step of heating the zeolite metal salt complex to form an intermediate modified zeolite comprises:
decomposing the metal salt; and reaction of the metal oxide with the zeolite. 10. The method of claim 1 further comprising after the step of ion exchanging the intermediate modified zeolite following the reaction with the acid to form a modified zeolite catalyst:
heating the modified zeolite catalyst to form an activated modified zeolite catalyst. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the step of heating the modified zeolite catalyst to form an activated modified zeolite catalyst is performed at a temperature between 250 and 600° C. 12. The method of claim 10 further comprising after the step of heating the modified zeolite catalyst to form an activated modified zeolite catalyst:
reacting the activated modified zeolite catalyst with methyl bromide, dibromomethane, or a combination thereof. | 1,700 |
2,610 | 14,534,238 | 1,791 | A reference amount commonly consumed (RACC) of an organoleptically acceptable snack bar. The snack bar can contains from about 3 g to about 6 g fiber where the fiber can contain from about 1 g to about 3 g of soluble fiber. The soluble fiber can be from psyllium and the bar can contain from about 2 g to about 4 g psyllium. The snack bar can also contain a whole grain product. The snack bar can have less than 3 g of fat and from about 135 to about 180 calories per serving. Furthermore, the snack bar may not be baked. | 1. An RACC of an organoleptically acceptable psyllium snack bar comprising:
a. from about 3 g to about 6 g fiber wherein the fiber comprises from about 1 g to about 3 g soluble fiber and wherein at least a portion of the fiber comes from about 2 g to about 4 g psyllium; b. a whole grain product;
wherein the snack bar comprises less than about 3 g fat and wherein the snack bar comprises from about 135 to about 180 calories per RACC and wherein the snack bar is not baked. 2. The psyllium snack bar of claim 1 wherein the snack bar comprises less than about 13 g sugar per RACC. 3. The psyllium snack bar of claim 1 comprising at least 2 g of soluble fiber. 4. The psyllium snack bar of claim 1 further comprising a dried fruit. 5. The psyllium snack bar of claim 1 wherein the psyllium comprises particles with a mean particle size from about 50 μm to about 200 μm. 6. The psyllium snack bar of claim 1 wherein the snack bar comprises a water activity from about 0.05 to about 0.35. 7. An RACC of an organoleptically acceptable psyllium snack bar comprising:
a. from about 0.5 g to about 4 g of soluble fiber from psyllium; b. a whole grain; c. a dried fruit; wherein the snack bar is low in fat, low in saturated fat, and does not comprise cholesterol and wherein the snack bar is from about 100 to about 280 calories per RACC and wherein the snack bar comprises a weight ratio of protein to fiber of from about 0.25 to about 1.5. 8. The snack bar of claim 5 wherein the psyllium snack bar comprises less than about 15 g sugar per RACC. 9. The psyllium snack bar of claim 5 wherein the snack bar comprises from about 1 g to about 4 g of protein per RACC. 10. The psyllium snack bar of claim 5 wherein the snack bar comprises from about 5 g to about 20 g protein per RACC. 11. The psyllium snack bar of claim 5 wherein the snack bar comprises at least about 5 g of fiber per RACC. 12. The psyllium snack bar of claim 5 wherein the snack bar comprises from about 3 g of fiber to about 6 g of fiber per RACC. 13. The psyllium snack bar of claim 5 wherein the snack bar is not baked. 14. The psyllium snack bar of claim 5 wherein the snack bar comprises a weight ratio of sugar to fiber of from about 2 to about 4. 15. The psyllium snack bar of claim 5 wherein the snack bar comprises a weight ratio of fat to fiber of from about 0.4 to about 3. 16. The psyllium snack bar of claim 5 wherein the snack bar comprises from about 5 g to about 20 g protein per RACC. 17. An organoleptically acceptable psyllium snack bar comprising:
a. at least about 50 mg/g fiber wherein the fiber comprises at least about 25 mg/g soluble fiber; b. at least about 10 mg/g psyllium; c. a whole grain; wherein the snack bar comprises a weight ratio of protein to fiber of from about 0.25 to about 1.5 and wherein a consumer prefers the psyllium snack bar to a psyllium snack bar that does not have a weight ratio of protein to fiber of from about 0.25 to about 1.5 in a taste test. 18. The psyllium snack bar of claim 14 wherein the snack bar has a shelf life of at least about 12 months. 19. The psyllium snack bar of claim 14 wherein the snack bar weighs from about 35 g to about 50 g. 20. The psyllium snack bar of claim 14 wherein the snack bar further comprises from about 0.1 to about 0.5 g sugar per g snack bar. | A reference amount commonly consumed (RACC) of an organoleptically acceptable snack bar. The snack bar can contains from about 3 g to about 6 g fiber where the fiber can contain from about 1 g to about 3 g of soluble fiber. The soluble fiber can be from psyllium and the bar can contain from about 2 g to about 4 g psyllium. The snack bar can also contain a whole grain product. The snack bar can have less than 3 g of fat and from about 135 to about 180 calories per serving. Furthermore, the snack bar may not be baked.1. An RACC of an organoleptically acceptable psyllium snack bar comprising:
a. from about 3 g to about 6 g fiber wherein the fiber comprises from about 1 g to about 3 g soluble fiber and wherein at least a portion of the fiber comes from about 2 g to about 4 g psyllium; b. a whole grain product;
wherein the snack bar comprises less than about 3 g fat and wherein the snack bar comprises from about 135 to about 180 calories per RACC and wherein the snack bar is not baked. 2. The psyllium snack bar of claim 1 wherein the snack bar comprises less than about 13 g sugar per RACC. 3. The psyllium snack bar of claim 1 comprising at least 2 g of soluble fiber. 4. The psyllium snack bar of claim 1 further comprising a dried fruit. 5. The psyllium snack bar of claim 1 wherein the psyllium comprises particles with a mean particle size from about 50 μm to about 200 μm. 6. The psyllium snack bar of claim 1 wherein the snack bar comprises a water activity from about 0.05 to about 0.35. 7. An RACC of an organoleptically acceptable psyllium snack bar comprising:
a. from about 0.5 g to about 4 g of soluble fiber from psyllium; b. a whole grain; c. a dried fruit; wherein the snack bar is low in fat, low in saturated fat, and does not comprise cholesterol and wherein the snack bar is from about 100 to about 280 calories per RACC and wherein the snack bar comprises a weight ratio of protein to fiber of from about 0.25 to about 1.5. 8. The snack bar of claim 5 wherein the psyllium snack bar comprises less than about 15 g sugar per RACC. 9. The psyllium snack bar of claim 5 wherein the snack bar comprises from about 1 g to about 4 g of protein per RACC. 10. The psyllium snack bar of claim 5 wherein the snack bar comprises from about 5 g to about 20 g protein per RACC. 11. The psyllium snack bar of claim 5 wherein the snack bar comprises at least about 5 g of fiber per RACC. 12. The psyllium snack bar of claim 5 wherein the snack bar comprises from about 3 g of fiber to about 6 g of fiber per RACC. 13. The psyllium snack bar of claim 5 wherein the snack bar is not baked. 14. The psyllium snack bar of claim 5 wherein the snack bar comprises a weight ratio of sugar to fiber of from about 2 to about 4. 15. The psyllium snack bar of claim 5 wherein the snack bar comprises a weight ratio of fat to fiber of from about 0.4 to about 3. 16. The psyllium snack bar of claim 5 wherein the snack bar comprises from about 5 g to about 20 g protein per RACC. 17. An organoleptically acceptable psyllium snack bar comprising:
a. at least about 50 mg/g fiber wherein the fiber comprises at least about 25 mg/g soluble fiber; b. at least about 10 mg/g psyllium; c. a whole grain; wherein the snack bar comprises a weight ratio of protein to fiber of from about 0.25 to about 1.5 and wherein a consumer prefers the psyllium snack bar to a psyllium snack bar that does not have a weight ratio of protein to fiber of from about 0.25 to about 1.5 in a taste test. 18. The psyllium snack bar of claim 14 wherein the snack bar has a shelf life of at least about 12 months. 19. The psyllium snack bar of claim 14 wherein the snack bar weighs from about 35 g to about 50 g. 20. The psyllium snack bar of claim 14 wherein the snack bar further comprises from about 0.1 to about 0.5 g sugar per g snack bar. | 1,700 |
2,611 | 14,208,416 | 1,724 | A battery assembly may include an array of battery cells each having upper and lower ends, a face extending therebetween and partially defining an exterior of the array, and terminals extending from the upper end. The battery assembly may also include an exo-support structure including a plurality of retainer segments configured to support the upper and lower ends and a thermal plate defining one or more channels extending along the exterior of the array. The thermal plate may be arranged to thermally communicate with the battery cells via the faces. The exo-support structure may further include another thermal plate defining one or more channels extending along another exterior of the array which are arranged to thermally communicate with the cells. The battery assembly may include at least one cell separator made of a thermally conductive material which is located between two adjacent cells. | 1. A battery assembly comprising:
an array of cells each having upper and lower ends, a face extending therebetween and partially defining an exterior of the array, and terminals extending from the upper end; and an exo-support structure including a plurality of retainer segments configured to support the ends and a thermal plate defining one or more channels extending along the exterior of the array and arranged to thermally communicate with the cells via the faces. 2. The battery assembly of claim 1, further comprising a thermal interface layer disposed between and in contact with the faces and thermal plate. 3. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the thermal plate directly contacts the faces of the cells. 4. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein at least one of the retainer segments defines a segment channel therein which extends along a portion of the ends that does not include the faces. 5. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein each of the cells has another face extending between the upper and lower ends, opposite the other face, and partially defining another exterior of the array, and wherein the exo-support structure further includes another thermal plate defining one or more channels extending along the another exterior of the array and being arranged to thermally communicate with the cells via the another face. 6. The battery assembly of claim 1, further comprising at least one cell separator made of a thermally conductive material which is located between two adjacent cells and configured to contact the two adjacent cells at portions of the cells on three sides which do not include the upper and lower ends and to dissipate heat therefrom. 7. The battery assembly of claim 6, wherein the thermally conductive material is made of ceramic doped high density polyethylene or polypropylene, or of an aluminum coated with ceramics or laminated film. 8. A vehicle comprising:
a battery cell array having two side portions; two thermal plates, each in thermal communication with the battery cell array on opposite side portions of the array and each defining a plurality of substantially horizontal channels relative to the array therein; an extension plate including at least one extension plate channel in fluid communication with at least one of the substantially horizontal channels; a heat generating module in electrical communication with the array and secured to the extension plate and in thermal communication therewith; and an exo-support structure configured to support the array and to house and orient the thermal plates such that each of the substantially horizontal channels extend along a length of one of the side portions of the array. 9. The vehicle of claim 8, further comprising a thermal interface layer disposed between and in contact with at least one of the side portions and thermal plates. 10. The vehicle of claim 8, further comprising at least one cell separator made of a thermally conductive material which is located between two adjacent battery cells and configured to contact three sides of one of the battery cells such that heat is dissipated therefrom and toward the thermal plates. 11. The vehicle of claim 8, wherein the exo-support structure defines a plurality of retainer segments configured to support the array and wherein the retainer segments define at least one retainer channel therein and are arranged such that the at least one retainer channel extends along a portion of an upper or lower end of the array. 12. The vehicle of claim 8, further comprising a battery tray configured to support the exo-support structure, and wherein a bottom portion of the array, the support structures, and the battery tray define a cavity such that air may flow underneath the array. 13. The vehicle of claim 8, wherein each of the thermal plates defines inlets in communication with the channels and wherein the thermal plates are arranged such that the inlets are at opposite ends of the array. 14. A battery thermal management system comprising:
a battery cell array including battery cells; two thermal plates located on either side of the array and each defining an inlet port and an outlet port positioned at opposite ends of the respective thermal plate, and a plurality of channels each including an inlet in communication with the inlet port and an outlet in communication with the outlet port; and an exo-support structure configured to house the two thermal plates and to support the array, the plates and structure being arranged such that the channels extend along a width of each outer face of the battery cells and are substantially perpendicular to a height of the array. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein one of the thermal plates further defines an extension plate including a plurality of extension plate channels in fluid communication with at least one of the plurality of channels and configured to thermally communicate with a heat generating module secured thereto. 16. The system of claim 14, further comprising another battery cell array supported by the exo-support structure and arranged with the other battery cell array such that one of the thermal plates is arranged therebetween and in thermal communication with both battery cell arrays. 17. The system of claim 14, further comprising a plurality of cell separators made of thermally conductive materials located between adjacent battery cells and being configured to contact three sides of one of the adjacent battery cells and dissipate heat therefrom. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the cell separators are C-shaped or I-shaped. 19. The system of claim 14, further comprising a cell separator block made of a thermally conductive material and being configured to sit within the exo-support structure and defining a plurality of slots arranged to receive the battery cells. 20. The system of claim 14, wherein the exo-support structure defines a plurality of retainer segments configured to support the array and wherein the retainer segments define at least one retainer channel therein and are arranged such that the at least one retainer channel extend along a portion of an upper or lower end of the array. | A battery assembly may include an array of battery cells each having upper and lower ends, a face extending therebetween and partially defining an exterior of the array, and terminals extending from the upper end. The battery assembly may also include an exo-support structure including a plurality of retainer segments configured to support the upper and lower ends and a thermal plate defining one or more channels extending along the exterior of the array. The thermal plate may be arranged to thermally communicate with the battery cells via the faces. The exo-support structure may further include another thermal plate defining one or more channels extending along another exterior of the array which are arranged to thermally communicate with the cells. The battery assembly may include at least one cell separator made of a thermally conductive material which is located between two adjacent cells.1. A battery assembly comprising:
an array of cells each having upper and lower ends, a face extending therebetween and partially defining an exterior of the array, and terminals extending from the upper end; and an exo-support structure including a plurality of retainer segments configured to support the ends and a thermal plate defining one or more channels extending along the exterior of the array and arranged to thermally communicate with the cells via the faces. 2. The battery assembly of claim 1, further comprising a thermal interface layer disposed between and in contact with the faces and thermal plate. 3. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the thermal plate directly contacts the faces of the cells. 4. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein at least one of the retainer segments defines a segment channel therein which extends along a portion of the ends that does not include the faces. 5. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein each of the cells has another face extending between the upper and lower ends, opposite the other face, and partially defining another exterior of the array, and wherein the exo-support structure further includes another thermal plate defining one or more channels extending along the another exterior of the array and being arranged to thermally communicate with the cells via the another face. 6. The battery assembly of claim 1, further comprising at least one cell separator made of a thermally conductive material which is located between two adjacent cells and configured to contact the two adjacent cells at portions of the cells on three sides which do not include the upper and lower ends and to dissipate heat therefrom. 7. The battery assembly of claim 6, wherein the thermally conductive material is made of ceramic doped high density polyethylene or polypropylene, or of an aluminum coated with ceramics or laminated film. 8. A vehicle comprising:
a battery cell array having two side portions; two thermal plates, each in thermal communication with the battery cell array on opposite side portions of the array and each defining a plurality of substantially horizontal channels relative to the array therein; an extension plate including at least one extension plate channel in fluid communication with at least one of the substantially horizontal channels; a heat generating module in electrical communication with the array and secured to the extension plate and in thermal communication therewith; and an exo-support structure configured to support the array and to house and orient the thermal plates such that each of the substantially horizontal channels extend along a length of one of the side portions of the array. 9. The vehicle of claim 8, further comprising a thermal interface layer disposed between and in contact with at least one of the side portions and thermal plates. 10. The vehicle of claim 8, further comprising at least one cell separator made of a thermally conductive material which is located between two adjacent battery cells and configured to contact three sides of one of the battery cells such that heat is dissipated therefrom and toward the thermal plates. 11. The vehicle of claim 8, wherein the exo-support structure defines a plurality of retainer segments configured to support the array and wherein the retainer segments define at least one retainer channel therein and are arranged such that the at least one retainer channel extends along a portion of an upper or lower end of the array. 12. The vehicle of claim 8, further comprising a battery tray configured to support the exo-support structure, and wherein a bottom portion of the array, the support structures, and the battery tray define a cavity such that air may flow underneath the array. 13. The vehicle of claim 8, wherein each of the thermal plates defines inlets in communication with the channels and wherein the thermal plates are arranged such that the inlets are at opposite ends of the array. 14. A battery thermal management system comprising:
a battery cell array including battery cells; two thermal plates located on either side of the array and each defining an inlet port and an outlet port positioned at opposite ends of the respective thermal plate, and a plurality of channels each including an inlet in communication with the inlet port and an outlet in communication with the outlet port; and an exo-support structure configured to house the two thermal plates and to support the array, the plates and structure being arranged such that the channels extend along a width of each outer face of the battery cells and are substantially perpendicular to a height of the array. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein one of the thermal plates further defines an extension plate including a plurality of extension plate channels in fluid communication with at least one of the plurality of channels and configured to thermally communicate with a heat generating module secured thereto. 16. The system of claim 14, further comprising another battery cell array supported by the exo-support structure and arranged with the other battery cell array such that one of the thermal plates is arranged therebetween and in thermal communication with both battery cell arrays. 17. The system of claim 14, further comprising a plurality of cell separators made of thermally conductive materials located between adjacent battery cells and being configured to contact three sides of one of the adjacent battery cells and dissipate heat therefrom. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the cell separators are C-shaped or I-shaped. 19. The system of claim 14, further comprising a cell separator block made of a thermally conductive material and being configured to sit within the exo-support structure and defining a plurality of slots arranged to receive the battery cells. 20. The system of claim 14, wherein the exo-support structure defines a plurality of retainer segments configured to support the array and wherein the retainer segments define at least one retainer channel therein and are arranged such that the at least one retainer channel extend along a portion of an upper or lower end of the array. | 1,700 |
2,612 | 14,938,079 | 1,761 | A cathode material for a lithium cell, in particular a lithium-sulfur cell. To improve the rate properties of the cell, the cathode material includes a chromium-doped lithium titanate, in particular of the general chemical formula: Li 4-x Ti 5-2x Cr 3x O 12-δ , where 0<x<0.6 applies, δ denotes oxygen vacancies, and 0≦δ applies. Also described is a corresponding chromium-doped lithium titanate, a method for the manufacture thereof, and a lithium cell and/or battery equipped therewith. | 1. A cathode material for a lithium cell, comprising:
a chromium-doped lithium titanate. 2. The cathode material of claim 1, wherein the chromium-doped lithium titanate has the general chemical formula:
Li4-xTi5-2xCr3xO12-δ, where 0<x≦0.6, and where δ denotes oxygen vacancies and 0≦δ applies. 3. The cathode material of claim 1, wherein the cathode material also includes sulfur. 4. The cathode material of claim 1, wherein the cathode material also includes carbon. 5. The cathode material of claim 2, wherein 0<δ applies. 6. The cathode material of claim 2, wherein 0<δ applies, and the cathode material is free of conductive carbon. 7. The cathode material of claim 2, wherein δ=0 applies, and the cathode material includes carbon. 8. The cathode material of claim 2, wherein 0.1≦x≦0.5 applies. 9. The cathode material of claim 1, wherein the chromium-doped lithium titanate includes a spinel structure. 10. The cathode material of claim 1, wherein the chromium-doped lithium titanate is made by synthesizing a chromium-doped lithium titanate, by making a chromium-doped lithium titanate with solid-state synthesis, and calcine forming the chromium-doped lithium titanate having a spinel structure, wherein chromium is used in the solid-state synthesis. 11. A chromium-doped lithium titanate, comprising:
a chromium-doped lithium titanate having the general chemical formula:
Li4-xTi5-2xCr3xO12-δ,
where 0<x≦0.5, and where δ denotes oxygen vacancies and 0<δ applies. 12. The chromium-doped lithium titanate of claim 11, wherein 0.1≦x≦0.5 applies. 13. The chromium-doped lithium titanate of claim 11, wherein the chromium-doped lithium titanate is made by synthesizing a chromium-doped lithium titanate, by making a chromium-doped lithium titanate with solid-state synthesis, and calcine forming the chromium-doped lithium titanate having a spinel structure, wherein chromium is used in the solid-state synthesis. 14. A method for synthesizing a chromium-doped lithium titanate, the method comprising:
making a chromium-doped lithium titanate with solid-state synthesis; and calcine forming the chromium-doped lithium titanate having a spinel structure; wherein chromium is used in the solid-state synthesis. 15. A lithium cell and/or lithium battery, comprising:
at least one of: a cathode material for the lithium cell, including a chromium-doped lithium titanate; a chromium-doped lithium titanate having the general chemical formula:
Li4-xTi5-2xCr3xO12-δ,
where 0<x≦0.5, and where δ denotes oxygen vacancies and 0<δ applies; and a chromium-doped lithium titanate made by synthesizing a chromium-doped lithium titanate, by making a chromium-doped lithium titanate with solid-state synthesis, and calcine forming the chromium-doped lithium titanate having a spinel structure, wherein chromium is used in the solid-state synthesis. 16. The cathode material of claim 1, wherein the lithium cell includes a lithium-sulfur cell. 17. The cathode material of claim 2, wherein 0.1≦x≦0.4 applies. 18. The chromium-doped lithium titanate of claim 11, wherein 0.1≦x≦0.4 applies. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein chromium is used in the solid-state synthesis at a molar ratio to titanium which is in a range from 1:2 to 1:16. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein chromium is used in the solid-state synthesis at a molar ratio to titanium which is in a range from 1:2 to 1:16, in particular a chromium (III) salt being used in the solid-state synthesis and/or the calcining is performed under a reducing atmosphere. 21. The method of claim 14, wherein the chromium-doped lithium titanate has a spinel structure. 22. The lithium cell and/or lithium battery of claim 15, wherein the lithium cell and/or lithium battery includes a lithium-sulfur cell and/or battery. 23. The lithium cell and/or lithium battery of claim 15, wherein the lithium cell and/or lithium battery includes a lithium-sulfur solid-state cell and/or battery. | A cathode material for a lithium cell, in particular a lithium-sulfur cell. To improve the rate properties of the cell, the cathode material includes a chromium-doped lithium titanate, in particular of the general chemical formula: Li 4-x Ti 5-2x Cr 3x O 12-δ , where 0<x<0.6 applies, δ denotes oxygen vacancies, and 0≦δ applies. Also described is a corresponding chromium-doped lithium titanate, a method for the manufacture thereof, and a lithium cell and/or battery equipped therewith.1. A cathode material for a lithium cell, comprising:
a chromium-doped lithium titanate. 2. The cathode material of claim 1, wherein the chromium-doped lithium titanate has the general chemical formula:
Li4-xTi5-2xCr3xO12-δ, where 0<x≦0.6, and where δ denotes oxygen vacancies and 0≦δ applies. 3. The cathode material of claim 1, wherein the cathode material also includes sulfur. 4. The cathode material of claim 1, wherein the cathode material also includes carbon. 5. The cathode material of claim 2, wherein 0<δ applies. 6. The cathode material of claim 2, wherein 0<δ applies, and the cathode material is free of conductive carbon. 7. The cathode material of claim 2, wherein δ=0 applies, and the cathode material includes carbon. 8. The cathode material of claim 2, wherein 0.1≦x≦0.5 applies. 9. The cathode material of claim 1, wherein the chromium-doped lithium titanate includes a spinel structure. 10. The cathode material of claim 1, wherein the chromium-doped lithium titanate is made by synthesizing a chromium-doped lithium titanate, by making a chromium-doped lithium titanate with solid-state synthesis, and calcine forming the chromium-doped lithium titanate having a spinel structure, wherein chromium is used in the solid-state synthesis. 11. A chromium-doped lithium titanate, comprising:
a chromium-doped lithium titanate having the general chemical formula:
Li4-xTi5-2xCr3xO12-δ,
where 0<x≦0.5, and where δ denotes oxygen vacancies and 0<δ applies. 12. The chromium-doped lithium titanate of claim 11, wherein 0.1≦x≦0.5 applies. 13. The chromium-doped lithium titanate of claim 11, wherein the chromium-doped lithium titanate is made by synthesizing a chromium-doped lithium titanate, by making a chromium-doped lithium titanate with solid-state synthesis, and calcine forming the chromium-doped lithium titanate having a spinel structure, wherein chromium is used in the solid-state synthesis. 14. A method for synthesizing a chromium-doped lithium titanate, the method comprising:
making a chromium-doped lithium titanate with solid-state synthesis; and calcine forming the chromium-doped lithium titanate having a spinel structure; wherein chromium is used in the solid-state synthesis. 15. A lithium cell and/or lithium battery, comprising:
at least one of: a cathode material for the lithium cell, including a chromium-doped lithium titanate; a chromium-doped lithium titanate having the general chemical formula:
Li4-xTi5-2xCr3xO12-δ,
where 0<x≦0.5, and where δ denotes oxygen vacancies and 0<δ applies; and a chromium-doped lithium titanate made by synthesizing a chromium-doped lithium titanate, by making a chromium-doped lithium titanate with solid-state synthesis, and calcine forming the chromium-doped lithium titanate having a spinel structure, wherein chromium is used in the solid-state synthesis. 16. The cathode material of claim 1, wherein the lithium cell includes a lithium-sulfur cell. 17. The cathode material of claim 2, wherein 0.1≦x≦0.4 applies. 18. The chromium-doped lithium titanate of claim 11, wherein 0.1≦x≦0.4 applies. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein chromium is used in the solid-state synthesis at a molar ratio to titanium which is in a range from 1:2 to 1:16. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein chromium is used in the solid-state synthesis at a molar ratio to titanium which is in a range from 1:2 to 1:16, in particular a chromium (III) salt being used in the solid-state synthesis and/or the calcining is performed under a reducing atmosphere. 21. The method of claim 14, wherein the chromium-doped lithium titanate has a spinel structure. 22. The lithium cell and/or lithium battery of claim 15, wherein the lithium cell and/or lithium battery includes a lithium-sulfur cell and/or battery. 23. The lithium cell and/or lithium battery of claim 15, wherein the lithium cell and/or lithium battery includes a lithium-sulfur solid-state cell and/or battery. | 1,700 |
2,613 | 15,406,607 | 1,762 | A resin composition including an aromatic polyether ketone resin (I), and a fluororesin (II), the fluororesin (II) being a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and a perfluoroethylenic unsaturated compound represented by the following formula (1):
CF 2 ═CF—R f 1 (1)
wherein R f 1 represents —CF 3 or —OR f 2 , and R f 2 represents a C1 to C5 perfluoroalkyl group; the composition containing the aromatic polyether ketone resin (I) and the fluororesin (II) at a mass ratio (I):(II) of 95:5 to 50:50; the fluororesin (II) being dispersed as particles in the aromatic polyether ketone resin (I) and having an average dispersed particle size of 3.0 μm or smaller. | 1. A resin composition comprising
an aromatic polyether ketone resin (I), and a fluororesin (II), the fluororesin (II) being a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and a perfluoroethylenic unsaturated compound represented by the following formula (1):
CF2═CF—Rf 1 (1)
wherein Rf 1 represents —CF3 or —ORf 2, and Rf 2 represents a C1 to C5 perfluoroalkyl group; the composition comprising the aromatic polyether ketone resin (I) and the fluororesin (II) at a mass ratio (I):(II) of 95:5 to 50:50; the fluororesin (II) being dispersed as particles in the aromatic polyether ketone resin (I) and having an average dispersed particle size of 3.0 μm or smaller. 2. The resin composition according to claim 1,
wherein the fluororesin (II) has an average dispersed particle size of 0.30 μm or smaller. 3. The resin composition according to claim 1,
wherein the fluororesin (II) has a melt flow rate of 0.1 to 100 g/10 min. 4. The resin composition according to claim 1,
wherein the aromatic polyether ketone resin (I) is a polyether ether ketone. 5. A molded article comprising the resin composition according to claim 1. 6. The molded article according to claim 5, for use as a sliding member. 7. The molded article according to claim 5, which is a sealant, gear, actuator, piston, bearing, or bushing. 8. A resin composition comprising
an aromatic polyether ketone resin (I), and a fluororesin (II), the fluororesin (II) being a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and a perfluoroethylenic unsaturated compound represented by the following formula (1):
CF2═CF—Rf 1 (1)
wherein Rf l represents —CF3 or —ORf 2, and Rf 2 represents a C1 to C5 perfluoroalkyl group; the composition comprising the aromatic polyether ketone resin (I) and the fluororesin (II) at a mass ratio (I):(II) of 95:5 to 50:50; the aromatic polyether ketone resin (I) having a melt viscosity of 0.05 to 0.50 kNsm−1 at 1000 sec−1 and 400° C.; the fluororesin (II) being dispersed as particles in the aromatic polyether ketone resin (I) and having an average dispersed particle size of 3.0 μm or smaller; and the fluororesin (II) having a melting point equal to or lower than that of the aromatic polyether ketone resin (I). 9. A molded article comprising the resin composition according to claim 8, wherein a molding temperature is lower than the lower of the decomposition temperature of the fluororesin (II) and the decomposition temperature of the aromatic polyether ketone resin (I). | A resin composition including an aromatic polyether ketone resin (I), and a fluororesin (II), the fluororesin (II) being a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and a perfluoroethylenic unsaturated compound represented by the following formula (1):
CF 2 ═CF—R f 1 (1)
wherein R f 1 represents —CF 3 or —OR f 2 , and R f 2 represents a C1 to C5 perfluoroalkyl group; the composition containing the aromatic polyether ketone resin (I) and the fluororesin (II) at a mass ratio (I):(II) of 95:5 to 50:50; the fluororesin (II) being dispersed as particles in the aromatic polyether ketone resin (I) and having an average dispersed particle size of 3.0 μm or smaller.1. A resin composition comprising
an aromatic polyether ketone resin (I), and a fluororesin (II), the fluororesin (II) being a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and a perfluoroethylenic unsaturated compound represented by the following formula (1):
CF2═CF—Rf 1 (1)
wherein Rf 1 represents —CF3 or —ORf 2, and Rf 2 represents a C1 to C5 perfluoroalkyl group; the composition comprising the aromatic polyether ketone resin (I) and the fluororesin (II) at a mass ratio (I):(II) of 95:5 to 50:50; the fluororesin (II) being dispersed as particles in the aromatic polyether ketone resin (I) and having an average dispersed particle size of 3.0 μm or smaller. 2. The resin composition according to claim 1,
wherein the fluororesin (II) has an average dispersed particle size of 0.30 μm or smaller. 3. The resin composition according to claim 1,
wherein the fluororesin (II) has a melt flow rate of 0.1 to 100 g/10 min. 4. The resin composition according to claim 1,
wherein the aromatic polyether ketone resin (I) is a polyether ether ketone. 5. A molded article comprising the resin composition according to claim 1. 6. The molded article according to claim 5, for use as a sliding member. 7. The molded article according to claim 5, which is a sealant, gear, actuator, piston, bearing, or bushing. 8. A resin composition comprising
an aromatic polyether ketone resin (I), and a fluororesin (II), the fluororesin (II) being a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and a perfluoroethylenic unsaturated compound represented by the following formula (1):
CF2═CF—Rf 1 (1)
wherein Rf l represents —CF3 or —ORf 2, and Rf 2 represents a C1 to C5 perfluoroalkyl group; the composition comprising the aromatic polyether ketone resin (I) and the fluororesin (II) at a mass ratio (I):(II) of 95:5 to 50:50; the aromatic polyether ketone resin (I) having a melt viscosity of 0.05 to 0.50 kNsm−1 at 1000 sec−1 and 400° C.; the fluororesin (II) being dispersed as particles in the aromatic polyether ketone resin (I) and having an average dispersed particle size of 3.0 μm or smaller; and the fluororesin (II) having a melting point equal to or lower than that of the aromatic polyether ketone resin (I). 9. A molded article comprising the resin composition according to claim 8, wherein a molding temperature is lower than the lower of the decomposition temperature of the fluororesin (II) and the decomposition temperature of the aromatic polyether ketone resin (I). | 1,700 |
2,614 | 15,042,094 | 1,744 | Features for formliners to form a decorative pattern in a curable material and methods of using the same are disclosed. An improved formliner is disclosed with seamlessly connecting components that reduces the need for using adhesives for interconnecting a plurality of formliners in a pattern. Further, the formliner is configured to reduce and/or substantially eliminate visible seams in order to create a more natural appearance in a finished product of the curable material. | 1. A formliner for use with a framework to create a decorative pattern on curable material, the formliner comprising:
a cell comprising a base configured to face the curable material in use, wherein the base extends along a backing of the framework and at least a part of the base contacts the backing of the framework when the formliner is in use with the framework, wherein the framework is configured to support the formliner in a desired position; and a rib system comprising a plurality of ribs extending along the cell and forming at least a part of a boundary of the cell, the plurality of ribs comprising:
an overlapping section connected with the cell and comprising a first rib edge, the overlapping section configured to face the curable material in use; and
an overlapped section connected with the cell and comprising a second rib edge, at least a portion of the overlapping section configured to overlay onto at least a portion of the overlapped section,
wherein an inner periphery is formed where the overlapped section connects with the base of the cell, the inner periphery extending generally along the boundary of the cell and extending generally along the framework when the formliner is in use with the framework, wherein the first rib edge extends along the boundary of the cell without contacting the inner periphery of the cell when the at least a portion of the overlapping section overlays onto the at least a portion of the overlapped section, and wherein the second rib edge extends along the boundary of the cell, the second rib edge extending toward the backing of the framework such that the second rib edge provides structural support to the overlapped section and the overlapping section when the at least a portion of the overlapping section overlays onto the at least a portion of the overlapped section and when the formliner is in use with the framework. 2. The formliner of claim 1, wherein the second rib edge contacts the backing of the framework to provide structural support to the overlapped section and the overlapping section when the at least a portion of the overlapping section overlays onto the at least a portion of the overlapped section and when the formliner is in use with the framework. 3. The formliner of claim 1, wherein the overlapping section comprises a first wall and a second wall connected to the first wall, wherein the overlapped section comprises a first wall, a second wall connected to the first wall of the overlapped section, and a third wall connected to the second wall of the overlapped section, wherein the first wall of the overlapping section is configured to overlap the third wall of the overlapped section, and wherein the second wall of the overlapping section is configured to overlap the second wall of the overlapped section. 4. The formliner of claim 3, wherein the second wall of the overlapping section comprises the first rib edge of the overlapping section. 5. The formliner of claim 3, wherein the third wall of the overlapped section comprises the second rib edge of the overlapped section. 6. The formliner of claim 3, wherein the first rib edge extends along a corner formed by the second wall of the overlapped section connecting to the first wall of the overlapped section when the at least a portion of the overlapping section overlays onto the at least a portion of the overlapped section. 7. The formliner of claim 6, wherein the first rib edge is on the corner when the at least a portion of the overlapping section overlays onto the at least a portion of the overlapped section. 8. The formliner of claim 1, wherein the overlapped section connects with the cell at the base of the cell, wherein the inner periphery is formed along the connection between the overlapped section and the base. 9. A formliner for use in creating a decorative pattern on curable material, the formliner comprising:
a cell having a contact surface; and a rib system including a plurality of ribs extending along the cell and forming at least a part of a boundary of the cell, the plurality of ribs comprising:
a first section connected with the cell and comprising a first rib end, the first section configured to face the curable material in use; and
a second section connected with the cell and comprising a second rib end, at least a portion of the first section configured to overlay onto at least a portion of the second section,
wherein a perimeter is formed where the second section connects with the cell, the perimeter extending along the boundary of the cell, wherein the first rib end extends along the boundary of the cell without contacting the perimeter of the cell when the at least a portion of the first section overlays onto the at least a portion of the second section, and wherein the second rib end extends adjacent to a lower portion of the first section when the at least a portion of the first section overlays onto the at least a portion of the second section. 10. The formliner of claim 9, wherein the lower portion of the first section is between the first rib end and the cell. 11. The formliner of claim 9, wherein the first section comprises a first wall and a second wall connected with the first wall, wherein the second section comprises a first wall, a second wall connected with the first wall of the second section, and a third wall connected with the second wall of the second section, wherein the first wall of the first section is configured to overlap the third wall of the second section, and wherein the second wall of the first section is configured to overlap the second wall of the second section. 12. The formliner of claim 11, wherein the first wall of the first section comprises the lower portion of the first section. 13. The formliner of claim 9, wherein the first section forms a first cross-sectional profile and the second section forms a second cross-sectional profile having a length, wherein the first cross-sectional profile is configured to overlap the second cross-sectional profile over about two-thirds of the length when the at least a portion of the first section overlays onto the at least a portion of the second section. 14. The formliner of claim 9, wherein the second section connects with the cell at the contact surface of the cell, wherein the perimeter is formed along the connection between the second section and the contact surface. 15. The formliner of claim 9, wherein a first formliner is configured to be connected with a second formliner by overlaying at least a portion of a first section of the second formliner onto at least a portion of a second section of the first formliner such that an exterior surface of the first section of the second formliner is flush with at least one exterior surface of a rib system of the first formliner, wherein the at least one exterior surface of the rib system is configured to face the curable material in use. 16. The formliner of claim 15, wherein the rib system further comprises:
a plurality of non-overlap ribs; and a transition zone between the non-overlap ribs and the second section, the transition zone connecting the second section with the non-overlap ribs, and wherein a first rib end of the second formliner is positioned adjacent a transition zone of the first formliner when the first and second formliners are assembled together. 17. The formliner of claim 16, wherein the transition zone comprises a varying cross-sectional profile increasing from the second section to the non-overlap ribs. 18. The formliner of claim 15, wherein the first and second formliners are configured to be connected with at least one other formliner, wherein the second section comprises a cutout such that a second section of the second formliner is not overlapped by a first section of the at least one other formliner when the first, second, and at least one other formliners are assembled. 19. The formliner of claim 18, wherein the cutout is positioned at a corner of the formliner, the corner of the formliner formed by an intersection of ribs of the rib system. 20. The formliner of claim 9, wherein the formliner comprises a plurality of cells, and wherein the plurality of ribs are disposed between the plurality of cells to form a plurality of boundaries of the cells. 21. The formliner of claim 9, wherein the contact surface comprises a textured pattern bounded by the rib system, wherein placing the curable material against the contact surface and the rib system forms a textured surface in an exposed surface of the curable material where the contact surface comprising the textured pattern directly contacts the exposed surface of the curable material. 22. A formliner for use in creating a decorative pattern on curable material, the formliner comprising:
a cell comprising a base configured to face the curable material in use; and a rib system extending along the cell, the rib system comprising:
a first wall extending upwardly from the base;
a second wall extending from first wall substantially in parallel with an extent of the base;
a third wall extending downwardly from the second wall toward the extent of the base;
a fourth wall extending upwardly from the base; and
a fifth wall extending from fourth wall substantially in parallel with the extent of the base,
wherein the fifth wall is configured to overlap the second wall. 23. The formliner of claim 22, wherein the fifth wall has a length substantially equal to an extent of the second wall, the extent of the second wall substantially parallel to the extent of the base. 24. The formliner of claim 22, wherein the fifth wall extends from the fourth wall substantially to an edge formed by the second wall connecting to the first wall when the fifth wall is overlapped with the second wall. | Features for formliners to form a decorative pattern in a curable material and methods of using the same are disclosed. An improved formliner is disclosed with seamlessly connecting components that reduces the need for using adhesives for interconnecting a plurality of formliners in a pattern. Further, the formliner is configured to reduce and/or substantially eliminate visible seams in order to create a more natural appearance in a finished product of the curable material.1. A formliner for use with a framework to create a decorative pattern on curable material, the formliner comprising:
a cell comprising a base configured to face the curable material in use, wherein the base extends along a backing of the framework and at least a part of the base contacts the backing of the framework when the formliner is in use with the framework, wherein the framework is configured to support the formliner in a desired position; and a rib system comprising a plurality of ribs extending along the cell and forming at least a part of a boundary of the cell, the plurality of ribs comprising:
an overlapping section connected with the cell and comprising a first rib edge, the overlapping section configured to face the curable material in use; and
an overlapped section connected with the cell and comprising a second rib edge, at least a portion of the overlapping section configured to overlay onto at least a portion of the overlapped section,
wherein an inner periphery is formed where the overlapped section connects with the base of the cell, the inner periphery extending generally along the boundary of the cell and extending generally along the framework when the formliner is in use with the framework, wherein the first rib edge extends along the boundary of the cell without contacting the inner periphery of the cell when the at least a portion of the overlapping section overlays onto the at least a portion of the overlapped section, and wherein the second rib edge extends along the boundary of the cell, the second rib edge extending toward the backing of the framework such that the second rib edge provides structural support to the overlapped section and the overlapping section when the at least a portion of the overlapping section overlays onto the at least a portion of the overlapped section and when the formliner is in use with the framework. 2. The formliner of claim 1, wherein the second rib edge contacts the backing of the framework to provide structural support to the overlapped section and the overlapping section when the at least a portion of the overlapping section overlays onto the at least a portion of the overlapped section and when the formliner is in use with the framework. 3. The formliner of claim 1, wherein the overlapping section comprises a first wall and a second wall connected to the first wall, wherein the overlapped section comprises a first wall, a second wall connected to the first wall of the overlapped section, and a third wall connected to the second wall of the overlapped section, wherein the first wall of the overlapping section is configured to overlap the third wall of the overlapped section, and wherein the second wall of the overlapping section is configured to overlap the second wall of the overlapped section. 4. The formliner of claim 3, wherein the second wall of the overlapping section comprises the first rib edge of the overlapping section. 5. The formliner of claim 3, wherein the third wall of the overlapped section comprises the second rib edge of the overlapped section. 6. The formliner of claim 3, wherein the first rib edge extends along a corner formed by the second wall of the overlapped section connecting to the first wall of the overlapped section when the at least a portion of the overlapping section overlays onto the at least a portion of the overlapped section. 7. The formliner of claim 6, wherein the first rib edge is on the corner when the at least a portion of the overlapping section overlays onto the at least a portion of the overlapped section. 8. The formliner of claim 1, wherein the overlapped section connects with the cell at the base of the cell, wherein the inner periphery is formed along the connection between the overlapped section and the base. 9. A formliner for use in creating a decorative pattern on curable material, the formliner comprising:
a cell having a contact surface; and a rib system including a plurality of ribs extending along the cell and forming at least a part of a boundary of the cell, the plurality of ribs comprising:
a first section connected with the cell and comprising a first rib end, the first section configured to face the curable material in use; and
a second section connected with the cell and comprising a second rib end, at least a portion of the first section configured to overlay onto at least a portion of the second section,
wherein a perimeter is formed where the second section connects with the cell, the perimeter extending along the boundary of the cell, wherein the first rib end extends along the boundary of the cell without contacting the perimeter of the cell when the at least a portion of the first section overlays onto the at least a portion of the second section, and wherein the second rib end extends adjacent to a lower portion of the first section when the at least a portion of the first section overlays onto the at least a portion of the second section. 10. The formliner of claim 9, wherein the lower portion of the first section is between the first rib end and the cell. 11. The formliner of claim 9, wherein the first section comprises a first wall and a second wall connected with the first wall, wherein the second section comprises a first wall, a second wall connected with the first wall of the second section, and a third wall connected with the second wall of the second section, wherein the first wall of the first section is configured to overlap the third wall of the second section, and wherein the second wall of the first section is configured to overlap the second wall of the second section. 12. The formliner of claim 11, wherein the first wall of the first section comprises the lower portion of the first section. 13. The formliner of claim 9, wherein the first section forms a first cross-sectional profile and the second section forms a second cross-sectional profile having a length, wherein the first cross-sectional profile is configured to overlap the second cross-sectional profile over about two-thirds of the length when the at least a portion of the first section overlays onto the at least a portion of the second section. 14. The formliner of claim 9, wherein the second section connects with the cell at the contact surface of the cell, wherein the perimeter is formed along the connection between the second section and the contact surface. 15. The formliner of claim 9, wherein a first formliner is configured to be connected with a second formliner by overlaying at least a portion of a first section of the second formliner onto at least a portion of a second section of the first formliner such that an exterior surface of the first section of the second formliner is flush with at least one exterior surface of a rib system of the first formliner, wherein the at least one exterior surface of the rib system is configured to face the curable material in use. 16. The formliner of claim 15, wherein the rib system further comprises:
a plurality of non-overlap ribs; and a transition zone between the non-overlap ribs and the second section, the transition zone connecting the second section with the non-overlap ribs, and wherein a first rib end of the second formliner is positioned adjacent a transition zone of the first formliner when the first and second formliners are assembled together. 17. The formliner of claim 16, wherein the transition zone comprises a varying cross-sectional profile increasing from the second section to the non-overlap ribs. 18. The formliner of claim 15, wherein the first and second formliners are configured to be connected with at least one other formliner, wherein the second section comprises a cutout such that a second section of the second formliner is not overlapped by a first section of the at least one other formliner when the first, second, and at least one other formliners are assembled. 19. The formliner of claim 18, wherein the cutout is positioned at a corner of the formliner, the corner of the formliner formed by an intersection of ribs of the rib system. 20. The formliner of claim 9, wherein the formliner comprises a plurality of cells, and wherein the plurality of ribs are disposed between the plurality of cells to form a plurality of boundaries of the cells. 21. The formliner of claim 9, wherein the contact surface comprises a textured pattern bounded by the rib system, wherein placing the curable material against the contact surface and the rib system forms a textured surface in an exposed surface of the curable material where the contact surface comprising the textured pattern directly contacts the exposed surface of the curable material. 22. A formliner for use in creating a decorative pattern on curable material, the formliner comprising:
a cell comprising a base configured to face the curable material in use; and a rib system extending along the cell, the rib system comprising:
a first wall extending upwardly from the base;
a second wall extending from first wall substantially in parallel with an extent of the base;
a third wall extending downwardly from the second wall toward the extent of the base;
a fourth wall extending upwardly from the base; and
a fifth wall extending from fourth wall substantially in parallel with the extent of the base,
wherein the fifth wall is configured to overlap the second wall. 23. The formliner of claim 22, wherein the fifth wall has a length substantially equal to an extent of the second wall, the extent of the second wall substantially parallel to the extent of the base. 24. The formliner of claim 22, wherein the fifth wall extends from the fourth wall substantially to an edge formed by the second wall connecting to the first wall when the fifth wall is overlapped with the second wall. | 1,700 |
2,615 | 13,834,056 | 1,799 | Optical systems and apparatuses configured for enabling substantially simultaneous observation of a plurality of points in an array from a common reference point. Without the optical systems and apparatuses disclosed herein, less than all of the plurality of points can be observed substantially simultaneously from the common reference point. | 1. An optical system that defines an optical path, the optical system comprising:
a body that includes a plurality of points of interest, wherein the body comprises an element of the optical path; and means disposed in the optical path for enabling observation of each of the plurality of points of interest substantially simultaneously, wherein the means defines a ray length from each point of interest to a common reference point whose distance from the plurality of points of interest is less than or equal to a predetermined distance, and wherein each of the ray lengths are substantially equal in length. 2. The optical system of claim 1, wherein the means is other than a focusing lens. 3. The optical system of claim 1, wherein less than all of the plurality of points of interest can be observed substantially simultaneously from the common reference point without the means. 4. The optical system of claim 1, wherein the means includes one or more elements that collectively define one or more curved surfaces that are disposed in the optical path, with the proviso that the one or more elements are other than a focusing lens. 5. The optical system of claim 4, wherein the plurality of points of interest are arranged on at least one curved surface. 6. The optical system of claim 4, wherein the plurality of points of interest are separate from the one or more curved surfaces. 7. The optical system of claim 1, wherein the means includes a mirror having at least one axis of curvature. 8. The optical system of claim 7, where in the means for observing includes a mirror having at least two axes of curvature. 9. The optical system of claim 8, wherein the mirror having at least two axes of curvature is an asperic mirror. 10. The optical system of claim 9, wherein a surface profike of the asperic mirror is described Equation 1
Z=(s 2 /r)/(1+(1−(k+1)(s/r)2)1/2)+Offset Equation 1
wherein Z=sag of surface parallel to the optical axis, k=conic constant, and s2=(ax+b)2+cy+d)2 11. The optical system of claim 10, wherein in Equation 1:
k=−1 r=−1.1E+01 a=1 b=−1.1E+01 c=1 d=0 Offset=9.5 12. The optical system of claim 1, wherein the means includes a curved element having the plurality of points of interest positioned thereon. 13. The optical system of claim 9, wherein the curved element having the plurality of points of interest positioned thereon is a sample block having a single axis of curvature, the sample block being configured for receiving a plurality of sample tubes, and the means further comprising a curved mirror positioned relative to the sample block, wherein the curved mirror has a single axis of curvature that is substantially orthogonal to the axis of curvature of the sample block. 14. The optical system of claim 9, wherein the curved element having the plurality of points of interest positioned thereon is a sample block having at least two axes of curvature, the sample block being configured for receiving a plurality of sample tubes. 15. The optical system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of points of interest include a multitude of samples wells each defining a top surface and a bottom surface, wherein less than all of the bottom surfaces of the sample wells can be observed substantially simultaneously from the common reference point without the means. 16. The optical system of claim 15, wherein the multitude of sample wells comprise a multi-well plate configured for performing a PCR reaction, and wherein the multi-well plate has at least 96 sample wells. 17. The optical system of claim 1, wherein the optical path further comprises a camera and an illumination light source, wherein at least the camera is positioned substantially at the common reference point. 18. The optical system of claim 17, wherein the camera and the illumination light source are each in a fixed position in the optical path relative to the body that includes the plurality of points of interest, and wherein the camera and the illumination light source are each in a fixed position in the optical path relative to the means. 19. An optical system that defines an optical path, the optical system comprising:
a body that includes a plurality of points of interest, wherein the body comprises an element of the optical path; and one or more elements that collectively define one or more curved surfaces that are disposed in the optical path, wherein the one or more curved surfaces collectively define a ray length from each point of interest to a common reference point whose distance from the points of interest is less than or equal to a predetermined distance, and wherein the ray lengths are substantially the same. 20. The optical system of claim 19, wherein the plurality of points of interest are arranged on at least one of the one or more curved surfaces. 21. The optical system of claim 19, wherein the plurality of points of interest are separate from the one of the one or more curved surfaces. 22. The optical system of claim 19, wherein the plurality of points of interest include a multitude of sample wells, and wherein the one or more curved surfaces are configured and arranged such that the ray length from a bottom of each sample well to the common reference point is substantially the same. 23. An apparatus, comprising:
a thermocycling system configured for subjecting a plurality of biological samples contained within a corresponding plurality of sample containers to thermal cycling; and an optical system defining an optical path that is operatively associated with the thermocycling system, the optical system being configured and arranged for substantially simultaneous monitoring of fluorescence in each of the plurality of biological samples, the optical system including: a sample block comprising an element of the optical path, wherein the sample block includes a top surface and a plurality of sample wells defining a plurality of recessed bottom surfaces, and wherein the plurality of recessed bottom surfaces define a first plurality of points of interest; and one or more elements that collectively define one or more curved surfaces that are disposed in the optical path, wherein the one or more curved surfaces collectively define a ray length from each point of interest to a common reference point whose distance from the points of interest is less than or equal to a predetermined distance, and wherein the ray lengths are substantially the same. 24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the sample block is a component of the thermocycling system. 25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the thermocycling system further comprises:
a heating and cooling system operatively coupled to the sample block and being configured for thermally cycling the plurality of biological samples; a control system for operating, and operatively connected to, the heating and cooling system; and a temperature sensing system configured for sensing the temperature in the sample block, the temperature sensing system being operatively connected the heating and cooling system and the control system such that the temperature of the plurality of biological samples can be rapidly and controllably increased and decreased by the heating and cooling system in response to a temperature sensed by the temperature sensing system such that the plurality of biological samples can be subjected to rapid thermal cycling, wherein a thermal response of the temperature sensing system is substantially matched to a thermal response of the plurality of biological samples held in the plurality of plurality of sample containers. 26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the control system includes an external computing device that is operatively coupled to at least one of the thermocycling system, the optical system, the heating and cooling system, the control system, or the temperature sensing system. 27. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein each of the plurality of recesses are configured to interface with the plurality of sample containers, the sample containers including an exterior surface, and interior surface, and a plurality of recessed bottom surfaces that define a second plurality of points of interest, and wherein the one or more curved surfaces are configured and arranged such that the ray length from the second plurality of points of interest to the common reference point are substantially the same. 28. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the one or more curved surfaces include a compound curved mirror having at least two axes of curvature and a substantially, the sample block and the compound curved mirror being positioned and arranged relative to one another such that the first plurality of points of interest can be observed substantially simultaneously from the common reference point. 29. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the sample block comprises at least one of the one or more curved surfaces. 30. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the sample block has a single axis of curvature, and the optical system further comprising a curved mirror positioned relative to the sample block, wherein the curved mirror has a single axis of curvature that is substantially orthogonal to the axis of curvature of the sample block, the sample block and the curved mirror being positioned and arranged relative to one another such that the first plurality of points of interest can be observed substantially simultaneously from the common reference point. 31. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the sample block has at least two axes of curvature, the at least two axes of curvature being arranged such that the first plurality of points of interest can be observed substantially simultaneously from the common reference point. 32. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the plurality of sample containers comprise a multi-well plate configured for performing a PCR reaction, and wherein the multi-well plate has at least 96 sample wells. 33. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the optical path further comprises a camera and an illumination light source, wherein at least the camera is positioned substantially at the common reference point. 34. The apparatus of claim 33, wherein the camera and the illumination light source are each in a fixed position in the optical path relative to the sample block and the one or more curved surfaces, the sample block, illumination light source, and the one or more curved surfaces being positioned and arranged relative to one another such that the first plurality of points of interest can be illuminated substantially simultaneously by the illumination light source and observed substantially simultaneously from the common reference point by the camera. | Optical systems and apparatuses configured for enabling substantially simultaneous observation of a plurality of points in an array from a common reference point. Without the optical systems and apparatuses disclosed herein, less than all of the plurality of points can be observed substantially simultaneously from the common reference point.1. An optical system that defines an optical path, the optical system comprising:
a body that includes a plurality of points of interest, wherein the body comprises an element of the optical path; and means disposed in the optical path for enabling observation of each of the plurality of points of interest substantially simultaneously, wherein the means defines a ray length from each point of interest to a common reference point whose distance from the plurality of points of interest is less than or equal to a predetermined distance, and wherein each of the ray lengths are substantially equal in length. 2. The optical system of claim 1, wherein the means is other than a focusing lens. 3. The optical system of claim 1, wherein less than all of the plurality of points of interest can be observed substantially simultaneously from the common reference point without the means. 4. The optical system of claim 1, wherein the means includes one or more elements that collectively define one or more curved surfaces that are disposed in the optical path, with the proviso that the one or more elements are other than a focusing lens. 5. The optical system of claim 4, wherein the plurality of points of interest are arranged on at least one curved surface. 6. The optical system of claim 4, wherein the plurality of points of interest are separate from the one or more curved surfaces. 7. The optical system of claim 1, wherein the means includes a mirror having at least one axis of curvature. 8. The optical system of claim 7, where in the means for observing includes a mirror having at least two axes of curvature. 9. The optical system of claim 8, wherein the mirror having at least two axes of curvature is an asperic mirror. 10. The optical system of claim 9, wherein a surface profike of the asperic mirror is described Equation 1
Z=(s 2 /r)/(1+(1−(k+1)(s/r)2)1/2)+Offset Equation 1
wherein Z=sag of surface parallel to the optical axis, k=conic constant, and s2=(ax+b)2+cy+d)2 11. The optical system of claim 10, wherein in Equation 1:
k=−1 r=−1.1E+01 a=1 b=−1.1E+01 c=1 d=0 Offset=9.5 12. The optical system of claim 1, wherein the means includes a curved element having the plurality of points of interest positioned thereon. 13. The optical system of claim 9, wherein the curved element having the plurality of points of interest positioned thereon is a sample block having a single axis of curvature, the sample block being configured for receiving a plurality of sample tubes, and the means further comprising a curved mirror positioned relative to the sample block, wherein the curved mirror has a single axis of curvature that is substantially orthogonal to the axis of curvature of the sample block. 14. The optical system of claim 9, wherein the curved element having the plurality of points of interest positioned thereon is a sample block having at least two axes of curvature, the sample block being configured for receiving a plurality of sample tubes. 15. The optical system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of points of interest include a multitude of samples wells each defining a top surface and a bottom surface, wherein less than all of the bottom surfaces of the sample wells can be observed substantially simultaneously from the common reference point without the means. 16. The optical system of claim 15, wherein the multitude of sample wells comprise a multi-well plate configured for performing a PCR reaction, and wherein the multi-well plate has at least 96 sample wells. 17. The optical system of claim 1, wherein the optical path further comprises a camera and an illumination light source, wherein at least the camera is positioned substantially at the common reference point. 18. The optical system of claim 17, wherein the camera and the illumination light source are each in a fixed position in the optical path relative to the body that includes the plurality of points of interest, and wherein the camera and the illumination light source are each in a fixed position in the optical path relative to the means. 19. An optical system that defines an optical path, the optical system comprising:
a body that includes a plurality of points of interest, wherein the body comprises an element of the optical path; and one or more elements that collectively define one or more curved surfaces that are disposed in the optical path, wherein the one or more curved surfaces collectively define a ray length from each point of interest to a common reference point whose distance from the points of interest is less than or equal to a predetermined distance, and wherein the ray lengths are substantially the same. 20. The optical system of claim 19, wherein the plurality of points of interest are arranged on at least one of the one or more curved surfaces. 21. The optical system of claim 19, wherein the plurality of points of interest are separate from the one of the one or more curved surfaces. 22. The optical system of claim 19, wherein the plurality of points of interest include a multitude of sample wells, and wherein the one or more curved surfaces are configured and arranged such that the ray length from a bottom of each sample well to the common reference point is substantially the same. 23. An apparatus, comprising:
a thermocycling system configured for subjecting a plurality of biological samples contained within a corresponding plurality of sample containers to thermal cycling; and an optical system defining an optical path that is operatively associated with the thermocycling system, the optical system being configured and arranged for substantially simultaneous monitoring of fluorescence in each of the plurality of biological samples, the optical system including: a sample block comprising an element of the optical path, wherein the sample block includes a top surface and a plurality of sample wells defining a plurality of recessed bottom surfaces, and wherein the plurality of recessed bottom surfaces define a first plurality of points of interest; and one or more elements that collectively define one or more curved surfaces that are disposed in the optical path, wherein the one or more curved surfaces collectively define a ray length from each point of interest to a common reference point whose distance from the points of interest is less than or equal to a predetermined distance, and wherein the ray lengths are substantially the same. 24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the sample block is a component of the thermocycling system. 25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the thermocycling system further comprises:
a heating and cooling system operatively coupled to the sample block and being configured for thermally cycling the plurality of biological samples; a control system for operating, and operatively connected to, the heating and cooling system; and a temperature sensing system configured for sensing the temperature in the sample block, the temperature sensing system being operatively connected the heating and cooling system and the control system such that the temperature of the plurality of biological samples can be rapidly and controllably increased and decreased by the heating and cooling system in response to a temperature sensed by the temperature sensing system such that the plurality of biological samples can be subjected to rapid thermal cycling, wherein a thermal response of the temperature sensing system is substantially matched to a thermal response of the plurality of biological samples held in the plurality of plurality of sample containers. 26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the control system includes an external computing device that is operatively coupled to at least one of the thermocycling system, the optical system, the heating and cooling system, the control system, or the temperature sensing system. 27. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein each of the plurality of recesses are configured to interface with the plurality of sample containers, the sample containers including an exterior surface, and interior surface, and a plurality of recessed bottom surfaces that define a second plurality of points of interest, and wherein the one or more curved surfaces are configured and arranged such that the ray length from the second plurality of points of interest to the common reference point are substantially the same. 28. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the one or more curved surfaces include a compound curved mirror having at least two axes of curvature and a substantially, the sample block and the compound curved mirror being positioned and arranged relative to one another such that the first plurality of points of interest can be observed substantially simultaneously from the common reference point. 29. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the sample block comprises at least one of the one or more curved surfaces. 30. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the sample block has a single axis of curvature, and the optical system further comprising a curved mirror positioned relative to the sample block, wherein the curved mirror has a single axis of curvature that is substantially orthogonal to the axis of curvature of the sample block, the sample block and the curved mirror being positioned and arranged relative to one another such that the first plurality of points of interest can be observed substantially simultaneously from the common reference point. 31. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the sample block has at least two axes of curvature, the at least two axes of curvature being arranged such that the first plurality of points of interest can be observed substantially simultaneously from the common reference point. 32. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the plurality of sample containers comprise a multi-well plate configured for performing a PCR reaction, and wherein the multi-well plate has at least 96 sample wells. 33. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the optical path further comprises a camera and an illumination light source, wherein at least the camera is positioned substantially at the common reference point. 34. The apparatus of claim 33, wherein the camera and the illumination light source are each in a fixed position in the optical path relative to the sample block and the one or more curved surfaces, the sample block, illumination light source, and the one or more curved surfaces being positioned and arranged relative to one another such that the first plurality of points of interest can be illuminated substantially simultaneously by the illumination light source and observed substantially simultaneously from the common reference point by the camera. | 1,700 |
2,616 | 13,413,125 | 1,763 | Polyolefin blends and processes for forming polyolefin blends are described herein. Such processes generally include providing a polyolefin, providing a concentrated monomer system including a first monomer and a first portion of the polyolefin and blending the concentrated monomer system with a second portion of the polyolefin to form a modified polyolefin. | 1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 14. A polyolefin blend comprising:
a polyolefin; and a concentrated monomer system comprising the polyolefin and an acrylic monomer. 15. The blend of claim 14 further comprising 5 wt. % to about 40 wt. % of the monomer system comprising from about 25 wt. % to about 85 wt. % of the acrylic monomer. 16. The blend of claim 14, wherein the polyolefin comprises polypropylene. 17. The blend of claim 14 further comprising from about 5 wt. % to about 25 wt. % of the monomer system. 18. The blend of claim 14, wherein the acrylic monomer is selected from 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy) ethyl acrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, tridecyl acrylate, tridecylacrylate hexanediol diacrylate, lauryl acrylate, alkoxylated lauryl acrylate, caprolactone acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, neopentane diol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate and combinations thereof. 19. The blend of claim 14, wherein the monomer system comprises from about 35 wt. % to about 75 wt. % of the acrylic monomer. 20. The blend of claim 14, wherein the monomer system comprises hydrophilic monomers. 21. The blend of claim 14 further comprising a surface tension of from about 35 dyne/cm2 to about 70 dyne/cm2. 22. The blend of claim 14 further comprising a surface tension of from about 45 dyne/cm2 to about 60 dyne/cm2. 23. (canceled) 24. (canceled) 25. (canceled) 26. (canceled) 27. (canceled) 28. A polymer article formed from the blend of claim 14. 29. The polymer article of claim 28, wherein the polymer article exhibits an enhanced paintability than over the paintability of a polymer article formed from a polyolefin formed with a monomer system in the absence of the concentrated monomer system. | Polyolefin blends and processes for forming polyolefin blends are described herein. Such processes generally include providing a polyolefin, providing a concentrated monomer system including a first monomer and a first portion of the polyolefin and blending the concentrated monomer system with a second portion of the polyolefin to form a modified polyolefin.1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 14. A polyolefin blend comprising:
a polyolefin; and a concentrated monomer system comprising the polyolefin and an acrylic monomer. 15. The blend of claim 14 further comprising 5 wt. % to about 40 wt. % of the monomer system comprising from about 25 wt. % to about 85 wt. % of the acrylic monomer. 16. The blend of claim 14, wherein the polyolefin comprises polypropylene. 17. The blend of claim 14 further comprising from about 5 wt. % to about 25 wt. % of the monomer system. 18. The blend of claim 14, wherein the acrylic monomer is selected from 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy) ethyl acrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, tridecyl acrylate, tridecylacrylate hexanediol diacrylate, lauryl acrylate, alkoxylated lauryl acrylate, caprolactone acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, neopentane diol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate and combinations thereof. 19. The blend of claim 14, wherein the monomer system comprises from about 35 wt. % to about 75 wt. % of the acrylic monomer. 20. The blend of claim 14, wherein the monomer system comprises hydrophilic monomers. 21. The blend of claim 14 further comprising a surface tension of from about 35 dyne/cm2 to about 70 dyne/cm2. 22. The blend of claim 14 further comprising a surface tension of from about 45 dyne/cm2 to about 60 dyne/cm2. 23. (canceled) 24. (canceled) 25. (canceled) 26. (canceled) 27. (canceled) 28. A polymer article formed from the blend of claim 14. 29. The polymer article of claim 28, wherein the polymer article exhibits an enhanced paintability than over the paintability of a polymer article formed from a polyolefin formed with a monomer system in the absence of the concentrated monomer system. | 1,700 |
2,617 | 14,947,410 | 1,765 | The present invention relates to novel formulations comprising an organic semiconductor (OSC) and one or more organic solvents. The formulation comprises a viscosity at 25° C. of less than 15 mPas and the boiling point of the solvent is at most 400° C. Furthermore, the present invention describes the use of these formulations as inks for the preparation of organic electronic (OE) devices, especially organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells and OLED devices, to methods for preparing OE devices using the novel formulations, and to OE devices, OLED devices and OPV cells prepared from such methods and formulations. | 1. Formulation comprising one or more organic semiconducting compounds (OSC), and one or more organic solvents, characterized in that said formulation comprises a viscosity at 25° C. of less than 15 mPas and the boiling point of the solvent is at most 400° C. 2. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that said formulation comprises a viscosity at 25° C. in the range of 0.5 to 9.5 mPas. 3. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that said formulation is a solution. 4. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that said formulation comprises a surface tension in the range of 22 mN/m to 50 mN/m. 5. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that said organic solvent comprises Hansen Solubility parameters of Hd in the range of 17.0 to 23.2 MPa0.5, Hp in the range of 0.2 to 12.5 MPa0.5 and Hh in the range of 0.0 to 20.0 MPa0.5. 6. Formulation according to claim 5, characterized in that said organic solvent comprises Hansen Solubility parameters of Hd in the range of 17.0 to 23.2 MPa0.5, Hp in the range of 0.2 to 10.5 MPa0.5 and Hh in the range of 0.0 to 5.0 MPa0.5. 7. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that said organic solvent comprises one or more of an aromatic and/or heteroaromatic compound. 8. Formulation according to claim 7, characterized in that said organic solvent comprises of one or more aromatic hydrocarbon compound. 9. Formulation according to claim 8, characterized in that said aromatic hydrocarbon compound comprises a cycloalkyl group. 10. Formulation according to claim 8, characterized in that said aromatic hydrocarbon compound comprises an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms. 11. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that said organic solvent or solvent blend is a mixture of hydrocarbon aromatic compounds. 12. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that said organic solvent comprises a boiling point of at least 130° C. 13. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that said organic solvent is a mixture of compounds having different boiling points and the boiling point of the compound with the lowest boiling point is at least 10° C. below the boiling point of the compound with the highest boiling point. 14. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that said organic solvent is a mixture of compounds having different boiling points and the boiling point of the compound with the lowest boiling point is at most 100° C. below the boiling point of the compound with the highest boiling point. 15. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that said formulation comprises at least 80% by weight of said organic solvents. 16. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that said solvent comprises a partition ratio log P of at least 1.5. 17. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that said formulation comprises at least one inert binder. 18. Formulation according to claim 17, characterized in that said inert binder is a polymer comprising repeating units derived from styrene monomers and/or olefins. 19. Formulation according to claim 17, characterized in that said inert binder is a polymer comprising at least 80% by weight of repeating units derived from styrene monomers and/or olefins. 20. Formulation according to claim 17, characterized in that said inert binder is a polymer having a weight average molecular weight of at least 200,000 g/mol. 21. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that the organic semiconducting compound is an organic light emitting material and/or charge transporting material. 22. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that the organic semiconducting compound has a molecular weight of 5000 g/mol or less. 23. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that the organic semiconducting compound is a compound selected from the following formulae
wherein
n is an integer >1, preferably from 10 to 1,000,
R on each occurrence identically or differently denotes H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl group having from 1 to 40 C atoms, in which one or more C atoms are optionally replaced by O, S, O—CO, CO—O, O—CO—O, CR0═CR0 or C≡C such that O- and/or S-atoms are not linked directly to each other, and in which one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F, Cl, Br, I or CN, or denotes an aryl or heteroaryl group having from 4 to 20 ring atoms that is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more non-aromatic groups Rs, and wherein one or more groups R may also form a mono- or polycyclic aliphatic or aromatic ring system with one another and/or with the ring to which they are attached,
Rs on each occurrence identically or differently denotes F, Cl, Br, I, CN, Sn(R00)3, Si(R00)3 or B(R00)2 a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl group having from 1 to 25 C atoms, in which one or more C atoms are optionally replaced by O, S, O—CO, CO—O, O—CO—O, CR0═CR0, CC such that O- and/or S-atoms are not linked directly to each other, and in which one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F, Cl, Br, I or CN, or Rs denotes an aryl or heteroaryl group having from 4 to 20 ring atoms that is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more non-aromatic groups Rs, and wherein one or more groups Rs may also form a ring system with one another and/or with R,
R0 on each occurrence identically or differently denotes H, F, Cl, CN, alkyl having from 1 to 12 C atoms or aryl or heteroaryl having from 4 to 10 ring atoms,
R00 on each occurrence identically or differently denotes H or an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 20 C atoms, wherein two groups R00 may also form a ring together with the hetero atom (Sn, Si or B) to which they are attached,
r is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4,
s is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5. 24. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that the organic semiconducting compound is a compound of the following formula
wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R7, R8, R9, R10, R15, R16, R17 each independently are the same or different and each independently represents: H; an optionally substituted C1-C40 carbyl or hydrocarbyl group; an optionally substituted C1-C40 alkoxy group; an optionally substituted C6-C40 aryloxy group; an optionally substituted C7-C40 alkylaryloxy group; an optionally substituted C2-C40 alkoxycarbonyl group; an optionally substituted C7-C40 aryloxycarbonyl group; a cyano group (—CN); a carbamoyl group (—C(═O)NH2); a haloformyl group (—C(═O)—X, wherein X represents a halogen atom); a formyl group (—C(═O)—H); an isocyano group; an isocyanate group; a thiocyanate group or a thioisocyanate group; an optionally substituted amino group; a hydroxy group; a nitro group; a CF3 group; a halo group (Cl, Br, F); or an optionally substituted silyl group; and A represents Silicon or Germanium; and
wherein independently each pair of R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R7 and R8, R8 and R9, R9 and R10, R15 and R16, and R16 and R17 is optionally cross-bridged with each other to form a C4-C40 saturated or unsaturated ring, which saturated or unsaturated ring is optionally intervened by an oxygen atom, a sulphur atom or a group of the formula —N(Ra)—, wherein Ra is a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group, or is optionally substituted; and
wherein one or more of the carbon atoms of the polyacene skeleton is optionally substituted by a heteratom selected from N, P, As, O, S, Se and Te. 25. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that the organic semiconducting compound is a compound of the following formula
wherein
one of Y1 and Y2 denotes —CH═ or ═CH— and the other denotes —X—,
one of Y3 and Y4 denotes —CH═ or ═CH— and the other denotes —X—,
X is —O—, —S—, —Se— or —NR′″—,
R′ is H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, straight-chain or branched alkyl or alkoxy that have 1 to 20 C-atoms and are optionally fluorinated or perfluorinated, optionally fluorinated or perfluorinated aryl having 6 to 30 C-atoms, or CO2R″″, with R″″ being H, optionally fluorinated alkyl having 1 to 20 C-atoms or optionally fluorinated aryl having 2 to 30 C-atoms,
R″ is, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, cyclic, straight-chain or branched alkyl or alkoxy that have 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 8 C-atoms, or aryl having 2-30 C-atoms, all of which are optionally fluorinated or perfluorinated,
R′″ is H or cyclic, straight-chain or branched alkyl with 1 to 10 C-atoms,
m is 0 or 1,
o is 0 or 1. 26. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that organic semiconducting compound is an organic phosphoresecent compound which emits light and in addition contains at least one atom having an atomic number greater than 38. 27. Formulation according to claim 26, characterized in that the phosphorescent compounds are compounds of formulae (1) to (4):
where
DCy is, identically or differently on each occurrence, a cyclic group which contains at least one donor atom, preferably nitrogen, carbon in the form of a carbene or phosphorus, via which the cyclic group is bonded to the metal, and which may in turn carry one or more substituents R18; the groups DCy and CCy are connected to one another via a covalent bond;
CCy is, identically or differently on each occurrence, a cyclic group which contains a carbon atom via which the cyclic group is bonded to the metal and which may in turn carry one or more substituents R18;
A is, identically or differently on each occurrence, a monoanionic, bidentate chelating ligand, preferably a diketonate ligand;
R18 are identically or differently at each instance, and are F, Cl, Br, I, NO2, CN, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, in which one or more nonadjacent CH2 groups may be replaced by —O—, —S—, —NR19—, —CONR19—, —CO—O—, —C═O—, —CH═CH— or —C≡C—, and in which one or more hydrogen atoms may be replaced by F, or an aryl or heteroaryl group which has from 4 to 14 carbon atoms and may be substituted by one or more nonaromatic R18 radicals, and a plurality of substituents R18, either on the same ring or on the two different rings, may together in turn form a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic or aromatic ring system; and
R19 are identically or differently at each instance, and are a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, in which one or more nonadjacent CH2 groups may be replaced by —O—, —S—, —CO—O—, —C═O—, —CH═CH— or —C≡C—, and in which one or more hydrogen atoms may be replaced by F, or an aryl or heteroaryl group which has from 4 to 14 carbon atoms and may be substituted by one or more nonaromatic R18 radicals. 28. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that the formulation comprises a host material. 29. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that the formulation comprises 0.1 to 5% by weight organic semiconducting compounds. 30. Formulation according to claim 17, characterized in that the weight ratio of said semiconducting compound to said inert binder is in the range of 5:1 to 1:1. 31. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that the formulation comprises at least one wetting agent. 32. Formulation according to claim 31, characterized in that said wetting agent is volatile and is not capable of chemically reacting with said semiconducting compound. 33. A coating or printing ink for the preparation of OE devices, comprising a formulation according to claim 1. 34. Process of preparing an organic electronic (OE) device, comprising the steps of
a) depositing the formulation according to claim 1 onto a substrate to form a film or layer, b) removing the solvent(s). 35. Process according to claim 34, characterized in that the formulation is applied by gravure printing, doctor blade coating, roller printing, reverse-roller printing, flexographic printing, web printing. 36. Process according to claim 34, characterized in that the cell etch of the printing device is in the range of 4 cm3/m2 to 18 cm3/m2. 37. Process according to claim 34, characterized in that the print speed is 100 m/minute or less. 38. Process according to claim 34, characterized in that the surface on which the formulation is applied comprises a surface energy in the range of 25 to 130 mN m−1. 39. Process according to claim 34, characterized in that the evaporation of the solvent is achieved below the boiling point of the solvent. 40. OE device prepared by a process according to claim 34. 41. OE device according to claim 40, characterized in that it is an organic light emitting diode (OLED), an organic field effect transistor (OFET) or an organic photovoltaic (OPV) device. 42. OE device according to claim 40, characterized in that it comprises a top gate design. 43. OE device according to claim 40, characterized in that it comprises a bottom gate design. | The present invention relates to novel formulations comprising an organic semiconductor (OSC) and one or more organic solvents. The formulation comprises a viscosity at 25° C. of less than 15 mPas and the boiling point of the solvent is at most 400° C. Furthermore, the present invention describes the use of these formulations as inks for the preparation of organic electronic (OE) devices, especially organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells and OLED devices, to methods for preparing OE devices using the novel formulations, and to OE devices, OLED devices and OPV cells prepared from such methods and formulations.1. Formulation comprising one or more organic semiconducting compounds (OSC), and one or more organic solvents, characterized in that said formulation comprises a viscosity at 25° C. of less than 15 mPas and the boiling point of the solvent is at most 400° C. 2. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that said formulation comprises a viscosity at 25° C. in the range of 0.5 to 9.5 mPas. 3. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that said formulation is a solution. 4. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that said formulation comprises a surface tension in the range of 22 mN/m to 50 mN/m. 5. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that said organic solvent comprises Hansen Solubility parameters of Hd in the range of 17.0 to 23.2 MPa0.5, Hp in the range of 0.2 to 12.5 MPa0.5 and Hh in the range of 0.0 to 20.0 MPa0.5. 6. Formulation according to claim 5, characterized in that said organic solvent comprises Hansen Solubility parameters of Hd in the range of 17.0 to 23.2 MPa0.5, Hp in the range of 0.2 to 10.5 MPa0.5 and Hh in the range of 0.0 to 5.0 MPa0.5. 7. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that said organic solvent comprises one or more of an aromatic and/or heteroaromatic compound. 8. Formulation according to claim 7, characterized in that said organic solvent comprises of one or more aromatic hydrocarbon compound. 9. Formulation according to claim 8, characterized in that said aromatic hydrocarbon compound comprises a cycloalkyl group. 10. Formulation according to claim 8, characterized in that said aromatic hydrocarbon compound comprises an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms. 11. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that said organic solvent or solvent blend is a mixture of hydrocarbon aromatic compounds. 12. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that said organic solvent comprises a boiling point of at least 130° C. 13. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that said organic solvent is a mixture of compounds having different boiling points and the boiling point of the compound with the lowest boiling point is at least 10° C. below the boiling point of the compound with the highest boiling point. 14. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that said organic solvent is a mixture of compounds having different boiling points and the boiling point of the compound with the lowest boiling point is at most 100° C. below the boiling point of the compound with the highest boiling point. 15. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that said formulation comprises at least 80% by weight of said organic solvents. 16. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that said solvent comprises a partition ratio log P of at least 1.5. 17. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that said formulation comprises at least one inert binder. 18. Formulation according to claim 17, characterized in that said inert binder is a polymer comprising repeating units derived from styrene monomers and/or olefins. 19. Formulation according to claim 17, characterized in that said inert binder is a polymer comprising at least 80% by weight of repeating units derived from styrene monomers and/or olefins. 20. Formulation according to claim 17, characterized in that said inert binder is a polymer having a weight average molecular weight of at least 200,000 g/mol. 21. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that the organic semiconducting compound is an organic light emitting material and/or charge transporting material. 22. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that the organic semiconducting compound has a molecular weight of 5000 g/mol or less. 23. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that the organic semiconducting compound is a compound selected from the following formulae
wherein
n is an integer >1, preferably from 10 to 1,000,
R on each occurrence identically or differently denotes H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl group having from 1 to 40 C atoms, in which one or more C atoms are optionally replaced by O, S, O—CO, CO—O, O—CO—O, CR0═CR0 or C≡C such that O- and/or S-atoms are not linked directly to each other, and in which one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F, Cl, Br, I or CN, or denotes an aryl or heteroaryl group having from 4 to 20 ring atoms that is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more non-aromatic groups Rs, and wherein one or more groups R may also form a mono- or polycyclic aliphatic or aromatic ring system with one another and/or with the ring to which they are attached,
Rs on each occurrence identically or differently denotes F, Cl, Br, I, CN, Sn(R00)3, Si(R00)3 or B(R00)2 a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl group having from 1 to 25 C atoms, in which one or more C atoms are optionally replaced by O, S, O—CO, CO—O, O—CO—O, CR0═CR0, CC such that O- and/or S-atoms are not linked directly to each other, and in which one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F, Cl, Br, I or CN, or Rs denotes an aryl or heteroaryl group having from 4 to 20 ring atoms that is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more non-aromatic groups Rs, and wherein one or more groups Rs may also form a ring system with one another and/or with R,
R0 on each occurrence identically or differently denotes H, F, Cl, CN, alkyl having from 1 to 12 C atoms or aryl or heteroaryl having from 4 to 10 ring atoms,
R00 on each occurrence identically or differently denotes H or an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 20 C atoms, wherein two groups R00 may also form a ring together with the hetero atom (Sn, Si or B) to which they are attached,
r is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4,
s is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5. 24. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that the organic semiconducting compound is a compound of the following formula
wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R7, R8, R9, R10, R15, R16, R17 each independently are the same or different and each independently represents: H; an optionally substituted C1-C40 carbyl or hydrocarbyl group; an optionally substituted C1-C40 alkoxy group; an optionally substituted C6-C40 aryloxy group; an optionally substituted C7-C40 alkylaryloxy group; an optionally substituted C2-C40 alkoxycarbonyl group; an optionally substituted C7-C40 aryloxycarbonyl group; a cyano group (—CN); a carbamoyl group (—C(═O)NH2); a haloformyl group (—C(═O)—X, wherein X represents a halogen atom); a formyl group (—C(═O)—H); an isocyano group; an isocyanate group; a thiocyanate group or a thioisocyanate group; an optionally substituted amino group; a hydroxy group; a nitro group; a CF3 group; a halo group (Cl, Br, F); or an optionally substituted silyl group; and A represents Silicon or Germanium; and
wherein independently each pair of R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R7 and R8, R8 and R9, R9 and R10, R15 and R16, and R16 and R17 is optionally cross-bridged with each other to form a C4-C40 saturated or unsaturated ring, which saturated or unsaturated ring is optionally intervened by an oxygen atom, a sulphur atom or a group of the formula —N(Ra)—, wherein Ra is a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group, or is optionally substituted; and
wherein one or more of the carbon atoms of the polyacene skeleton is optionally substituted by a heteratom selected from N, P, As, O, S, Se and Te. 25. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that the organic semiconducting compound is a compound of the following formula
wherein
one of Y1 and Y2 denotes —CH═ or ═CH— and the other denotes —X—,
one of Y3 and Y4 denotes —CH═ or ═CH— and the other denotes —X—,
X is —O—, —S—, —Se— or —NR′″—,
R′ is H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, straight-chain or branched alkyl or alkoxy that have 1 to 20 C-atoms and are optionally fluorinated or perfluorinated, optionally fluorinated or perfluorinated aryl having 6 to 30 C-atoms, or CO2R″″, with R″″ being H, optionally fluorinated alkyl having 1 to 20 C-atoms or optionally fluorinated aryl having 2 to 30 C-atoms,
R″ is, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, cyclic, straight-chain or branched alkyl or alkoxy that have 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 8 C-atoms, or aryl having 2-30 C-atoms, all of which are optionally fluorinated or perfluorinated,
R′″ is H or cyclic, straight-chain or branched alkyl with 1 to 10 C-atoms,
m is 0 or 1,
o is 0 or 1. 26. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that organic semiconducting compound is an organic phosphoresecent compound which emits light and in addition contains at least one atom having an atomic number greater than 38. 27. Formulation according to claim 26, characterized in that the phosphorescent compounds are compounds of formulae (1) to (4):
where
DCy is, identically or differently on each occurrence, a cyclic group which contains at least one donor atom, preferably nitrogen, carbon in the form of a carbene or phosphorus, via which the cyclic group is bonded to the metal, and which may in turn carry one or more substituents R18; the groups DCy and CCy are connected to one another via a covalent bond;
CCy is, identically or differently on each occurrence, a cyclic group which contains a carbon atom via which the cyclic group is bonded to the metal and which may in turn carry one or more substituents R18;
A is, identically or differently on each occurrence, a monoanionic, bidentate chelating ligand, preferably a diketonate ligand;
R18 are identically or differently at each instance, and are F, Cl, Br, I, NO2, CN, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, in which one or more nonadjacent CH2 groups may be replaced by —O—, —S—, —NR19—, —CONR19—, —CO—O—, —C═O—, —CH═CH— or —C≡C—, and in which one or more hydrogen atoms may be replaced by F, or an aryl or heteroaryl group which has from 4 to 14 carbon atoms and may be substituted by one or more nonaromatic R18 radicals, and a plurality of substituents R18, either on the same ring or on the two different rings, may together in turn form a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic or aromatic ring system; and
R19 are identically or differently at each instance, and are a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, in which one or more nonadjacent CH2 groups may be replaced by —O—, —S—, —CO—O—, —C═O—, —CH═CH— or —C≡C—, and in which one or more hydrogen atoms may be replaced by F, or an aryl or heteroaryl group which has from 4 to 14 carbon atoms and may be substituted by one or more nonaromatic R18 radicals. 28. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that the formulation comprises a host material. 29. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that the formulation comprises 0.1 to 5% by weight organic semiconducting compounds. 30. Formulation according to claim 17, characterized in that the weight ratio of said semiconducting compound to said inert binder is in the range of 5:1 to 1:1. 31. Formulation according to claim 1, characterized in that the formulation comprises at least one wetting agent. 32. Formulation according to claim 31, characterized in that said wetting agent is volatile and is not capable of chemically reacting with said semiconducting compound. 33. A coating or printing ink for the preparation of OE devices, comprising a formulation according to claim 1. 34. Process of preparing an organic electronic (OE) device, comprising the steps of
a) depositing the formulation according to claim 1 onto a substrate to form a film or layer, b) removing the solvent(s). 35. Process according to claim 34, characterized in that the formulation is applied by gravure printing, doctor blade coating, roller printing, reverse-roller printing, flexographic printing, web printing. 36. Process according to claim 34, characterized in that the cell etch of the printing device is in the range of 4 cm3/m2 to 18 cm3/m2. 37. Process according to claim 34, characterized in that the print speed is 100 m/minute or less. 38. Process according to claim 34, characterized in that the surface on which the formulation is applied comprises a surface energy in the range of 25 to 130 mN m−1. 39. Process according to claim 34, characterized in that the evaporation of the solvent is achieved below the boiling point of the solvent. 40. OE device prepared by a process according to claim 34. 41. OE device according to claim 40, characterized in that it is an organic light emitting diode (OLED), an organic field effect transistor (OFET) or an organic photovoltaic (OPV) device. 42. OE device according to claim 40, characterized in that it comprises a top gate design. 43. OE device according to claim 40, characterized in that it comprises a bottom gate design. | 1,700 |
2,618 | 13,791,390 | 1,791 | Liquid beverage concentrates providing enhanced stability to flavor, artificial sweeteners, vitamins, and/or color ingredients are described herein. The liquid beverage concentrates achieve enhanced stability due to inclusion of one or more viscosity increasing agents. The liquid beverage concentrates described herein provide enhanced flavor stability to ingredients that are highly prone to degradation in acidic solutions despite the concentrates having a low pH (i.e., about 1.8 to about 3.1). In some approaches, the liquid beverage concentrates disclosed herein remain shelf stable for at least about three months when stored at 70° F. in a sealed container and can be diluted to prepare flavored beverages with a desired flavor profile and with little or no flavor degradation. | 1. A flavored liquid beverage concentrate having a pH of about 1.8 to about 3.1, the concentrate comprising:
about 0.1 to about 15 percent acidulant; about 0.1 to about 40 percent flavoring; and a viscosity increasing agent in an amount effective to provide a viscosity of about 7.5 to about 100 cP as measured using a Brookfield Viscometer, Spindle S00 at 50 rpm at 20° C., wherein the concentrate has a concentration such that when diluted with a potable liquid at a ratio of about 1:5 to about 1:15 to provide a beverage, the concentrate delivers about 0.01 to 0.8 percent acid by weight of the beverage. 2. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate of claim 1, wherein the concentrate further comprises about 40 to about 98 percent water. 3. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 1, wherein the concentrate has a viscosity of about 7.5 to about 50 cP as measured using a Brookfield Viscometer, Spindle S00 at 50 rpm at 20° C. 4. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 1, wherein the concentrate has a viscosity of about 7.5 to about 20 cP as measured using a Brookfield Viscometer, Spindle S00 at 50 rpm at 20° C. 5. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 1, wherein the concentrate has a pH of about 1.8 to about 2.7. 6. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 1, wherein the concentrate has a pH of about 1.8 to about 2.5. 7. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 1, wherein the flavoring includes at least one of a terpene, terpene alcohol, aldehyde, sesquiterpene, terpenoid, or combination thereof. 8. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 1, the concentrate further comprising an ingredient selected from the group consisting of betalain, annatto, red beet juice powder, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and combinations thereof. 9. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 1, wherein the acidulant is an selected from the group consisting of citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, adipic acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, phosphoric acid, lactic acid, sodium acid pyrophosphate, salts thereof, and combinations thereof. 10. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 1, wherein the flavoring includes a flavor key, and the acidulant and flavor key are provided in a ratio of about 1:2 to about 10,000:1. 11. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 1, wherein the acidulant and flavor key are provided in a ratio of about 1:1 to about 4000:1. 12. A flavored liquid beverage concentrate having a pH of about 1.8 to about 3.1, the concentrate comprising:
about 3 to about 60 percent acidulant; about 0.5 to about 40 percent flavoring; and a viscosity increasing agent in an amount effective to provide a Newtonian liquid viscosity of about 7.5 to about 100 cP as measured using Spindle S00 at 10 rpm at 20° C. or a non-Newtonian liquid viscosity of about 7.5 to about 10,000 cP as measured using Spindle S00 at 10 rpm at 20° C., wherein the concentrate has a concentration such that when diluted with a potable liquid at a ratio of about 1:50 to about 1:160 to provide a beverage, the concentrate delivers about 0.01 to 0.8 percent acid by weight of the beverage. 13. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate of claim 12, wherein the concentrate further comprises about 40 to about 90 percent water. 14. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 12, wherein the concentrate has a Newtonian liquid viscosity of about 7.5 to about 50 cP as measured using Spindle S00 at 10 rpm at 20° C. or a non-Newtonian liquid viscosity of 7.5 to about 5,000 cP as measured using Spindle S00 at 10 rpm at 20° C. 15. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 12, wherein the concentrate has a Newtonian liquid viscosity of about 7.5 to about 40 cP as measured using Spindle S00 at 10 rpm at 20° C. or a non-Newtonian liquid viscosity of 7.5 to about 1,000 cP as measured using Spindle S00 at 10 rpm at 20° C. 16. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 12, wherein the concentrate has a pH of about 1.8 to about 2.7. 17. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 12, wherein the concentrate has a pH of about 1.8 to about 2.5. 18. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 12, wherein the flavoring includes at least one of a terpene, sesquiterpene, terpene alcohol, aldehyde, terpenoid, or combination thereof. 19. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 12, the concentrate further comprising an ingredient selected from the group consisting of betalain, armatto, red beet juice powder, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and combinations thereof. 20. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 12, wherein the acidulant is an selected from the group consisting of citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, adipic acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, phosphoric acid, lactic acid, sodium acid pyrophosphate, salts thereof, and combinations thereof. 21. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 11, wherein the flavoring includes a flavor key, and the acidulant and flavor key are provided in a ratio of about 1:2 to about 10,000:1. 22. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 12, wherein the acidulant and flavor key are provided in a ratio of about 1:1 to about 4000:1. 23. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 12, further comprising about 0.5 to about 10.0 percent buffer. | Liquid beverage concentrates providing enhanced stability to flavor, artificial sweeteners, vitamins, and/or color ingredients are described herein. The liquid beverage concentrates achieve enhanced stability due to inclusion of one or more viscosity increasing agents. The liquid beverage concentrates described herein provide enhanced flavor stability to ingredients that are highly prone to degradation in acidic solutions despite the concentrates having a low pH (i.e., about 1.8 to about 3.1). In some approaches, the liquid beverage concentrates disclosed herein remain shelf stable for at least about three months when stored at 70° F. in a sealed container and can be diluted to prepare flavored beverages with a desired flavor profile and with little or no flavor degradation.1. A flavored liquid beverage concentrate having a pH of about 1.8 to about 3.1, the concentrate comprising:
about 0.1 to about 15 percent acidulant; about 0.1 to about 40 percent flavoring; and a viscosity increasing agent in an amount effective to provide a viscosity of about 7.5 to about 100 cP as measured using a Brookfield Viscometer, Spindle S00 at 50 rpm at 20° C., wherein the concentrate has a concentration such that when diluted with a potable liquid at a ratio of about 1:5 to about 1:15 to provide a beverage, the concentrate delivers about 0.01 to 0.8 percent acid by weight of the beverage. 2. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate of claim 1, wherein the concentrate further comprises about 40 to about 98 percent water. 3. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 1, wherein the concentrate has a viscosity of about 7.5 to about 50 cP as measured using a Brookfield Viscometer, Spindle S00 at 50 rpm at 20° C. 4. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 1, wherein the concentrate has a viscosity of about 7.5 to about 20 cP as measured using a Brookfield Viscometer, Spindle S00 at 50 rpm at 20° C. 5. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 1, wherein the concentrate has a pH of about 1.8 to about 2.7. 6. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 1, wherein the concentrate has a pH of about 1.8 to about 2.5. 7. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 1, wherein the flavoring includes at least one of a terpene, terpene alcohol, aldehyde, sesquiterpene, terpenoid, or combination thereof. 8. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 1, the concentrate further comprising an ingredient selected from the group consisting of betalain, annatto, red beet juice powder, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and combinations thereof. 9. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 1, wherein the acidulant is an selected from the group consisting of citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, adipic acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, phosphoric acid, lactic acid, sodium acid pyrophosphate, salts thereof, and combinations thereof. 10. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 1, wherein the flavoring includes a flavor key, and the acidulant and flavor key are provided in a ratio of about 1:2 to about 10,000:1. 11. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 1, wherein the acidulant and flavor key are provided in a ratio of about 1:1 to about 4000:1. 12. A flavored liquid beverage concentrate having a pH of about 1.8 to about 3.1, the concentrate comprising:
about 3 to about 60 percent acidulant; about 0.5 to about 40 percent flavoring; and a viscosity increasing agent in an amount effective to provide a Newtonian liquid viscosity of about 7.5 to about 100 cP as measured using Spindle S00 at 10 rpm at 20° C. or a non-Newtonian liquid viscosity of about 7.5 to about 10,000 cP as measured using Spindle S00 at 10 rpm at 20° C., wherein the concentrate has a concentration such that when diluted with a potable liquid at a ratio of about 1:50 to about 1:160 to provide a beverage, the concentrate delivers about 0.01 to 0.8 percent acid by weight of the beverage. 13. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate of claim 12, wherein the concentrate further comprises about 40 to about 90 percent water. 14. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 12, wherein the concentrate has a Newtonian liquid viscosity of about 7.5 to about 50 cP as measured using Spindle S00 at 10 rpm at 20° C. or a non-Newtonian liquid viscosity of 7.5 to about 5,000 cP as measured using Spindle S00 at 10 rpm at 20° C. 15. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 12, wherein the concentrate has a Newtonian liquid viscosity of about 7.5 to about 40 cP as measured using Spindle S00 at 10 rpm at 20° C. or a non-Newtonian liquid viscosity of 7.5 to about 1,000 cP as measured using Spindle S00 at 10 rpm at 20° C. 16. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 12, wherein the concentrate has a pH of about 1.8 to about 2.7. 17. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 12, wherein the concentrate has a pH of about 1.8 to about 2.5. 18. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 12, wherein the flavoring includes at least one of a terpene, sesquiterpene, terpene alcohol, aldehyde, terpenoid, or combination thereof. 19. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 12, the concentrate further comprising an ingredient selected from the group consisting of betalain, armatto, red beet juice powder, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and combinations thereof. 20. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 12, wherein the acidulant is an selected from the group consisting of citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, adipic acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, phosphoric acid, lactic acid, sodium acid pyrophosphate, salts thereof, and combinations thereof. 21. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 11, wherein the flavoring includes a flavor key, and the acidulant and flavor key are provided in a ratio of about 1:2 to about 10,000:1. 22. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 12, wherein the acidulant and flavor key are provided in a ratio of about 1:1 to about 4000:1. 23. The flavored liquid beverage concentrate according to claim 12, further comprising about 0.5 to about 10.0 percent buffer. | 1,700 |
2,619 | 14,389,203 | 1,749 | The invention comprises a tire tread, and tire, and a method of forming a tire having the tire tread. Particular embodiments of the tire tread comprise a tread thickness bounded by a top side and a bottom side and opposing lateral sides and a groove extending into the tread thickness from the tread top side and terminating within a thickness of the tread at a groove bottom, the groove having a width defined by a pair of opposing sides and the groove bottom being spaced from the bottom side of the tread by an undertread thickness. Such tire tread further includes a plurality of strengthening members forming protrusions extending into the groove from the groove bottom and from at least one side of the pair of opposing groove sides, the plurality of strengthening members being arranged along a length of the groove. | 1. A tire tread comprising:
a tread thickness bounded by a top side and a bottom side and opposing lateral sides, the tire tread bottom side configured to attached to an annular tire carcass; a groove extending into the tread thickness from the tread top side and terminating within a thickness of the tread at a groove bottom, the groove having a width defined by a pair of opposing sides and the groove bottom being spaced from the bottom side of the tread by an undertread thickness; and, a plurality of strengthening members forming protrusions extending into the groove from the groove bottom and from at least one side of the pair of opposing groove sides, the plurality of strengthening members being arranged along a length of the groove. 2. (canceled) 3. The tire tread of claim 1, where the plurality of strengthening members are spaced apart. 4. The tire tread of claim 3, where the plurality of strengthening members are arranged to extend from opposing sides of the pair of sides in an alternating arrangement. 5. The tire tread of claim 4, where a thickness of the plurality of strengthening members is variable. 6. The tire tread of claim 3, where the plurality of strengthening members form a reduced groove along the groove bottom. 7. The tread of claim 1, wherein the plurality of strengthening members are connected to form a network of strengthening members extending along a length of the groove. 8. The tread of claim 1, wherein the plurality of strengthening members extends across a width of the groove and from each of the pair of groove sides. 9. The tire tread of claim 1, where the plurality of strengthening members are connected to form a continuous arrangement of strengthening members. 10. The tire tread of claim 9, where the plurality of strengthening members crisscross. 11. The tire tread of claim 9, where the plurality of strengthening members zigzags from sideways along a length of the groove. 12. The tire tread of claim 1, where each of the plurality of strengthening members extends more than halfway across the width of the groove bottom. 13. The tire tread of claim 12, wherein the plurality of strengthening members extends fully across the groove bottom width and from each of the pair of groove sides. 14. The tire tread of claim 13, wherein the plurality of strengthening members extend diagonally across the groove width. 15. The tire tread of claim 1, wherein the one of the plurality of strengthening members intersects another one of the plurality of strengthening members within the groove width between the pair of sides. 16. The tire tread of claim 1, where the tire tread is a precured tread. 17. The tire tread of claim 1, where the tire tread is bonded to a tire carcass. 18. The tire tread of claim 1, where the undertread thickness is less than 8% of the tread thickness. 19. (canceled) 20. The tire tread of claim 1, where the undertread thickness is approximately equal to 1.5 mm or less. 21. (canceled) 22. A method for forming a retreaded tire comprising:
applying a tire tread of claim 1 to a tire carcass; molding the tire tread of claim 1 to include:
a tread thickness bounded by a top side and a bottom side and opposing lateral sides;
a groove extending into the tread thickness from the tread top side and terminating within a thickness of the tread at a groove bottom, the groove having a width defined by a pair of opposing sides and the groove bottom being spaced from the bottom side of the tread by an undertread thickness;
a plurality of strengthening members forming protrusions extending into the groove from the groove bottom and from at least one side of the pair of opposing groove sides, the plurality of strengthening members being arranged along a length of the groove. 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising the step of:
providing a bonding agent between said tire carcass and said bottom side, where the tire tread is a precured tire tread to form a retreaded tire. 24. (canceled) 25. (canceled) | The invention comprises a tire tread, and tire, and a method of forming a tire having the tire tread. Particular embodiments of the tire tread comprise a tread thickness bounded by a top side and a bottom side and opposing lateral sides and a groove extending into the tread thickness from the tread top side and terminating within a thickness of the tread at a groove bottom, the groove having a width defined by a pair of opposing sides and the groove bottom being spaced from the bottom side of the tread by an undertread thickness. Such tire tread further includes a plurality of strengthening members forming protrusions extending into the groove from the groove bottom and from at least one side of the pair of opposing groove sides, the plurality of strengthening members being arranged along a length of the groove.1. A tire tread comprising:
a tread thickness bounded by a top side and a bottom side and opposing lateral sides, the tire tread bottom side configured to attached to an annular tire carcass; a groove extending into the tread thickness from the tread top side and terminating within a thickness of the tread at a groove bottom, the groove having a width defined by a pair of opposing sides and the groove bottom being spaced from the bottom side of the tread by an undertread thickness; and, a plurality of strengthening members forming protrusions extending into the groove from the groove bottom and from at least one side of the pair of opposing groove sides, the plurality of strengthening members being arranged along a length of the groove. 2. (canceled) 3. The tire tread of claim 1, where the plurality of strengthening members are spaced apart. 4. The tire tread of claim 3, where the plurality of strengthening members are arranged to extend from opposing sides of the pair of sides in an alternating arrangement. 5. The tire tread of claim 4, where a thickness of the plurality of strengthening members is variable. 6. The tire tread of claim 3, where the plurality of strengthening members form a reduced groove along the groove bottom. 7. The tread of claim 1, wherein the plurality of strengthening members are connected to form a network of strengthening members extending along a length of the groove. 8. The tread of claim 1, wherein the plurality of strengthening members extends across a width of the groove and from each of the pair of groove sides. 9. The tire tread of claim 1, where the plurality of strengthening members are connected to form a continuous arrangement of strengthening members. 10. The tire tread of claim 9, where the plurality of strengthening members crisscross. 11. The tire tread of claim 9, where the plurality of strengthening members zigzags from sideways along a length of the groove. 12. The tire tread of claim 1, where each of the plurality of strengthening members extends more than halfway across the width of the groove bottom. 13. The tire tread of claim 12, wherein the plurality of strengthening members extends fully across the groove bottom width and from each of the pair of groove sides. 14. The tire tread of claim 13, wherein the plurality of strengthening members extend diagonally across the groove width. 15. The tire tread of claim 1, wherein the one of the plurality of strengthening members intersects another one of the plurality of strengthening members within the groove width between the pair of sides. 16. The tire tread of claim 1, where the tire tread is a precured tread. 17. The tire tread of claim 1, where the tire tread is bonded to a tire carcass. 18. The tire tread of claim 1, where the undertread thickness is less than 8% of the tread thickness. 19. (canceled) 20. The tire tread of claim 1, where the undertread thickness is approximately equal to 1.5 mm or less. 21. (canceled) 22. A method for forming a retreaded tire comprising:
applying a tire tread of claim 1 to a tire carcass; molding the tire tread of claim 1 to include:
a tread thickness bounded by a top side and a bottom side and opposing lateral sides;
a groove extending into the tread thickness from the tread top side and terminating within a thickness of the tread at a groove bottom, the groove having a width defined by a pair of opposing sides and the groove bottom being spaced from the bottom side of the tread by an undertread thickness;
a plurality of strengthening members forming protrusions extending into the groove from the groove bottom and from at least one side of the pair of opposing groove sides, the plurality of strengthening members being arranged along a length of the groove. 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising the step of:
providing a bonding agent between said tire carcass and said bottom side, where the tire tread is a precured tire tread to form a retreaded tire. 24. (canceled) 25. (canceled) | 1,700 |
2,620 | 14,320,483 | 1,746 | The present application is directed to textured surfaces and methods for forming textured surfaces. The textured surfaces of the present application comprise a conformable film, which conforms to a texture pattern. In certain embodiments, the texture pattern comprises inks having a desired thickness. The methods of the present application may be used to form textured surfaces for a variety of applications, including, for example, aircraft having at least one interior panel with a textured surface. | 1. A method of forming a laminate having a textured surface, wherein the laminate includes a conformable film having a first major surface and an opposing second major surface, the method comprising:
depositing a texture pattern, comprising an ink having a first thickness, on the first major surface of the conformable film; bonding the first major surface of the conformable film to a substrate; and subjecting the conformable film to a temperature and pressure sufficient to cause the conformable film to deform around the texture pattern to form the textured surface comprising raised surface portions and lower surface portions of the opposing second major surface of the conformable film. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the depositing the texture pattern on the first major surface of the conformable film comprises depositing the ink on the first major surface of the conformable film using a printing process. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the printing process comprises a digital printing process or a silk screening process. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the subjecting the conformable film to the temperature and the pressure is performed during the bonding of the first major surface of the conformable film to the substrate. 5. The method of claim 5, wherein the bonding the first major surface of the conformable film to the substrate comprises subjecting the laminate to a bonding temperature while employing a vacuum to cause the laminate to bond to the substrate. 6. The method of claim 6, wherein the bonding temperature ranges from about 70° F. to about 400° F., and the pressure ranges from about 8 inches Hg to about 25 inches Hg. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises an aircraft panel. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming a colored texture pattern using the ink, the textured pattern showing through the conformable film so as to be at least partially visible to a naked eye. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the depositing the texture pattern on the first major surface of the conformable film comprises depositing the ink, with the first thickness of the ink being at least 0.8 mil, on the first major surface of the conformable film. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the method of forming the laminate having the textured surface consists of: depositing the texture pattern on the first major surface of the conformable film; bonding the first major surface of the conformable film to the substrate; and subjecting the conformable film to the temperature and the pressure sufficient to cause the conformable film to deform around the texture pattern to form the textured surface comprising the raised surface portions and the lower surface portions of the opposing second major surface of the conformable film. 11. A method of forming a laminate having a textured surface comprising:
depositing a texture pattern, comprising a material having a first thickness, on a first major surface of a conformable film; bonding the first major surface of the conformable film to a substrate; and subjecting the conformable film to a temperature and pressure sufficient to cause the conformable film to deform around the texture pattern to form a textured surface comprising raised surface portions and lower surface portions of an opposing second major surface of the conformable film. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the depositing the texture pattern on the first major surface of the conformable film comprises depositing ink on the first major surface of the conformable film using a printing process. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the printing process comprises a digital printing process. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the printing process comprises a silk screening process. 15. The method of claim 11 wherein the subjecting the conformable film to the temperature and the pressure sufficient to cause the conformable film to deform around the texture pattern to form the textured surface is done during the bonding of the first major surface of the conformable film to the substrate. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the bonding the first major surface of the conformable film to the substrate comprises subjecting them to a bonding temperature while employing a vacuum to cause the bonding. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the bonding temperature ranges from about 70° F. to about 400° F., and the pressure ranges from about 8 inches Hg to about 25 inches Hg. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the substrate comprises an aircraft panel. 19. The method of claim 11, further comprising the material forming a colored texture pattern which shows through the conformable film so as to be at least partially visible to a naked eye. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the method of forming the laminate having the textured surface consists of: depositing the texture pattern on the first major surface of the conformable film; bonding the first major surface of the conformable film to the substrate; and subjecting the conformable film to the temperature and the pressure sufficient to cause the conformable film to deform around the texture pattern to form the textured surface comprising the raised surface portions and the lower surface portions of the opposing second major surface of the conformable film | The present application is directed to textured surfaces and methods for forming textured surfaces. The textured surfaces of the present application comprise a conformable film, which conforms to a texture pattern. In certain embodiments, the texture pattern comprises inks having a desired thickness. The methods of the present application may be used to form textured surfaces for a variety of applications, including, for example, aircraft having at least one interior panel with a textured surface.1. A method of forming a laminate having a textured surface, wherein the laminate includes a conformable film having a first major surface and an opposing second major surface, the method comprising:
depositing a texture pattern, comprising an ink having a first thickness, on the first major surface of the conformable film; bonding the first major surface of the conformable film to a substrate; and subjecting the conformable film to a temperature and pressure sufficient to cause the conformable film to deform around the texture pattern to form the textured surface comprising raised surface portions and lower surface portions of the opposing second major surface of the conformable film. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the depositing the texture pattern on the first major surface of the conformable film comprises depositing the ink on the first major surface of the conformable film using a printing process. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the printing process comprises a digital printing process or a silk screening process. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the subjecting the conformable film to the temperature and the pressure is performed during the bonding of the first major surface of the conformable film to the substrate. 5. The method of claim 5, wherein the bonding the first major surface of the conformable film to the substrate comprises subjecting the laminate to a bonding temperature while employing a vacuum to cause the laminate to bond to the substrate. 6. The method of claim 6, wherein the bonding temperature ranges from about 70° F. to about 400° F., and the pressure ranges from about 8 inches Hg to about 25 inches Hg. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises an aircraft panel. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming a colored texture pattern using the ink, the textured pattern showing through the conformable film so as to be at least partially visible to a naked eye. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the depositing the texture pattern on the first major surface of the conformable film comprises depositing the ink, with the first thickness of the ink being at least 0.8 mil, on the first major surface of the conformable film. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the method of forming the laminate having the textured surface consists of: depositing the texture pattern on the first major surface of the conformable film; bonding the first major surface of the conformable film to the substrate; and subjecting the conformable film to the temperature and the pressure sufficient to cause the conformable film to deform around the texture pattern to form the textured surface comprising the raised surface portions and the lower surface portions of the opposing second major surface of the conformable film. 11. A method of forming a laminate having a textured surface comprising:
depositing a texture pattern, comprising a material having a first thickness, on a first major surface of a conformable film; bonding the first major surface of the conformable film to a substrate; and subjecting the conformable film to a temperature and pressure sufficient to cause the conformable film to deform around the texture pattern to form a textured surface comprising raised surface portions and lower surface portions of an opposing second major surface of the conformable film. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the depositing the texture pattern on the first major surface of the conformable film comprises depositing ink on the first major surface of the conformable film using a printing process. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the printing process comprises a digital printing process. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the printing process comprises a silk screening process. 15. The method of claim 11 wherein the subjecting the conformable film to the temperature and the pressure sufficient to cause the conformable film to deform around the texture pattern to form the textured surface is done during the bonding of the first major surface of the conformable film to the substrate. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the bonding the first major surface of the conformable film to the substrate comprises subjecting them to a bonding temperature while employing a vacuum to cause the bonding. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the bonding temperature ranges from about 70° F. to about 400° F., and the pressure ranges from about 8 inches Hg to about 25 inches Hg. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the substrate comprises an aircraft panel. 19. The method of claim 11, further comprising the material forming a colored texture pattern which shows through the conformable film so as to be at least partially visible to a naked eye. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the method of forming the laminate having the textured surface consists of: depositing the texture pattern on the first major surface of the conformable film; bonding the first major surface of the conformable film to the substrate; and subjecting the conformable film to the temperature and the pressure sufficient to cause the conformable film to deform around the texture pattern to form the textured surface comprising the raised surface portions and the lower surface portions of the opposing second major surface of the conformable film | 1,700 |
2,621 | 15,818,179 | 1,724 | An exemplary method of securing portions of a battery pack includes, among other things, slidably engaging a portion of a battery cell frame within a channel of an extrusion, and securing the extrusion to a support to secure the battery cell frame. | 1. A method of securing portions of a battery pack, comprising:
slidably engaging a portion of a battery cell frame within a channel of an extrusion; and securing the extrusion to a support to secure the battery cell frame. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the battery cell frame extends about the perimeter of at least one battery cell. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the portion is a foot extending laterally outward from the remaining portions of the battery support frame. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the extrusion engages a portion of a plurality of other battery cell frames. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising using the extrusion to limit both upward and downward movement of the battery cell frame. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising snap-fitting the extrusion to the battery cell frame. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the channel is provided by an upper retention flange, a lower retention flange, and a wall of the extrusion, the upper retention flange extending from the wall to an upper retention flange leading edge, the lower retention flange extending from the wall to a lower retention flange leading edge, and further comprising snap-fitting a ridge within a groove when the channel receives the portion, the snap-fit feature position entirely within the channel when the channel receives the portion such that the snap-fit feature is spaced a distance from both the upper retention flange leading edge and the lower retention flange leading edge. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the extrusion extends longitudinally along a first axis, and the channel and the groove extend along a second axis aligned with the first axis. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the portion is a foot extending laterally from other portions of the frame, the upper retention flange positioned against an upwardly facing surface of the foot when the channel receives the foot, the lower retention flange positioned against a downwardly facing surface of the foot when the channel receives the foot. 10. A battery pack securing method, comprising:
engaging a portion of a battery cell frame within a channel of an extrusion, the channel provided by upper and lower flanges extending from a wall; snap-fitting a snap-fit feature during the engaging, the snap-fit feature disposed entirely within the channel; and securing the extrusion to a support to secure the battery cell frame. 11. The battery pack securing method of claim 10, wherein the snap-fit feature includes ridge and groove that are positioned entirely within the channel when the extrusion engages the portion such that ridge and groove are both spaced a distance from a leading edge of the upper flange and a leading edge of the lower flange. 12. The battery pack securing method of claim 11, wherein the upper and lower flanges extend from the wall to the respective leading edges. 13. The battery pack securing method of claim 10, further comprising slideably receiving the portion within the channel during the engaging. 14. The battery pack securing method of claim 13, wherein the extrusion extends longitudinally along a first axis, and the snap-fit feature comprises a channel and a groove extending along a second axis aligned with the first axis. 15. The battery pack securing method of claim 14, securing an end cap to a longitudinal end portion of the extrusion to limit movement of the extrusion relative to the portion along the first axis. 16. The battery pack securing method of claim 10, wherein the extrusion has a “C” shaped cross-sectional profile. 17. The battery pack securing method of claim 10, wherein the channel is provided entirely by the upper flange, the lower flange, and the wall as a monolithic structure. | An exemplary method of securing portions of a battery pack includes, among other things, slidably engaging a portion of a battery cell frame within a channel of an extrusion, and securing the extrusion to a support to secure the battery cell frame.1. A method of securing portions of a battery pack, comprising:
slidably engaging a portion of a battery cell frame within a channel of an extrusion; and securing the extrusion to a support to secure the battery cell frame. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the battery cell frame extends about the perimeter of at least one battery cell. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the portion is a foot extending laterally outward from the remaining portions of the battery support frame. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the extrusion engages a portion of a plurality of other battery cell frames. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising using the extrusion to limit both upward and downward movement of the battery cell frame. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising snap-fitting the extrusion to the battery cell frame. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the channel is provided by an upper retention flange, a lower retention flange, and a wall of the extrusion, the upper retention flange extending from the wall to an upper retention flange leading edge, the lower retention flange extending from the wall to a lower retention flange leading edge, and further comprising snap-fitting a ridge within a groove when the channel receives the portion, the snap-fit feature position entirely within the channel when the channel receives the portion such that the snap-fit feature is spaced a distance from both the upper retention flange leading edge and the lower retention flange leading edge. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the extrusion extends longitudinally along a first axis, and the channel and the groove extend along a second axis aligned with the first axis. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the portion is a foot extending laterally from other portions of the frame, the upper retention flange positioned against an upwardly facing surface of the foot when the channel receives the foot, the lower retention flange positioned against a downwardly facing surface of the foot when the channel receives the foot. 10. A battery pack securing method, comprising:
engaging a portion of a battery cell frame within a channel of an extrusion, the channel provided by upper and lower flanges extending from a wall; snap-fitting a snap-fit feature during the engaging, the snap-fit feature disposed entirely within the channel; and securing the extrusion to a support to secure the battery cell frame. 11. The battery pack securing method of claim 10, wherein the snap-fit feature includes ridge and groove that are positioned entirely within the channel when the extrusion engages the portion such that ridge and groove are both spaced a distance from a leading edge of the upper flange and a leading edge of the lower flange. 12. The battery pack securing method of claim 11, wherein the upper and lower flanges extend from the wall to the respective leading edges. 13. The battery pack securing method of claim 10, further comprising slideably receiving the portion within the channel during the engaging. 14. The battery pack securing method of claim 13, wherein the extrusion extends longitudinally along a first axis, and the snap-fit feature comprises a channel and a groove extending along a second axis aligned with the first axis. 15. The battery pack securing method of claim 14, securing an end cap to a longitudinal end portion of the extrusion to limit movement of the extrusion relative to the portion along the first axis. 16. The battery pack securing method of claim 10, wherein the extrusion has a “C” shaped cross-sectional profile. 17. The battery pack securing method of claim 10, wherein the channel is provided entirely by the upper flange, the lower flange, and the wall as a monolithic structure. | 1,700 |
2,622 | 14,109,495 | 1,726 | Embodiments of a system and method for collecting electromagnetic radiation are disclosed. One embodiment of a solar concentration system comprises at least one collector panel, the panel comprising a frame and a plurality of moveable reflector elements mounted therewithin, the plurality of movable reflector elements configured to rotate in unison about a set of parallel first axes and in unison about a second axis relative to an electromagnetic radiation source. The system further comprises at least one receiver comprising a support member and a plurality of energy conversion cells positioned along the support member, each energy conversion cell having an electromagnetic radiation concentrator protruding therefrom, the concentrator comprising an optical element and an entry aperture at a distal end thereof. The plurality of movable reflector elements are configured to reflect electromagnetic radiation from the source onto the at least one receiver for transforming electromagnetic radiation into electrical or thermal energy. | 1. A panel, comprising:
a frame; and a plurality of moveable reflector elements mounted within the frame, the plurality of movable reflector elements configured to rotate in unison about a set of parallel first axes and in unison about a second axis relative to an electromagnetic radiation source; wherein the plurality of movable reflector elements are configured to reflect electromagnetic radiation from the electromagnetic radiation source onto an energy transformation medium for transforming the electromagnetic radiation into electrical or thermal energy. 2. The panel according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of movable reflector elements are a first plurality of movable reflector elements located in a first row, and further including a second plurality of movable reflector elements located in a second row, wherein the second plurality of movable reflector elements are configured to rotate in unison about a set of parallel third axes and in unison about a fourth axis relative to the electromagnetic radiation source. 3. The panel according to claim 2, wherein the second and fourth axes are proximal and substantially parallel to one another. 4. The panel according to claim 3, wherein the first plurality of movable reflector elements are configured to rotate about the set of parallel first axes such that the rate of angular displacement is substantially identical to the rate of angular displacement that the second plurality of movable reflector elements are configured to move about the set of parallel third set of axes. 5. The panel according to claim 1, wherein the frame comprises a front side and a back side, a window coupled proximate the front side, and a backing coupled proximate the back side, wherein the frame, window, and backing form an enclosure. 6. The panel according to claim 1, wherein each reflector element comprises:
a substrate having a reflective surface, a pair of upper pivoted supports located co-linearly on opposing sides of the substrate, which form the first rotational axis; a lever arm extending beneath the substrate; and a lower pivoted support located at the distal end of the lever arm. 7. The panel according to claim 6, wherein the plurality of moveable reflector elements are supported within the frame by a support member, the support member coupled to a pair of upper rails and a pushrod positioned below the pair of upper rails, wherein each reflector element is coupled between the pair of rails such that the upper pivoted supports are rotatably coupled to the rails and the lower pivoted support is rotatably coupled to the pushrod. 8. The panel according to claim 7, wherein the pair of the upper rails is coupled to a first drive shaft and the pushrod is coupled to a second drive shaft. 9. The panel according to claim 1, further comprising a controller associated with the plurality of movable reflector elements, the controller configured to determine a position of the electromagnetic radiation source for facilitating movement of the plurality of moveable reflector elements. 10. The panel according to claim 9, wherein the electromagnetic radiation source is the sun and the controller determines the position of the sun by one of calculation, measurement, or querying an outside data source. 11. The panel according to claim 1, wherein the energy transformation medium comprises:
a receiver comprising a support member; and a plurality of energy conversion cells positioned along the support member at regular intervals, each energy conversion cell having an electromagnetic radiation concentrator protruding therefrom, the electromagnetic radiation concentrator comprising an optical element and an entry aperture at a distal end thereof; wherein each energy conversion cell comprises a photovoltaic cell or thermal absorber. 12. The panel according to claim 11, further including a heat sink thermally coupled to the plurality of energy conversion cells. 13. The panel according to claim 12, wherein the heat sink is a liquid cooling pipe coupled to the support member. 14. The panel according to claim 11, wherein the receiver further comprises:
a plurality of circuit boards onto which each energy conversion cell is bonded thereto; and a homogenizer protruding from each energy conversion cell and coupled with the electromagnetic radiation concentrator. 15. A solar concentration system, comprising:
at least one solar collector panel, the panel comprising:
a frame; and
a plurality of moveable reflector elements mounted within the frame, the plurality of movable reflector elements configured to rotate in unison about a set of parallel first axes and in unison about a second axis relative to the sun; and
at least one receiver, the receiver comprising:
a support member; and
a plurality of energy conversion cells positioned along the support member at regular intervals, each energy conversion cell having an electromagnetic radiation concentrator protruding therefrom, the electromagnetic radiation concentrator comprising an optical element and an entry aperture at a distal end thereof;
wherein the plurality of movable reflector elements are configured to reflect electromagnetic radiation from the sun onto the at least one receiver for transforming the electromagnetic radiation into electrical or thermal energy. 16. The solar concentration system according to claim 15, further including a heat sink thermally coupled to the plurality of energy conversion cells. 17. The solar concentration system according to claim 16, wherein the heat sink is a liquid cooling pipe coupled to the support member. 18. The solar concentration system according to claim 15, wherein the plurality of movable reflector elements are a first plurality of movable reflector elements located in a first row, and further including a second plurality of movable reflector elements located in a second row, wherein the second plurality of movable reflector elements are configured to rotate in unison about a set of parallel third axes and in unison about a fourth axis relative to the sun, and further wherein the a plurality of energy conversion cells positioned along the support member at regular intervals are positioned in a third row, wherein the first plurality of movable reflector elements located in the first row and the second plurality of movable reflector elements located in the second row are configured to reflect the electromagnetic radiation from the sun onto associated ones of the plurality of energy conversion cells positioned in the third row. 19. The solar concentration system according to claim 15, further comprising a controller associated with the plurality of movable reflector elements, the controller configured to determine a position of the sun for facilitating movement of the plurality of moveable reflector elements. 20. A method of manufacturing a panel, the method comprising:
forming a frame; forming a plurality of moveable reflector elements to be mounted within the frame, the plurality of movable reflector elements configured to rotate in unison about a set of parallel first axes and in unison about a second axis relative to an electromagnetic radiation source; and configuring the plurality of movable reflector elements to reflect electromagnetic radiation from the electromagnetic radiation source onto an energy transformation medium for transforming the electromagnetic radiation into electrical or thermal energy. | Embodiments of a system and method for collecting electromagnetic radiation are disclosed. One embodiment of a solar concentration system comprises at least one collector panel, the panel comprising a frame and a plurality of moveable reflector elements mounted therewithin, the plurality of movable reflector elements configured to rotate in unison about a set of parallel first axes and in unison about a second axis relative to an electromagnetic radiation source. The system further comprises at least one receiver comprising a support member and a plurality of energy conversion cells positioned along the support member, each energy conversion cell having an electromagnetic radiation concentrator protruding therefrom, the concentrator comprising an optical element and an entry aperture at a distal end thereof. The plurality of movable reflector elements are configured to reflect electromagnetic radiation from the source onto the at least one receiver for transforming electromagnetic radiation into electrical or thermal energy.1. A panel, comprising:
a frame; and a plurality of moveable reflector elements mounted within the frame, the plurality of movable reflector elements configured to rotate in unison about a set of parallel first axes and in unison about a second axis relative to an electromagnetic radiation source; wherein the plurality of movable reflector elements are configured to reflect electromagnetic radiation from the electromagnetic radiation source onto an energy transformation medium for transforming the electromagnetic radiation into electrical or thermal energy. 2. The panel according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of movable reflector elements are a first plurality of movable reflector elements located in a first row, and further including a second plurality of movable reflector elements located in a second row, wherein the second plurality of movable reflector elements are configured to rotate in unison about a set of parallel third axes and in unison about a fourth axis relative to the electromagnetic radiation source. 3. The panel according to claim 2, wherein the second and fourth axes are proximal and substantially parallel to one another. 4. The panel according to claim 3, wherein the first plurality of movable reflector elements are configured to rotate about the set of parallel first axes such that the rate of angular displacement is substantially identical to the rate of angular displacement that the second plurality of movable reflector elements are configured to move about the set of parallel third set of axes. 5. The panel according to claim 1, wherein the frame comprises a front side and a back side, a window coupled proximate the front side, and a backing coupled proximate the back side, wherein the frame, window, and backing form an enclosure. 6. The panel according to claim 1, wherein each reflector element comprises:
a substrate having a reflective surface, a pair of upper pivoted supports located co-linearly on opposing sides of the substrate, which form the first rotational axis; a lever arm extending beneath the substrate; and a lower pivoted support located at the distal end of the lever arm. 7. The panel according to claim 6, wherein the plurality of moveable reflector elements are supported within the frame by a support member, the support member coupled to a pair of upper rails and a pushrod positioned below the pair of upper rails, wherein each reflector element is coupled between the pair of rails such that the upper pivoted supports are rotatably coupled to the rails and the lower pivoted support is rotatably coupled to the pushrod. 8. The panel according to claim 7, wherein the pair of the upper rails is coupled to a first drive shaft and the pushrod is coupled to a second drive shaft. 9. The panel according to claim 1, further comprising a controller associated with the plurality of movable reflector elements, the controller configured to determine a position of the electromagnetic radiation source for facilitating movement of the plurality of moveable reflector elements. 10. The panel according to claim 9, wherein the electromagnetic radiation source is the sun and the controller determines the position of the sun by one of calculation, measurement, or querying an outside data source. 11. The panel according to claim 1, wherein the energy transformation medium comprises:
a receiver comprising a support member; and a plurality of energy conversion cells positioned along the support member at regular intervals, each energy conversion cell having an electromagnetic radiation concentrator protruding therefrom, the electromagnetic radiation concentrator comprising an optical element and an entry aperture at a distal end thereof; wherein each energy conversion cell comprises a photovoltaic cell or thermal absorber. 12. The panel according to claim 11, further including a heat sink thermally coupled to the plurality of energy conversion cells. 13. The panel according to claim 12, wherein the heat sink is a liquid cooling pipe coupled to the support member. 14. The panel according to claim 11, wherein the receiver further comprises:
a plurality of circuit boards onto which each energy conversion cell is bonded thereto; and a homogenizer protruding from each energy conversion cell and coupled with the electromagnetic radiation concentrator. 15. A solar concentration system, comprising:
at least one solar collector panel, the panel comprising:
a frame; and
a plurality of moveable reflector elements mounted within the frame, the plurality of movable reflector elements configured to rotate in unison about a set of parallel first axes and in unison about a second axis relative to the sun; and
at least one receiver, the receiver comprising:
a support member; and
a plurality of energy conversion cells positioned along the support member at regular intervals, each energy conversion cell having an electromagnetic radiation concentrator protruding therefrom, the electromagnetic radiation concentrator comprising an optical element and an entry aperture at a distal end thereof;
wherein the plurality of movable reflector elements are configured to reflect electromagnetic radiation from the sun onto the at least one receiver for transforming the electromagnetic radiation into electrical or thermal energy. 16. The solar concentration system according to claim 15, further including a heat sink thermally coupled to the plurality of energy conversion cells. 17. The solar concentration system according to claim 16, wherein the heat sink is a liquid cooling pipe coupled to the support member. 18. The solar concentration system according to claim 15, wherein the plurality of movable reflector elements are a first plurality of movable reflector elements located in a first row, and further including a second plurality of movable reflector elements located in a second row, wherein the second plurality of movable reflector elements are configured to rotate in unison about a set of parallel third axes and in unison about a fourth axis relative to the sun, and further wherein the a plurality of energy conversion cells positioned along the support member at regular intervals are positioned in a third row, wherein the first plurality of movable reflector elements located in the first row and the second plurality of movable reflector elements located in the second row are configured to reflect the electromagnetic radiation from the sun onto associated ones of the plurality of energy conversion cells positioned in the third row. 19. The solar concentration system according to claim 15, further comprising a controller associated with the plurality of movable reflector elements, the controller configured to determine a position of the sun for facilitating movement of the plurality of moveable reflector elements. 20. A method of manufacturing a panel, the method comprising:
forming a frame; forming a plurality of moveable reflector elements to be mounted within the frame, the plurality of movable reflector elements configured to rotate in unison about a set of parallel first axes and in unison about a second axis relative to an electromagnetic radiation source; and configuring the plurality of movable reflector elements to reflect electromagnetic radiation from the electromagnetic radiation source onto an energy transformation medium for transforming the electromagnetic radiation into electrical or thermal energy. | 1,700 |
2,623 | 13,811,532 | 1,792 | The present invention relates to lactose-reduced milk-related products, and particularly such products having a long shelf-life. Additionally, the invention relates to a method of producing such products and a milk processing plant for the implementation of the method. | 1. A method of producing a packaged, lactose-reduced milk-related product, the method comprising the steps of:
a) providing a lactose-reduced milk-related feed b) subjecting a milk derivative derived from said milk-related feed to a High Temperature (HT)-treatment, wherein the milk derivative is heated to a temperature in the range of 140-180 degrees C., kept in that temperature range for a period of at most 200 msec., and then finally cooled, c) packaging a lactose-reduced milk-related product derived from the HT-treated milk derivative. 2. The method according to claim 1, which method furthermore involves a step of hydrolysing at least some of the lactose into glucose and galactose. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the provision of the milk-related feed of step a) comprises subjecting a milk to at least one ultrafiltration (UF) step, which leads to the formation of an UF retentate and a UF permeate, and using at least the protein of UF retentate for the formation of the milk-related feed, so that milk-related feed contains at least the protein of UF retentate. 4. The method claim 1, wherein deriving the milk derivative from the milk-related feed involves subjecting the milk-related feed to an enzyme inactivation step. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the enzyme inactivation step comprises adjusting the temperature of the milk-related feed to a temperature in the range of 70-95 degrees C. and keeping the temperature of the milk-related feed in that range for a period in the range of 30-500 seconds. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein deriving the milk derivative from the milk-related feed involves hydrolysing at least some of the lactose of the milk-related feed. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the hydrolysis of lactose comprises contacting the milk-related feed with a lactase enzyme. 8. The method according to claim 4, wherein the hydrolysis is performed after the enzyme inactivation step. 9. The method according to claim 4, wherein the enzyme inactivation step is performed after the hydrolysis. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein deriving the milk derivative from the milk-related feed involves adding a lipid source to the milk-related feed. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein deriving the lactose-reduced milk-related product from the HT-treated milk derivative involves subjecting the HT-treated milk derivative to an enzyme inactivation step. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the enzyme inactivation step comprises adjusting the temperature of the HT-treated milk derivative to a temperature in the range of 70-95 degrees C. and keeping the temperature of the HT-treated milk derivative in that range for a period in the range of 30-500 seconds. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein deriving the lactose-reduced milk-related product from the milk derivative involves hydrolysing at least some of the lactose of the HT-treated milk derivative. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the hydrolysis of lactose comprises contacting the HT-treated milk derivative with a lactase enzyme. 15. The method according to claim 11, wherein the hydrolysis is performed after the enzyme inactivation step. 16. The method according to claim 11, wherein the enzyme inactivation step is performed after the hydrolysis. 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein the lactose-reduced milk-related feed comprises at most 3% (w/w) lactose relative to the total weight of the lactose-reduced milk-related feed. 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein the lactose-reduced milk-related feed comprises in the range of 0.01-2% (w/w) glucose relative to the total weight of the lactose-reduced milk-related feed. 19. The method according to claim 1, wherein the lactose-reduced milk-related feed comprises in the range of 0.01-2% (w/w) galactose relative to the total weight of the lactose-reduced milk-related feed. 20. The method according to claim 1, wherein the provision of the milk-related feed of step a) involves the steps of
a1) subjecting a first milk to ultrafiltration, thereby obtaining a UF retentate and a UF permeate, a2) subjecting the UF permeate to nanofiltration, thereby obtaining an NF retentate and an NF permeate, a3) mixing the NF permeate and the UF retentate, thereby obtaining lactose-reduced milk mixture, a4) optionally, repeating steps a1)-a3) once or twice, each time replacing the first milk of step a1) with the latest lactose-reduced milk mixture, and a5) using the latest lactose-reduced milk mixture as the milk-related feed. 21. The method according to claim 1, wherein the milk derivative comprises lactose in an amount of at most 3% (w/w) relative to the weight of the milk derivative. 22. The method according to claim 1, wherein the milk derivative comprises glucose in an amount in the range of 0.01-2% (w/w) relative to the weight of the milk derivative. 23. The method according to claim 1, wherein the milk derivative comprises galactose in an amount in the range of 0.01-2% (w/w) relative to the weight of the milk derivative. 24. The method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the milk derivative immediately before the HT-treatment is in the range of 60-85 degrees C., preferably in the range 62-80 degrees C., and even more preferably in the range of 65-75 degrees C. 25. The method according to claim 1, wherein the HT-temperature range of step b) is 145-170 degrees C. 26. The method according to claim 1, wherein the milk derivative is kept in the HT-temperature range for a period of at most 150 msec. 27. The method according to claim 1, furthermore comprising a step of physically removing microorganisms. 28. A packaged, lactose-reduced milk-related product obtainable by the method according to claim 1. 29. A lactose-reduced milk-related product having a shelf-life of at least 119 days, when kept at 25 degrees C., said lactose-reduced milk-related product comprising:
0.01-2% (w/w) galactose relative to the total weight of the lactose-reduced milk-related product, 0.01-2% (w/w) glucose relative to the total weight of the lactose-reduced milk-related product, at most 0.2% (w/w) lactose relative to the total weight of the lactose-reduced milk-related product, and
wherein the milk-related product has a furosine value of at most 80 mg/100 g protein on day 49 after the production when kept at a temperature of 25 degrees C. during storage. 30. The lactose-reduced milk-related product according to claim 29 having a shelf-life of at least 182 days, when kept at 25 degrees C. 31. The lactose-reduced milk-related product according to claim 29, which has a furosine value of at most 60 mg/100 g protein on day 49 after the production when kept at a temperature of 25 degrees C. during storage. 32. A lactose-reduced milk-related product having a shelf-life of at least 70 days, when kept at 5 degrees C., said lactose-reduced milk-related product comprising:
0.01-2% (w/w) galactose relative to the total weight of the lactose-reduced milk-related product, 0.01-2% (w/w) glucose relative to the total weight of the lactose-reduced milk-related product, at most 0.2% (w/w) lactose relative to the total weight of the lactose-reduced milk-related product, and
wherein the milk-related product has a furosine value of at most 60 mg/100 g protein on day 49 after the production when kept at a temperature of 5 degrees C. during storage. 33. The lactose-reduced milk-related product according to claim 32, which has a furosine value of at most 50 mg/100 g protein on day 49 after the production when kept at a temperature of 5 degrees C. during storage. | The present invention relates to lactose-reduced milk-related products, and particularly such products having a long shelf-life. Additionally, the invention relates to a method of producing such products and a milk processing plant for the implementation of the method.1. A method of producing a packaged, lactose-reduced milk-related product, the method comprising the steps of:
a) providing a lactose-reduced milk-related feed b) subjecting a milk derivative derived from said milk-related feed to a High Temperature (HT)-treatment, wherein the milk derivative is heated to a temperature in the range of 140-180 degrees C., kept in that temperature range for a period of at most 200 msec., and then finally cooled, c) packaging a lactose-reduced milk-related product derived from the HT-treated milk derivative. 2. The method according to claim 1, which method furthermore involves a step of hydrolysing at least some of the lactose into glucose and galactose. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the provision of the milk-related feed of step a) comprises subjecting a milk to at least one ultrafiltration (UF) step, which leads to the formation of an UF retentate and a UF permeate, and using at least the protein of UF retentate for the formation of the milk-related feed, so that milk-related feed contains at least the protein of UF retentate. 4. The method claim 1, wherein deriving the milk derivative from the milk-related feed involves subjecting the milk-related feed to an enzyme inactivation step. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the enzyme inactivation step comprises adjusting the temperature of the milk-related feed to a temperature in the range of 70-95 degrees C. and keeping the temperature of the milk-related feed in that range for a period in the range of 30-500 seconds. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein deriving the milk derivative from the milk-related feed involves hydrolysing at least some of the lactose of the milk-related feed. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the hydrolysis of lactose comprises contacting the milk-related feed with a lactase enzyme. 8. The method according to claim 4, wherein the hydrolysis is performed after the enzyme inactivation step. 9. The method according to claim 4, wherein the enzyme inactivation step is performed after the hydrolysis. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein deriving the milk derivative from the milk-related feed involves adding a lipid source to the milk-related feed. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein deriving the lactose-reduced milk-related product from the HT-treated milk derivative involves subjecting the HT-treated milk derivative to an enzyme inactivation step. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the enzyme inactivation step comprises adjusting the temperature of the HT-treated milk derivative to a temperature in the range of 70-95 degrees C. and keeping the temperature of the HT-treated milk derivative in that range for a period in the range of 30-500 seconds. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein deriving the lactose-reduced milk-related product from the milk derivative involves hydrolysing at least some of the lactose of the HT-treated milk derivative. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the hydrolysis of lactose comprises contacting the HT-treated milk derivative with a lactase enzyme. 15. The method according to claim 11, wherein the hydrolysis is performed after the enzyme inactivation step. 16. The method according to claim 11, wherein the enzyme inactivation step is performed after the hydrolysis. 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein the lactose-reduced milk-related feed comprises at most 3% (w/w) lactose relative to the total weight of the lactose-reduced milk-related feed. 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein the lactose-reduced milk-related feed comprises in the range of 0.01-2% (w/w) glucose relative to the total weight of the lactose-reduced milk-related feed. 19. The method according to claim 1, wherein the lactose-reduced milk-related feed comprises in the range of 0.01-2% (w/w) galactose relative to the total weight of the lactose-reduced milk-related feed. 20. The method according to claim 1, wherein the provision of the milk-related feed of step a) involves the steps of
a1) subjecting a first milk to ultrafiltration, thereby obtaining a UF retentate and a UF permeate, a2) subjecting the UF permeate to nanofiltration, thereby obtaining an NF retentate and an NF permeate, a3) mixing the NF permeate and the UF retentate, thereby obtaining lactose-reduced milk mixture, a4) optionally, repeating steps a1)-a3) once or twice, each time replacing the first milk of step a1) with the latest lactose-reduced milk mixture, and a5) using the latest lactose-reduced milk mixture as the milk-related feed. 21. The method according to claim 1, wherein the milk derivative comprises lactose in an amount of at most 3% (w/w) relative to the weight of the milk derivative. 22. The method according to claim 1, wherein the milk derivative comprises glucose in an amount in the range of 0.01-2% (w/w) relative to the weight of the milk derivative. 23. The method according to claim 1, wherein the milk derivative comprises galactose in an amount in the range of 0.01-2% (w/w) relative to the weight of the milk derivative. 24. The method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the milk derivative immediately before the HT-treatment is in the range of 60-85 degrees C., preferably in the range 62-80 degrees C., and even more preferably in the range of 65-75 degrees C. 25. The method according to claim 1, wherein the HT-temperature range of step b) is 145-170 degrees C. 26. The method according to claim 1, wherein the milk derivative is kept in the HT-temperature range for a period of at most 150 msec. 27. The method according to claim 1, furthermore comprising a step of physically removing microorganisms. 28. A packaged, lactose-reduced milk-related product obtainable by the method according to claim 1. 29. A lactose-reduced milk-related product having a shelf-life of at least 119 days, when kept at 25 degrees C., said lactose-reduced milk-related product comprising:
0.01-2% (w/w) galactose relative to the total weight of the lactose-reduced milk-related product, 0.01-2% (w/w) glucose relative to the total weight of the lactose-reduced milk-related product, at most 0.2% (w/w) lactose relative to the total weight of the lactose-reduced milk-related product, and
wherein the milk-related product has a furosine value of at most 80 mg/100 g protein on day 49 after the production when kept at a temperature of 25 degrees C. during storage. 30. The lactose-reduced milk-related product according to claim 29 having a shelf-life of at least 182 days, when kept at 25 degrees C. 31. The lactose-reduced milk-related product according to claim 29, which has a furosine value of at most 60 mg/100 g protein on day 49 after the production when kept at a temperature of 25 degrees C. during storage. 32. A lactose-reduced milk-related product having a shelf-life of at least 70 days, when kept at 5 degrees C., said lactose-reduced milk-related product comprising:
0.01-2% (w/w) galactose relative to the total weight of the lactose-reduced milk-related product, 0.01-2% (w/w) glucose relative to the total weight of the lactose-reduced milk-related product, at most 0.2% (w/w) lactose relative to the total weight of the lactose-reduced milk-related product, and
wherein the milk-related product has a furosine value of at most 60 mg/100 g protein on day 49 after the production when kept at a temperature of 5 degrees C. during storage. 33. The lactose-reduced milk-related product according to claim 32, which has a furosine value of at most 50 mg/100 g protein on day 49 after the production when kept at a temperature of 5 degrees C. during storage. | 1,700 |
2,624 | 13,277,510 | 1,712 | A process for coating metallic surfaces with an anti-corrosive composition that contains a conductive polymer and is a dispersion that contains the at least one conductive polymer mainly or entirely in particulate form, as well as a binder system. The conductive polymer is at least one polymer based on polyphenylene, polyfuran, polyimidazole, polyphenanthrene, polypyrrole, polythiophene and polythiophenylene charged with anti-corrosive mobile anions. Alternatively, the metallic surfaces can be first coated with a dispersion based on conductive polymers in particulate form, then coated with a composition which contains a binder system. | 1-30. (canceled) 31. A process comprising coating a metallic surface with an anti-corrosive composition that is a dispersion, Wherein the anti-corrosive composition comprises conductive particles of a conductive polymer and a binder system, wherein the conductive polymer is at least one member selected from the group consisting of polyphenylene, polyfuran, polyphenanthrene, polypyrrole, polythiophene and polythiophenylene, wherein the conductive polymer is charged with anti-corrosive mobile anions, wherein the conductive particles of conductive polymer comprise inorganic core-shell particles that are partially or completely coated with conductive polymer, wherein the anti-corrosive mobile anion is selected from the group consisting of a hydroxycarboxylic acid, an oxycarboxylic acid, a dicarboxylic acid, a tricarboxylic acid, a di-substituted or tri-substituted arenecarboxylic acid, a meta- ortho- or para-substituted arenecarboxylic acid, an arene acid containing an amino group, a nitro group or an OH group, a sulfonic acid, a mineral oxyacid, a manganese-containing acid, a fluorosilicic acid, a silicic acid, an acid with a content of at least one element from a rare earth or yttrium, a sulphur-containing acid, a titanium-containing acid, a vanadium-containing acid, a tungsten-containing acid, a tin-containing acid, a zirconium-containing acid, a salt thereof, an ester thereof and a mixture thereof, and drying the coated metallic surface at a temperature in the range from 30° C. to 80° C. in air. 32. The process according to claim 31, wherein the conductive polymer-containing particles are selected from the group consisting of 1) typical coated particles that are partially or completely coated with conductive polymer, 2) particles that at least in part contain conductive polymer in their interior, 3) particles substantially or wholly comprising a conductive polymer, 4) coupling agent particles of conductive polymer which comprise at least one coupling-promoting chemical group on the molecule, 5) fractions of particle shells of conductive polymer or of conductive polymer-containing particles and 6) conductive polymer-containing particles formed separately without particle cores and that consist substantially or wholly of conductive polymer. 33. The process according to claim 31, wherein the mean particle size of the conductive-polymer-containing particles including their accumulations lies in the range from 10 nm to 20 μm or wherein the mean particle size of the conductive polymer-containing particles without agglomerates and without aggregates lies in the range from 10 nm to 10 μm. 34. The process according to claim 31, wherein the conductive polymer-containing particles are selected from the group consisting of a cluster, a nanoparticle, a nanotube, a fiber-like structure, a coiled structure, a porous structure and a solid particle. 35. The process according to claim 31, wherein the conductive polymer-containing inorganic particles comprise an inorganic material selected from the group of particles that consist of at least one substance substantially of in each case at least one boride, carbide, carbonate, cuprate, ferrate, fluoride, fluorosilicate, niobate, nitride, oxide, phosphate, phosphide, phosphosilicate, selenide, silicate, sulfate, sulphide, telluride, titanate, zirconate, at least one type of carbon, at least one alloy, of at least one metal or its mixed crystal, of mixtures or intergrowths. 36. The process according to claim 31, wherein the at least one anion is selected from the group consisting of a carboxylate, complex fluoride, a nitro compound, a phosphorous-containing oxyanion, a polysiloxane, a silane, a siloxane and a surfactant. 37. The process according to claim 31, wherein at least one anion is selected from anions based on an alkylphosphonic acid, a arylphosphonic acid, benzoic acid, succinic acid, tetrafluorosilicic acid, hexafluorotitanic acid, hexafluorozirconic acid, gallic acid, hydroxyacetic acid, a silicic acid, a lactic acid, a niobic acid, a nitrosalicylic acid, an oxalic acid, phosphomolybdic acid, phosphoric acid, phosphorosilicic acid, phthalic acids, salicylic acid, tantalic acid, vanadium acids, a tartaric acid, a tungstic acid, a salt thereof an ester thereof and a mixture thereof. 38. The process according to claim 31, wherein the at least one mobile anti-corrosive anion is selected from the group consisting of TiF6 2−, ZrF6 2−, CeO4 4−, MnO4 −, MnO4 2−, MoO4 4−, VO4 2−, WO4 2− and WO4 4− and undergoes a ligand exchange, valency or solubility change, and forms an oxidic protective layer in a region of the defect or in a region of a delamination front. 39. The process according to claim 31, wherein at least one anion is selected from the group consisting of an anion based on a carboxylate, a complex fluoride, a nitro compound, a phosphorus-containing oxyanion, a polysiloxane, a silane, a siloxane and a surfactant. 40. The process according to claim 31, wherein an anion is added to or is incorporated in the conductive polymer, which anions additionally have a delamination-inhibiting effect or coupling effect on the metallic surface. 41. The process according to claim 31, wherein the conductive polymer-containing particles are ground, dried, annealed or redispersed before the addition of a liquid or before they are added to the composition. 42. The process according to claim 31, wherein the binder system comprises at least one organic polymer that is or becomes anionically or cationically stabilized. 43. The process according to claim 31, wherein the binder system is chemically crosslinked via at least one thermal crosslinking agent or via at least one photoinitiator. 44. The process according to claim 31, wherein the binder system further comprises at least one additive selected from the group consisting of biocides, chelates, antifoaming agents, film-forming auxiliary substances emulsifiers, lubricants, coupling agents, complex-forming agents, inorganic or organic corrosion inhibitors, wetting agents, pigments, acid traps, protective colloids, stabilizers, surfactants, crosslinking agents, plasticizers, aluminum compounds, cerium compounds, lanthanum compounds, manganese compounds, rare earth compounds, molybdenum compounds, titanium compounds, tungsten compounds, yttrium compounds, zinc compounds and zirconium compounds. 45. The process according to claim 31, wherein the composition is applied by rolling, flow coating, knife coating, sprinkling, spray coating, brushing or dipping, and if necessary followed by squeezing off with a roller. 46. The process according to claim 31, wherein the metallic surface to be coated is cleaned, pickled, rinsed before the treatment with said composition, or is provided with a passivation layer, treatment layer, pre-treatment layer, with an oil layer or with a thin or very thin coating that contains conductive polymer and is only limitedly or completely sealed, and if necessary is subsequently at least partially freed from this layer before applying said composition. 47. The process according to claim 31, wherein strips are coated and are wound into a coil. 48. The process according to claim 31, wherein the coated metallic surface is provided with at least one further coating based on a post-rinse solution, on organic polymer, paint, adhesive, adhesive carrier or oil. 49. The process according to claim 31, wherein the coated metal parts, strips, strip sections, wires or profiled sections are formed, painted, coated with polymer, printed, bonded, hot-soldered, welded or joined to one another or to other elements by clinching or other joining techniques. 50. A composition for coating a metallic surface, wherein the composition contains:
at least one water-soluble or water-dispersible organic polymer, conductive particles comprising at least one type of conductive polymer, water, a one organic solvent, and wherein the conductive polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyphenylene, polyfuran, polyphenanthrene, polypyrrole, polythiophene or polythiophenylene, which is charged with an anti-corrosive mobile anion selected from at least one an anion based on a carboxylic acid, a hydroxycarboxylic acid, an oxycarboxylic acid, a dicarboxylic acid, a tricarboxylic acid, a di-substituted or tri-substituted arenecarboxylic acid, a meta- ortho- or para-substituted arenecarboxylic acid, an arene acid containing an amino, a nitro, a sulfonic (SO3H—) or an OH group, a sulfonic acid acids, a mineral oxyacid, a boron-containing acid, a manganese-containing acid, a phosphorus-containing acid, a phosphonic acid, a fluorosilicic acid, a silicic acid, an acid with a content of at least one element from the a rare earth or yttrium, a sulphur-containing acid, a titanium-containing acid, a vanadium-containing acid, a tungsten-containing acid, a tin-containing acid, a zirconium-containing acid, a salt thereof an ester thereof, and drying the coated metallic surface at a temperature in the range from 20° C. to 400° C. 51. A composition according to claim 50, comprising a conductive polymer that comprises titanium or zirconium complex fluorides. 52. An article comprising the metallic surface with a coating based on binder system, particles and conductive polymer, in which the coating is produced according to claim 31. 53. An article comprising the metallic surface prepared according to claim 31, wherein the coating contains conductive polymer that comprises an anion containing titanium or zirconium or the coating contains at least one compound of titanium or zirconium. 54. The process according to claim 31, wherein the at least one anion is based on a carboxylic acid, a hydroxycarboxylic acid, an oxycarboxylic acid, a dicarboxylic acid, a tricarboxylic acid, a di-substituted or tri-substituted arenecarboxylic acid, a meta- ortho- or para-substituted arenecarboxylic acid, an arene acid containing an amino or an OH group, a mineral oxyacid, a boron-containing acid, a manganese-containing acid, a fluorosilicic acid, an acid with a content of at least one element from the a rare earth or yttrium, a titanium-containing acid, a vanadium-containing acid, a tungsten-containing acid, a tin-containing acid, a zirconium-containing acid, benzoic acid, succinic acid, tetrafluorosilicic acid, hexafluorotitanic acid, hexafluorozirconic acid, gallic acid, hydroxyacetic acid, a lactic acid, a niobic acid, a nitrosalicylic acid, phosphomolybdic acid, phosphorosilicic acid, phthalic acids, salicylic acid, tantalic acid, vanadium acids, a tartaric acid, a tungstic acid, TiF6 2−, ZrF6 2−, CeO4 4−, MnO4 −, MnO4 2−, VO4 2−, WO4 2− and WO4 4−, arboxylate, a complex fluoride, a polysiloxane, a silane, a siloxane and a surfactant, or a salt, ester or a mixture thereof. 55. The process of claim 31, wherein the electoconductive polymers are a polythiophene or a polypyrrole. 56. The process according to claim 31, wherein the at least one mobile anti-corrosive anion is selected from the group consisting of VO4 2−, WO4 2− and WO4 4−. 57. The process according to claim 50, wherein the at least one mobile anti-corrosive anion is selected from the group consisting of VO4 2−, WO4 2− and WO4 4−. 58. A process comprising coating a metallic surface with an anti-corrosive composition that is a dispersion, wherein the anti-corrosive composition comprises a conductive particles comprising a conductive polymer and a binder system, wherein the conductive polymer is at least one member selected from the group consisting of polyphenylene, polyfuran, polyphenanthrene, polypyrrole, polythiophene and polythiophenylene, wherein the conductive polymer is charged with anti-corrosive mobile anions, wherein the conductive particles comprise inorganic core-shell particles that are partially or completely coated with the conductive polymer, wherein the anticorrosive mobile anion is selected from the group consisting of a hydroxycarboxylic acid, an oxycarboxylic acid, a dicarboxylic acid, a tricarboxylic acid, a di-substituted or tri-substituted arenecarboxylic acid, a meta- ortho- or para-substituted arenecarboxylic acid, an arene acid containing an amino group, a nitro group or an OH group, a sulfonic acid, a mineral oxyacid, a manganese-containing acid, a fluorosilicic acid, a silicic acid, an acid with a content of at least one element from the a rare earth or yttrium, a sulphur-containing acid, a titanium-containing acid, a vanadium-containing acid, a tungsten-containing acid, a tin-containing acid, a zirconium-containing acid, a salt thereof, an ester thereof and a mixture thereof, and drying the coated metallic surface at a temperature in the range from 60° C. to 200° C. in an inert atmosphere. 59. The process of claim 31, wherein the inorganic particles are an oxide. 60. The process of claim 31, wherein the inorganic particles are a silicate. 61. The process of claim 58, wherein the inorganic particles are an oxide. 62. The process of claim 58, wherein the inorganic particles are a silicate. 63. The process of claim 31, comprising drying the coating and applying a second composition that is a dispersion and contains a binder system to the coated metallic surface. 64. A process comprising coating a metallic surface with an anti-corrosive composition that is a dispersion, wherein the anti-corrosive composition comprises conductive particles of a conductive polymer and a binder system, wherein the conductive polymer is at least one member selected from the group consisting of polyphenylene, polyfuran, polyphenanthrene, polypyrrole, polythiophene and polythiophenylene, wherein the conductive polymer is charged with anti-corrosive mobile anions, wherein the conductive particles comprise organic conductive polymer partially in the interior or completely within the interior, wherein the anti-corrosive mobile anion is selected from the group consisting of a hydroxycarboxylic acid, an oxycarboxylic acid, a dicarboxylic acid, a tricarboxylic acid, a di-substituted or tri-substituted arenecarboxylic acid, a meta- ortho- or para-substituted arenecarboxylic acid, an arene acid containing an amino group, a nitro group or an OH group, a sulfonic acid, a mineral oxyacid, a manganese-containing acid, a fluorosilicic acid, a silicic acid, an acid with a content of at least one element from a rare earth or yttrium, a sulphur-containing acid, a titanium-containing acid, a vanadium-containing acid, a tungsten-containing acid, a tin-containing acid, a zirconium-containing acid, a salt thereof, an ester thereof and a mixture thereof, and drying the coated metallic surface at a temperature in the range from 30° C. to 80° C. in air. | A process for coating metallic surfaces with an anti-corrosive composition that contains a conductive polymer and is a dispersion that contains the at least one conductive polymer mainly or entirely in particulate form, as well as a binder system. The conductive polymer is at least one polymer based on polyphenylene, polyfuran, polyimidazole, polyphenanthrene, polypyrrole, polythiophene and polythiophenylene charged with anti-corrosive mobile anions. Alternatively, the metallic surfaces can be first coated with a dispersion based on conductive polymers in particulate form, then coated with a composition which contains a binder system.1-30. (canceled) 31. A process comprising coating a metallic surface with an anti-corrosive composition that is a dispersion, Wherein the anti-corrosive composition comprises conductive particles of a conductive polymer and a binder system, wherein the conductive polymer is at least one member selected from the group consisting of polyphenylene, polyfuran, polyphenanthrene, polypyrrole, polythiophene and polythiophenylene, wherein the conductive polymer is charged with anti-corrosive mobile anions, wherein the conductive particles of conductive polymer comprise inorganic core-shell particles that are partially or completely coated with conductive polymer, wherein the anti-corrosive mobile anion is selected from the group consisting of a hydroxycarboxylic acid, an oxycarboxylic acid, a dicarboxylic acid, a tricarboxylic acid, a di-substituted or tri-substituted arenecarboxylic acid, a meta- ortho- or para-substituted arenecarboxylic acid, an arene acid containing an amino group, a nitro group or an OH group, a sulfonic acid, a mineral oxyacid, a manganese-containing acid, a fluorosilicic acid, a silicic acid, an acid with a content of at least one element from a rare earth or yttrium, a sulphur-containing acid, a titanium-containing acid, a vanadium-containing acid, a tungsten-containing acid, a tin-containing acid, a zirconium-containing acid, a salt thereof, an ester thereof and a mixture thereof, and drying the coated metallic surface at a temperature in the range from 30° C. to 80° C. in air. 32. The process according to claim 31, wherein the conductive polymer-containing particles are selected from the group consisting of 1) typical coated particles that are partially or completely coated with conductive polymer, 2) particles that at least in part contain conductive polymer in their interior, 3) particles substantially or wholly comprising a conductive polymer, 4) coupling agent particles of conductive polymer which comprise at least one coupling-promoting chemical group on the molecule, 5) fractions of particle shells of conductive polymer or of conductive polymer-containing particles and 6) conductive polymer-containing particles formed separately without particle cores and that consist substantially or wholly of conductive polymer. 33. The process according to claim 31, wherein the mean particle size of the conductive-polymer-containing particles including their accumulations lies in the range from 10 nm to 20 μm or wherein the mean particle size of the conductive polymer-containing particles without agglomerates and without aggregates lies in the range from 10 nm to 10 μm. 34. The process according to claim 31, wherein the conductive polymer-containing particles are selected from the group consisting of a cluster, a nanoparticle, a nanotube, a fiber-like structure, a coiled structure, a porous structure and a solid particle. 35. The process according to claim 31, wherein the conductive polymer-containing inorganic particles comprise an inorganic material selected from the group of particles that consist of at least one substance substantially of in each case at least one boride, carbide, carbonate, cuprate, ferrate, fluoride, fluorosilicate, niobate, nitride, oxide, phosphate, phosphide, phosphosilicate, selenide, silicate, sulfate, sulphide, telluride, titanate, zirconate, at least one type of carbon, at least one alloy, of at least one metal or its mixed crystal, of mixtures or intergrowths. 36. The process according to claim 31, wherein the at least one anion is selected from the group consisting of a carboxylate, complex fluoride, a nitro compound, a phosphorous-containing oxyanion, a polysiloxane, a silane, a siloxane and a surfactant. 37. The process according to claim 31, wherein at least one anion is selected from anions based on an alkylphosphonic acid, a arylphosphonic acid, benzoic acid, succinic acid, tetrafluorosilicic acid, hexafluorotitanic acid, hexafluorozirconic acid, gallic acid, hydroxyacetic acid, a silicic acid, a lactic acid, a niobic acid, a nitrosalicylic acid, an oxalic acid, phosphomolybdic acid, phosphoric acid, phosphorosilicic acid, phthalic acids, salicylic acid, tantalic acid, vanadium acids, a tartaric acid, a tungstic acid, a salt thereof an ester thereof and a mixture thereof. 38. The process according to claim 31, wherein the at least one mobile anti-corrosive anion is selected from the group consisting of TiF6 2−, ZrF6 2−, CeO4 4−, MnO4 −, MnO4 2−, MoO4 4−, VO4 2−, WO4 2− and WO4 4− and undergoes a ligand exchange, valency or solubility change, and forms an oxidic protective layer in a region of the defect or in a region of a delamination front. 39. The process according to claim 31, wherein at least one anion is selected from the group consisting of an anion based on a carboxylate, a complex fluoride, a nitro compound, a phosphorus-containing oxyanion, a polysiloxane, a silane, a siloxane and a surfactant. 40. The process according to claim 31, wherein an anion is added to or is incorporated in the conductive polymer, which anions additionally have a delamination-inhibiting effect or coupling effect on the metallic surface. 41. The process according to claim 31, wherein the conductive polymer-containing particles are ground, dried, annealed or redispersed before the addition of a liquid or before they are added to the composition. 42. The process according to claim 31, wherein the binder system comprises at least one organic polymer that is or becomes anionically or cationically stabilized. 43. The process according to claim 31, wherein the binder system is chemically crosslinked via at least one thermal crosslinking agent or via at least one photoinitiator. 44. The process according to claim 31, wherein the binder system further comprises at least one additive selected from the group consisting of biocides, chelates, antifoaming agents, film-forming auxiliary substances emulsifiers, lubricants, coupling agents, complex-forming agents, inorganic or organic corrosion inhibitors, wetting agents, pigments, acid traps, protective colloids, stabilizers, surfactants, crosslinking agents, plasticizers, aluminum compounds, cerium compounds, lanthanum compounds, manganese compounds, rare earth compounds, molybdenum compounds, titanium compounds, tungsten compounds, yttrium compounds, zinc compounds and zirconium compounds. 45. The process according to claim 31, wherein the composition is applied by rolling, flow coating, knife coating, sprinkling, spray coating, brushing or dipping, and if necessary followed by squeezing off with a roller. 46. The process according to claim 31, wherein the metallic surface to be coated is cleaned, pickled, rinsed before the treatment with said composition, or is provided with a passivation layer, treatment layer, pre-treatment layer, with an oil layer or with a thin or very thin coating that contains conductive polymer and is only limitedly or completely sealed, and if necessary is subsequently at least partially freed from this layer before applying said composition. 47. The process according to claim 31, wherein strips are coated and are wound into a coil. 48. The process according to claim 31, wherein the coated metallic surface is provided with at least one further coating based on a post-rinse solution, on organic polymer, paint, adhesive, adhesive carrier or oil. 49. The process according to claim 31, wherein the coated metal parts, strips, strip sections, wires or profiled sections are formed, painted, coated with polymer, printed, bonded, hot-soldered, welded or joined to one another or to other elements by clinching or other joining techniques. 50. A composition for coating a metallic surface, wherein the composition contains:
at least one water-soluble or water-dispersible organic polymer, conductive particles comprising at least one type of conductive polymer, water, a one organic solvent, and wherein the conductive polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyphenylene, polyfuran, polyphenanthrene, polypyrrole, polythiophene or polythiophenylene, which is charged with an anti-corrosive mobile anion selected from at least one an anion based on a carboxylic acid, a hydroxycarboxylic acid, an oxycarboxylic acid, a dicarboxylic acid, a tricarboxylic acid, a di-substituted or tri-substituted arenecarboxylic acid, a meta- ortho- or para-substituted arenecarboxylic acid, an arene acid containing an amino, a nitro, a sulfonic (SO3H—) or an OH group, a sulfonic acid acids, a mineral oxyacid, a boron-containing acid, a manganese-containing acid, a phosphorus-containing acid, a phosphonic acid, a fluorosilicic acid, a silicic acid, an acid with a content of at least one element from the a rare earth or yttrium, a sulphur-containing acid, a titanium-containing acid, a vanadium-containing acid, a tungsten-containing acid, a tin-containing acid, a zirconium-containing acid, a salt thereof an ester thereof, and drying the coated metallic surface at a temperature in the range from 20° C. to 400° C. 51. A composition according to claim 50, comprising a conductive polymer that comprises titanium or zirconium complex fluorides. 52. An article comprising the metallic surface with a coating based on binder system, particles and conductive polymer, in which the coating is produced according to claim 31. 53. An article comprising the metallic surface prepared according to claim 31, wherein the coating contains conductive polymer that comprises an anion containing titanium or zirconium or the coating contains at least one compound of titanium or zirconium. 54. The process according to claim 31, wherein the at least one anion is based on a carboxylic acid, a hydroxycarboxylic acid, an oxycarboxylic acid, a dicarboxylic acid, a tricarboxylic acid, a di-substituted or tri-substituted arenecarboxylic acid, a meta- ortho- or para-substituted arenecarboxylic acid, an arene acid containing an amino or an OH group, a mineral oxyacid, a boron-containing acid, a manganese-containing acid, a fluorosilicic acid, an acid with a content of at least one element from the a rare earth or yttrium, a titanium-containing acid, a vanadium-containing acid, a tungsten-containing acid, a tin-containing acid, a zirconium-containing acid, benzoic acid, succinic acid, tetrafluorosilicic acid, hexafluorotitanic acid, hexafluorozirconic acid, gallic acid, hydroxyacetic acid, a lactic acid, a niobic acid, a nitrosalicylic acid, phosphomolybdic acid, phosphorosilicic acid, phthalic acids, salicylic acid, tantalic acid, vanadium acids, a tartaric acid, a tungstic acid, TiF6 2−, ZrF6 2−, CeO4 4−, MnO4 −, MnO4 2−, VO4 2−, WO4 2− and WO4 4−, arboxylate, a complex fluoride, a polysiloxane, a silane, a siloxane and a surfactant, or a salt, ester or a mixture thereof. 55. The process of claim 31, wherein the electoconductive polymers are a polythiophene or a polypyrrole. 56. The process according to claim 31, wherein the at least one mobile anti-corrosive anion is selected from the group consisting of VO4 2−, WO4 2− and WO4 4−. 57. The process according to claim 50, wherein the at least one mobile anti-corrosive anion is selected from the group consisting of VO4 2−, WO4 2− and WO4 4−. 58. A process comprising coating a metallic surface with an anti-corrosive composition that is a dispersion, wherein the anti-corrosive composition comprises a conductive particles comprising a conductive polymer and a binder system, wherein the conductive polymer is at least one member selected from the group consisting of polyphenylene, polyfuran, polyphenanthrene, polypyrrole, polythiophene and polythiophenylene, wherein the conductive polymer is charged with anti-corrosive mobile anions, wherein the conductive particles comprise inorganic core-shell particles that are partially or completely coated with the conductive polymer, wherein the anticorrosive mobile anion is selected from the group consisting of a hydroxycarboxylic acid, an oxycarboxylic acid, a dicarboxylic acid, a tricarboxylic acid, a di-substituted or tri-substituted arenecarboxylic acid, a meta- ortho- or para-substituted arenecarboxylic acid, an arene acid containing an amino group, a nitro group or an OH group, a sulfonic acid, a mineral oxyacid, a manganese-containing acid, a fluorosilicic acid, a silicic acid, an acid with a content of at least one element from the a rare earth or yttrium, a sulphur-containing acid, a titanium-containing acid, a vanadium-containing acid, a tungsten-containing acid, a tin-containing acid, a zirconium-containing acid, a salt thereof, an ester thereof and a mixture thereof, and drying the coated metallic surface at a temperature in the range from 60° C. to 200° C. in an inert atmosphere. 59. The process of claim 31, wherein the inorganic particles are an oxide. 60. The process of claim 31, wherein the inorganic particles are a silicate. 61. The process of claim 58, wherein the inorganic particles are an oxide. 62. The process of claim 58, wherein the inorganic particles are a silicate. 63. The process of claim 31, comprising drying the coating and applying a second composition that is a dispersion and contains a binder system to the coated metallic surface. 64. A process comprising coating a metallic surface with an anti-corrosive composition that is a dispersion, wherein the anti-corrosive composition comprises conductive particles of a conductive polymer and a binder system, wherein the conductive polymer is at least one member selected from the group consisting of polyphenylene, polyfuran, polyphenanthrene, polypyrrole, polythiophene and polythiophenylene, wherein the conductive polymer is charged with anti-corrosive mobile anions, wherein the conductive particles comprise organic conductive polymer partially in the interior or completely within the interior, wherein the anti-corrosive mobile anion is selected from the group consisting of a hydroxycarboxylic acid, an oxycarboxylic acid, a dicarboxylic acid, a tricarboxylic acid, a di-substituted or tri-substituted arenecarboxylic acid, a meta- ortho- or para-substituted arenecarboxylic acid, an arene acid containing an amino group, a nitro group or an OH group, a sulfonic acid, a mineral oxyacid, a manganese-containing acid, a fluorosilicic acid, a silicic acid, an acid with a content of at least one element from a rare earth or yttrium, a sulphur-containing acid, a titanium-containing acid, a vanadium-containing acid, a tungsten-containing acid, a tin-containing acid, a zirconium-containing acid, a salt thereof, an ester thereof and a mixture thereof, and drying the coated metallic surface at a temperature in the range from 30° C. to 80° C. in air. | 1,700 |
2,625 | 14,934,541 | 1,771 | Disclosed herein are marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil compositions comprising (a) a major amount of one or more Group II basestocks, and (b) a detergent composition comprising (i) one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid having a total base number (TBN) greater than 250, and (ii) one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof; wherein the aromatic moiety of the alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof contains no hydroxyl groups; and wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition has a TBN of about 5 to about 120. | 1. A marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition comprising (a) a major amount of one or more Group II basestocks, and (b) a detergent composition comprising (i) one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid having a total base number (TBN) greater than 250, and (ii) one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof; wherein the aromatic moiety of the alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof contains no hydroxyl groups; and wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition has a TBN of about 5 to about 120. 2. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, having a TBN of from about 20 to about 100. 3. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, having a TBN of from about 10 to about 40. 4. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, which is substantially free of tetrapropenyl phenol (TPP) and its unsulfurized metal salt. 5. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid are one or more calcium salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid. 6. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the alkyl-substituted moiety of the alkaline earth metal salt of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid is a C10 to C40 alkyl group. 7. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the alkyl-substituted moiety of the alkaline earth metal salt of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid is a C12 to C28 alkyl group. 8. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid have a TBN greater than 250 and up to about 800. 9. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof are one or more high overbased alkaline earth metal alkyl aromatic sulfonates. 10. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof are one or more high overbased calcium alkyl aromatic sulfonates. 11. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 10, wherein the one or more high overbased calcium alkyl aromatic sulfonates are one or more high overbased calcium alkyl toluene sulfonates. 12. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof have a TBN of greater than 250. 13. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, comprising:
about 0.1 to about 35 wt. % on an actives basis of the one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid having a TBN greater than 250, based on the total weight of the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition; and about 0.1 to about 34 wt. % on an actives basis of the one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof, based on the total weight of the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition. 14. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, further comprising one or more marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition additives selected from the group consisting of an antioxidant, ashless dispersant, detergent, rust inhibitor, dehazing agent, demulsifying agent, metal deactivating agent, friction modifier, pour point depressant, antifoaming agent, co-solvent, corrosion-inhibitor, dyes, extreme pressure agent and mixtures thereof. 15. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, which is substantially free of any dispersants and/or zinc compounds. 16. A method for lubricating a marine two-stroke crosshead diesel engine with a marine diesel cylinder lubricant composition having improved high temperature detergency, wherein the method comprises operating the engine with a marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition comprising (a) a major amount of one or more Group II basestocks, and (b) a detergent composition comprising (i) one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid having a TBN greater than 250, and (ii) one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof; wherein the aromatic moiety of the alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof contains no hydroxyl groups; and wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition has a TBN of about 10 to about 120. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition has a TBN of from about 10 to about 40. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition is substantially free of TPP and its unsulfurized metal salt. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition comprises:
about 0.1 to about 35 wt. % on an active basis of the one or more salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid having a TBN greater than 250, based on the total weight of the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition; and about 0.1 to about 34 wt. % on an active basis of the one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof, based on the total weight of the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition further comprises a marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition additive selected from the group consisting of an antioxidant, ashless dispersant, detergent, rust inhibitor, dehazing agent, demulsifying agent, metal deactivating agent, friction modifier, pour point depressant, antifoaming agent, co-solvent, corrosion-inhibitor, dyes, extreme pressure agent and mixtures thereof. 21. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, having a TBN of from about 20 to about 100 and a kinematic viscosity ranging from about 12.5 to about 26.1 centistokes (cSt) at 100° C. 22. The method of claim 16, wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition has a TBN of from about 20 to about 100 and a kinematic viscosity ranging from about 12.5 to about 26.1 centistokes (cSt) at 100° C. 23. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, which is free of a molybdated succinimide complex. 24. The method of claim 16, wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition is free of a molybdated succinimide complex. | Disclosed herein are marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil compositions comprising (a) a major amount of one or more Group II basestocks, and (b) a detergent composition comprising (i) one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid having a total base number (TBN) greater than 250, and (ii) one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof; wherein the aromatic moiety of the alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof contains no hydroxyl groups; and wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition has a TBN of about 5 to about 120.1. A marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition comprising (a) a major amount of one or more Group II basestocks, and (b) a detergent composition comprising (i) one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid having a total base number (TBN) greater than 250, and (ii) one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof; wherein the aromatic moiety of the alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof contains no hydroxyl groups; and wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition has a TBN of about 5 to about 120. 2. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, having a TBN of from about 20 to about 100. 3. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, having a TBN of from about 10 to about 40. 4. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, which is substantially free of tetrapropenyl phenol (TPP) and its unsulfurized metal salt. 5. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid are one or more calcium salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid. 6. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the alkyl-substituted moiety of the alkaline earth metal salt of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid is a C10 to C40 alkyl group. 7. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the alkyl-substituted moiety of the alkaline earth metal salt of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid is a C12 to C28 alkyl group. 8. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid have a TBN greater than 250 and up to about 800. 9. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof are one or more high overbased alkaline earth metal alkyl aromatic sulfonates. 10. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof are one or more high overbased calcium alkyl aromatic sulfonates. 11. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 10, wherein the one or more high overbased calcium alkyl aromatic sulfonates are one or more high overbased calcium alkyl toluene sulfonates. 12. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof have a TBN of greater than 250. 13. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, comprising:
about 0.1 to about 35 wt. % on an actives basis of the one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid having a TBN greater than 250, based on the total weight of the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition; and about 0.1 to about 34 wt. % on an actives basis of the one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof, based on the total weight of the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition. 14. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, further comprising one or more marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition additives selected from the group consisting of an antioxidant, ashless dispersant, detergent, rust inhibitor, dehazing agent, demulsifying agent, metal deactivating agent, friction modifier, pour point depressant, antifoaming agent, co-solvent, corrosion-inhibitor, dyes, extreme pressure agent and mixtures thereof. 15. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, which is substantially free of any dispersants and/or zinc compounds. 16. A method for lubricating a marine two-stroke crosshead diesel engine with a marine diesel cylinder lubricant composition having improved high temperature detergency, wherein the method comprises operating the engine with a marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition comprising (a) a major amount of one or more Group II basestocks, and (b) a detergent composition comprising (i) one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid having a TBN greater than 250, and (ii) one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof; wherein the aromatic moiety of the alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof contains no hydroxyl groups; and wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition has a TBN of about 10 to about 120. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition has a TBN of from about 10 to about 40. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition is substantially free of TPP and its unsulfurized metal salt. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition comprises:
about 0.1 to about 35 wt. % on an active basis of the one or more salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid having a TBN greater than 250, based on the total weight of the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition; and about 0.1 to about 34 wt. % on an active basis of the one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof, based on the total weight of the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition further comprises a marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition additive selected from the group consisting of an antioxidant, ashless dispersant, detergent, rust inhibitor, dehazing agent, demulsifying agent, metal deactivating agent, friction modifier, pour point depressant, antifoaming agent, co-solvent, corrosion-inhibitor, dyes, extreme pressure agent and mixtures thereof. 21. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, having a TBN of from about 20 to about 100 and a kinematic viscosity ranging from about 12.5 to about 26.1 centistokes (cSt) at 100° C. 22. The method of claim 16, wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition has a TBN of from about 20 to about 100 and a kinematic viscosity ranging from about 12.5 to about 26.1 centistokes (cSt) at 100° C. 23. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, which is free of a molybdated succinimide complex. 24. The method of claim 16, wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition is free of a molybdated succinimide complex. | 1,700 |
2,626 | 14,221,525 | 1,723 | A gas diffusion layer contains a substrate formed of a carbon containing material and a micro porous layer. The gas diffusion layer can be obtained by dispersing carbon black with a BET surface area of at most 200 m 2 /g, carbon nanotubes with a BET surface area of at least 200 m 2 /g and with an average outer diameter of at most 25 nm and a dispersion medium at a shearing rate of at least 1,000 seconds −1 and/or such that, in the dispersion produced, at least 90% of all carbon nanotubes have a mean agglomerate size of at most 25 μm. The dispersion is applied to at least one portion of at least one side of the substrate, and the dispersion is dried. | 1. A process for forming a gas diffusion layer having a substrate of a carbon-containing material and a micro porous layer, which comprises the steps of:
i) dispersing carbon black with a BET surface area of at most 200 m2/g, carbon nanotubes with a BET surface area of at least 200 m2/g and an average outer diameter of at most 25 nm and a dispersion medium at a shearing rate of at least 1,000 rps and/or such that in a mixture produced of the carbon black, the carbon nanotubes and the dispersion medium, at least 90% of the carbon nanotubes have a mean agglomerate size of at most 25 μm; ii) applying the mixture produced in step i) to at least a portion of at least one side of the substrate; and iii) drying the mixture applied in step ii). 2. The process according to claim 1, which further comprises forming the carbon nanotubes used in step i) to have an average outer diameter from 8 to 25 nm. 3. The process according to claim 1, which further comprises providing the carbon nanotubes used in step i) with a BET surface area of more than 200 to 400 m2/g. 4. The process according to claim 1, which further comprises forming the mixture used in step i) to contain 10 to 50% by weight of the carbon nanotubes relative to a carbon content of the mixture. 5. The process according to claim 1, which further comprises forming the carbon black used in step i) to have a BET surface area of 20 to 100 m2/g. 6. The process according to claim 1, which further comprises forming the dispersion medium used in step i) from water, wherein a quantity of the dispersion medium relative to a total quantity of the mixture is 50 to 98% by weight. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the mixture applied in step ii) consists of:
1 to 15% by weight of a total of the carbon black and the carbon nanotubes, wherein the carbon black has a BET surface area of at most 200 m2/g, the carbon nanotubes have a BET surface area of at least 200 m2/g and an average outer diameter of at most 25 nm, a quantity of the carbon nanotubes is 10 to 50% by weight relative to a carbon content of the mixture, and a balance to 100% by weight of the carbon content is the carbon black, 50 to 98% by weight water as the dispersion medium, 0.1 to 10% by weight polytetrafluoroethylene as a binding agent, 0 to 5% by weight polyethylene glycol as a film forming substance, and 0 to 5% by weight hydroxypropyl cellulose as a viscosity adjuster. 8. The process according to claim 1, which further comprises dispersing the mixture in step i) at a shearing speed of at least 5,000 rps. 9. The process according to claim 1, which further comprises dispersing the mixture in step i) in such manner that at least 90% of the carbon nanotubes contained in the mixture prepared thereby have an average agglomerate size of 0.5 to less than 20 μm. 10. The process according to claim 1, which further comprises performing step ii) in a ball mill, a bead mill, a sand mill, a kneader, a roller mill, a static mixer, an ultrasonic disperser, an apparatus that exerts high pressures, high accelerations and/or high impact shearing forces, and any combination of at least two of the above mentioned devices. 11. The process according to claim 1, wherein the gas diffusion layer has an electrical resistance of less than 8 Ω·cm2 under compression of 100 N/cm2. 12. The process according to claim 1, which further comprises:
forming the micro porous layer to be 50 to 99.9% by weight in total of the carbon black and the carbon nanotubes, with a balance to 100% by weight of a binding agent, wherein the carbon black has a BET surface area not exceeding 200 m2/g, the carbon nanotubes have a BET surface area of at least 200 m2/g and an average outer diameter of at most 25 nm, and a quantity of the carbon nanotubes relative to a carbon content of the micro porous layer is 10 to 50% by weight; forming the gas diffusion layer to have an electrical resistance less than 8 Ω·cm2 under compression of 100 N/cm2; and forming the gas diffusion layer with a Gurley gas permeability greater than 2 cm3/cm2/s. 13. A gas diffusion electrode, comprising:
a gas diffusion layer having a substrate of a carbon-containing material and a micro porous layer, said gas diffusion layer formed by the steps of: i) dispersing carbon black with a BET surface area of at most 200 m2/g, carbon nanotubes with a BET surface area of at least 200 m2/g and an average outer diameter of at most 25 nm and a dispersion medium at a shearing rate of at least 1,000 rps and/or such that in a mixture produced of said carbon black, said carbon nanotubes and said dispersion medium, at least 90% of said carbon nanotubes have a mean agglomerate size of at most 25 μm; ii) applying said mixture produced in step i) to at least a portion of at least one side of said substrate; and iii) drying the mixture applied in step ii); and a catalyst layer disposed on said micro porous layer. 14. A process for producing a gas diffusion layer containing a substrate of a carbon-containing material and a micro porous layer, the process comprises the steps of i) dispersing carbon black having a BET surface area of at most 200 m2/g, carbon nanotubes having a BET surface area of at least 200 m2/g and having an average outer diameter of at most 25 nm, and a dispersion medium by applying a shearing speed of least 1,000 rps and/or in such manner that at least 90% of all the carbon nanotubes in a mixture of the carbon black, the carbon nanotubes and the dispersion medium have an average agglomerate size not exceeding 25 μm;
ii) applying the mixture produced in step i) to at least a portion of at least one side of the substrate;
iii) drying the mixture applied in step ii) at a temperature between 40 and 150° C.; and
iv) sintering the gas diffusion layer at a temperature higher than 150° C. 15. A gas diffusion layer, comprising:
a substrate of a carbon-containing material; and a micro porous layer disposed on said substrate, said micro porous layer containing: i) a mixture of carbon black with a BET surface area of at most 200 m2/g, carbon nanotubes with a BET surface area of at least 200 m2/g and an average outer diameter of at most 25 nm and a dispersion medium, said mixture dispersed at a shearing rate of at least 1,000 rps and/or such that in said mixture produced, at least 90% of said carbon nanotubes have a mean agglomerate size of at most 25 μm; said mixture applied to at least a portion of at least one side of said substrate; and said mixture is dried. 16. The gas diffusion layer according to claim 15, wherein:
said carbon nanotubes have an average outer diameter from 8 to 25 nm; said carbon nanotubes have a BET surface area of more than 200 to 400 m2/g; said mixture contains 10 to 50% by weight of said carbon nanotubes relative to a carbon content of said mixture; and said carbon black having a BET surface area of 20 to 100 m2/g. 17. The gas diffusion layer according to claim 15, wherein:
said dispersion medium includes water, wherein a quantity of said dispersion medium relative to a total quantity of said mixture is 50 to 98% by weight; said mixture includes 1 to 15% by weight of a total of said carbon black and said carbon nanotubes, wherein said carbon black has a BET surface area of at most 200 m2/g, said carbon nanotubes have a BET surface area of at least 200 m2/g and said average outer diameter of at most 25 nm, a quantity of said carbon nanotubes is 10 to 50% by weight relative to a carbon content of said mixture, and a balance to 100% by weight of said carbon content is said carbon black, 0.1 to 10% by weight polytetrafluoroethylene as a binding agent, 0 to 5% by weight polyethylene glycol as a film forming substance, and 0 to 5% by weight hydroxypropyl cellulose as a viscosity adjuster; and said mixture is dispersed at a shearing speed of at least 5,000 rps. 18. The gas diffusion layer according to claim 15, wherein:
at least 90% of said carbon nanotubes contained in said mixture have an average agglomerate size of 0.5 to less than 20 μm; and the gas diffusion layer has an electrical resistance of less than 8 Ω·cm2 under compression of 100 N/cm2. 19. The gas diffusion layer according to claim 15, wherein:
said micro porous layer has 50 to 99.9% by weight in total of said carbon black and said carbon nanotubes, with a balance to 100% by weight of a binding agent, wherein said carbon black has a BET surface area not exceeding 200 m2/g, said carbon nanotubes have a BET surface area of at least 200 m2/g and an average outer diameter of at most 25 nm, and a quantity of said carbon nanotubes relative to a carbon content of said micro porous layer is 10 to 50% by weight; the gas diffusion layer has an electrical resistance less than 8 Ω·cm2 under compression of 100 N/cm2; and the gas diffusion layer has a Gurley gas permeability greater than 2 cm3/cm2/s. 20. An energy storing device selected from the group consisting of a fuel cell, an electrolytic cell, a battery, a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, a direct methanol fuel cell, a zinc-air battery and a lithium-sulphur battery, the energy storing device comprising:
a gas diffusion layer, containing:
a substrate of a carbon-containing material; and
a micro porous layer disposed on said substrate, said micro porous layer including:
i) a mixture of carbon black with a BET surface area of at most 200 m2/g, carbon nanotubes with a BET surface area of at least 200 m2/g and an average outer diameter of at most 25 nm and a dispersion medium, said mixture dispersed at a shearing rate of at least 1,000 rps and/or such that in said mixture produced, at least 90% of said carbon nanotubes have a mean agglomerate size of at most 25 μm;
said mixture applied to at least a portion of at least one side of said substrate; and
said mixture is dried. | A gas diffusion layer contains a substrate formed of a carbon containing material and a micro porous layer. The gas diffusion layer can be obtained by dispersing carbon black with a BET surface area of at most 200 m 2 /g, carbon nanotubes with a BET surface area of at least 200 m 2 /g and with an average outer diameter of at most 25 nm and a dispersion medium at a shearing rate of at least 1,000 seconds −1 and/or such that, in the dispersion produced, at least 90% of all carbon nanotubes have a mean agglomerate size of at most 25 μm. The dispersion is applied to at least one portion of at least one side of the substrate, and the dispersion is dried.1. A process for forming a gas diffusion layer having a substrate of a carbon-containing material and a micro porous layer, which comprises the steps of:
i) dispersing carbon black with a BET surface area of at most 200 m2/g, carbon nanotubes with a BET surface area of at least 200 m2/g and an average outer diameter of at most 25 nm and a dispersion medium at a shearing rate of at least 1,000 rps and/or such that in a mixture produced of the carbon black, the carbon nanotubes and the dispersion medium, at least 90% of the carbon nanotubes have a mean agglomerate size of at most 25 μm; ii) applying the mixture produced in step i) to at least a portion of at least one side of the substrate; and iii) drying the mixture applied in step ii). 2. The process according to claim 1, which further comprises forming the carbon nanotubes used in step i) to have an average outer diameter from 8 to 25 nm. 3. The process according to claim 1, which further comprises providing the carbon nanotubes used in step i) with a BET surface area of more than 200 to 400 m2/g. 4. The process according to claim 1, which further comprises forming the mixture used in step i) to contain 10 to 50% by weight of the carbon nanotubes relative to a carbon content of the mixture. 5. The process according to claim 1, which further comprises forming the carbon black used in step i) to have a BET surface area of 20 to 100 m2/g. 6. The process according to claim 1, which further comprises forming the dispersion medium used in step i) from water, wherein a quantity of the dispersion medium relative to a total quantity of the mixture is 50 to 98% by weight. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the mixture applied in step ii) consists of:
1 to 15% by weight of a total of the carbon black and the carbon nanotubes, wherein the carbon black has a BET surface area of at most 200 m2/g, the carbon nanotubes have a BET surface area of at least 200 m2/g and an average outer diameter of at most 25 nm, a quantity of the carbon nanotubes is 10 to 50% by weight relative to a carbon content of the mixture, and a balance to 100% by weight of the carbon content is the carbon black, 50 to 98% by weight water as the dispersion medium, 0.1 to 10% by weight polytetrafluoroethylene as a binding agent, 0 to 5% by weight polyethylene glycol as a film forming substance, and 0 to 5% by weight hydroxypropyl cellulose as a viscosity adjuster. 8. The process according to claim 1, which further comprises dispersing the mixture in step i) at a shearing speed of at least 5,000 rps. 9. The process according to claim 1, which further comprises dispersing the mixture in step i) in such manner that at least 90% of the carbon nanotubes contained in the mixture prepared thereby have an average agglomerate size of 0.5 to less than 20 μm. 10. The process according to claim 1, which further comprises performing step ii) in a ball mill, a bead mill, a sand mill, a kneader, a roller mill, a static mixer, an ultrasonic disperser, an apparatus that exerts high pressures, high accelerations and/or high impact shearing forces, and any combination of at least two of the above mentioned devices. 11. The process according to claim 1, wherein the gas diffusion layer has an electrical resistance of less than 8 Ω·cm2 under compression of 100 N/cm2. 12. The process according to claim 1, which further comprises:
forming the micro porous layer to be 50 to 99.9% by weight in total of the carbon black and the carbon nanotubes, with a balance to 100% by weight of a binding agent, wherein the carbon black has a BET surface area not exceeding 200 m2/g, the carbon nanotubes have a BET surface area of at least 200 m2/g and an average outer diameter of at most 25 nm, and a quantity of the carbon nanotubes relative to a carbon content of the micro porous layer is 10 to 50% by weight; forming the gas diffusion layer to have an electrical resistance less than 8 Ω·cm2 under compression of 100 N/cm2; and forming the gas diffusion layer with a Gurley gas permeability greater than 2 cm3/cm2/s. 13. A gas diffusion electrode, comprising:
a gas diffusion layer having a substrate of a carbon-containing material and a micro porous layer, said gas diffusion layer formed by the steps of: i) dispersing carbon black with a BET surface area of at most 200 m2/g, carbon nanotubes with a BET surface area of at least 200 m2/g and an average outer diameter of at most 25 nm and a dispersion medium at a shearing rate of at least 1,000 rps and/or such that in a mixture produced of said carbon black, said carbon nanotubes and said dispersion medium, at least 90% of said carbon nanotubes have a mean agglomerate size of at most 25 μm; ii) applying said mixture produced in step i) to at least a portion of at least one side of said substrate; and iii) drying the mixture applied in step ii); and a catalyst layer disposed on said micro porous layer. 14. A process for producing a gas diffusion layer containing a substrate of a carbon-containing material and a micro porous layer, the process comprises the steps of i) dispersing carbon black having a BET surface area of at most 200 m2/g, carbon nanotubes having a BET surface area of at least 200 m2/g and having an average outer diameter of at most 25 nm, and a dispersion medium by applying a shearing speed of least 1,000 rps and/or in such manner that at least 90% of all the carbon nanotubes in a mixture of the carbon black, the carbon nanotubes and the dispersion medium have an average agglomerate size not exceeding 25 μm;
ii) applying the mixture produced in step i) to at least a portion of at least one side of the substrate;
iii) drying the mixture applied in step ii) at a temperature between 40 and 150° C.; and
iv) sintering the gas diffusion layer at a temperature higher than 150° C. 15. A gas diffusion layer, comprising:
a substrate of a carbon-containing material; and a micro porous layer disposed on said substrate, said micro porous layer containing: i) a mixture of carbon black with a BET surface area of at most 200 m2/g, carbon nanotubes with a BET surface area of at least 200 m2/g and an average outer diameter of at most 25 nm and a dispersion medium, said mixture dispersed at a shearing rate of at least 1,000 rps and/or such that in said mixture produced, at least 90% of said carbon nanotubes have a mean agglomerate size of at most 25 μm; said mixture applied to at least a portion of at least one side of said substrate; and said mixture is dried. 16. The gas diffusion layer according to claim 15, wherein:
said carbon nanotubes have an average outer diameter from 8 to 25 nm; said carbon nanotubes have a BET surface area of more than 200 to 400 m2/g; said mixture contains 10 to 50% by weight of said carbon nanotubes relative to a carbon content of said mixture; and said carbon black having a BET surface area of 20 to 100 m2/g. 17. The gas diffusion layer according to claim 15, wherein:
said dispersion medium includes water, wherein a quantity of said dispersion medium relative to a total quantity of said mixture is 50 to 98% by weight; said mixture includes 1 to 15% by weight of a total of said carbon black and said carbon nanotubes, wherein said carbon black has a BET surface area of at most 200 m2/g, said carbon nanotubes have a BET surface area of at least 200 m2/g and said average outer diameter of at most 25 nm, a quantity of said carbon nanotubes is 10 to 50% by weight relative to a carbon content of said mixture, and a balance to 100% by weight of said carbon content is said carbon black, 0.1 to 10% by weight polytetrafluoroethylene as a binding agent, 0 to 5% by weight polyethylene glycol as a film forming substance, and 0 to 5% by weight hydroxypropyl cellulose as a viscosity adjuster; and said mixture is dispersed at a shearing speed of at least 5,000 rps. 18. The gas diffusion layer according to claim 15, wherein:
at least 90% of said carbon nanotubes contained in said mixture have an average agglomerate size of 0.5 to less than 20 μm; and the gas diffusion layer has an electrical resistance of less than 8 Ω·cm2 under compression of 100 N/cm2. 19. The gas diffusion layer according to claim 15, wherein:
said micro porous layer has 50 to 99.9% by weight in total of said carbon black and said carbon nanotubes, with a balance to 100% by weight of a binding agent, wherein said carbon black has a BET surface area not exceeding 200 m2/g, said carbon nanotubes have a BET surface area of at least 200 m2/g and an average outer diameter of at most 25 nm, and a quantity of said carbon nanotubes relative to a carbon content of said micro porous layer is 10 to 50% by weight; the gas diffusion layer has an electrical resistance less than 8 Ω·cm2 under compression of 100 N/cm2; and the gas diffusion layer has a Gurley gas permeability greater than 2 cm3/cm2/s. 20. An energy storing device selected from the group consisting of a fuel cell, an electrolytic cell, a battery, a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, a direct methanol fuel cell, a zinc-air battery and a lithium-sulphur battery, the energy storing device comprising:
a gas diffusion layer, containing:
a substrate of a carbon-containing material; and
a micro porous layer disposed on said substrate, said micro porous layer including:
i) a mixture of carbon black with a BET surface area of at most 200 m2/g, carbon nanotubes with a BET surface area of at least 200 m2/g and an average outer diameter of at most 25 nm and a dispersion medium, said mixture dispersed at a shearing rate of at least 1,000 rps and/or such that in said mixture produced, at least 90% of said carbon nanotubes have a mean agglomerate size of at most 25 μm;
said mixture applied to at least a portion of at least one side of said substrate; and
said mixture is dried. | 1,700 |
2,627 | 15,075,119 | 1,794 | A cylindrical sputtering target includes a cylindrical substrate and a cylindrical sputtering target member joined together with a joining material. Where the joining material has a thickness of d (μm), the joining material has a coefficient of thermal expansion of α 1 (μm/μmK), and a melting point of the joining material and room temperature have a difference of ΔT (K), a surface of the cylindrical sputtering target member on the side of the joining material has a value of ten-point average roughness (Rz) fulfilling:
d (μm)×α 1 (μm/μmK)×Δ T (K)≦ Rz (μm). | 1. A cylindrical sputtering target, comprising:
a cylindrical substrate and a cylindrical sputtering target member joined together with a joining material; wherein where the joining material has a thickness, estimated from a difference between an inner diameter of the cylindrical sputtering target member and an outer diameter of the cylindrical substrate, of d (μm), the joining material has a coefficient of thermal expansion of α1 (μm/μmK), and a melting point of the joining material and room temperature have a difference of ΔT (K), a surface of the cylindrical sputtering target member on the side of the joining material has a value of ten-point average roughness (Rz) fulfilling:
d (μm)×α1 (μm/μmK)×ΔT (K)≦Rz (μm). 2. The cylindrical sputtering target according to claim 1, wherein the surface of the cylindrical sputtering target member on the side of the joining material has a value of arithmetic average roughness (Ra) fulfilling:
d (μm)×α1 (μm/μmK)×ΔT (K)×0.1≦Ra (μm). 3. The cylindrical sputtering target according to claim 1, wherein the cylindrical sputtering target member is formed of ITO, IZO, IGZO or ITZO. 4. The cylindrical sputtering target according to claim 1, wherein the joining material contains In or InSn. 5. The cylindrical sputtering target according to any one of claim 1, wherein the joining material has a thickness d fulfilling 0.5 mm≦d≦2.0 mm. 6. The cylindrical sputtering target according to any one of claim 2, wherein the joining material has a thickness d fulfilling 0.5 mm≦d≦2.0 mm. | A cylindrical sputtering target includes a cylindrical substrate and a cylindrical sputtering target member joined together with a joining material. Where the joining material has a thickness of d (μm), the joining material has a coefficient of thermal expansion of α 1 (μm/μmK), and a melting point of the joining material and room temperature have a difference of ΔT (K), a surface of the cylindrical sputtering target member on the side of the joining material has a value of ten-point average roughness (Rz) fulfilling:
d (μm)×α 1 (μm/μmK)×Δ T (K)≦ Rz (μm).1. A cylindrical sputtering target, comprising:
a cylindrical substrate and a cylindrical sputtering target member joined together with a joining material; wherein where the joining material has a thickness, estimated from a difference between an inner diameter of the cylindrical sputtering target member and an outer diameter of the cylindrical substrate, of d (μm), the joining material has a coefficient of thermal expansion of α1 (μm/μmK), and a melting point of the joining material and room temperature have a difference of ΔT (K), a surface of the cylindrical sputtering target member on the side of the joining material has a value of ten-point average roughness (Rz) fulfilling:
d (μm)×α1 (μm/μmK)×ΔT (K)≦Rz (μm). 2. The cylindrical sputtering target according to claim 1, wherein the surface of the cylindrical sputtering target member on the side of the joining material has a value of arithmetic average roughness (Ra) fulfilling:
d (μm)×α1 (μm/μmK)×ΔT (K)×0.1≦Ra (μm). 3. The cylindrical sputtering target according to claim 1, wherein the cylindrical sputtering target member is formed of ITO, IZO, IGZO or ITZO. 4. The cylindrical sputtering target according to claim 1, wherein the joining material contains In or InSn. 5. The cylindrical sputtering target according to any one of claim 1, wherein the joining material has a thickness d fulfilling 0.5 mm≦d≦2.0 mm. 6. The cylindrical sputtering target according to any one of claim 2, wherein the joining material has a thickness d fulfilling 0.5 mm≦d≦2.0 mm. | 1,700 |
2,628 | 15,133,838 | 1,787 | Discloses are a thermosetting resin composition containing a maleimide compound including an unsaturated maleimide compound having a specified chemical structure, a thermosetting resin, an inorganic filler, and a molybdenum compound; a laminate plate for wiring boards obtained by coating a base material with a thermosetting resin composition containing a thermosetting resin, silica, and a specified molybdenum compound and then performing semi-curing to form a prepreg, and laminating and molding the prepreg; and a method for manufacturing a resin composition varnish including specified steps. According to the present invention, electronic components having low thermal expansion properties and excellent drilling processability and heat resistance, for example, a prepreg, a laminate plate, an interposer, etc., can be provided. | 1. A laminate plate for wiring boards, obtained by coating a thermosetting resin composition containing (E) a thermosetting resin (excluding a pre-reacted epoxy resin obtained by a preliminary reaction of a phosphorus compound, a bifunctional epoxy resin and a polyfunctional epoxy resin, or a preliminary reaction of a phosphorus compound and a bifunctional epoxy resin), (F) silica, and (G) at least one molybdenum compound selected from calcium molybdate, and magnesium molybdate, with a content of the silica (F) being 20% by volume or more and not more than 60% by volume, on a base material in a film form or fiber form, then performing semi-curing to form a prepreg, and laminating and molding the prepreg. 2. The laminate plate for wiring boards according to claim 1, wherein the silica (F) is fused spherical silica having an average particle size of 0.1 μm or more and not more than 1 μm, and a content of the molybdenum compound (G) is from 0.1% by volume or more and not more than 10% by volume of the whole of the resin composition. 3. The laminate plate for wiring boards according to claim 1, obtained by coating the thermosetting resin composition after being varnished. 4. The laminate plate for wiring boards according to claim 2, obtained by coating the thermosetting resin composition after being varnished. 5. The laminate plate for wiring boards according to claim 1, wherein the base material in a film form or fiber form is a glass cloth. 6. The laminate plate for wiring boards according to claim 2, wherein the base material in a film form or fiber form is a glass cloth. 7. The laminate plate for wiring boards according to claim 3, wherein the base material in a film form or fiber form is a glass cloth. 8. The laminate plate for wiring boards according to claim 4, wherein the base material in a film form or fiber form is a glass cloth. | Discloses are a thermosetting resin composition containing a maleimide compound including an unsaturated maleimide compound having a specified chemical structure, a thermosetting resin, an inorganic filler, and a molybdenum compound; a laminate plate for wiring boards obtained by coating a base material with a thermosetting resin composition containing a thermosetting resin, silica, and a specified molybdenum compound and then performing semi-curing to form a prepreg, and laminating and molding the prepreg; and a method for manufacturing a resin composition varnish including specified steps. According to the present invention, electronic components having low thermal expansion properties and excellent drilling processability and heat resistance, for example, a prepreg, a laminate plate, an interposer, etc., can be provided.1. A laminate plate for wiring boards, obtained by coating a thermosetting resin composition containing (E) a thermosetting resin (excluding a pre-reacted epoxy resin obtained by a preliminary reaction of a phosphorus compound, a bifunctional epoxy resin and a polyfunctional epoxy resin, or a preliminary reaction of a phosphorus compound and a bifunctional epoxy resin), (F) silica, and (G) at least one molybdenum compound selected from calcium molybdate, and magnesium molybdate, with a content of the silica (F) being 20% by volume or more and not more than 60% by volume, on a base material in a film form or fiber form, then performing semi-curing to form a prepreg, and laminating and molding the prepreg. 2. The laminate plate for wiring boards according to claim 1, wherein the silica (F) is fused spherical silica having an average particle size of 0.1 μm or more and not more than 1 μm, and a content of the molybdenum compound (G) is from 0.1% by volume or more and not more than 10% by volume of the whole of the resin composition. 3. The laminate plate for wiring boards according to claim 1, obtained by coating the thermosetting resin composition after being varnished. 4. The laminate plate for wiring boards according to claim 2, obtained by coating the thermosetting resin composition after being varnished. 5. The laminate plate for wiring boards according to claim 1, wherein the base material in a film form or fiber form is a glass cloth. 6. The laminate plate for wiring boards according to claim 2, wherein the base material in a film form or fiber form is a glass cloth. 7. The laminate plate for wiring boards according to claim 3, wherein the base material in a film form or fiber form is a glass cloth. 8. The laminate plate for wiring boards according to claim 4, wherein the base material in a film form or fiber form is a glass cloth. | 1,700 |
2,629 | 15,131,682 | 1,711 | A washing machine for treating laundry comprising a basket rotatable about a first rotational axis, having a peripheral side wall extending upwardly from a bottom wall to at least partially define a treating chamber; a clothes mover proximate the bottom wall, having a base with a centrally located hub concentric with a second rotational axis about which the clothes mover reciprocally rotates; and at least one vane having an elongated body extending away from the hub and projecting upwardly from the clothes mover to terminate in a tip. | 1. A washing machine for treating laundry according to at least one automatic cycle of operation, comprising:
a basket having a bottom wall and a peripheral side wall extending upwardly from the bottom wall to at least partially define a treating chamber with an open top, with the basket rotatable about a first rotational axis; a clothes mover located within the treating chamber, proximate the bottom wall, and having a base with a centrally located hub concentric with a second rotational axis about which the clothes mover reciprocally rotates; a plurality of non-flexible vanes located on the base in radially spaced relationship relative to each other and extending away from the hub toward the peripheral side wall a first distance; and flexible vanes extending upwardly from the base to terminate in a tip and located in between the non-flexible vanes. 2. The washing machine of claim 1 wherein the flex axis is generally parallel to a body axis of the elongated body. 3. The washing machine of claim 1 wherein the flexible vane comprise a body portion that terminates in a tip portion forming the tip and at least the tip portion flexes. 4. The washing machine of claim 1 wherein at least one flexible vane is located between each pair of radially adjacent non-flexible vanes. 5. The washing machine of claim 4 wherein the flexible vanes lie in the outer radial half of the base. 6. The washing machine of claim 4 wherein at least some of the flexible vanes flex in a direction to impart an upward force on laundry in contact with the vanes. 7. The washing machine of claim 6 wherein the flexible vanes are configured to flex in a direction opposite the direction of rotation of the clothes mover to impart the upward force. 8. The washing machine of claim 1 wherein the flexible vane comprises an elongated body having a first end and a second end such that the second end resides beyond a halfway point between the second rotational axis and the peripheral wall. 9. The washing machine of claim 8 wherein the elongated body has a length less than 50% of the length of a radial line extending from the second rotational axis to the peripheral wall. 10. The washing machine of claim 8 wherein the flexible vanes all lie beyond the halfway point. 11. The washing machine of claim 1 wherein the base includes a plurality of openings. 12. The washing machine of claim 1 wherein the first and second rotational axes are coaxial. 13. A washing machine for treating laundry according to at least one automatic cycle of operation, comprising:
a basket having a bottom wall and a peripheral side wall extending upwardly from the bottom wall to at least partially define a treating chamber with an open top, with the basket rotatable about a first rotational axis; a clothes mover located within the treating chamber, proximate the bottom wall, and having a base with a centrally located hub concentric with a second rotational axis about which the clothes mover reciprocally rotates; a plurality of non-flexible vanes located on the base in radially spaced relationship relative to each other and extending away from the hub toward the peripheral side wall a first distance; and at least one flexible vane located between adjacent pairs of non-flexible vanes and extending upwardly from the base. 14. The washing machine of claim 13 wherein at least one flexible vane is located in a radially outer half of the base. 15. The washing machine of claim 14 wherein the at least one flexible vane has a shorter radial extent than the non-flexible vanes. 16. The washing machine of claim 15 wherein at least one flexible vane flexes in a direction to impart an upward force on laundry in contact with the vanes. 17. The washing machine of claim 16 wherein the at least one flexible vane is configured to flex in a direction opposite the direction of rotation of the clothes mover to impart the upward force. 18. The washing machine of claim 17 wherein the base includes a plurality of openings. 19. The washing machine of claim 18 wherein the first and second rotational axes are coaxial. 20. The washing machine of claim 13 wherein the flexible vanes are radially oriented on the base. | A washing machine for treating laundry comprising a basket rotatable about a first rotational axis, having a peripheral side wall extending upwardly from a bottom wall to at least partially define a treating chamber; a clothes mover proximate the bottom wall, having a base with a centrally located hub concentric with a second rotational axis about which the clothes mover reciprocally rotates; and at least one vane having an elongated body extending away from the hub and projecting upwardly from the clothes mover to terminate in a tip.1. A washing machine for treating laundry according to at least one automatic cycle of operation, comprising:
a basket having a bottom wall and a peripheral side wall extending upwardly from the bottom wall to at least partially define a treating chamber with an open top, with the basket rotatable about a first rotational axis; a clothes mover located within the treating chamber, proximate the bottom wall, and having a base with a centrally located hub concentric with a second rotational axis about which the clothes mover reciprocally rotates; a plurality of non-flexible vanes located on the base in radially spaced relationship relative to each other and extending away from the hub toward the peripheral side wall a first distance; and flexible vanes extending upwardly from the base to terminate in a tip and located in between the non-flexible vanes. 2. The washing machine of claim 1 wherein the flex axis is generally parallel to a body axis of the elongated body. 3. The washing machine of claim 1 wherein the flexible vane comprise a body portion that terminates in a tip portion forming the tip and at least the tip portion flexes. 4. The washing machine of claim 1 wherein at least one flexible vane is located between each pair of radially adjacent non-flexible vanes. 5. The washing machine of claim 4 wherein the flexible vanes lie in the outer radial half of the base. 6. The washing machine of claim 4 wherein at least some of the flexible vanes flex in a direction to impart an upward force on laundry in contact with the vanes. 7. The washing machine of claim 6 wherein the flexible vanes are configured to flex in a direction opposite the direction of rotation of the clothes mover to impart the upward force. 8. The washing machine of claim 1 wherein the flexible vane comprises an elongated body having a first end and a second end such that the second end resides beyond a halfway point between the second rotational axis and the peripheral wall. 9. The washing machine of claim 8 wherein the elongated body has a length less than 50% of the length of a radial line extending from the second rotational axis to the peripheral wall. 10. The washing machine of claim 8 wherein the flexible vanes all lie beyond the halfway point. 11. The washing machine of claim 1 wherein the base includes a plurality of openings. 12. The washing machine of claim 1 wherein the first and second rotational axes are coaxial. 13. A washing machine for treating laundry according to at least one automatic cycle of operation, comprising:
a basket having a bottom wall and a peripheral side wall extending upwardly from the bottom wall to at least partially define a treating chamber with an open top, with the basket rotatable about a first rotational axis; a clothes mover located within the treating chamber, proximate the bottom wall, and having a base with a centrally located hub concentric with a second rotational axis about which the clothes mover reciprocally rotates; a plurality of non-flexible vanes located on the base in radially spaced relationship relative to each other and extending away from the hub toward the peripheral side wall a first distance; and at least one flexible vane located between adjacent pairs of non-flexible vanes and extending upwardly from the base. 14. The washing machine of claim 13 wherein at least one flexible vane is located in a radially outer half of the base. 15. The washing machine of claim 14 wherein the at least one flexible vane has a shorter radial extent than the non-flexible vanes. 16. The washing machine of claim 15 wherein at least one flexible vane flexes in a direction to impart an upward force on laundry in contact with the vanes. 17. The washing machine of claim 16 wherein the at least one flexible vane is configured to flex in a direction opposite the direction of rotation of the clothes mover to impart the upward force. 18. The washing machine of claim 17 wherein the base includes a plurality of openings. 19. The washing machine of claim 18 wherein the first and second rotational axes are coaxial. 20. The washing machine of claim 13 wherein the flexible vanes are radially oriented on the base. | 1,700 |
2,630 | 13,868,318 | 1,713 | Methods and apparatus for semiconductor manufacturing process monitoring and control are provided herein. In some embodiments, apparatus for substrate processing may include a process chamber for processing a substrate in an inner volume of the process chamber; a radiation source disposed outside of the process chamber to provide radiation at a frequency of about 200 GHz to about 2 THz into the inner volume via a dielectric window in a wall of the vacuum process chamber; a detector to detect the signal after having passed through the inner volume; and a controller coupled to the detector and configured to determine the composition of species within the inner volume based upon the detected signal. | 1. Apparatus for substrate processing, comprising:
a process chamber for processing a substrate in an inner volume of the process chamber; a radiation source disposed outside of the process chamber to provide radiation at a frequency of about 200 GHz to about 2 THz into the inner volume via a dielectric window in a wall of the vacuum process chamber; a detector to detect the signal after having passed through the inner volume; and a controller coupled to the detector and configured to determine the composition of species within the inner volume based upon the detected signal. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
a gas source to provide one or more gases to the inner volume; an RF source to provide RF energy to the inner volume to form a plasma from the one or more gases provided to the inner volume. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
one or more reflectors disposed within the inner volume to reflect the signal from the radiation source to the detector. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the detector is configured to detect an intensity of the radiation after it has traveled through the inner volume. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the frequency of the radiation selected provides molecular information of species within the inner volume. 6. A method for monitoring a substrate process chamber, comprising:
performing a process in a process chamber; providing radiation at a frequency of about 200 GHz to about 2 THz into an inner volume of the substrate process chamber; detecting the radiation after it has passed through the inner volume; and characterizing contents of the inner volume using a molecular rotational absorption intensity analysis on the detected radiation. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the characterization includes controlling the process during the performance of the process. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the characterization includes determining an endpoint of the process. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the characterization includes fingerprinting the process chamber. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein the characterization includes matching the performance between the process chamber and a second process chamber used to perform the same process. 11. The method of claim 6, wherein the characterization includes determining a fault in the performance of the process chamber. 12. The method of claim 6, wherein providing radiation at said frequencies facilitates obtaining quantitative species information including one or more polar species within the process chamber. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the one or more polar species within the process chamber include radical, neutral, or ion species. 14. The method of claim 6, wherein the frequency of the radiation used is different than a frequency of radiation generated by a plasma used in the process chamber. 15. The method of any of claim 6, wherein the process performed is one of an etch process or a deposition process. 16. The method of claim 6, wherein the frequency of the radiation selected provides molecular information of species within the inner volume. 17. A non-transitory computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon that when executed by a processor cause the processor to perform a method of monitoring a substrate process chamber, comprising:
performing a process in a process chamber; providing radiation into an inner volume of the substrate process chamber at a frequency of about 200 GHz to about 2 THz; detecting the radiation after it has passed through the inner volume; and characterizing contents of the inner volume using a molecular rotational absorption intensity analysis on the detected radiation. 18. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein the frequency of the radiation selected provides molecular information of species within the inner volume. 19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein the characterization includes at least one of controlling the process during the performance of the process, determining an endpoint of the process, fingerprinting the process chamber, matching the performance between the process chamber and a second process chamber used to perform the same process, or determining a fault in the performance of the process chamber. 20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein providing radiation at said frequencies facilitates obtaining quantitative species information including one or more polar species within the process chamber. | Methods and apparatus for semiconductor manufacturing process monitoring and control are provided herein. In some embodiments, apparatus for substrate processing may include a process chamber for processing a substrate in an inner volume of the process chamber; a radiation source disposed outside of the process chamber to provide radiation at a frequency of about 200 GHz to about 2 THz into the inner volume via a dielectric window in a wall of the vacuum process chamber; a detector to detect the signal after having passed through the inner volume; and a controller coupled to the detector and configured to determine the composition of species within the inner volume based upon the detected signal.1. Apparatus for substrate processing, comprising:
a process chamber for processing a substrate in an inner volume of the process chamber; a radiation source disposed outside of the process chamber to provide radiation at a frequency of about 200 GHz to about 2 THz into the inner volume via a dielectric window in a wall of the vacuum process chamber; a detector to detect the signal after having passed through the inner volume; and a controller coupled to the detector and configured to determine the composition of species within the inner volume based upon the detected signal. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
a gas source to provide one or more gases to the inner volume; an RF source to provide RF energy to the inner volume to form a plasma from the one or more gases provided to the inner volume. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
one or more reflectors disposed within the inner volume to reflect the signal from the radiation source to the detector. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the detector is configured to detect an intensity of the radiation after it has traveled through the inner volume. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the frequency of the radiation selected provides molecular information of species within the inner volume. 6. A method for monitoring a substrate process chamber, comprising:
performing a process in a process chamber; providing radiation at a frequency of about 200 GHz to about 2 THz into an inner volume of the substrate process chamber; detecting the radiation after it has passed through the inner volume; and characterizing contents of the inner volume using a molecular rotational absorption intensity analysis on the detected radiation. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the characterization includes controlling the process during the performance of the process. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the characterization includes determining an endpoint of the process. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the characterization includes fingerprinting the process chamber. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein the characterization includes matching the performance between the process chamber and a second process chamber used to perform the same process. 11. The method of claim 6, wherein the characterization includes determining a fault in the performance of the process chamber. 12. The method of claim 6, wherein providing radiation at said frequencies facilitates obtaining quantitative species information including one or more polar species within the process chamber. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the one or more polar species within the process chamber include radical, neutral, or ion species. 14. The method of claim 6, wherein the frequency of the radiation used is different than a frequency of radiation generated by a plasma used in the process chamber. 15. The method of any of claim 6, wherein the process performed is one of an etch process or a deposition process. 16. The method of claim 6, wherein the frequency of the radiation selected provides molecular information of species within the inner volume. 17. A non-transitory computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon that when executed by a processor cause the processor to perform a method of monitoring a substrate process chamber, comprising:
performing a process in a process chamber; providing radiation into an inner volume of the substrate process chamber at a frequency of about 200 GHz to about 2 THz; detecting the radiation after it has passed through the inner volume; and characterizing contents of the inner volume using a molecular rotational absorption intensity analysis on the detected radiation. 18. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein the frequency of the radiation selected provides molecular information of species within the inner volume. 19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein the characterization includes at least one of controlling the process during the performance of the process, determining an endpoint of the process, fingerprinting the process chamber, matching the performance between the process chamber and a second process chamber used to perform the same process, or determining a fault in the performance of the process chamber. 20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein providing radiation at said frequencies facilitates obtaining quantitative species information including one or more polar species within the process chamber. | 1,700 |
2,631 | 14,359,133 | 1,792 | Process for the preparation of an edible fat-continuous spread comprising at most 45 wt. % of fat using liquid oil, a fat powder comprising structuring fat and a water-phase, comprising the steps of: a. providing amixture comprising the water-phase and the fat powder; b. subjecting said mixture to at least a partial vacuum; c. mixing the mixture prepared at step ‘b’ to provide a fat-continuous spread, wherein the liquid oil may be added to the mixture at any of steps ‘a’, ‘b’, or ‘c’ or when added in parts in any combination at steps ‘a’, ‘b’ and ‘c’. | 1. Process for the preparation of an edible fat-continuous spread comprising at most 45 wt. % of fat using liquid oil, a fat powder comprising structuring fat and a water-phase, comprising the steps of:
a. providing a mixture comprising the water-phase and the fat powder, a water-continuous slurry is formed by dispersing the fat powder in the water-continuous phase; b. subjecting said mixture to at least a partial vacuum; c. mixing the mixture prepared at step ‘b’ to provide a fat-continuous spread, wherein the liquid oil may be added to the mixture at any of steps ‘b’, or ‘c’ when added in parts in any combination at steps ‘b’ and ‘c’. 2. Process according to claim 1, wherein the partial vacuum is at most 70%, more preferably at most 50%, even more preferably at most 30%, even more preferably at most 15%, even more preferably at most 5% and still more preferably at most 0.5% of the ambient pressure. 3. Process according to claim 1, wherein the mixture at step ‘b’ is subjected 1 to 60 minutes, more preferably 3 to 50 minutes, even more preferably 5 to 35 minutes and still more preferably 8 to 15 minutes to at least a partial vacuum. 4. Process according to claim 1, wherein before step ‘c’, more preferably at step ‘a’ or ‘b’ and even more preferably at step ‘b’; the mixture of fat powder and water-phase is mixed to provide a water-continuous slurry. 5. Process according to claim 1, wherein the fat powder is obtainable by supercritical melt micronisation. 6. Process according to claim 1, wherein the amount of structuring fat, based on the weight of the spread, is 1 to 20 wt. %, preferably 2 to 15 wt. % and more preferably 4 to 12 wt. %. 7. Process according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the mixture at step ‘c’ is from 15 to 25, preferably 17 to 23 and more preferably 18 to 21 degrees Celsius. 8. Process according to claim 1, wherein the amount of fat, based on the total weight of the spread, is 5 to 45 wt. %, preferably 10 to 35 wt. % and more preferably 15 to 30 wt. %. 9. Process according to claim 1, wherein the amount of water-phase, based on the total weight of the spread, is 55 to 95 wt. %, preferably 65 to 90 wt. % and more preferably 70 to 85 wt. %. 10. Process according to claim 1, wherein the water-phase comprises at least one gelling and/or thickening agent, preferably selected from the group consisting of physically and chemically modified starch and more preferably selected from the group consisting of starch which has been subjected to cross-linking using phosphoric acid and tapioca starch which has been subjected to cross-linking using phosphoric acid. 11. Process according to claim 1, wherein part of the liquid oil is added to the mixture at step ‘b’, or in parts at step ‘b’, to form a water-continuous mixture. 12. Process according to claim 11, wherein 1 to 80 wt. %, preferably 5 to 65 wt. %, more preferably 10 to 40 wt. % and even more preferably 15 to 25 wt % of the liquid oil is added. 13. Process according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the mixture at least up to and during step ‘b’ is 1 to 15, preferably 5 to 13 and more preferably 8 to 11 degrees Celsius. | Process for the preparation of an edible fat-continuous spread comprising at most 45 wt. % of fat using liquid oil, a fat powder comprising structuring fat and a water-phase, comprising the steps of: a. providing amixture comprising the water-phase and the fat powder; b. subjecting said mixture to at least a partial vacuum; c. mixing the mixture prepared at step ‘b’ to provide a fat-continuous spread, wherein the liquid oil may be added to the mixture at any of steps ‘a’, ‘b’, or ‘c’ or when added in parts in any combination at steps ‘a’, ‘b’ and ‘c’.1. Process for the preparation of an edible fat-continuous spread comprising at most 45 wt. % of fat using liquid oil, a fat powder comprising structuring fat and a water-phase, comprising the steps of:
a. providing a mixture comprising the water-phase and the fat powder, a water-continuous slurry is formed by dispersing the fat powder in the water-continuous phase; b. subjecting said mixture to at least a partial vacuum; c. mixing the mixture prepared at step ‘b’ to provide a fat-continuous spread, wherein the liquid oil may be added to the mixture at any of steps ‘b’, or ‘c’ when added in parts in any combination at steps ‘b’ and ‘c’. 2. Process according to claim 1, wherein the partial vacuum is at most 70%, more preferably at most 50%, even more preferably at most 30%, even more preferably at most 15%, even more preferably at most 5% and still more preferably at most 0.5% of the ambient pressure. 3. Process according to claim 1, wherein the mixture at step ‘b’ is subjected 1 to 60 minutes, more preferably 3 to 50 minutes, even more preferably 5 to 35 minutes and still more preferably 8 to 15 minutes to at least a partial vacuum. 4. Process according to claim 1, wherein before step ‘c’, more preferably at step ‘a’ or ‘b’ and even more preferably at step ‘b’; the mixture of fat powder and water-phase is mixed to provide a water-continuous slurry. 5. Process according to claim 1, wherein the fat powder is obtainable by supercritical melt micronisation. 6. Process according to claim 1, wherein the amount of structuring fat, based on the weight of the spread, is 1 to 20 wt. %, preferably 2 to 15 wt. % and more preferably 4 to 12 wt. %. 7. Process according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the mixture at step ‘c’ is from 15 to 25, preferably 17 to 23 and more preferably 18 to 21 degrees Celsius. 8. Process according to claim 1, wherein the amount of fat, based on the total weight of the spread, is 5 to 45 wt. %, preferably 10 to 35 wt. % and more preferably 15 to 30 wt. %. 9. Process according to claim 1, wherein the amount of water-phase, based on the total weight of the spread, is 55 to 95 wt. %, preferably 65 to 90 wt. % and more preferably 70 to 85 wt. %. 10. Process according to claim 1, wherein the water-phase comprises at least one gelling and/or thickening agent, preferably selected from the group consisting of physically and chemically modified starch and more preferably selected from the group consisting of starch which has been subjected to cross-linking using phosphoric acid and tapioca starch which has been subjected to cross-linking using phosphoric acid. 11. Process according to claim 1, wherein part of the liquid oil is added to the mixture at step ‘b’, or in parts at step ‘b’, to form a water-continuous mixture. 12. Process according to claim 11, wherein 1 to 80 wt. %, preferably 5 to 65 wt. %, more preferably 10 to 40 wt. % and even more preferably 15 to 25 wt % of the liquid oil is added. 13. Process according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the mixture at least up to and during step ‘b’ is 1 to 15, preferably 5 to 13 and more preferably 8 to 11 degrees Celsius. | 1,700 |
2,632 | 14,749,000 | 1,735 | A core assembly includes a core that includes an exterior surface that has a recessed area that extends along the exterior surface. An insert includes a contact surface that corresponds to the recessed area. | 1. A core assembly comprising:
a core including an exterior surface having a recessed area extending along the exterior surface; and an insert including a contact surface corresponding to the recessed area. 2. The core assembly of claim 1 wherein the core comprises:
an upstream end;
a downstream end;
a first side extending between the upstream end and downstream end; and
a second side extending between the upstream end and the downstream end. 3. The core assembly of claim 2, wherein the insert is a refractory metal core including a first end, a second end, a first side, and a second side. 4. The core assembly of claim 3, wherein the contact surface is located on the first side of the refractory metal core. 5. The core assembly of claim 3, wherein the recessed area is located on at least one of the first side and the second side of the core and the first end of the refractory metal core is located adjacent the downstream end of the core. 6. The core assembly of claim 3, comprising a tab extending from the first side of the refractory metal core. 7. The core assembly of claim 6, wherein the tab extends to the upstream end of the core and the recessed area extends from the upstream end to the downstream end. 8. The core assembly of claim 6, wherein the recessed area includes a slot for accepting the tab. 9. The core assembly of claim 3, wherein the recessed area extends at least partially along the first side, the downstream end, and the second side and the contact surface abuts to the recessed area along the first side, the downstream end, and the second side. 10. The core assembly of claim 9, wherein the refractory metal core includes a first tab extending along the first side of the recessed area and a second tab extending along the second side of the recessed area. 11. The core assembly of claim 3, comprising a leading edge core having an upstream end, a downstream end, a first side, and a second side, a first recessed area on the first side and the second side of the core and a second recessed area on the first side, the upstream end, and the second side of the leading edge core and the refractory metal core abutting the first recessed area and the second recessed area. 12. The core assembly of claim 1, wherein the insert includes at least one bend. 13. The core assembly of claim 1, wherein the insert is secured within the recessed area with an adhesive. 14. A component for a gas turbine engine made from the core assembly of claim 1. 15. A method of forming a core assembly comprising:
forming a recessed area along an exterior surface of a core; and positioning an refractory metal core having a first end, a second end, a first side, and a second side into the recessed area such that the first side includes a contact surface adjacent the recessed area and the first end and the second end are spaced from the recessed area. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the core comprises:
an upstream end; a downstream end; a first side extending between the upstream end and downstream end; and a second side extending between the upstream end and the downstream end. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the recessed area is located on at least one of the first side of the core and the first end of the refractory metal core is located adjacent the downstream end of the core. 18. The method of claim 16, comprising aligning a tab on the refractory metal core and a corresponding slot in the recessed area. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the tab extends to the upstream end of the core and the recessed area extends from the upstream end to the downstream end of the core. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the recessed area extends along the first side, the downstream end, and the second side of the core and the contact surface on the refractory metal core abuts the recessed area along the first side, the downstream end, and the second side. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the refractory metal core includes a first tab extending along the first side of the recessed area and a second tab extending along the second side of the recessed area. 22. The method of claim 16, comprising a leading edge core having an upstream end, a downstream end, a first side, and a second side, a first recessed area on the first side and the second side of the core and a second recessed area on the pressure side, the upstream end, and the second side of the leading edge core and the refractory metal core extending between the first recessed area and the second recessed area. | A core assembly includes a core that includes an exterior surface that has a recessed area that extends along the exterior surface. An insert includes a contact surface that corresponds to the recessed area.1. A core assembly comprising:
a core including an exterior surface having a recessed area extending along the exterior surface; and an insert including a contact surface corresponding to the recessed area. 2. The core assembly of claim 1 wherein the core comprises:
an upstream end;
a downstream end;
a first side extending between the upstream end and downstream end; and
a second side extending between the upstream end and the downstream end. 3. The core assembly of claim 2, wherein the insert is a refractory metal core including a first end, a second end, a first side, and a second side. 4. The core assembly of claim 3, wherein the contact surface is located on the first side of the refractory metal core. 5. The core assembly of claim 3, wherein the recessed area is located on at least one of the first side and the second side of the core and the first end of the refractory metal core is located adjacent the downstream end of the core. 6. The core assembly of claim 3, comprising a tab extending from the first side of the refractory metal core. 7. The core assembly of claim 6, wherein the tab extends to the upstream end of the core and the recessed area extends from the upstream end to the downstream end. 8. The core assembly of claim 6, wherein the recessed area includes a slot for accepting the tab. 9. The core assembly of claim 3, wherein the recessed area extends at least partially along the first side, the downstream end, and the second side and the contact surface abuts to the recessed area along the first side, the downstream end, and the second side. 10. The core assembly of claim 9, wherein the refractory metal core includes a first tab extending along the first side of the recessed area and a second tab extending along the second side of the recessed area. 11. The core assembly of claim 3, comprising a leading edge core having an upstream end, a downstream end, a first side, and a second side, a first recessed area on the first side and the second side of the core and a second recessed area on the first side, the upstream end, and the second side of the leading edge core and the refractory metal core abutting the first recessed area and the second recessed area. 12. The core assembly of claim 1, wherein the insert includes at least one bend. 13. The core assembly of claim 1, wherein the insert is secured within the recessed area with an adhesive. 14. A component for a gas turbine engine made from the core assembly of claim 1. 15. A method of forming a core assembly comprising:
forming a recessed area along an exterior surface of a core; and positioning an refractory metal core having a first end, a second end, a first side, and a second side into the recessed area such that the first side includes a contact surface adjacent the recessed area and the first end and the second end are spaced from the recessed area. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the core comprises:
an upstream end; a downstream end; a first side extending between the upstream end and downstream end; and a second side extending between the upstream end and the downstream end. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the recessed area is located on at least one of the first side of the core and the first end of the refractory metal core is located adjacent the downstream end of the core. 18. The method of claim 16, comprising aligning a tab on the refractory metal core and a corresponding slot in the recessed area. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the tab extends to the upstream end of the core and the recessed area extends from the upstream end to the downstream end of the core. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the recessed area extends along the first side, the downstream end, and the second side of the core and the contact surface on the refractory metal core abuts the recessed area along the first side, the downstream end, and the second side. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the refractory metal core includes a first tab extending along the first side of the recessed area and a second tab extending along the second side of the recessed area. 22. The method of claim 16, comprising a leading edge core having an upstream end, a downstream end, a first side, and a second side, a first recessed area on the first side and the second side of the core and a second recessed area on the pressure side, the upstream end, and the second side of the leading edge core and the refractory metal core extending between the first recessed area and the second recessed area. | 1,700 |
2,633 | 14,777,812 | 1,783 | A resin-coated non-woven fabric is provide that may be welded through a high-frequency welder and may be remedied in hardness, and further may have a clear embossed pattern. A resin-coated non-woven fabric of the present invention comprises: a filament non-woven fabric that is of a thermocompression-bondable type, is made of a polyethylene terephthalate and has a weight of 50 to 150 g/m 2 ; and a resin coat layer positioned over one surface of the filament non-woven fabric and having a coating amount of 40 to 150 g/m 2 after dried; wherein the resin coat layer contains 10 to 45% by mass of a vinyl chloride unit and 30 to 55% by mass of a (meth)acrylic acid ester unit, and further a surface of the resin coat layer has an embossed pattern. | 1. A resin-coated non-woven fabric, which comprises
a filament non-woven fabric that is of a thermocompression-bondable type is made of a polyethylene terephthalate and has a weight of 50 to 150 g/m2, a resin coat layer positioned over one surface of the filament non-woven fabric and having a coating amount of 40 to 150 g/m2 after dried, wherein the resin coat layer contains 10 to 45% by mass of a vinyl chloride unit and 30 to 55% by mass of a (meth)acrylic acid ester unit, and a surface of the resin coat layer has an embossed pattern. 2. The resin-coated non-woven fabric according to claim 1, wherein the resin coat layer has at least one glass transition temperature (Tg) of 30° C. or lower according to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of the layer. 3. The resin-coated non-woven fabric according to claim 1, wherein the filament non-woven fabric is embossed, and the embossed surface of the filament non-woven fabric is coated with the above resin. | A resin-coated non-woven fabric is provide that may be welded through a high-frequency welder and may be remedied in hardness, and further may have a clear embossed pattern. A resin-coated non-woven fabric of the present invention comprises: a filament non-woven fabric that is of a thermocompression-bondable type, is made of a polyethylene terephthalate and has a weight of 50 to 150 g/m 2 ; and a resin coat layer positioned over one surface of the filament non-woven fabric and having a coating amount of 40 to 150 g/m 2 after dried; wherein the resin coat layer contains 10 to 45% by mass of a vinyl chloride unit and 30 to 55% by mass of a (meth)acrylic acid ester unit, and further a surface of the resin coat layer has an embossed pattern.1. A resin-coated non-woven fabric, which comprises
a filament non-woven fabric that is of a thermocompression-bondable type is made of a polyethylene terephthalate and has a weight of 50 to 150 g/m2, a resin coat layer positioned over one surface of the filament non-woven fabric and having a coating amount of 40 to 150 g/m2 after dried, wherein the resin coat layer contains 10 to 45% by mass of a vinyl chloride unit and 30 to 55% by mass of a (meth)acrylic acid ester unit, and a surface of the resin coat layer has an embossed pattern. 2. The resin-coated non-woven fabric according to claim 1, wherein the resin coat layer has at least one glass transition temperature (Tg) of 30° C. or lower according to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of the layer. 3. The resin-coated non-woven fabric according to claim 1, wherein the filament non-woven fabric is embossed, and the embossed surface of the filament non-woven fabric is coated with the above resin. | 1,700 |
2,634 | 14,198,651 | 1,716 | One or more pumping liners are provided for use in chemical vapor deposition (CVD). A pumping liner encircles a deposition chamber within which a wafer is placed and into which a precursor is introduced to form a thin film on a surface of the wafer. The pumping liner regulates a rate and uniformity at which a gas is removed from the deposition chamber, which in turn affects a duration or degree to which different portions of the wafer are exposed to the precursor. Controlling exposure of the wafer to the precursor promotes uniformity of the film formed on the wafer as well an ability to regulate the thickness of the film formed on the wafer. In an embodiment, a pumping liner has at least one of relatively small liner apertures, an increased number of liner apertures or a non-uniform distribution of liner apertures within a body of the pumping liner. | 1. A pumping liner usable in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) assembly, comprising:
an annular body; and an array of liner apertures defined within and penetrating through the annular body, wherein:
respective liner apertures, of the array of liner apertures, have an aperture radius of less than about 4.5 millimeters; and
a sum of aperture areas of the liner apertures, of the array of liner apertures, has a cumulative aperture area of less than about 1,200 square millimeters. 2. The pumping liner of claim 1, wherein the array of liner apertures comprises at least about 60 liner apertures. 3. The pumping liner of claim 1, wherein a first liner aperture of the array of liner apertures has a first shape and a second liner aperture of the array of liner apertures has a second shape different than the first shape. 4. The pumping liner of claim 1, wherein at least one of:
an inner diameter ratio of an inner diameter of the annular body to a wafer diameter of a wafer treated by the CVD assembly is between about 1.15 to about 1.35; an outer diameter ratio of an outer diameter of the annular body to the wafer diameter is between about 1 to about 1.14; or a height ratio of a height of the annular body to the wafer diameter is between about 0.09 to about 0.2. 5. The pumping liner of claim 1, wherein the annular body has a thickness of between about 30 millimeters to about 50 millimeters. 6. The pumping liner of claim 1, wherein the liner apertures of the array of liner apertures have a non-uniform distribution around the annular body. 7. The pumping liner of claim 6, wherein the array of liner apertures comprises:
a first sub-array of liner apertures, and a second sub-array of liner apertures that is nearer a pumping port of the CVD assembly than the first sub-array of liner apertures is to the pumping port, such that a first flow rate of gas out of a deposition chamber of the CVD assembly through the first sub-array of liner apertures is substantially equal to a second flow rate of gas out of the deposition chamber through the second sub-array of liner apertures. 8. The pumping liner of claim 1, wherein the array of liner apertures comprises:
a first group of liner apertures, and a second group of liner apertures that is nearer a top surface of the annular body than the first group of liner apertures is to the top surface. 9. The pumping liner of claim 1, wherein a first liner aperture of the array of liner apertures has a first size and a second liner aperture of the array of liner apertures has a second size different than the first size. 10. The pumping liner of claim 1, wherein a first liner aperture of the array of liner apertures has a first cross sectional shape and a second liner aperture of the array of liner apertures has a second cross sectional shape different than the first cross sectional shape. 11. A chemical vapor deposition (CVD) assembly, comprising:
a wafer stage configured to place a wafer into a deposition chamber defined within the CVD assembly; a pumping liner encircling the deposition chamber; a pumping ring encircling the pumping liner such that a pumping passage is defined between the pumping ring and the pumping liner; and a pumping port coupled to the pumping ring, where
the pumping liner comprises:
an annular body; and
an array of liner apertures defined within and penetrating through the annular body, where the array of liner apertures comprises at least about 60 liner apertures and a first liner aperture of the array of liner apertures differs from a second liner aperture of the array of liner apertures in at least one of size, shape or distance from a top surface of the annular body. 12. The CVD assembly of claim 11, wherein at least one of:
at least some of the liner apertures, of the array of liner apertures, have an aperture radius of less than about 4.5 millimeters; or a sum of aperture areas of the liner apertures, of the array of liner apertures, has a cumulative aperture area of less than about 1,200 square millimeters. 13. The CVD assembly of claim 11, wherein at least one of:
an inner diameter ratio of an inner diameter of the annular body to a wafer diameter of a wafer treated by the CVD assembly is between about 1.15 to about 1.35; an outer diameter ratio of an outer diameter of the annular body to the wafer diameter is between about 1 to about 1.14; or a height ratio of a height of the annular body to the wafer diameter is between about 0.09 to about 0.2. 14. The CVD assembly of claim 11, wherein the annular body has a thickness of between about 30 millimeters to about 50 millimeters. 15. The CVD assembly of claim 11, wherein the liner apertures of the array of liner apertures have a non-uniform distribution around the annular body. 16. The CVD assembly of claim 15, wherein the array of liner apertures comprises:
a first sub-array of liner apertures, and a second sub-array of liner apertures that is nearer the pumping port than the first sub-array of liner apertures is to the pumping port, such that a first flow rate of gas out of a deposition chamber of the CVD assembly through the first sub-array of liner apertures is substantially equal to a second flow rate of gas out of the deposition chamber through the second sub-array of liner apertures. 17. The CVD assembly of claim 11, wherein the array of liner apertures comprises:
a first group of liner apertures, and a second group of liner apertures that is nearer the top surface of the annular body than the first group of liner apertures is to the top surface. 18. The CVD assembly of claim 11, comprising a shower head configured to introduce a precursor into the deposition chamber. 19. A pumping liner usable in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) assembly, comprising:
an annular body; and an array of liner apertures defined within and penetrating through the annular body, wherein at least one of:
respective liner apertures, of the array of liner apertures, have an aperture radius of less than about 4.5 millimeters;
a sum of aperture areas of the liner apertures, of the array of liner apertures, has a cumulative aperture area of less than about 1,200 square millimeters; or
the array of liner apertures comprises at least about 60 liner apertures. 20. The pumping liner of claim 19, wherein the array of liner apertures comprises:
a first sub-array of liner apertures, and a second sub-array of liner apertures that is nearer a pumping port of the CVD assembly than the first sub-array of liner apertures is to the pumping port, such that a first flow rate of gas out of a deposition chamber of the CVD assembly through the first sub-array of liner apertures is substantially equal to a second flow rate of gas out of the deposition chamber through the second sub-array of liner apertures. | One or more pumping liners are provided for use in chemical vapor deposition (CVD). A pumping liner encircles a deposition chamber within which a wafer is placed and into which a precursor is introduced to form a thin film on a surface of the wafer. The pumping liner regulates a rate and uniformity at which a gas is removed from the deposition chamber, which in turn affects a duration or degree to which different portions of the wafer are exposed to the precursor. Controlling exposure of the wafer to the precursor promotes uniformity of the film formed on the wafer as well an ability to regulate the thickness of the film formed on the wafer. In an embodiment, a pumping liner has at least one of relatively small liner apertures, an increased number of liner apertures or a non-uniform distribution of liner apertures within a body of the pumping liner.1. A pumping liner usable in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) assembly, comprising:
an annular body; and an array of liner apertures defined within and penetrating through the annular body, wherein:
respective liner apertures, of the array of liner apertures, have an aperture radius of less than about 4.5 millimeters; and
a sum of aperture areas of the liner apertures, of the array of liner apertures, has a cumulative aperture area of less than about 1,200 square millimeters. 2. The pumping liner of claim 1, wherein the array of liner apertures comprises at least about 60 liner apertures. 3. The pumping liner of claim 1, wherein a first liner aperture of the array of liner apertures has a first shape and a second liner aperture of the array of liner apertures has a second shape different than the first shape. 4. The pumping liner of claim 1, wherein at least one of:
an inner diameter ratio of an inner diameter of the annular body to a wafer diameter of a wafer treated by the CVD assembly is between about 1.15 to about 1.35; an outer diameter ratio of an outer diameter of the annular body to the wafer diameter is between about 1 to about 1.14; or a height ratio of a height of the annular body to the wafer diameter is between about 0.09 to about 0.2. 5. The pumping liner of claim 1, wherein the annular body has a thickness of between about 30 millimeters to about 50 millimeters. 6. The pumping liner of claim 1, wherein the liner apertures of the array of liner apertures have a non-uniform distribution around the annular body. 7. The pumping liner of claim 6, wherein the array of liner apertures comprises:
a first sub-array of liner apertures, and a second sub-array of liner apertures that is nearer a pumping port of the CVD assembly than the first sub-array of liner apertures is to the pumping port, such that a first flow rate of gas out of a deposition chamber of the CVD assembly through the first sub-array of liner apertures is substantially equal to a second flow rate of gas out of the deposition chamber through the second sub-array of liner apertures. 8. The pumping liner of claim 1, wherein the array of liner apertures comprises:
a first group of liner apertures, and a second group of liner apertures that is nearer a top surface of the annular body than the first group of liner apertures is to the top surface. 9. The pumping liner of claim 1, wherein a first liner aperture of the array of liner apertures has a first size and a second liner aperture of the array of liner apertures has a second size different than the first size. 10. The pumping liner of claim 1, wherein a first liner aperture of the array of liner apertures has a first cross sectional shape and a second liner aperture of the array of liner apertures has a second cross sectional shape different than the first cross sectional shape. 11. A chemical vapor deposition (CVD) assembly, comprising:
a wafer stage configured to place a wafer into a deposition chamber defined within the CVD assembly; a pumping liner encircling the deposition chamber; a pumping ring encircling the pumping liner such that a pumping passage is defined between the pumping ring and the pumping liner; and a pumping port coupled to the pumping ring, where
the pumping liner comprises:
an annular body; and
an array of liner apertures defined within and penetrating through the annular body, where the array of liner apertures comprises at least about 60 liner apertures and a first liner aperture of the array of liner apertures differs from a second liner aperture of the array of liner apertures in at least one of size, shape or distance from a top surface of the annular body. 12. The CVD assembly of claim 11, wherein at least one of:
at least some of the liner apertures, of the array of liner apertures, have an aperture radius of less than about 4.5 millimeters; or a sum of aperture areas of the liner apertures, of the array of liner apertures, has a cumulative aperture area of less than about 1,200 square millimeters. 13. The CVD assembly of claim 11, wherein at least one of:
an inner diameter ratio of an inner diameter of the annular body to a wafer diameter of a wafer treated by the CVD assembly is between about 1.15 to about 1.35; an outer diameter ratio of an outer diameter of the annular body to the wafer diameter is between about 1 to about 1.14; or a height ratio of a height of the annular body to the wafer diameter is between about 0.09 to about 0.2. 14. The CVD assembly of claim 11, wherein the annular body has a thickness of between about 30 millimeters to about 50 millimeters. 15. The CVD assembly of claim 11, wherein the liner apertures of the array of liner apertures have a non-uniform distribution around the annular body. 16. The CVD assembly of claim 15, wherein the array of liner apertures comprises:
a first sub-array of liner apertures, and a second sub-array of liner apertures that is nearer the pumping port than the first sub-array of liner apertures is to the pumping port, such that a first flow rate of gas out of a deposition chamber of the CVD assembly through the first sub-array of liner apertures is substantially equal to a second flow rate of gas out of the deposition chamber through the second sub-array of liner apertures. 17. The CVD assembly of claim 11, wherein the array of liner apertures comprises:
a first group of liner apertures, and a second group of liner apertures that is nearer the top surface of the annular body than the first group of liner apertures is to the top surface. 18. The CVD assembly of claim 11, comprising a shower head configured to introduce a precursor into the deposition chamber. 19. A pumping liner usable in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) assembly, comprising:
an annular body; and an array of liner apertures defined within and penetrating through the annular body, wherein at least one of:
respective liner apertures, of the array of liner apertures, have an aperture radius of less than about 4.5 millimeters;
a sum of aperture areas of the liner apertures, of the array of liner apertures, has a cumulative aperture area of less than about 1,200 square millimeters; or
the array of liner apertures comprises at least about 60 liner apertures. 20. The pumping liner of claim 19, wherein the array of liner apertures comprises:
a first sub-array of liner apertures, and a second sub-array of liner apertures that is nearer a pumping port of the CVD assembly than the first sub-array of liner apertures is to the pumping port, such that a first flow rate of gas out of a deposition chamber of the CVD assembly through the first sub-array of liner apertures is substantially equal to a second flow rate of gas out of the deposition chamber through the second sub-array of liner apertures. | 1,700 |
2,635 | 13,133,950 | 1,791 | A method for producing an edible composite of gas hydrate and ice is provided, the method comprising the steps of contacting an aqueous solution with carbon dioxide or nitrous oxide at a sufficiently high pressure to form a gas hydrate, but at a temperature preventing this; and then reducing the temperature of the solution to form the gas hydrate and ice; characterized in that the aqueous solution contains from 0.01 to 5 wt % of an aerating agent. Frozen confections containing gas hydrates and methods for producing them are also provided. | 1. A method for producing an edible composite of gas hydrate and ice, the method comprising the steps of:
a) contacting an aqueous solution with carbon dioxide or nitrous oxide at a sufficiently high pressure to form a gas hydrate, but at a temperature preventing this; and then b) reducing the temperature of the solution to form the gas hydrate and ice; characterized in that the aqueous solution contains from 0.01 to 5 wt % of an aerating agent. 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the gas is carbon dioxide. 3. A method according to claim 1 wherein the aerating agent is a protein, a protein hydrolysate, a hydrophobin, a non-ionic surfactant or an anionic surfactant. 4. A method according to claim 1 wherein the aerating agent is present in an amount of from 0.05 to 2 wt %. 5. A method according to claim 4 wherein the aerating agent is present in an amount of 0.1 to 1 wt %. 6. A method according to claim 1 wherein the aqueous solution consists essentially of water, the gas and the aerating agent. 7. A method according to claim 1 wherein step a) is performed in a pressure vessel which is then placed in a freezer in step b). 8. A method according to claim 1 wherein in step b) the aqueous solution is passed under pressure through an extruder with a refrigerated barrel. 9. An edible composite of carbon dioxide or nitrous oxide gas hydrate and ice, characterized in that it comprises from 0.01 to 5 wt % of an aerating agent. 10. A process for producing a frozen confection, the process comprising producing an edible composite according to claim 9; and then combining the composite with the remaining ingredients of the frozen confection. 11. A process according to claim 10 wherein the composite constitutes from 5 to 50 wt %, preferably 10 to 20 wt % of the frozen confection. 12. A frozen confection comprising an edible composite according to claim 9. | A method for producing an edible composite of gas hydrate and ice is provided, the method comprising the steps of contacting an aqueous solution with carbon dioxide or nitrous oxide at a sufficiently high pressure to form a gas hydrate, but at a temperature preventing this; and then reducing the temperature of the solution to form the gas hydrate and ice; characterized in that the aqueous solution contains from 0.01 to 5 wt % of an aerating agent. Frozen confections containing gas hydrates and methods for producing them are also provided.1. A method for producing an edible composite of gas hydrate and ice, the method comprising the steps of:
a) contacting an aqueous solution with carbon dioxide or nitrous oxide at a sufficiently high pressure to form a gas hydrate, but at a temperature preventing this; and then b) reducing the temperature of the solution to form the gas hydrate and ice; characterized in that the aqueous solution contains from 0.01 to 5 wt % of an aerating agent. 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the gas is carbon dioxide. 3. A method according to claim 1 wherein the aerating agent is a protein, a protein hydrolysate, a hydrophobin, a non-ionic surfactant or an anionic surfactant. 4. A method according to claim 1 wherein the aerating agent is present in an amount of from 0.05 to 2 wt %. 5. A method according to claim 4 wherein the aerating agent is present in an amount of 0.1 to 1 wt %. 6. A method according to claim 1 wherein the aqueous solution consists essentially of water, the gas and the aerating agent. 7. A method according to claim 1 wherein step a) is performed in a pressure vessel which is then placed in a freezer in step b). 8. A method according to claim 1 wherein in step b) the aqueous solution is passed under pressure through an extruder with a refrigerated barrel. 9. An edible composite of carbon dioxide or nitrous oxide gas hydrate and ice, characterized in that it comprises from 0.01 to 5 wt % of an aerating agent. 10. A process for producing a frozen confection, the process comprising producing an edible composite according to claim 9; and then combining the composite with the remaining ingredients of the frozen confection. 11. A process according to claim 10 wherein the composite constitutes from 5 to 50 wt %, preferably 10 to 20 wt % of the frozen confection. 12. A frozen confection comprising an edible composite according to claim 9. | 1,700 |
2,636 | 11,704,805 | 1,795 | The object of the present invention is to provide an electroplating method that enables the high-speed treatment of articles to be plated that was difficult to achieve with the conventional tin-zinc electroplating. The present invention provides a method for electroplating with a tin-zinc alloy that is performed under the following conditions: plating bath temperature 30 to 90° C., plating bath stirring rate 5 to 300 m/min, and cathode current density 5 to 200 A/dm 2 . Preferably, in the tin-zinc alloy plating bath, the divalent tin ion concentration is 1 to 100 g/L and the zinc ion concentration is 0.2 to 80 g/L. | 1. A method for electroplating with a tin-zinc alloy performed under the following conditions:
plating bath temperature: 30 to 90° C.; plating bath stirring rate: 5 to 300 m/min; and cathode current density: 5 to 200 A/dm2. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the tin-zinc alloy plating bath comprises a hydroxycarboxylic acid or a salt thereof, and a pH of the tin-zinc alloy plating bath is 2 to 10. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the tin-zinc alloy plating bath comprises at least one species selected from the group consisting of amphoteric surfactants and water-soluble compounds obtained by a reaction of an aliphatic amine, an organic acid ester, and a phthalic anhydride, and a pH of the tin-zinc alloy plating bath is 2 to 10. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the tin-zinc alloy plating bath comprises at least one species selected from the group consisting of tertiary amine compounds and quaternary amine compounds, and a pH of the tin-zinc alloy plating bath is 10 to 14. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the tin-zinc alloy plating bath comprises at least one species selected from the group consisting of nonionic surfactants, anionic surfactants, and cationic surfactants. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the tin-zinc alloy plating bath, the divalent tin ion concentration is 1 to 100 g/L and the zinc ion concentration is 0.2 to 80 g/L. | The object of the present invention is to provide an electroplating method that enables the high-speed treatment of articles to be plated that was difficult to achieve with the conventional tin-zinc electroplating. The present invention provides a method for electroplating with a tin-zinc alloy that is performed under the following conditions: plating bath temperature 30 to 90° C., plating bath stirring rate 5 to 300 m/min, and cathode current density 5 to 200 A/dm 2 . Preferably, in the tin-zinc alloy plating bath, the divalent tin ion concentration is 1 to 100 g/L and the zinc ion concentration is 0.2 to 80 g/L.1. A method for electroplating with a tin-zinc alloy performed under the following conditions:
plating bath temperature: 30 to 90° C.; plating bath stirring rate: 5 to 300 m/min; and cathode current density: 5 to 200 A/dm2. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the tin-zinc alloy plating bath comprises a hydroxycarboxylic acid or a salt thereof, and a pH of the tin-zinc alloy plating bath is 2 to 10. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the tin-zinc alloy plating bath comprises at least one species selected from the group consisting of amphoteric surfactants and water-soluble compounds obtained by a reaction of an aliphatic amine, an organic acid ester, and a phthalic anhydride, and a pH of the tin-zinc alloy plating bath is 2 to 10. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the tin-zinc alloy plating bath comprises at least one species selected from the group consisting of tertiary amine compounds and quaternary amine compounds, and a pH of the tin-zinc alloy plating bath is 10 to 14. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the tin-zinc alloy plating bath comprises at least one species selected from the group consisting of nonionic surfactants, anionic surfactants, and cationic surfactants. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the tin-zinc alloy plating bath, the divalent tin ion concentration is 1 to 100 g/L and the zinc ion concentration is 0.2 to 80 g/L. | 1,700 |
2,637 | 13,648,931 | 1,744 | An apparatus or system and method or process for displaying tool or die data or other tool or processing information on a display window of a webpage. A method for displaying tool data from a reciprocating tool includes positioning a monitor with respect to the reciprocating tool and the monitor recording data from the reciprocating tool. The data is communicated and then stored in a remote data storage location as stored tool data. The stored tool data is processed and then displayed, for example in the window of the webpage. | 1. A method for displaying data from a reciprocating tool, the method comprising:
positioning a monitor with respect to the reciprocating tool; the monitor recording data from the reciprocating tool; communicating and storing the data to a storage location as stored data; processing the stored data into processed data; and displaying the processed data as a desired result in a graphical user interface of a device located remotely with respect to the monitor. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the data is communicated to an input of a transmitter. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the transmitter outputs the data to a base station. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the base station outputs the data to the storage location. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the storage location is a remote infrastructure. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein a processor applies an algorithm, a calculation, a manipulation, a summarization, an arithmetical function and/or a mathematical function to the data. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the graphical user interface comprises a window of a webpage and/or a software application. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the device comprises a window, a dashboard, a personal computer, a tablet device and/or a phone device. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the graphical user interface communicates data and/or information as an output from the graphical user interface. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the data includes information about the reciprocating tool. 11. A method for displaying data from a reciprocating tool, the method comprising:
positioning a monitor with respect to the reciprocating tool; the monitor recording data from the reciprocating tool; and processing and communicating the data to a device located remotely with respect to the monitor. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the data is displayed on a graphical user interface in communication with the device. 13. The method of claim 11 wherein transmitter outputs the data to a base station that outputs the data to a storage location. 14. The method of claim 11 wherein a processor applies an algorithm, a calculation, a manipulation, a summarization, an arithmetical function and/or a mathematical function to the data. 15. The method of claim 11 wherein the device comprises a window, a dashboard, a personal computer, a tablet device and/or a phone device. 16. The method of claim 11 wherein the graphical user interface communicates data and/or information as an output from the device. 17. The method of claim 11 wherein the data includes information about the reciprocating tool. 18. A method for maintaining mold data from a reciprocating tool, the method comprising:
positioning a monitor with respect to the reciprocating tool; recording mold data from the reciprocating tool; generating a first remote record of the mold data; and generating a second remote record of the mold cycle data, the second remote record comprising a non-confidential version of the first remote record. | An apparatus or system and method or process for displaying tool or die data or other tool or processing information on a display window of a webpage. A method for displaying tool data from a reciprocating tool includes positioning a monitor with respect to the reciprocating tool and the monitor recording data from the reciprocating tool. The data is communicated and then stored in a remote data storage location as stored tool data. The stored tool data is processed and then displayed, for example in the window of the webpage.1. A method for displaying data from a reciprocating tool, the method comprising:
positioning a monitor with respect to the reciprocating tool; the monitor recording data from the reciprocating tool; communicating and storing the data to a storage location as stored data; processing the stored data into processed data; and displaying the processed data as a desired result in a graphical user interface of a device located remotely with respect to the monitor. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the data is communicated to an input of a transmitter. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the transmitter outputs the data to a base station. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the base station outputs the data to the storage location. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the storage location is a remote infrastructure. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein a processor applies an algorithm, a calculation, a manipulation, a summarization, an arithmetical function and/or a mathematical function to the data. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the graphical user interface comprises a window of a webpage and/or a software application. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the device comprises a window, a dashboard, a personal computer, a tablet device and/or a phone device. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the graphical user interface communicates data and/or information as an output from the graphical user interface. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the data includes information about the reciprocating tool. 11. A method for displaying data from a reciprocating tool, the method comprising:
positioning a monitor with respect to the reciprocating tool; the monitor recording data from the reciprocating tool; and processing and communicating the data to a device located remotely with respect to the monitor. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the data is displayed on a graphical user interface in communication with the device. 13. The method of claim 11 wherein transmitter outputs the data to a base station that outputs the data to a storage location. 14. The method of claim 11 wherein a processor applies an algorithm, a calculation, a manipulation, a summarization, an arithmetical function and/or a mathematical function to the data. 15. The method of claim 11 wherein the device comprises a window, a dashboard, a personal computer, a tablet device and/or a phone device. 16. The method of claim 11 wherein the graphical user interface communicates data and/or information as an output from the device. 17. The method of claim 11 wherein the data includes information about the reciprocating tool. 18. A method for maintaining mold data from a reciprocating tool, the method comprising:
positioning a monitor with respect to the reciprocating tool; recording mold data from the reciprocating tool; generating a first remote record of the mold data; and generating a second remote record of the mold cycle data, the second remote record comprising a non-confidential version of the first remote record. | 1,700 |
2,638 | 10,730,459 | 1,789 | A fabric incorporating flattened filaments for use as a support fabric in producing a nonwoven product by a hydroentangling process, and a hydroentangling method employing such a fabric. | 1. A hydroentangling support fabric comprising flattened filaments. 2. A hydroentangling support fabric as set forth in claim 1, wherein said fabric includes machine direction (MD) filaments and cross-machine direction (CD) filaments and said flattened filaments include only a portion of said MD filaments. 3. A hydroentangling support fabric as set forth in claim 1, wherein said fabric includes MD filaments and CD filaments and said flattened filaments include all of said MD filaments. 4. A hydroentangling support fabric as set forth in claim 1, wherein said fabric includes MD filaments and CD filaments and said flattened filaments include only a portion of said CD filaments. 5. A hydroentangling support fabric as set forth in claim 1, wherein said fabric includes MD filaments and CD filaments and said flattened filaments include all of said CD filaments. 6. A hydroentangling support fabric as set forth in claim 1, wherein said fabric includes MD filaments and CD filaments and said flattened filaments include a combination of said MD filaments and said CD filaments. 7. A hydroentangling support fabric as set forth in claim 1, wherein said fabric is a double layer fabric and said flattened filaments are incorporated into only one layer. 8. A hydroentangling support fabric as set forth in claim 7, wherein said one layer is the wear side layer. 9. A hydroentangling support fabric as set forth in claim 7, wherein said one layer is the forming side layer. 10. A hydroentangling support fabric as set forth in claim 1, wherein said fabric is a triple layer fabric and said flattened filaments are incorporated into only one layer. 11. A hydroentangling support fabric as set forth in claim 10, wherein said one layer is the wear side layer. 12. A hydroentangling support fabric as set forth in claim 10, wherein said one layer is the forming side layer. 13. A hydroentangling support fabric as set forth in claim 1, wherein the permeability of said fabric is greater than 350 cfm. 14. A hydroentangling support fabric as set forth in claim 1, wherein said fabric is a spiral link type fabric. 15. A method of producing a support fabric for a hydroentangling process, comprising the step of incorporating flattened filaments within said support fabric/during production of said support fabric. 16. A method of producing a support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 15, wherein said flattened filaments are formed through extrusion prior to weaving of said support fabric. 17. A method of producing a support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 15, wherein said flattened filaments are formed by calendering non-flattened filaments prior to weaving of said support fabric. 18. A method of producing a support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 15, wherein said flattened filaments are formed by calendering a source fabric. 19. A method of producing a support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 18, wherein said calendering is applied to only one side of said source fabric. 20. A method of producing a support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 18, wherein said calendering is applied to both sides of said source fabric. 21. A method of producing a support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 15, wherein said flattened filaments are formed by sanding a source fabric. 22. A method of producing a support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 15, wherein said fabric is a spiral link type fabric. 23. A support fabric for a hydroentangling process, produced by incorporating flattened filaments within said support fabric during production of said support fabric. 24. A support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 23, wherein said flattened filaments are formed through extrusion prior to weaving of said support fabric. 25. A support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 23, wherein said flattened filaments are formed by calendering non-flattened filaments prior to weaving of said support fabric. 26. A support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 23, wherein said flattened filaments are formed by calendering a source fabric. 27. A support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 26, wherein said calendering is applied to only one side of said source fabric. 28. A support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 26, wherein said calendering is applied to only both sides of said source fabric. 29. A support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 23, wherein said flattened filaments are formed by sanding a source fabric. 30. A support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 23, wherein said fabric is a spiral link type fabric. | A fabric incorporating flattened filaments for use as a support fabric in producing a nonwoven product by a hydroentangling process, and a hydroentangling method employing such a fabric.1. A hydroentangling support fabric comprising flattened filaments. 2. A hydroentangling support fabric as set forth in claim 1, wherein said fabric includes machine direction (MD) filaments and cross-machine direction (CD) filaments and said flattened filaments include only a portion of said MD filaments. 3. A hydroentangling support fabric as set forth in claim 1, wherein said fabric includes MD filaments and CD filaments and said flattened filaments include all of said MD filaments. 4. A hydroentangling support fabric as set forth in claim 1, wherein said fabric includes MD filaments and CD filaments and said flattened filaments include only a portion of said CD filaments. 5. A hydroentangling support fabric as set forth in claim 1, wherein said fabric includes MD filaments and CD filaments and said flattened filaments include all of said CD filaments. 6. A hydroentangling support fabric as set forth in claim 1, wherein said fabric includes MD filaments and CD filaments and said flattened filaments include a combination of said MD filaments and said CD filaments. 7. A hydroentangling support fabric as set forth in claim 1, wherein said fabric is a double layer fabric and said flattened filaments are incorporated into only one layer. 8. A hydroentangling support fabric as set forth in claim 7, wherein said one layer is the wear side layer. 9. A hydroentangling support fabric as set forth in claim 7, wherein said one layer is the forming side layer. 10. A hydroentangling support fabric as set forth in claim 1, wherein said fabric is a triple layer fabric and said flattened filaments are incorporated into only one layer. 11. A hydroentangling support fabric as set forth in claim 10, wherein said one layer is the wear side layer. 12. A hydroentangling support fabric as set forth in claim 10, wherein said one layer is the forming side layer. 13. A hydroentangling support fabric as set forth in claim 1, wherein the permeability of said fabric is greater than 350 cfm. 14. A hydroentangling support fabric as set forth in claim 1, wherein said fabric is a spiral link type fabric. 15. A method of producing a support fabric for a hydroentangling process, comprising the step of incorporating flattened filaments within said support fabric/during production of said support fabric. 16. A method of producing a support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 15, wherein said flattened filaments are formed through extrusion prior to weaving of said support fabric. 17. A method of producing a support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 15, wherein said flattened filaments are formed by calendering non-flattened filaments prior to weaving of said support fabric. 18. A method of producing a support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 15, wherein said flattened filaments are formed by calendering a source fabric. 19. A method of producing a support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 18, wherein said calendering is applied to only one side of said source fabric. 20. A method of producing a support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 18, wherein said calendering is applied to both sides of said source fabric. 21. A method of producing a support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 15, wherein said flattened filaments are formed by sanding a source fabric. 22. A method of producing a support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 15, wherein said fabric is a spiral link type fabric. 23. A support fabric for a hydroentangling process, produced by incorporating flattened filaments within said support fabric during production of said support fabric. 24. A support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 23, wherein said flattened filaments are formed through extrusion prior to weaving of said support fabric. 25. A support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 23, wherein said flattened filaments are formed by calendering non-flattened filaments prior to weaving of said support fabric. 26. A support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 23, wherein said flattened filaments are formed by calendering a source fabric. 27. A support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 26, wherein said calendering is applied to only one side of said source fabric. 28. A support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 26, wherein said calendering is applied to only both sides of said source fabric. 29. A support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 23, wherein said flattened filaments are formed by sanding a source fabric. 30. A support fabric for a hydroentangling process as set forth in claim 23, wherein said fabric is a spiral link type fabric. | 1,700 |
2,639 | 13,381,960 | 1,796 | The retrofit technology utilizes pressurized brine of convention RO to feed a Closed Circuit Desalination (CCD) unit; wherein, further desalination takes place to a desired recovery level. The application exemplified in FIG. 4 is of a retrofit unit comprising a Booster Pump (BP 2 ) for raising pressure of inlet feed; a Circulation Pump (CP) for creating cross flow over membranes (E) in the pressure vessel (M), thereby enable efficient RO desalination; an Actuated Valve (AV) in line with a partially open Manual Valve (MV) to enable periodic replacement of high salinity concentrates with fresh feed without stopping desalination; No Return (NR) valve means to control the direction of flow in the system; and monitoring means such as of electric conductivity (CM) and flow (FM). Periodic replacement of high salinity concentrates by fresh feed initiated at desired high system electric conductivity and terminated at a desired low system electric conductivity, while desalination continued. | 1. A closed circuit desalination retrofit unit for the further desalination of pressurized brine received from a common Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis (BWRO) unit, comprising:
a closed circuit comprising one desalination module, or more than one desalination module with respective inlets and outlets connected in parallel by conducting lines, each of said desalination modules comprising one or more membrane elements; and a closed circuit conducting line with circulation means for recycling concentrate from outlets to inlets of said one or more than one desalination modules; a conducting line for supply of said pressurized brine from said common BWRO unit to said closed circuit of said retrofit unit; a conducting line of permeate from said retrofit unit; a valve means in said closed circuit conducting line of said retrofit unit to enable flow from outlets to inlets of said desalination modules and for occasional discharge of brine from outlets of said desalination modules in said retrofit unit without stopping desalination; a conducting line at outlet of said valve means to enable occasional discharge of brine from said closed circuit of said retrofit unit; a sensor for measuring electric conductivity of recycled concentrate in said closed circuit of said retrofit unit to enable a follow up of desalination recovery in said closed circuit; and monitoring and control systems to enable continuous closed circuit desalination of desired recovery in said retrofit unit proceed by a two-step consecutive sequential process with closed circuit desalination experienced most of the time and with occasional brine discharge and fresh feed recharge take-taking place at a desired desalination recovery level. 2. An integrated system comprising:
a brackish Water Reverse Osmosis (BWRO) unit, the BWRO unit having an inlet, a pressurized brine outlet and a permeate outlet; a retrofit unit according to claim 1; and a booster pump. 3. An integrated system according to claim 2, wherein said conducting line of permeate from said retrofit unit is connected to the inlet of said common BWRO unit for blending with an external feed source of said common BWRO unit. 4. (canceled) 5. An integrated system according to claim 2, wherein the conducting line of permeate from said retrofit unit is combined with permeate produced by the common BWRO unit. 6. (canceled) 7. An integrated system according to claim 2, wherein said common BWRO unit is applicable to any of the following applications: medical dialysis, high quality permeates, and for the upgrade of water supplies for domestic, industrial and agricultural applications 8. An integrated system according to claim 2, wherein said booster pump is positioned in said conducting line for supply of pressurized brine from said common BWRO unit to said closed circuit of said retrofit unit to enable pressure increase of said supply if insufficient to enable said retrofit unit reach the desired desalination recovery. 9. An integrated system according to claim 3, wherein said booster pump is positioned in said conducting line of permeate from said retrofit unit to the inlet of said common BWRO unit for blending with the external feed source to said common BWRO unit when supplied under pressure. 10. A method for further desalination of pressurized brine received from a common Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis (BWRO) unit, the BWRO unit having an inlet, a pressurized brine outlet and a permeate outlet, the method comprising:
linking a retrofit unit according to claim 1 to said common BWRO unit by a conducting line such that the entire pressurized brine effluent of the BWRO unit becomes the feed of the retrofit unit. 11. A method of claim 10 wherein permeate from the retrofit unit constitutes part of the feed to the BWRO unit. 12. A method of claim 10 wherein permeates of said retrofit unit and said common BWRO unit are combined. | The retrofit technology utilizes pressurized brine of convention RO to feed a Closed Circuit Desalination (CCD) unit; wherein, further desalination takes place to a desired recovery level. The application exemplified in FIG. 4 is of a retrofit unit comprising a Booster Pump (BP 2 ) for raising pressure of inlet feed; a Circulation Pump (CP) for creating cross flow over membranes (E) in the pressure vessel (M), thereby enable efficient RO desalination; an Actuated Valve (AV) in line with a partially open Manual Valve (MV) to enable periodic replacement of high salinity concentrates with fresh feed without stopping desalination; No Return (NR) valve means to control the direction of flow in the system; and monitoring means such as of electric conductivity (CM) and flow (FM). Periodic replacement of high salinity concentrates by fresh feed initiated at desired high system electric conductivity and terminated at a desired low system electric conductivity, while desalination continued.1. A closed circuit desalination retrofit unit for the further desalination of pressurized brine received from a common Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis (BWRO) unit, comprising:
a closed circuit comprising one desalination module, or more than one desalination module with respective inlets and outlets connected in parallel by conducting lines, each of said desalination modules comprising one or more membrane elements; and a closed circuit conducting line with circulation means for recycling concentrate from outlets to inlets of said one or more than one desalination modules; a conducting line for supply of said pressurized brine from said common BWRO unit to said closed circuit of said retrofit unit; a conducting line of permeate from said retrofit unit; a valve means in said closed circuit conducting line of said retrofit unit to enable flow from outlets to inlets of said desalination modules and for occasional discharge of brine from outlets of said desalination modules in said retrofit unit without stopping desalination; a conducting line at outlet of said valve means to enable occasional discharge of brine from said closed circuit of said retrofit unit; a sensor for measuring electric conductivity of recycled concentrate in said closed circuit of said retrofit unit to enable a follow up of desalination recovery in said closed circuit; and monitoring and control systems to enable continuous closed circuit desalination of desired recovery in said retrofit unit proceed by a two-step consecutive sequential process with closed circuit desalination experienced most of the time and with occasional brine discharge and fresh feed recharge take-taking place at a desired desalination recovery level. 2. An integrated system comprising:
a brackish Water Reverse Osmosis (BWRO) unit, the BWRO unit having an inlet, a pressurized brine outlet and a permeate outlet; a retrofit unit according to claim 1; and a booster pump. 3. An integrated system according to claim 2, wherein said conducting line of permeate from said retrofit unit is connected to the inlet of said common BWRO unit for blending with an external feed source of said common BWRO unit. 4. (canceled) 5. An integrated system according to claim 2, wherein the conducting line of permeate from said retrofit unit is combined with permeate produced by the common BWRO unit. 6. (canceled) 7. An integrated system according to claim 2, wherein said common BWRO unit is applicable to any of the following applications: medical dialysis, high quality permeates, and for the upgrade of water supplies for domestic, industrial and agricultural applications 8. An integrated system according to claim 2, wherein said booster pump is positioned in said conducting line for supply of pressurized brine from said common BWRO unit to said closed circuit of said retrofit unit to enable pressure increase of said supply if insufficient to enable said retrofit unit reach the desired desalination recovery. 9. An integrated system according to claim 3, wherein said booster pump is positioned in said conducting line of permeate from said retrofit unit to the inlet of said common BWRO unit for blending with the external feed source to said common BWRO unit when supplied under pressure. 10. A method for further desalination of pressurized brine received from a common Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis (BWRO) unit, the BWRO unit having an inlet, a pressurized brine outlet and a permeate outlet, the method comprising:
linking a retrofit unit according to claim 1 to said common BWRO unit by a conducting line such that the entire pressurized brine effluent of the BWRO unit becomes the feed of the retrofit unit. 11. A method of claim 10 wherein permeate from the retrofit unit constitutes part of the feed to the BWRO unit. 12. A method of claim 10 wherein permeates of said retrofit unit and said common BWRO unit are combined. | 1,700 |
2,640 | 14,005,832 | 1,786 | A composite rod for use in various applications, such as electrical cables (e.g., high voltage transmission cables), power umbilicals, tethers, ropes, and a wide variety of other structural members, is provided. The rod includes a core that is formed from a plurality of unidirectionally aligned fiber rovings embedded within a thermoplastic polymer matrix. The present inventors have discovered that the degree to which the rovings are impregnated with the thermoplastic polymer matrix can be significantly improved through selective control over the impregnation process, and also through control over the degree of compression imparted to the rovings during formation and shaping of the rod, as well as the calibration of the final rod geometry. Such a well impregnated rod has a very small void fraction, which leads to excellent strength properties. Notably, the desired strength properties may be achieved without the need for different fiber types in the rod. | 1. A composite rod extending in a longitudinal direction, wherein the rod contains a core comprising a plurality of thermoplastic impregnated rovings, the rovings containing continuous fibers oriented in the longitudinal direction and a thermoplastic matrix that embeds the fibers, the fibers having a ratio of ultimate tensile strength to mass per unit length of greater than about 1,000 Megapascals per gram per meter, wherein the continuous fibers constitute from about 25 wt. % to about 80 wt. % of the core and the thermoplastic matrix constitutes from about 20 wt. % to about 75 wt. % of the core, and wherein the rovings are distributed generally symmetrically about a longitudinal center of the core. 2. The composite rod of claim 1, wherein the continuous fibers have a ratio of ultimate tensile strength to mass per unit length of from about 5,500 to about 20,000 Megapascals per gram per meter. 3. The composite rod of claim 1, wherein the continuous fibers are carbon fibers. 4. The composite rod of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic matrix includes a polyarylene sulfide. 5. The composite rod of claim 4, wherein the polyarylene sulfide is polyphenylene sulfide. 6. The composite rod of claim 1, wherein the continuous fibers constitute from about 30 wt. % to about 75 wt. % of the core. 7. The composite rod of claim 1, wherein the core has a void faction of about 3% or less. 8. The composite rod of claim 1, wherein the rod has a minimum flexural modulus of about 10 Gigapascals. 9. The composite rod of claim 1, wherein the rod has a minimum ultimate tensile strength of about 300 Megapascals. 10. The composite rod of claim 1, wherein the rod has a minimum tensile modulus of elasticity of about 50 Gigapascals. 11. The composite rod of claim 1, wherein the rod has a bend radius of from about 0.5 to about 10 centimeters. 12. The composite rod of claim 1, wherein the core contains from 4 to 20 rovings. 13. The composite rod of claim 1, wherein each roving contains from about 1,000 to about 50,000 individual continuous fibers. 14. The composite rod of claim 1, wherein the rod has a thickness of from about 0.1 to about 50 millimeters. 15. The composite rod of claim 1, further comprising a capping layer that surrounds the core. 16. The composite rod of claim 1, wherein the rod has a substantially circular cross-sectional shape. 17. A method for forming a composite rod extending in a longitudinal direction, wherein the method comprises:
impregnating a plurality of rovings with a thermoplastic matrix and consolidating the rovings to form a ribbon, wherein the rovings comprise continuous fibers oriented in the longitudinal direction, said fibers having a ratio of ultimate tensile strength to mass per unit length of greater than about 1,000 Megapascals per gram per meter, wherein the continuous fibers constitute from about 25 wt. % to about 80 wt. % of the ribbon and the thermoplastic matrix constitutes from about 20 wt. % to about 75 wt. % of the ribbon, wherein the ribbon has a void fraction of about 3% or less; heating the ribbon; pulling the heated ribbon through at least one forming die to compress and shape the ribbon into a preform; and cooling the preform to form the rod. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the continuous fibers are carbon fibers. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the thermoplastic matrix includes a polyarylene sulfide. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the continuous fibers constitute from about 30 wt. % to about 75 wt. % of the ribbon. 21. The method of claim 17, wherein the ribbon has a void faction of about 2% or less. 22. The method of claim 17, wherein from 1 to 15 individual ribbons are employed. 23. The method of claim 17, wherein the ribbons are heated within an infrared oven. 24. The method of claim 17, wherein the rovings are spaced substantially equidistant from each other in the ribbon. 25. The method of claim 17, wherein the rovings are impregnated within an extrusion device. 26. The method of claim 17, wherein the ravings traverse through the device in a tortuous pathway. 27. The method of claim 17, wherein a manifold assembly supplies the thermoplastic matrix to the extrusion device, the manifold assembly comprising branched runners through which the thermoplastic matrix flows. 28. The method of claim 17, wherein the ravings are under tension when impregnated with the thermoplastic matrix. 29. The method of claim 17, wherein the heated ribbon is pulled through a consolidation die and a subsequent calibration die to compress the ribbon. 30. The method of claim 17, wherein the preform is allowed to cool after exiting the consolidation die and before entering the calibration die. | A composite rod for use in various applications, such as electrical cables (e.g., high voltage transmission cables), power umbilicals, tethers, ropes, and a wide variety of other structural members, is provided. The rod includes a core that is formed from a plurality of unidirectionally aligned fiber rovings embedded within a thermoplastic polymer matrix. The present inventors have discovered that the degree to which the rovings are impregnated with the thermoplastic polymer matrix can be significantly improved through selective control over the impregnation process, and also through control over the degree of compression imparted to the rovings during formation and shaping of the rod, as well as the calibration of the final rod geometry. Such a well impregnated rod has a very small void fraction, which leads to excellent strength properties. Notably, the desired strength properties may be achieved without the need for different fiber types in the rod.1. A composite rod extending in a longitudinal direction, wherein the rod contains a core comprising a plurality of thermoplastic impregnated rovings, the rovings containing continuous fibers oriented in the longitudinal direction and a thermoplastic matrix that embeds the fibers, the fibers having a ratio of ultimate tensile strength to mass per unit length of greater than about 1,000 Megapascals per gram per meter, wherein the continuous fibers constitute from about 25 wt. % to about 80 wt. % of the core and the thermoplastic matrix constitutes from about 20 wt. % to about 75 wt. % of the core, and wherein the rovings are distributed generally symmetrically about a longitudinal center of the core. 2. The composite rod of claim 1, wherein the continuous fibers have a ratio of ultimate tensile strength to mass per unit length of from about 5,500 to about 20,000 Megapascals per gram per meter. 3. The composite rod of claim 1, wherein the continuous fibers are carbon fibers. 4. The composite rod of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic matrix includes a polyarylene sulfide. 5. The composite rod of claim 4, wherein the polyarylene sulfide is polyphenylene sulfide. 6. The composite rod of claim 1, wherein the continuous fibers constitute from about 30 wt. % to about 75 wt. % of the core. 7. The composite rod of claim 1, wherein the core has a void faction of about 3% or less. 8. The composite rod of claim 1, wherein the rod has a minimum flexural modulus of about 10 Gigapascals. 9. The composite rod of claim 1, wherein the rod has a minimum ultimate tensile strength of about 300 Megapascals. 10. The composite rod of claim 1, wherein the rod has a minimum tensile modulus of elasticity of about 50 Gigapascals. 11. The composite rod of claim 1, wherein the rod has a bend radius of from about 0.5 to about 10 centimeters. 12. The composite rod of claim 1, wherein the core contains from 4 to 20 rovings. 13. The composite rod of claim 1, wherein each roving contains from about 1,000 to about 50,000 individual continuous fibers. 14. The composite rod of claim 1, wherein the rod has a thickness of from about 0.1 to about 50 millimeters. 15. The composite rod of claim 1, further comprising a capping layer that surrounds the core. 16. The composite rod of claim 1, wherein the rod has a substantially circular cross-sectional shape. 17. A method for forming a composite rod extending in a longitudinal direction, wherein the method comprises:
impregnating a plurality of rovings with a thermoplastic matrix and consolidating the rovings to form a ribbon, wherein the rovings comprise continuous fibers oriented in the longitudinal direction, said fibers having a ratio of ultimate tensile strength to mass per unit length of greater than about 1,000 Megapascals per gram per meter, wherein the continuous fibers constitute from about 25 wt. % to about 80 wt. % of the ribbon and the thermoplastic matrix constitutes from about 20 wt. % to about 75 wt. % of the ribbon, wherein the ribbon has a void fraction of about 3% or less; heating the ribbon; pulling the heated ribbon through at least one forming die to compress and shape the ribbon into a preform; and cooling the preform to form the rod. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the continuous fibers are carbon fibers. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the thermoplastic matrix includes a polyarylene sulfide. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the continuous fibers constitute from about 30 wt. % to about 75 wt. % of the ribbon. 21. The method of claim 17, wherein the ribbon has a void faction of about 2% or less. 22. The method of claim 17, wherein from 1 to 15 individual ribbons are employed. 23. The method of claim 17, wherein the ribbons are heated within an infrared oven. 24. The method of claim 17, wherein the rovings are spaced substantially equidistant from each other in the ribbon. 25. The method of claim 17, wherein the rovings are impregnated within an extrusion device. 26. The method of claim 17, wherein the ravings traverse through the device in a tortuous pathway. 27. The method of claim 17, wherein a manifold assembly supplies the thermoplastic matrix to the extrusion device, the manifold assembly comprising branched runners through which the thermoplastic matrix flows. 28. The method of claim 17, wherein the ravings are under tension when impregnated with the thermoplastic matrix. 29. The method of claim 17, wherein the heated ribbon is pulled through a consolidation die and a subsequent calibration die to compress the ribbon. 30. The method of claim 17, wherein the preform is allowed to cool after exiting the consolidation die and before entering the calibration die. | 1,700 |
2,641 | 15,242,740 | 1,718 | A method of improving polycrystalline silicon growth in a reactor, including: introducing a chlorosilane feed composition comprising trichlorosilane and dichlorosilane into a deposition chamber, wherein the deposition chamber contains a substrate; blending the chlorosilane feed composition with hydrogen gas to form a feed composition; adjusting a baseline flow of chlorosilane and hydrogen gas into the deposition chamber to achieve a pre-determined total flow and a pre-determined chlorosilane feed composition set point; applying pressure to the deposition chamber and energy to the substrate in the deposition chamber to form polycrystalline silicon; measuring the amount of dichlorosilane present in the chlorosilane feed composition and determining an offset value from a target value of dichlorosilane present in the chlorosilane feed composition; adjusting the chlorosilane feed composition set point by an amount inversely proportional to the dichlorosilane offset value; and depositing the formed polycrystalline silicon onto the substrate. | 1. A method of improving polycrystalline silicon growth in a reactor, comprising:
introducing a chlorosilane feed composition comprising trichlorosilane and dichlorosilane into a deposition chamber, wherein the deposition chamber contains a substrate; blending the chlorosilane feed composition with hydrogen gas to form a feed composition; adjusting a baseline flow of chlorosilane and hydrogen gas into the deposition chamber to achieve a pre-determined total flow and a pre-determined chlorosilane feed composition set point; applying pressure to the deposition chamber and energy to the substrate in the deposition chamber to form polycrystalline silicon; measuring the amount of dichlorosilane present in the chlorosilane feed composition; adjusting the chlorosilane feed composition set point by an amount inversely proportional to the amount of dichlorosilane present in the chlorosilane feed composition; and depositing the formed polycrystalline silicon onto the substrate. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein measuring the amount of dichlorosilane present in the chlorosilane feed composition further comprises determining an offset value from a target value of dichlorosilane present in the chlorosilane feed composition. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the chlorosilane feed composition set point is adjusted by an amount inversely proportional to the dichlorsilane offset value. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein depositing the formed polycrystalline silicon onto the substrate is accomplished by a chemical vapor deposition method selected from chemical vapor deposition, atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition, high pressure chemical vapor deposition, hot filament chemical vapor deposition, hybrid physical-chemical chemical vapor deposition, and rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the pressure in the deposition chamber is greater than or equal to 0.5 Pascals. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the gas temperature within the deposition chamber is less than or equal to 750° C. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate temperature is greater than or equal to 900° C. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising predetermining the total flow and chlorosilane feed composition set points as a function of batch runtime. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising adjusting the total flow and chlorosilane feed composition set points to maintain a gas temperature in the deposition chamber below a predetermined threshold value. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising adjusting the amount of energy applied to the substrate as a function of chlorosilane feed composition flow. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the chlorosilane feed composition contains 1 to 15 mol % dichlorosilane. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the chlorosilane feed composition contains 3 to 10 mol % dichlorosilane. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of chlorosilane composition set point adjustment is determined by a proportionality constant. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the proportionality constant is based upon historical data gathered from the deposition chamber. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the proportionality constant is based upon experimental runs of the deposition chamber. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of dichlorosilane present in the chlorosilane feed composition is continuously measured during a batch run of the reactor. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the chlorosilane feed composition is pre-blended with hydrogen. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the pre-blended chlorosilane feed composition contains 10-55 mol % hydrogen. | A method of improving polycrystalline silicon growth in a reactor, including: introducing a chlorosilane feed composition comprising trichlorosilane and dichlorosilane into a deposition chamber, wherein the deposition chamber contains a substrate; blending the chlorosilane feed composition with hydrogen gas to form a feed composition; adjusting a baseline flow of chlorosilane and hydrogen gas into the deposition chamber to achieve a pre-determined total flow and a pre-determined chlorosilane feed composition set point; applying pressure to the deposition chamber and energy to the substrate in the deposition chamber to form polycrystalline silicon; measuring the amount of dichlorosilane present in the chlorosilane feed composition and determining an offset value from a target value of dichlorosilane present in the chlorosilane feed composition; adjusting the chlorosilane feed composition set point by an amount inversely proportional to the dichlorosilane offset value; and depositing the formed polycrystalline silicon onto the substrate.1. A method of improving polycrystalline silicon growth in a reactor, comprising:
introducing a chlorosilane feed composition comprising trichlorosilane and dichlorosilane into a deposition chamber, wherein the deposition chamber contains a substrate; blending the chlorosilane feed composition with hydrogen gas to form a feed composition; adjusting a baseline flow of chlorosilane and hydrogen gas into the deposition chamber to achieve a pre-determined total flow and a pre-determined chlorosilane feed composition set point; applying pressure to the deposition chamber and energy to the substrate in the deposition chamber to form polycrystalline silicon; measuring the amount of dichlorosilane present in the chlorosilane feed composition; adjusting the chlorosilane feed composition set point by an amount inversely proportional to the amount of dichlorosilane present in the chlorosilane feed composition; and depositing the formed polycrystalline silicon onto the substrate. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein measuring the amount of dichlorosilane present in the chlorosilane feed composition further comprises determining an offset value from a target value of dichlorosilane present in the chlorosilane feed composition. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the chlorosilane feed composition set point is adjusted by an amount inversely proportional to the dichlorsilane offset value. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein depositing the formed polycrystalline silicon onto the substrate is accomplished by a chemical vapor deposition method selected from chemical vapor deposition, atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition, high pressure chemical vapor deposition, hot filament chemical vapor deposition, hybrid physical-chemical chemical vapor deposition, and rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the pressure in the deposition chamber is greater than or equal to 0.5 Pascals. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the gas temperature within the deposition chamber is less than or equal to 750° C. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate temperature is greater than or equal to 900° C. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising predetermining the total flow and chlorosilane feed composition set points as a function of batch runtime. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising adjusting the total flow and chlorosilane feed composition set points to maintain a gas temperature in the deposition chamber below a predetermined threshold value. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising adjusting the amount of energy applied to the substrate as a function of chlorosilane feed composition flow. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the chlorosilane feed composition contains 1 to 15 mol % dichlorosilane. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the chlorosilane feed composition contains 3 to 10 mol % dichlorosilane. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of chlorosilane composition set point adjustment is determined by a proportionality constant. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the proportionality constant is based upon historical data gathered from the deposition chamber. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the proportionality constant is based upon experimental runs of the deposition chamber. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of dichlorosilane present in the chlorosilane feed composition is continuously measured during a batch run of the reactor. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the chlorosilane feed composition is pre-blended with hydrogen. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the pre-blended chlorosilane feed composition contains 10-55 mol % hydrogen. | 1,700 |
2,642 | 14,943,069 | 1,721 | A thermoelectric generator includes a hot side heat exchanger, a cold side heat exchanger, a plurality of n-type semiconductor legs arranged between the hot side heat exchanger and the cold side heat exchanger, and a plurality of p-type semiconductor legs arranged between the hot side heat exchanger and the cold side heat exchanger and alternating electrically in series with the plurality of n-type semiconductor legs. At least one of the plurality of n-type semiconductor legs and the plurality of p-type semiconductor legs is formed of an alloy having a half-Heusler structure and comprising Si and Sn with molar fractions of x Sn and 1-x Si, and x is less than 1. | 1. A thermoelectric generator comprising:
a hot side heat exchanger; a cold side heat exchanger; a plurality of n-type semiconductor legs arranged between the hot side heat exchanger and the cold side heat exchanger; and a plurality of p-type semiconductor legs arranged between the hot side heat exchanger and the cold side heat exchanger and alternating electrically in series with the plurality of n-type semiconductor legs, wherein at least one of the plurality of n-type semiconductor legs and the plurality of p-type semiconductor legs is formed of an alloy having a half-Heusler structure and comprising Si and Sb with molar fractions of x Sb and 1-x Si, and x is less than 1. 2. The thermoelectric generator of claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises NbCoSi1-xSnx and x is greater than 0.27. 3. The thermoelectric generator of claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises TaCoSi1-xSnx and x is greater than 0.21. 4. The thermoelectric generator of claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises TiNiSi1-xSnx and x is greater than 0.36. 5. The thermoelectric generator of claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises VCoSi1-xSnx and x is greater than 0.27. 6. A vehicle comprising:
an engine; an exhaust system operably connected to the engine so as to receive exhaust from the engine and discharge the exhaust to an outlet, the exhaust system including a thermoelectric generator comprising:
a hot side heat exchanger;
a cold side heat exchanger;
a plurality of n-type semiconductor legs arranged between the hot side heat exchanger and the cold side heat exchanger; and
a plurality of p-type semiconductor legs arranged between the hot side heat exchanger and the cold side heat exchanger and connected alternating electrically in series with the plurality of n-type semiconductor legs,
wherein at least one of the plurality of n-type semiconductor legs and the plurality of p-type semiconductor legs is formed of an alloy having a half-Heusler structure and comprising Si and Sb with molar fractions of x Sb and 1-x Si, and x is less than 1. 7. The vehicle of claim 6, wherein the alloy comprises NbCoSi1-xSnx and x is greater than 0.27. 8. The vehicle of claim 6, wherein the alloy comprises TaCoSi1-xSnx and x is greater than 0.21. 9. A semiconductor alloy comprising:
a first element selected from one of group IV-B and group V-B; a second element selected from group VIII; Sn with a molar fraction of x; Si with a molar fraction of 1-x; and a doping agent, wherein the semiconductor alloy has a half-Heusler structure and x is less than 1. 10. The semiconductor alloy of claim 9, wherein the first element includes one element selected from the group consisting of Nb, Ta, Ti, and V. 11. The semiconductor alloy of claim 10, wherein the second element includes one element selected from the group consisting of Co and Ni. 12. The semiconductor alloy of claim 11, wherein the first element is Nb, the second element is Co, and x is greater than 0.27. 13. The semiconductor alloy of claim 12, wherein x is between 0.27 and 0.50. 14. The semiconductor alloy of claim 11, wherein the first element is Ta, the second element is Co, and x is greater than 0.21. 15. The semiconductor alloy of claim 14, wherein x is between 0.21 and 0.50. 16. The semiconductor alloy of claim 11, wherein the first element is Ti, the second element is Ni, and x is greater than 0.36. 17. The semiconductor alloy of claim 16, wherein x is between 0.36 and 0.50. 18. The semiconductor alloy of claim 11, wherein the first element is V, the second element is Co, and x is greater than 0.27. 19. The semiconductor alloy of claim 11, wherein the semiconductor alloy is an n-type semiconductor element formulated as ABSi[(1-x)(1-y)]Sn[x(1-y)]Dy, wherein A is the first element, B is the second element, and D is the doping agent. 20. The semiconductor alloy of claim 11, wherein the semiconductor alloy is a p-type semiconductor element formulated as A1-yBSi(1-x)SnxDy, wherein A is the first element, B is the second element, and D is the doping agent. | A thermoelectric generator includes a hot side heat exchanger, a cold side heat exchanger, a plurality of n-type semiconductor legs arranged between the hot side heat exchanger and the cold side heat exchanger, and a plurality of p-type semiconductor legs arranged between the hot side heat exchanger and the cold side heat exchanger and alternating electrically in series with the plurality of n-type semiconductor legs. At least one of the plurality of n-type semiconductor legs and the plurality of p-type semiconductor legs is formed of an alloy having a half-Heusler structure and comprising Si and Sn with molar fractions of x Sn and 1-x Si, and x is less than 1.1. A thermoelectric generator comprising:
a hot side heat exchanger; a cold side heat exchanger; a plurality of n-type semiconductor legs arranged between the hot side heat exchanger and the cold side heat exchanger; and a plurality of p-type semiconductor legs arranged between the hot side heat exchanger and the cold side heat exchanger and alternating electrically in series with the plurality of n-type semiconductor legs, wherein at least one of the plurality of n-type semiconductor legs and the plurality of p-type semiconductor legs is formed of an alloy having a half-Heusler structure and comprising Si and Sb with molar fractions of x Sb and 1-x Si, and x is less than 1. 2. The thermoelectric generator of claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises NbCoSi1-xSnx and x is greater than 0.27. 3. The thermoelectric generator of claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises TaCoSi1-xSnx and x is greater than 0.21. 4. The thermoelectric generator of claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises TiNiSi1-xSnx and x is greater than 0.36. 5. The thermoelectric generator of claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises VCoSi1-xSnx and x is greater than 0.27. 6. A vehicle comprising:
an engine; an exhaust system operably connected to the engine so as to receive exhaust from the engine and discharge the exhaust to an outlet, the exhaust system including a thermoelectric generator comprising:
a hot side heat exchanger;
a cold side heat exchanger;
a plurality of n-type semiconductor legs arranged between the hot side heat exchanger and the cold side heat exchanger; and
a plurality of p-type semiconductor legs arranged between the hot side heat exchanger and the cold side heat exchanger and connected alternating electrically in series with the plurality of n-type semiconductor legs,
wherein at least one of the plurality of n-type semiconductor legs and the plurality of p-type semiconductor legs is formed of an alloy having a half-Heusler structure and comprising Si and Sb with molar fractions of x Sb and 1-x Si, and x is less than 1. 7. The vehicle of claim 6, wherein the alloy comprises NbCoSi1-xSnx and x is greater than 0.27. 8. The vehicle of claim 6, wherein the alloy comprises TaCoSi1-xSnx and x is greater than 0.21. 9. A semiconductor alloy comprising:
a first element selected from one of group IV-B and group V-B; a second element selected from group VIII; Sn with a molar fraction of x; Si with a molar fraction of 1-x; and a doping agent, wherein the semiconductor alloy has a half-Heusler structure and x is less than 1. 10. The semiconductor alloy of claim 9, wherein the first element includes one element selected from the group consisting of Nb, Ta, Ti, and V. 11. The semiconductor alloy of claim 10, wherein the second element includes one element selected from the group consisting of Co and Ni. 12. The semiconductor alloy of claim 11, wherein the first element is Nb, the second element is Co, and x is greater than 0.27. 13. The semiconductor alloy of claim 12, wherein x is between 0.27 and 0.50. 14. The semiconductor alloy of claim 11, wherein the first element is Ta, the second element is Co, and x is greater than 0.21. 15. The semiconductor alloy of claim 14, wherein x is between 0.21 and 0.50. 16. The semiconductor alloy of claim 11, wherein the first element is Ti, the second element is Ni, and x is greater than 0.36. 17. The semiconductor alloy of claim 16, wherein x is between 0.36 and 0.50. 18. The semiconductor alloy of claim 11, wherein the first element is V, the second element is Co, and x is greater than 0.27. 19. The semiconductor alloy of claim 11, wherein the semiconductor alloy is an n-type semiconductor element formulated as ABSi[(1-x)(1-y)]Sn[x(1-y)]Dy, wherein A is the first element, B is the second element, and D is the doping agent. 20. The semiconductor alloy of claim 11, wherein the semiconductor alloy is a p-type semiconductor element formulated as A1-yBSi(1-x)SnxDy, wherein A is the first element, B is the second element, and D is the doping agent. | 1,700 |
2,643 | 14,289,042 | 1,742 | A method for forming a molded article of a vehicle that includes providing a mold including a molding surface, the molding surface having a shape that corresponds to that of the molded article; heating the mold to a temperature in the range of 300 degrees F. to 450 degrees F.; conducting a first slush molding step to attach a first thermoplastic material to the molding surface; conducting a second slush molding step to attach a second thermoplastic material to the molding surface, the second thermoplastic material including a blowing agent; and laminating a substrate to the second thermoplastic material while the second thermoplastic material is in a molten state and the blowing agent is releasing a gas to foam the second thermoplastic material. The first thermoplastic material forms an exterior surface of the molded article, and the second thermoplastic material forms an interior foam of the molded article. | 1. A method comprising:
heating a mold member including a molding surface; conducting a first slush molding step to attach a first material to the molding surface; conducting a second slush molding step to attach a second material to the first material; and laminating a substrate to the second material while the second material is in a molten state. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first material forms an exterior surface of a molded article. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the second material forms a foam of the molded article. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the second material includes a blowing agent. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second materials each include a material selected from the group consisting of thermoplastic elastomers, thermoplastic olefins, and thermoplastic urethanes. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the second material includes a blowing agent, and blowing agent releases a gas during the laminating of the substrate to the second material. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the substrate includes a plurality of apertures that allow the gas to escape during the laminating of the substrate to the second material. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising heating the mold member after the first slush molding step. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising heating the mold member after the second slush molding step. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising cooling the molding member after the laminating of the substrate to the second material. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is formed from a material selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, and polystyrene. 12. A method for forming a molded article of a vehicle, comprising:
providing a mold including a molding surface, the molding surface having a shape that corresponds to that of the molded article; heating the mold to a temperature sufficient to melt first and second thermoplastic materials of the molded article; conducting a first slush molding step to attach the first thermoplastic material to the molding surface; conducting a second slush molding step to attach the second thermoplastic material to the molding surface, the second thermoplastic material including a blowing agent; and laminating a substrate to the first and second thermoplastic materials while at least the second thermoplastic material is in a substantially molten state and the blowing agent is releasing a gas to foam the second thermoplastic material, wherein the first thermoplastic material forms an exterior surface of the molded article and the second thermoplastic material forms a foam of the molded article. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the first and second thermoplastic materials each include a material selected from the group consisting of thermoplastic elastomers, thermoplastic olefins, and thermoplastic urethanes. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the blowing agent releases a gas during the laminating of the substrate to the second thermoplastic material. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the substrate includes a plurality of apertures that allow the gas to escape during the laminating of the substrate to the second thermoplastic material. 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising cooling the molding member after the laminating of the substrate to the second thermoplastic material. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the substrate is formed from a material selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, and polystyrene. 18. The method of claim 12, further comprising heating the mold member after the first slush molding step. 19. The method of claim 12, further comprising heating the molding member after the second slush molding step. | A method for forming a molded article of a vehicle that includes providing a mold including a molding surface, the molding surface having a shape that corresponds to that of the molded article; heating the mold to a temperature in the range of 300 degrees F. to 450 degrees F.; conducting a first slush molding step to attach a first thermoplastic material to the molding surface; conducting a second slush molding step to attach a second thermoplastic material to the molding surface, the second thermoplastic material including a blowing agent; and laminating a substrate to the second thermoplastic material while the second thermoplastic material is in a molten state and the blowing agent is releasing a gas to foam the second thermoplastic material. The first thermoplastic material forms an exterior surface of the molded article, and the second thermoplastic material forms an interior foam of the molded article.1. A method comprising:
heating a mold member including a molding surface; conducting a first slush molding step to attach a first material to the molding surface; conducting a second slush molding step to attach a second material to the first material; and laminating a substrate to the second material while the second material is in a molten state. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first material forms an exterior surface of a molded article. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the second material forms a foam of the molded article. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the second material includes a blowing agent. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second materials each include a material selected from the group consisting of thermoplastic elastomers, thermoplastic olefins, and thermoplastic urethanes. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the second material includes a blowing agent, and blowing agent releases a gas during the laminating of the substrate to the second material. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the substrate includes a plurality of apertures that allow the gas to escape during the laminating of the substrate to the second material. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising heating the mold member after the first slush molding step. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising heating the mold member after the second slush molding step. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising cooling the molding member after the laminating of the substrate to the second material. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is formed from a material selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, and polystyrene. 12. A method for forming a molded article of a vehicle, comprising:
providing a mold including a molding surface, the molding surface having a shape that corresponds to that of the molded article; heating the mold to a temperature sufficient to melt first and second thermoplastic materials of the molded article; conducting a first slush molding step to attach the first thermoplastic material to the molding surface; conducting a second slush molding step to attach the second thermoplastic material to the molding surface, the second thermoplastic material including a blowing agent; and laminating a substrate to the first and second thermoplastic materials while at least the second thermoplastic material is in a substantially molten state and the blowing agent is releasing a gas to foam the second thermoplastic material, wherein the first thermoplastic material forms an exterior surface of the molded article and the second thermoplastic material forms a foam of the molded article. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the first and second thermoplastic materials each include a material selected from the group consisting of thermoplastic elastomers, thermoplastic olefins, and thermoplastic urethanes. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the blowing agent releases a gas during the laminating of the substrate to the second thermoplastic material. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the substrate includes a plurality of apertures that allow the gas to escape during the laminating of the substrate to the second thermoplastic material. 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising cooling the molding member after the laminating of the substrate to the second thermoplastic material. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the substrate is formed from a material selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, and polystyrene. 18. The method of claim 12, further comprising heating the mold member after the first slush molding step. 19. The method of claim 12, further comprising heating the molding member after the second slush molding step. | 1,700 |
2,644 | 14,864,042 | 1,725 | A method of making a solid state battery may include heating a flux sandwiched between a solid ceramic electrolyte and a group one metal. The flux may be heated such that it roughens a surface of the solid ceramic electrolyte and the group one metal melts and adheres to the surface of the solid ceramic electrolyte. | 1. A method of making a solid state battery comprising:
applying a flux having an activation temperature to a surface of a solid ceramic electrolyte; heating the flux to a temperature above the activation temperature to prepare the surface; placing a metal anode on the prepared surface; and heating the anode such that the anode adheres to the prepared surface. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the flux is acidic. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the flux is non-aqueous. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the flux is rosin-based. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the anode includes lithium. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte includes lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the heating the flux is performed within an inert gas environment. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein preparing the surface includes etching or roughening the surface. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the activation temperature has a value in a range of 180° C. and 200° C. 10. A method of making a solid state battery comprising:
applying a flux to a surface of a solid ceramic electrolyte or a surface of a metal electrode; arranging the electrolyte and electrode proximate to each other such that the flux is disposed between the electrolyte and electrode; and applying heat such that the flux prepares the surface of the electrolyte and the electrode adheres to the surface of the electrolyte. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein an activation temperature of the flux is greater than a melting point of the electrode. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the applying heat is performed within an inert gas environment. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the flux is acidic. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the flux is non-aqueous. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the flux is rosin-based. 16. A method of making a solid state battery comprising:
applying a flux to a surface of a solid ceramic electrolyte; heating the flux to a temperature above an activation temperature to prepare the surface; and applying molten metal anode material to the prepared surface. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the applying includes spraying fine droplets of molten metal. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the applying includes passing the prepared surface over or through a bath containing the molten metal anode material. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein preparing the surface includes etching or roughening the surface. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the flux is acidic and non-aqueous. | A method of making a solid state battery may include heating a flux sandwiched between a solid ceramic electrolyte and a group one metal. The flux may be heated such that it roughens a surface of the solid ceramic electrolyte and the group one metal melts and adheres to the surface of the solid ceramic electrolyte.1. A method of making a solid state battery comprising:
applying a flux having an activation temperature to a surface of a solid ceramic electrolyte; heating the flux to a temperature above the activation temperature to prepare the surface; placing a metal anode on the prepared surface; and heating the anode such that the anode adheres to the prepared surface. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the flux is acidic. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the flux is non-aqueous. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the flux is rosin-based. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the anode includes lithium. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte includes lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the heating the flux is performed within an inert gas environment. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein preparing the surface includes etching or roughening the surface. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the activation temperature has a value in a range of 180° C. and 200° C. 10. A method of making a solid state battery comprising:
applying a flux to a surface of a solid ceramic electrolyte or a surface of a metal electrode; arranging the electrolyte and electrode proximate to each other such that the flux is disposed between the electrolyte and electrode; and applying heat such that the flux prepares the surface of the electrolyte and the electrode adheres to the surface of the electrolyte. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein an activation temperature of the flux is greater than a melting point of the electrode. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the applying heat is performed within an inert gas environment. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the flux is acidic. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the flux is non-aqueous. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the flux is rosin-based. 16. A method of making a solid state battery comprising:
applying a flux to a surface of a solid ceramic electrolyte; heating the flux to a temperature above an activation temperature to prepare the surface; and applying molten metal anode material to the prepared surface. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the applying includes spraying fine droplets of molten metal. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the applying includes passing the prepared surface over or through a bath containing the molten metal anode material. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein preparing the surface includes etching or roughening the surface. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the flux is acidic and non-aqueous. | 1,700 |
2,645 | 13,510,989 | 1,734 | A magnesium alloy that has excellent ignition resistance and is excellent in both strength and ductility. The magnesium alloy includes, by weight, 1.0% or greater but less than 7.0% of Al, 0.05% to 2.0% of Ca, 0.05% to 2.0% of Y, greater than 0% but not greater than 6.0% of Zn, and the balance of Mg, and the other unavoidable impurities. The total content of the Ca and the Y is equal to or greater than 0.1% but less than 2.5% of the total weight of the magnesium alloy. The Mg alloy forms a dense composite oxide layer that acts as a protective film. Thus the Mg alloy has very excellent oxidation resistance and ignition resistance, can be melted, cast and machined in the air or a common inert atmosphere (Ar or N 2 ), and can reduce the spontaneous ignition of chips that are accumulated during the process of machining. | 1. A magnesium alloy manufactured by melt casting, the magnesium alloy comprising, by weight, 1.0% or greater but less than 7.0% of Al, 0.05% to 2.0% of Ca, 0.05% to 2.0% of Y, greater than 0% but not greater than 6.0% of Zn, a balance of Mg, and other unavoidable impurities,
wherein a total content of the Ca and the Y is equal to or greater than 0.1% but less than 2.5% of a total weight of the magnesium alloy. 2. The magnesium alloy of claim 1, wherein a content of the Ca ranges, by weight, from 0.2% to 1.5%. 3. The magnesium alloy of claim 1, wherein a content of the Y ranges, by weight, from 0.1% to 1.5%. 4. The magnesium alloy of claim 1, wherein contents of the Ca and the Y range from 0.3% to 2.0% of a total weight of the magnesium alloy. 5. The magnesium alloy of claim 1, further comprising, by weight, greater than 0% but not greater than 1.0% of Mn. 6. The magnesium alloy of claim 1, further comprising, by weight, 0.1% to 1.0% of Zr. 7. A method of manufacturing a magnesium alloy, comprising:
forming a magnesium alloy molten metal, which contains Mg, Al and Zn; adding raw materials of Ca and Y into the magnesium alloy molten metal; producing a magnesium alloy cast material from the magnesium alloy molten metal, in which the raw materials of Ca and Y are added, using a fusion casting method, wherein a magnesium alloy, which is produced by the above process, comprises, by weight, 1.0% or greater but less than 7.0% of Al, 0.05% to 2.0% of Ca, 0.05% to 2.0% of Y, greater than 0% but not greater than 6.0% of Zn, a balance of Mg, and other unavoidable impurities. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein adding the raw materials of Ca and Y into the magnesium alloy molten metal comprises adding the raw materials of Ca and Y at a temperature higher than 800° C. 9. A method of manufacturing a magnesium alloy, comprising:
forming a magnesium alloy molten metal, which contains Mg, Al and Zn; forming a master alloy ingot, which contains Mg, Al, Zn, Ca and Y, and is soluble at 750° C. or lower; inputting the master alloy ingot, which is soluble at 750° C. or lower, into the magnesium alloy molten metal; and producing a magnesium alloy cast material from the molten metal, which contains the master alloy ingot, using a fusion casting method, wherein a magnesium alloy produced as described above comprises, by weight, 1.0% or greater but less than 7.0% of Al, 0.05% to 2.0% of Ca, 0.05% to 2.0% of Y, greater than 0% but not greater than 6.0% of Zn, a balance of Mg, and other unavoidable impurities. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the master alloy ingot, which contains Mg, Al, Zn, Ca and Y, is soluble at 750° C. or lower, and is input into the magnesium alloy molten metal at a temperature lower than 750° C. 11. A method of manufacturing a magnesium alloy, comprising:
forming a magnesium alloy molten metal, which contains Mg, Al and Zn; adding a Ca compound and a Y compound into the magnesium alloy molten metal; and producing a magnesium alloy cast material from the magnesium alloy molten metal, in which the Ca compound and the Y compound are added, using a fusion casting method, wherein a magnesium alloy produced by the above process comprises, by weight, 1.0% or greater but less than 7.0% of Al, 0.05% to 2.0% of Ca, 0.05% to 2.0% of Y, greater than 0% but not greater than 6.0% of Zn, a balance of Mg, and other unavoidable impurities. 12. The method of claim 7, wherein inputting the raw materials of Ca and Y, the master alloy ingot, which contains Mg, Al, Zn, Ca and Y, or the Ca compound and the Y compound into the magnesium alloy molten metal further comprises periodically stirring the magnesium alloy molten metal. 13. The method of claim 7, wherein the casting method comprises one selected from the group consisting of mold casting, sand casting, gravity casting, squeeze casting, continuous casting, strip casting, die casting, precision casting, lost foam casting, spray casting, and semi-solid casting. 14. The method of claim 7, further comprising carrying out hot working on the magnesium alloy cast material produced by the casting method. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein inputting the raw materials of Ca and Y, the master alloy ingot, which contains Mg, Al, Zn, Ca and Y, or the Ca compound and the Y compound into the magnesium alloy molten metal further comprises periodically stirring the magnesium alloy molten metal. 16. The method of claim 9, wherein the casting method comprises one selected from the group consisting of mold casting, sand casting, gravity casting, squeeze casting, continuous casting, strip casting, die casting, precision casting, lost foam casting, spray casting, and semi-solid casting. 17. The method of claim 9, further comprising carrying out hot working on the magnesium alloy cast material produced by the casting method. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein inputting the raw materials of Ca and Y, the master alloy ingot, which contains Mg, Al, Zn, Ca and Y, or the Ca compound and the Y compound into the magnesium alloy molten metal further comprises periodically stirring the magnesium alloy molten metal. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the casting method comprises one selected from the group consisting of mold casting, sand casting, gravity casting, squeeze casting, continuous casting, strip casting, die casting, precision casting, lost foam casting, spray casting, and semi-solid casting. 20. The method of claim 11, further comprising carrying out hot working on the magnesium alloy cast material produced by the casting method. | A magnesium alloy that has excellent ignition resistance and is excellent in both strength and ductility. The magnesium alloy includes, by weight, 1.0% or greater but less than 7.0% of Al, 0.05% to 2.0% of Ca, 0.05% to 2.0% of Y, greater than 0% but not greater than 6.0% of Zn, and the balance of Mg, and the other unavoidable impurities. The total content of the Ca and the Y is equal to or greater than 0.1% but less than 2.5% of the total weight of the magnesium alloy. The Mg alloy forms a dense composite oxide layer that acts as a protective film. Thus the Mg alloy has very excellent oxidation resistance and ignition resistance, can be melted, cast and machined in the air or a common inert atmosphere (Ar or N 2 ), and can reduce the spontaneous ignition of chips that are accumulated during the process of machining.1. A magnesium alloy manufactured by melt casting, the magnesium alloy comprising, by weight, 1.0% or greater but less than 7.0% of Al, 0.05% to 2.0% of Ca, 0.05% to 2.0% of Y, greater than 0% but not greater than 6.0% of Zn, a balance of Mg, and other unavoidable impurities,
wherein a total content of the Ca and the Y is equal to or greater than 0.1% but less than 2.5% of a total weight of the magnesium alloy. 2. The magnesium alloy of claim 1, wherein a content of the Ca ranges, by weight, from 0.2% to 1.5%. 3. The magnesium alloy of claim 1, wherein a content of the Y ranges, by weight, from 0.1% to 1.5%. 4. The magnesium alloy of claim 1, wherein contents of the Ca and the Y range from 0.3% to 2.0% of a total weight of the magnesium alloy. 5. The magnesium alloy of claim 1, further comprising, by weight, greater than 0% but not greater than 1.0% of Mn. 6. The magnesium alloy of claim 1, further comprising, by weight, 0.1% to 1.0% of Zr. 7. A method of manufacturing a magnesium alloy, comprising:
forming a magnesium alloy molten metal, which contains Mg, Al and Zn; adding raw materials of Ca and Y into the magnesium alloy molten metal; producing a magnesium alloy cast material from the magnesium alloy molten metal, in which the raw materials of Ca and Y are added, using a fusion casting method, wherein a magnesium alloy, which is produced by the above process, comprises, by weight, 1.0% or greater but less than 7.0% of Al, 0.05% to 2.0% of Ca, 0.05% to 2.0% of Y, greater than 0% but not greater than 6.0% of Zn, a balance of Mg, and other unavoidable impurities. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein adding the raw materials of Ca and Y into the magnesium alloy molten metal comprises adding the raw materials of Ca and Y at a temperature higher than 800° C. 9. A method of manufacturing a magnesium alloy, comprising:
forming a magnesium alloy molten metal, which contains Mg, Al and Zn; forming a master alloy ingot, which contains Mg, Al, Zn, Ca and Y, and is soluble at 750° C. or lower; inputting the master alloy ingot, which is soluble at 750° C. or lower, into the magnesium alloy molten metal; and producing a magnesium alloy cast material from the molten metal, which contains the master alloy ingot, using a fusion casting method, wherein a magnesium alloy produced as described above comprises, by weight, 1.0% or greater but less than 7.0% of Al, 0.05% to 2.0% of Ca, 0.05% to 2.0% of Y, greater than 0% but not greater than 6.0% of Zn, a balance of Mg, and other unavoidable impurities. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the master alloy ingot, which contains Mg, Al, Zn, Ca and Y, is soluble at 750° C. or lower, and is input into the magnesium alloy molten metal at a temperature lower than 750° C. 11. A method of manufacturing a magnesium alloy, comprising:
forming a magnesium alloy molten metal, which contains Mg, Al and Zn; adding a Ca compound and a Y compound into the magnesium alloy molten metal; and producing a magnesium alloy cast material from the magnesium alloy molten metal, in which the Ca compound and the Y compound are added, using a fusion casting method, wherein a magnesium alloy produced by the above process comprises, by weight, 1.0% or greater but less than 7.0% of Al, 0.05% to 2.0% of Ca, 0.05% to 2.0% of Y, greater than 0% but not greater than 6.0% of Zn, a balance of Mg, and other unavoidable impurities. 12. The method of claim 7, wherein inputting the raw materials of Ca and Y, the master alloy ingot, which contains Mg, Al, Zn, Ca and Y, or the Ca compound and the Y compound into the magnesium alloy molten metal further comprises periodically stirring the magnesium alloy molten metal. 13. The method of claim 7, wherein the casting method comprises one selected from the group consisting of mold casting, sand casting, gravity casting, squeeze casting, continuous casting, strip casting, die casting, precision casting, lost foam casting, spray casting, and semi-solid casting. 14. The method of claim 7, further comprising carrying out hot working on the magnesium alloy cast material produced by the casting method. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein inputting the raw materials of Ca and Y, the master alloy ingot, which contains Mg, Al, Zn, Ca and Y, or the Ca compound and the Y compound into the magnesium alloy molten metal further comprises periodically stirring the magnesium alloy molten metal. 16. The method of claim 9, wherein the casting method comprises one selected from the group consisting of mold casting, sand casting, gravity casting, squeeze casting, continuous casting, strip casting, die casting, precision casting, lost foam casting, spray casting, and semi-solid casting. 17. The method of claim 9, further comprising carrying out hot working on the magnesium alloy cast material produced by the casting method. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein inputting the raw materials of Ca and Y, the master alloy ingot, which contains Mg, Al, Zn, Ca and Y, or the Ca compound and the Y compound into the magnesium alloy molten metal further comprises periodically stirring the magnesium alloy molten metal. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the casting method comprises one selected from the group consisting of mold casting, sand casting, gravity casting, squeeze casting, continuous casting, strip casting, die casting, precision casting, lost foam casting, spray casting, and semi-solid casting. 20. The method of claim 11, further comprising carrying out hot working on the magnesium alloy cast material produced by the casting method. | 1,700 |
2,646 | 11,451,616 | 1,726 | A photovoltaic module includes a first photovoltaic cell, a second photovoltaic cell, and a collector-connector which is configured to collect current from the first photovoltaic cell and to electrically connect the first photovoltaic cell with the second photovoltaic cell. The collector-connector may include an electrically insulating carrier and at least one electrical conductor which electrically connects the first photovoltaic cell to the second photovoltaic cell. | 1. A photovoltaic module, comprising:
a first photovoltaic cell; a second photovoltaic cell; and a collector-connector which is configured to collect current from the first photovoltaic cell and to electrically connect the first photovoltaic cell with the second photovoltaic cell. 2. The module of claim 1, wherein:
the collector-connector comprises an electrically insulating carrier and at least one electrical conductor; the collector-connector electrically contacts a first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell in such a way as to collect current from the first photovoltaic cell; and the collector-connector electrically contacts a second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell to electrically connect the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell to the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell. 3. The module of claim 2, wherein:
the first and the second photovoltaic cells comprise plate shaped cells which are located adjacent to each other; the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell comprises an optically transparent front side electrode which is adapted to face the Sun; the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell comprises a back side electrode which is adapted to face away from the Sun; the carrier comprises a flexible sheet or ribbon; the at least one electrical conductor comprises a plurality of flexible, electrically conductive wires or traces supported by the carrier; the wires or the traces electrically contact a major portion of a surface of the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell; and the wires or the traces electrically contact at least a portion of the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell to electrically connect it to the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell. 4. The module of claim 3, wherein:
the at least one electrical conductor comprises a conductor located on a first side of the carrier; at least a first part of carrier is located over a front surface of the first photovoltaic cell such that the conductor electrically contacts the first polarity electrode on the front side of the first photovoltaic cell; and an electrically conductive tab electrically connects the conductor to the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell. 5. The module of claim 4, wherein a second part of carrier extends between the first photovoltaic cell and the second photovoltaic cell, such that a second side of the carrier contacts a back side of the second photovoltaic cell. 6. The module of claim 3, wherein:
the carrier comprises a sheet comprising a first part which extends over front sides of the first and the second photovoltaic cells, and a second part which is folded over back sides of the first and the second photovoltaic cells; and the at least one electrical conductor comprises a plurality of buses which extend from the first part of the carrier to the second part of the carrier to electrically connect the first polarity electrode on the front side of the first photovoltaic cell to the second polarity electrode on the back side of the second photovoltaic cell. 7. The module of claim 3, wherein:
the at least one electrical conductor comprise a conductor located on a first side of the carrier; and the carrier is folded over such that a second side of the carrier is on an inside of a fold, and such that the conductor electrically connects the first polarity electrode on the front side of the first photovoltaic cell to the second polarity electrode on the back side of the second photovoltaic cell. 8. The module of claim 3, wherein:
the carrier comprises a sheet comprising a plurality of tabs extending out of a first side of the sheet; the at least one electrical conductor comprises a conductor having a first part which is located on the first side of the sheet and a second part which is located on a first side of a first tab facing the first side of the sheet; the first photovoltaic cell is located between the first side of the sheet and the first side of the first tab; the second photovoltaic cell is located between the first side of the sheet and a first side of a second tab; the first part of the conductor electrically contacts the first polarity electrode on the front side of the first photovoltaic cell; and the second part of the conductor electrically contacts to the second polarity electrode on the back side of the second photovoltaic cell. 9. The module of claim 3, wherein:
the carrier comprises a sheet containing a plurality of slots; the at least one electrical conductor comprises a conductor having a first part located on a first side of the sheet between a first slot and a second slot, and a second part located on a second side of the sheet between the first slot and the second slot; the first photovoltaic cell passes through the first slot such that the first polarity electrode on the front side of the first photovoltaic cell electrically contacts the first part of the conductor; and the second photovoltaic cell passes through a second slot such that the second polarity electrode on the back side of the second photovoltaic cell electrically contacts the second part of the conductor. 10. The module of claim 3, wherein:
the first and the second photovoltaic cells comprise lateral type cells having electrodes of both polarities exposed on a same side of each cell; the at least one electrical conductor comprises a conductor located on a first side of the carrier; and the conductor electrically connects the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell to the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell. 11. The module of claim 2, wherein:
the at least one electrical conductor comprises a conductor having a first part which is located on a first side of the carrier and a second part which is located on the second side of the carrier; a first part of carrier is located over a front surface of the first photovoltaic cell such that the first part of the conductor electrically contacts the first polarity electrode on a front side of the first photovoltaic cell; and a second part of carrier extends between the first photovoltaic cell and the second photovoltaic cell and over a back side of the second photovoltaic cell, such that the second part of the conductor electrically contacts the second polarity electrode on a back side of the second photovoltaic cell. 12. The module of claim 2, wherein:
the collector-connector comprises a first flexible sheet or ribbon shaped, electrically insulating carrier supporting a first conductor, and a second flexible sheet or ribbon shaped, electrically insulating carrier supporting a second conductor; the first and the second photovoltaic cells comprise plate shaped cells which are located adjacent to each other between the first carrier and the second carrier; the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell comprises an optically transparent front side electrode which is adapted to face the Sun; the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell comprises a back side electrode which is adapted to face away from the Sun; the first conductor comprises at least one flexible, electrically conductive wire or trace which electrically contacts a major portion of a surface of the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell; and the second conductor comprises at least one flexible, electrically conductive wire or trace which electrically contacts the first conductor and at least a portion of the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell. 13. The module of claim 2, wherein:
the collector-connector comprises a first flexible sheet or ribbon shaped polymer carrier supporting a first conductor, and a second flexible sheet or ribbon shaped polymer carrier supporting a second conductor; the first and the second photovoltaic cells comprise plate shaped cells which are located adjacent to each other and are laminated between the first carrier and the second carrier; the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell comprises an optically transparent front side electrode which is adapted to face the Sun; the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell comprises a back side electrode which is adapted to face away from the Sun; the first carrier comprises a passivation material of the module; and the second carrier comprises a back support material of the module. 14. The module of claim 13, wherein:
the first carrier comprises a first thermal plastic olefin (TPO) sheet; and the second carrier comprises a second thermal plastic olefin membrane roofing material sheet which is adapted to be mounted over a roof support structure. 15. A photovoltaic module, comprising:
a first photovoltaic cell; a second photovoltaic cell; and a first means for collecting current from the first photovoltaic cell and for electrically connecting the first photovoltaic cell with the second photovoltaic cell. 16. The module of claim 15, wherein the first means comprises a means for contacting a first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell to collect current from the first photovoltaic cell and for contacting a second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell to electrically connect the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell to the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell. 17. A photovoltaic cell, comprising:
a photovoltaic material; a front side electrode; a back side electrode; an insulating carrier located over the front side electrode; a first conductor portion located on a inner side of insulating carrier and facing the front side electrode, such that the first conductor portion contacts the front side electrode to collect current from the front side electrode; and a second conductor portion located on an outer side of the insulating carrier and electrically connected to the first conductor portion. 18. The cell of claim 17, further comprising an interconnect which is electrically connected to the second conductor portion and which is adapted to electrically connect the front electrode to a back side electrode of another photovoltaic cell. 19. A photovoltaic cell, comprising:
a photovoltaic material; a front side electrode; a back side electrode; an insulating carrier located over the front side electrode; a first means for collecting current from the front side electrode; and a second means for electrically connecting the first means to an interconnect through the insulating carrier. | A photovoltaic module includes a first photovoltaic cell, a second photovoltaic cell, and a collector-connector which is configured to collect current from the first photovoltaic cell and to electrically connect the first photovoltaic cell with the second photovoltaic cell. The collector-connector may include an electrically insulating carrier and at least one electrical conductor which electrically connects the first photovoltaic cell to the second photovoltaic cell.1. A photovoltaic module, comprising:
a first photovoltaic cell; a second photovoltaic cell; and a collector-connector which is configured to collect current from the first photovoltaic cell and to electrically connect the first photovoltaic cell with the second photovoltaic cell. 2. The module of claim 1, wherein:
the collector-connector comprises an electrically insulating carrier and at least one electrical conductor; the collector-connector electrically contacts a first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell in such a way as to collect current from the first photovoltaic cell; and the collector-connector electrically contacts a second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell to electrically connect the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell to the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell. 3. The module of claim 2, wherein:
the first and the second photovoltaic cells comprise plate shaped cells which are located adjacent to each other; the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell comprises an optically transparent front side electrode which is adapted to face the Sun; the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell comprises a back side electrode which is adapted to face away from the Sun; the carrier comprises a flexible sheet or ribbon; the at least one electrical conductor comprises a plurality of flexible, electrically conductive wires or traces supported by the carrier; the wires or the traces electrically contact a major portion of a surface of the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell; and the wires or the traces electrically contact at least a portion of the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell to electrically connect it to the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell. 4. The module of claim 3, wherein:
the at least one electrical conductor comprises a conductor located on a first side of the carrier; at least a first part of carrier is located over a front surface of the first photovoltaic cell such that the conductor electrically contacts the first polarity electrode on the front side of the first photovoltaic cell; and an electrically conductive tab electrically connects the conductor to the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell. 5. The module of claim 4, wherein a second part of carrier extends between the first photovoltaic cell and the second photovoltaic cell, such that a second side of the carrier contacts a back side of the second photovoltaic cell. 6. The module of claim 3, wherein:
the carrier comprises a sheet comprising a first part which extends over front sides of the first and the second photovoltaic cells, and a second part which is folded over back sides of the first and the second photovoltaic cells; and the at least one electrical conductor comprises a plurality of buses which extend from the first part of the carrier to the second part of the carrier to electrically connect the first polarity electrode on the front side of the first photovoltaic cell to the second polarity electrode on the back side of the second photovoltaic cell. 7. The module of claim 3, wherein:
the at least one electrical conductor comprise a conductor located on a first side of the carrier; and the carrier is folded over such that a second side of the carrier is on an inside of a fold, and such that the conductor electrically connects the first polarity electrode on the front side of the first photovoltaic cell to the second polarity electrode on the back side of the second photovoltaic cell. 8. The module of claim 3, wherein:
the carrier comprises a sheet comprising a plurality of tabs extending out of a first side of the sheet; the at least one electrical conductor comprises a conductor having a first part which is located on the first side of the sheet and a second part which is located on a first side of a first tab facing the first side of the sheet; the first photovoltaic cell is located between the first side of the sheet and the first side of the first tab; the second photovoltaic cell is located between the first side of the sheet and a first side of a second tab; the first part of the conductor electrically contacts the first polarity electrode on the front side of the first photovoltaic cell; and the second part of the conductor electrically contacts to the second polarity electrode on the back side of the second photovoltaic cell. 9. The module of claim 3, wherein:
the carrier comprises a sheet containing a plurality of slots; the at least one electrical conductor comprises a conductor having a first part located on a first side of the sheet between a first slot and a second slot, and a second part located on a second side of the sheet between the first slot and the second slot; the first photovoltaic cell passes through the first slot such that the first polarity electrode on the front side of the first photovoltaic cell electrically contacts the first part of the conductor; and the second photovoltaic cell passes through a second slot such that the second polarity electrode on the back side of the second photovoltaic cell electrically contacts the second part of the conductor. 10. The module of claim 3, wherein:
the first and the second photovoltaic cells comprise lateral type cells having electrodes of both polarities exposed on a same side of each cell; the at least one electrical conductor comprises a conductor located on a first side of the carrier; and the conductor electrically connects the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell to the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell. 11. The module of claim 2, wherein:
the at least one electrical conductor comprises a conductor having a first part which is located on a first side of the carrier and a second part which is located on the second side of the carrier; a first part of carrier is located over a front surface of the first photovoltaic cell such that the first part of the conductor electrically contacts the first polarity electrode on a front side of the first photovoltaic cell; and a second part of carrier extends between the first photovoltaic cell and the second photovoltaic cell and over a back side of the second photovoltaic cell, such that the second part of the conductor electrically contacts the second polarity electrode on a back side of the second photovoltaic cell. 12. The module of claim 2, wherein:
the collector-connector comprises a first flexible sheet or ribbon shaped, electrically insulating carrier supporting a first conductor, and a second flexible sheet or ribbon shaped, electrically insulating carrier supporting a second conductor; the first and the second photovoltaic cells comprise plate shaped cells which are located adjacent to each other between the first carrier and the second carrier; the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell comprises an optically transparent front side electrode which is adapted to face the Sun; the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell comprises a back side electrode which is adapted to face away from the Sun; the first conductor comprises at least one flexible, electrically conductive wire or trace which electrically contacts a major portion of a surface of the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell; and the second conductor comprises at least one flexible, electrically conductive wire or trace which electrically contacts the first conductor and at least a portion of the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell. 13. The module of claim 2, wherein:
the collector-connector comprises a first flexible sheet or ribbon shaped polymer carrier supporting a first conductor, and a second flexible sheet or ribbon shaped polymer carrier supporting a second conductor; the first and the second photovoltaic cells comprise plate shaped cells which are located adjacent to each other and are laminated between the first carrier and the second carrier; the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell comprises an optically transparent front side electrode which is adapted to face the Sun; the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell comprises a back side electrode which is adapted to face away from the Sun; the first carrier comprises a passivation material of the module; and the second carrier comprises a back support material of the module. 14. The module of claim 13, wherein:
the first carrier comprises a first thermal plastic olefin (TPO) sheet; and the second carrier comprises a second thermal plastic olefin membrane roofing material sheet which is adapted to be mounted over a roof support structure. 15. A photovoltaic module, comprising:
a first photovoltaic cell; a second photovoltaic cell; and a first means for collecting current from the first photovoltaic cell and for electrically connecting the first photovoltaic cell with the second photovoltaic cell. 16. The module of claim 15, wherein the first means comprises a means for contacting a first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell to collect current from the first photovoltaic cell and for contacting a second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell to electrically connect the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell to the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell. 17. A photovoltaic cell, comprising:
a photovoltaic material; a front side electrode; a back side electrode; an insulating carrier located over the front side electrode; a first conductor portion located on a inner side of insulating carrier and facing the front side electrode, such that the first conductor portion contacts the front side electrode to collect current from the front side electrode; and a second conductor portion located on an outer side of the insulating carrier and electrically connected to the first conductor portion. 18. The cell of claim 17, further comprising an interconnect which is electrically connected to the second conductor portion and which is adapted to electrically connect the front electrode to a back side electrode of another photovoltaic cell. 19. A photovoltaic cell, comprising:
a photovoltaic material; a front side electrode; a back side electrode; an insulating carrier located over the front side electrode; a first means for collecting current from the front side electrode; and a second means for electrically connecting the first means to an interconnect through the insulating carrier. | 1,700 |
2,647 | 13,826,911 | 1,763 | This invention relates to stable, low-viscosity polymer polyols and to a process for preparing these stable, low-viscosity polymer polyols. These polymer polyols comprise (a) a base polyol component that comprises a natural oil base polyol having a mean hydroxyl functionality of 1.7 to 5.0, a number average molecular weight of about 350 to about 725, and an OH number of 190 to 500. | 1. A stable, low-viscosity polymer polyol comprising the free-radical polymerization product of:
(a) a clear liquid base polyol component comprising a natural oil base polyol having a mean hydroxyl functionality of 1.7 to 5.0, a number average molecular weight of about 350 to about 725 and an OH number of 190 to 500, and which comprises the transesterification/alkoxylation product of
(i) at least one initiator comprising at least one Zerewitinoff-active hydrogen atom;
(ii) a natural oil component or a mixture of natural oil components;
and
(iii) at least one alkylene oxide;
in the presence of:
(iv) at least one alkaline catalyst;
wherein said alkylene oxide is completely reacted;
(b) at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer; and, optionally, (c) a preformed stabilizer; in the presence of: (d) a free-radical polymerization initiator; and, optionally, (e) a chain transfer agent. 2. The stable, low-viscosity polymer polyol of claim 1, wherein (a) (iii) said alkaline catalyst comprises one or more of the compounds potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, potassium methoxide, sodium stearate, calcium oxide and N-methyl imidazole. 3. The stable, low-viscosity polymer polyol of claim 1, wherein (a) (iii) said alkaline catalyst comprises potassium hydroxide in vacuum glycerin start medium. 4. The stable, low-viscosity polymer polyol of claim 1, wherein (a) said clear liquid base polyol has a mean hydroxyl functionality of 2.4 to 4.4, a number average molecular weight of 400 to 600, and an OH number of 300 to 400. 5. The stable, low-viscosity polymer polyol of claim 1, wherein (a) (i) said initiator comprising at least one Zerewitinoff-active hydrogen atom is selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group containing compound, an amine group containing compound, mixtures thereof and alkoxylates thereof. 6. The stable, low-viscosity polymer polyol of claim 1, wherein (a) (ii) said natural oil component comprises soybean oil. 7. The stable, low-viscosity polymer polyol of claim 1, wherein (b) said ethylenically unsaturated monomer is selected from the group consisting of styrene, acrylonitrile and mixtures thereof. 8. The stable, low-viscosity polymer polyol of claim 1, wherein (d) said free radical polymerization initiator is selected from the group consisting of peroxides, azo compounds and mixtures thereof. 9. A process for preparing a stable, low-viscosity polymer polyol comprising:
(1) free-radically polymerizing:
(a) a clear liquid base polyol component comprising a natural oil base polyol having a functionality of 1.7 to 5.0, a molecular weight of about 350 to about 725 and an OH number of 190 to 500, and which comprises the transesterification/alkoxylation product of
(i) at least one initiator comprising at least one Zerewitinoff active hydrogen atom;
(ii) a natural oil component or a mixture of natural oil components;
and
(iii) at least one alkylene oxide;
in the presence of
(iv) at least one basic catalyst;
wherein said alkylene oxide is completely reacted;
(b) at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer;
and, optionally,
(c) a preformed stabilizer;
in the presence of:
(d) a free-radical polymerization initiator;
and, optionally,
(e) a chain transfer agent. 10. The process of claim 9, wherein (a) (iii) said alkaline catalyst comprises one or more of the compounds potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, potassium methoxide, sodium stearate, calcium oxide and N-methyl imidazole. 11. The process of claim 9, wherein (a) (iii) said alkaline catalyst comprises potassium hydroxide in vacuum glycerin start medium. 12. The process of claim 9, wherein (a) said clear liquid base polyol has a mean hydroxyl functionality of 2.4 to 4.4, a number average molecular weight of 400 to 600, and an OH number of 300 to 400. 13. The process of claim 9, wherein (a) (i) said initiator comprising at least one Zerewitinoff-active hydrogen atom is selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group containing compound, an amine group containing compound, mixtures thereof and alkoxylates thereof. 14. The process of claim 9, wherein (a) (ii) said natural oil component comprises soybean oil. 15. The process of claim 9, wherein (b) said ethylenically unsaturated monomer is selected from the group consisting of styrene, acrylonitrile and mixtures thereof. 16. The process of claim 9, wherein (d) said free radical polymerization initiator is selected from the group consisting of peroxides, azo compounds and mixtures thereof. 17. A process for preparing a polyurethane foam comprising reacting a polyisocyanate component with an isocyanate-reactive component, in the presence of at least one blowing agent, at least one catalyst, and at least one surfactant, wherein said isocyanate-reactive component comprises the polymer polyol of claim 1. 18. A polyurethane foam comprising the reaction product of a polyisocyanate component with an isocyanate-reactive component, in the presence of at least one blowing agent, at least one catalyst and at least one surfactant, wherein said isocyanate-reactive component comprises the polymer polyol of claim 1. | This invention relates to stable, low-viscosity polymer polyols and to a process for preparing these stable, low-viscosity polymer polyols. These polymer polyols comprise (a) a base polyol component that comprises a natural oil base polyol having a mean hydroxyl functionality of 1.7 to 5.0, a number average molecular weight of about 350 to about 725, and an OH number of 190 to 500.1. A stable, low-viscosity polymer polyol comprising the free-radical polymerization product of:
(a) a clear liquid base polyol component comprising a natural oil base polyol having a mean hydroxyl functionality of 1.7 to 5.0, a number average molecular weight of about 350 to about 725 and an OH number of 190 to 500, and which comprises the transesterification/alkoxylation product of
(i) at least one initiator comprising at least one Zerewitinoff-active hydrogen atom;
(ii) a natural oil component or a mixture of natural oil components;
and
(iii) at least one alkylene oxide;
in the presence of:
(iv) at least one alkaline catalyst;
wherein said alkylene oxide is completely reacted;
(b) at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer; and, optionally, (c) a preformed stabilizer; in the presence of: (d) a free-radical polymerization initiator; and, optionally, (e) a chain transfer agent. 2. The stable, low-viscosity polymer polyol of claim 1, wherein (a) (iii) said alkaline catalyst comprises one or more of the compounds potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, potassium methoxide, sodium stearate, calcium oxide and N-methyl imidazole. 3. The stable, low-viscosity polymer polyol of claim 1, wherein (a) (iii) said alkaline catalyst comprises potassium hydroxide in vacuum glycerin start medium. 4. The stable, low-viscosity polymer polyol of claim 1, wherein (a) said clear liquid base polyol has a mean hydroxyl functionality of 2.4 to 4.4, a number average molecular weight of 400 to 600, and an OH number of 300 to 400. 5. The stable, low-viscosity polymer polyol of claim 1, wherein (a) (i) said initiator comprising at least one Zerewitinoff-active hydrogen atom is selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group containing compound, an amine group containing compound, mixtures thereof and alkoxylates thereof. 6. The stable, low-viscosity polymer polyol of claim 1, wherein (a) (ii) said natural oil component comprises soybean oil. 7. The stable, low-viscosity polymer polyol of claim 1, wherein (b) said ethylenically unsaturated monomer is selected from the group consisting of styrene, acrylonitrile and mixtures thereof. 8. The stable, low-viscosity polymer polyol of claim 1, wherein (d) said free radical polymerization initiator is selected from the group consisting of peroxides, azo compounds and mixtures thereof. 9. A process for preparing a stable, low-viscosity polymer polyol comprising:
(1) free-radically polymerizing:
(a) a clear liquid base polyol component comprising a natural oil base polyol having a functionality of 1.7 to 5.0, a molecular weight of about 350 to about 725 and an OH number of 190 to 500, and which comprises the transesterification/alkoxylation product of
(i) at least one initiator comprising at least one Zerewitinoff active hydrogen atom;
(ii) a natural oil component or a mixture of natural oil components;
and
(iii) at least one alkylene oxide;
in the presence of
(iv) at least one basic catalyst;
wherein said alkylene oxide is completely reacted;
(b) at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer;
and, optionally,
(c) a preformed stabilizer;
in the presence of:
(d) a free-radical polymerization initiator;
and, optionally,
(e) a chain transfer agent. 10. The process of claim 9, wherein (a) (iii) said alkaline catalyst comprises one or more of the compounds potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, potassium methoxide, sodium stearate, calcium oxide and N-methyl imidazole. 11. The process of claim 9, wherein (a) (iii) said alkaline catalyst comprises potassium hydroxide in vacuum glycerin start medium. 12. The process of claim 9, wherein (a) said clear liquid base polyol has a mean hydroxyl functionality of 2.4 to 4.4, a number average molecular weight of 400 to 600, and an OH number of 300 to 400. 13. The process of claim 9, wherein (a) (i) said initiator comprising at least one Zerewitinoff-active hydrogen atom is selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group containing compound, an amine group containing compound, mixtures thereof and alkoxylates thereof. 14. The process of claim 9, wherein (a) (ii) said natural oil component comprises soybean oil. 15. The process of claim 9, wherein (b) said ethylenically unsaturated monomer is selected from the group consisting of styrene, acrylonitrile and mixtures thereof. 16. The process of claim 9, wherein (d) said free radical polymerization initiator is selected from the group consisting of peroxides, azo compounds and mixtures thereof. 17. A process for preparing a polyurethane foam comprising reacting a polyisocyanate component with an isocyanate-reactive component, in the presence of at least one blowing agent, at least one catalyst, and at least one surfactant, wherein said isocyanate-reactive component comprises the polymer polyol of claim 1. 18. A polyurethane foam comprising the reaction product of a polyisocyanate component with an isocyanate-reactive component, in the presence of at least one blowing agent, at least one catalyst and at least one surfactant, wherein said isocyanate-reactive component comprises the polymer polyol of claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,648 | 14,409,918 | 1,734 | A high-strength multiphase steel with minimum tensile strengths of 580 MPa, preferably having a dual-phase structure for a cold-rolled or hot-rolled steel strip with improved forming properties, particularly for lightweight vehicle construction contains the elements (contents in mass-%): C 0.075 to ≦0.105; Si 0.600 to ≦0.800; Mn 1.000 to ≦2.250; Cr 0.280 to ≦0.480; Al 0.010 to ≦0.060; P≦0.020; N≦0.0100; S≦0.0150, remainder iron, including typical steel-accompanying elements not mentioned above, which are impurities introduced by smelting, with the condition that the Mn content is preferably ≦1.500% for strip thicknesses up to 1 mm, the Mn content is preferably ≦1.750% for strip thicknesses of 1 to 2 mm, and the Mn content is preferably ≧1.500% for strip thicknesses ≧2 mm | 1.-16. (canceled) 17. A high strength multiphase steel with minimal strengths of 580 MPa preferably with dual phase microstructure for a cold or hot rolled steel strip having improved forming properties, in particular for the vehicle lightweight construction, composed of the following elements weight %:
C 0.075 to ≦0.105 Si 0.600 to ≦0.800 Mn 1.000 to ≦2.250 Cr 0.280 to ≦0.480 Al 0.010 to ≦0.060 P≦0.020 N≦0.0100 S≦0.0150 remainder iron including usual steel accompanying elements not mentioned above which constitute smelting related impurities, with the proviso that at strip thicknesses up to 1 mm the Mn content is preferably ≦1.500%, that at strip thicknesses from 1 mm to 2 mm the Mn content is preferably ≦1.750%, and that at strip thicknesses 2 mm the Mn content is preferably ≧1.500%. 18. The steel of claim 1, wherein at strip thicknesses up to 1 mm a sum of Mn+Si+Cr is ≧1.88≦2.60%. 19. The steel of claim 17, wherein at strip thicknesses of 1.00-2.00 mm the sum of Mn+Si+Cr is ≧2.2≦3.00% 20. The steel of claim 17, wherein at strip thicknesses of ≧2.00 the sum of Mn+Si+Cr is ≧2.50≦3.53%. 21. The steel of claim 17, wherein the N content is ≦0.0090%. 22. The Steel according of claim 17, wherein the N content is ≦0.0080%. 23. The steel of claim 17, wherein the S content is ≦0.0050%. 24. The steel of the claim 17, wherein the S content is ≦0.0030%. 25. A method for producing a cold or hot rolled steel strip from the steel of claim 17, comprising:
heating the cold or hot rolled steel strip during a continuous annealing to an annealing temperature in the range of about 700 to 950° C.; cooling the steel strip is from the annealing temperature to a first intermediate temperature of about 300 to 500° C. at a cooling rate between about 15 and 100° C./s; cooling the cold or hot rolled steel strip to a second intermediate temperature of about 200 to 250° C. with a cooling rate between about 15 to 100° C./s; and cooling the steel strip at air with a cooling rate of about 2 to 30° C./s until reaching room temperature or maintaining the cooling with a cooling rate between about 15 to 100° C./s from the first intermediate temperature to room temperature, wherein a dual phase microstructure is generated during the continuous annealing. 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising hot dip galvanizing the strip in a hot dip bath, wherein subsequent to the heating and subsequent cooling the cooling is halted prior to entering into the hot dip bath, and after the hot dip galvanizing the cooling is continued with a cooling rate between about 15 and 100° C./s until reaching an intermediate temperature of about 200 to 250° C., and subsequently the steel strip is cooled on air with a cooling rate between about 2 and 30° C./s until reaching room temperature. 27. The method of claim 25, further comprising hot dip galvanizing the steel strip in a hot dip bath, wherein after the heating and subsequent cooling to the intermediate temperature of about 200 to 250° C. and prior to entering the hot dip bath the temperature is held for about 1 to 20 s and subsequently the steel strip is reheated to the temperature of about 420 to 470° C. and after the hot dip galvanizing the steel strip is cooled until reaching the intermediate temperature of about 200 to 250° C. with a cooling rate between about 15 and 100° C./s, and subsequently the steel strip is cooled on air with a cooling rate of about 2 and 30° C./s until reaching room temperature. 28. The method of the claim 25, wherein the heating step is carried out in a plant configuration composed of a directly fired furnace region and a radiant-tube furnace, the method further comprising increasing an oxidation potential in the annealing by setting a CO-content below 4%, setting an atmosphere of the furnace to be reducing and setting a dew point at −30° C. or below −30° C. so as to avoid oxidation of the strip prior to immersion into the hot dip bath. 29. The method of claim 25, wherein the annealing is carried out by solely utilizing a radiant-tube furnace, wherein a dew the dew point in the furnace atmosphere is −30° C. or above −30° C. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the dew point in the furnace atmosphere is −25° C. or −20° C. 31. The method of claim 25, further comprising adjusting a throughput speed as a function of varying thicknesses of individual steel strips during the heat treatment thereby establishing comparable microstructure states and mechanical characteristic values in the individual steel strips. 32. The method of claim 25, further comprising subsequent to the heat treatment skin passing the steel strip. 33. The method of claim 25, further comprising aligning the steels strip stretch bending subsequent to the heat treatment. | A high-strength multiphase steel with minimum tensile strengths of 580 MPa, preferably having a dual-phase structure for a cold-rolled or hot-rolled steel strip with improved forming properties, particularly for lightweight vehicle construction contains the elements (contents in mass-%): C 0.075 to ≦0.105; Si 0.600 to ≦0.800; Mn 1.000 to ≦2.250; Cr 0.280 to ≦0.480; Al 0.010 to ≦0.060; P≦0.020; N≦0.0100; S≦0.0150, remainder iron, including typical steel-accompanying elements not mentioned above, which are impurities introduced by smelting, with the condition that the Mn content is preferably ≦1.500% for strip thicknesses up to 1 mm, the Mn content is preferably ≦1.750% for strip thicknesses of 1 to 2 mm, and the Mn content is preferably ≧1.500% for strip thicknesses ≧2 mm1.-16. (canceled) 17. A high strength multiphase steel with minimal strengths of 580 MPa preferably with dual phase microstructure for a cold or hot rolled steel strip having improved forming properties, in particular for the vehicle lightweight construction, composed of the following elements weight %:
C 0.075 to ≦0.105 Si 0.600 to ≦0.800 Mn 1.000 to ≦2.250 Cr 0.280 to ≦0.480 Al 0.010 to ≦0.060 P≦0.020 N≦0.0100 S≦0.0150 remainder iron including usual steel accompanying elements not mentioned above which constitute smelting related impurities, with the proviso that at strip thicknesses up to 1 mm the Mn content is preferably ≦1.500%, that at strip thicknesses from 1 mm to 2 mm the Mn content is preferably ≦1.750%, and that at strip thicknesses 2 mm the Mn content is preferably ≧1.500%. 18. The steel of claim 1, wherein at strip thicknesses up to 1 mm a sum of Mn+Si+Cr is ≧1.88≦2.60%. 19. The steel of claim 17, wherein at strip thicknesses of 1.00-2.00 mm the sum of Mn+Si+Cr is ≧2.2≦3.00% 20. The steel of claim 17, wherein at strip thicknesses of ≧2.00 the sum of Mn+Si+Cr is ≧2.50≦3.53%. 21. The steel of claim 17, wherein the N content is ≦0.0090%. 22. The Steel according of claim 17, wherein the N content is ≦0.0080%. 23. The steel of claim 17, wherein the S content is ≦0.0050%. 24. The steel of the claim 17, wherein the S content is ≦0.0030%. 25. A method for producing a cold or hot rolled steel strip from the steel of claim 17, comprising:
heating the cold or hot rolled steel strip during a continuous annealing to an annealing temperature in the range of about 700 to 950° C.; cooling the steel strip is from the annealing temperature to a first intermediate temperature of about 300 to 500° C. at a cooling rate between about 15 and 100° C./s; cooling the cold or hot rolled steel strip to a second intermediate temperature of about 200 to 250° C. with a cooling rate between about 15 to 100° C./s; and cooling the steel strip at air with a cooling rate of about 2 to 30° C./s until reaching room temperature or maintaining the cooling with a cooling rate between about 15 to 100° C./s from the first intermediate temperature to room temperature, wherein a dual phase microstructure is generated during the continuous annealing. 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising hot dip galvanizing the strip in a hot dip bath, wherein subsequent to the heating and subsequent cooling the cooling is halted prior to entering into the hot dip bath, and after the hot dip galvanizing the cooling is continued with a cooling rate between about 15 and 100° C./s until reaching an intermediate temperature of about 200 to 250° C., and subsequently the steel strip is cooled on air with a cooling rate between about 2 and 30° C./s until reaching room temperature. 27. The method of claim 25, further comprising hot dip galvanizing the steel strip in a hot dip bath, wherein after the heating and subsequent cooling to the intermediate temperature of about 200 to 250° C. and prior to entering the hot dip bath the temperature is held for about 1 to 20 s and subsequently the steel strip is reheated to the temperature of about 420 to 470° C. and after the hot dip galvanizing the steel strip is cooled until reaching the intermediate temperature of about 200 to 250° C. with a cooling rate between about 15 and 100° C./s, and subsequently the steel strip is cooled on air with a cooling rate of about 2 and 30° C./s until reaching room temperature. 28. The method of the claim 25, wherein the heating step is carried out in a plant configuration composed of a directly fired furnace region and a radiant-tube furnace, the method further comprising increasing an oxidation potential in the annealing by setting a CO-content below 4%, setting an atmosphere of the furnace to be reducing and setting a dew point at −30° C. or below −30° C. so as to avoid oxidation of the strip prior to immersion into the hot dip bath. 29. The method of claim 25, wherein the annealing is carried out by solely utilizing a radiant-tube furnace, wherein a dew the dew point in the furnace atmosphere is −30° C. or above −30° C. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the dew point in the furnace atmosphere is −25° C. or −20° C. 31. The method of claim 25, further comprising adjusting a throughput speed as a function of varying thicknesses of individual steel strips during the heat treatment thereby establishing comparable microstructure states and mechanical characteristic values in the individual steel strips. 32. The method of claim 25, further comprising subsequent to the heat treatment skin passing the steel strip. 33. The method of claim 25, further comprising aligning the steels strip stretch bending subsequent to the heat treatment. | 1,700 |
2,649 | 15,503,735 | 1,795 | The present invention relates to an acidic zinc or zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition comprising a source for zinc ions, optionally a source for nickel ions, a source for chloride ions and at least one dithiocarbamyl alkyl sulfonic acid or salt thereof. Said plating bath composition and the corresponding plating method result in zinc or zinc-nickel alloy layers having an improved throwing power and thickness distribution, particularly when plating substrates having a complex shape and/or in rack-and-barrel plating. | 1. An acidic zinc or zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition comprising a source for zinc ions, a source for chloride ions and having a pH value in the range of 2 to 6.5,
characterized in that it further comprises at least one dithiocarbamyl alkyl sulfonic acid or salt thereof represented by formula (I)
(R1R2)N—C(S)S—R3—SO3R4 (I)
wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-butyl, 2-butyl, and tert-butyl, R3 is selected from the group consisting of methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene and hexylene and R4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and a cation, and which is free of polyalkyleneglycols and other alloying metals than zinc and nickel ions, the acidic zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition further comprising a source for nickel ions; wherein the concentration of the at least one dithiocarbamyl alkyl sulfonic acid or salt thereof ranges from 0.5 to 100 mg/l; and wherein the concentration of zinc ions ranges from 5 to 100 g/l. 2. The acidic zinc or zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition according to claim 1 wherein the concentration of the at least one dithiocarbamyl alkyl sulfonic acid or salt thereof ranges from 1 to 50 mg/l. 3. The acidic zinc or zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition according to claim 1 wherein said acidic zinc and zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition further comprises at least one aromatic carboxylic acid, salt, ester or amide thereof. 4. The acidic zinc or zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition according to claim 3 wherein the at least one aromatic carboxylic acid, salt, ester or amide thereof is selected from the group consisting of benzoic acid, phthalic acid, 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxylic acid, 1-naphtalene carboxylic acid, 1,3-naphtalene dicarboxylic acid, naphthalene tricarboxylic acid, regioisomeric derivatives thereof, sodium, potassium and ammonium salts and methyl, ethyl and propyl esters of the aforementioned. 5. The acidic zinc or zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition according to claim 4 wherein the concentration of the at least one aromatic carboxylic acid, salt, ester or amide thereof ranges from 0.1 to 20 g/l. 6. The acidic zinc or zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition according to claim 1 wherein the concentration of zinc ions ranges from 10 to 100 g/l. 7. The acidic zinc or zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition according to claim 1 wherein the concentration of chloride ions ranges from 70 to 250 g/l. 8. The zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition according to claim 1 wherein the concentration of nickel ions ranges from 5 to 100 g/l. 9. The zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition according to claim 1 further comprising a complexing agent for nickel ions, selected from the group consisting of aliphatic amines, poly-(alkylenimines), non-aromatic poly-carboxylic acids, non-aromatic hydroxyl carboxylic acids and mixtures of the aforementioned. 10. The zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition according to claim 9 wherein the concentration of the complexing agent for nickel ions ranges from 0.1 to 150 g/l. 11. A method for zinc or zinc-nickel alloy electroplating comprising, in this order, the steps of
(i) providing a substrate having a metallic surface as a cathode, (ii) contacting said substrate with an acidic zinc or zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition according to claim 1, (iii) applying an electrical current between said substrate and at least one anode and thereby depositing a zinc or zinc-nickel alloy layer with an improved thickness uniformity onto said substrate. 12. (canceled) | The present invention relates to an acidic zinc or zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition comprising a source for zinc ions, optionally a source for nickel ions, a source for chloride ions and at least one dithiocarbamyl alkyl sulfonic acid or salt thereof. Said plating bath composition and the corresponding plating method result in zinc or zinc-nickel alloy layers having an improved throwing power and thickness distribution, particularly when plating substrates having a complex shape and/or in rack-and-barrel plating.1. An acidic zinc or zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition comprising a source for zinc ions, a source for chloride ions and having a pH value in the range of 2 to 6.5,
characterized in that it further comprises at least one dithiocarbamyl alkyl sulfonic acid or salt thereof represented by formula (I)
(R1R2)N—C(S)S—R3—SO3R4 (I)
wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-butyl, 2-butyl, and tert-butyl, R3 is selected from the group consisting of methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene and hexylene and R4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and a cation, and which is free of polyalkyleneglycols and other alloying metals than zinc and nickel ions, the acidic zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition further comprising a source for nickel ions; wherein the concentration of the at least one dithiocarbamyl alkyl sulfonic acid or salt thereof ranges from 0.5 to 100 mg/l; and wherein the concentration of zinc ions ranges from 5 to 100 g/l. 2. The acidic zinc or zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition according to claim 1 wherein the concentration of the at least one dithiocarbamyl alkyl sulfonic acid or salt thereof ranges from 1 to 50 mg/l. 3. The acidic zinc or zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition according to claim 1 wherein said acidic zinc and zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition further comprises at least one aromatic carboxylic acid, salt, ester or amide thereof. 4. The acidic zinc or zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition according to claim 3 wherein the at least one aromatic carboxylic acid, salt, ester or amide thereof is selected from the group consisting of benzoic acid, phthalic acid, 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxylic acid, 1-naphtalene carboxylic acid, 1,3-naphtalene dicarboxylic acid, naphthalene tricarboxylic acid, regioisomeric derivatives thereof, sodium, potassium and ammonium salts and methyl, ethyl and propyl esters of the aforementioned. 5. The acidic zinc or zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition according to claim 4 wherein the concentration of the at least one aromatic carboxylic acid, salt, ester or amide thereof ranges from 0.1 to 20 g/l. 6. The acidic zinc or zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition according to claim 1 wherein the concentration of zinc ions ranges from 10 to 100 g/l. 7. The acidic zinc or zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition according to claim 1 wherein the concentration of chloride ions ranges from 70 to 250 g/l. 8. The zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition according to claim 1 wherein the concentration of nickel ions ranges from 5 to 100 g/l. 9. The zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition according to claim 1 further comprising a complexing agent for nickel ions, selected from the group consisting of aliphatic amines, poly-(alkylenimines), non-aromatic poly-carboxylic acids, non-aromatic hydroxyl carboxylic acids and mixtures of the aforementioned. 10. The zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition according to claim 9 wherein the concentration of the complexing agent for nickel ions ranges from 0.1 to 150 g/l. 11. A method for zinc or zinc-nickel alloy electroplating comprising, in this order, the steps of
(i) providing a substrate having a metallic surface as a cathode, (ii) contacting said substrate with an acidic zinc or zinc-nickel alloy plating bath composition according to claim 1, (iii) applying an electrical current between said substrate and at least one anode and thereby depositing a zinc or zinc-nickel alloy layer with an improved thickness uniformity onto said substrate. 12. (canceled) | 1,700 |
2,650 | 14,808,682 | 1,749 | Reinforcement layer for articles made of an elastomeric material, preferably for vehicle tires, the reinforcement layer being rubberized and comprising a plurality of parallel reinforcements spaced apart from one another, each reinforcement including at least one twisted viscous multifilament yarn, the viscose multifilament yarn having a degree of crystallinity in the range of from 15% to 40%, a yarn count of 150 dtex to 1100 dtex and a tensile strength in the range of from 45 cN/tex to 55 cN/tex. | 1. A rubberized reinforcement ply for articles made of an elastomeric material, the reinforcement ply comprising:
a multiplicity of mutually spaced-apart strength members in a parallel arrangement, wherein every strength member includes at least one twisted viscose multifilament yarn, and wherein the viscose multifilament yarn has a crystallinity in the range from 15% to 40% and after conditioning in a DIN EN ISO 139-1:2005 standard atmosphere has a yarn linear density in the range of ≧150 dtex to <1100 dtex and a tenacity in the range of ≧45 cN/tex to ≦55 cN/tex. 2. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 1, wherein the viscose multifilament yarn has a crystallinity in the range from 20% to 35%, a yarn linear density in the range of ≧170 dtex to <900 dtex, and a tenacity in the range of ≧45 cN/tex to ≦55 cN/tex. 3. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 2, wherein the viscose multifilament yarn has a crystallinity in the range from 24% to 30%, a yarn linear density in the range of ≧200 dtex to ≦840 dtex, and a tenacity in the range of ≧48 cN/tex to ≦53 cN/tex. 4. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 1, wherein the viscose multifilament yarn has a crystallite width in the range from 2.5 nm to 5 nm and a crystallite height in the range from 9 nm to 13 nm. 5. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 1, wherein the viscose multifilament yarn has a birefringence Δn·104 in the range from 300 to 450. 6. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 1, wherein the viscose multifilament yarn has a filament linear density in the range of 1.2 and 4.0 dtex. 7. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 1, wherein the viscose multifilament yarn has an elongation at break in the range of ≧5% and ≦20%. 8. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 1, wherein the strength member is a textile cord having at least two mutually cabled multifilament yarns and in that the strength members are arranged in this reinforcement ply in a density of 120 epdm to 280 epdm. 9. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 8, wherein the multifilament yarns have a folding twist of 250 tpm to 650 tpm and the textile cord has a cabling twist of 250 tpm to 650 tpm. 10. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 8, wherein the textile cord has the construction 620 dtex×2 or the construction 780 dtex×2, and
wherein both yarns consist of viscose. 11. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 8, wherein the textile cord is asymmetrical and comprises multifilament yarns differing in yarn linear density and preferably comprises the construction 620 dtex×1/780 dtex×1 [600 tpm/550 tpm], wherein the direction of the cabling twist of the cord is opposite to the folding twist of the yarns. 12. A pneumatic vehicle tire comprising at least one reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 1. 13. The pneumatic vehicle tire as claimed in claim 12, wherein the reinforcement ply is a carcass and/or a belt bandage and/or a bead reinforcer. 14. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 2, wherein the viscose multifilament yarn has a yarn linear density in the range of ≧170 dtex to <850 dtex. 15. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 3, wherein the viscose multifilament yarn has a yarn linear density in the range of ≧200 dtex to ≦820 dtex. 16. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 6, wherein the viscose multifilament yarn has a filament linear density in the range of 2.4 and 3.0 dtex. 17. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 7, wherein the viscose multifilament yarn has an elongation at break in the range of ≧6% and ≦15%. | Reinforcement layer for articles made of an elastomeric material, preferably for vehicle tires, the reinforcement layer being rubberized and comprising a plurality of parallel reinforcements spaced apart from one another, each reinforcement including at least one twisted viscous multifilament yarn, the viscose multifilament yarn having a degree of crystallinity in the range of from 15% to 40%, a yarn count of 150 dtex to 1100 dtex and a tensile strength in the range of from 45 cN/tex to 55 cN/tex.1. A rubberized reinforcement ply for articles made of an elastomeric material, the reinforcement ply comprising:
a multiplicity of mutually spaced-apart strength members in a parallel arrangement, wherein every strength member includes at least one twisted viscose multifilament yarn, and wherein the viscose multifilament yarn has a crystallinity in the range from 15% to 40% and after conditioning in a DIN EN ISO 139-1:2005 standard atmosphere has a yarn linear density in the range of ≧150 dtex to <1100 dtex and a tenacity in the range of ≧45 cN/tex to ≦55 cN/tex. 2. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 1, wherein the viscose multifilament yarn has a crystallinity in the range from 20% to 35%, a yarn linear density in the range of ≧170 dtex to <900 dtex, and a tenacity in the range of ≧45 cN/tex to ≦55 cN/tex. 3. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 2, wherein the viscose multifilament yarn has a crystallinity in the range from 24% to 30%, a yarn linear density in the range of ≧200 dtex to ≦840 dtex, and a tenacity in the range of ≧48 cN/tex to ≦53 cN/tex. 4. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 1, wherein the viscose multifilament yarn has a crystallite width in the range from 2.5 nm to 5 nm and a crystallite height in the range from 9 nm to 13 nm. 5. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 1, wherein the viscose multifilament yarn has a birefringence Δn·104 in the range from 300 to 450. 6. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 1, wherein the viscose multifilament yarn has a filament linear density in the range of 1.2 and 4.0 dtex. 7. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 1, wherein the viscose multifilament yarn has an elongation at break in the range of ≧5% and ≦20%. 8. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 1, wherein the strength member is a textile cord having at least two mutually cabled multifilament yarns and in that the strength members are arranged in this reinforcement ply in a density of 120 epdm to 280 epdm. 9. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 8, wherein the multifilament yarns have a folding twist of 250 tpm to 650 tpm and the textile cord has a cabling twist of 250 tpm to 650 tpm. 10. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 8, wherein the textile cord has the construction 620 dtex×2 or the construction 780 dtex×2, and
wherein both yarns consist of viscose. 11. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 8, wherein the textile cord is asymmetrical and comprises multifilament yarns differing in yarn linear density and preferably comprises the construction 620 dtex×1/780 dtex×1 [600 tpm/550 tpm], wherein the direction of the cabling twist of the cord is opposite to the folding twist of the yarns. 12. A pneumatic vehicle tire comprising at least one reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 1. 13. The pneumatic vehicle tire as claimed in claim 12, wherein the reinforcement ply is a carcass and/or a belt bandage and/or a bead reinforcer. 14. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 2, wherein the viscose multifilament yarn has a yarn linear density in the range of ≧170 dtex to <850 dtex. 15. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 3, wherein the viscose multifilament yarn has a yarn linear density in the range of ≧200 dtex to ≦820 dtex. 16. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 6, wherein the viscose multifilament yarn has a filament linear density in the range of 2.4 and 3.0 dtex. 17. The reinforcement ply as claimed in claim 7, wherein the viscose multifilament yarn has an elongation at break in the range of ≧6% and ≦15%. | 1,700 |
2,651 | 14,836,202 | 1,716 | An edge seal is arranged in an annular slot formed in an electrostatic chuck of a substrate processing system. The edge seal includes an annular body, a radially inner surface, a radially outer surface, a top surface, and a bottom surface. The radially inner surface is convex. The radially outer surface, the top surface and the bottom surface are generally planar. | 1. An electrostatic chuck comprising:
an upper layer; an intermediate layer; a lower layer; a first adhesive bonding layer arranged between the upper layer and the intermediate layer; a second adhesive bonding layer arranged between the intermediate layer and the lower layer, wherein radially outer edges of the intermediate layer and the first and second adhesive bonding layers form an annular slot relative to the upper layer and the lower layer; and an edge seal arranged in the annular slot, wherein the edge seal includes an annular body including a radially inner surface, a radially outer surface, a top surface and a bottom surface, and wherein the radially inner surface is convex. 2. The edge seal of claim 1, wherein corners between the radially inner surface, the radially outer surface, the top surface and the bottom surface are radiused. 3. The edge seal of claim 1, wherein:
the radially outer surface of the body is generally planar between a first corner between the top surface and the radially outer surface and a second corner between the bottom surface and the radially outer surface; the top surface of the body is generally planar between a third corner between the top surface and the radially inner surface and a fourth corner between the top surface and the radially outer surface; the bottom surface of the body is generally planar between the fourth corner between the bottom surface and the radially inner surface and the second corner between the bottom surface and the radially outer surface; and the radially inner surface of the body is convex between the third corner between the top surface and the radially inner surface and the first corner between the bottom surface and the radially inner surface. 4. The edge seal of claim 1, wherein a radial thickness of the body at a center of the body is 10% to 30% greater than a radial thickness of the body adjacent to the top surface and the bottom surface. 5. The edge seal of claim 1, wherein a radial thickness of the body at a center of the body is 15% to 25% greater than a radial thickness of the body adjacent to the top surface and the bottom surface. 6. The edge seal of claim 1, wherein a radial thickness of the body at a center of the body is 20% to 24% greater than a radial thickness of the body adjacent to the top surface and the bottom surface. 7. The electrostatic chuck of claim 1, wherein the upper layer includes a ceramic layer, the intermediate layer includes a heater plate and the lower layer includes a lower electrode. 8. The electrostatic chuck of claim 7, wherein the first and second adhesive bonding layers include elastomeric silicone. 9. The electrostatic chuck of claim 7, wherein the first and second adhesive bonding layers include silicone rubber. 10. A substrate processing system comprising:
a processing chamber; a gas delivery system to deliver process gas to the processing chamber; a plasma generator to generate plasma in the processing chamber; and the electrostatic chuck of claim 1. 11. An edge seal for an electrostatic chuck of a substrate processing system, the edge seal comprising:
an annular body; a radially inner surface of the body, wherein the radially inner surface is convex; a radially outer surface of the body, wherein the radially outer surface of the body is generally planar between a first corner between the top surface and the radially outer surface and a second corner between the bottom surface and the radially outer surface; a top surface of the body; and a bottom surface of the body. 12. The edge seal of claim 11 wherein corners between the radially inner surface, the radially outer surface, the top surface and the bottom surface are radiused. 13. The edge seal of claim 11, wherein:
the top surface of the body is generally planar between a third corner between the top surface and the radially inner surface and a fourth corner between the top surface and the radially outer surface; the bottom surface of the body is generally planar between the fourth corner between the bottom surface and the radially inner surface and the second corner between the bottom surface and the radially outer surface; and the radially inner surface of the body is convex between the third corner between the top surface and the radially inner surface and the fourth corner between the bottom surface and the radially inner surface. 14. The edge seal of claim 11, wherein a radial thickness of the body at a center of the body is 10% to 30% greater than a radial thickness of the body adjacent to the top surface and the bottom surface. 15. The edge seal of claim 11, wherein a radial thickness of the body at a center of the body is 15% to 25% greater than a radial thickness of the body adjacent to the top surface and the bottom surface. 16. The edge seal of claim 11, wherein a radial thickness of the body at a center of the body is 20% to 24% greater than a radial thickness of the body adjacent to the top surface and the bottom surface. 17. An electrostatic chuck comprising:
a ceramic layer; a heater plate; a lower electrode; a first adhesive bonding layer arranged between the ceramic layer and the heater plate; a second adhesive bonding layer arranged between the heater plate and the lower electrode, wherein radially outer edges of the heater plate and the first and second adhesive bonding layers form an annular slot relative to the ceramic layer and the lower electrode; and the edge seal of claim 11, wherein the edge seal is arranged in the annular slot. 18. The electrostatic chuck of claim 16, wherein the first and second adhesive bonding layers include elastomeric silicone. 19. The electrostatic chuck of claim 16, wherein the first and second adhesive bonding layers include silicone rubber. 20. A substrate processing system comprising:
a processing chamber; a gas delivery system to deliver process gas to the processing chamber; a plasma generator to generate plasma in the processing chamber; and the electrostatic chuck of claim 16. | An edge seal is arranged in an annular slot formed in an electrostatic chuck of a substrate processing system. The edge seal includes an annular body, a radially inner surface, a radially outer surface, a top surface, and a bottom surface. The radially inner surface is convex. The radially outer surface, the top surface and the bottom surface are generally planar.1. An electrostatic chuck comprising:
an upper layer; an intermediate layer; a lower layer; a first adhesive bonding layer arranged between the upper layer and the intermediate layer; a second adhesive bonding layer arranged between the intermediate layer and the lower layer, wherein radially outer edges of the intermediate layer and the first and second adhesive bonding layers form an annular slot relative to the upper layer and the lower layer; and an edge seal arranged in the annular slot, wherein the edge seal includes an annular body including a radially inner surface, a radially outer surface, a top surface and a bottom surface, and wherein the radially inner surface is convex. 2. The edge seal of claim 1, wherein corners between the radially inner surface, the radially outer surface, the top surface and the bottom surface are radiused. 3. The edge seal of claim 1, wherein:
the radially outer surface of the body is generally planar between a first corner between the top surface and the radially outer surface and a second corner between the bottom surface and the radially outer surface; the top surface of the body is generally planar between a third corner between the top surface and the radially inner surface and a fourth corner between the top surface and the radially outer surface; the bottom surface of the body is generally planar between the fourth corner between the bottom surface and the radially inner surface and the second corner between the bottom surface and the radially outer surface; and the radially inner surface of the body is convex between the third corner between the top surface and the radially inner surface and the first corner between the bottom surface and the radially inner surface. 4. The edge seal of claim 1, wherein a radial thickness of the body at a center of the body is 10% to 30% greater than a radial thickness of the body adjacent to the top surface and the bottom surface. 5. The edge seal of claim 1, wherein a radial thickness of the body at a center of the body is 15% to 25% greater than a radial thickness of the body adjacent to the top surface and the bottom surface. 6. The edge seal of claim 1, wherein a radial thickness of the body at a center of the body is 20% to 24% greater than a radial thickness of the body adjacent to the top surface and the bottom surface. 7. The electrostatic chuck of claim 1, wherein the upper layer includes a ceramic layer, the intermediate layer includes a heater plate and the lower layer includes a lower electrode. 8. The electrostatic chuck of claim 7, wherein the first and second adhesive bonding layers include elastomeric silicone. 9. The electrostatic chuck of claim 7, wherein the first and second adhesive bonding layers include silicone rubber. 10. A substrate processing system comprising:
a processing chamber; a gas delivery system to deliver process gas to the processing chamber; a plasma generator to generate plasma in the processing chamber; and the electrostatic chuck of claim 1. 11. An edge seal for an electrostatic chuck of a substrate processing system, the edge seal comprising:
an annular body; a radially inner surface of the body, wherein the radially inner surface is convex; a radially outer surface of the body, wherein the radially outer surface of the body is generally planar between a first corner between the top surface and the radially outer surface and a second corner between the bottom surface and the radially outer surface; a top surface of the body; and a bottom surface of the body. 12. The edge seal of claim 11 wherein corners between the radially inner surface, the radially outer surface, the top surface and the bottom surface are radiused. 13. The edge seal of claim 11, wherein:
the top surface of the body is generally planar between a third corner between the top surface and the radially inner surface and a fourth corner between the top surface and the radially outer surface; the bottom surface of the body is generally planar between the fourth corner between the bottom surface and the radially inner surface and the second corner between the bottom surface and the radially outer surface; and the radially inner surface of the body is convex between the third corner between the top surface and the radially inner surface and the fourth corner between the bottom surface and the radially inner surface. 14. The edge seal of claim 11, wherein a radial thickness of the body at a center of the body is 10% to 30% greater than a radial thickness of the body adjacent to the top surface and the bottom surface. 15. The edge seal of claim 11, wherein a radial thickness of the body at a center of the body is 15% to 25% greater than a radial thickness of the body adjacent to the top surface and the bottom surface. 16. The edge seal of claim 11, wherein a radial thickness of the body at a center of the body is 20% to 24% greater than a radial thickness of the body adjacent to the top surface and the bottom surface. 17. An electrostatic chuck comprising:
a ceramic layer; a heater plate; a lower electrode; a first adhesive bonding layer arranged between the ceramic layer and the heater plate; a second adhesive bonding layer arranged between the heater plate and the lower electrode, wherein radially outer edges of the heater plate and the first and second adhesive bonding layers form an annular slot relative to the ceramic layer and the lower electrode; and the edge seal of claim 11, wherein the edge seal is arranged in the annular slot. 18. The electrostatic chuck of claim 16, wherein the first and second adhesive bonding layers include elastomeric silicone. 19. The electrostatic chuck of claim 16, wherein the first and second adhesive bonding layers include silicone rubber. 20. A substrate processing system comprising:
a processing chamber; a gas delivery system to deliver process gas to the processing chamber; a plasma generator to generate plasma in the processing chamber; and the electrostatic chuck of claim 16. | 1,700 |
2,652 | 15,676,100 | 1,796 | The present invention relates to a compound of the formula (I), (II) or (III), to the use of the compound in an electronic device, and to an electronic device comprising a compound of the formula (I), (II) or (III). The present invention furthermore relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the formula (I), (II) or (III) and to a formulation comprising one or more compounds of the formula (I), (II) or (III). | 1-17. (canceled) 18. A compound of the formula (I)
wherein
A is C(R1)2 or
where the dashed lines represent the bonds emanating from the group A;
Z is, identically or differently on each occurrence, CR1, N, or, if a group is bonded in the relevant position, C;
Ar1, Ar3 is, identically or differently on each occurrence, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 30 aromatic ring atoms, optionally substituted by one or more radicals R1;
Ar2 is, identically or differently on each occurrence, an arylene group having 6 to 30 aromatic ring atoms or a heteroarylene group having 5 to 14 aromatic ring atoms, optionally substituted by one or more radicals R1;
Ar4 is, identically or differently on each occurrence, an aryl group having 6 to 30 aromatic ring atoms or a heteroaryl group having 5 to 14 aromatic ring atoms, optionally substituted by one or more radicals R1, with the proviso that radicals R1 on groups Ar4 do not define a ring system;
R1 is, identically or differently on each occurrence, H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, B(OR2)2, CHO, C(═O)R2, CR2═C(R2)2, CN, C(═O)OR2, C(═O)N(R2)2, Si(R2)3, N(R2)2, NO2, P(═O)(R2)2, OSO2R2, OR2, S(═O)R2, S(═O)2R2, a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy, or thioalkyl group having 1 to 20 C atoms, a branched or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy, or thioalkyl group having 3 to 20 C atoms, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group having 2 to 20 C atoms, wherein the above-mentioned groups are optionally substituted by one or more radicals R2, and wherein one or more CH2 groups in the above-mentioned groups are optionally replaced by —R2C═CR2—, —C≡C—, Si(R2)2, C═O, C═S, C═NR2, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)NR2—, NR2, P(═O)(R2), —O—, —S—, SO, or SO2, and wherein one or more H atoms in the above-mentioned groups are optionally replaced by D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO2, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 30 aromatic ring atoms, optionally substituted by one or more radicals R2, or an aryloxy or heteroaryloxy group having 5 to 30 aromatic ring atoms, optionally substituted by one or more radicals R2, wherein two or more radicals R1 optionally define a ring system;
R2 is, identically or differently on each occurrence, H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, B(OR3)2, CHO, C(═O)R3, CR3═C(R3)2, CN, C(═O)OR3, C(═O)N(R3)2, Si(R3)3, N(R3)2, NO2, P(═O)(R3)2, OSO2R3, OR3, S(═O)R3, S(═O)2R3, a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy, or thioalkyl group having 1 to 20 C atoms, a branched or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl group having 3 to 20 C atoms, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group having 2 to 20 C atoms, wherein the above-mentioned groups are optionally substituted by one or more radicals R3, and wherein one or more CH2 groups in the above-mentioned groups are optionally replaced by —R3C═CR3—, —C≡C—, Si(R3)2, C═O, C═S, C═NR3, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)NR3—, NR3, P(═O)(R3), —O—, —S—, SO, or SO2, and wherein one or more H atoms in the above-mentioned groups are optionally replaced by D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, or NO2, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 30 aromatic ring atoms, optionally substituted by one or more radicals R3, or an aryloxy or heteroaryloxy group having 5 to 30 aromatic ring atoms, optionally substituted by one or more radicals R3, wherein two or more radicals R2 optionally define a ring system;
R3 is, identically or differently on each occurrence, H, D, F, or an aliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic organic radical having 1 to 20 C atoms, wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by D or F;
m is 0, 1, 2, or 3, wherein when m=0, the group is not present;
n is 0, 1, 2, or 3, wherein when n=0, the group is not present;
wherein the group Ar1 or the nitrogen atom is bonded to the fluorene ring system in the 1-position, in the 3-position, or in the 4-position; and
with the proviso that the compound does not contain a heteroaryl group which contains more than 14 aromatic ring atoms. 19. The compound of claim 18, wherein the group Ar1 or, in the case where m=0, the group N(Ar3), is bonded to the fluorenyl ring system in the 3-position. 20. The compound of claim 18, wherein A is C(R1)2. 21. The compound of claim 18, wherein Ar1 represents an aromatic ring system having 6 to 12 aromatic ring atoms, optionally substituted by one or more radicals R1. 22. The compound of claim 18, wherein Ar2 represents a phenylene group, optionally substituted by one or more radicals R1. 23. The compound of claim 18, wherein m is zero. 24. The compound of claim 18, wherein Z is CR1 if no group is bonded in the relevant position and wherein Z is C if a group is bonded in the relevant position. 25. The compound of claim 18, wherein n is 1 or 2. 26. The compound of claim 18, with the proviso that no condensed aryl group having more than 14 aromatic ring atoms is present in the compound. 27. The compound of claim 18, wherein the compound cannot be represented by a mirror-symmetrical structural formula. 28. The compound of claim 18, wherein Ar4 is phenyl, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R1, where radicals R1 on groups Ar4 cannot form rings. 29. The compound of claim 18, wherein Ar3 is an aromatic ring system having 6 to 30 aromatic ring atoms, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R1. 30. The compound of claim 18, wherein R1 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, selected from H, D, F, CN, Si(R2)3, N(R2)2 or a straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 20 C atoms or a branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy group having 3 to 20 C atoms, where the above-mentioned groups may each be substituted by one or more radicals R2 and where one or more CH2 groups in the above-mentioned groups may be replaced by —C≡C—, —R2C═CR2—, Si(R2)2, C═O, C═NR2, —NR2—, —O—, —S—, —C(═O)O— or —C(═O)NR2—, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 20 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R2. 31. The compound of claim 18, wherein R2 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, selected from H, D, F, CN, Si(R3)3, N(R3)2 or a straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 20 C atoms or a branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy group having 3 to 20 C atoms, where the above-mentioned groups may each be substituted by one or more radicals R3 and where one or more CH2 groups in the above-mentioned groups may be replaced by —C≡C—, —R3C═CR3—, Si(R3)2, C═O, C═NR3, —NR3—, —O—, —S—, —C(═O)O— or —C(═O)NR3—, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 20 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R3. 32. A process for the preparation of the compound of claim 18, wherein a fluorenyl or spirobifluorenyl derivative is reacted with an arylamino compound in a first coupling reaction, and the resultant product is reacted with a triarylamino or carbazole compound in a second coupling reaction. 33. An oligomer, polymer, or dendrimer, containing one or more compounds of claim 18, wherein the bonds to the oligomer, polymer, or dendrimer, are optionally localised at any desired positions in formula (I) that are substituted by R1. 34. A formulation comprising at least one compound of claim 18 and at least one solvent. 35. A formulation comprising at least one polymer, oligomer, or dendrimer of claim 33 and at least one solvent. 36. An electronic device comprising at least one compound of claim 18. 37. An electronic device comprising at least one polymer, oligomer, or dendrimer, of claim 30. 38. The electronic device of claim 36, wherein said electronic device is selected from the group consisting of organic integrated circuit, organic field-effect transistor, organic thin-film transistor, organic light-emitting transistor, organic solar cell, organic optical detector, organic photoreceptor, organic field-quench device, light-emitting electrochemical cell, organic laser diode, and organic electroluminescent device. 39. The electronic device of claim 37, wherein said electronic device is selected from the group consisting of organic integrated circuit, organic field-effect transistor, organic thin-film transistor, organic light-emitting transistor, organic solar cell, organic optical detector, organic photoreceptor, organic field-quench device, light-emitting electrochemical cell, organic laser diode, and organic electroluminescent device. 40. The electronic device of claim 36, wherein the electronic device is an organic electroluminescent device, and wherein the compound is employed in one or more of the following functions:
as hole-transport material in a hole-transport or hole-injection layer, as matrix material in an emitting layer, as electron-blocking material, as exciton-blocking material, as material for an interlayer. 41. The electronic device of claim 37, wherein the electronic device is an organic electroluminescent device, and wherein the polymer, oligomer, or dendrimer, is employed in one or more of the following functions:
as hole-transport material in a hole-transport or hole-injection layer, as matrix material in an emitting layer, as electron-blocking material, as exciton-blocking material, as material for an interlayer. | The present invention relates to a compound of the formula (I), (II) or (III), to the use of the compound in an electronic device, and to an electronic device comprising a compound of the formula (I), (II) or (III). The present invention furthermore relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the formula (I), (II) or (III) and to a formulation comprising one or more compounds of the formula (I), (II) or (III).1-17. (canceled) 18. A compound of the formula (I)
wherein
A is C(R1)2 or
where the dashed lines represent the bonds emanating from the group A;
Z is, identically or differently on each occurrence, CR1, N, or, if a group is bonded in the relevant position, C;
Ar1, Ar3 is, identically or differently on each occurrence, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 30 aromatic ring atoms, optionally substituted by one or more radicals R1;
Ar2 is, identically or differently on each occurrence, an arylene group having 6 to 30 aromatic ring atoms or a heteroarylene group having 5 to 14 aromatic ring atoms, optionally substituted by one or more radicals R1;
Ar4 is, identically or differently on each occurrence, an aryl group having 6 to 30 aromatic ring atoms or a heteroaryl group having 5 to 14 aromatic ring atoms, optionally substituted by one or more radicals R1, with the proviso that radicals R1 on groups Ar4 do not define a ring system;
R1 is, identically or differently on each occurrence, H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, B(OR2)2, CHO, C(═O)R2, CR2═C(R2)2, CN, C(═O)OR2, C(═O)N(R2)2, Si(R2)3, N(R2)2, NO2, P(═O)(R2)2, OSO2R2, OR2, S(═O)R2, S(═O)2R2, a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy, or thioalkyl group having 1 to 20 C atoms, a branched or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy, or thioalkyl group having 3 to 20 C atoms, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group having 2 to 20 C atoms, wherein the above-mentioned groups are optionally substituted by one or more radicals R2, and wherein one or more CH2 groups in the above-mentioned groups are optionally replaced by —R2C═CR2—, —C≡C—, Si(R2)2, C═O, C═S, C═NR2, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)NR2—, NR2, P(═O)(R2), —O—, —S—, SO, or SO2, and wherein one or more H atoms in the above-mentioned groups are optionally replaced by D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO2, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 30 aromatic ring atoms, optionally substituted by one or more radicals R2, or an aryloxy or heteroaryloxy group having 5 to 30 aromatic ring atoms, optionally substituted by one or more radicals R2, wherein two or more radicals R1 optionally define a ring system;
R2 is, identically or differently on each occurrence, H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, B(OR3)2, CHO, C(═O)R3, CR3═C(R3)2, CN, C(═O)OR3, C(═O)N(R3)2, Si(R3)3, N(R3)2, NO2, P(═O)(R3)2, OSO2R3, OR3, S(═O)R3, S(═O)2R3, a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy, or thioalkyl group having 1 to 20 C atoms, a branched or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl group having 3 to 20 C atoms, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group having 2 to 20 C atoms, wherein the above-mentioned groups are optionally substituted by one or more radicals R3, and wherein one or more CH2 groups in the above-mentioned groups are optionally replaced by —R3C═CR3—, —C≡C—, Si(R3)2, C═O, C═S, C═NR3, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)NR3—, NR3, P(═O)(R3), —O—, —S—, SO, or SO2, and wherein one or more H atoms in the above-mentioned groups are optionally replaced by D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, or NO2, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 30 aromatic ring atoms, optionally substituted by one or more radicals R3, or an aryloxy or heteroaryloxy group having 5 to 30 aromatic ring atoms, optionally substituted by one or more radicals R3, wherein two or more radicals R2 optionally define a ring system;
R3 is, identically or differently on each occurrence, H, D, F, or an aliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic organic radical having 1 to 20 C atoms, wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by D or F;
m is 0, 1, 2, or 3, wherein when m=0, the group is not present;
n is 0, 1, 2, or 3, wherein when n=0, the group is not present;
wherein the group Ar1 or the nitrogen atom is bonded to the fluorene ring system in the 1-position, in the 3-position, or in the 4-position; and
with the proviso that the compound does not contain a heteroaryl group which contains more than 14 aromatic ring atoms. 19. The compound of claim 18, wherein the group Ar1 or, in the case where m=0, the group N(Ar3), is bonded to the fluorenyl ring system in the 3-position. 20. The compound of claim 18, wherein A is C(R1)2. 21. The compound of claim 18, wherein Ar1 represents an aromatic ring system having 6 to 12 aromatic ring atoms, optionally substituted by one or more radicals R1. 22. The compound of claim 18, wherein Ar2 represents a phenylene group, optionally substituted by one or more radicals R1. 23. The compound of claim 18, wherein m is zero. 24. The compound of claim 18, wherein Z is CR1 if no group is bonded in the relevant position and wherein Z is C if a group is bonded in the relevant position. 25. The compound of claim 18, wherein n is 1 or 2. 26. The compound of claim 18, with the proviso that no condensed aryl group having more than 14 aromatic ring atoms is present in the compound. 27. The compound of claim 18, wherein the compound cannot be represented by a mirror-symmetrical structural formula. 28. The compound of claim 18, wherein Ar4 is phenyl, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R1, where radicals R1 on groups Ar4 cannot form rings. 29. The compound of claim 18, wherein Ar3 is an aromatic ring system having 6 to 30 aromatic ring atoms, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R1. 30. The compound of claim 18, wherein R1 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, selected from H, D, F, CN, Si(R2)3, N(R2)2 or a straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 20 C atoms or a branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy group having 3 to 20 C atoms, where the above-mentioned groups may each be substituted by one or more radicals R2 and where one or more CH2 groups in the above-mentioned groups may be replaced by —C≡C—, —R2C═CR2—, Si(R2)2, C═O, C═NR2, —NR2—, —O—, —S—, —C(═O)O— or —C(═O)NR2—, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 20 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R2. 31. The compound of claim 18, wherein R2 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, selected from H, D, F, CN, Si(R3)3, N(R3)2 or a straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 20 C atoms or a branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy group having 3 to 20 C atoms, where the above-mentioned groups may each be substituted by one or more radicals R3 and where one or more CH2 groups in the above-mentioned groups may be replaced by —C≡C—, —R3C═CR3—, Si(R3)2, C═O, C═NR3, —NR3—, —O—, —S—, —C(═O)O— or —C(═O)NR3—, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 20 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R3. 32. A process for the preparation of the compound of claim 18, wherein a fluorenyl or spirobifluorenyl derivative is reacted with an arylamino compound in a first coupling reaction, and the resultant product is reacted with a triarylamino or carbazole compound in a second coupling reaction. 33. An oligomer, polymer, or dendrimer, containing one or more compounds of claim 18, wherein the bonds to the oligomer, polymer, or dendrimer, are optionally localised at any desired positions in formula (I) that are substituted by R1. 34. A formulation comprising at least one compound of claim 18 and at least one solvent. 35. A formulation comprising at least one polymer, oligomer, or dendrimer of claim 33 and at least one solvent. 36. An electronic device comprising at least one compound of claim 18. 37. An electronic device comprising at least one polymer, oligomer, or dendrimer, of claim 30. 38. The electronic device of claim 36, wherein said electronic device is selected from the group consisting of organic integrated circuit, organic field-effect transistor, organic thin-film transistor, organic light-emitting transistor, organic solar cell, organic optical detector, organic photoreceptor, organic field-quench device, light-emitting electrochemical cell, organic laser diode, and organic electroluminescent device. 39. The electronic device of claim 37, wherein said electronic device is selected from the group consisting of organic integrated circuit, organic field-effect transistor, organic thin-film transistor, organic light-emitting transistor, organic solar cell, organic optical detector, organic photoreceptor, organic field-quench device, light-emitting electrochemical cell, organic laser diode, and organic electroluminescent device. 40. The electronic device of claim 36, wherein the electronic device is an organic electroluminescent device, and wherein the compound is employed in one or more of the following functions:
as hole-transport material in a hole-transport or hole-injection layer, as matrix material in an emitting layer, as electron-blocking material, as exciton-blocking material, as material for an interlayer. 41. The electronic device of claim 37, wherein the electronic device is an organic electroluminescent device, and wherein the polymer, oligomer, or dendrimer, is employed in one or more of the following functions:
as hole-transport material in a hole-transport or hole-injection layer, as matrix material in an emitting layer, as electron-blocking material, as exciton-blocking material, as material for an interlayer. | 1,700 |
2,653 | 14,892,767 | 1,765 | A coating composition comprising i) a polymeric film forming resin, ii) a crosslinking agent suitable for crosslinking the polymeric film forming resin i), and iii) an additive comprising a bismuth carboxylic acid salt. | 1. A coating composition comprising
i) a polymeric film forming resin, ii) a crosslinking agent suitable for crosslinking the polymeric film forming resin i), and iii) an additive comprising a bismuth carboxylic acid salt. 2. A coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the polymeric film forming resin comprises epoxy resin, polyester resin or polyacrylate resin. 3. A coating composition according to either of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the crosslinking agent comprises one or more of a hydroxyl substituted aromatic group containing agent, an isocyanate group containing agent, an amino group containing agent, an amine group containing agent, a urea-formaldehyde agent or an alkylated urea with imino functionality. 4. A coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the additive has a pH of 6 to 8. 5. A coating composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the carboxylic acid of the bismuth carboxylic acid salt comprises an optionally substituted straight or branched 2 to 12 member carbon chain. 6. A coating composition according to any preceding claim wherein the bismuth carboxylic acid salt comprises bismuth neodecanoate. 7. A metal substrate coated with a coating composition according to claims 1 to 6. 8. An aluminium substrate coated with a coating composition on at least a portion thereof, the coating composition comprising:
i) a polymeric film forming resin, ii) a crosslinking agent suitable for crosslinking the polymeric film forming resin i), and iii) an additive comprising a bismuth carboxylic acid salt. 9. A packaging article coated with a coating composition on at least a portion thereof, the coating composition comprising
i) a polymeric film forming resin, ii) a crosslinking agent suitable for crosslinking the polymeric film forming resin i), and iii) an additive comprising a bismuth carboxylic acid salt. 10. Method of coating a metal substrate comprising applying thereto a coating composition comprising
i) a polymeric film forming resin, ii) a crosslinking agent suitable for crosslinking the polymeric film forming resin i), and iii) an additive comprising a bismuth carboxylic acid salt. 11. Use of a bismuth carboxylic acid salt as an additive in a coating composition for increasing the alkali resistance of a substrate coated with the coating composition. 12. A method of increasing the alkali resistance of a coated substrate, the substrate being coated with a coating composition, the method comprising the use of an additive comprising bismuth carboxylic acid salt in the said coating composition. | A coating composition comprising i) a polymeric film forming resin, ii) a crosslinking agent suitable for crosslinking the polymeric film forming resin i), and iii) an additive comprising a bismuth carboxylic acid salt.1. A coating composition comprising
i) a polymeric film forming resin, ii) a crosslinking agent suitable for crosslinking the polymeric film forming resin i), and iii) an additive comprising a bismuth carboxylic acid salt. 2. A coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the polymeric film forming resin comprises epoxy resin, polyester resin or polyacrylate resin. 3. A coating composition according to either of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the crosslinking agent comprises one or more of a hydroxyl substituted aromatic group containing agent, an isocyanate group containing agent, an amino group containing agent, an amine group containing agent, a urea-formaldehyde agent or an alkylated urea with imino functionality. 4. A coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the additive has a pH of 6 to 8. 5. A coating composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the carboxylic acid of the bismuth carboxylic acid salt comprises an optionally substituted straight or branched 2 to 12 member carbon chain. 6. A coating composition according to any preceding claim wherein the bismuth carboxylic acid salt comprises bismuth neodecanoate. 7. A metal substrate coated with a coating composition according to claims 1 to 6. 8. An aluminium substrate coated with a coating composition on at least a portion thereof, the coating composition comprising:
i) a polymeric film forming resin, ii) a crosslinking agent suitable for crosslinking the polymeric film forming resin i), and iii) an additive comprising a bismuth carboxylic acid salt. 9. A packaging article coated with a coating composition on at least a portion thereof, the coating composition comprising
i) a polymeric film forming resin, ii) a crosslinking agent suitable for crosslinking the polymeric film forming resin i), and iii) an additive comprising a bismuth carboxylic acid salt. 10. Method of coating a metal substrate comprising applying thereto a coating composition comprising
i) a polymeric film forming resin, ii) a crosslinking agent suitable for crosslinking the polymeric film forming resin i), and iii) an additive comprising a bismuth carboxylic acid salt. 11. Use of a bismuth carboxylic acid salt as an additive in a coating composition for increasing the alkali resistance of a substrate coated with the coating composition. 12. A method of increasing the alkali resistance of a coated substrate, the substrate being coated with a coating composition, the method comprising the use of an additive comprising bismuth carboxylic acid salt in the said coating composition. | 1,700 |
2,654 | 12,806,894 | 1,762 | Disclosed is a method for making LLDPE grades having different xylene solubles or hexane extractables with the same Ziegler-Natta catalyst by varying the amount of alkylaluminum used for polymerization. The method comprises copolymerizing ethylene with a C 3-10 α-olefin in the presence of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst, an alkylaluminum, and an electron donor; determining the dependency of the xylene solubles or hexane extractables on the alkylaluminum/electron donor ratio; and adjusting the alkylaluminum/electron donor ratio to achieve a desired xylene solubles or hexane extractables. | 1. A method for making linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) grades having different xylene solubles or hexane extractables with the same Ziegler-Natta catalyst by varying the amount of an alkylaluminum used for polymerization, said method comprising:
(a) copolymerizing ethylene with a C3-10 α-olefin in the presence of the Ziegler-Natta catalyst, alkylaluminum, and an electron donor; (b) determining the dependency of the xylene solubles or hexane extractables on the alkylaluminum/electron donor ratio; and (c) varying the alkylaluminum/electron donor ratio to achieve LLDPE grades having desired xylene solubles or hexane extractables. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the Ziegler-Natta catalyst is selected from the group consisting of TiCl3, TiCl4, Ti(OR)xCl4-x, VOCl3, VCl4, Zr(OR)xCl4-x and mixtures thereof, wherein each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-10 alkyls and C6-14 aryls, and x is from 0 to 4. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the Ziegler-Natta catalyst is TiCl4. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the Ziegler-Natta catalyst is supported on MgCl2. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the Ziegler-Natta catalyst has an Mg/Ti molar ratio greater than or equal to 7. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the Mg/Ti molar ratio is within the range of 10 to 100. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the Mg/Ti molar ratio is within the range of 10 to 50. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the electron donor is tetrahydrofuran. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the dependency of the normalized xylene solubles, Y1 (wt %) of the LLDPE on the alkylaluminum/electron donor, X (molar ratio), is given by the following equation:
Y 1=6.16X 0.33
and wherein the α-olefin is 1-butene. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the dependency of the percent change in normalized xylene solubles, Z1, of the LLDPE on the percent change of the alkylaluminum/electron donor, W, is given by the following equation:
Z 1=0.33W. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the dependency of the hexane extractables, Y2 (wt %), of the LLDPE on the alkylaluminum/electron donor, X (molar ratio), is given by the following equation:
Y 2=0.14X 1.14
and wherein the α-olefin is 1-butene. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the dependency of the percent change in hexane extractables, Z2, of the LLDPE on the percent change of the alkylaluminum/electron donor, W, is given by the following equation:
Z 2=1.14W. 13. A method for controlling blocking of a linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) film, said method comprising:
(a) copolymerizing ethylene with a C3-10 α-olefin in the presence of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst, a trialkylaluminum, and an electron donor; (b) determining the dependency of the film blocking on the electron donor/trialkylaluminum ratio; and (c) adjusting the electron donor/trialkylaluminum ratio to achieve a desired level of film blocking. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the Ziegler-Natta catalyst is selected from the group consisting of TiCl4 and TiCln(OR)4-n, n is less than or equal to 3 and R is a C1-C10 hydrocarbon group. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the Ziegler-Natta catalyst is TiCl4. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the Ziegler-Natta catalyst is supported on MgCl2. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the Ziegler-Natta catalyst has an Mg/Ti molar ratio greater than or equal to 7. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the Mg/Ti molar ratio is within the range of 10 to 100. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the Mg/Ti molar ratio is within the range of 10 to 50. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the electron donor is tetrahydrofuran. 21. The method of claim of claim 20, wherein the dependency of the film blocking, Y3 (g/16 in2, l-to-l), on the alkylaluminum/electron donor, X (molar ratio), is given by the following equation:
Y 3=2.46X 1.85
wherein the α-olefin is 1-butene. 22. The method of claim of claim 20, wherein the dependency of the percent change in film blocking, Z3, on the percent change of the alkylaluminum/electron donor, W (molar ratio), is given by the following equation:
Z 3=1.85W 23. The LLDPE made by the method of claim 1. 24. The LLDPE film made by the method of claim 13. | Disclosed is a method for making LLDPE grades having different xylene solubles or hexane extractables with the same Ziegler-Natta catalyst by varying the amount of alkylaluminum used for polymerization. The method comprises copolymerizing ethylene with a C 3-10 α-olefin in the presence of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst, an alkylaluminum, and an electron donor; determining the dependency of the xylene solubles or hexane extractables on the alkylaluminum/electron donor ratio; and adjusting the alkylaluminum/electron donor ratio to achieve a desired xylene solubles or hexane extractables.1. A method for making linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) grades having different xylene solubles or hexane extractables with the same Ziegler-Natta catalyst by varying the amount of an alkylaluminum used for polymerization, said method comprising:
(a) copolymerizing ethylene with a C3-10 α-olefin in the presence of the Ziegler-Natta catalyst, alkylaluminum, and an electron donor; (b) determining the dependency of the xylene solubles or hexane extractables on the alkylaluminum/electron donor ratio; and (c) varying the alkylaluminum/electron donor ratio to achieve LLDPE grades having desired xylene solubles or hexane extractables. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the Ziegler-Natta catalyst is selected from the group consisting of TiCl3, TiCl4, Ti(OR)xCl4-x, VOCl3, VCl4, Zr(OR)xCl4-x and mixtures thereof, wherein each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-10 alkyls and C6-14 aryls, and x is from 0 to 4. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the Ziegler-Natta catalyst is TiCl4. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the Ziegler-Natta catalyst is supported on MgCl2. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the Ziegler-Natta catalyst has an Mg/Ti molar ratio greater than or equal to 7. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the Mg/Ti molar ratio is within the range of 10 to 100. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the Mg/Ti molar ratio is within the range of 10 to 50. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the electron donor is tetrahydrofuran. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the dependency of the normalized xylene solubles, Y1 (wt %) of the LLDPE on the alkylaluminum/electron donor, X (molar ratio), is given by the following equation:
Y 1=6.16X 0.33
and wherein the α-olefin is 1-butene. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the dependency of the percent change in normalized xylene solubles, Z1, of the LLDPE on the percent change of the alkylaluminum/electron donor, W, is given by the following equation:
Z 1=0.33W. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the dependency of the hexane extractables, Y2 (wt %), of the LLDPE on the alkylaluminum/electron donor, X (molar ratio), is given by the following equation:
Y 2=0.14X 1.14
and wherein the α-olefin is 1-butene. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the dependency of the percent change in hexane extractables, Z2, of the LLDPE on the percent change of the alkylaluminum/electron donor, W, is given by the following equation:
Z 2=1.14W. 13. A method for controlling blocking of a linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) film, said method comprising:
(a) copolymerizing ethylene with a C3-10 α-olefin in the presence of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst, a trialkylaluminum, and an electron donor; (b) determining the dependency of the film blocking on the electron donor/trialkylaluminum ratio; and (c) adjusting the electron donor/trialkylaluminum ratio to achieve a desired level of film blocking. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the Ziegler-Natta catalyst is selected from the group consisting of TiCl4 and TiCln(OR)4-n, n is less than or equal to 3 and R is a C1-C10 hydrocarbon group. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the Ziegler-Natta catalyst is TiCl4. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the Ziegler-Natta catalyst is supported on MgCl2. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the Ziegler-Natta catalyst has an Mg/Ti molar ratio greater than or equal to 7. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the Mg/Ti molar ratio is within the range of 10 to 100. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the Mg/Ti molar ratio is within the range of 10 to 50. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the electron donor is tetrahydrofuran. 21. The method of claim of claim 20, wherein the dependency of the film blocking, Y3 (g/16 in2, l-to-l), on the alkylaluminum/electron donor, X (molar ratio), is given by the following equation:
Y 3=2.46X 1.85
wherein the α-olefin is 1-butene. 22. The method of claim of claim 20, wherein the dependency of the percent change in film blocking, Z3, on the percent change of the alkylaluminum/electron donor, W (molar ratio), is given by the following equation:
Z 3=1.85W 23. The LLDPE made by the method of claim 1. 24. The LLDPE film made by the method of claim 13. | 1,700 |
2,655 | 14,442,807 | 1,777 | A method of air scouring an immersed membrane is described in this specification. The method comprising a step of adjusting one or more aeration parameters: between successive permeation, back pulse or relaxation cycles; during a permeation cycle; or, between a permeation cycle and a backpulse or relaxation cycle. | 1. A method of air scouring an immersed membrane comprising adjusting one or more aeration parameters: between successive permeation, back pulse or relaxation cycles; during a permeation cycle; or between a permeation cycle and a backpulse or relaxation cycle. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein aeration is provided by a gas delivery device comprising:
a manifold adapted to be connected to a source of a pressurized gas; and a plurality of channels, each of the plurality of channels being in fluid communication with the manifold through a distinct associated port, each of the plurality of channels having a generally open bottom. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein aeration is provided by a gas delivery device comprising:
a distribution plenum adapted to be connected to a source of a pressurized gas; and, a plurality of channels, each of the plurality of channels being in fluid communication with the distribution plenum through a distinct associated port, each of the plurality of channels having an outlet adapted to discharge gas, wherein the ports have a smaller area than the channels and the ports are located close together relative to a spacing between the openings. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
bringing a flow of pressurized gas into a tank to near or below the bottom of a membrane module; splitting the flow of pressurized gas into multiple flows of pressurized gas; directing each of the multiple flows of pressurized to a different lateral position; and releasing bubbles from the different lateral positions. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein an aeration flow rate is varied between successive permeation cycles. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein an aeration flow rate is increased during a backpulse or relaxation cycle relative to the aeration flow rate during a preceding permeation cycle. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein an aeration flow rate is increased within a permeation cycle. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein aeration is provided intermittently during a permeation cycle. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein aeration is provided only during a backpulse or a relaxation cycle. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein a continuous or instantaneous aeration flow rate increases generally linearly over time during a permeation cycle. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the aeration flow rate increases further during a backpulse or relaxation cycle. 12. The method of claim 2, wherein an aeration flow rate is varied between successive permeation cycles. 13. The method of claim 2, wherein an aeration flow rate is increased during a backpulse or relaxation cycle relative to the aeration flow rate during a preceding permeation cycle. 14. The method of claim 2, wherein an aeration flow rate is increased within a permeation cycle. 15. The method of claim 2, wherein aeration is provided intermittently during a permeation cycle. 16. The method of claim 2, wherein aeration is provided only during a backpulse or a relaxation cycle. 17. The method of claim 2, wherein a continuous or instantaneous aeration flow rate increases generally linearly over time during a permeation cycle. 18. The method of claim 3, wherein an aeration flow rate is varied between successive permeation cycles. 19. The method of claim 3, wherein an aeration flow rate is increased during a backpulse or relaxation cycle relative to the aeration flow rate during a preceding permeation cycle. 20. The method of claim 3, wherein an aeration flow rate is increased within a permeation cycle. | A method of air scouring an immersed membrane is described in this specification. The method comprising a step of adjusting one or more aeration parameters: between successive permeation, back pulse or relaxation cycles; during a permeation cycle; or, between a permeation cycle and a backpulse or relaxation cycle.1. A method of air scouring an immersed membrane comprising adjusting one or more aeration parameters: between successive permeation, back pulse or relaxation cycles; during a permeation cycle; or between a permeation cycle and a backpulse or relaxation cycle. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein aeration is provided by a gas delivery device comprising:
a manifold adapted to be connected to a source of a pressurized gas; and a plurality of channels, each of the plurality of channels being in fluid communication with the manifold through a distinct associated port, each of the plurality of channels having a generally open bottom. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein aeration is provided by a gas delivery device comprising:
a distribution plenum adapted to be connected to a source of a pressurized gas; and, a plurality of channels, each of the plurality of channels being in fluid communication with the distribution plenum through a distinct associated port, each of the plurality of channels having an outlet adapted to discharge gas, wherein the ports have a smaller area than the channels and the ports are located close together relative to a spacing between the openings. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
bringing a flow of pressurized gas into a tank to near or below the bottom of a membrane module; splitting the flow of pressurized gas into multiple flows of pressurized gas; directing each of the multiple flows of pressurized to a different lateral position; and releasing bubbles from the different lateral positions. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein an aeration flow rate is varied between successive permeation cycles. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein an aeration flow rate is increased during a backpulse or relaxation cycle relative to the aeration flow rate during a preceding permeation cycle. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein an aeration flow rate is increased within a permeation cycle. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein aeration is provided intermittently during a permeation cycle. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein aeration is provided only during a backpulse or a relaxation cycle. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein a continuous or instantaneous aeration flow rate increases generally linearly over time during a permeation cycle. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the aeration flow rate increases further during a backpulse or relaxation cycle. 12. The method of claim 2, wherein an aeration flow rate is varied between successive permeation cycles. 13. The method of claim 2, wherein an aeration flow rate is increased during a backpulse or relaxation cycle relative to the aeration flow rate during a preceding permeation cycle. 14. The method of claim 2, wherein an aeration flow rate is increased within a permeation cycle. 15. The method of claim 2, wherein aeration is provided intermittently during a permeation cycle. 16. The method of claim 2, wherein aeration is provided only during a backpulse or a relaxation cycle. 17. The method of claim 2, wherein a continuous or instantaneous aeration flow rate increases generally linearly over time during a permeation cycle. 18. The method of claim 3, wherein an aeration flow rate is varied between successive permeation cycles. 19. The method of claim 3, wherein an aeration flow rate is increased during a backpulse or relaxation cycle relative to the aeration flow rate during a preceding permeation cycle. 20. The method of claim 3, wherein an aeration flow rate is increased within a permeation cycle. | 1,700 |
2,656 | 14,676,289 | 1,799 | Methods for processing tissue are provided. In some embodiments, the methods comprise methods for decellularizing tissue samples by applying high hydrostatic pressure to the tissues samples. In some embodiments, the methods comprise methods for thawing tissue samples and/or reducing the bioburden in a sample by applying high hydrostatic pressure to the tissue samples. | 1-58. (canceled) 59. A method for reducing the bioburden in a soft tissue sample, said method comprising:
providing a tissue comprising mammalian skin; removing an epidermal layer from the skin; applying a pressure to the tissue by placing the tissue in a liquid and applying pressure to the liquid for a time sufficient to cause at least a 5 log reduction in the bacterial concentration within the tissue, wherein the pressure is applied at a rate to control the temperature of the temperature of the tissue such that the temperature of the tissue does not exceed 30° C. 60. The method of claim 59, wherein the pressure applied to the liquid is at least 500 MPa. 61. The method of claim 59, wherein the pressure applied to the liquid is at least 300 MPa for at least 30 minutes. 62. The method of claim 59 wherein the pressure applied to the liquid is at least 400 MPa for at least 10 minutes. 63. The method of claim 59, wherein the pressure applied to the liquid is at least 400 MPa for at least 40 minutes. 64. The method of claim 59, wherein the liquid comprises an aqueous salt solution. 65. The method of claim 64, wherein the liquid comprises phosphate buffered saline. 66. The method of claim 59, further comprising performing at least one additional sterilization process on the tissue. 67. The method of claim 66, wherein the sterilization process comprises a gamma irradiation process. 68. The method of claim 66, wherein the sterilization process comprises an e-beam irradiation process. 69. The method of claim 66, wherein the sterilization process comprises a supercritical carbon dioxide sterilization process. 70. The method of claim 66, wherein the sterilization process comprises a peracetic acid treatment process. 71. (canceled) 72. The method of claim 59, wherein the mammalian soft tissue comprises porcine dermis. 73. (canceled) 74. The method of claim 59, wherein the temperature of the tissue sample does not exceed 25° C. | Methods for processing tissue are provided. In some embodiments, the methods comprise methods for decellularizing tissue samples by applying high hydrostatic pressure to the tissues samples. In some embodiments, the methods comprise methods for thawing tissue samples and/or reducing the bioburden in a sample by applying high hydrostatic pressure to the tissue samples.1-58. (canceled) 59. A method for reducing the bioburden in a soft tissue sample, said method comprising:
providing a tissue comprising mammalian skin; removing an epidermal layer from the skin; applying a pressure to the tissue by placing the tissue in a liquid and applying pressure to the liquid for a time sufficient to cause at least a 5 log reduction in the bacterial concentration within the tissue, wherein the pressure is applied at a rate to control the temperature of the temperature of the tissue such that the temperature of the tissue does not exceed 30° C. 60. The method of claim 59, wherein the pressure applied to the liquid is at least 500 MPa. 61. The method of claim 59, wherein the pressure applied to the liquid is at least 300 MPa for at least 30 minutes. 62. The method of claim 59 wherein the pressure applied to the liquid is at least 400 MPa for at least 10 minutes. 63. The method of claim 59, wherein the pressure applied to the liquid is at least 400 MPa for at least 40 minutes. 64. The method of claim 59, wherein the liquid comprises an aqueous salt solution. 65. The method of claim 64, wherein the liquid comprises phosphate buffered saline. 66. The method of claim 59, further comprising performing at least one additional sterilization process on the tissue. 67. The method of claim 66, wherein the sterilization process comprises a gamma irradiation process. 68. The method of claim 66, wherein the sterilization process comprises an e-beam irradiation process. 69. The method of claim 66, wherein the sterilization process comprises a supercritical carbon dioxide sterilization process. 70. The method of claim 66, wherein the sterilization process comprises a peracetic acid treatment process. 71. (canceled) 72. The method of claim 59, wherein the mammalian soft tissue comprises porcine dermis. 73. (canceled) 74. The method of claim 59, wherein the temperature of the tissue sample does not exceed 25° C. | 1,700 |
2,657 | 14,371,261 | 1,788 | Described herein are coated glass or glass-ceramic articles having improved reflection resistance. Further described are methods of making and using the improved articles. The coated articles generally include a glass or glass-ceramic substrate and a nanoporous Si-containing coating disposed thereon. The nanoporous Si-containing coating is not a free-standing adhesive film, but a coating that is formed on or over the glass or glass-ceramic substrate. | 1. A coated article, comprising:
a glass or glass-ceramic substrate; and a nanoporous Si-containing coating having an average thickness of less than or equal to about 1 micrometer disposed on at least a portion of a surface of the glass or glass-ceramic substrate; wherein the nanoporous Si-containing coating has a porosity comprising at least 5 volume percent of a total volume occupied by the nanoporous Si-containing coating; wherein an average longest cross-sectional dimension of pores in the nanoporous Si-containing coating is less than or equal to about 100 nanometers; wherein the coated article has a specular reflectance that is less than or equal to about 85 percent of a specular reflectance of the glass or glass-ceramic substrate alone across a visible light spectrum; wherein the nanoporous Si-containing coating has a specular reflectance of less than 5 percent across the visible light spectrum. 2. The coated article of claim 1, further comprising an intermediate layer interposed between the glass or glass-ceramic substrate and the nanoporous Si-containing coating. 3. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the intermediate layer comprises a glare-resistant coating, a color-providing composition, an opacity-providing composition, or an adhesion or compatibility promoting composition. 4. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the glass or glass-ceramic substrate comprises a silicate glass, borosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, or boroaluminosilicate glass, which optionally comprises an alkali or alkaline earth modifier. 5. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the glass or glass-ceramic substrate is a glass-ceramic comprising a glassy phase and a ceramic phase, wherein the ceramic phase comprises β-spodumene, β-quartz, nepheline, kalsilite, or carnegieite. 6. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the glass or glass-ceramic substrate has an average thickness of less than or equal to about 2 millimeters. 7. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the nanoporous Si-containing coating comprises a cured siloxane, a cured silsesquioxane, or silica. 8. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the coated article comprises a portion of a touch-sensitive display screen or cover plate for an electronic device, a non-touch-sensitive component of an electronic device, a surface of a household appliance, or a surface of a vehicle component. 9. A coated article, comprising:
a chemically-strengthened alkali aluminosilicate glass substrate; and a nanoporous Si-containing coating having an average thickness of less than or equal to about 100 nanometers disposed directly on at least a portion of a surface of the chemically-strengthened alkali aluminosilicate glass substrate; wherein the chemically-strengthened alkali aluminosilicate glass substrate has a compressive layer having a depth of layer greater than or equal to 20 micrometers exhibiting a compressive strength of at least 400 megaPascals both before and after the nanoporous Si-containing coating has been disposed thereon; wherein the nanoporous Si-containing coating has a porosity comprising between about 30 volume percent and about 55 volume percent of a total volume occupied by the nanoporous Si-containing coating; wherein an average longest cross-sectional dimension of pores in the nanoporous Si-containing coating is less than or equal to about 50 nanometers; wherein the coated article has a specular reflectance of less than 7 percent across a visible light spectrum; wherein the coated article has an optical transmission of at least about 94 percent; wherein the coated article has a haze of less than or equal to about 0.1 percent when measured in accordance with ASTM procedure D1003; wherein the coated article exhibits a scratch resistance of at least 6H when measured in accordance with ASTM test procedure D3363-05. 10. The coated article of claim 9, wherein the specular reflectance of the coated article varies by less than about 5 percent after 100 wipes using a Crockmeter, and varies by less than about 10 percent after 5000 wipes using the Crockmeter from an initial measurement of the specular reflectance of the coated article before a first wipe using the Crockmeter. 11. A method of making a coated article, the method comprising:
providing a glass or glass-ceramic substrate; preparing a solution comprising a Si-containing coating material and a pore forming agent, wherein the solution comprises no colloidal particles or aggregates having a longest cross-sectional dimension greater than about 75 nanometers; disposing the solution on a surface of the glass or glass-ceramic substrate; and heating the solution-coated substrate at a temperature of less than or equal to about 350 degrees Celsius to both cure the Si-containing coating material and remove the pore forming agent from the solution, thereby forming a nanoporous Si-containing coating on the surface of the glass or glass-ceramic substrate. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising forming an intermediate layer on at least a portion of the surface of the glass or glass-ceramic substrate prior to disposing the solution thereon, wherein the intermediate layer comprises glare-resistant coating, a color-providing composition, an opacity-providing composition, or an adhesion or compatibility promoting composition. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the nanoporous Si-containing coating has a porosity comprising at least 5 volume percent of a total volume occupied by the nanoporous Si-containing coating; wherein an average longest cross-sectional dimension of pores in the nanoporous Si-containing coating is less than or equal to about 100 nanometers; wherein the coated article has a specular reflectance that is less than or equal to about 85 percent of a specular reflectance of the glass or glass-ceramic substrate alone across a visible light spectrum; and wherein the nanoporous Si-containing coating has a specular reflectance of less than 5 percent across the visible light spectrum. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the Si-containing coating material comprises an uncured or partially-cured siloxane, an uncured or partially-cured silsesquioxane, or a silica sol-gel precursor. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the nanoporous Si-containing coating comprises a cured siloxane, a cured silsesquioxane, or silica. | Described herein are coated glass or glass-ceramic articles having improved reflection resistance. Further described are methods of making and using the improved articles. The coated articles generally include a glass or glass-ceramic substrate and a nanoporous Si-containing coating disposed thereon. The nanoporous Si-containing coating is not a free-standing adhesive film, but a coating that is formed on or over the glass or glass-ceramic substrate.1. A coated article, comprising:
a glass or glass-ceramic substrate; and a nanoporous Si-containing coating having an average thickness of less than or equal to about 1 micrometer disposed on at least a portion of a surface of the glass or glass-ceramic substrate; wherein the nanoporous Si-containing coating has a porosity comprising at least 5 volume percent of a total volume occupied by the nanoporous Si-containing coating; wherein an average longest cross-sectional dimension of pores in the nanoporous Si-containing coating is less than or equal to about 100 nanometers; wherein the coated article has a specular reflectance that is less than or equal to about 85 percent of a specular reflectance of the glass or glass-ceramic substrate alone across a visible light spectrum; wherein the nanoporous Si-containing coating has a specular reflectance of less than 5 percent across the visible light spectrum. 2. The coated article of claim 1, further comprising an intermediate layer interposed between the glass or glass-ceramic substrate and the nanoporous Si-containing coating. 3. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the intermediate layer comprises a glare-resistant coating, a color-providing composition, an opacity-providing composition, or an adhesion or compatibility promoting composition. 4. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the glass or glass-ceramic substrate comprises a silicate glass, borosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, or boroaluminosilicate glass, which optionally comprises an alkali or alkaline earth modifier. 5. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the glass or glass-ceramic substrate is a glass-ceramic comprising a glassy phase and a ceramic phase, wherein the ceramic phase comprises β-spodumene, β-quartz, nepheline, kalsilite, or carnegieite. 6. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the glass or glass-ceramic substrate has an average thickness of less than or equal to about 2 millimeters. 7. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the nanoporous Si-containing coating comprises a cured siloxane, a cured silsesquioxane, or silica. 8. The coated article of claim 1, wherein the coated article comprises a portion of a touch-sensitive display screen or cover plate for an electronic device, a non-touch-sensitive component of an electronic device, a surface of a household appliance, or a surface of a vehicle component. 9. A coated article, comprising:
a chemically-strengthened alkali aluminosilicate glass substrate; and a nanoporous Si-containing coating having an average thickness of less than or equal to about 100 nanometers disposed directly on at least a portion of a surface of the chemically-strengthened alkali aluminosilicate glass substrate; wherein the chemically-strengthened alkali aluminosilicate glass substrate has a compressive layer having a depth of layer greater than or equal to 20 micrometers exhibiting a compressive strength of at least 400 megaPascals both before and after the nanoporous Si-containing coating has been disposed thereon; wherein the nanoporous Si-containing coating has a porosity comprising between about 30 volume percent and about 55 volume percent of a total volume occupied by the nanoporous Si-containing coating; wherein an average longest cross-sectional dimension of pores in the nanoporous Si-containing coating is less than or equal to about 50 nanometers; wherein the coated article has a specular reflectance of less than 7 percent across a visible light spectrum; wherein the coated article has an optical transmission of at least about 94 percent; wherein the coated article has a haze of less than or equal to about 0.1 percent when measured in accordance with ASTM procedure D1003; wherein the coated article exhibits a scratch resistance of at least 6H when measured in accordance with ASTM test procedure D3363-05. 10. The coated article of claim 9, wherein the specular reflectance of the coated article varies by less than about 5 percent after 100 wipes using a Crockmeter, and varies by less than about 10 percent after 5000 wipes using the Crockmeter from an initial measurement of the specular reflectance of the coated article before a first wipe using the Crockmeter. 11. A method of making a coated article, the method comprising:
providing a glass or glass-ceramic substrate; preparing a solution comprising a Si-containing coating material and a pore forming agent, wherein the solution comprises no colloidal particles or aggregates having a longest cross-sectional dimension greater than about 75 nanometers; disposing the solution on a surface of the glass or glass-ceramic substrate; and heating the solution-coated substrate at a temperature of less than or equal to about 350 degrees Celsius to both cure the Si-containing coating material and remove the pore forming agent from the solution, thereby forming a nanoporous Si-containing coating on the surface of the glass or glass-ceramic substrate. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising forming an intermediate layer on at least a portion of the surface of the glass or glass-ceramic substrate prior to disposing the solution thereon, wherein the intermediate layer comprises glare-resistant coating, a color-providing composition, an opacity-providing composition, or an adhesion or compatibility promoting composition. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the nanoporous Si-containing coating has a porosity comprising at least 5 volume percent of a total volume occupied by the nanoporous Si-containing coating; wherein an average longest cross-sectional dimension of pores in the nanoporous Si-containing coating is less than or equal to about 100 nanometers; wherein the coated article has a specular reflectance that is less than or equal to about 85 percent of a specular reflectance of the glass or glass-ceramic substrate alone across a visible light spectrum; and wherein the nanoporous Si-containing coating has a specular reflectance of less than 5 percent across the visible light spectrum. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the Si-containing coating material comprises an uncured or partially-cured siloxane, an uncured or partially-cured silsesquioxane, or a silica sol-gel precursor. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the nanoporous Si-containing coating comprises a cured siloxane, a cured silsesquioxane, or silica. | 1,700 |
2,658 | 14,424,181 | 1,791 | Improved methods to prepare isomaltulose-containing comestibles with a chocolate core, in particular to prepare coated comestibles with a chocolate core, and to the products obtained thereby. | 1. A process for coating chocolate cores comprising the steps of:
a) providing at least one chocolate core to be coated, b) applying to the at least one chocolate core a first liquid medium comprising a whitening agent, so as to obtain at least one layer of a pre-coating, c) solidifying the at least one layer of the pre-coating, so as to obtain at least one pre-coated chocolate core, and d) applying to the at least one pre-coated chocolate core a second liquid medium comprising isomaltulose and a binding agent C2, so as to obtain at least one layer of a second coating,
wherein optionally the steps b) and c) are repeated at least 2 times as to build up more than one layer of the pre-coating. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the first liquid medium comprises further isomaltulose. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the binding agent C2 is gum arabic, gelatine, gum tragacanth, locust bean gum, guar gum, vegetable gums, alginate, maltodextrines, corn syrup, pectin, cellulose-type materials, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, potato starch, corn starch, starch, modified starch, rice starch, xanthan or mixtures thereof. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the first liquid medium comprises further a binding agent. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the whitening agent in the first liquid medium is selected from TiO2 and starch. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the first liquid medium comprises at least 0.1% whitening agent (based on the total amount of the first liquid medium). 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the first and/or the second liquid medium is applied to the cores by spraying. 8. The process according to claim 7, wherein the spraying pressure is from 10 to 100 bars. 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the solidifying in step c) is performed by drying of the first liquid medium. 10. The process according to claim 9, wherein the drying is performed at a temperature between 5 and 24° C. 11. The process according to claim 1, wherein during the entire process an air stream is applied to the cores, so as to dry the cores constantly. 12. The process according to claim 1, wherein the first liquid medium comprises 50 to 90% by weight isomaltulose (based on the total amount of the first liquid medium). 13. The process according to claim 1, wherein after the application of the first liquid medium according to step b) isomaltulose and/or starch is applied to the pre-coated cores in powder form. 14. A coated chocolate core comprising a chocolate core, at least one layer of a pre-coating and at least one layer of a second coating, wherein the at least one layer of the layer of the pre-coating comprises a whitening agent and the at least one layer of the second coating comprises isomaltulose and a binding agent C2. 15. A coated chocolate core produced by the process according to claim 1. | Improved methods to prepare isomaltulose-containing comestibles with a chocolate core, in particular to prepare coated comestibles with a chocolate core, and to the products obtained thereby.1. A process for coating chocolate cores comprising the steps of:
a) providing at least one chocolate core to be coated, b) applying to the at least one chocolate core a first liquid medium comprising a whitening agent, so as to obtain at least one layer of a pre-coating, c) solidifying the at least one layer of the pre-coating, so as to obtain at least one pre-coated chocolate core, and d) applying to the at least one pre-coated chocolate core a second liquid medium comprising isomaltulose and a binding agent C2, so as to obtain at least one layer of a second coating,
wherein optionally the steps b) and c) are repeated at least 2 times as to build up more than one layer of the pre-coating. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the first liquid medium comprises further isomaltulose. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the binding agent C2 is gum arabic, gelatine, gum tragacanth, locust bean gum, guar gum, vegetable gums, alginate, maltodextrines, corn syrup, pectin, cellulose-type materials, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, potato starch, corn starch, starch, modified starch, rice starch, xanthan or mixtures thereof. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the first liquid medium comprises further a binding agent. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the whitening agent in the first liquid medium is selected from TiO2 and starch. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the first liquid medium comprises at least 0.1% whitening agent (based on the total amount of the first liquid medium). 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the first and/or the second liquid medium is applied to the cores by spraying. 8. The process according to claim 7, wherein the spraying pressure is from 10 to 100 bars. 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the solidifying in step c) is performed by drying of the first liquid medium. 10. The process according to claim 9, wherein the drying is performed at a temperature between 5 and 24° C. 11. The process according to claim 1, wherein during the entire process an air stream is applied to the cores, so as to dry the cores constantly. 12. The process according to claim 1, wherein the first liquid medium comprises 50 to 90% by weight isomaltulose (based on the total amount of the first liquid medium). 13. The process according to claim 1, wherein after the application of the first liquid medium according to step b) isomaltulose and/or starch is applied to the pre-coated cores in powder form. 14. A coated chocolate core comprising a chocolate core, at least one layer of a pre-coating and at least one layer of a second coating, wherein the at least one layer of the layer of the pre-coating comprises a whitening agent and the at least one layer of the second coating comprises isomaltulose and a binding agent C2. 15. A coated chocolate core produced by the process according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,659 | 12,163,684 | 1,792 | Food products are provided comprising a base food material having one or a plurality of surface pockets and two closed ends comprising the base food material, wherein each of the surface pockets are connected by one or more longitudinal extent of the base food material, along a longitudinal aspect of the food product, that comprises a side of each of the surface pockets and the surface pockets are not connected in a lateral aspect of the food product. In certain aspects, at least one surface pocket contains a filling food material, and at least a portion of the filling food material is not encompassed by the base food material. Further, methods are provided for preparing the food products of the invention. Such food products can be utilized, for example, to provide palatable delivery systems for nutritional, functional, or pharmaceutical ingredients. | 1. A food product comprising
(i) a base food material having one or a plurality of surface pockets, wherein at least one surface pocket comprises a filling food material, and (ii) two closed ends comprising the base food material, wherein
each of the surface pockets are connected by one or more longitudinal extent of the base food material, along a longitudinal aspect of the food product, that comprises a side of each of the surface pockets;
the surface pockets are not in communication along a lateral aspect of the food product; and
at least a portion of the filling food material is not encompassed by the base food material. 2. The food product of claim 1, wherein the base food material comprises a first food material and a center portion comprising a food material other than the first food material. 3. The food product of claim 1, wherein the base food material is a cooked food material. 4. The food product of claim 1, wherein the filling food material is an uncooked food material. 5. The food product of claim 1, comprising at least two surface pockets. 6. The food product of claim 1, wherein the base food material comprises a cereal based component or a protein source material, and water or a humectant. 7. The food product of claim 1, wherein the filling food product comprises a protein source material or a carbohydrate source material, and optionally, one or more nutritional, functional, or pharmaceutical ingredients. 8. A food product comprising a food material having a plurality of surface pockets and two closed ends, wherein each of the surface pockets are connected by one or more longitudinal extent of the food material, along a longitudinal aspect of the food product, that comprises a side of each of the surface pockets; and the surface pockets are not in communication along a lateral aspect of the food product. 9. A method for making a composite food product having at least two food material components comprising, preparing a shaped base food material having one or a plurality of longitudinally arranged surface indentations in a predetermined arrangement;
applying a filling food material in at least one surface indentation to provide a composite material; laterally closing the composite material at a plurality of predetermined closing positions to provide a closed composite material; and separating the closed composite material at the predetermined closing positions to yield the composite food product having two closed ends and one or a plurality of surface pockets, wherein
the closed ends comprise the base food material;
at least one surface pocket comprises the filling food material;
each surface pocket shares a longitudinal extent of the base food material; and
at least a portion of the filling food material is not encompassed by the base food material. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the closing provides a closed composite material having a decreased cross-sectional thickness with respect to the composite material. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the closing and separating occur essentially simultaneously. 12. The method of claim 9, further comprising at least partially cooking the composite food product. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the preparing and applying comprises co-extruding the filling food material into one or more indentations in the surface of the shaped base food material. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the shaped base food material has a cross-sectional shape that is a C, V, S, double S, multi-pointed star, or X-shape. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the shaped base food material has a cross-sectional shape that is a S, double S, multi-pointed star, or X-shape. 16. The method of claim 9, wherein the shaped base food material comprises a first food material and a center portion comprising a food material other than the first food material. 17. The method of claim 9, wherein the shaped base food material is a cooked food material. 18. The method of claim 9, wherein the filling food material is an uncooked food material. 19. The method of claim 9, wherein the shaped base food material has a cross-sectional shape that is an X-shape and comprises a cooked food material. 20. The method of claim 9, wherein the shaped base food material has a cross-sectional shape that is a multi-pointed star shape and comprises a cooked food material. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the filling food material is applied to two surface indentations and is an uncooked food material. 22. A food product prepared according to claim 9. 23. A method for making a composite food product having at least two food material components comprising,
preparing a shaped base food material having one or a plurality of longitudinally arranged surface indentations in a predetermined arrangement; applying a filling food material in at least one surface indentation to provide a composite material; laterally closing the composite material at a plurality of predetermined closing positions to provide a closed composite material; and separating the closed composite material at the predetermined closing positions to yield the composite food product having two closed ends and one or a plurality of surface pockets, wherein
the closed ends comprise the base food material;
at least one surface pocket comprises the filling food material;
each surface pocket shares a longitudinal extent of the base food material; and
at least a portion of the filling food material is not encompassed by the base food material; and
the base food material comprises a cooked food material. 24. A method for making a composite food product having at least two food material components comprising,
preparing a shaped base food material having a plurality of longitudinally arranged surface indentations in a predetermined arrangement; applying a filling food material in at least one surface indentation to provide a composite material; laterally closing the composite material at a plurality of predetermined closing positions to provide a closed composite material; and separating the closed composite material at the predetermined closing positions to yield the composite food product having two closed ends and a plurality of surface pockets, wherein
the closed ends comprise the base food material;
at least one surface pocket comprises the filling food material;
each surface pocket shares a longitudinal extent of the base food material;
at least a portion of the filling food material is not encompassed by the base food material; and
the base food material comprises a cooked food material. 25. A method for making a food product having at least two surface pockets comprising, preparing a shaped base food material having a plurality of longitudinally arranged surface indentations in a predetermined arrangement;
laterally closing the shaped base food material at a plurality of predetermined closing positions to provide a closed food material; and separating the closed food material at the predetermined closing positions to yield the food product having two closed ends and a plurality of surface pockets, wherein each surface pocket shares a longitudinal extent of the base food material. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the shaped base food material has a cross-sectional shape that is a S, double S, multi-pointed star, or X-shape. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein the base food material comprises a cooked food material. 28. The food product prepared according to claim 25. | Food products are provided comprising a base food material having one or a plurality of surface pockets and two closed ends comprising the base food material, wherein each of the surface pockets are connected by one or more longitudinal extent of the base food material, along a longitudinal aspect of the food product, that comprises a side of each of the surface pockets and the surface pockets are not connected in a lateral aspect of the food product. In certain aspects, at least one surface pocket contains a filling food material, and at least a portion of the filling food material is not encompassed by the base food material. Further, methods are provided for preparing the food products of the invention. Such food products can be utilized, for example, to provide palatable delivery systems for nutritional, functional, or pharmaceutical ingredients.1. A food product comprising
(i) a base food material having one or a plurality of surface pockets, wherein at least one surface pocket comprises a filling food material, and (ii) two closed ends comprising the base food material, wherein
each of the surface pockets are connected by one or more longitudinal extent of the base food material, along a longitudinal aspect of the food product, that comprises a side of each of the surface pockets;
the surface pockets are not in communication along a lateral aspect of the food product; and
at least a portion of the filling food material is not encompassed by the base food material. 2. The food product of claim 1, wherein the base food material comprises a first food material and a center portion comprising a food material other than the first food material. 3. The food product of claim 1, wherein the base food material is a cooked food material. 4. The food product of claim 1, wherein the filling food material is an uncooked food material. 5. The food product of claim 1, comprising at least two surface pockets. 6. The food product of claim 1, wherein the base food material comprises a cereal based component or a protein source material, and water or a humectant. 7. The food product of claim 1, wherein the filling food product comprises a protein source material or a carbohydrate source material, and optionally, one or more nutritional, functional, or pharmaceutical ingredients. 8. A food product comprising a food material having a plurality of surface pockets and two closed ends, wherein each of the surface pockets are connected by one or more longitudinal extent of the food material, along a longitudinal aspect of the food product, that comprises a side of each of the surface pockets; and the surface pockets are not in communication along a lateral aspect of the food product. 9. A method for making a composite food product having at least two food material components comprising, preparing a shaped base food material having one or a plurality of longitudinally arranged surface indentations in a predetermined arrangement;
applying a filling food material in at least one surface indentation to provide a composite material; laterally closing the composite material at a plurality of predetermined closing positions to provide a closed composite material; and separating the closed composite material at the predetermined closing positions to yield the composite food product having two closed ends and one or a plurality of surface pockets, wherein
the closed ends comprise the base food material;
at least one surface pocket comprises the filling food material;
each surface pocket shares a longitudinal extent of the base food material; and
at least a portion of the filling food material is not encompassed by the base food material. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the closing provides a closed composite material having a decreased cross-sectional thickness with respect to the composite material. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the closing and separating occur essentially simultaneously. 12. The method of claim 9, further comprising at least partially cooking the composite food product. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the preparing and applying comprises co-extruding the filling food material into one or more indentations in the surface of the shaped base food material. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the shaped base food material has a cross-sectional shape that is a C, V, S, double S, multi-pointed star, or X-shape. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the shaped base food material has a cross-sectional shape that is a S, double S, multi-pointed star, or X-shape. 16. The method of claim 9, wherein the shaped base food material comprises a first food material and a center portion comprising a food material other than the first food material. 17. The method of claim 9, wherein the shaped base food material is a cooked food material. 18. The method of claim 9, wherein the filling food material is an uncooked food material. 19. The method of claim 9, wherein the shaped base food material has a cross-sectional shape that is an X-shape and comprises a cooked food material. 20. The method of claim 9, wherein the shaped base food material has a cross-sectional shape that is a multi-pointed star shape and comprises a cooked food material. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the filling food material is applied to two surface indentations and is an uncooked food material. 22. A food product prepared according to claim 9. 23. A method for making a composite food product having at least two food material components comprising,
preparing a shaped base food material having one or a plurality of longitudinally arranged surface indentations in a predetermined arrangement; applying a filling food material in at least one surface indentation to provide a composite material; laterally closing the composite material at a plurality of predetermined closing positions to provide a closed composite material; and separating the closed composite material at the predetermined closing positions to yield the composite food product having two closed ends and one or a plurality of surface pockets, wherein
the closed ends comprise the base food material;
at least one surface pocket comprises the filling food material;
each surface pocket shares a longitudinal extent of the base food material; and
at least a portion of the filling food material is not encompassed by the base food material; and
the base food material comprises a cooked food material. 24. A method for making a composite food product having at least two food material components comprising,
preparing a shaped base food material having a plurality of longitudinally arranged surface indentations in a predetermined arrangement; applying a filling food material in at least one surface indentation to provide a composite material; laterally closing the composite material at a plurality of predetermined closing positions to provide a closed composite material; and separating the closed composite material at the predetermined closing positions to yield the composite food product having two closed ends and a plurality of surface pockets, wherein
the closed ends comprise the base food material;
at least one surface pocket comprises the filling food material;
each surface pocket shares a longitudinal extent of the base food material;
at least a portion of the filling food material is not encompassed by the base food material; and
the base food material comprises a cooked food material. 25. A method for making a food product having at least two surface pockets comprising, preparing a shaped base food material having a plurality of longitudinally arranged surface indentations in a predetermined arrangement;
laterally closing the shaped base food material at a plurality of predetermined closing positions to provide a closed food material; and separating the closed food material at the predetermined closing positions to yield the food product having two closed ends and a plurality of surface pockets, wherein each surface pocket shares a longitudinal extent of the base food material. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the shaped base food material has a cross-sectional shape that is a S, double S, multi-pointed star, or X-shape. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein the base food material comprises a cooked food material. 28. The food product prepared according to claim 25. | 1,700 |
2,660 | 13,071,893 | 1,721 | A gas detector includes at least two electrodes. The electrodes are carried on a common substrate having first and second spaced apart surfaces. The electrodes are formed on respective ones of the surfaces with the substrate sandwiched therebetween. | 1. A gas detector comprising:
a gas sensor having a common substrate and first and second electrodes formed thereon with the substrate therebetween; and a housing which carries the sensor. 2. A detector as in claim 1 wherein the substrate has first and second planar surfaces with the electrodes formed on respective ones of the surfaces. 3. A detector as in claim 1 where the electrodes are selected from a class which includes at least a cylindrical profile, a square profile, or a rectangular profile. 4. A detector as in claim 1 where the electrodes are arranged along a common center line. 5. A detector as in claim 1 where the electrodes are symmetrical with respect to a common axially extending line. 6. A detector as in claim 5 where the axially extending line comprises a common center line that also passes through the common substrate and is substantially perpendicular thereto. 7. A detector as in claim 6 where the housing extends generally parallel to the common center line. 8. A detector as in claim 5 which includes control circuits coupled to the sensor and wherein the control circuits, responsive to signals from the sensor, determine the presence of a selected gas. 9. A detector as in claim 8 which includes a cylindrical insulator positioned adjacent to each of the electrodes and the common substrate. 10. A gas sensor comprising:
an elongated hollow housing; a stack compressor carried in the housing; a first insulating layer overlying an end of the stack compressor; a composite electrode structure overlaying the first insulating layer where the electrode structure has a first electrode, another insulator and a second electrode with the insulator located between the two electrodes; and a third insulating layer which overlays the composite electrode structure. 11. A sensor as in claim 10 where the first and second electrodes are formed on the insulator with substantially identical shapes. 12. A sensor as in claim 10 where the insulator comprises a planar insulating sheet member. 13. A sensor as in claim 10 which includes a selected electrolyte located at least on each side of the composite electrode structure. 14. A sensor as in claim 13 which includes a plurality of contacts, which extend from the housing adjacent to the stack compressor, the contacts are coupled to the electrodes. 15. A sensor as in claim 10 where the insulator comprises a planar PTFE sheet member. 16. A gas sensor comprising at least two electrodes where the electrodes are carried on a common insulating substrate having first and second spaced apart surfaces where the electrodes are formed on respective ones of the surfaces with the substrate sandwiched therebetween. 17. A sensor as in claim 16 where the electrodes are substantially identical in shape. 18. A sensor as in claim 17 where a common center line extends through the electrodes and the substrate. 19. A sensor as in claim 17 which includes a third electrode spaced from the first and second electrodes. 20. A sensor as in claim 17 which include a hollow cylindrical housing which surrounds the electrodes, where a common center line extends through the electrodes and the substrate, and, where the center line extends parallel to a centerline of the housing. | A gas detector includes at least two electrodes. The electrodes are carried on a common substrate having first and second spaced apart surfaces. The electrodes are formed on respective ones of the surfaces with the substrate sandwiched therebetween.1. A gas detector comprising:
a gas sensor having a common substrate and first and second electrodes formed thereon with the substrate therebetween; and a housing which carries the sensor. 2. A detector as in claim 1 wherein the substrate has first and second planar surfaces with the electrodes formed on respective ones of the surfaces. 3. A detector as in claim 1 where the electrodes are selected from a class which includes at least a cylindrical profile, a square profile, or a rectangular profile. 4. A detector as in claim 1 where the electrodes are arranged along a common center line. 5. A detector as in claim 1 where the electrodes are symmetrical with respect to a common axially extending line. 6. A detector as in claim 5 where the axially extending line comprises a common center line that also passes through the common substrate and is substantially perpendicular thereto. 7. A detector as in claim 6 where the housing extends generally parallel to the common center line. 8. A detector as in claim 5 which includes control circuits coupled to the sensor and wherein the control circuits, responsive to signals from the sensor, determine the presence of a selected gas. 9. A detector as in claim 8 which includes a cylindrical insulator positioned adjacent to each of the electrodes and the common substrate. 10. A gas sensor comprising:
an elongated hollow housing; a stack compressor carried in the housing; a first insulating layer overlying an end of the stack compressor; a composite electrode structure overlaying the first insulating layer where the electrode structure has a first electrode, another insulator and a second electrode with the insulator located between the two electrodes; and a third insulating layer which overlays the composite electrode structure. 11. A sensor as in claim 10 where the first and second electrodes are formed on the insulator with substantially identical shapes. 12. A sensor as in claim 10 where the insulator comprises a planar insulating sheet member. 13. A sensor as in claim 10 which includes a selected electrolyte located at least on each side of the composite electrode structure. 14. A sensor as in claim 13 which includes a plurality of contacts, which extend from the housing adjacent to the stack compressor, the contacts are coupled to the electrodes. 15. A sensor as in claim 10 where the insulator comprises a planar PTFE sheet member. 16. A gas sensor comprising at least two electrodes where the electrodes are carried on a common insulating substrate having first and second spaced apart surfaces where the electrodes are formed on respective ones of the surfaces with the substrate sandwiched therebetween. 17. A sensor as in claim 16 where the electrodes are substantially identical in shape. 18. A sensor as in claim 17 where a common center line extends through the electrodes and the substrate. 19. A sensor as in claim 17 which includes a third electrode spaced from the first and second electrodes. 20. A sensor as in claim 17 which include a hollow cylindrical housing which surrounds the electrodes, where a common center line extends through the electrodes and the substrate, and, where the center line extends parallel to a centerline of the housing. | 1,700 |
2,661 | 15,684,029 | 1,796 | A system includes a UV light source and an optical medium coupled to receive UV light from the UV light source. The optical medium is configured to emit UV light proximate to a surface from which biofouling is to be removed once the biofouling has adhered to the protected surface. A method corresponds to the system. | 1-11. (canceled) 12. A system for anti-biofouling a protected surface disposed upon an object configured to be immersed in water, comprising:
an ultraviolet light source operable to generate ultraviolet light; an optical medium coupled to receive the ultraviolet light and configured to disburse the ultraviolet light; and a degradable layer, wherein the degradable layer is disposed to receive portions of the ultraviolet light that escape the optical medium, wherein the degradable layer is responsive to the ultraviolet light such that selected portions of the degradable layer are configured to change mechanical properties and to be removable in response to the ultraviolet light, facilitating removal of biological material from the protected surface. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the optical medium is disposed proximate to the protected surface and coupled to receive the ultraviolet light, wherein the optical medium has a thickness direction perpendicular to the protected surface, wherein two orthogonal directions of the optical medium orthogonal to the thickness direction are parallel to the protected surface, wherein the optical medium is configured to provide a propagation path of the ultraviolet light such that the ultraviolet light travels within the optical medium in at least one of the two orthogonal directions orthogonal to the thickness direction, and such that, at points along a surface of the optical medium, respective portions of the ultraviolet light escape the optical medium. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the optical medium comprises an optical coating proximate to the protected surface, wherein the optical coating is configured to provide a propagation path for the ultraviolet light. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the optical medium comprises one or more optical fibers, each one of the one or more optical fiber configured to carry a respective portion of the ultraviolet light along a length of each one of the one or more optical fibers, wherein a physical characteristic of each one of the one or more optical fibers changes along a length of each one of the one or more optical fibers in a way selected to allow, at any point along a respective length of each one of the one or more optical fibers, a determined percentage of a total power of the ultraviolet light source to escape each respective one of the one or more optical fibers. 16. The system of claim 13, wherein the selected portions of the degradable layer are closest to the protected surface. 17. The system of claim 13, wherein the selectable portions either fall away from the degradable layer after exposure to the ultraviolet light or are removed by a cleaning mechanism after exposure to the ultraviolet light. 18. The system of claim 12, further comprising:
a cleaning mechanism proximate to the protected surface and operable to remove the biological material from the protected surface. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the cleaning mechanism comprises a wiper mechanism. 20. The system of claim 18, wherein the cleaning mechanism comprises a water jet mechanism. 21. The system of claim 18, wherein the cleaning mechanism comprises a pull wire disposed under the degradable layer. 22. The system of claim 18, further comprising a penetrating structure configured to penetrate through the protected surface, wherein the penetrating structure comprises:
a seal coupled between the penetrating structure and the protected surface; and at least one of: an optical structure configured to generate the ultraviolet light and to communicate the ultraviolet ht to the optical medium, or an optical structure coupled to receive the ultraviolet light and to communicate the ultraviolet light to the optical medium. 23-25. (canceled) 26. A method of anti-biofouling a protected surface disposed upon an object configured to be immersed in water, comprising:
generating ultraviolet light with an ultraviolet light source; providing a degradable layer; and distributing, with an optical medium, portions of the ultraviolet light upon the degradable layer, wherein portions of the degradable layer are configured to change chemical structure and to be removable once exposed to the ultraviolet light, facilitating removal of biological material from the protected surface. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the optical medium is disposed proximate to the protected surface and coupled to receive the ultraviolet light, wherein the optical medium has a thickness direction perpendicular to the protected surface, wherein two orthogonal directions of the optical medium orthogonal to the thickness direction are parallel to the protected surface, wherein the optical medium is configured to provide a propagation path of the ultraviolet light such that the ultraviolet light travels within the optical medium in at least one of the two orthogonal directions orthogonal to the thickness direction, and such that, at points along a surface of the optical medium, respective portions of the ultraviolet light escape the optical medium. 28. The method of claim 26, further comprising:
providing a cleaning mechanism proximate to the protected surface; and after the distributing the ultraviolet light upon the degradable layer, removing biological material with the cleaning mechanism. | A system includes a UV light source and an optical medium coupled to receive UV light from the UV light source. The optical medium is configured to emit UV light proximate to a surface from which biofouling is to be removed once the biofouling has adhered to the protected surface. A method corresponds to the system.1-11. (canceled) 12. A system for anti-biofouling a protected surface disposed upon an object configured to be immersed in water, comprising:
an ultraviolet light source operable to generate ultraviolet light; an optical medium coupled to receive the ultraviolet light and configured to disburse the ultraviolet light; and a degradable layer, wherein the degradable layer is disposed to receive portions of the ultraviolet light that escape the optical medium, wherein the degradable layer is responsive to the ultraviolet light such that selected portions of the degradable layer are configured to change mechanical properties and to be removable in response to the ultraviolet light, facilitating removal of biological material from the protected surface. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the optical medium is disposed proximate to the protected surface and coupled to receive the ultraviolet light, wherein the optical medium has a thickness direction perpendicular to the protected surface, wherein two orthogonal directions of the optical medium orthogonal to the thickness direction are parallel to the protected surface, wherein the optical medium is configured to provide a propagation path of the ultraviolet light such that the ultraviolet light travels within the optical medium in at least one of the two orthogonal directions orthogonal to the thickness direction, and such that, at points along a surface of the optical medium, respective portions of the ultraviolet light escape the optical medium. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the optical medium comprises an optical coating proximate to the protected surface, wherein the optical coating is configured to provide a propagation path for the ultraviolet light. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the optical medium comprises one or more optical fibers, each one of the one or more optical fiber configured to carry a respective portion of the ultraviolet light along a length of each one of the one or more optical fibers, wherein a physical characteristic of each one of the one or more optical fibers changes along a length of each one of the one or more optical fibers in a way selected to allow, at any point along a respective length of each one of the one or more optical fibers, a determined percentage of a total power of the ultraviolet light source to escape each respective one of the one or more optical fibers. 16. The system of claim 13, wherein the selected portions of the degradable layer are closest to the protected surface. 17. The system of claim 13, wherein the selectable portions either fall away from the degradable layer after exposure to the ultraviolet light or are removed by a cleaning mechanism after exposure to the ultraviolet light. 18. The system of claim 12, further comprising:
a cleaning mechanism proximate to the protected surface and operable to remove the biological material from the protected surface. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the cleaning mechanism comprises a wiper mechanism. 20. The system of claim 18, wherein the cleaning mechanism comprises a water jet mechanism. 21. The system of claim 18, wherein the cleaning mechanism comprises a pull wire disposed under the degradable layer. 22. The system of claim 18, further comprising a penetrating structure configured to penetrate through the protected surface, wherein the penetrating structure comprises:
a seal coupled between the penetrating structure and the protected surface; and at least one of: an optical structure configured to generate the ultraviolet light and to communicate the ultraviolet ht to the optical medium, or an optical structure coupled to receive the ultraviolet light and to communicate the ultraviolet light to the optical medium. 23-25. (canceled) 26. A method of anti-biofouling a protected surface disposed upon an object configured to be immersed in water, comprising:
generating ultraviolet light with an ultraviolet light source; providing a degradable layer; and distributing, with an optical medium, portions of the ultraviolet light upon the degradable layer, wherein portions of the degradable layer are configured to change chemical structure and to be removable once exposed to the ultraviolet light, facilitating removal of biological material from the protected surface. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the optical medium is disposed proximate to the protected surface and coupled to receive the ultraviolet light, wherein the optical medium has a thickness direction perpendicular to the protected surface, wherein two orthogonal directions of the optical medium orthogonal to the thickness direction are parallel to the protected surface, wherein the optical medium is configured to provide a propagation path of the ultraviolet light such that the ultraviolet light travels within the optical medium in at least one of the two orthogonal directions orthogonal to the thickness direction, and such that, at points along a surface of the optical medium, respective portions of the ultraviolet light escape the optical medium. 28. The method of claim 26, further comprising:
providing a cleaning mechanism proximate to the protected surface; and after the distributing the ultraviolet light upon the degradable layer, removing biological material with the cleaning mechanism. | 1,700 |
2,662 | 13,378,082 | 1,734 | Process for preparing chlorine by oxidation of hydrogen chloride by means of oxygen in the presence of a particulate catalyst in a fluidized-bed reactor, where the heat of reaction of the exothermic oxidation of hydrogen chloride is removed by means of water which circulates in the tubes of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, where (i) the fluidized-bed reactor is heated up to an operating temperature in the range from 350 to 420° C. in a heating-up phase and (ii) hydrogen chloride is reacted with oxygen in an operating phase at the operating temperature, wherein
(i-1) the fluidized-bed reactor is heated up to a temperature below the operating temperature in a first heating-up phase and (i-2) hydrogen chloride and oxygen are fed into the fluidized-bed reactor and reacted in a second heating-up phase in which the fluidized-bed reactor is heated up to the operating temperature by the heat of reaction of the exothermic oxidation of hydrogen chloride. | 1. A process for preparing chlorine, comprising:
introducing hot nitrogen into a fluidized-bed reactor to heat the fluidized-bed reactor to a first temperature in a first heating phase, feeding hydrogen chloride and oxygen into the fluidized-bed reactor and reacting the hydrogen chloride and oxygen, thereby heating the fluidized-bed reactor to an operating temperature of from 350 to 420° C. in a second heating phase, further reacting hydrogen chloride with oxygen in the presence of a particulate catalyst in the fluidized-bed reactor at the operating temperature in an operating phase, and circulating water in a tube of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger to remove heat of the oxidizing, wherein the first temperature is below the operating temperature. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the first temperature is from 205 to 350° C. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein a temperature of the hot nitrogen is from 300 to 400° C. when the hot nitrogen is introduced into the fluidized-bed reactor. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the first heating phase further comprises:
circulating a heat transfer medium in the tube of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger to heat the shell-and-tube heat exchanger, thereby heating the fluidized-bed reactor. 5. The process of claim 4, wherein the heat transfer medium is steam having a pressure of from 16 to 165 bar and a temperature of from 205 to 350° C. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the second heating phase further comprises introducing hot nitrogen into the fluidized-bed reactor. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the fluidized-bed reactor comprises a heterogeneous particulate catalyst, comprising a metal component on an oxidic support. 8. The process of claim 6, wherein the heterogeneous particular catalyst comprises, as a metal component, a ruthenium compound, a copper compound, or mixtures thereof. 9. The process of claim 6, wherein the heterogeneous particular catalyst comprises, as an oxidic support, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, or mixtures thereof. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein a pressure in the fluidized-bed reactor is from 1 to 11 bar absolute when oxidizing hydrogen chloride. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein a molar ratio of hydrogen chloride to O2 in the second heating phase is from 1:1 to 5:1. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein a feed gas mixture for feeding hydrogen chloride, oxygen, or both hydrogen chloride and oxygen into the fluidized-bed reactor in the second heating phase comprises nitrogen in a content of 20% or less by volume. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein a pressure in the fluidized-bed reactor is from 2 to 11 bar during the second heating phase. 14. The process of claim 1, wherein the operating temperature increases during the operating phase. | Process for preparing chlorine by oxidation of hydrogen chloride by means of oxygen in the presence of a particulate catalyst in a fluidized-bed reactor, where the heat of reaction of the exothermic oxidation of hydrogen chloride is removed by means of water which circulates in the tubes of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, where (i) the fluidized-bed reactor is heated up to an operating temperature in the range from 350 to 420° C. in a heating-up phase and (ii) hydrogen chloride is reacted with oxygen in an operating phase at the operating temperature, wherein
(i-1) the fluidized-bed reactor is heated up to a temperature below the operating temperature in a first heating-up phase and (i-2) hydrogen chloride and oxygen are fed into the fluidized-bed reactor and reacted in a second heating-up phase in which the fluidized-bed reactor is heated up to the operating temperature by the heat of reaction of the exothermic oxidation of hydrogen chloride.1. A process for preparing chlorine, comprising:
introducing hot nitrogen into a fluidized-bed reactor to heat the fluidized-bed reactor to a first temperature in a first heating phase, feeding hydrogen chloride and oxygen into the fluidized-bed reactor and reacting the hydrogen chloride and oxygen, thereby heating the fluidized-bed reactor to an operating temperature of from 350 to 420° C. in a second heating phase, further reacting hydrogen chloride with oxygen in the presence of a particulate catalyst in the fluidized-bed reactor at the operating temperature in an operating phase, and circulating water in a tube of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger to remove heat of the oxidizing, wherein the first temperature is below the operating temperature. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the first temperature is from 205 to 350° C. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein a temperature of the hot nitrogen is from 300 to 400° C. when the hot nitrogen is introduced into the fluidized-bed reactor. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the first heating phase further comprises:
circulating a heat transfer medium in the tube of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger to heat the shell-and-tube heat exchanger, thereby heating the fluidized-bed reactor. 5. The process of claim 4, wherein the heat transfer medium is steam having a pressure of from 16 to 165 bar and a temperature of from 205 to 350° C. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the second heating phase further comprises introducing hot nitrogen into the fluidized-bed reactor. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the fluidized-bed reactor comprises a heterogeneous particulate catalyst, comprising a metal component on an oxidic support. 8. The process of claim 6, wherein the heterogeneous particular catalyst comprises, as a metal component, a ruthenium compound, a copper compound, or mixtures thereof. 9. The process of claim 6, wherein the heterogeneous particular catalyst comprises, as an oxidic support, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, or mixtures thereof. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein a pressure in the fluidized-bed reactor is from 1 to 11 bar absolute when oxidizing hydrogen chloride. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein a molar ratio of hydrogen chloride to O2 in the second heating phase is from 1:1 to 5:1. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein a feed gas mixture for feeding hydrogen chloride, oxygen, or both hydrogen chloride and oxygen into the fluidized-bed reactor in the second heating phase comprises nitrogen in a content of 20% or less by volume. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein a pressure in the fluidized-bed reactor is from 2 to 11 bar during the second heating phase. 14. The process of claim 1, wherein the operating temperature increases during the operating phase. | 1,700 |
2,663 | 14,500,562 | 1,787 | The present invention is directed to a solvent borne low bake curable coating composition having improved sag resistance and coatings properties and process for using the same. The composition includes a crosslinkable component having one or more polymers having two or more crosslinkable groups, a crosslinking component comprising one or more crosslinking agents having crosslinking groups; and a low bake temperature control agent that includes a rheology component and polyurea. When a layer of a pot mix resulting from mixing of the crosslinkable and crosslinking components is applied over a substrate, it has high sag resistance while providing desired coating properties, such as high gloss and rapid cure even under low bake cure conditions. The solvent borne coating compositions is well suited for use in automotive refinish applications as well as industrial applications, such as construction and transportation equipment. | 1. A multi-layer coating system comprising:
a low bake temperature curable base coat coating composition comprising:
a crosslinkable component comprising an acid functional acrylic copolymer polymerized from a monomer mixture comprising 2 percent to 12 percent of one or more carboxylic acid group containing monomers, percentages based on total weight of the acid functional acrylic copolymer,
a crosslinking component; and
a low bake temperature control agent comprising a rheology component chosen from an amorphous silica, a clay, or a combination thereof, the rheology component present in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent, and about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent of polyurea, said percentages based on total weight of the crosslinkable and crosslinking components; and
a clear coat coating composition comprising an acrylic copolymer component comprising one or more acrylic polymers, wherein the clear coat coating composition comprises primary hydroxyl and secondary hydroxyl groups at a ratio of about 30:70 to about 80:20, and wherein the clear coat coating composition overlies and is in contact with the low bake temperature curable base coat coating composition. 2. The multi-layer coating composition of claim 1, wherein said acrylic copolymer of said clear coat coating composition comprises an acrylic polymer polymerized from a monomer mixture comprising a hydroxy alkyl acrylate, a hydroxy alkyl methacrylate, or a mixture thereof, wherein an alkyl group in said hydroxy alkyl acrylate and/or hydroxy alkyl methacrylate is 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 3. The multi-layer coating composition of claim 1, wherein said acrylic copolymer of said clear coat coating composition comprises an acrylic polymer polymerized from a monomer mixture comprising hydroxy ethyl acrylate, hydroxy propyl acrylate, hydroxy isopropyl acrylate, hydroxy butyl acrylate, hydroxy ethyl methacrylate, hydroxy propyl methacrylate, hydroxy isopropyl methacrylate, hydroxy butyl methacrylate, or a mixture thereof. 4. The multi-layer coating composition of claim 1, wherein said acrylic copolymer of said clear coat coating composition comprises an acrylic polymer polymerized from a monomer mixture comprising styrene, isobutyl methacrylate (IBMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA), or a mixture thereof. 5. The multi-layer coating composition of claim 1, wherein said acrylic copolymer of said clear coat coating composition comprises a single acrylic resin. 6. The multi-layer coating composition of claim 1, wherein said acrylic copolymer of said clear coat coating composition comprises a plurality of acrylic resins. 7. The multi-layer coating composition of claim 1, wherein said acrylic copolymer of said clear coat coating composition comprises an acrylic resin with a theoretical glass transition temperature (Tg (theoretical)) of about 25° C. to about 95° C. 8. The multi-layer coating composition of claim 1, wherein said acrylic copolymer of said clear coat coating composition comprises an acrylic resin with a ratio of primary hydroxyl groups to secondary hydroxyl groups of about 35:65 to about 75:25. 9. A clear coat coating composition comprising an acrylic copolymer component comprising one or more acrylic polymers, wherein the clear coat coating composition comprises primary hydroxyl and secondary hydroxyl groups at a ratio of about 30:70 to about 80:20. 10. The clear coat coating composition of claim 9, wherein said acrylic copolymer comprises an acrylic polymer polymerized from a monomer mixture comprising a hydroxy alkyl acrylate, a hydroxy alkyl methacrylate, or a mixture thereof, wherein an alkyl group in said hydroxy alkyl acrylate and/or hydroxy alkyl methacrylate is 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 11. The clear coat coating composition of claim 9, wherein said acrylic copolymer comprises an acrylic polymer polymerized from a monomer mixture comprising hydroxy ethyl acrylate, hydroxy propyl acrylate, hydroxy isopropyl acrylate, hydroxy butyl acrylate, hydroxy ethyl methacrylate, hydroxy propyl methacrylate, hydroxy isopropyl methacrylate, hydroxy butyl methacrylate, or a mixture thereof. 12. The clear coat coating composition of claim 9, wherein said acrylic copolymer comprises an acrylic polymer polymerized from a monomer mixture comprising styrene, isobutyl methacrylate (IBMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA), or a mixture thereof. 13. The clear coat coating composition of claim 9, wherein said acrylic copolymer comprises a single acrylic resin. 14. The clear coat coating composition of claim 9, wherein said acrylic copolymer comprises a plurality of acrylic resins. 15. The clear coat coating composition of claim 9, wherein said acrylic copolymer comprises an acrylic resin with a theoretical glass transition temperature (Tg (theoretical)) of about 25° C. to about 95° C. 16. The clear coat coating composition of claim 9, wherein said acrylic copolymer comprises an acrylic resin with a ratio of primary hydroxyl groups to secondary hydroxyl groups of about 45:55 to about 80:20. 17. A process for producing a multi-layer coating on a substrate comprising:
(a) mixing a cross-linkable component, a crosslinking component and a bake temperature control agent to form a base coat pot-mix, said crosslinkable component comprising an acid functional acrylic copolymer polymerized from a monomer mixture comprising about 2 weight percent to about 12 weight percent of carboxylic acid group containing monomer based on total weight of the acid functional acrylic copolymer, and wherein said bake temperature control agent comprises a rheology component chosen from an amorphous silica, a clay, or a combination thereof, the rheology component present in an amount of about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent, and about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent of polyurea, said percentages based on total weight of the crosslinkable and crosslinking components; (b) applying a layer of said base coat pot-mix over said substrate; (c) applying a layer of a clear coat coating composition disposed over and in contact with a layer of basecoat pot-mix to form a multi-layer coating composition, wherein said clear coat coating composition comprises an acrylic copolymer component comprising one or more acrylic polymers, wherein the clear coat coating composition comprises primary hydroxyl and secondary hydroxyl groups at a ratio of about 30:70 to about 80:20; and (d) curing the multi-layer coating composition on said substrate. 18. The process of claim 17, wherein applying a layer of said base coat pot-mix comprises applying a plurality of layers of said base coat pot-mix, applying a layer of a clear coat composition comprises applying a plurality of layers of clear coat composition, or both. 19. The process of claim 17, wherein said curing is conducted at a bake temperature of about 60° F. (15° C.) to about 200° F. (93° C.). 20. The process of claim 17, wherein said substrate is an automotive body, industrial equipment or construction equipment. | The present invention is directed to a solvent borne low bake curable coating composition having improved sag resistance and coatings properties and process for using the same. The composition includes a crosslinkable component having one or more polymers having two or more crosslinkable groups, a crosslinking component comprising one or more crosslinking agents having crosslinking groups; and a low bake temperature control agent that includes a rheology component and polyurea. When a layer of a pot mix resulting from mixing of the crosslinkable and crosslinking components is applied over a substrate, it has high sag resistance while providing desired coating properties, such as high gloss and rapid cure even under low bake cure conditions. The solvent borne coating compositions is well suited for use in automotive refinish applications as well as industrial applications, such as construction and transportation equipment.1. A multi-layer coating system comprising:
a low bake temperature curable base coat coating composition comprising:
a crosslinkable component comprising an acid functional acrylic copolymer polymerized from a monomer mixture comprising 2 percent to 12 percent of one or more carboxylic acid group containing monomers, percentages based on total weight of the acid functional acrylic copolymer,
a crosslinking component; and
a low bake temperature control agent comprising a rheology component chosen from an amorphous silica, a clay, or a combination thereof, the rheology component present in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent, and about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent of polyurea, said percentages based on total weight of the crosslinkable and crosslinking components; and
a clear coat coating composition comprising an acrylic copolymer component comprising one or more acrylic polymers, wherein the clear coat coating composition comprises primary hydroxyl and secondary hydroxyl groups at a ratio of about 30:70 to about 80:20, and wherein the clear coat coating composition overlies and is in contact with the low bake temperature curable base coat coating composition. 2. The multi-layer coating composition of claim 1, wherein said acrylic copolymer of said clear coat coating composition comprises an acrylic polymer polymerized from a monomer mixture comprising a hydroxy alkyl acrylate, a hydroxy alkyl methacrylate, or a mixture thereof, wherein an alkyl group in said hydroxy alkyl acrylate and/or hydroxy alkyl methacrylate is 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 3. The multi-layer coating composition of claim 1, wherein said acrylic copolymer of said clear coat coating composition comprises an acrylic polymer polymerized from a monomer mixture comprising hydroxy ethyl acrylate, hydroxy propyl acrylate, hydroxy isopropyl acrylate, hydroxy butyl acrylate, hydroxy ethyl methacrylate, hydroxy propyl methacrylate, hydroxy isopropyl methacrylate, hydroxy butyl methacrylate, or a mixture thereof. 4. The multi-layer coating composition of claim 1, wherein said acrylic copolymer of said clear coat coating composition comprises an acrylic polymer polymerized from a monomer mixture comprising styrene, isobutyl methacrylate (IBMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA), or a mixture thereof. 5. The multi-layer coating composition of claim 1, wherein said acrylic copolymer of said clear coat coating composition comprises a single acrylic resin. 6. The multi-layer coating composition of claim 1, wherein said acrylic copolymer of said clear coat coating composition comprises a plurality of acrylic resins. 7. The multi-layer coating composition of claim 1, wherein said acrylic copolymer of said clear coat coating composition comprises an acrylic resin with a theoretical glass transition temperature (Tg (theoretical)) of about 25° C. to about 95° C. 8. The multi-layer coating composition of claim 1, wherein said acrylic copolymer of said clear coat coating composition comprises an acrylic resin with a ratio of primary hydroxyl groups to secondary hydroxyl groups of about 35:65 to about 75:25. 9. A clear coat coating composition comprising an acrylic copolymer component comprising one or more acrylic polymers, wherein the clear coat coating composition comprises primary hydroxyl and secondary hydroxyl groups at a ratio of about 30:70 to about 80:20. 10. The clear coat coating composition of claim 9, wherein said acrylic copolymer comprises an acrylic polymer polymerized from a monomer mixture comprising a hydroxy alkyl acrylate, a hydroxy alkyl methacrylate, or a mixture thereof, wherein an alkyl group in said hydroxy alkyl acrylate and/or hydroxy alkyl methacrylate is 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 11. The clear coat coating composition of claim 9, wherein said acrylic copolymer comprises an acrylic polymer polymerized from a monomer mixture comprising hydroxy ethyl acrylate, hydroxy propyl acrylate, hydroxy isopropyl acrylate, hydroxy butyl acrylate, hydroxy ethyl methacrylate, hydroxy propyl methacrylate, hydroxy isopropyl methacrylate, hydroxy butyl methacrylate, or a mixture thereof. 12. The clear coat coating composition of claim 9, wherein said acrylic copolymer comprises an acrylic polymer polymerized from a monomer mixture comprising styrene, isobutyl methacrylate (IBMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA), or a mixture thereof. 13. The clear coat coating composition of claim 9, wherein said acrylic copolymer comprises a single acrylic resin. 14. The clear coat coating composition of claim 9, wherein said acrylic copolymer comprises a plurality of acrylic resins. 15. The clear coat coating composition of claim 9, wherein said acrylic copolymer comprises an acrylic resin with a theoretical glass transition temperature (Tg (theoretical)) of about 25° C. to about 95° C. 16. The clear coat coating composition of claim 9, wherein said acrylic copolymer comprises an acrylic resin with a ratio of primary hydroxyl groups to secondary hydroxyl groups of about 45:55 to about 80:20. 17. A process for producing a multi-layer coating on a substrate comprising:
(a) mixing a cross-linkable component, a crosslinking component and a bake temperature control agent to form a base coat pot-mix, said crosslinkable component comprising an acid functional acrylic copolymer polymerized from a monomer mixture comprising about 2 weight percent to about 12 weight percent of carboxylic acid group containing monomer based on total weight of the acid functional acrylic copolymer, and wherein said bake temperature control agent comprises a rheology component chosen from an amorphous silica, a clay, or a combination thereof, the rheology component present in an amount of about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent, and about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent of polyurea, said percentages based on total weight of the crosslinkable and crosslinking components; (b) applying a layer of said base coat pot-mix over said substrate; (c) applying a layer of a clear coat coating composition disposed over and in contact with a layer of basecoat pot-mix to form a multi-layer coating composition, wherein said clear coat coating composition comprises an acrylic copolymer component comprising one or more acrylic polymers, wherein the clear coat coating composition comprises primary hydroxyl and secondary hydroxyl groups at a ratio of about 30:70 to about 80:20; and (d) curing the multi-layer coating composition on said substrate. 18. The process of claim 17, wherein applying a layer of said base coat pot-mix comprises applying a plurality of layers of said base coat pot-mix, applying a layer of a clear coat composition comprises applying a plurality of layers of clear coat composition, or both. 19. The process of claim 17, wherein said curing is conducted at a bake temperature of about 60° F. (15° C.) to about 200° F. (93° C.). 20. The process of claim 17, wherein said substrate is an automotive body, industrial equipment or construction equipment. | 1,700 |
2,664 | 14,932,721 | 1,798 | A system for removing undesirable compounds from contaminated air includes a biofilter having an alkaline material introduction system and a fuzzy-logic based controller. A contaminant, such as hydrogen sulfide, is removed from contaminated air by passing the contaminated air through the biofilter. | 1. A biotrickling filter for the treatment of contaminated air, the biotrickling filter comprising:
a vessel; a contaminated air inlet in fluid communication with an internal volume of the vessel; a treated air outlet in fluid communication with the internal volume the vessel; a media bed disposed within the vessel and in fluid communication between the contaminated air inlet and the treated air outlet; biofiltering media disposed in the media bed, the biofiltering media configured to support growth and maintenance of a population of hydrogen sulfide oxidizing bacteria on the biofiltering media; a water introduction system configured to introduce water from a source of water into the vessel; and an alkaline material introduction system configured to introduce an alkaline material from a source of alkaline material into the vessel. 2. The biotrickling filter of claim 1, further comprising a manually operated flow valve configured to regulate a rate of introduction of the alkaline material into the vessel. 3. The biotrickling filter of claim 1, further comprising an electronic control system configured to automatically regulate a rate of introduction of the alkaline material into vessel. 4. The biotrickling filter of claim 3, further comprising a pH probe positioned downstream of the media bed and configured to measure a pH of liquid having passed through the media bed and to provide an indication of the pH to the electronic control system. 5. The biotrickling filter of claim 4, further comprising a sump, wherein the pH probe is disposed in the sump. 6. The biotrickling filter of claim 4, wherein the electronic control system is configured to regulate the rate of introduction of the alkaline material into the vessel responsive to the indication of the pH. 7. The biotrickling filter of claim 6, wherein the electronic control system is configured to maintain the pH between about 0 and about 4. 8. The biotrickling filter of claim 7, wherein the electronic control system is configured to maintain the pH between about 1.6 and about 2.2. 9. The biotrickling filter of claim 1, wherein the alkaline material introduction system is configured to introduce the alkaline material into the vessel with the water from the source of water. 10. The biotrickling filter of claim 9, wherein the vessel comprises a sump and the source of water is the sump. 11. The biotrickling filter of claim 10, wherein the alkaline material introduction system is configured to introduce the alkaline material into the sump. 12. The biotrickling filter of claim 9, wherein the source of water is a source of make-up water external to the vessel. 13. The biotrickling filter of claim 1, wherein the alkaline material includes one or more of magnesium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, and sodium carbonate. 14. A method of removing an undesirable compound from contaminated air, the method comprising:
flowing the contaminated air through a biotrickling filter including a media bed and a population of hydrogen sulfide oxidizing bacteria disposed on media in the media bed; introducing water from a source of water into the biotrickling filter; measuring one of a pH of water within the biotrickling filter and a pH of water exiting the biotrickling filter; and maintaining the pH of the one of the water within the biotrickling filter and the water exiting the biotrickling filter within a predetermined range by adding an alkaline material to the biotrickling filter and controlling an amount of the alkaline material added to the biotrickling filter per unit time. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising adjusting an amount of water introduced to the biotrickling filter per unit of time. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising introducing the alkaline material into the biotrickling filter at a fixed rate and adjusting an amount of water introduced to the biotrickling filter per unit of time. 17. The method of claim 14, further comprising introducing the water into the biotrickling filter at a fixed rate and adjusting an amount of the alkaline material introduced to the biotrickling filter per unit of time. 18. The method of claim 14, further comprising controlling one of an amount of water introduced to the biotrickling filter per unit of time and the amount of the alkali material added to the biotrickling filter per unit time with a manually operated flow controller. 19. The method of claim 14, further comprising controlling one of the amount of water introduced to the biotrickling filter per unit of time and the amount of the alkali material added to the biotrickling filter per unit time with an electronic controller. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising controlling one of an amount of water introduced to the biotrickling filter per unit of time and the amount of the alkali material added to the biotrickling filter per unit time with a fuzzy logic-based controller. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising:
measuring a pH of water having passed through the media bed; providing an indication of the pH to the fuzzy logic-based controller; and utilizing the pH as an input parameter in an algorithm used by the fuzzy logic-based controller to automatically control the one of the amount of water introduced to the biotrickling filter per unit of time and the amount of the alkaline material added to the biotrickling filter per unit of time. 22. The method of claim 14, further comprising selecting the predetermined range to maintain the pH in the media bed within a range conducive to maintenance of the population of hydrogen sulfide oxidizing bacteria. 23. A method of reducing water consumption of a biotrickling filter, the method comprising:
adding a pH adjustment system to the biotrickling filter, the pH adjustment system configured to:
introduce an alkaline material from a source of alkaline material into the biotrickling filter;
measure a pH of a liquid in the biotrickling filter; and
control a rate of introduction of the alkaline material and a rate of introduction of water into the biotrickling filter to be sufficient to maintain the pH of the liquid within a range conducive to maintain a population of hydrogen sulfide oxidizing bacteria in a media bed of the biotrickling filter and to prevent clogging of the media bed. 24. The method of claim 23, comprising controlling the rate of introduction of the alkaline material and the rate of introduction of the water with a fuzzy logic controller utilizing the pH as an input parameter of a fuzzy logic control algorithm. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein reducing the water consumption of the biotrickling filter includes reducing the water consumption of the biotrickling filter by to at least about 50%. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein reducing the water consumption of biotrickling filter includes reducing the water consumption of the biotrickling filter by at least about 99%. 27. A wastewater treatment system comprising:
a basin including a wastewater inlet fluidly connected to a source of wastewater; a process gas outlet configured to output sulfur-containing process gas generated by the wastewater from the basin; a source of alkaline material; and a biotrickling filter comprising:
a vessel;
a contaminated air inlet providing fluid communication between an internal volume of the vessel and the process gas outlet;
a treated air outlet in fluid communication with the internal volume the vessel;
a media bed disposed within the vessel and in fluid communication between the contaminated air inlet and the treated air outlet;
biofiltering media disposed in the media bed, the biofiltering media configured to support growth and maintenance of a population of hydrogen sulfide oxidizing bacteria on the biofiltering media;
a water introduction system configured to introduce water from a source of water into the vessel; and
an alkaline material introduction system configured to introduce an alkaline material from the source of alkaline material into the vessel. 28. The system of claim 27, further comprising a sensor configured to measure a pH of a liquid within the vessel and to provide an indication of the pH to a controller configured to regulate a rate of introduction of the water and a rate of introduction of the alkaline material into the vessel. 29. The system of claim 28, wherein the controller is configured to regulate the rate of introduction of the water and the rate of introduction of the alkaline material into the vessel based on an output of a fuzzy logic algorithm utilizing the indication of the pH as an input parameter. | A system for removing undesirable compounds from contaminated air includes a biofilter having an alkaline material introduction system and a fuzzy-logic based controller. A contaminant, such as hydrogen sulfide, is removed from contaminated air by passing the contaminated air through the biofilter.1. A biotrickling filter for the treatment of contaminated air, the biotrickling filter comprising:
a vessel; a contaminated air inlet in fluid communication with an internal volume of the vessel; a treated air outlet in fluid communication with the internal volume the vessel; a media bed disposed within the vessel and in fluid communication between the contaminated air inlet and the treated air outlet; biofiltering media disposed in the media bed, the biofiltering media configured to support growth and maintenance of a population of hydrogen sulfide oxidizing bacteria on the biofiltering media; a water introduction system configured to introduce water from a source of water into the vessel; and an alkaline material introduction system configured to introduce an alkaline material from a source of alkaline material into the vessel. 2. The biotrickling filter of claim 1, further comprising a manually operated flow valve configured to regulate a rate of introduction of the alkaline material into the vessel. 3. The biotrickling filter of claim 1, further comprising an electronic control system configured to automatically regulate a rate of introduction of the alkaline material into vessel. 4. The biotrickling filter of claim 3, further comprising a pH probe positioned downstream of the media bed and configured to measure a pH of liquid having passed through the media bed and to provide an indication of the pH to the electronic control system. 5. The biotrickling filter of claim 4, further comprising a sump, wherein the pH probe is disposed in the sump. 6. The biotrickling filter of claim 4, wherein the electronic control system is configured to regulate the rate of introduction of the alkaline material into the vessel responsive to the indication of the pH. 7. The biotrickling filter of claim 6, wherein the electronic control system is configured to maintain the pH between about 0 and about 4. 8. The biotrickling filter of claim 7, wherein the electronic control system is configured to maintain the pH between about 1.6 and about 2.2. 9. The biotrickling filter of claim 1, wherein the alkaline material introduction system is configured to introduce the alkaline material into the vessel with the water from the source of water. 10. The biotrickling filter of claim 9, wherein the vessel comprises a sump and the source of water is the sump. 11. The biotrickling filter of claim 10, wherein the alkaline material introduction system is configured to introduce the alkaline material into the sump. 12. The biotrickling filter of claim 9, wherein the source of water is a source of make-up water external to the vessel. 13. The biotrickling filter of claim 1, wherein the alkaline material includes one or more of magnesium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, and sodium carbonate. 14. A method of removing an undesirable compound from contaminated air, the method comprising:
flowing the contaminated air through a biotrickling filter including a media bed and a population of hydrogen sulfide oxidizing bacteria disposed on media in the media bed; introducing water from a source of water into the biotrickling filter; measuring one of a pH of water within the biotrickling filter and a pH of water exiting the biotrickling filter; and maintaining the pH of the one of the water within the biotrickling filter and the water exiting the biotrickling filter within a predetermined range by adding an alkaline material to the biotrickling filter and controlling an amount of the alkaline material added to the biotrickling filter per unit time. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising adjusting an amount of water introduced to the biotrickling filter per unit of time. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising introducing the alkaline material into the biotrickling filter at a fixed rate and adjusting an amount of water introduced to the biotrickling filter per unit of time. 17. The method of claim 14, further comprising introducing the water into the biotrickling filter at a fixed rate and adjusting an amount of the alkaline material introduced to the biotrickling filter per unit of time. 18. The method of claim 14, further comprising controlling one of an amount of water introduced to the biotrickling filter per unit of time and the amount of the alkali material added to the biotrickling filter per unit time with a manually operated flow controller. 19. The method of claim 14, further comprising controlling one of the amount of water introduced to the biotrickling filter per unit of time and the amount of the alkali material added to the biotrickling filter per unit time with an electronic controller. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising controlling one of an amount of water introduced to the biotrickling filter per unit of time and the amount of the alkali material added to the biotrickling filter per unit time with a fuzzy logic-based controller. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising:
measuring a pH of water having passed through the media bed; providing an indication of the pH to the fuzzy logic-based controller; and utilizing the pH as an input parameter in an algorithm used by the fuzzy logic-based controller to automatically control the one of the amount of water introduced to the biotrickling filter per unit of time and the amount of the alkaline material added to the biotrickling filter per unit of time. 22. The method of claim 14, further comprising selecting the predetermined range to maintain the pH in the media bed within a range conducive to maintenance of the population of hydrogen sulfide oxidizing bacteria. 23. A method of reducing water consumption of a biotrickling filter, the method comprising:
adding a pH adjustment system to the biotrickling filter, the pH adjustment system configured to:
introduce an alkaline material from a source of alkaline material into the biotrickling filter;
measure a pH of a liquid in the biotrickling filter; and
control a rate of introduction of the alkaline material and a rate of introduction of water into the biotrickling filter to be sufficient to maintain the pH of the liquid within a range conducive to maintain a population of hydrogen sulfide oxidizing bacteria in a media bed of the biotrickling filter and to prevent clogging of the media bed. 24. The method of claim 23, comprising controlling the rate of introduction of the alkaline material and the rate of introduction of the water with a fuzzy logic controller utilizing the pH as an input parameter of a fuzzy logic control algorithm. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein reducing the water consumption of the biotrickling filter includes reducing the water consumption of the biotrickling filter by to at least about 50%. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein reducing the water consumption of biotrickling filter includes reducing the water consumption of the biotrickling filter by at least about 99%. 27. A wastewater treatment system comprising:
a basin including a wastewater inlet fluidly connected to a source of wastewater; a process gas outlet configured to output sulfur-containing process gas generated by the wastewater from the basin; a source of alkaline material; and a biotrickling filter comprising:
a vessel;
a contaminated air inlet providing fluid communication between an internal volume of the vessel and the process gas outlet;
a treated air outlet in fluid communication with the internal volume the vessel;
a media bed disposed within the vessel and in fluid communication between the contaminated air inlet and the treated air outlet;
biofiltering media disposed in the media bed, the biofiltering media configured to support growth and maintenance of a population of hydrogen sulfide oxidizing bacteria on the biofiltering media;
a water introduction system configured to introduce water from a source of water into the vessel; and
an alkaline material introduction system configured to introduce an alkaline material from the source of alkaline material into the vessel. 28. The system of claim 27, further comprising a sensor configured to measure a pH of a liquid within the vessel and to provide an indication of the pH to a controller configured to regulate a rate of introduction of the water and a rate of introduction of the alkaline material into the vessel. 29. The system of claim 28, wherein the controller is configured to regulate the rate of introduction of the water and the rate of introduction of the alkaline material into the vessel based on an output of a fuzzy logic algorithm utilizing the indication of the pH as an input parameter. | 1,700 |
2,665 | 14,950,639 | 1,715 | A method for producing a network of nanostructures from at least one semiconductor material, including a step of forming nanostructures on the surface of a substrate, at least a part of the nanostructures having areas of contact between each other, comprising, in sequence and after the step of forming: a step of deoxidising the surface of the nanostructures and a step of reinforcing the bond between the nanostructures at the contact areas. | 1. A method for producing a network of nanostructures from at least one semiconductor material, comprising forming the nanostructures on a surface of a substrate, with at least a part of the nanostructures having contact areas between each other, with the method comprising, after forming the nanostructures: reinforcing a bond between the nanostructures at the contact areas, wherein, after forming the nanostructures and prior to reinforcing the bond, deoxidising the surface of the nanostructures, and wherein reinforcing the bond comprises a heat treatment in the form of annealing. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heat treatment is executed at a temperature of less than 600° C. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heat treatment is executed at a temperature above 300° C. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the heat treatment is executed at a temperature ranging from 400° C. to 450° C. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heat treatment is executed at a temperature of 400° C. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heat treatment has a duration of more than 10 s. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heat treatment has a duration of one minute. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heat treatment is executed under a neutral atmosphere. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heat treatment is executed less than 72 hours after deoxidising. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein reinforcing the bond is so configured as to result in the sintering or a direct gluing at the contact areas. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein deoxidising comprises exposing the nanostructures to a jet of vapor of an acid solution. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the nanostructures are exposed to the jet of acid vapor for at least 30 s. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein hydrofluoric acid or a solution of hydrofluoric acid and ammonium fluoride are used for exposuring. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the nanostructures are nanowires. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein a density of nanowires in the network is selected to be above 13 106 nanowires.cm2 and preferably equal to 27*106 nanowires per cm2, preferably for 10 μm long nanowires. 16. The method according to claim 1, comprising forming at least one electric contact layer on the nanostructures after deoxidising. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein forming at least one electric contact layer is executed prior to the step of reinforcing. 18. The method according to claim 1, comprising using a substrate comprising a superficial insulating layer. 19. The method according to claim 1, wherein forming the nanostructures is carried out from silicon and/or germanium and/or a silicon and germanium alloy. 20. The method according to claim 1, comprising forming p-doped nanostructures forming a first sub-network, and n-doped nanostructures forming a second sub-network, with the first and second sub-networks having contact areas. 21. The method according to claim 20, wherein the first and second sub-networks are bonded by means of a heat treatment. | A method for producing a network of nanostructures from at least one semiconductor material, including a step of forming nanostructures on the surface of a substrate, at least a part of the nanostructures having areas of contact between each other, comprising, in sequence and after the step of forming: a step of deoxidising the surface of the nanostructures and a step of reinforcing the bond between the nanostructures at the contact areas.1. A method for producing a network of nanostructures from at least one semiconductor material, comprising forming the nanostructures on a surface of a substrate, with at least a part of the nanostructures having contact areas between each other, with the method comprising, after forming the nanostructures: reinforcing a bond between the nanostructures at the contact areas, wherein, after forming the nanostructures and prior to reinforcing the bond, deoxidising the surface of the nanostructures, and wherein reinforcing the bond comprises a heat treatment in the form of annealing. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heat treatment is executed at a temperature of less than 600° C. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heat treatment is executed at a temperature above 300° C. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the heat treatment is executed at a temperature ranging from 400° C. to 450° C. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heat treatment is executed at a temperature of 400° C. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heat treatment has a duration of more than 10 s. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heat treatment has a duration of one minute. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heat treatment is executed under a neutral atmosphere. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heat treatment is executed less than 72 hours after deoxidising. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein reinforcing the bond is so configured as to result in the sintering or a direct gluing at the contact areas. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein deoxidising comprises exposing the nanostructures to a jet of vapor of an acid solution. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the nanostructures are exposed to the jet of acid vapor for at least 30 s. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein hydrofluoric acid or a solution of hydrofluoric acid and ammonium fluoride are used for exposuring. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the nanostructures are nanowires. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein a density of nanowires in the network is selected to be above 13 106 nanowires.cm2 and preferably equal to 27*106 nanowires per cm2, preferably for 10 μm long nanowires. 16. The method according to claim 1, comprising forming at least one electric contact layer on the nanostructures after deoxidising. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein forming at least one electric contact layer is executed prior to the step of reinforcing. 18. The method according to claim 1, comprising using a substrate comprising a superficial insulating layer. 19. The method according to claim 1, wherein forming the nanostructures is carried out from silicon and/or germanium and/or a silicon and germanium alloy. 20. The method according to claim 1, comprising forming p-doped nanostructures forming a first sub-network, and n-doped nanostructures forming a second sub-network, with the first and second sub-networks having contact areas. 21. The method according to claim 20, wherein the first and second sub-networks are bonded by means of a heat treatment. | 1,700 |
2,666 | 14,766,828 | 1,793 | Co-products from juice extraction, in particular for use in beverage and food products to enhance nutrition and sensory attributes of the products, are provided. The co-product has a number average particle size of between 1 and 2000 microns, a total polyphenol content of at least 2500 parts per million, a moisture content of between 70% and 85% by weight, and a combined peel and seed content between 0.01% and 20% by weight. | 1. A beverage comprising:
juice; and a co-product from juice extraction, wherein the co-product comprises a number average particle size of between 0.1 and 2000 microns, a total polyphenol content of at least 2500 parts per million, a moisture content of between 70% and 85% by weight, and a combined peel and seed content between 0.01% and 20% by weight. 2. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the co-product comprises citrus pomace co-product. 3. The beverage of claim 2, wherein the juice comprises orange juice. 4. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the beverage comprises at least 2.5 grams of fiber per 8 ounce serving. 5. (canceled) 6. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the co-product comprises between about 6% and about 20% by weight fiber, wherein the fiber of the co-product comprises both insoluble fiber and soluble fiber. 7. The beverage of claim 6, wherein the fiber of the co-product comprises a ratio of soluble fiber to insoluble fiber of about 1:2. 8.-10. (canceled) 11. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the co-product comprises a combined peel and seed content between 0.01% and 2% by weight. 12.-19. (canceled) 20. A beverage comprising:
between 5% and 90% by weight juice; added water; at least one non-nutritive sweetener; at least one flavor; and a co-product from juice extraction, wherein the co-product comprises a number average particle size of between 0.1 and 2000 microns, a total polyphenol content of at least 2500 parts per million, a moisture content of between 70% and 85% by weight, and a combined peel and seed content between 0.01% and 20% by weight, and wherein the beverage comprises a brix of between about 5 brix and about 9 brix. 21. The beverage of claim 20, wherein the juice comprises orange juice and the co-product comprises citrus pomace co-product. 22. The beverage of claim 20, wherein the beverage comprises 20-60% juice, 40-80% water, and 5-25% co-product. 23. The beverage of claim 20, wherein the beverage comprises at least 2.5 grams of fiber per 8 ounce serving. 24. (canceled) 25. The beverage of claim 20, wherein the co-product comprises between about 6% and about 15% by weight of total fiber, wherein the fiber of the co-product comprises both insoluble fiber and soluble fiber. 26. The beverage of claim 25, wherein the fiber comprises a ratio of soluble fiber to insoluble fiber of about 1:2. 27. The beverage of claim 20, wherein the co-product comprises a number average particle size of between 1 and 250 microns. 28.-31. (canceled) 32. A beverage comprising:
water; at least one sweetener; at least one acidulant; at least one flavor; at least one colorant; and a co-product from juice extraction, wherein the co-product comprises a number average particle size of between 0.1 and 2000 microns, a total polyphenol content of at least 2500 parts per million, a moisture content of between 70% and 85% by weight, and a combined peel and seed content between 0.01% and 20% by weight. 33. The beverage of claim 32, wherein the co-product comprises citrus pomace co-product. 34. The beverage of claim 32, wherein the beverage comprises 65-95% water and 5-25% co-product. 35. The beverage of claim 32, wherein the beverage comprises at least 2.5 grams of fiber per 8 ounce serving. 36.-41. (canceled) 42. The beverage of claim 33, wherein the co-product comprises a combined peel and seed content between 0.01% and 2% by weight. 43. The beverage of claim 32, wherein the beverage comprises a viscosity between about 10 and about 90 centipoises. | Co-products from juice extraction, in particular for use in beverage and food products to enhance nutrition and sensory attributes of the products, are provided. The co-product has a number average particle size of between 1 and 2000 microns, a total polyphenol content of at least 2500 parts per million, a moisture content of between 70% and 85% by weight, and a combined peel and seed content between 0.01% and 20% by weight.1. A beverage comprising:
juice; and a co-product from juice extraction, wherein the co-product comprises a number average particle size of between 0.1 and 2000 microns, a total polyphenol content of at least 2500 parts per million, a moisture content of between 70% and 85% by weight, and a combined peel and seed content between 0.01% and 20% by weight. 2. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the co-product comprises citrus pomace co-product. 3. The beverage of claim 2, wherein the juice comprises orange juice. 4. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the beverage comprises at least 2.5 grams of fiber per 8 ounce serving. 5. (canceled) 6. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the co-product comprises between about 6% and about 20% by weight fiber, wherein the fiber of the co-product comprises both insoluble fiber and soluble fiber. 7. The beverage of claim 6, wherein the fiber of the co-product comprises a ratio of soluble fiber to insoluble fiber of about 1:2. 8.-10. (canceled) 11. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the co-product comprises a combined peel and seed content between 0.01% and 2% by weight. 12.-19. (canceled) 20. A beverage comprising:
between 5% and 90% by weight juice; added water; at least one non-nutritive sweetener; at least one flavor; and a co-product from juice extraction, wherein the co-product comprises a number average particle size of between 0.1 and 2000 microns, a total polyphenol content of at least 2500 parts per million, a moisture content of between 70% and 85% by weight, and a combined peel and seed content between 0.01% and 20% by weight, and wherein the beverage comprises a brix of between about 5 brix and about 9 brix. 21. The beverage of claim 20, wherein the juice comprises orange juice and the co-product comprises citrus pomace co-product. 22. The beverage of claim 20, wherein the beverage comprises 20-60% juice, 40-80% water, and 5-25% co-product. 23. The beverage of claim 20, wherein the beverage comprises at least 2.5 grams of fiber per 8 ounce serving. 24. (canceled) 25. The beverage of claim 20, wherein the co-product comprises between about 6% and about 15% by weight of total fiber, wherein the fiber of the co-product comprises both insoluble fiber and soluble fiber. 26. The beverage of claim 25, wherein the fiber comprises a ratio of soluble fiber to insoluble fiber of about 1:2. 27. The beverage of claim 20, wherein the co-product comprises a number average particle size of between 1 and 250 microns. 28.-31. (canceled) 32. A beverage comprising:
water; at least one sweetener; at least one acidulant; at least one flavor; at least one colorant; and a co-product from juice extraction, wherein the co-product comprises a number average particle size of between 0.1 and 2000 microns, a total polyphenol content of at least 2500 parts per million, a moisture content of between 70% and 85% by weight, and a combined peel and seed content between 0.01% and 20% by weight. 33. The beverage of claim 32, wherein the co-product comprises citrus pomace co-product. 34. The beverage of claim 32, wherein the beverage comprises 65-95% water and 5-25% co-product. 35. The beverage of claim 32, wherein the beverage comprises at least 2.5 grams of fiber per 8 ounce serving. 36.-41. (canceled) 42. The beverage of claim 33, wherein the co-product comprises a combined peel and seed content between 0.01% and 2% by weight. 43. The beverage of claim 32, wherein the beverage comprises a viscosity between about 10 and about 90 centipoises. | 1,700 |
2,667 | 14,446,094 | 1,792 | A snack food container having a square base, side walls substantially consisting of four right triangular panels and two isosceles triangular panels, and a flat, two dimensional end seal. The container is opened by use of a tear feature just below the end seal. The container is of paperboard construction with a barrier lining. | 1. A snack container having a base, side walls, and a top edge, said top edge having a left side and a right side, wherein said container comprising:
a substantially square base, said base having left, right, front, and back corners; a first fold starting at the left corner of said base and terminating at the left side of the top edge of the container; a second fold starting at the right corner of said base and terminating at the right side of the top edge of the container; a first “V” shaped crease starting at the front corner of said base and terminating at the first and second folds at points in the same vertical plane below the top edge of the container; a second “V” shaped crease starting at the back corner of said base and terminating at the first and second folds at points in the same vertical plane as the top of the first “V” shaped crease; a flat portion defined by the top edge of the container and extending to a horizontal crease located above the termination points of the “V” shaped creases; wherein below the termination points of the top of the “V” shaped creases the folds and “V” shaped creases define four right-triangle shaped side walls and two isosceles triangle shaped side walls; wherein further above the termination points of the top of the “V” shaped creases the container consists of two side walls which are in planar contact with each other above the horizontal crease, thus forming a top seal. 2. The container of claim 1, further comprising a horizontal tear feature along at least one side wall, said tear feature located below the top seal and above the termination points of the top of the “V” shaped creases. 3. The container of claim 2, wherein said horizontal tear feature extends through both side walls. 4. The container of claim 1, further comprising an opening through the top seal. 5. The container of claim 1, wherein said container comprises paperboard with an interior barrier layer. 6. The container of claim 5, wherein said interior barrier layer comprises low density polyethylene and aluminum foil. 7. The container of claim 1, wherein said square base is less than 3 inches by 3 inches. 8. The container of claim 7, wherein said square base is about 2 inches by 2 inches. 9. The container of claim 1, wherein the two folds are less than 10 inches long each and greater than 6 inches long each. 10. The container of claim 9, wherein the two folds are less than 9 inches long each and greater than 7 inches long each. 11. The container of claim 1, wherein the vertical distance from the top edge to the termination points of the top of the “V” shaped creases is between 1 inch and 1.75 inches. 12. A method for constructing a snack container having a square base, side walls, and a two-dimensional top seal, wherein said method comprises the steps of:
a) cutting a paperboard blank having a graphics layer on one side and a barrier layer on the other side, wherein said cutting results in a flat blank having a side flap along one edge and four base flaps; b) folding said blank lengthwise down the middle and affixing the two lengthwise edges of the blank together using the side flap; c) affixing a top section of the blank together thus forming an end seal and a partially constructed container with an opening in its base; d) filling the partially constructed container from the opening in the base with a snack product; e) forming a square base on the container using four base folds, thus sealing the container. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising at step a) scoring a tear feature near the top of the blank. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising at step a) cutting an opening in two locations near the top of the blank such that said openings align upon formation of the end seal at step c). 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the folding of step b) further comprises creasing the blank to form two “V” shaped creases. 16. The snack container formed by the method of claim 12. | A snack food container having a square base, side walls substantially consisting of four right triangular panels and two isosceles triangular panels, and a flat, two dimensional end seal. The container is opened by use of a tear feature just below the end seal. The container is of paperboard construction with a barrier lining.1. A snack container having a base, side walls, and a top edge, said top edge having a left side and a right side, wherein said container comprising:
a substantially square base, said base having left, right, front, and back corners; a first fold starting at the left corner of said base and terminating at the left side of the top edge of the container; a second fold starting at the right corner of said base and terminating at the right side of the top edge of the container; a first “V” shaped crease starting at the front corner of said base and terminating at the first and second folds at points in the same vertical plane below the top edge of the container; a second “V” shaped crease starting at the back corner of said base and terminating at the first and second folds at points in the same vertical plane as the top of the first “V” shaped crease; a flat portion defined by the top edge of the container and extending to a horizontal crease located above the termination points of the “V” shaped creases; wherein below the termination points of the top of the “V” shaped creases the folds and “V” shaped creases define four right-triangle shaped side walls and two isosceles triangle shaped side walls; wherein further above the termination points of the top of the “V” shaped creases the container consists of two side walls which are in planar contact with each other above the horizontal crease, thus forming a top seal. 2. The container of claim 1, further comprising a horizontal tear feature along at least one side wall, said tear feature located below the top seal and above the termination points of the top of the “V” shaped creases. 3. The container of claim 2, wherein said horizontal tear feature extends through both side walls. 4. The container of claim 1, further comprising an opening through the top seal. 5. The container of claim 1, wherein said container comprises paperboard with an interior barrier layer. 6. The container of claim 5, wherein said interior barrier layer comprises low density polyethylene and aluminum foil. 7. The container of claim 1, wherein said square base is less than 3 inches by 3 inches. 8. The container of claim 7, wherein said square base is about 2 inches by 2 inches. 9. The container of claim 1, wherein the two folds are less than 10 inches long each and greater than 6 inches long each. 10. The container of claim 9, wherein the two folds are less than 9 inches long each and greater than 7 inches long each. 11. The container of claim 1, wherein the vertical distance from the top edge to the termination points of the top of the “V” shaped creases is between 1 inch and 1.75 inches. 12. A method for constructing a snack container having a square base, side walls, and a two-dimensional top seal, wherein said method comprises the steps of:
a) cutting a paperboard blank having a graphics layer on one side and a barrier layer on the other side, wherein said cutting results in a flat blank having a side flap along one edge and four base flaps; b) folding said blank lengthwise down the middle and affixing the two lengthwise edges of the blank together using the side flap; c) affixing a top section of the blank together thus forming an end seal and a partially constructed container with an opening in its base; d) filling the partially constructed container from the opening in the base with a snack product; e) forming a square base on the container using four base folds, thus sealing the container. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising at step a) scoring a tear feature near the top of the blank. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising at step a) cutting an opening in two locations near the top of the blank such that said openings align upon formation of the end seal at step c). 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the folding of step b) further comprises creasing the blank to form two “V” shaped creases. 16. The snack container formed by the method of claim 12. | 1,700 |
2,668 | 14,776,190 | 1,734 | A rolling element bearing includes a plurality of bearing components, which include one or more rolling elements, an inner ring and an outer ring. A first of the bearing components includes martensitic stainless steel configured with a core and a hardened case. The martensitic stainless steel of the core includes approximately 8% by weight or more chromium. The martensitic stainless steel of the hardened case has a grain size that is substantially equal to or finer than ASTM grain size #7. The martensitic stainless steel of the hardened case includes approximately 6% by weight or more chromium, and carbon. Molecules that include the carbon are substantially uniformly dispersed within the hardened case. | 1. A rolling element bearing, comprising:
a plurality of bearing components including one or more rolling elements, an inner ring and an outer ring; a first of the bearing components comprising martensitic stainless steel configured with a core and a hardened case the martensitic stainless steel of the core including approximately 8% by weight or more chromium; and the martensitic stainless steel of the hardened case having a grain size that is substantially equal to or finer than ASTM grain size #7, and including approximately 6% by weight or more chromium, and carbon; wherein molecules that include the carbon are substantially uniformly dispersed within the hardened case. 2. The hearing of claim 1, wherein the martensitic stainless steel further includes at least one of nitrogen, manganese, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten and silicon. 3. The bearing of claim 1, wherein the hardened case has a depth that extends from a surface of the first of the bearing components towards the core, and the depth is substantially equal to between approximately 0.01 and approximately 0.06 inches. 4. The bearing of claim 1, wherein the hardened case has a hardness that is substantially equal to or greater than about 58 RC. 5. The bearing of claim 1, wherein the hardened case has a substantially uniform hardness. 6. The bearing of claim 1, wherein the hardened case has a compressive stress that is substantially equal to or greater than approximately 5 ksi. 7. The bearing of claim 1, wherein the core has a fracture toughness that is substantially equal to or greater than approximately 25 ksi square root inch. 8. The bearing of claim 1, wherein the grain size is substantially equal to or finer than ASTM grain size #9. 9. The bearing of claim 1, wherein the martensitic stainless steel of the hardened case comprises between approximately 0.8 and approximately 4 percent by weight of the carbon. 10. The bearing of claim 1, wherein the molecules including the carbon comprise at least one of carbides and carbo-nitrides. 11. The bearing of claim 10, wherein a volume fraction of the at least one of carbides and carbo-nitrides within the hardened case is substantially equal to or greater than about 5 percent by volume. 12. The bearing of claim 10, wherein the at least one of carbides and carbo-nitrides have a particle size between approximately 0.01 microns and approximately 100 Microns. 13. The bearing of claim 1, wherein the martensitic stainless steel of the hardened case comprises between about 2 and about 20 percent retained austenite. 14. The bearing of claim 1, wherein the first of the bearing components comprises one of the rolling elements. 15. The bearing of claim 1, wherein the first of the bearing components comprises one of the inner ring and the outer ring. 16. The bearing of claim 15, wherein at least one of the rolling elements comprises ceramic. 17. A rolling element bearing, comprising:
plurality of bearing components including one or more rolling elements, an inner ring and an outer ring; a first of the bearing components comprising martensitic stainless steel that includes iron, chromium, cobalt, vanadium, molybdenum, nickel, manganese, silicon and carbon; a core of the martensitic stainless steel including approximately 8% by weight or more of the chromium; and a case of the martensitic stainless steel having a grain size that is substantially equal to or finer than ASTM grain size #7, and including approximately 6% by weight or more of the chromium, and between approximately 0.8 and approximately 4 percent by weight of the carbon; wherein molecules including the carbon are substantially uniformly dispersed within the case. 18. A martensitic stainless steel component, comprising:
a body comprising martensitic stainless steel; a core of the martensitic stainless steel comprising about 8% by weight or more chromium; and a hardened case of the martensitic stainless steel having a grain size that is substantially equal to or finer than ASTM grain size #7, and comprising about 6% by weight or more Chromium, and carbon; wherein molecules including the carbon are substantially uniformly dispersed within the hardened case. 19. The component of claim 18, wherein the body forms a component of a rolling element bearing. 20. The component of claim 18, wherein the hardened case has a hardness that is substantially equal to or greater than about 58 RC. | A rolling element bearing includes a plurality of bearing components, which include one or more rolling elements, an inner ring and an outer ring. A first of the bearing components includes martensitic stainless steel configured with a core and a hardened case. The martensitic stainless steel of the core includes approximately 8% by weight or more chromium. The martensitic stainless steel of the hardened case has a grain size that is substantially equal to or finer than ASTM grain size #7. The martensitic stainless steel of the hardened case includes approximately 6% by weight or more chromium, and carbon. Molecules that include the carbon are substantially uniformly dispersed within the hardened case.1. A rolling element bearing, comprising:
a plurality of bearing components including one or more rolling elements, an inner ring and an outer ring; a first of the bearing components comprising martensitic stainless steel configured with a core and a hardened case the martensitic stainless steel of the core including approximately 8% by weight or more chromium; and the martensitic stainless steel of the hardened case having a grain size that is substantially equal to or finer than ASTM grain size #7, and including approximately 6% by weight or more chromium, and carbon; wherein molecules that include the carbon are substantially uniformly dispersed within the hardened case. 2. The hearing of claim 1, wherein the martensitic stainless steel further includes at least one of nitrogen, manganese, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten and silicon. 3. The bearing of claim 1, wherein the hardened case has a depth that extends from a surface of the first of the bearing components towards the core, and the depth is substantially equal to between approximately 0.01 and approximately 0.06 inches. 4. The bearing of claim 1, wherein the hardened case has a hardness that is substantially equal to or greater than about 58 RC. 5. The bearing of claim 1, wherein the hardened case has a substantially uniform hardness. 6. The bearing of claim 1, wherein the hardened case has a compressive stress that is substantially equal to or greater than approximately 5 ksi. 7. The bearing of claim 1, wherein the core has a fracture toughness that is substantially equal to or greater than approximately 25 ksi square root inch. 8. The bearing of claim 1, wherein the grain size is substantially equal to or finer than ASTM grain size #9. 9. The bearing of claim 1, wherein the martensitic stainless steel of the hardened case comprises between approximately 0.8 and approximately 4 percent by weight of the carbon. 10. The bearing of claim 1, wherein the molecules including the carbon comprise at least one of carbides and carbo-nitrides. 11. The bearing of claim 10, wherein a volume fraction of the at least one of carbides and carbo-nitrides within the hardened case is substantially equal to or greater than about 5 percent by volume. 12. The bearing of claim 10, wherein the at least one of carbides and carbo-nitrides have a particle size between approximately 0.01 microns and approximately 100 Microns. 13. The bearing of claim 1, wherein the martensitic stainless steel of the hardened case comprises between about 2 and about 20 percent retained austenite. 14. The bearing of claim 1, wherein the first of the bearing components comprises one of the rolling elements. 15. The bearing of claim 1, wherein the first of the bearing components comprises one of the inner ring and the outer ring. 16. The bearing of claim 15, wherein at least one of the rolling elements comprises ceramic. 17. A rolling element bearing, comprising:
plurality of bearing components including one or more rolling elements, an inner ring and an outer ring; a first of the bearing components comprising martensitic stainless steel that includes iron, chromium, cobalt, vanadium, molybdenum, nickel, manganese, silicon and carbon; a core of the martensitic stainless steel including approximately 8% by weight or more of the chromium; and a case of the martensitic stainless steel having a grain size that is substantially equal to or finer than ASTM grain size #7, and including approximately 6% by weight or more of the chromium, and between approximately 0.8 and approximately 4 percent by weight of the carbon; wherein molecules including the carbon are substantially uniformly dispersed within the case. 18. A martensitic stainless steel component, comprising:
a body comprising martensitic stainless steel; a core of the martensitic stainless steel comprising about 8% by weight or more chromium; and a hardened case of the martensitic stainless steel having a grain size that is substantially equal to or finer than ASTM grain size #7, and comprising about 6% by weight or more Chromium, and carbon; wherein molecules including the carbon are substantially uniformly dispersed within the hardened case. 19. The component of claim 18, wherein the body forms a component of a rolling element bearing. 20. The component of claim 18, wherein the hardened case has a hardness that is substantially equal to or greater than about 58 RC. | 1,700 |
2,669 | 13,412,321 | 1,789 | Systems and methods for weaving helical carbon fabrics with minimum fiber crimp are provided herein. In various embodiments, small denier natural or synthetic yarns are used in the warp direction to interlace the carbon fiber wefts with minimum deformation. Specific weave designs are used in combination with the small denier yarn to maintain the primary carbon fiber weft and warp un-crimped. | 1. A textile, comprising:
a first interlocking warp yarn; a first weft tow; a second weft tow; and a first primary warp tow, wherein the first primary warp tow passes below the first weft tow and above the second weft tow, wherein the first interlocking warp yarn passes above the first weft tow and below the second weft tow, wherein the first interlocking warp yarn has a diameter that is less than the diameter of the first weft tow. 2. The textile of claim 1, wherein the first interlocking warp yarn comprises a cotton yarn of denier of between about 10 denier to 100 denier and first primary weft tow comprises at least one of a carbon fiber and a carbon fiber precursor of tow size between about 6 k and about 50 k. 3. The textile of claim 1, wherein the textile is an annular configuration having an inner diameter (ID) and an outer diameter (OD). 4. The textile of claim 1, wherein the first weft tow, the second weft tow, and the first primary warp tow comprise at least one of a carbon fiber material and a carbon fiber precursor material. 5. The textile of claim 2, wherein the first interlocking warp yarn sacrificial and comprises at least one of cotton, wool, linen, polyester, silk, nylon, rayon, polypropylene, and acrylic. 6. The textile of claim 3, wherein the first interlocking warp yarn is disposed closer to the OD than the first primary warp tow and wherein a second interlocking warp yarn is disposed closer to the ID than the first primary warp tow. 7. The textile of claim 3, wherein the first interlocking warp yarn is disposed closer to the OD than the first primary warp tow and wherein a second primary warp tow is disposed closer to the ID than the first primary warp tow. 8. The textile of claim 7, wherein a third primary warp tow is disposed closer to the ID than the second primary warp tow and wherein a second interlocking warp yarn is disposed closer to the ID than the third primary warp tow. 9. The textile of claim 1, further comprising a third weft tow, wherein the first primary warp tow passes below the third weft tow. 10. The textile of claim 9, further comprising a fourth weft tow, wherein the first primary warp tow passes above the fourth. 11. A method of making a textile comprising
placing a first primary warp tow and a first interlocking warp yarn on a weaving device; disposing a first weft tow above the first primary warp tow and below the first interlocking warp yarn; disposing a second weft tow below the first primary warp tow and above the first interlocking warp yarn. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the first interlocking warp yarn is sacrificial. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the first interlocking warp yarn comprises at least one of cotton, wool, linen, polyester, silk, nylon, rayon, polypropylene, and acrylic. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the first weft tow, the second weft tow, and the first primary warp tow comprise at least one of carbon fiber precursor material and a carbon fiber material. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the textile is an annular configuration having an inner diameter (ID) and an outer diameter (OD). 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising placing a second interlocking warp yarn closer to the OD than the first primary warp tow, wherein the first interlocking warp yarn is disposed closer to the ID than the first primary warp tow. 17. The method of claim 14, further comprising placing a second primary warp tow closer to the OD than the first primary warp tow, wherein the first interlocking warp yarn is disposed closer to the ID than the first primary warp tow. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising placing a second interlocking warp yarn closer to the OD than the second primary warp tow. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the weaving device comprises a weaving loom equipped with conical take-off rollers. 20. The method of claim 11, further comprising disposing a third welt tow adjacent to the second weft tow. | Systems and methods for weaving helical carbon fabrics with minimum fiber crimp are provided herein. In various embodiments, small denier natural or synthetic yarns are used in the warp direction to interlace the carbon fiber wefts with minimum deformation. Specific weave designs are used in combination with the small denier yarn to maintain the primary carbon fiber weft and warp un-crimped.1. A textile, comprising:
a first interlocking warp yarn; a first weft tow; a second weft tow; and a first primary warp tow, wherein the first primary warp tow passes below the first weft tow and above the second weft tow, wherein the first interlocking warp yarn passes above the first weft tow and below the second weft tow, wherein the first interlocking warp yarn has a diameter that is less than the diameter of the first weft tow. 2. The textile of claim 1, wherein the first interlocking warp yarn comprises a cotton yarn of denier of between about 10 denier to 100 denier and first primary weft tow comprises at least one of a carbon fiber and a carbon fiber precursor of tow size between about 6 k and about 50 k. 3. The textile of claim 1, wherein the textile is an annular configuration having an inner diameter (ID) and an outer diameter (OD). 4. The textile of claim 1, wherein the first weft tow, the second weft tow, and the first primary warp tow comprise at least one of a carbon fiber material and a carbon fiber precursor material. 5. The textile of claim 2, wherein the first interlocking warp yarn sacrificial and comprises at least one of cotton, wool, linen, polyester, silk, nylon, rayon, polypropylene, and acrylic. 6. The textile of claim 3, wherein the first interlocking warp yarn is disposed closer to the OD than the first primary warp tow and wherein a second interlocking warp yarn is disposed closer to the ID than the first primary warp tow. 7. The textile of claim 3, wherein the first interlocking warp yarn is disposed closer to the OD than the first primary warp tow and wherein a second primary warp tow is disposed closer to the ID than the first primary warp tow. 8. The textile of claim 7, wherein a third primary warp tow is disposed closer to the ID than the second primary warp tow and wherein a second interlocking warp yarn is disposed closer to the ID than the third primary warp tow. 9. The textile of claim 1, further comprising a third weft tow, wherein the first primary warp tow passes below the third weft tow. 10. The textile of claim 9, further comprising a fourth weft tow, wherein the first primary warp tow passes above the fourth. 11. A method of making a textile comprising
placing a first primary warp tow and a first interlocking warp yarn on a weaving device; disposing a first weft tow above the first primary warp tow and below the first interlocking warp yarn; disposing a second weft tow below the first primary warp tow and above the first interlocking warp yarn. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the first interlocking warp yarn is sacrificial. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the first interlocking warp yarn comprises at least one of cotton, wool, linen, polyester, silk, nylon, rayon, polypropylene, and acrylic. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the first weft tow, the second weft tow, and the first primary warp tow comprise at least one of carbon fiber precursor material and a carbon fiber material. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the textile is an annular configuration having an inner diameter (ID) and an outer diameter (OD). 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising placing a second interlocking warp yarn closer to the OD than the first primary warp tow, wherein the first interlocking warp yarn is disposed closer to the ID than the first primary warp tow. 17. The method of claim 14, further comprising placing a second primary warp tow closer to the OD than the first primary warp tow, wherein the first interlocking warp yarn is disposed closer to the ID than the first primary warp tow. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising placing a second interlocking warp yarn closer to the OD than the second primary warp tow. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the weaving device comprises a weaving loom equipped with conical take-off rollers. 20. The method of claim 11, further comprising disposing a third welt tow adjacent to the second weft tow. | 1,700 |
2,670 | 14,207,728 | 1,724 | In various aspects, systems and methods are provided for operating molten carbonate fuel cells with processes for cement production. The systems and methods can provide process improvements including increased efficiency, reduction of carbon emissions per ton of product produced, and simplified capture of the carbon emissions as an integrated part of the system. The number of separate processes and the complexity of the overall production system can be reduced while providing flexibility in fuel feed stock and the various chemical, heat, and electrical outputs needed to power the processes. | 1. A method for producing cement, the method comprising:
introducing a fuel stream comprising a reformable fuel into an anode of a molten carbonate fuel cell, into an internal reforming element associated with the anode, or into a combination thereof; in a process for production of cement, heating a cement kiln to form a cement product and a cement kiln exhaust; introducing a cathode inlet stream comprising CO2 and O2 into a cathode of the fuel cell, the cathode inlet stream comprising at least a portion of the cement kiln exhaust; and generating electricity within the molten carbonate fuel cell. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising a) transferring heat from at least one of the cement kiln and the cement kiln exhaust to the fuel stream, b) transferring heat to the cement kiln from at least one of: the molten carbonate fuel cell, a fuel cell anode exhaust, and a fuel cell cathode exhaust, or c) both a) and b). 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising withdrawing, from a fuel cell anode exhaust, a gas stream comprising H2, at least a portion of the withdrawn gas stream being used as a fuel for heating the cement kiln. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the cement product comprises a cement clinker product. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the molten carbonate fuel cell is operated to generate electricity at a thermal ratio from about 0.25 to about 1.0. 6. The method of claim 5, the method further comprising transferring heat from the process for production cement to the molten carbonate fuel cell. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising processing at least one mineral input in one or more mixers, grinders, or a combination thereof; and introducing the processed at least one mineral input into the cement kiln for heating to form at least a portion of the cement product and thereby generating at least a portion of the cement exhaust. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein generating electricity within the molten carbonate fuel cell further comprises using the generated electricity to operate the one or more mixers, grinders, or a combination thereof associated with the cement production process. 9. The method of claim 7, further comprising: separating H2O from at least a portion of a fuel cell anode exhaust; and using the separated H2O in the one or more mixers, grinders, or a combination thereof associated with the cement production process. 10. The method of claim 3, further comprising separating at least one of CO2 and H2O from at least one of the fuel cell anode exhaust and the withdrawn gas stream in one or more separation stages. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein an amount of the reformable fuel introduced into the anode, into the internal reforming element associated with the anode, or into the combination thereof, provides a reformable fuel surplus ratio of at least about 1.5. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein a ratio of net moles of syngas in a fuel cell anode exhaust to moles of CO2 in a fuel cell cathode exhaust is at least about 2.0. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein a fuel utilization in the anode is about 50% or less and a CO2 utilization in the cathode is at least about 60%. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the molten carbonate fuel cell is operated to generate electrical power at a current density of at least about 150 mA/cm2 and at least about 50 mW/cm2 of waste heat, the method further comprising performing an effective amount of an endothermic reaction to maintain a temperature differential between an inlet of the anode and an outlet of the anode of about 100° C. or less. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein performing the endothermic reaction consumes at least about 40% of the waste heat. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein an electrical efficiency for the molten carbonate fuel cell is between about 10% and about 40% and a total fuel cell efficiency for the molten carbonate fuel cell is at least about 55%. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein at least about 90 vol % of the reformable fuel is methane. | In various aspects, systems and methods are provided for operating molten carbonate fuel cells with processes for cement production. The systems and methods can provide process improvements including increased efficiency, reduction of carbon emissions per ton of product produced, and simplified capture of the carbon emissions as an integrated part of the system. The number of separate processes and the complexity of the overall production system can be reduced while providing flexibility in fuel feed stock and the various chemical, heat, and electrical outputs needed to power the processes.1. A method for producing cement, the method comprising:
introducing a fuel stream comprising a reformable fuel into an anode of a molten carbonate fuel cell, into an internal reforming element associated with the anode, or into a combination thereof; in a process for production of cement, heating a cement kiln to form a cement product and a cement kiln exhaust; introducing a cathode inlet stream comprising CO2 and O2 into a cathode of the fuel cell, the cathode inlet stream comprising at least a portion of the cement kiln exhaust; and generating electricity within the molten carbonate fuel cell. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising a) transferring heat from at least one of the cement kiln and the cement kiln exhaust to the fuel stream, b) transferring heat to the cement kiln from at least one of: the molten carbonate fuel cell, a fuel cell anode exhaust, and a fuel cell cathode exhaust, or c) both a) and b). 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising withdrawing, from a fuel cell anode exhaust, a gas stream comprising H2, at least a portion of the withdrawn gas stream being used as a fuel for heating the cement kiln. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the cement product comprises a cement clinker product. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the molten carbonate fuel cell is operated to generate electricity at a thermal ratio from about 0.25 to about 1.0. 6. The method of claim 5, the method further comprising transferring heat from the process for production cement to the molten carbonate fuel cell. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising processing at least one mineral input in one or more mixers, grinders, or a combination thereof; and introducing the processed at least one mineral input into the cement kiln for heating to form at least a portion of the cement product and thereby generating at least a portion of the cement exhaust. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein generating electricity within the molten carbonate fuel cell further comprises using the generated electricity to operate the one or more mixers, grinders, or a combination thereof associated with the cement production process. 9. The method of claim 7, further comprising: separating H2O from at least a portion of a fuel cell anode exhaust; and using the separated H2O in the one or more mixers, grinders, or a combination thereof associated with the cement production process. 10. The method of claim 3, further comprising separating at least one of CO2 and H2O from at least one of the fuel cell anode exhaust and the withdrawn gas stream in one or more separation stages. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein an amount of the reformable fuel introduced into the anode, into the internal reforming element associated with the anode, or into the combination thereof, provides a reformable fuel surplus ratio of at least about 1.5. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein a ratio of net moles of syngas in a fuel cell anode exhaust to moles of CO2 in a fuel cell cathode exhaust is at least about 2.0. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein a fuel utilization in the anode is about 50% or less and a CO2 utilization in the cathode is at least about 60%. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the molten carbonate fuel cell is operated to generate electrical power at a current density of at least about 150 mA/cm2 and at least about 50 mW/cm2 of waste heat, the method further comprising performing an effective amount of an endothermic reaction to maintain a temperature differential between an inlet of the anode and an outlet of the anode of about 100° C. or less. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein performing the endothermic reaction consumes at least about 40% of the waste heat. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein an electrical efficiency for the molten carbonate fuel cell is between about 10% and about 40% and a total fuel cell efficiency for the molten carbonate fuel cell is at least about 55%. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein at least about 90 vol % of the reformable fuel is methane. | 1,700 |
2,671 | 13,723,878 | 1,786 | An article having a titanium, titanium carbide, titanium nitride, tantalum, aluminum, silicon, or stainless steel substrate, a RuO 2 coating on a portion of the substrate; and a plurality of platinum nanoparticles on the RuO 2 coating. The RuO 2 coating contains nanoparticles of RuO 2 . A method of: immersing the substrate in a solution of RuO 4 and a nonpolar solvent at a temperature that is below the temperature at which RuO 4 decomposes to RuO 2 in the nonpolar solvent in the presence of the article; warming the article and solution to ambient temperature under ambient conditions to cause the formation of a RuO 2 coating on a portion of the article; and electrodepositing platinum nanoparticles on the RuO 2 coating. | 1. An article comprising:
a substrate comprising titanium, a titanium carbide, a titanium nitride, tantalum, aluminum, silicon, or stainless steel; a RuO2 coating on a portion of the substrate;
wherein the coating comprises nanoparticles of RuO2; and
a plurality of platinum nanoparticles on the RuO2 coating. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises titanium. 3. The article of claim 1, wherein the substrate is a planar substrate or a mesh. 4. The article of claim 1, wherein the RuO2 forms an electrically connected network across the substrate. 5. The article of claim 1, wherein the RuO2 coating has an average thickness of up to about 10 nanometers. 6. The article of claim 1, wherein the RuO2 coating is made by a method comprising:
immersing the substrate in a solution of RuO4 and a nonpolar solvent at a temperature that is below the temperature at which RuO4 decomposes to RuO2 in the nonpolar solvent in the presence of the substrate; and warming the substrate and solution to ambient temperature under ambient conditions to cause the formation of the coating. 7. The article of claim 6, wherein the method of making the coating further comprises:
heating the coating to a maximum temperature from 150° C. to 250° C. 8. The article of claim 6, wherein the method of making the coating further comprises:
repeating the immersing and the warming of the substrate are repeated one or more times to form more than one RuO2 layer in the coating. 9. The article of claim 1, wherein the platinum nanoparticles have an average diameter less than about 5 nm. 10. The article of claim 1, wherein platinum nanoparticles are formed at the RuO2 coating by electrodeposition. 11. A fuel cell comprising:
an anode comprising the article of claim 1; and a cathode. 12. A method comprising:
oxidizing methanol at the surface of the anode of the fuel cell of claim 11. 13. A method comprising:
immersing a substrate comprising titanium, a titanium carbide, a titanium nitride, tantalum, aluminum, silicon, or stainless steel in a solution of RuO4 and a nonpolar solvent at a temperature that is below the temperature at which RuO4 decomposes to RuO2 in the nonpolar solvent in the presence of the article; warming the article and solution to ambient temperature under ambient conditions to cause the formation of a RuO2 coating on a portion of the article; and electrodepositing platinum nanoparticles on the RuO2 coating. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the substrate comprises titanium. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the nonpolar solvent is a hydrocarbon. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the nonpolar solvent is petroleum ether. 17. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
extracting the RuO4 from an aqueous solution into the nonpolar solvent before immersing the article in the RuO4 solution. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the immersing temperature is maintained by a dry ice bath or aqueous ice bath. 19. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
equilibrating the article in an additional portion of the nonpolar solvent at the temperature before immersing the article in the RuO4 solution. 20. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
heating the article in air or oxygen to a temperature less than 250° C. | An article having a titanium, titanium carbide, titanium nitride, tantalum, aluminum, silicon, or stainless steel substrate, a RuO 2 coating on a portion of the substrate; and a plurality of platinum nanoparticles on the RuO 2 coating. The RuO 2 coating contains nanoparticles of RuO 2 . A method of: immersing the substrate in a solution of RuO 4 and a nonpolar solvent at a temperature that is below the temperature at which RuO 4 decomposes to RuO 2 in the nonpolar solvent in the presence of the article; warming the article and solution to ambient temperature under ambient conditions to cause the formation of a RuO 2 coating on a portion of the article; and electrodepositing platinum nanoparticles on the RuO 2 coating.1. An article comprising:
a substrate comprising titanium, a titanium carbide, a titanium nitride, tantalum, aluminum, silicon, or stainless steel; a RuO2 coating on a portion of the substrate;
wherein the coating comprises nanoparticles of RuO2; and
a plurality of platinum nanoparticles on the RuO2 coating. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises titanium. 3. The article of claim 1, wherein the substrate is a planar substrate or a mesh. 4. The article of claim 1, wherein the RuO2 forms an electrically connected network across the substrate. 5. The article of claim 1, wherein the RuO2 coating has an average thickness of up to about 10 nanometers. 6. The article of claim 1, wherein the RuO2 coating is made by a method comprising:
immersing the substrate in a solution of RuO4 and a nonpolar solvent at a temperature that is below the temperature at which RuO4 decomposes to RuO2 in the nonpolar solvent in the presence of the substrate; and warming the substrate and solution to ambient temperature under ambient conditions to cause the formation of the coating. 7. The article of claim 6, wherein the method of making the coating further comprises:
heating the coating to a maximum temperature from 150° C. to 250° C. 8. The article of claim 6, wherein the method of making the coating further comprises:
repeating the immersing and the warming of the substrate are repeated one or more times to form more than one RuO2 layer in the coating. 9. The article of claim 1, wherein the platinum nanoparticles have an average diameter less than about 5 nm. 10. The article of claim 1, wherein platinum nanoparticles are formed at the RuO2 coating by electrodeposition. 11. A fuel cell comprising:
an anode comprising the article of claim 1; and a cathode. 12. A method comprising:
oxidizing methanol at the surface of the anode of the fuel cell of claim 11. 13. A method comprising:
immersing a substrate comprising titanium, a titanium carbide, a titanium nitride, tantalum, aluminum, silicon, or stainless steel in a solution of RuO4 and a nonpolar solvent at a temperature that is below the temperature at which RuO4 decomposes to RuO2 in the nonpolar solvent in the presence of the article; warming the article and solution to ambient temperature under ambient conditions to cause the formation of a RuO2 coating on a portion of the article; and electrodepositing platinum nanoparticles on the RuO2 coating. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the substrate comprises titanium. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the nonpolar solvent is a hydrocarbon. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the nonpolar solvent is petroleum ether. 17. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
extracting the RuO4 from an aqueous solution into the nonpolar solvent before immersing the article in the RuO4 solution. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the immersing temperature is maintained by a dry ice bath or aqueous ice bath. 19. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
equilibrating the article in an additional portion of the nonpolar solvent at the temperature before immersing the article in the RuO4 solution. 20. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
heating the article in air or oxygen to a temperature less than 250° C. | 1,700 |
2,672 | 15,074,315 | 1,797 | Embodiments of the present invention relate to a method to determine formation measurements, the method comprising placing a sample in a reservoir, removing aliquots from the reservoir containing the sample or continuously monitoring the reservoir or headspace as the sample and reservoir equilibrate and analyzing the aliquots or readings sufficient to provide diffusion measurements. | 1. A method to determine formation measurements, the method comprising:
collecting a plurality of formation samples; analyzing a first formation sample of the plurality to determine a salinity of the first formation sample; sufficiently matching a salinity of fluid in a reservoir to the salinity of the first formation sample; placing a second formation sample of the plurality in the fluid of the reservoir; and analyzing the fluid in the reservoir as the second formation sample and fluid equilibrate sufficient to provide diffusion measurements. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein analyzing the fluid in the reservoir includes removing aliquots from the fluid as the second formation sample and fluid equilibrate sufficient to provide diffusion measurements. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising, before removing aliquots, agitating the fluid and the second formation sample in the reservoir. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the aliquots are liquid samples from the reservoir. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the aliquots are vapor samples from the head space of the reservoir. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of measuring the surface area of the second formation sample, sufficient to provide surface area measurements. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising the step of calculating formation information from the surface area measurements and diffusion measurements, sufficient to provide porosity and permeability information. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the second formation sample comprises cuttings. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the second formation sample comprises a core. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the reservoir comprises essentially an isotopically labeled species fluid. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the reservoir further comprises essentially deuterate water. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the reservoir comprises essentially 180 water. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the analysis is performed by spectroscopy. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the analysis if further performed by laser spectroscopy. 15. A method to determine formation measurements, the method comprising:
collecting a plurality of formation samples; analyzing a first formation sample of the plurality to determine a salinity of the first formation sample; sufficiently matching a salinity of fluid in a reservoir to the salinity of the first formation sample using information about the salinity of the first formation sample; placing a second formation sample of the plurality in the reservoir; analyzing the fluid in the reservoir as the second formation sample and fluid equilibrate sufficient to provide diffusion measurements; measuring the surface area of the second formation sample, sufficient to provide surface area measurements; and calculating formation information from the surface area measurements and diffusion measurements, sufficient to provide porosity and permeability information. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein analyzing the fluid in the reservoir includes removing aliquots from the fluid as the second formation sample and fluid equilibrate sufficient to provide diffusion measurements. 17. A method to determine formation measurements, the method comprising:
placing a formation sample in a fluid reservoir, the formation sample comprising a plurality of cuttings from the formation; and analyzing the reservoir fluid as the sample and reservoir equilibrate, sufficient to provide diffusion measurements. 18. The method of 17, wherein the headspace of the reservoir is analyzed. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising before analyzing the reservoir, agitating the sample in the reservoir. 20. The method of claim 17, further comprising before placing a sample in a reservoir, adjusting a salinity in a reservoir. 21. The method of claim 17, further comprising the step of measuring the surface area of the sample, sufficient to provide surface area measurements. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising the step of calculating formation information from the surface area measurements and diffusion measurements, sufficient to provide porosity and permeability information. 23. The method of claim 7, wherein the analysis is performed by spectroscopy. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the analysis if further performed by laser spectroscopy. 25. A method to determine formation measurements, the method comprising:
collecting a plurality of samples; analyzing a first sample to determine a salinity of the first sample; using information about the salinity of the first sample to sufficiently match a salinity of fluid in a reservoir to a reasonable degree of accuracy; placing a second sample in the reservoir; analyzing the reservoir fluid as the second sample and reservoir fluid equilibrate, sufficient to provide diffusion measurements; measuring the surface area of the second sample, sufficient to provide surface area measurements; and calculating formation information from the surface area measurements and diffusion measurements, sufficient to provide porosity and permeability information. 26. A method to determine formation measurements, the method comprising:
adjusting a salinity in a reservoir; placing a sample in the reservoir; analyzing a headspace of the reservoir as the sample and reservoir equilibrate, sufficient to provide diffusion measurements; measuring the surface area of the sample, sufficient to provide surface area measurements; and calculating formation information from the surface area measurements and diffusion measurements, sufficient to provide porosity and permeability information. | Embodiments of the present invention relate to a method to determine formation measurements, the method comprising placing a sample in a reservoir, removing aliquots from the reservoir containing the sample or continuously monitoring the reservoir or headspace as the sample and reservoir equilibrate and analyzing the aliquots or readings sufficient to provide diffusion measurements.1. A method to determine formation measurements, the method comprising:
collecting a plurality of formation samples; analyzing a first formation sample of the plurality to determine a salinity of the first formation sample; sufficiently matching a salinity of fluid in a reservoir to the salinity of the first formation sample; placing a second formation sample of the plurality in the fluid of the reservoir; and analyzing the fluid in the reservoir as the second formation sample and fluid equilibrate sufficient to provide diffusion measurements. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein analyzing the fluid in the reservoir includes removing aliquots from the fluid as the second formation sample and fluid equilibrate sufficient to provide diffusion measurements. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising, before removing aliquots, agitating the fluid and the second formation sample in the reservoir. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the aliquots are liquid samples from the reservoir. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the aliquots are vapor samples from the head space of the reservoir. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of measuring the surface area of the second formation sample, sufficient to provide surface area measurements. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising the step of calculating formation information from the surface area measurements and diffusion measurements, sufficient to provide porosity and permeability information. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the second formation sample comprises cuttings. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the second formation sample comprises a core. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the reservoir comprises essentially an isotopically labeled species fluid. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the reservoir further comprises essentially deuterate water. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the reservoir comprises essentially 180 water. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the analysis is performed by spectroscopy. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the analysis if further performed by laser spectroscopy. 15. A method to determine formation measurements, the method comprising:
collecting a plurality of formation samples; analyzing a first formation sample of the plurality to determine a salinity of the first formation sample; sufficiently matching a salinity of fluid in a reservoir to the salinity of the first formation sample using information about the salinity of the first formation sample; placing a second formation sample of the plurality in the reservoir; analyzing the fluid in the reservoir as the second formation sample and fluid equilibrate sufficient to provide diffusion measurements; measuring the surface area of the second formation sample, sufficient to provide surface area measurements; and calculating formation information from the surface area measurements and diffusion measurements, sufficient to provide porosity and permeability information. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein analyzing the fluid in the reservoir includes removing aliquots from the fluid as the second formation sample and fluid equilibrate sufficient to provide diffusion measurements. 17. A method to determine formation measurements, the method comprising:
placing a formation sample in a fluid reservoir, the formation sample comprising a plurality of cuttings from the formation; and analyzing the reservoir fluid as the sample and reservoir equilibrate, sufficient to provide diffusion measurements. 18. The method of 17, wherein the headspace of the reservoir is analyzed. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising before analyzing the reservoir, agitating the sample in the reservoir. 20. The method of claim 17, further comprising before placing a sample in a reservoir, adjusting a salinity in a reservoir. 21. The method of claim 17, further comprising the step of measuring the surface area of the sample, sufficient to provide surface area measurements. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising the step of calculating formation information from the surface area measurements and diffusion measurements, sufficient to provide porosity and permeability information. 23. The method of claim 7, wherein the analysis is performed by spectroscopy. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the analysis if further performed by laser spectroscopy. 25. A method to determine formation measurements, the method comprising:
collecting a plurality of samples; analyzing a first sample to determine a salinity of the first sample; using information about the salinity of the first sample to sufficiently match a salinity of fluid in a reservoir to a reasonable degree of accuracy; placing a second sample in the reservoir; analyzing the reservoir fluid as the second sample and reservoir fluid equilibrate, sufficient to provide diffusion measurements; measuring the surface area of the second sample, sufficient to provide surface area measurements; and calculating formation information from the surface area measurements and diffusion measurements, sufficient to provide porosity and permeability information. 26. A method to determine formation measurements, the method comprising:
adjusting a salinity in a reservoir; placing a sample in the reservoir; analyzing a headspace of the reservoir as the sample and reservoir equilibrate, sufficient to provide diffusion measurements; measuring the surface area of the sample, sufficient to provide surface area measurements; and calculating formation information from the surface area measurements and diffusion measurements, sufficient to provide porosity and permeability information. | 1,700 |
2,673 | 13,626,185 | 1,735 | A process for the production of cutting tool inserts is described. A bottom punch is positioned into a powder compaction mold. A metallurgical powder is introduced into a mold cavity. A top punch is positioned into the powder compaction mold in an orientation opposed to the bottom punch. The metallurgical powder is compressed between the bottom punch and the top punch to form a powder compact. Also disclosed are cutting tool inserts produced in accordance with the process and powder pressing apparatuses for the production of cutting tool inserts. | 1. A process for the production of cutting tool inserts, the process comprising:
positioning a bottom punch into a powder compaction mold, the bottom punch comprising:
a bottom punch body,
a bottom punch face located on a pressing end of the bottom punch body,
an internal channel disposed in the bottom punch body and opening at the bottom punch face, and
a core rod partially disposed in the internal channel, the core rod comprising a pressing end and a countersinking projection located on the pressing end, wherein the core rod partially extends through the opening of the internal channel and above the bottom punch face;
introducing a metallurgical powder into a mold cavity formed by the powder compaction mold and the bottom punch; positioning a top punch into the powder compaction mold in an orientation opposed to the bottom punch, the top punch comprising:
a top punch body,
a top punch face located on a pressing end of the top punch body,
an internal channel disposed in the top punch body and opening at the top punch face, and
a core pin disposed in the internal channel, the core pin comprising a pressing end and a countersinking projection located on the pressing end, wherein the countersinking projection extends through the opening of the internal channel and below the top punch face; and
compressing the metallurgical powder between the bottom punch and the top punch to form a powder compact. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the core rod countersinking projection and the core pin countersinking projection each comprise the same geometry in opposed orientation along a pressing axis. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the core rod countersinking projection and the core pin countersinking projection each comprise an arcuately-shaped projection surface. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the core rod is cylindrically-shaped and the core rod countersinking projection comprises an arcuately-shaped projection surface disposed around the circumference of the core rod at the pressing end, and wherein the core pin is cylindrically-shaped and the core pin countersinking projection comprises an arcuately-shaped projection surface disposed around the circumference of the core pin at the pressing end. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the compressing of the metallurgical powder comprises:
moving the top punch along a pressing axis toward the bottom punch; engaging the pressing ends of the core pin and the core rod to form a contiguous through-hole contouring surface, wherein the engaging core pin and core rod are co-axially aligned along the pressing axis; and compacting the metallurgical powder between the bottom punch face and the top punch face to form the powder compact; wherein the bottom punch face forms a bottom surface of the powder compact, the top punch face forms a top surface of the powder compact, a sidewall of the powder compaction mold forms a peripheral side surface of the powder compact, and the contiguous through-hole contouring surface forms a through-hole surface of the powder compact. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the core rod countersinking projection and the core pin countersinking projection each comprise arcuately-shaped projection surfaces that together form the contiguous through-hole contouring surface. 7. The process of claim 6, wherein the contiguous through-hole contouring surface comprises a toroidal shape. 8. The process of claim 5, wherein the pressing end of the core pin engages the pressing end of the core rod and pushes the core rod along the pressing axis into the internal channel in the bottom punch body. 9. The process of claim 5, wherein, at the end of a press stroke, the through-hole contouring surface is located completely in the powder compaction mold along the pressing axis between the bottom punch face and the top punch face. 10. The process of claim 5, wherein, at the end of a press stroke, the engagement between the core pin projection and the core rod projection is located at the center plane of the powder compact along a thickness dimension. 11. The process of claim 5, wherein a top half of the through-hole surface of the powder compact is formed by the core pin countersinking projection, and wherein a bottom half of the through-hole surface of the powder compact is formed by the core rod countersinking projection. 12. The process of claim 1, further comprising:
removing the powder compact from the powder compaction mold; and sintering the powder compact to form a cutting tool insert. 13. A process comprising sintering a powder compact made in accordance with the process of claim 1. 14. A powder compact made in accordance with the process of claim 1. 15. A cutting tool insert made in accordance with the process of claim 1. 16. The cutting tool insert of claim 15, the insert comprising:
a top surface; a bottom surface; and a countersunk through-hole comprising a contiguous surface connecting the top surface and the bottom surface. 17. The cutting tool insert of claim 16, wherein the countersunk through-hole comprises a toroidal surface. 18. A powder pressing apparatus for the production of cutting tool inserts comprising:
a bottom punch body comprising a bottom punch face located on a pressing end of the bottom punch body, and an internal channel disposed in the bottom punch body and opening at the bottom punch face; a core rod partially disposed in the internal channel of the bottom punch body, the core rod comprising a pressing end and a counter-sinking projection located on the pressing end, wherein the core rod partially extends through the opening of the internal channel and above the bottom punch face; a top punch body comprising a top punch face located on a pressing end of the top punch body, and an internal channel disposed in the top punch body and opening at the top punch face; and a core pin disposed in the internal channel of the top punch body, the core pin comprising a pressing end and a countersinking projection located on the pressing end, wherein the countersinking projection extends through the opening of the internal channel and below the top punch face. 19. The powder pressing apparatus of claim 18, wherein the core rod countersinking projection and the core pin countersinking projection each comprise the same geometry. 20. The powder pressing apparatus of claim 18, wherein the core rod countersinking projection and the core pin countersinking projection each comprise arcuately-shaped projection surfaces. 21. The powder pressing apparatus of claim 18, wherein the core rod is cylindrically-shaped and the core rod countersinking projection comprises an arcuately-shaped projection surface disposed around the circumference of the core rod at the pressing end, and wherein the core pin is cylindrically-shaped and the core pin countersinking projection comprises an arcuately-shaped projection surface disposed around the circumference of the core pin at the pressing end. 22. The powder pressing apparatus of claim 18, wherein the pressing ends of the core pin and the core rod are configured to mutually engage during a press stroke to form a contiguous through-hole contouring surface. 23. The powder pressing apparatus of claim 22, wherein the core rod countersinking projection and the core pin countersinking projection each comprise arcuately-shaped projection surfaces that together form the contiguous through-hole contouring surface. 24. The powder pressing apparatus of claim 22, wherein the contiguous through-hole contouring surface comprises a toroidal shape. 25. A cutting tool insert comprising:
a top surface; a bottom surface; and a countersunk through-hole comprising a contiguous surface connecting the top surface and the bottom surface. 26. The cutting tool insert of claim 25, wherein the countersunk through-hole comprises a toroidal surface. | A process for the production of cutting tool inserts is described. A bottom punch is positioned into a powder compaction mold. A metallurgical powder is introduced into a mold cavity. A top punch is positioned into the powder compaction mold in an orientation opposed to the bottom punch. The metallurgical powder is compressed between the bottom punch and the top punch to form a powder compact. Also disclosed are cutting tool inserts produced in accordance with the process and powder pressing apparatuses for the production of cutting tool inserts.1. A process for the production of cutting tool inserts, the process comprising:
positioning a bottom punch into a powder compaction mold, the bottom punch comprising:
a bottom punch body,
a bottom punch face located on a pressing end of the bottom punch body,
an internal channel disposed in the bottom punch body and opening at the bottom punch face, and
a core rod partially disposed in the internal channel, the core rod comprising a pressing end and a countersinking projection located on the pressing end, wherein the core rod partially extends through the opening of the internal channel and above the bottom punch face;
introducing a metallurgical powder into a mold cavity formed by the powder compaction mold and the bottom punch; positioning a top punch into the powder compaction mold in an orientation opposed to the bottom punch, the top punch comprising:
a top punch body,
a top punch face located on a pressing end of the top punch body,
an internal channel disposed in the top punch body and opening at the top punch face, and
a core pin disposed in the internal channel, the core pin comprising a pressing end and a countersinking projection located on the pressing end, wherein the countersinking projection extends through the opening of the internal channel and below the top punch face; and
compressing the metallurgical powder between the bottom punch and the top punch to form a powder compact. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the core rod countersinking projection and the core pin countersinking projection each comprise the same geometry in opposed orientation along a pressing axis. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the core rod countersinking projection and the core pin countersinking projection each comprise an arcuately-shaped projection surface. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the core rod is cylindrically-shaped and the core rod countersinking projection comprises an arcuately-shaped projection surface disposed around the circumference of the core rod at the pressing end, and wherein the core pin is cylindrically-shaped and the core pin countersinking projection comprises an arcuately-shaped projection surface disposed around the circumference of the core pin at the pressing end. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the compressing of the metallurgical powder comprises:
moving the top punch along a pressing axis toward the bottom punch; engaging the pressing ends of the core pin and the core rod to form a contiguous through-hole contouring surface, wherein the engaging core pin and core rod are co-axially aligned along the pressing axis; and compacting the metallurgical powder between the bottom punch face and the top punch face to form the powder compact; wherein the bottom punch face forms a bottom surface of the powder compact, the top punch face forms a top surface of the powder compact, a sidewall of the powder compaction mold forms a peripheral side surface of the powder compact, and the contiguous through-hole contouring surface forms a through-hole surface of the powder compact. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the core rod countersinking projection and the core pin countersinking projection each comprise arcuately-shaped projection surfaces that together form the contiguous through-hole contouring surface. 7. The process of claim 6, wherein the contiguous through-hole contouring surface comprises a toroidal shape. 8. The process of claim 5, wherein the pressing end of the core pin engages the pressing end of the core rod and pushes the core rod along the pressing axis into the internal channel in the bottom punch body. 9. The process of claim 5, wherein, at the end of a press stroke, the through-hole contouring surface is located completely in the powder compaction mold along the pressing axis between the bottom punch face and the top punch face. 10. The process of claim 5, wherein, at the end of a press stroke, the engagement between the core pin projection and the core rod projection is located at the center plane of the powder compact along a thickness dimension. 11. The process of claim 5, wherein a top half of the through-hole surface of the powder compact is formed by the core pin countersinking projection, and wherein a bottom half of the through-hole surface of the powder compact is formed by the core rod countersinking projection. 12. The process of claim 1, further comprising:
removing the powder compact from the powder compaction mold; and sintering the powder compact to form a cutting tool insert. 13. A process comprising sintering a powder compact made in accordance with the process of claim 1. 14. A powder compact made in accordance with the process of claim 1. 15. A cutting tool insert made in accordance with the process of claim 1. 16. The cutting tool insert of claim 15, the insert comprising:
a top surface; a bottom surface; and a countersunk through-hole comprising a contiguous surface connecting the top surface and the bottom surface. 17. The cutting tool insert of claim 16, wherein the countersunk through-hole comprises a toroidal surface. 18. A powder pressing apparatus for the production of cutting tool inserts comprising:
a bottom punch body comprising a bottom punch face located on a pressing end of the bottom punch body, and an internal channel disposed in the bottom punch body and opening at the bottom punch face; a core rod partially disposed in the internal channel of the bottom punch body, the core rod comprising a pressing end and a counter-sinking projection located on the pressing end, wherein the core rod partially extends through the opening of the internal channel and above the bottom punch face; a top punch body comprising a top punch face located on a pressing end of the top punch body, and an internal channel disposed in the top punch body and opening at the top punch face; and a core pin disposed in the internal channel of the top punch body, the core pin comprising a pressing end and a countersinking projection located on the pressing end, wherein the countersinking projection extends through the opening of the internal channel and below the top punch face. 19. The powder pressing apparatus of claim 18, wherein the core rod countersinking projection and the core pin countersinking projection each comprise the same geometry. 20. The powder pressing apparatus of claim 18, wherein the core rod countersinking projection and the core pin countersinking projection each comprise arcuately-shaped projection surfaces. 21. The powder pressing apparatus of claim 18, wherein the core rod is cylindrically-shaped and the core rod countersinking projection comprises an arcuately-shaped projection surface disposed around the circumference of the core rod at the pressing end, and wherein the core pin is cylindrically-shaped and the core pin countersinking projection comprises an arcuately-shaped projection surface disposed around the circumference of the core pin at the pressing end. 22. The powder pressing apparatus of claim 18, wherein the pressing ends of the core pin and the core rod are configured to mutually engage during a press stroke to form a contiguous through-hole contouring surface. 23. The powder pressing apparatus of claim 22, wherein the core rod countersinking projection and the core pin countersinking projection each comprise arcuately-shaped projection surfaces that together form the contiguous through-hole contouring surface. 24. The powder pressing apparatus of claim 22, wherein the contiguous through-hole contouring surface comprises a toroidal shape. 25. A cutting tool insert comprising:
a top surface; a bottom surface; and a countersunk through-hole comprising a contiguous surface connecting the top surface and the bottom surface. 26. The cutting tool insert of claim 25, wherein the countersunk through-hole comprises a toroidal surface. | 1,700 |
2,674 | 15,302,517 | 1,797 | The present invention relates to the use of absorbent particles to improve the detection of a signal corresponding to the presence of an analyte in an analysis method on spot(s), in particular when the signal detection takes place in the presence of a liquid phase. The present invention also relates to an analysis method on spot(s) making it possible to improve the detection of a signal corresponding to the presence of an analyte, in the presence of a liquid phase comprising absorbent particles. | 1. An analysis method making it possible to improve the detection of a signal corresponding to the presence of an analyte comprising the following steps:
a) providing a solid support comprising at least one compartment, said compartment comprising at least one spot intended for the detection of an analyte, b) placing a specimen to be analyzed in the presence of the spot(s) of said compartment, c) placing at least one detection ligand of an analyte in the presence of the spot(s) of said compartment, said detection ligand of an analyte being coupled to a direct or indirect detection marker, d) when said detection marker is an indirect detection marker, placing a reporter of the indirect detection marker coupled to said detection ligand in the presence of the spot(s) of said compartment, e) when the reporter used in step d) is coupled to an indirect marker, placing a reporter of the indirect detection marker coupled to said reporter in the presence of the spot(s) of said compartment, f) placing absorbent particles in the presence of the spot(s) of said compartment, said absorbent particles being comprised in a liquid phase in contact with the spot(s) of said compartment, and g) detecting a signal corresponding to the presence of an analyte at the spot(s) of said compartment, in the presence of the liquid phase comprising said absorbent particles. 2-12. (canceled) | The present invention relates to the use of absorbent particles to improve the detection of a signal corresponding to the presence of an analyte in an analysis method on spot(s), in particular when the signal detection takes place in the presence of a liquid phase. The present invention also relates to an analysis method on spot(s) making it possible to improve the detection of a signal corresponding to the presence of an analyte, in the presence of a liquid phase comprising absorbent particles.1. An analysis method making it possible to improve the detection of a signal corresponding to the presence of an analyte comprising the following steps:
a) providing a solid support comprising at least one compartment, said compartment comprising at least one spot intended for the detection of an analyte, b) placing a specimen to be analyzed in the presence of the spot(s) of said compartment, c) placing at least one detection ligand of an analyte in the presence of the spot(s) of said compartment, said detection ligand of an analyte being coupled to a direct or indirect detection marker, d) when said detection marker is an indirect detection marker, placing a reporter of the indirect detection marker coupled to said detection ligand in the presence of the spot(s) of said compartment, e) when the reporter used in step d) is coupled to an indirect marker, placing a reporter of the indirect detection marker coupled to said reporter in the presence of the spot(s) of said compartment, f) placing absorbent particles in the presence of the spot(s) of said compartment, said absorbent particles being comprised in a liquid phase in contact with the spot(s) of said compartment, and g) detecting a signal corresponding to the presence of an analyte at the spot(s) of said compartment, in the presence of the liquid phase comprising said absorbent particles. 2-12. (canceled) | 1,700 |
2,675 | 13,067,571 | 1,762 | The invention provides a compound of the formula:
wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and poly-substituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; Ar′ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and polysubstituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; R is an alkylene radical having 2-20 carbon atoms; and n=1-20. The compounds of the invention are used with polymer resins to enhance their gas barrier properties. | 1. A compound of the formula:
wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and poly-substituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; Ar′ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and polysubstituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; R is an alkylene radical having 2-20 carbon atoms; and n=1-20. 2. A compound according to claim 1, wherein said aryl group is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, and all positional isomeric derivatives thereof. 3. A compound according to claim 1, wherein said mono and polysubstituted aryl group is selected from the group consisting of substituted phenyl, substituted naphthyl, substituted biphenyl, substituted terphenyl, and all positional isomeric derivatives thereof. 4. A compound according to claim 3, wherein said substituent is selected from the group consisting of: —O(−), —OH, —OR, —OC6H5, —OCOCH3, —NH2, —NR2—NHCOCH3—R, —C6H5, —NO2, —NR3 (+), —PR3 (+), —SR2 (+), —SO3H, —SO2R, —CO2H, —CO2R, —CONH2, —CHO, —COR, —CN, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CH2Cl, and —CH═CHNO2. 5. A compound according to claim 1, wherein said heteroaryl group is selected from the group consisting of pyridyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl and pyrrolyl. 6. A compound according to claim 1, wherein said substituted heteroaryl group is selected from the group consisting of substituted pyridyl, substituted quinolinyl, substituted isoquinolinyl and substituted pyrrolyl. 7. A compound according to claim 6, wherein said substituent is selected from the group consisting of: —O(−), —OH, —OR, —OC6H5, —OCOCH3, —NH2, —NR2-NHCOCH3-R, —C6H5, —NO2, —NR3(+), —PR3(+), —SR2(+), —SO3H, —SO2R, —CO2H, —CO2R, —CONH2, —CHO, —COR, —CN, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CH2Cl, and —CH═CHNO2. 8. A compound according to claim 2, wherein said compound has the formula 9. A compound according to claim 2, wherein said compound has the formula 10. A compound according to claim 2, wherein said compound has the formula 11. A compound according to claim 2, wherein said compound has the formula 12. A compound according to claim 2, wherein said compound has the formula 13. A method for making a compound of the formula:
wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and poly-substituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; Ar′ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and polysubstituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; R is an alkylene radical having 2-20 carbon atoms; and n=1-20; which method comprises:
reacting a compound of the formula
with a compound of the formula
wherein Ar, Ar′, R and n are as defined above, at a temperature range of about 150° C. to about 275° C. in the presence of a color stabilizer for a sufficient time until the diester is formed. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein said method is carried out in a conventional esterification reactor that has been modified with a heated packed partial condenser. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the temperature of the partial condenser is maintained above the boiling point of water and below the boiling of the alcohol or glycol ether reaction component thus allowing continuous reflux of the alcohol or glycol ether component while simultaneously removing the water of esterification. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the temperature of the partial condenser is maintained in the range of about 115° C. to about 135° C. 17. A polymer composition comprising:
(a) a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyesters, polycarbonates, polyetherimides and polyethersulfone including their homopolymers, random or block copolymers and a blend or blends of such homopolymers and copolymers; and (b) a gas barrier additive in effective amounts to reduce gas permeability having the formula
wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and poly-substituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; Ar' is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and polysubstituted laryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; R is an alkylene radical having 2-20 carbon atoms; and n=1-20. 18. The polymer composition of claim 17, wherein said polyester is a polyalkylene terephthalate. 19. The polymer composition of claim 18, wherein said polyalkylene terphthalate is polyethylene terephthalate. 20. The polymer compostion of claim 19, wherein said gas barrier additive is a compound of the formula 21. A method for reducing gas permeability of shaped thermoplastic polymeric articles wherein the polymer from which the article is formed is selected from the group consisting of polyesters, polycarbonates, polyetherimides and polyethersulfones and wherein the method comprises the steps of: (1) incorporating into the polymer an amount of a barrier-enhancing additive or a mixture of barrier-enhancing additives effective to reduce gas permeability having the formula:
wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and poly-substituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; Ar′ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and polysubstituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; R is an alkylene radical having 2-20 carbon atoms; and n=1-20; and (2) shaping said polymeric articles. 22. In a container comprising a polyester composition having an enhanced carbon dioxide and oxygen barrier properties, the improvement which comprises a gas barrier enhancing additive therefore having the chemical formula:
wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and poly-substituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; Ar′ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and polysubstituted laryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; R is an alkylene radical having 2-20 carbon atoms; and n=1-20. 23. The container of claim 22 wherein wherein said gas barrier additive is a compound of the formula 24. The container of claim 23 wherein wherein said gas barrier additive is a compound of the formula 25. A container comprising a polyester composition comprising a polyester and a gas barrier enhancing additive, wherein the gas barrier enhancing additive comprises a compound having the chemical structure of Formula II:
wherein X and X6, independent of one another, comprise hydrogen, halide, heteroatom, hydroxyl, amino, amido, alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, acyl, cyano, sulfo, sulfato, mercapto, imino, sulfonyl, sulfenyl, sulfinyl, sulfamoyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphino, thioester, thioether, anhydride, oximno, hydrazino, carbamyl, phosphonic acid, phosphonato, or a C1-C10 monovalent hydrocarbon which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more functional moieties; wherein X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5, independent of one another, comprise a heteroatom or a C1-C10 divalent hydrocarbon, wherein each heteroatom or C1-C10 divalent hydrocarbon is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more functional moieties or one or more C1-C10 hydrocarbyls that are unsubstituted or substituted with one or more functional moieties; and wherein s, t, u, and v, independent of one another, is a number from 0 to 10; wherein when X3 comprises a C6 or C10 divalent aromatic hydrocarbon, X and X6, independent of one another, comprise a hydrogen, halide, heteroatom, hydroxyl, amino, amido, alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, acyl, cyano, sulfo, sulfato, mercapto, imino, sulfonyl, sulfenyl, sulfinyl, sulfamoyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphino, thioester, thioether, anhydride, oximino, hydrazino, carbamyl, phosphonic acid, phosphonato, or a C3-C10 monovalent cyclic or heterocyclic non-aryl hydrocarbon that are unsubstituted or substituted with one or more functional moieties. 26. The container of claim 1, wherein the gas barrier additive comprises a compound having the chemical structure of Formula II, wherein X and X6 each comprise a phenoxy group, t and u are 0, s and v are 1, X1 and X5 each comprise a straight-chain divalent C2 hydrocarbon, and X3 comprises a divalent benzene, the gas barrier additive comprising a compound having the chemical structure: 27. The container of claim 26, wherein the divalent benzene is para-substituted, the gas barrier additive comprising a compound having the chemical structure: 28. A polyester composition comprising a polyester and a gas barrier additive, wherein the gas barrier enhancing additive comprises a compound having the chemical structure of Formula II:
wherein X and X6, independent of one another, comprise hydrogen, halide, heteroatom, hydroxyl, amino, amido, alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, acyl, cyano, sulfo, sulfato, mercapto, imino, sulfonyl, sulfenyl, sulfinyl, sulfamoyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphino, thioester, thioether, anhydride, oximino, hydrazino, carbamyl, phosphonic acid, phosphonato, or a C1-C10 monovalent hydrocarbon which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more functional moieties; wherein X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5, independent of one another, comprise a heteroatom or a C1-C10 divalent hydrocarbon, wherein each heteroatom or C1-C10 divalent hydrocarbon is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more functional moieties or one or more C1-C10 hydrocarbyls that are unsubstituted or substituted with one or more functional moieties; and wherein s, t, u, and v, independent of one another, is a number from 0 to 10; wherein when X3 comprises a C6 or C10 divalent aromatic hydrocarbon, X and X6, independent of one another, comprise a hydrogen, halide, heteroatom, hydroxyl, amino, amido, alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, acyl, cyano, sulfo, sulfato, mercapto, imino, sulfonyl, sulfenyl, sulfinyl, sulfamoyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphino, thioester, thioether, anhydride, oximno, hydrazino, carbamyl, phosphonic acid, phosphonato, or a C3-C10 monovalent cyclic or heterocyclic non-aryl hydrocarbon that are unsubstituted or substituted with one or more functional moieties. 29. The polyester composition of claim 28, wherein the gas barrier additive comprises a compound having the chemical structure of Formula II, wherein X and X6 each comprise a phenoxy group, t and u are 0, s and v are 1, X1 and X5 each comprise a straight-chain divalent C2 hydrocarbon, and X3 comprises a divalent benzene, the gas barrier additive comprising a compound having the chemical structure: 30. The polyester composition of claim 29, wherein the divalent benzene is para-substituted, the gas barrier additive comprising a compound having the chemical structure: 31. A shaped thermoplastic polymeric article comprising a base polymer having physically incorporated therein an amount of one or more barrier-enhancing additives effective to reduce permeability of the shaped article to gases when compared to the shaped article not having the one or more barrier-enhancing additives incorporated therein, wherein the one or more barrier-enhancing additives are selected from the group consisting of compounds of the formula:
wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and poly-substituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; Ar′ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and polysubstituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; R is an alkylene radical having 2-20 carbon atoms; and n=1-20. 32. A container comprising a polyester composition comprising a polyester; a mechanical property improving agent; and a gas barrier enhancing additive comprises a compound having the chemical structure of Formula II:
wherein X and X6, independent of one another, comprise hydrogen, halide, heteroatom, hydroxyl, amino, amido, alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, acyl, cyano, sulfo, sulfato, mercapto, imino, sulfonyl, sulfenyl, sulfinyl, sulfamoyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphino, thioester, thioether, anhydride, oximino, hydrazino, carbamyl, phosphonic acid, phosphonato, or a C1-C10 monovalent hydrocarbon which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more functional moieties; wherein X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5, independent of one another, comprise a heteroatom or a C1-C10 divalent hydrocarbon, wherein each heteroatom or C1-C10 divalent hydrocarbon is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more functional moieties or one or more C1-C10 hydrocarbyls that are unsubstituted or substituted with one or more functional moieties; and wherein s, t, u, and v, independent of one another, is a number from 0 to 10; wherein when X3 comprises a C6 or C10 divalent aromatic hydrocarbon, X and X6, independent of one another, comprise a hydrogen, halide, heteroatom, hydroxyl, amino, amido, alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, acyl, cyano, sulfo, sulfato, mercapto, imino, sulfonyl, sulfenyl, sulfinyl, sulfamoyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphino, thioester, thioether, anhydride, oximno, hydrazino, carbamyl, phosphonic acid, phosphonato, or a C3-C10 monovalent cyclic or heterocyclic non-aryl hydrocarbon that are unsubstituted or substituted with one or more functional moieties. 33. The container of claim 32, wherein the gas barrier additive comprises a compound having the chemical structure of Formula II, wherein X and X6 each comprise a phenoxy group, t and u are 0, s and v are 1, X1 and X5 each comprise a straight-chain divalent C2 hydrocarbon, and X3 comprises a divalent benzene, the gas barrier additive comprising a compound having the chemical structure: 34. The container of claim 33, wherein the divalent benzene is para-substituted, the gas barrier additive comprising a compound having the chemical structure: 35. A method for increasing the shelf life of a packaged substance which method comprises enclosing said substance in a polyester package that includes an additive of the formula:
wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and poly-substituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; Ar′ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and polysubstituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; R is an alkylene radical having 2-20 carbon atoms; and n=1-20. 36. The method of claim 35 wherein said additive has the formula: 37. The method of claim 36 wherein said additive has the formula: 38. A method for minimizing carbon dioxide migration though a packaging material comprising adding to said packaging material an effective amount of an additive of the formula:
wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and poly-substituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; Ar′ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and polysubstituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; R is an alkylene radical having 2-20 carbon atoms; and n=1-20. 39. The method of claim 38 wherein said additive has the formula: 40. The method of claim 39 wherein said additive has the formula: | The invention provides a compound of the formula:
wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and poly-substituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; Ar′ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and polysubstituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; R is an alkylene radical having 2-20 carbon atoms; and n=1-20. The compounds of the invention are used with polymer resins to enhance their gas barrier properties.1. A compound of the formula:
wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and poly-substituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; Ar′ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and polysubstituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; R is an alkylene radical having 2-20 carbon atoms; and n=1-20. 2. A compound according to claim 1, wherein said aryl group is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, and all positional isomeric derivatives thereof. 3. A compound according to claim 1, wherein said mono and polysubstituted aryl group is selected from the group consisting of substituted phenyl, substituted naphthyl, substituted biphenyl, substituted terphenyl, and all positional isomeric derivatives thereof. 4. A compound according to claim 3, wherein said substituent is selected from the group consisting of: —O(−), —OH, —OR, —OC6H5, —OCOCH3, —NH2, —NR2—NHCOCH3—R, —C6H5, —NO2, —NR3 (+), —PR3 (+), —SR2 (+), —SO3H, —SO2R, —CO2H, —CO2R, —CONH2, —CHO, —COR, —CN, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CH2Cl, and —CH═CHNO2. 5. A compound according to claim 1, wherein said heteroaryl group is selected from the group consisting of pyridyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl and pyrrolyl. 6. A compound according to claim 1, wherein said substituted heteroaryl group is selected from the group consisting of substituted pyridyl, substituted quinolinyl, substituted isoquinolinyl and substituted pyrrolyl. 7. A compound according to claim 6, wherein said substituent is selected from the group consisting of: —O(−), —OH, —OR, —OC6H5, —OCOCH3, —NH2, —NR2-NHCOCH3-R, —C6H5, —NO2, —NR3(+), —PR3(+), —SR2(+), —SO3H, —SO2R, —CO2H, —CO2R, —CONH2, —CHO, —COR, —CN, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CH2Cl, and —CH═CHNO2. 8. A compound according to claim 2, wherein said compound has the formula 9. A compound according to claim 2, wherein said compound has the formula 10. A compound according to claim 2, wherein said compound has the formula 11. A compound according to claim 2, wherein said compound has the formula 12. A compound according to claim 2, wherein said compound has the formula 13. A method for making a compound of the formula:
wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and poly-substituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; Ar′ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and polysubstituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; R is an alkylene radical having 2-20 carbon atoms; and n=1-20; which method comprises:
reacting a compound of the formula
with a compound of the formula
wherein Ar, Ar′, R and n are as defined above, at a temperature range of about 150° C. to about 275° C. in the presence of a color stabilizer for a sufficient time until the diester is formed. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein said method is carried out in a conventional esterification reactor that has been modified with a heated packed partial condenser. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the temperature of the partial condenser is maintained above the boiling point of water and below the boiling of the alcohol or glycol ether reaction component thus allowing continuous reflux of the alcohol or glycol ether component while simultaneously removing the water of esterification. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the temperature of the partial condenser is maintained in the range of about 115° C. to about 135° C. 17. A polymer composition comprising:
(a) a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyesters, polycarbonates, polyetherimides and polyethersulfone including their homopolymers, random or block copolymers and a blend or blends of such homopolymers and copolymers; and (b) a gas barrier additive in effective amounts to reduce gas permeability having the formula
wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and poly-substituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; Ar' is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and polysubstituted laryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; R is an alkylene radical having 2-20 carbon atoms; and n=1-20. 18. The polymer composition of claim 17, wherein said polyester is a polyalkylene terephthalate. 19. The polymer composition of claim 18, wherein said polyalkylene terphthalate is polyethylene terephthalate. 20. The polymer compostion of claim 19, wherein said gas barrier additive is a compound of the formula 21. A method for reducing gas permeability of shaped thermoplastic polymeric articles wherein the polymer from which the article is formed is selected from the group consisting of polyesters, polycarbonates, polyetherimides and polyethersulfones and wherein the method comprises the steps of: (1) incorporating into the polymer an amount of a barrier-enhancing additive or a mixture of barrier-enhancing additives effective to reduce gas permeability having the formula:
wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and poly-substituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; Ar′ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and polysubstituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; R is an alkylene radical having 2-20 carbon atoms; and n=1-20; and (2) shaping said polymeric articles. 22. In a container comprising a polyester composition having an enhanced carbon dioxide and oxygen barrier properties, the improvement which comprises a gas barrier enhancing additive therefore having the chemical formula:
wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and poly-substituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; Ar′ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and polysubstituted laryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; R is an alkylene radical having 2-20 carbon atoms; and n=1-20. 23. The container of claim 22 wherein wherein said gas barrier additive is a compound of the formula 24. The container of claim 23 wherein wherein said gas barrier additive is a compound of the formula 25. A container comprising a polyester composition comprising a polyester and a gas barrier enhancing additive, wherein the gas barrier enhancing additive comprises a compound having the chemical structure of Formula II:
wherein X and X6, independent of one another, comprise hydrogen, halide, heteroatom, hydroxyl, amino, amido, alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, acyl, cyano, sulfo, sulfato, mercapto, imino, sulfonyl, sulfenyl, sulfinyl, sulfamoyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphino, thioester, thioether, anhydride, oximno, hydrazino, carbamyl, phosphonic acid, phosphonato, or a C1-C10 monovalent hydrocarbon which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more functional moieties; wherein X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5, independent of one another, comprise a heteroatom or a C1-C10 divalent hydrocarbon, wherein each heteroatom or C1-C10 divalent hydrocarbon is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more functional moieties or one or more C1-C10 hydrocarbyls that are unsubstituted or substituted with one or more functional moieties; and wherein s, t, u, and v, independent of one another, is a number from 0 to 10; wherein when X3 comprises a C6 or C10 divalent aromatic hydrocarbon, X and X6, independent of one another, comprise a hydrogen, halide, heteroatom, hydroxyl, amino, amido, alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, acyl, cyano, sulfo, sulfato, mercapto, imino, sulfonyl, sulfenyl, sulfinyl, sulfamoyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphino, thioester, thioether, anhydride, oximino, hydrazino, carbamyl, phosphonic acid, phosphonato, or a C3-C10 monovalent cyclic or heterocyclic non-aryl hydrocarbon that are unsubstituted or substituted with one or more functional moieties. 26. The container of claim 1, wherein the gas barrier additive comprises a compound having the chemical structure of Formula II, wherein X and X6 each comprise a phenoxy group, t and u are 0, s and v are 1, X1 and X5 each comprise a straight-chain divalent C2 hydrocarbon, and X3 comprises a divalent benzene, the gas barrier additive comprising a compound having the chemical structure: 27. The container of claim 26, wherein the divalent benzene is para-substituted, the gas barrier additive comprising a compound having the chemical structure: 28. A polyester composition comprising a polyester and a gas barrier additive, wherein the gas barrier enhancing additive comprises a compound having the chemical structure of Formula II:
wherein X and X6, independent of one another, comprise hydrogen, halide, heteroatom, hydroxyl, amino, amido, alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, acyl, cyano, sulfo, sulfato, mercapto, imino, sulfonyl, sulfenyl, sulfinyl, sulfamoyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphino, thioester, thioether, anhydride, oximino, hydrazino, carbamyl, phosphonic acid, phosphonato, or a C1-C10 monovalent hydrocarbon which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more functional moieties; wherein X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5, independent of one another, comprise a heteroatom or a C1-C10 divalent hydrocarbon, wherein each heteroatom or C1-C10 divalent hydrocarbon is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more functional moieties or one or more C1-C10 hydrocarbyls that are unsubstituted or substituted with one or more functional moieties; and wherein s, t, u, and v, independent of one another, is a number from 0 to 10; wherein when X3 comprises a C6 or C10 divalent aromatic hydrocarbon, X and X6, independent of one another, comprise a hydrogen, halide, heteroatom, hydroxyl, amino, amido, alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, acyl, cyano, sulfo, sulfato, mercapto, imino, sulfonyl, sulfenyl, sulfinyl, sulfamoyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphino, thioester, thioether, anhydride, oximno, hydrazino, carbamyl, phosphonic acid, phosphonato, or a C3-C10 monovalent cyclic or heterocyclic non-aryl hydrocarbon that are unsubstituted or substituted with one or more functional moieties. 29. The polyester composition of claim 28, wherein the gas barrier additive comprises a compound having the chemical structure of Formula II, wherein X and X6 each comprise a phenoxy group, t and u are 0, s and v are 1, X1 and X5 each comprise a straight-chain divalent C2 hydrocarbon, and X3 comprises a divalent benzene, the gas barrier additive comprising a compound having the chemical structure: 30. The polyester composition of claim 29, wherein the divalent benzene is para-substituted, the gas barrier additive comprising a compound having the chemical structure: 31. A shaped thermoplastic polymeric article comprising a base polymer having physically incorporated therein an amount of one or more barrier-enhancing additives effective to reduce permeability of the shaped article to gases when compared to the shaped article not having the one or more barrier-enhancing additives incorporated therein, wherein the one or more barrier-enhancing additives are selected from the group consisting of compounds of the formula:
wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and poly-substituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; Ar′ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and polysubstituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; R is an alkylene radical having 2-20 carbon atoms; and n=1-20. 32. A container comprising a polyester composition comprising a polyester; a mechanical property improving agent; and a gas barrier enhancing additive comprises a compound having the chemical structure of Formula II:
wherein X and X6, independent of one another, comprise hydrogen, halide, heteroatom, hydroxyl, amino, amido, alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, acyl, cyano, sulfo, sulfato, mercapto, imino, sulfonyl, sulfenyl, sulfinyl, sulfamoyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphino, thioester, thioether, anhydride, oximino, hydrazino, carbamyl, phosphonic acid, phosphonato, or a C1-C10 monovalent hydrocarbon which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more functional moieties; wherein X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5, independent of one another, comprise a heteroatom or a C1-C10 divalent hydrocarbon, wherein each heteroatom or C1-C10 divalent hydrocarbon is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more functional moieties or one or more C1-C10 hydrocarbyls that are unsubstituted or substituted with one or more functional moieties; and wherein s, t, u, and v, independent of one another, is a number from 0 to 10; wherein when X3 comprises a C6 or C10 divalent aromatic hydrocarbon, X and X6, independent of one another, comprise a hydrogen, halide, heteroatom, hydroxyl, amino, amido, alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, acyl, cyano, sulfo, sulfato, mercapto, imino, sulfonyl, sulfenyl, sulfinyl, sulfamoyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphino, thioester, thioether, anhydride, oximno, hydrazino, carbamyl, phosphonic acid, phosphonato, or a C3-C10 monovalent cyclic or heterocyclic non-aryl hydrocarbon that are unsubstituted or substituted with one or more functional moieties. 33. The container of claim 32, wherein the gas barrier additive comprises a compound having the chemical structure of Formula II, wherein X and X6 each comprise a phenoxy group, t and u are 0, s and v are 1, X1 and X5 each comprise a straight-chain divalent C2 hydrocarbon, and X3 comprises a divalent benzene, the gas barrier additive comprising a compound having the chemical structure: 34. The container of claim 33, wherein the divalent benzene is para-substituted, the gas barrier additive comprising a compound having the chemical structure: 35. A method for increasing the shelf life of a packaged substance which method comprises enclosing said substance in a polyester package that includes an additive of the formula:
wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and poly-substituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; Ar′ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and polysubstituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; R is an alkylene radical having 2-20 carbon atoms; and n=1-20. 36. The method of claim 35 wherein said additive has the formula: 37. The method of claim 36 wherein said additive has the formula: 38. A method for minimizing carbon dioxide migration though a packaging material comprising adding to said packaging material an effective amount of an additive of the formula:
wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and poly-substituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; Ar′ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, monosubstituted aryl and polysubstituted aryl, heteroaryl, monosubstituted heteroaryl and polysubstituted heteroaryl; R is an alkylene radical having 2-20 carbon atoms; and n=1-20. 39. The method of claim 38 wherein said additive has the formula: 40. The method of claim 39 wherein said additive has the formula: | 1,700 |
2,676 | 14,389,849 | 1,783 | Provided is a transparent sheet that is prevented from curling, is excellent in external appearance, prevents the progress of a crack, and the rupture, of its glass, and is excellent in flexibility. A transparent sheet of the present invention includes: an inorganic glass; and a resin film bonded onto one side, or each of both sides, of the inorganic glass through an adhesion layer, in which: the inorganic glass has a thickness of from 35 μm to 100 μm; the adhesion layer has a single-layer thickness of more than 10 μm and (the thickness of the inorganic glass×0.3) μm or less; the adhesion layer has a modulus of elasticity at 25° C. of from 1.2 GPa to 10 GPa; and a ratio of a total thickness of the resin film to the thickness of the inorganic glass is from 0.9 to 4. | 1. A transparent sheet, comprising:
an inorganic glass; and a resin film bonded onto one side, or each of both sides, of the inorganic glass through an adhesion layer, wherein: the inorganic glass has a thickness of from 35 μm to 100 μm; the adhesion layer has a single-layer thickness of more than 10 μm and (the thickness of the inorganic glass×0.3) μm or less; the adhesion layer has a modulus of elasticity at 25° C. of from 1.2 GPa to 10 GPa; and a ratio of a total thickness of the resin film to the thickness of the inorganic glass is from 0.9 to 4. 2. A transparent sheet according to claim 1, wherein the modulus of elasticity of the resin film at 25° C. is from 1.5 GPa to 10 GPa. 3. A transparent sheet according to claim 1, wherein the resin film contains a resin having a glass transition temperature of from 150° C. to 350° C. 4. A transparent sheet according to claim 1, wherein the resin film contains a thermoplastic resin. 5. A transparent sheet according to claim 1, wherein the adhesion layer is formed of a UV-curable resin. 6. A transparent sheet according to claim 1, wherein the transparent sheet has a total thickness of 150 μm or less. 7. A transparent sheet according to claim 1, wherein the transparent sheet is used as a substrate for a display element or for a solar cell. 8. A transparent sheet according to claim 1, wherein the transparent sheet is used as a moisture-proof cover for a display element or for a solar cell. 9. A method of producing a transparent sheet, comprising the steps of:
applying a resin solution for forming an adhesion layer onto an inorganic glass or a resin film to form an applied layer; and laminating the inorganic glass and the resin film through the applied layer, followed by curing of the applied layer to form an adhesion layer to bond the inorganic glass and the resin film onto each other, wherein: the inorganic glass has a thickness of from 35 μm to 100 μm; the adhesion layer has a single-layer thickness of more than 10 μm and (the thickness of the inorganic glass×0.3) μm or less; the adhesion layer has a modulus of elasticity at 25° C. of from 1.2 GPa to 10 GPa; and a ratio of a total thickness of the resin film to the thickness of the inorganic glass is from 0.9 to 4. | Provided is a transparent sheet that is prevented from curling, is excellent in external appearance, prevents the progress of a crack, and the rupture, of its glass, and is excellent in flexibility. A transparent sheet of the present invention includes: an inorganic glass; and a resin film bonded onto one side, or each of both sides, of the inorganic glass through an adhesion layer, in which: the inorganic glass has a thickness of from 35 μm to 100 μm; the adhesion layer has a single-layer thickness of more than 10 μm and (the thickness of the inorganic glass×0.3) μm or less; the adhesion layer has a modulus of elasticity at 25° C. of from 1.2 GPa to 10 GPa; and a ratio of a total thickness of the resin film to the thickness of the inorganic glass is from 0.9 to 4.1. A transparent sheet, comprising:
an inorganic glass; and a resin film bonded onto one side, or each of both sides, of the inorganic glass through an adhesion layer, wherein: the inorganic glass has a thickness of from 35 μm to 100 μm; the adhesion layer has a single-layer thickness of more than 10 μm and (the thickness of the inorganic glass×0.3) μm or less; the adhesion layer has a modulus of elasticity at 25° C. of from 1.2 GPa to 10 GPa; and a ratio of a total thickness of the resin film to the thickness of the inorganic glass is from 0.9 to 4. 2. A transparent sheet according to claim 1, wherein the modulus of elasticity of the resin film at 25° C. is from 1.5 GPa to 10 GPa. 3. A transparent sheet according to claim 1, wherein the resin film contains a resin having a glass transition temperature of from 150° C. to 350° C. 4. A transparent sheet according to claim 1, wherein the resin film contains a thermoplastic resin. 5. A transparent sheet according to claim 1, wherein the adhesion layer is formed of a UV-curable resin. 6. A transparent sheet according to claim 1, wherein the transparent sheet has a total thickness of 150 μm or less. 7. A transparent sheet according to claim 1, wherein the transparent sheet is used as a substrate for a display element or for a solar cell. 8. A transparent sheet according to claim 1, wherein the transparent sheet is used as a moisture-proof cover for a display element or for a solar cell. 9. A method of producing a transparent sheet, comprising the steps of:
applying a resin solution for forming an adhesion layer onto an inorganic glass or a resin film to form an applied layer; and laminating the inorganic glass and the resin film through the applied layer, followed by curing of the applied layer to form an adhesion layer to bond the inorganic glass and the resin film onto each other, wherein: the inorganic glass has a thickness of from 35 μm to 100 μm; the adhesion layer has a single-layer thickness of more than 10 μm and (the thickness of the inorganic glass×0.3) μm or less; the adhesion layer has a modulus of elasticity at 25° C. of from 1.2 GPa to 10 GPa; and a ratio of a total thickness of the resin film to the thickness of the inorganic glass is from 0.9 to 4. | 1,700 |
2,677 | 11,666,921 | 1,727 | An electrochemical device having excellent safety at high temperature is provided by using a separator for an electrochemical device, which is made of a porous film comprising: a porous base ( 5 ) having a heat-resistant temperature of 150° C. or higher and including filler particles ( 3 ); at least one kind of shutdown resin ( 6 ) selected from the group consisting of resin A that has a melting point in a range of 80° C. to 130° C. and resin B that absorbs an electrolyte and swells due to heating, and the swelling degree is increased as the temperature rises; and a binder ( 4 ). | 1. A separator for an electrochemical device, comprising a porous film comprising a porous base and a resin, wherein
the porous base has a heat-resistant temperature of not lower than 150° C. and comprises filler particles, the resin is at least one kind of shutdown resin selected from the group consisting of resin A that has a melting point in a range of 80° C. to 130° C., and resin B that absorbs an electrolyte and swells due to heating, and the swelling degree is increased as the temperature rises. 2. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein at least a part of the porous base is formed of the filler particles. 3. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein the filler particles are contained in pores of the porous base. 4. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein a shutdown occurs due to melting of the resin A or swelling of the resin B when at least heated at 130° C. in a state wet with the electrolyte. 5. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein the porous base is formed of a fibrous material having a heat-resistant temperature of not lower than 150° C. 6. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 5, wherein the fibrous material is at least one selected from the group consisting of cellulose and a modification thereof, polyolefin, polyester, polyacrylonitrile, aramid, polyamideimide, polyimide, and an inorganic oxide. 7. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 5, wherein the fibrous material is a woven fabric or a nonwoven fabric. 8. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein the shutdown resin is formed of fine particles. 9. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein the shutdown resin is formed of fine particles and arranged together with the filler particles in the pores of the porous base. 10. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein the resin A is at least one selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, an ethylene-vinyl monomer copolymer and a polyolefin wax. 11. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein the resin B is a crosslinked resin having a glass transition temperature in a temperature range of 75° C. to 125° C. 12. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 11, wherein the crosslinked resin is at least one crosslinked body of resin selected from the group consisting of a styrene resin, a styrene-butadiene copolymer, an acrylic resin, polyalkylene oxide, a fluororesin and a derivative thereof. 13. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein a swelling degree BR of the resin B at 25° C., which is expressed with the equation below, is not more than 2.5:
B R=(V 0 /V i)−1
where V0 denotes the volume (cm3) of the resin B after being dipped in the electrolyte at 25° C. for 24 hours, and Vi denotes the volume (cm3) of the resin B before being dipped in the electrolyte. 14. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein the swelling degree BT of the resin B at 120° C., which is expressed with the equation below, is not less than 1:
B T=(V 1 /V 0)−1
where V0 denotes the volume (cm3) of the resin B after being dipped in the electrolyte at 25° C. for 24 hours, and V1 denotes the volume (cm3) of the resin B after being dipped in the electrolyte at 25° C. for 24 hours, followed by steps of raising the temperature of the electrolyte to 120° C. and keeping the electrolyte at 120° C. for one hour. 15. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein the filler particles are formed of an inorganic oxide. 16. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 15, wherein the inorganic oxide is at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of Al2O3, SiO2 and boehmite. 17. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein the filler particles are plate-like particles. 18. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein air permeability expressed as a Gurley value is in a range of 10 to 300 (sec/100 mL). 19. An electrochemical device comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a nonaqueous electrolyte and a separator,
wherein the separator is the separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1. 20. The electrochemical device according to claim 19, wherein the separator is integrated with at least one selected from the group consisting of the positive electrode and the negative electrode. | An electrochemical device having excellent safety at high temperature is provided by using a separator for an electrochemical device, which is made of a porous film comprising: a porous base ( 5 ) having a heat-resistant temperature of 150° C. or higher and including filler particles ( 3 ); at least one kind of shutdown resin ( 6 ) selected from the group consisting of resin A that has a melting point in a range of 80° C. to 130° C. and resin B that absorbs an electrolyte and swells due to heating, and the swelling degree is increased as the temperature rises; and a binder ( 4 ).1. A separator for an electrochemical device, comprising a porous film comprising a porous base and a resin, wherein
the porous base has a heat-resistant temperature of not lower than 150° C. and comprises filler particles, the resin is at least one kind of shutdown resin selected from the group consisting of resin A that has a melting point in a range of 80° C. to 130° C., and resin B that absorbs an electrolyte and swells due to heating, and the swelling degree is increased as the temperature rises. 2. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein at least a part of the porous base is formed of the filler particles. 3. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein the filler particles are contained in pores of the porous base. 4. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein a shutdown occurs due to melting of the resin A or swelling of the resin B when at least heated at 130° C. in a state wet with the electrolyte. 5. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein the porous base is formed of a fibrous material having a heat-resistant temperature of not lower than 150° C. 6. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 5, wherein the fibrous material is at least one selected from the group consisting of cellulose and a modification thereof, polyolefin, polyester, polyacrylonitrile, aramid, polyamideimide, polyimide, and an inorganic oxide. 7. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 5, wherein the fibrous material is a woven fabric or a nonwoven fabric. 8. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein the shutdown resin is formed of fine particles. 9. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein the shutdown resin is formed of fine particles and arranged together with the filler particles in the pores of the porous base. 10. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein the resin A is at least one selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, an ethylene-vinyl monomer copolymer and a polyolefin wax. 11. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein the resin B is a crosslinked resin having a glass transition temperature in a temperature range of 75° C. to 125° C. 12. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 11, wherein the crosslinked resin is at least one crosslinked body of resin selected from the group consisting of a styrene resin, a styrene-butadiene copolymer, an acrylic resin, polyalkylene oxide, a fluororesin and a derivative thereof. 13. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein a swelling degree BR of the resin B at 25° C., which is expressed with the equation below, is not more than 2.5:
B R=(V 0 /V i)−1
where V0 denotes the volume (cm3) of the resin B after being dipped in the electrolyte at 25° C. for 24 hours, and Vi denotes the volume (cm3) of the resin B before being dipped in the electrolyte. 14. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein the swelling degree BT of the resin B at 120° C., which is expressed with the equation below, is not less than 1:
B T=(V 1 /V 0)−1
where V0 denotes the volume (cm3) of the resin B after being dipped in the electrolyte at 25° C. for 24 hours, and V1 denotes the volume (cm3) of the resin B after being dipped in the electrolyte at 25° C. for 24 hours, followed by steps of raising the temperature of the electrolyte to 120° C. and keeping the electrolyte at 120° C. for one hour. 15. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein the filler particles are formed of an inorganic oxide. 16. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 15, wherein the inorganic oxide is at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of Al2O3, SiO2 and boehmite. 17. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein the filler particles are plate-like particles. 18. The separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein air permeability expressed as a Gurley value is in a range of 10 to 300 (sec/100 mL). 19. An electrochemical device comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a nonaqueous electrolyte and a separator,
wherein the separator is the separator for an electrochemical device according to claim 1. 20. The electrochemical device according to claim 19, wherein the separator is integrated with at least one selected from the group consisting of the positive electrode and the negative electrode. | 1,700 |
2,678 | 15,135,659 | 1,761 | Methods for enhancing in-vitro bloom of a rinse-off composition can include combining surfactant, perfume, solvent, and water, to form the composition, wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition has a G′ of at least about 25 Pa and/or is not a ringing gel. | 1) A method of enhancing in-vitro bloom of a rinse-off cleansing composition, comprising, combining: a) from about 35% to about 85%, by weight of the composition, of surfactant; b) from about 4% to about 30%, by weight of the composition, of a perfume, wherein the weight percent of perfume is from about 12% to about 40%, by weight of the surfactant; c) from about 6% to about 20%, by weight of the composition, of a hydric solvent and wherein the weight percent of the hydric solvent is from about 16% to about 24%, by weight of the surfactant; and d) from about 2% to about 57%, by weight of the composition, of water; to form the cleansing composition; wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition is not a ringing gel. 2) The method of claim 1, wherein the composition has a G′ at 1 Hz of about 25 Pa to about 3000 Pa and wherein the composition has a total GCMS peak area at the 3:1 dilution point which is at least 1.5 times greater than the GCMS peak area of the composition prior to dilution when measured in accordance with the PHADD method. 3) The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 35% to about 60%, by weight of the composition, of surfactant. 4) The method of claim 1, wherein the surfactant comprises from about 30% to about 40%, by weight of the composition, of a first surfactant. 5) The method of claim 4, wherein the first surfactant comprises an anionic surfactant. 6) The method of claim 4, wherein the first surfactant comprises a branched anionic surfactant. 7) The method of claim 5, wherein the anionic surfactant comprises a sulfate, an alkyl ether sulfate, an alkyl ether sulfate with about 0.5 to about 5 ethoxylate groups, sodium trideceth-2 sulfate, or a combination thereof. 8) The method of claim 5, wherein the surfactant comprises sodium trideceth-2 sulfate, sodium trideceth-3 sulfate, sodium laureth-1 sulfate, sodium laureth-2 sulfate, sodium laureth-3 sulfate, or a combination thereof. 9) The method of claim 4, wherein the surfactant further comprises from about 2% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of a cosurfactant. 10) The method of claim 9, wherein the cosurfactant comprises a betaine, an alkyl amidopropyl betaine, cocoamidopropyl betaine, or a combination thereof. 11) The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 8% to about 20%, by weight of the composition, of the perfume. 12) The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 8% to about 16%, by weight of the composition, of the solvent. 13) The method of claim 1, wherein the hydric solvent comprises dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dibutylene glycol, hexylene glycol, butylene glycol, pentylene glycol, heptylene glycol, propylene glycol, a polyethylene glycol having a weight average molecular weight below about 500, or a combination thereof. 14) The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 30% to about 61%, by weight of the composition, of the combination of water and solvent. 15) The method of claim 1, wherein the perfume is from about 20% to about 40%, by weight of the surfactant. 16) The method of claim 1, wherein the weight percent of hydric solvent is from about 17% to about 35%, by weight of the surfactant. 17) The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is a microemulsion or contains a microemulsion phase. 18) The method of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the composition becomes a microemulsion upon dilution with water of about 3:1 by weight (water:composition) to about 10:1 by weight (water:composition). 19) The method of claim 1, wherein the GCMS peak area is at least about 1.75 times more than the composition prior to dilution. 20) A method of enhancing in-vitro bloom of a rinse-off cleansing composition, comprising, combining: from about 35% to about 45%, by weight of the composition, of a first surfactant comprising sodium trideceth-2 sulfate; from about 2% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of a cosurfactant comprising cocamidopropyl betaine; from about 4% to about 15%, by weight of the composition, of a perfume; from about 6% to about 20%, by weight of the composition, of dipropylene glycol; and water; to form a rinse-off cleansing composition, wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition is not a ringing gel. | Methods for enhancing in-vitro bloom of a rinse-off composition can include combining surfactant, perfume, solvent, and water, to form the composition, wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition has a G′ of at least about 25 Pa and/or is not a ringing gel.1) A method of enhancing in-vitro bloom of a rinse-off cleansing composition, comprising, combining: a) from about 35% to about 85%, by weight of the composition, of surfactant; b) from about 4% to about 30%, by weight of the composition, of a perfume, wherein the weight percent of perfume is from about 12% to about 40%, by weight of the surfactant; c) from about 6% to about 20%, by weight of the composition, of a hydric solvent and wherein the weight percent of the hydric solvent is from about 16% to about 24%, by weight of the surfactant; and d) from about 2% to about 57%, by weight of the composition, of water; to form the cleansing composition; wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition is not a ringing gel. 2) The method of claim 1, wherein the composition has a G′ at 1 Hz of about 25 Pa to about 3000 Pa and wherein the composition has a total GCMS peak area at the 3:1 dilution point which is at least 1.5 times greater than the GCMS peak area of the composition prior to dilution when measured in accordance with the PHADD method. 3) The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 35% to about 60%, by weight of the composition, of surfactant. 4) The method of claim 1, wherein the surfactant comprises from about 30% to about 40%, by weight of the composition, of a first surfactant. 5) The method of claim 4, wherein the first surfactant comprises an anionic surfactant. 6) The method of claim 4, wherein the first surfactant comprises a branched anionic surfactant. 7) The method of claim 5, wherein the anionic surfactant comprises a sulfate, an alkyl ether sulfate, an alkyl ether sulfate with about 0.5 to about 5 ethoxylate groups, sodium trideceth-2 sulfate, or a combination thereof. 8) The method of claim 5, wherein the surfactant comprises sodium trideceth-2 sulfate, sodium trideceth-3 sulfate, sodium laureth-1 sulfate, sodium laureth-2 sulfate, sodium laureth-3 sulfate, or a combination thereof. 9) The method of claim 4, wherein the surfactant further comprises from about 2% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of a cosurfactant. 10) The method of claim 9, wherein the cosurfactant comprises a betaine, an alkyl amidopropyl betaine, cocoamidopropyl betaine, or a combination thereof. 11) The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 8% to about 20%, by weight of the composition, of the perfume. 12) The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 8% to about 16%, by weight of the composition, of the solvent. 13) The method of claim 1, wherein the hydric solvent comprises dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dibutylene glycol, hexylene glycol, butylene glycol, pentylene glycol, heptylene glycol, propylene glycol, a polyethylene glycol having a weight average molecular weight below about 500, or a combination thereof. 14) The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 30% to about 61%, by weight of the composition, of the combination of water and solvent. 15) The method of claim 1, wherein the perfume is from about 20% to about 40%, by weight of the surfactant. 16) The method of claim 1, wherein the weight percent of hydric solvent is from about 17% to about 35%, by weight of the surfactant. 17) The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is a microemulsion or contains a microemulsion phase. 18) The method of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the composition becomes a microemulsion upon dilution with water of about 3:1 by weight (water:composition) to about 10:1 by weight (water:composition). 19) The method of claim 1, wherein the GCMS peak area is at least about 1.75 times more than the composition prior to dilution. 20) A method of enhancing in-vitro bloom of a rinse-off cleansing composition, comprising, combining: from about 35% to about 45%, by weight of the composition, of a first surfactant comprising sodium trideceth-2 sulfate; from about 2% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of a cosurfactant comprising cocamidopropyl betaine; from about 4% to about 15%, by weight of the composition, of a perfume; from about 6% to about 20%, by weight of the composition, of dipropylene glycol; and water; to form a rinse-off cleansing composition, wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition is not a ringing gel. | 1,700 |
2,679 | 13,749,823 | 1,778 | Espun material may function as a filtration medium or be put to other uses. The espun material may comprise espun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (espun PTFE). One or more layers of the espun material may be included. The properties of the espun material can be tailored. For example, a gradient fabric may include espun PTFE. The gradient fabric may include two or more layers of espun PTFE. | 1. A filter comprising:
a support structure; and a mat comprising electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene), the mat being supported by the support structure. 2. The filter according to claim 1, wherein the filter is a fluid filter. 3. The filter according to claim 1 in combination with a forced fluid path, wherein the filter is removably mounted in the forced fluid path. 4. A filtration medium comprising:
a mat comprising electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene), the mat being configured so that the mat is capable of meeting HEPA standard IEST-RP-CC001.3, the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) comprising nonwoven fibers having an average fiber diameter between about 250 nm and about 1500 nm, and an average thickness of the mat being about 200 μm or less. 5. The filtration medium of claim 4, wherein the mat comprises a nonwoven fabric, and the nonwoven fabric comprises the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene). 6. The filtration medium of claim 4, wherein the average fiber diameter is about 500 nm or less. 7. The filtration medium of claim 4, wherein the average fiber diameter is about 400 nm or less. 8. The filtration medium of claim 4, wherein the mat is a mat of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene), and an average thickness of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is about 100 μm or less. 9. The filtration medium of claim 8, wherein the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is configured for providing a pressure drop of about 40 mm H2O or less when tested under HEPA MIL-STD 282 using 0.3 μm particles, 5.3 cm/s velocity, and a 100 cm2 area of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat in a flat configuration. 10. The filtration medium of claim 8, wherein the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is configured for providing a pressure drop of about 4 mm H2O or less when tested under HEPA MIL-STD 282 using 0.3 μm particles, 5.3 cm/s velocity, and a 100 cm2 area of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat in a flat configuration. 11. The filtration medium of claim 8, wherein the density of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is about 30 grams per square meter per mil thickness or less. 12. The filtration medium of claim 11, wherein the density of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is about 25 grams per square meter per mil thickness or less. 13. The filtration medium of claim 12, wherein the density of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is about 20 grams per square meter per mil thickness or less. 14. The filtration medium of claim 13, wherein the density of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is about 10 grams per square meter per mil thickness or less. 15. A method for preparing a filtration medium, comprising:
having a dispersion comprising
a fluorinated polymer in particulate form with a given average particle size;
a fiberizing polymer;
a dispersion medium; and
an optional conductive species; such that the dispersion has a given conductivity; and electrospinning said dispersion to provide a polymeric mat capable of meeting HEPA standard IEST-RP-CC001.3. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the fluorinated polymer is poly(tetrafluoroethylene). 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the fluorinated polymer is selected from the group consisting of fluorinated ethylene propylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, perfluoroalkoxy, a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene and vinylidene fluoride (THV), poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, and copolymers, blends, and derivatives thereof. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the conductive species is a water-soluble salt. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the conductive species is ammonium hydroxide. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the given average particle size of the fluorinated polymer is about 230 nm or less. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the given average particle size of the fluorinated polymer is about 160 nm or less. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the given average particle size of the fluorinated polymer is about 130 nm or less. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the given average particle size of the fluorinated polymer is about 80 nm or less. 24. The method of claim 15, wherein the electrospinning step is performed for a period of time such that the polymeric mat has an average thickness of about 200 μm or less. 25. The method of claim 15, wherein the electrospinning step is performed for a period of time such that the polymeric mat has an average thickness of about 100 μm or less. 26. A filtration medium comprising:
a nonwoven, electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat capable of functioning as an ULPA filter so as to remove from air at least 99.999% of airborne particles with particle sizes of less than 0.3μ, wherein
the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat comprises nonwoven fibers having an average fiber diameter between about 250 nm and about 1500 nm, and
an average thickness of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is about 200 μm or less. 27. The filtration medium of claim 26, wherein the average fiber diameter is about 500 nm or less. 28. The filtration medium of claim 26, wherein the average fiber diameter is about 400 nm or less. 29. The filtration medium of claim 26, wherein the average thickness of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is about 100 μm or less. 30. The filtration medium of claim 26, wherein the pressure drop over the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is about 40 mm H2O or less when tested under HEPA MIL-STD 282 using 0.3 μm particles, 5.3 cm/s velocity, and a 100 cm2 area of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat in a flat configuration. 31. The filtration medium of claim 26, wherein the pressure drop over the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is about 30 mm H2O or less when tested under HEPA MIL-STD 282 using 0.3 μm particles, 5.3 cm/s velocity, and a 100 cm2 area of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat in a flat configuration. 32. The filtration medium of claim 26, wherein the density of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is about 30 grams per square meter per mil thickness or less. 33. The filtration medium of claim 32, wherein the density of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is about 25 grams per square meter per mil thickness or less. 34. The filtration medium of claim 33, wherein the density of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is about 20 grams per square meter per mil thickness or less. 35. A method for preparing a filtration medium, comprising:
having a dispersion comprising:
a fluorinated polymer in particulate form with a given average particle size;
a fiberizing polymer;
a dispersion medium; and
an optional conductive species; such that the dispersion has a given conductivity; and electrospinning said dispersion to provide a polymeric mat capable of functioning as an ULPA filter so as to remove from air at least 99.999% of airborne particles with a particle size of less than 0.3 microns. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the fluorinated polymer is poly(tetrafluoroethylene). 37. The method of claim 35, wherein the fluorinated polymer is selected from the group consisting of fluorinated ethylene propylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, perfluoroalkoxy, a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene and vinylidene fluoride (THV), poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, and copolymers, blends, and derivatives thereof. 38. The method of claim 35, wherein the conductive species is a water-soluble salt. 39. The method of claim 35, wherein the conductive species is ammonium hydroxide. 40. The method of claim 35, wherein the given average particle size of the fluorinated polymer is about 230 nm or less. 41. The method of claim 40, wherein the given average particle size of the fluorinated polymer is about 160 nm or less. 42. The method of claim 41, wherein the given average particle size of the fluorinated polymer is about 130 nm or less. 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the given average particle size of the fluorinated polymer is about 80 nm or less. 44. The method of claim 35, wherein the electrospinning step is performed for a period of time such that the polymeric mat has an average thickness of about 200 μm or less. 45. The method of claim 35, wherein the electrospinning step is performed for a period of time such that the polymeric mat has an average thickness of about 100 μm or less. 46. A mat comprising electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene), the mat comprising:
an average fiber diameter of less than about 1003 nm; and a density of greater than about 8.1 grams per square meter per mil thickness or less. 47. The mat of claim 46, wherein
the average fiber diameter is less than about 852 nm; and the density is greater than about 9.6 grams per square meter per mil thickness. 48. A separation membrane comprising the mat of claim 46. 49. A fabric comprising the mat of claim 46. 50. A tissue scaffold comprising the mat of claim 46. 51. The tissue scaffold according to claim 50 in combination with living cells, wherein the living cells are growing at least on the tissue scaffold. 52. The tissue scaffold according to claim 50 in combination with living cells, wherein the living cells are growing at least in pores of the tissue scaffold. 53. A method for preparing a mat, comprising:
having a dispersion comprising
a fluorinated polymer in particulate form with an average particle size of less than about 230 nm,
a fiberizing polymer,
a dispersion medium, and
a conductivity of more than about 250 μS/cm;
electrospinning the dispersion to provide the mat. 54. The method of claim 53, wherein the fluorinated polymer is poly(tetrafluoroethylene). 55. The method of claim 53, wherein:
the average particle size is about 160 or less, and the conductivity is about 300 μS/cm or more. 56. A gradient fabric comprising:
two or more layers of electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) fibers, wherein the two or more layers comprise at least two layers having different densities, such that a cross-section of the fabric exhibits one or more density gradients. 57. The gradient fabric of claim 56, wherein air flow through a cross-section of the fabric results:
in a filtration efficiency that is enhanced relative to filtration efficiency through any of the layers independently, and a pressure drop that is within the range of pressure drops exhibited by any of the layers independently. 58. The gradient fabric of claim 56, wherein the gradient fabric consists of three or more layers. 59. The gradient fabric of claim 56 wherein the layers are continuous along a length and width of the fabric. 60. The gradient fabric of claim 56 wherein a thickness of each layer is between about 0.5μ and about 1000μ. 61. The gradient fabric of claim 56 wherein the density gradient comprises layers having increasing densities across a thickness of the cross-section. 62. The gradient fabric of claim 56, wherein the density gradient comprises layers having increasing densities and decreasing densities across the thickness of the cross-section. 63. The gradient fabric of claim 56, wherein a layer with the highest density is on the interior of the cross-section. 64. The gradient fabric of claim 56, wherein the density gradient comprises a substantially uniform gradient in density across a cross-section of the fabric. 65. A nonwoven fabric comprising:
electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene), the nonwoven fabric being configured so that the nonwoven fabric is capable of both
passing the blood penetration test of ASTM F 1670, and
providing air permeability of at least about 2.5 cfm. | Espun material may function as a filtration medium or be put to other uses. The espun material may comprise espun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (espun PTFE). One or more layers of the espun material may be included. The properties of the espun material can be tailored. For example, a gradient fabric may include espun PTFE. The gradient fabric may include two or more layers of espun PTFE.1. A filter comprising:
a support structure; and a mat comprising electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene), the mat being supported by the support structure. 2. The filter according to claim 1, wherein the filter is a fluid filter. 3. The filter according to claim 1 in combination with a forced fluid path, wherein the filter is removably mounted in the forced fluid path. 4. A filtration medium comprising:
a mat comprising electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene), the mat being configured so that the mat is capable of meeting HEPA standard IEST-RP-CC001.3, the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) comprising nonwoven fibers having an average fiber diameter between about 250 nm and about 1500 nm, and an average thickness of the mat being about 200 μm or less. 5. The filtration medium of claim 4, wherein the mat comprises a nonwoven fabric, and the nonwoven fabric comprises the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene). 6. The filtration medium of claim 4, wherein the average fiber diameter is about 500 nm or less. 7. The filtration medium of claim 4, wherein the average fiber diameter is about 400 nm or less. 8. The filtration medium of claim 4, wherein the mat is a mat of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene), and an average thickness of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is about 100 μm or less. 9. The filtration medium of claim 8, wherein the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is configured for providing a pressure drop of about 40 mm H2O or less when tested under HEPA MIL-STD 282 using 0.3 μm particles, 5.3 cm/s velocity, and a 100 cm2 area of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat in a flat configuration. 10. The filtration medium of claim 8, wherein the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is configured for providing a pressure drop of about 4 mm H2O or less when tested under HEPA MIL-STD 282 using 0.3 μm particles, 5.3 cm/s velocity, and a 100 cm2 area of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat in a flat configuration. 11. The filtration medium of claim 8, wherein the density of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is about 30 grams per square meter per mil thickness or less. 12. The filtration medium of claim 11, wherein the density of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is about 25 grams per square meter per mil thickness or less. 13. The filtration medium of claim 12, wherein the density of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is about 20 grams per square meter per mil thickness or less. 14. The filtration medium of claim 13, wherein the density of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is about 10 grams per square meter per mil thickness or less. 15. A method for preparing a filtration medium, comprising:
having a dispersion comprising
a fluorinated polymer in particulate form with a given average particle size;
a fiberizing polymer;
a dispersion medium; and
an optional conductive species; such that the dispersion has a given conductivity; and electrospinning said dispersion to provide a polymeric mat capable of meeting HEPA standard IEST-RP-CC001.3. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the fluorinated polymer is poly(tetrafluoroethylene). 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the fluorinated polymer is selected from the group consisting of fluorinated ethylene propylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, perfluoroalkoxy, a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene and vinylidene fluoride (THV), poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, and copolymers, blends, and derivatives thereof. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the conductive species is a water-soluble salt. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the conductive species is ammonium hydroxide. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the given average particle size of the fluorinated polymer is about 230 nm or less. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the given average particle size of the fluorinated polymer is about 160 nm or less. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the given average particle size of the fluorinated polymer is about 130 nm or less. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the given average particle size of the fluorinated polymer is about 80 nm or less. 24. The method of claim 15, wherein the electrospinning step is performed for a period of time such that the polymeric mat has an average thickness of about 200 μm or less. 25. The method of claim 15, wherein the electrospinning step is performed for a period of time such that the polymeric mat has an average thickness of about 100 μm or less. 26. A filtration medium comprising:
a nonwoven, electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat capable of functioning as an ULPA filter so as to remove from air at least 99.999% of airborne particles with particle sizes of less than 0.3μ, wherein
the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat comprises nonwoven fibers having an average fiber diameter between about 250 nm and about 1500 nm, and
an average thickness of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is about 200 μm or less. 27. The filtration medium of claim 26, wherein the average fiber diameter is about 500 nm or less. 28. The filtration medium of claim 26, wherein the average fiber diameter is about 400 nm or less. 29. The filtration medium of claim 26, wherein the average thickness of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is about 100 μm or less. 30. The filtration medium of claim 26, wherein the pressure drop over the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is about 40 mm H2O or less when tested under HEPA MIL-STD 282 using 0.3 μm particles, 5.3 cm/s velocity, and a 100 cm2 area of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat in a flat configuration. 31. The filtration medium of claim 26, wherein the pressure drop over the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is about 30 mm H2O or less when tested under HEPA MIL-STD 282 using 0.3 μm particles, 5.3 cm/s velocity, and a 100 cm2 area of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat in a flat configuration. 32. The filtration medium of claim 26, wherein the density of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is about 30 grams per square meter per mil thickness or less. 33. The filtration medium of claim 32, wherein the density of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is about 25 grams per square meter per mil thickness or less. 34. The filtration medium of claim 33, wherein the density of the electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) mat is about 20 grams per square meter per mil thickness or less. 35. A method for preparing a filtration medium, comprising:
having a dispersion comprising:
a fluorinated polymer in particulate form with a given average particle size;
a fiberizing polymer;
a dispersion medium; and
an optional conductive species; such that the dispersion has a given conductivity; and electrospinning said dispersion to provide a polymeric mat capable of functioning as an ULPA filter so as to remove from air at least 99.999% of airborne particles with a particle size of less than 0.3 microns. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the fluorinated polymer is poly(tetrafluoroethylene). 37. The method of claim 35, wherein the fluorinated polymer is selected from the group consisting of fluorinated ethylene propylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, perfluoroalkoxy, a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene and vinylidene fluoride (THV), poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, and copolymers, blends, and derivatives thereof. 38. The method of claim 35, wherein the conductive species is a water-soluble salt. 39. The method of claim 35, wherein the conductive species is ammonium hydroxide. 40. The method of claim 35, wherein the given average particle size of the fluorinated polymer is about 230 nm or less. 41. The method of claim 40, wherein the given average particle size of the fluorinated polymer is about 160 nm or less. 42. The method of claim 41, wherein the given average particle size of the fluorinated polymer is about 130 nm or less. 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the given average particle size of the fluorinated polymer is about 80 nm or less. 44. The method of claim 35, wherein the electrospinning step is performed for a period of time such that the polymeric mat has an average thickness of about 200 μm or less. 45. The method of claim 35, wherein the electrospinning step is performed for a period of time such that the polymeric mat has an average thickness of about 100 μm or less. 46. A mat comprising electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene), the mat comprising:
an average fiber diameter of less than about 1003 nm; and a density of greater than about 8.1 grams per square meter per mil thickness or less. 47. The mat of claim 46, wherein
the average fiber diameter is less than about 852 nm; and the density is greater than about 9.6 grams per square meter per mil thickness. 48. A separation membrane comprising the mat of claim 46. 49. A fabric comprising the mat of claim 46. 50. A tissue scaffold comprising the mat of claim 46. 51. The tissue scaffold according to claim 50 in combination with living cells, wherein the living cells are growing at least on the tissue scaffold. 52. The tissue scaffold according to claim 50 in combination with living cells, wherein the living cells are growing at least in pores of the tissue scaffold. 53. A method for preparing a mat, comprising:
having a dispersion comprising
a fluorinated polymer in particulate form with an average particle size of less than about 230 nm,
a fiberizing polymer,
a dispersion medium, and
a conductivity of more than about 250 μS/cm;
electrospinning the dispersion to provide the mat. 54. The method of claim 53, wherein the fluorinated polymer is poly(tetrafluoroethylene). 55. The method of claim 53, wherein:
the average particle size is about 160 or less, and the conductivity is about 300 μS/cm or more. 56. A gradient fabric comprising:
two or more layers of electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene) fibers, wherein the two or more layers comprise at least two layers having different densities, such that a cross-section of the fabric exhibits one or more density gradients. 57. The gradient fabric of claim 56, wherein air flow through a cross-section of the fabric results:
in a filtration efficiency that is enhanced relative to filtration efficiency through any of the layers independently, and a pressure drop that is within the range of pressure drops exhibited by any of the layers independently. 58. The gradient fabric of claim 56, wherein the gradient fabric consists of three or more layers. 59. The gradient fabric of claim 56 wherein the layers are continuous along a length and width of the fabric. 60. The gradient fabric of claim 56 wherein a thickness of each layer is between about 0.5μ and about 1000μ. 61. The gradient fabric of claim 56 wherein the density gradient comprises layers having increasing densities across a thickness of the cross-section. 62. The gradient fabric of claim 56, wherein the density gradient comprises layers having increasing densities and decreasing densities across the thickness of the cross-section. 63. The gradient fabric of claim 56, wherein a layer with the highest density is on the interior of the cross-section. 64. The gradient fabric of claim 56, wherein the density gradient comprises a substantially uniform gradient in density across a cross-section of the fabric. 65. A nonwoven fabric comprising:
electrospun poly(tetrafluoroethylene), the nonwoven fabric being configured so that the nonwoven fabric is capable of both
passing the blood penetration test of ASTM F 1670, and
providing air permeability of at least about 2.5 cfm. | 1,700 |
2,680 | 15,135,627 | 1,761 | Rinse-off cleansing compositions can include surfactant, perfume, solvent, and water, wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition has a G′ of at least about 25 Pa and/or is not a ringing gel. | 1) A rinse-off cleansing composition, comprising:
a) from about 35% to about 85%, by weight of the composition, of surfactant; b) from about 4% to about 30%, by weight of the composition, of a perfume, wherein the weight percent of perfume is from about 8% to about 90%, by weight of the surfactant; c) from about 6% to about 20%, by weight of the composition, of a solvent, wherein at least 5% of the solvent, by weight of the composition, comprises a hydric solvent and wherein the weight percent of the hydric solvent is from about 7% to about 60%, by weight of the surfactant; and d) from about 2% to about 57%, by weight of the composition, of water; wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition has a G′ at about 1 Hz of about 25 Pa to about 3000 Pa. 2) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 35% to about 70%, by weight of the composition, of surfactant. 3) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the surfactant comprises from about 30% to about 40%, by weight of the composition, of a first surfactant. 4) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 3, wherein the first surfactant comprises an anionic surfactant. 5) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 4, wherein the anionic surfactant comprises a sulfate, an alkyl ether sulfate, an alkyl ether sulfate with about 0.5 to about 5 ethoxylate groups, sodium trideceth-2 sulfate, or a combination thereof. 6) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 4, wherein the surfactant comprises sodium trideceth-2 sulfate, sodium trideceth-3 sulfate, sodium laureth-1 sulfate, sodium laureth-2 sulfate, sodium laureth-3 sulfate, or a combination thereof. 7) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 4, wherein the surfactant further comprises from about 2% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of a cosurfactant. 8) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 7, wherein the cosurfactant comprises a zwitterionic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant, a nonionic surfactant, or a combination thereof. 9) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 7, wherein the cosurfactant comprises a betaine, an alkyl amidopropyl betaine, a cocamidopropyl betaine, or a combination thereof. 10) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 8% to about 20%, by weight of the composition, of the perfume. 11) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the perfume has from about 5% to about 30%, by weight of the perfume, of perfume raw materials with a Kovats index from about 1100 to about 1700. 12) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has from about 8% to about 16%, by weight of the composition, of the solvent. 13) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the hydric solvent comprises dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dibutylene glycol, hexylene glycol, butylene glycol, pentylene glycol, heptylene glycol, propylene glycol, a polyethylene glycol having a weight average molecular weight below about 500, or a combination thereof. 14) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 30% to about 61%, by weight of the composition, of the combination of water and solvent. 15) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a G′ at 1 Hz of about 50 Pa to about 2500 Pa, a G″ at 1 Hz of about 20 Pa to about 250 Pa, or a combination thereof. 16) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is not a ringing gel. 17) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the perfume is from about 10% to about 50%, by weight of the surfactant. 18) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the weight percent of hydric solvent is from about 17% to about 35%, by weight of the surfactant. 19) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is a microemulsion or contains a microemulsion phase. 20) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the composition becomes a microemulsion upon dilution with water of about 3:1 by weight (water:composition) to about 10:1 by weight (water:composition). 21) A rinse-off cleansing composition, comprising:
a) from about 35% to about 45%, by weight of the composition, of a first surfactant comprising sodium trideceth-2 sulfate; b) from about 4% to about 15%, by weight of the composition, of a perfume; c) from about 6% to about 20%, by weight of the composition, of dipropylene glycol; and d) from about 25% to about 45%, by weight of the composition, of water; wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition is not a ringing gel. 22) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 21, wherein the composition further comprises from about 2% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of a cosurfactant comprising cocamidopropyl betaine. 23) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 22, wherein the composition is a microemulsion or contains a microemulsion phase. 24) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 23, wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition has a G′ at about 1 Hz of about 25 Pa to about 3000 Pa. 25) A cleansing composition, consisting essentially of:
a) from about 25% to about 45%, by weight of the composition, of a first surfactant comprising a branched anionic surfactant; b) from about 5% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of a zwitterionic cosurfactant; c) from about 4% to about 15%, by weight of the composition, of a perfume; d) from about 6% to about 20%, by weight of the composition, of dipropylene glycol; e) optionally from about 0.1% to about 5% of a preservative, thickener, hydrophobic oil, additive, soap, pH modifier, or a combination thereof; and f) from about 25% to about 45%, by weight of the composition, of water; wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition is not a ringing gel. | Rinse-off cleansing compositions can include surfactant, perfume, solvent, and water, wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition has a G′ of at least about 25 Pa and/or is not a ringing gel.1) A rinse-off cleansing composition, comprising:
a) from about 35% to about 85%, by weight of the composition, of surfactant; b) from about 4% to about 30%, by weight of the composition, of a perfume, wherein the weight percent of perfume is from about 8% to about 90%, by weight of the surfactant; c) from about 6% to about 20%, by weight of the composition, of a solvent, wherein at least 5% of the solvent, by weight of the composition, comprises a hydric solvent and wherein the weight percent of the hydric solvent is from about 7% to about 60%, by weight of the surfactant; and d) from about 2% to about 57%, by weight of the composition, of water; wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition has a G′ at about 1 Hz of about 25 Pa to about 3000 Pa. 2) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 35% to about 70%, by weight of the composition, of surfactant. 3) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the surfactant comprises from about 30% to about 40%, by weight of the composition, of a first surfactant. 4) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 3, wherein the first surfactant comprises an anionic surfactant. 5) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 4, wherein the anionic surfactant comprises a sulfate, an alkyl ether sulfate, an alkyl ether sulfate with about 0.5 to about 5 ethoxylate groups, sodium trideceth-2 sulfate, or a combination thereof. 6) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 4, wherein the surfactant comprises sodium trideceth-2 sulfate, sodium trideceth-3 sulfate, sodium laureth-1 sulfate, sodium laureth-2 sulfate, sodium laureth-3 sulfate, or a combination thereof. 7) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 4, wherein the surfactant further comprises from about 2% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of a cosurfactant. 8) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 7, wherein the cosurfactant comprises a zwitterionic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant, a nonionic surfactant, or a combination thereof. 9) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 7, wherein the cosurfactant comprises a betaine, an alkyl amidopropyl betaine, a cocamidopropyl betaine, or a combination thereof. 10) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 8% to about 20%, by weight of the composition, of the perfume. 11) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the perfume has from about 5% to about 30%, by weight of the perfume, of perfume raw materials with a Kovats index from about 1100 to about 1700. 12) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has from about 8% to about 16%, by weight of the composition, of the solvent. 13) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the hydric solvent comprises dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dibutylene glycol, hexylene glycol, butylene glycol, pentylene glycol, heptylene glycol, propylene glycol, a polyethylene glycol having a weight average molecular weight below about 500, or a combination thereof. 14) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 30% to about 61%, by weight of the composition, of the combination of water and solvent. 15) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a G′ at 1 Hz of about 50 Pa to about 2500 Pa, a G″ at 1 Hz of about 20 Pa to about 250 Pa, or a combination thereof. 16) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is not a ringing gel. 17) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the perfume is from about 10% to about 50%, by weight of the surfactant. 18) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the weight percent of hydric solvent is from about 17% to about 35%, by weight of the surfactant. 19) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is a microemulsion or contains a microemulsion phase. 20) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the composition becomes a microemulsion upon dilution with water of about 3:1 by weight (water:composition) to about 10:1 by weight (water:composition). 21) A rinse-off cleansing composition, comprising:
a) from about 35% to about 45%, by weight of the composition, of a first surfactant comprising sodium trideceth-2 sulfate; b) from about 4% to about 15%, by weight of the composition, of a perfume; c) from about 6% to about 20%, by weight of the composition, of dipropylene glycol; and d) from about 25% to about 45%, by weight of the composition, of water; wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition is not a ringing gel. 22) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 21, wherein the composition further comprises from about 2% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of a cosurfactant comprising cocamidopropyl betaine. 23) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 22, wherein the composition is a microemulsion or contains a microemulsion phase. 24) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 23, wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition has a G′ at about 1 Hz of about 25 Pa to about 3000 Pa. 25) A cleansing composition, consisting essentially of:
a) from about 25% to about 45%, by weight of the composition, of a first surfactant comprising a branched anionic surfactant; b) from about 5% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of a zwitterionic cosurfactant; c) from about 4% to about 15%, by weight of the composition, of a perfume; d) from about 6% to about 20%, by weight of the composition, of dipropylene glycol; e) optionally from about 0.1% to about 5% of a preservative, thickener, hydrophobic oil, additive, soap, pH modifier, or a combination thereof; and f) from about 25% to about 45%, by weight of the composition, of water; wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition is not a ringing gel. | 1,700 |
2,681 | 15,394,949 | 1,793 | Co-products from juice extraction, in particular for use in beverage and food products to enhance the metabolic and gut health benefits, including an enhanced feeling of satiety, a reduction of postprandial glucose response, reduction of postprandial insulin response, an increased fermentability by colonic microflora, an increase short-chain fatty acid production in the colon provided to the consumer are provided. The co-product has a number average particle size of between 1 and 2000 microns, a peel and seed content between 0.01% and 80% by weight, and dietary fiber. | 1. A beverage comprising:
a liquid; a co-product formed from a pomace resulting from juice extraction, wherein the co-product further comprises:
phytonutrients from the pomace;
a number average particle size between 0.1 and 2000 microns;
a peel and seed content between 0.01% and 80% by weight; and
dietary fiber. 2. The beverage of claim 1, wherein all the dietary fiber in the beverage is derived from the pomace. 3. The beverage of claim 2, wherein the fiber consists only of fruit fiber, vegetable fiber, or combinations thereof. 4. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the beverage further comprises at least 2.5 grams of dietary fiber per 8 ounce serving. 5. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the beverage further comprises at least 5 grams of dietary fiber per 8 ounce serving. 6. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the dietary fiber comprises between 6% and 15% by weight of the co-product. 7. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the number average particle size is 300 microns. 8. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the pomace is derived from one or more fruit or a vegetable selected from the group comprising carrot, cranberry, orange, blueberry, tomato, apple, lemons, limes, grapes, strawberries, grapefruits, tangerine, mandarin orange, tangelo, pomelo, celery, beet, lettuce, spinach, cabbage, artichoke, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, watercress, peas, beans, lentils, asparagus, onions, leeks, kohlrabi, radish, turnip, rutabaga, rhubarb, carrot, cucumber, zucchini, eggplant, pineapple, peach, banana, pear, guava, apricot, watermelon, Saskatoon berry, blueberry, plains berry, prairie berry, mulberry, elderberry, Barbados cherry (acerola cherry), choke cherry, date, coconut, olive, raspberry, strawberry, huckleberry, loganberry, currant, dewberry, boysenberry, kiwi, cherry, blackberry, quince, buckthorn, passion fruit, rowan, gooseberry, pomegranate, persimmon, mango, papaya, lychee, plum, prune, fig, or any combination thereof. 9. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the liquid comprises juice, not-from-concentrate juice, juice concentrate, juice drink, nectar, water, serum, puree, or combinations thereof. 10. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the viscosity of the beverage is between 700-1750 centipoises. 11. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the beverage is a non-Newtonian Power Law Fluid. 12. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the beverage is a non-Newtonian Herschel-Bulkley Fluid. 13. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the peel and seed content is between 0.01% and 20% by weight. 14. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the number average particle size is below 250 microns. 15. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the beverage comprises a fruit juice, vegetable juice, fruit and vegetable juice, fruit smoothie, and fruit cocktails. 16. The beverage of claim 1, further comprising at least one or more of:
sweeteners, inclusions, preservatives, flavorings, electrolytes, vitamins, edible acids, proteins, stabilizers, carbonation, or combinations thereof. 17. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the liquid comprises a not-from-concentrate juice, and the co-product comprises orange pomace at least 10% by weight of the beverage, and wherein the viscosity is greater than 300 centipoises. 18. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the liquid comprises a non-from-concentrate juice, and the co-product comprises orange pomace at least 15% by weight of the beverage, and wherein the viscosity is greater than 1100 centipoises. 19. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the liquid comprises a non-from-concentrate juice, and wherein the co-product comprises orange pomace at least 20% by weight of the beverage, and wherein the viscosity is greater than 3400 centipoises. 20. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the liquid comprises nectar, and the co-product comprises orange pomace at least 5% by weight of the beverage, and wherein the viscosity is greater than 20 centipoises. 21. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the liquid comprises nectar, and the co-product comprises orange pomace at least 10% by weight of the beverage, and wherein the viscosity is greater than 65 centipoises. 22. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the liquid comprises nectar, and the co-product comprises orange pomace at least 15% by weight of the beverage, and wherein the viscosity is greater than 210 centipoises. | Co-products from juice extraction, in particular for use in beverage and food products to enhance the metabolic and gut health benefits, including an enhanced feeling of satiety, a reduction of postprandial glucose response, reduction of postprandial insulin response, an increased fermentability by colonic microflora, an increase short-chain fatty acid production in the colon provided to the consumer are provided. The co-product has a number average particle size of between 1 and 2000 microns, a peel and seed content between 0.01% and 80% by weight, and dietary fiber.1. A beverage comprising:
a liquid; a co-product formed from a pomace resulting from juice extraction, wherein the co-product further comprises:
phytonutrients from the pomace;
a number average particle size between 0.1 and 2000 microns;
a peel and seed content between 0.01% and 80% by weight; and
dietary fiber. 2. The beverage of claim 1, wherein all the dietary fiber in the beverage is derived from the pomace. 3. The beverage of claim 2, wherein the fiber consists only of fruit fiber, vegetable fiber, or combinations thereof. 4. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the beverage further comprises at least 2.5 grams of dietary fiber per 8 ounce serving. 5. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the beverage further comprises at least 5 grams of dietary fiber per 8 ounce serving. 6. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the dietary fiber comprises between 6% and 15% by weight of the co-product. 7. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the number average particle size is 300 microns. 8. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the pomace is derived from one or more fruit or a vegetable selected from the group comprising carrot, cranberry, orange, blueberry, tomato, apple, lemons, limes, grapes, strawberries, grapefruits, tangerine, mandarin orange, tangelo, pomelo, celery, beet, lettuce, spinach, cabbage, artichoke, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, watercress, peas, beans, lentils, asparagus, onions, leeks, kohlrabi, radish, turnip, rutabaga, rhubarb, carrot, cucumber, zucchini, eggplant, pineapple, peach, banana, pear, guava, apricot, watermelon, Saskatoon berry, blueberry, plains berry, prairie berry, mulberry, elderberry, Barbados cherry (acerola cherry), choke cherry, date, coconut, olive, raspberry, strawberry, huckleberry, loganberry, currant, dewberry, boysenberry, kiwi, cherry, blackberry, quince, buckthorn, passion fruit, rowan, gooseberry, pomegranate, persimmon, mango, papaya, lychee, plum, prune, fig, or any combination thereof. 9. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the liquid comprises juice, not-from-concentrate juice, juice concentrate, juice drink, nectar, water, serum, puree, or combinations thereof. 10. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the viscosity of the beverage is between 700-1750 centipoises. 11. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the beverage is a non-Newtonian Power Law Fluid. 12. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the beverage is a non-Newtonian Herschel-Bulkley Fluid. 13. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the peel and seed content is between 0.01% and 20% by weight. 14. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the number average particle size is below 250 microns. 15. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the beverage comprises a fruit juice, vegetable juice, fruit and vegetable juice, fruit smoothie, and fruit cocktails. 16. The beverage of claim 1, further comprising at least one or more of:
sweeteners, inclusions, preservatives, flavorings, electrolytes, vitamins, edible acids, proteins, stabilizers, carbonation, or combinations thereof. 17. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the liquid comprises a not-from-concentrate juice, and the co-product comprises orange pomace at least 10% by weight of the beverage, and wherein the viscosity is greater than 300 centipoises. 18. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the liquid comprises a non-from-concentrate juice, and the co-product comprises orange pomace at least 15% by weight of the beverage, and wherein the viscosity is greater than 1100 centipoises. 19. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the liquid comprises a non-from-concentrate juice, and wherein the co-product comprises orange pomace at least 20% by weight of the beverage, and wherein the viscosity is greater than 3400 centipoises. 20. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the liquid comprises nectar, and the co-product comprises orange pomace at least 5% by weight of the beverage, and wherein the viscosity is greater than 20 centipoises. 21. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the liquid comprises nectar, and the co-product comprises orange pomace at least 10% by weight of the beverage, and wherein the viscosity is greater than 65 centipoises. 22. The beverage of claim 1, wherein the liquid comprises nectar, and the co-product comprises orange pomace at least 15% by weight of the beverage, and wherein the viscosity is greater than 210 centipoises. | 1,700 |
2,682 | 14,141,488 | 1,742 | Actinic radiation curable inks are selectively applied to flexible films which allow the transmission of actinic radiation and then are applied such that the side of the flexible films on which the curable inks are applied contact surfaces of three dimensional substrates. Actinic radiation is applied to the flexible films which cause the ink to cure on the three dimensional substrate. The flexible films are removed leaving the cured ink on the substrates. | 1. A method comprising:
a. selectively inkjetting a resist composition comprising one or more waxes, one or more acrylate functional monomers free of acid groups and one or more radical photoinitiators adjacent a first surface of an actinic radiation transparent flexible film; b. applying the actinic radiation transparent flexible film with the resist composition to a surface of a three dimensional substrate, the first surface of the actinic radiation transmittable flexible film with the resist composition is adjacent the surface of the three dimensional substrate and the actinic radiation transparent flexible film follows contours of the surface of the three dimensional substrate; c. applying actinic radiation to a second surface of the actinic radiation transparent flexible film opposite the first surface with the resist composition to cure the resist composition; and d. separating the actinic radiation transparent flexible film from the cured resist composition with the cured resist composition adhering to the surface of the three dimensional substrate. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising etching sections of the three dimensional substrate not covered with the cured resist composition. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising plating metal on etched sections of the three dimensional substrate not covered with the cured resist composition. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising stripping the cured resist composition from the three dimensional substrate with a base having a pH of 8 or greater. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the actinic radiation transparent flexible film is a polymer chosen from polyvinyl alcohols, polyesters, polyethylene terephthalates, polyimides, polyolefins, polycarbonates, polyacrylates and ethylvinylacetates. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more acrylate functional monomers free of acid groups are chosen from non-aromatic cyclic (alkyl)acrylates. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the non-aromatic cyclic (alkyl)acrylates are chosen monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic and tetracyclic alicyclic (alkyl)acrylates having a bridged skeleton and alicyclic hydrocarbon groups without a bridged skeleton. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more waxes are chosen from waxes comprising an acid number of 0 mg KOH/g or greater. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the one or more waxes with an acid number of 0 mg KOH/g or greater are chosen from candelilla waxes, paraffin waxes, esterified montan waxes, ozokerite waxes, ceresin waxes, synthesized hydrocarbon waxes, montan waxes, carboxylic acid-terminated polyethylene waxes, linear saturated aliphatic waxes having end functionalized carboxylic acid and hydrogenated waxes. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the three dimensional substrate is a solid cylinder, hollow cylinder, cone, triangular shaped object, ellipse or multi-faced article. | Actinic radiation curable inks are selectively applied to flexible films which allow the transmission of actinic radiation and then are applied such that the side of the flexible films on which the curable inks are applied contact surfaces of three dimensional substrates. Actinic radiation is applied to the flexible films which cause the ink to cure on the three dimensional substrate. The flexible films are removed leaving the cured ink on the substrates.1. A method comprising:
a. selectively inkjetting a resist composition comprising one or more waxes, one or more acrylate functional monomers free of acid groups and one or more radical photoinitiators adjacent a first surface of an actinic radiation transparent flexible film; b. applying the actinic radiation transparent flexible film with the resist composition to a surface of a three dimensional substrate, the first surface of the actinic radiation transmittable flexible film with the resist composition is adjacent the surface of the three dimensional substrate and the actinic radiation transparent flexible film follows contours of the surface of the three dimensional substrate; c. applying actinic radiation to a second surface of the actinic radiation transparent flexible film opposite the first surface with the resist composition to cure the resist composition; and d. separating the actinic radiation transparent flexible film from the cured resist composition with the cured resist composition adhering to the surface of the three dimensional substrate. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising etching sections of the three dimensional substrate not covered with the cured resist composition. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising plating metal on etched sections of the three dimensional substrate not covered with the cured resist composition. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising stripping the cured resist composition from the three dimensional substrate with a base having a pH of 8 or greater. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the actinic radiation transparent flexible film is a polymer chosen from polyvinyl alcohols, polyesters, polyethylene terephthalates, polyimides, polyolefins, polycarbonates, polyacrylates and ethylvinylacetates. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more acrylate functional monomers free of acid groups are chosen from non-aromatic cyclic (alkyl)acrylates. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the non-aromatic cyclic (alkyl)acrylates are chosen monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic and tetracyclic alicyclic (alkyl)acrylates having a bridged skeleton and alicyclic hydrocarbon groups without a bridged skeleton. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more waxes are chosen from waxes comprising an acid number of 0 mg KOH/g or greater. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the one or more waxes with an acid number of 0 mg KOH/g or greater are chosen from candelilla waxes, paraffin waxes, esterified montan waxes, ozokerite waxes, ceresin waxes, synthesized hydrocarbon waxes, montan waxes, carboxylic acid-terminated polyethylene waxes, linear saturated aliphatic waxes having end functionalized carboxylic acid and hydrogenated waxes. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the three dimensional substrate is a solid cylinder, hollow cylinder, cone, triangular shaped object, ellipse or multi-faced article. | 1,700 |
2,683 | 14,634,516 | 1,723 | The present disclosure includes a battery module having a stack of electrochemical cells that includes terminals, a housing that receives the stack of electrochemical cells, and a bus bar carrier disposed over the stack of electrochemical cells such that bus bars disposed on the bus bar carrier interface with the terminals of the stack of electrochemical cells. The bus bar carrier includes opposing first and second guide extensions, the stack of electrochemical cells is disposed between the opposing first and second guide extensions, and the opposing first and second guide extensions physically contact a first outer electrochemical cell and a second outer electrochemical cell, respectively, of the stack of electrochemical cells to guide the terminals of the stack of electrochemical cells toward corresponding ones of the bus bars disposed on the bus bar carrier. | 1. A battery module, comprising:
a stack of electrochemical cells having terminals; a housing that receives the stack of electrochemical cells; a bus bar carrier disposed over the stack of electrochemical cells such that bus bars disposed on the bus bar carrier interface with the terminals of the stack of electrochemical cells, wherein the bus bar carrier comprises opposing first and second guide extensions, wherein the stack of electrochemical cells is disposed between the opposing first and second guide extensions, and wherein the opposing first and second guide extensions physically contact a first outer electrochemical cell and a second outer electrochemical cell, respectively, of the stack of electrochemical cells to guide the terminals of the stack of electrochemical cells toward appropriate ones of the bus bars disposed on the bus bar carrier. 2. The battery module of claim 1, comprising an additional stack of electrochemical cells having additional terminals, wherein the housing receives the additional stack of electrochemical cells, wherein the additional stack of electrochemical cells is disposed adjacent to, and aligned with, the stack of electrochemical cells, wherein the bus bar carrier comprises opposing third and fourth guide extensions, wherein the additional stack of electrochemical cells is disposed between the opposing third and fourth guide extensions, and wherein the opposing third and fourth guide extensions physically contact a third and a fourth outer electrochemical cell, respectively, of the additional stack of electrochemical cells to guide the additional terminals of the additional stack of electrochemical cells toward appropriate ones of the bus bars disposed on the bus bar carrier. 3. The battery module of claim 1, wherein the stack of electrochemical cells comprises three electrochemical cells. 4. The battery module of claim 1, wherein the stack of electrochemical cells comprises prismatic, lithium-ion (Li-ion) electrochemical cells. 5. The battery module of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second outermost electrochemical cells of the stack of electrochemical cells comprises a pair of terminals and the first and second guide extensions of the bus bar carrier physically contact the first and second outermost electrochemical cells, respectively, between the terminals of the pair. 6. The battery module of claim 1, comprising the bus bars, wherein the bus bars are fixed to the bus bar carrier. 7. The battery module of claim 6, wherein the bus bar carrier comprises a first side facing the stack of electrochemical cells, a second side opposite to the first side, and a thickness between the first and second sides, wherein the bus bars are fixed to the bus bar carrier on the second side of the bus bar carrier. 8. The battery module of claim 7, wherein certain of the bus bars contact the terminals of the stack of electrochemical cells through openings in the bus bar carrier, wherein certain of the bus bars extend outside a perimeter of the bus bar carrier to contact the terminals of the stack of electrochemical cells, or a combination thereof. 9. The battery module of claim 6, wherein the bus bar carrier comprises snap-in features to receive the bus bars to fix the bus bars to the bus bar carrier. 10. The battery module of claim 1, wherein the first and second guide extensions comprise inner surfaces that contact the first and second outermost electrochemical cells, respectively, of the stack of electrochemical cells, wherein the first and second guide extensions comprise outer surfaces opposite to the inner surfaces, and wherein the outer surfaces are tapered inward toward the inner surfaces from proximal ends to distal ends of the first and second guide extensions. 11. The battery module of claim 10, wherein the inner surfaces of the first and second guide extensions are tapered outwardly toward the outer surfaces of the first and second guide extensions from the proximal ends to the distal ends of the first and second guide extensions. 12. The battery module of claim 1, wherein each electrochemical cell of the stack of electrochemical cells comprises a terminal end having a pair of the terminals, wherein each terminal end comprises a first length, and wherein each of the first and second guide extensions comprises a second length that is at least half of the first length. 13. The battery module of claim 1, wherein the bus bar carrier comprises snap-in features and/or openings configured to interface with corresponding openings and/or snap-in features of the housing to couple the bus bar carrier to the housing over the stack of electrochemical cells. 14. The battery module of claim 1, comprising sensors disposed on the bus bars, fixed or coupled to the bus bar carrier, or a combination thereof. 15. A battery module, comprising:
electrochemical cells disposed in a stack such that a plurality of terminals extends from the electrochemical cells proximate to an end of the stack; bus bars configured to interface with the plurality of terminals; and a bus bar carrier disposed adjacent to the end of the stack and having the bus bars disposed thereon, wherein the bus bar carrier comprises a first guide extension that physically contacts a first electrochemical cell disposed on a first side of the stack, wherein the bus bar carrier comprises a second guide extension that physically contacts a second electrochemical cell disposed on a second side of the stack opposite to the first side, and wherein the first and second guide extensions compress the electrochemical cells of the stack together such that the plurality of terminals are aligned with corresponding ones of the bus bars. 16. The battery module of claim 15, wherein the first and second guide extensions extend from or proximate to opposing sides of a perimeter of the bus bar carrier. 17. The battery module of claim 15, wherein the electrochemical cells are prismatic, lithium-ion (Li-ion) electrochemical cells, wherein the first and second guide extensions physically contact first and second lateral sides of the first and second outermost electrochemical cells, respectively, of the stack, and wherein the first and second sides of the stack and the first and second lateral sides of the first and second outermost electrochemical cells extend substantially perpendicular to the end of the stack. 18. The battery module of claim 15, wherein the first and second guide extensions comprise inner surfaces that contact the first and second outermost electrochemical cells, respectively, wherein the first and second guide extensions comprise outer surfaces opposite to the inner surfaces, and wherein the outer surfaces are tapered inward toward the inner surfaces from proximal ends to distal ends of the first and second guide extensions. 19. The battery module of claim 18, wherein the inner surfaces of the first and second guide extensions are tapered outwardly toward the outer surfaces of the first and second guide extensions from the proximal ends to the distal ends of the first and second guide extensions. 20. The battery module of claim 15, comprising a housing having an open side configured to receive the electrochemical cells such that the electrochemical cells are disposed in the stack on an inside of the housing, wherein the bus bar carrier is disposed in the open side of the housing such that the bus bars disposed on the bus bar carrier interface with the terminals of the electrochemical cells. 21. The battery module of claim 15, wherein the bus bar carrier comprises a first surface facing the electrochemical cells, a second surface opposite to the first side, and a thickness between the first and second surfaces, wherein the bus bars are disposed on the bus bar carrier on the second side of the bus bar carrier. 22. A method of manufacturing a battery module, comprising:
disposing electrochemical cells in a stack such that terminals of the electrochemical cells are at least partially aligned along a terminal side of the stack; and disposing a bus bar carrier over the terminal side of the stack such that bus bars disposed on the bus bar carrier electrically couple the terminals of the electrochemical cells, wherein disposing the bus bar carrier over the terminal side of the stack comprises guiding opposing guide extensions of the bus bar carrier along outer lateral faces of outer electrochemical cells of the stack of electrochemical cells such that the guide extensions physically contact the lateral faces to cause the terminals of the electrochemical cells to align with corresponding ones of the bus bars. 23. The method of claim 22, comprising disposing the bus bars on a first side of the bus bar carrier opposite to a second side of the bus bar carrier that faces the terminal side of the stack of electrochemical cells. 24. The method of claim 23, comprising extending at least some of the terminals of the electrochemical cells through exposures in a thickness of the bus bar carrier, wherein the thickness and the exposures in the thickness extend between the first and second sides of the bus bar carrier | The present disclosure includes a battery module having a stack of electrochemical cells that includes terminals, a housing that receives the stack of electrochemical cells, and a bus bar carrier disposed over the stack of electrochemical cells such that bus bars disposed on the bus bar carrier interface with the terminals of the stack of electrochemical cells. The bus bar carrier includes opposing first and second guide extensions, the stack of electrochemical cells is disposed between the opposing first and second guide extensions, and the opposing first and second guide extensions physically contact a first outer electrochemical cell and a second outer electrochemical cell, respectively, of the stack of electrochemical cells to guide the terminals of the stack of electrochemical cells toward corresponding ones of the bus bars disposed on the bus bar carrier.1. A battery module, comprising:
a stack of electrochemical cells having terminals; a housing that receives the stack of electrochemical cells; a bus bar carrier disposed over the stack of electrochemical cells such that bus bars disposed on the bus bar carrier interface with the terminals of the stack of electrochemical cells, wherein the bus bar carrier comprises opposing first and second guide extensions, wherein the stack of electrochemical cells is disposed between the opposing first and second guide extensions, and wherein the opposing first and second guide extensions physically contact a first outer electrochemical cell and a second outer electrochemical cell, respectively, of the stack of electrochemical cells to guide the terminals of the stack of electrochemical cells toward appropriate ones of the bus bars disposed on the bus bar carrier. 2. The battery module of claim 1, comprising an additional stack of electrochemical cells having additional terminals, wherein the housing receives the additional stack of electrochemical cells, wherein the additional stack of electrochemical cells is disposed adjacent to, and aligned with, the stack of electrochemical cells, wherein the bus bar carrier comprises opposing third and fourth guide extensions, wherein the additional stack of electrochemical cells is disposed between the opposing third and fourth guide extensions, and wherein the opposing third and fourth guide extensions physically contact a third and a fourth outer electrochemical cell, respectively, of the additional stack of electrochemical cells to guide the additional terminals of the additional stack of electrochemical cells toward appropriate ones of the bus bars disposed on the bus bar carrier. 3. The battery module of claim 1, wherein the stack of electrochemical cells comprises three electrochemical cells. 4. The battery module of claim 1, wherein the stack of electrochemical cells comprises prismatic, lithium-ion (Li-ion) electrochemical cells. 5. The battery module of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second outermost electrochemical cells of the stack of electrochemical cells comprises a pair of terminals and the first and second guide extensions of the bus bar carrier physically contact the first and second outermost electrochemical cells, respectively, between the terminals of the pair. 6. The battery module of claim 1, comprising the bus bars, wherein the bus bars are fixed to the bus bar carrier. 7. The battery module of claim 6, wherein the bus bar carrier comprises a first side facing the stack of electrochemical cells, a second side opposite to the first side, and a thickness between the first and second sides, wherein the bus bars are fixed to the bus bar carrier on the second side of the bus bar carrier. 8. The battery module of claim 7, wherein certain of the bus bars contact the terminals of the stack of electrochemical cells through openings in the bus bar carrier, wherein certain of the bus bars extend outside a perimeter of the bus bar carrier to contact the terminals of the stack of electrochemical cells, or a combination thereof. 9. The battery module of claim 6, wherein the bus bar carrier comprises snap-in features to receive the bus bars to fix the bus bars to the bus bar carrier. 10. The battery module of claim 1, wherein the first and second guide extensions comprise inner surfaces that contact the first and second outermost electrochemical cells, respectively, of the stack of electrochemical cells, wherein the first and second guide extensions comprise outer surfaces opposite to the inner surfaces, and wherein the outer surfaces are tapered inward toward the inner surfaces from proximal ends to distal ends of the first and second guide extensions. 11. The battery module of claim 10, wherein the inner surfaces of the first and second guide extensions are tapered outwardly toward the outer surfaces of the first and second guide extensions from the proximal ends to the distal ends of the first and second guide extensions. 12. The battery module of claim 1, wherein each electrochemical cell of the stack of electrochemical cells comprises a terminal end having a pair of the terminals, wherein each terminal end comprises a first length, and wherein each of the first and second guide extensions comprises a second length that is at least half of the first length. 13. The battery module of claim 1, wherein the bus bar carrier comprises snap-in features and/or openings configured to interface with corresponding openings and/or snap-in features of the housing to couple the bus bar carrier to the housing over the stack of electrochemical cells. 14. The battery module of claim 1, comprising sensors disposed on the bus bars, fixed or coupled to the bus bar carrier, or a combination thereof. 15. A battery module, comprising:
electrochemical cells disposed in a stack such that a plurality of terminals extends from the electrochemical cells proximate to an end of the stack; bus bars configured to interface with the plurality of terminals; and a bus bar carrier disposed adjacent to the end of the stack and having the bus bars disposed thereon, wherein the bus bar carrier comprises a first guide extension that physically contacts a first electrochemical cell disposed on a first side of the stack, wherein the bus bar carrier comprises a second guide extension that physically contacts a second electrochemical cell disposed on a second side of the stack opposite to the first side, and wherein the first and second guide extensions compress the electrochemical cells of the stack together such that the plurality of terminals are aligned with corresponding ones of the bus bars. 16. The battery module of claim 15, wherein the first and second guide extensions extend from or proximate to opposing sides of a perimeter of the bus bar carrier. 17. The battery module of claim 15, wherein the electrochemical cells are prismatic, lithium-ion (Li-ion) electrochemical cells, wherein the first and second guide extensions physically contact first and second lateral sides of the first and second outermost electrochemical cells, respectively, of the stack, and wherein the first and second sides of the stack and the first and second lateral sides of the first and second outermost electrochemical cells extend substantially perpendicular to the end of the stack. 18. The battery module of claim 15, wherein the first and second guide extensions comprise inner surfaces that contact the first and second outermost electrochemical cells, respectively, wherein the first and second guide extensions comprise outer surfaces opposite to the inner surfaces, and wherein the outer surfaces are tapered inward toward the inner surfaces from proximal ends to distal ends of the first and second guide extensions. 19. The battery module of claim 18, wherein the inner surfaces of the first and second guide extensions are tapered outwardly toward the outer surfaces of the first and second guide extensions from the proximal ends to the distal ends of the first and second guide extensions. 20. The battery module of claim 15, comprising a housing having an open side configured to receive the electrochemical cells such that the electrochemical cells are disposed in the stack on an inside of the housing, wherein the bus bar carrier is disposed in the open side of the housing such that the bus bars disposed on the bus bar carrier interface with the terminals of the electrochemical cells. 21. The battery module of claim 15, wherein the bus bar carrier comprises a first surface facing the electrochemical cells, a second surface opposite to the first side, and a thickness between the first and second surfaces, wherein the bus bars are disposed on the bus bar carrier on the second side of the bus bar carrier. 22. A method of manufacturing a battery module, comprising:
disposing electrochemical cells in a stack such that terminals of the electrochemical cells are at least partially aligned along a terminal side of the stack; and disposing a bus bar carrier over the terminal side of the stack such that bus bars disposed on the bus bar carrier electrically couple the terminals of the electrochemical cells, wherein disposing the bus bar carrier over the terminal side of the stack comprises guiding opposing guide extensions of the bus bar carrier along outer lateral faces of outer electrochemical cells of the stack of electrochemical cells such that the guide extensions physically contact the lateral faces to cause the terminals of the electrochemical cells to align with corresponding ones of the bus bars. 23. The method of claim 22, comprising disposing the bus bars on a first side of the bus bar carrier opposite to a second side of the bus bar carrier that faces the terminal side of the stack of electrochemical cells. 24. The method of claim 23, comprising extending at least some of the terminals of the electrochemical cells through exposures in a thickness of the bus bar carrier, wherein the thickness and the exposures in the thickness extend between the first and second sides of the bus bar carrier | 1,700 |
2,684 | 15,637,995 | 1,715 | An implantable device has a cylindrical base, at least one electrode on the cylindrical base, at least one electrically conducting lead on the cylindrical base connected to the electrode wherein the electrically conducting lead has a feature size of <10 micrometers. A protective coating on the cylindrical base covers the at least one electrically conducting lead. | 1. An implantable device, comprising:
a cylindrical base, at least one electrode on said cylindrical base, at least one electrically conducting lead on said cylindrical base connected to said electrode wherein said electrically conducting lead has a feature size of <10 micrometers, and a protective coating on said cylindrical base covering said at least one electrically conducting lead. 2. The implantable device of claim 1 wherein said at least one electrode on said cylindrical base has a feature size of <10 micrometers. 3. The implantable device of claim 1 wherein said at least one electrode on said cylindrical base is an electrically conducting metal electrode. 4. The implantable device of claim 1 wherein said at least one electrode on said cylindrical base is an electrically conducting polymer electrode. | An implantable device has a cylindrical base, at least one electrode on the cylindrical base, at least one electrically conducting lead on the cylindrical base connected to the electrode wherein the electrically conducting lead has a feature size of <10 micrometers. A protective coating on the cylindrical base covers the at least one electrically conducting lead.1. An implantable device, comprising:
a cylindrical base, at least one electrode on said cylindrical base, at least one electrically conducting lead on said cylindrical base connected to said electrode wherein said electrically conducting lead has a feature size of <10 micrometers, and a protective coating on said cylindrical base covering said at least one electrically conducting lead. 2. The implantable device of claim 1 wherein said at least one electrode on said cylindrical base has a feature size of <10 micrometers. 3. The implantable device of claim 1 wherein said at least one electrode on said cylindrical base is an electrically conducting metal electrode. 4. The implantable device of claim 1 wherein said at least one electrode on said cylindrical base is an electrically conducting polymer electrode. | 1,700 |
2,685 | 13,914,871 | 1,777 | A system and method for concentrating a slurry is disclosed. A preferred embodiment comprises a filter that is used to filter a slurry into a concentrate and a permeate. A portion of the permeate is used in a backflow operation of the filter once a pressure differential of 0.8 bar is obtained from the filter inlet to the permeate outlet of the filter. | 1. A concentration unit comprising:
a filter with an inlet, a concentrated outlet, and a permeate outlet, the filter having a first flow of operation from the inlet to the permeate outlet; a first tank connected to receive permeate from the filter through the permeate outlet in a first operating condition and also connected to provide permeate to the filter through the permeate outlet in a second operating condition; and a pressure differential switch connected to both the permeate outlet and the inlet, the pressure differential switch operative to switch from the first operating condition to the second operating condition if a differential pressure is greater than 0.8 bar. 2. The concentration unit of claim 1, further comprising an effluent from the first tank to remove permeate from the concentration unit. 3. The concentration unit of claim 1, further comprising a second tank connected to receive concentrate from the concentrated outlet and mix the concentrate with a slurry. 4. The concentration unit of claim 3, further comprising a third tank to receive influent slurry, the third tank having an outlet connected to the second tank. 5. The concentration unit of claim 1, wherein the filter is an ultrafilter. 6. The concentration unit of claim 1, further comprising a holding tank connected to receive the permeate after passing through the filter. 7. The concentration unit of claim 1, wherein the pressure differential switch comprises a manometer. 8. A concentration unit comprising:
a mixing tank with a first input, a second input and a first output; a filter connected to the first output, the filter comprising a first filter input, a recycle output, and a permeate input/output port, wherein the recycle output is operationally connected to the first input; a permeate tank connected to the permeate input/output port, the permeate tank having a permeate input and a permeate output; first line between the permeate input/output port and the permeate input, wherein the permeate output is connected to the first line through a valve; and a pressure differential switch associated with the filter, the pressure differential switch having a first threshold greater than 0.8 bar. 9. The concentration unit of claim 8, further comprising an effluent from the permeate tank to remove permeate from the concentration unit. 10. The concentration unit of claim 8, further comprising a holding tank connected to receive permeate from the permeate output through the filter. 11. The concentration unit of claim 8, further comprising a third tank to receive influent slurry, the third tank having an outlet connected to the first input of the mixing tank. 12. The concentration unit of claim 8, wherein the filter is an ultrafilter. 13. The concentration unit of claim 8, further comprising a holding tank connected to receive backwash from the filter. 14. The concentration unit of claim 8, wherein the pressure differential switch comprises a barometer. 15. A concentration unit comprising:
a filter with a first output and a second output; a recycle loop connected to the first output to recycle concentrated slurry; a backwash loop connected to the second output to backwash permeate back through the second output, the backwash loop comprising:
a permeate tank;
a first outlet from the permeate tank to remove permeate from the concentration unit; and
a second outlet from the permeate tank to backwash permeate back through the second output; and
a pressure switch connected to the backwash loop with a first threshold of greater than or equal to about 0.8 bar. 16. The concentration unit of claim 15, further comprising an effluent from the permeate tank to remove permeate from the concentration unit. 17. The concentration unit of claim 15, wherein the recycle loop further comprises a mixing tank connected to receive concentrate from the first output and mix the concentrate with a slurry. 18. The concentration unit of claim 17, further comprising an input tank to receive the slurry, the input tank having an outlet connected to the mixing tank. 19. The concentration unit of claim 15, wherein the filter is an ultrafilter. 20. The concentration unit of claim 15, further comprising a holding tank connected to receive backwash permeate from the filter. | A system and method for concentrating a slurry is disclosed. A preferred embodiment comprises a filter that is used to filter a slurry into a concentrate and a permeate. A portion of the permeate is used in a backflow operation of the filter once a pressure differential of 0.8 bar is obtained from the filter inlet to the permeate outlet of the filter.1. A concentration unit comprising:
a filter with an inlet, a concentrated outlet, and a permeate outlet, the filter having a first flow of operation from the inlet to the permeate outlet; a first tank connected to receive permeate from the filter through the permeate outlet in a first operating condition and also connected to provide permeate to the filter through the permeate outlet in a second operating condition; and a pressure differential switch connected to both the permeate outlet and the inlet, the pressure differential switch operative to switch from the first operating condition to the second operating condition if a differential pressure is greater than 0.8 bar. 2. The concentration unit of claim 1, further comprising an effluent from the first tank to remove permeate from the concentration unit. 3. The concentration unit of claim 1, further comprising a second tank connected to receive concentrate from the concentrated outlet and mix the concentrate with a slurry. 4. The concentration unit of claim 3, further comprising a third tank to receive influent slurry, the third tank having an outlet connected to the second tank. 5. The concentration unit of claim 1, wherein the filter is an ultrafilter. 6. The concentration unit of claim 1, further comprising a holding tank connected to receive the permeate after passing through the filter. 7. The concentration unit of claim 1, wherein the pressure differential switch comprises a manometer. 8. A concentration unit comprising:
a mixing tank with a first input, a second input and a first output; a filter connected to the first output, the filter comprising a first filter input, a recycle output, and a permeate input/output port, wherein the recycle output is operationally connected to the first input; a permeate tank connected to the permeate input/output port, the permeate tank having a permeate input and a permeate output; first line between the permeate input/output port and the permeate input, wherein the permeate output is connected to the first line through a valve; and a pressure differential switch associated with the filter, the pressure differential switch having a first threshold greater than 0.8 bar. 9. The concentration unit of claim 8, further comprising an effluent from the permeate tank to remove permeate from the concentration unit. 10. The concentration unit of claim 8, further comprising a holding tank connected to receive permeate from the permeate output through the filter. 11. The concentration unit of claim 8, further comprising a third tank to receive influent slurry, the third tank having an outlet connected to the first input of the mixing tank. 12. The concentration unit of claim 8, wherein the filter is an ultrafilter. 13. The concentration unit of claim 8, further comprising a holding tank connected to receive backwash from the filter. 14. The concentration unit of claim 8, wherein the pressure differential switch comprises a barometer. 15. A concentration unit comprising:
a filter with a first output and a second output; a recycle loop connected to the first output to recycle concentrated slurry; a backwash loop connected to the second output to backwash permeate back through the second output, the backwash loop comprising:
a permeate tank;
a first outlet from the permeate tank to remove permeate from the concentration unit; and
a second outlet from the permeate tank to backwash permeate back through the second output; and
a pressure switch connected to the backwash loop with a first threshold of greater than or equal to about 0.8 bar. 16. The concentration unit of claim 15, further comprising an effluent from the permeate tank to remove permeate from the concentration unit. 17. The concentration unit of claim 15, wherein the recycle loop further comprises a mixing tank connected to receive concentrate from the first output and mix the concentrate with a slurry. 18. The concentration unit of claim 17, further comprising an input tank to receive the slurry, the input tank having an outlet connected to the mixing tank. 19. The concentration unit of claim 15, wherein the filter is an ultrafilter. 20. The concentration unit of claim 15, further comprising a holding tank connected to receive backwash permeate from the filter. | 1,700 |
2,686 | 15,070,108 | 1,798 | Methods and devices for forming droplets are provided. In certain embodiments, the methods and devices form droplets having different diameters. | 1. An emulsification device comprising:
a channel having an inlet portion having a channel height CH and a width CW, wherein the ratio of CW/CH is greater than 0.2 and less than 5.0; a first step in fluid communication with the inlet portion, wherein:
the first step has a tread length T1 and a step height SH1;
SH1 is greater than CH by a riser height R1; and
the ratio of SH1/CH is greater than 1.0 and less than 5.0;
a second step in fluid communication with the first step, wherein:
the second step has a tread length T2 and a step height SH2;
SH2 is greater than SH1 by a riser height R2; and
the ratio of SH2/CH is greater than 1.0 and less than 5.0;
a third step in fluid communication with the second step, wherein:
the third step has a step height SH3;
SH3 is greater than SH2 by a riser height R3; and
R3 is greater than zero. 2. (canceled) 3. The emulsification device of claim 1 wherein the ratio of SH1/CH is greater than 1.0 and less than 2.0. 4. (canceled) 5. The emulsification device of claim 1 wherein R3 is greater than 50 microns. 6. (canceled) 7. The emulsification device of claim 1 wherein the ratio of T1/CH is between 3.0 and 4.0. 8. The emulsification device of claim 1 wherein the ratio of T2/CH is between 2.0 and 4.0. 9. The emulsification device of claim 1 wherein CH is between 10 microns and 50 microns. 10. (canceled) 11. The emulsification device of claim 1 further comprising:
a plurality of inlet portions, wherein each inlet portion in the first plurality of inlet portions has a height CH and a width CW, and wherein the ratio of CW/CH is greater than 0.2 and less than 5.0. 12. The emulsification device of claim 11 wherein the plurality of inlet portions comprises between 10 and 100 inlet portions. 13. A method of forming an emulsion, the method comprising:
obtaining an emulsification device according to claim 1, wherein the first step, the second step and the third step contain a first fluid that is substantially static; and introducing a second fluid into the inlet portion and through the first step, the second step and the third step, wherein:
a partial droplet of the second fluid forms in the first step;
a complete droplet of the second fluid forms in the second step; and
the complete droplet of the second fluid is directed from the second step to the third step. 14.-16. (canceled) 17. The method of claim 13 wherein the second fluid contains an analyte of interest and an assay reagent. 18.-20. (canceled) 21. The method of claim 13 wherein the first fluid is a hydrophobic liquid and the second fluid is a hydrophilic liquid. 22. The method of claim 13 wherein the first fluid is a hydrophilic liquid and the second fluid is a hydrophobic liquid. 23. The method of claim 13 wherein the either the first fluid or the second fluid comprises an emulsifying agent. 24. The method of claim 23 wherein the emulsifying agent comprises a non-ionic surfactant or a blocking protein. 25. (canceled) 26. The method of claim 13 wherein a complete droplet of the second fluid forms in the second step at a rate of between 1 and 30 complete droplets per second. 27. (canceled) 28. The method of claim 13 wherein the complete droplet of second fluid has an average diameter between 40 and 300 microns. 29. (canceled) 30. The method of claim 13 wherein the emulsion formed between the first fluid and the second fluid has a monodispersity between two and ten percent. 31.-35. (canceled) 36. A method of forming an emulsion, the method comprising:
obtaining an emulsification device according to claim 11, wherein the plurality of first steps, the plurality of second steps and the plurality of third steps contain a first fluid that is substantially static; and introducing a second fluid into the plurality of inlet portions and through the plurality of first steps, the plurality of second steps and the third step, wherein:
a partial droplet of the second fluid forms in each of the plurality of first steps;
a complete droplet of the second fluid forms during the transition between the plurality of first steps and the second steps in each of the plurality of second steps; and
the complete droplet of the second fluid is directed from the plurality of second steps to the third step. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein at least 10,000 complete droplets are directed from the plurality of second steps to the third step per minute. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the droplets have an average dispersion of less than 10 percent. 39. (canceled) 40. The method of claim 36, wherein the average droplet diameter of droplets in the third step is between 40 to 300 microns. 41.-63. (canceled) 64. The emulsification device of claim 11 further comprising:
a plurality of first steps, wherein each first step in the plurality of first steps is:
in fluid communication with each of the plurality of inlet portions; and
has a length T1 and a height SH1, wherein SH1 is greater than CH by a riser height R1, and wherein the ratio of SH1/CH is greater than 1.0 and less than 5.0. 65. The emulsification device of claim 64 further comprising:
a plurality of second steps, wherein each second step in the plurality of second steps is:
in fluid communication with a first step in the plurality of first steps;
in fluid communication with the third step; and
has a length T2 and a height SH2, wherein SH2 is greater than SH1 by a riser height R2, and wherein the ratio of SH2/CH is greater than 1.0 and less than 5.0. 66. The emulsification device of claim 11 further comprising:
a single continuous first step, wherein the single continuous first step is:
in fluid communication with each of the plurality of inlet portions; and
has a length T1 and a height SH1, wherein SH1 is greater than CH by a riser height R1, and wherein the ratio of SH1/CH is greater than 1.0 and less than 5.0. 67. The emulsification device of claim 66 further comprising:
a single continuous second step, wherein the single continuous second step is:
in fluid communication with the single continuous first step;
in fluid communication with the third step; and
has a length T2 and a height SH2, wherein SH2 is greater than SH1 by a riser height R2, and wherein the ratio of SH2/CH is greater than 1.0 and less than 5.0. | Methods and devices for forming droplets are provided. In certain embodiments, the methods and devices form droplets having different diameters.1. An emulsification device comprising:
a channel having an inlet portion having a channel height CH and a width CW, wherein the ratio of CW/CH is greater than 0.2 and less than 5.0; a first step in fluid communication with the inlet portion, wherein:
the first step has a tread length T1 and a step height SH1;
SH1 is greater than CH by a riser height R1; and
the ratio of SH1/CH is greater than 1.0 and less than 5.0;
a second step in fluid communication with the first step, wherein:
the second step has a tread length T2 and a step height SH2;
SH2 is greater than SH1 by a riser height R2; and
the ratio of SH2/CH is greater than 1.0 and less than 5.0;
a third step in fluid communication with the second step, wherein:
the third step has a step height SH3;
SH3 is greater than SH2 by a riser height R3; and
R3 is greater than zero. 2. (canceled) 3. The emulsification device of claim 1 wherein the ratio of SH1/CH is greater than 1.0 and less than 2.0. 4. (canceled) 5. The emulsification device of claim 1 wherein R3 is greater than 50 microns. 6. (canceled) 7. The emulsification device of claim 1 wherein the ratio of T1/CH is between 3.0 and 4.0. 8. The emulsification device of claim 1 wherein the ratio of T2/CH is between 2.0 and 4.0. 9. The emulsification device of claim 1 wherein CH is between 10 microns and 50 microns. 10. (canceled) 11. The emulsification device of claim 1 further comprising:
a plurality of inlet portions, wherein each inlet portion in the first plurality of inlet portions has a height CH and a width CW, and wherein the ratio of CW/CH is greater than 0.2 and less than 5.0. 12. The emulsification device of claim 11 wherein the plurality of inlet portions comprises between 10 and 100 inlet portions. 13. A method of forming an emulsion, the method comprising:
obtaining an emulsification device according to claim 1, wherein the first step, the second step and the third step contain a first fluid that is substantially static; and introducing a second fluid into the inlet portion and through the first step, the second step and the third step, wherein:
a partial droplet of the second fluid forms in the first step;
a complete droplet of the second fluid forms in the second step; and
the complete droplet of the second fluid is directed from the second step to the third step. 14.-16. (canceled) 17. The method of claim 13 wherein the second fluid contains an analyte of interest and an assay reagent. 18.-20. (canceled) 21. The method of claim 13 wherein the first fluid is a hydrophobic liquid and the second fluid is a hydrophilic liquid. 22. The method of claim 13 wherein the first fluid is a hydrophilic liquid and the second fluid is a hydrophobic liquid. 23. The method of claim 13 wherein the either the first fluid or the second fluid comprises an emulsifying agent. 24. The method of claim 23 wherein the emulsifying agent comprises a non-ionic surfactant or a blocking protein. 25. (canceled) 26. The method of claim 13 wherein a complete droplet of the second fluid forms in the second step at a rate of between 1 and 30 complete droplets per second. 27. (canceled) 28. The method of claim 13 wherein the complete droplet of second fluid has an average diameter between 40 and 300 microns. 29. (canceled) 30. The method of claim 13 wherein the emulsion formed between the first fluid and the second fluid has a monodispersity between two and ten percent. 31.-35. (canceled) 36. A method of forming an emulsion, the method comprising:
obtaining an emulsification device according to claim 11, wherein the plurality of first steps, the plurality of second steps and the plurality of third steps contain a first fluid that is substantially static; and introducing a second fluid into the plurality of inlet portions and through the plurality of first steps, the plurality of second steps and the third step, wherein:
a partial droplet of the second fluid forms in each of the plurality of first steps;
a complete droplet of the second fluid forms during the transition between the plurality of first steps and the second steps in each of the plurality of second steps; and
the complete droplet of the second fluid is directed from the plurality of second steps to the third step. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein at least 10,000 complete droplets are directed from the plurality of second steps to the third step per minute. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the droplets have an average dispersion of less than 10 percent. 39. (canceled) 40. The method of claim 36, wherein the average droplet diameter of droplets in the third step is between 40 to 300 microns. 41.-63. (canceled) 64. The emulsification device of claim 11 further comprising:
a plurality of first steps, wherein each first step in the plurality of first steps is:
in fluid communication with each of the plurality of inlet portions; and
has a length T1 and a height SH1, wherein SH1 is greater than CH by a riser height R1, and wherein the ratio of SH1/CH is greater than 1.0 and less than 5.0. 65. The emulsification device of claim 64 further comprising:
a plurality of second steps, wherein each second step in the plurality of second steps is:
in fluid communication with a first step in the plurality of first steps;
in fluid communication with the third step; and
has a length T2 and a height SH2, wherein SH2 is greater than SH1 by a riser height R2, and wherein the ratio of SH2/CH is greater than 1.0 and less than 5.0. 66. The emulsification device of claim 11 further comprising:
a single continuous first step, wherein the single continuous first step is:
in fluid communication with each of the plurality of inlet portions; and
has a length T1 and a height SH1, wherein SH1 is greater than CH by a riser height R1, and wherein the ratio of SH1/CH is greater than 1.0 and less than 5.0. 67. The emulsification device of claim 66 further comprising:
a single continuous second step, wherein the single continuous second step is:
in fluid communication with the single continuous first step;
in fluid communication with the third step; and
has a length T2 and a height SH2, wherein SH2 is greater than SH1 by a riser height R2, and wherein the ratio of SH2/CH is greater than 1.0 and less than 5.0. | 1,700 |
2,687 | 12,993,213 | 1,788 | An artificial leather having a suede appearance and colours within the grey-black range and high colour fastness comprising a microfibrous component and an elastomeric matrix; the microfibrous component consisting of polyester microfibres having a count of 0.01 to 0.50 dtex; the elastomeric matrix consisting of polyurethane consisting of soft and hard segments; the ratio between the elastomeric matrix and the microfibrous component ranging from 20/80 and 50/50 by mass; the microfibrous component containing carbon black pigment in a percentage of 0.05 to 2.00% by mass; the elastomeric matrix containing carbon black pigment in a percentage of 0 to 10% by weight; the carbon black always having an average dimension smaller than 0.4 microns. The average length of the tassel is between 200 and 500 microns. The soft segments consist of at least one polycarbonate diol selected from polyalkylene carbonate diols and at least one polyester diol. The hard segments consist of urethane groups deriving from the reaction between free isocyanate groups and water. The total content of carbon black is between 0.025 and 6% by weight. | 1. A high-quality artificial leather is described, having a suede appearance and colours within the grey-black range, the light fastness of the colours according to the method SAE J 1885 225.6 KJ/m2 being higher than or equal to 4; the light fastness of the colours according to the method SAE J 1885 488.8 KJ/m2 being not lower than 3; said artificial leather having a tassel on the surface of the leather itself; said artificial leather comprising a micro-fibrous component and an elastomeric matrix; the above microfibrous component consisting of polyester microfibres having a count of 0.01 to 0.50 dtex; the above elastomeric matrix consisting of polyurethane; said polyurethane consisting of soft and hard segments; the ratio between the elastomeric matrix and the microfibrous component ranging from 20/80 and 50/50 by mass; the microfibrous component containing carbon black pigment in a percentage of 0.05 to 2.00% by mass; the elastomeric matrix containing carbon black pigment in a percentage of 0 to 10% by weight; the carbon black always having an average dimension lower than 0.4 microns; the above artificial leather being characterized by:
a) the average length of the tassel ranges from 200 to 500 microns; b) the soft segments consisting of at least one polycarbonate diol selected from polyalkylene carbonate diols and at least one polyester diol; c) the hard segments consisting of urethane groups deriving from the reaction between free isocyanate groups and water; d) the total content of carbon black ranges from 0.025 to 6% by weight. 2. The artificial leather according to claim 1, wherein the microfibrous component consists of polyethylene terephthalate microfibres. 3. The artificial leather according to claim 1, wherein the microfibrous component contains carbon black in a percentage of 0.15 to 1.50% by weight. 4. The artificial leather according to claim 1, wherein the elastomeric matrix contains the carbon black pigment in a percentage ranging from 0 to 7% by weight, preferably from 0.02 to 6% by weight. 5. The artificial leather according to claim 1, wherein the overall content of carbon black ranges from 0.075 to 4.25% by weight, preferably from 0.085 to 3.75% by weight. 6. The artificial leather according to claim 1, wherein the average length of the tassel varies from 210 to 400 microns. 7. The artificial leather according to claim 1, wherein
the polyester diols are selected from polyhexamethylene adipate diol (PHA), poly(3-methylpentamethylene) adipate diol (PMPA), polyneopentyl adipate diol (PNA), polycaprolactone diol (PCL); the polyalkylenecarbonate diols are selected from polytetramethylene carbonate diol (PTMC), polypentamethylene carbonate diol (PPMC), polyhexamethylene carbonate diol (PHC), polyheptamethylene carbonate diol, polyoctamethylene carbonate diol, polynonamethylene carbonate diol, polydecamethylene carbonate diol, poly-(2-methyl-pentamethylene carbonate)diol, poly-(2-methyl-1-octamethylene carbonate) diol; the isocyanate groups derive from methylene-bis-(4-phenylisocyanate) (MDI) and/or from toluene diisocyanate (TDI). 8. The artificial leather according to claim 1, wherein the colour shade before the over-dyeing treatment is characterized by a value of “L” <70. 9. The artificial leather according to claim 8, wherein the colour shade before the over-dyeing treatment is characterized by a value of “L” <55. 10. A process for the production of artificial leather with a suede appearance with colours within the range of grey and black, according to claim 1, comprising the following steps:
(1) production of a microfibrous intermediate product consisting of microfibres containing carbon black, said carbon black being contained in the microfibres in a quantity of 0.05% to 2% by weight, said microfibres being selected from microfibres of polyethylene terephthalate, polytrimethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, said microfibrous intermediate being obtained by the spinning of fibres obtained by extrusion of a polymer among those mentioned above (defined as island component) with the addition of carbon black, said carbon black having an average particle-size lower than 0.4 microns, and a binding polymer of the microfibres (sea component) which is subsequently eliminated during the processing steps by means of extraction with an organic solvent; (2) impregnation of the microfibrous intermediate product with the addition of carbon black as per item (1), with a solution and/or dispersion comprising one or more polyurethanes and carbon black, the latter being present in a quantity of 0 to 10% by weight, with respect to the polyurethane, and having an average particle-size lower than 0.4 microns; the ratio between the elastomer matrix and the microfibrous component ranging from 20/80 to 50/50 in mass; said polyurethane being made up of soft segments and hard segments, said soft segments consisting of at least one polyalkylene carbonate diol and at least one polyester diol; said hard segments consisting of urethane and/or ureic groups deriving from the reaction between free isocyanate groups and water; subsequent elimination of the solvent to give a raw semifinished product; (3) grinding of the surface of the above raw semifinished product to give synthetic leather having the characteristic of a suede appearance, the length of the tassel of the above-mentioned synthetic leather ranging from 200 to 500 μm, preferably from 210 to 400 μm. 11. The process according to claim 10, wherein the production of microfibres is effected using a suitable mixture of two polyesters selected from those mentioned above, of which only one, defined as masterbatch, contains carbon black in a percentage ranging from 10% to 50%, preferably the above masterbatch having an Inherent Viscosity (I.V.) value not lower than that of the other polymer. 12. The process according to claim 10, wherein carbon black is contained in the microfibres in a quantity of 0.15 to 1.50% by weight. 13. The process according to claim 10, wherein carbon black is present in the polyurethane in a quantity of 0 to 7% by weight, preferably from 0.02 to 6% by weight. 14. The process according to claim 10, wherein the micro-fibres are selected from polyethylene terephthalate micro-fibres. 15. The process according to claim 10, wherein polyethylene terephthalate, polytrimethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate are previously subjected to polymerization processes in the solid state, in order to increase the length of the polymeric chains. 16. The process according to claim 10, wherein, at the end of step (3) the ground raw semi-finished product is subjected to a further dyeing step in the presence of dispersed dyes. 17. The process according to claim 16, wherein the further dyeing step is effected at a temperature ranging from 100° C. to 140° C. | An artificial leather having a suede appearance and colours within the grey-black range and high colour fastness comprising a microfibrous component and an elastomeric matrix; the microfibrous component consisting of polyester microfibres having a count of 0.01 to 0.50 dtex; the elastomeric matrix consisting of polyurethane consisting of soft and hard segments; the ratio between the elastomeric matrix and the microfibrous component ranging from 20/80 and 50/50 by mass; the microfibrous component containing carbon black pigment in a percentage of 0.05 to 2.00% by mass; the elastomeric matrix containing carbon black pigment in a percentage of 0 to 10% by weight; the carbon black always having an average dimension smaller than 0.4 microns. The average length of the tassel is between 200 and 500 microns. The soft segments consist of at least one polycarbonate diol selected from polyalkylene carbonate diols and at least one polyester diol. The hard segments consist of urethane groups deriving from the reaction between free isocyanate groups and water. The total content of carbon black is between 0.025 and 6% by weight.1. A high-quality artificial leather is described, having a suede appearance and colours within the grey-black range, the light fastness of the colours according to the method SAE J 1885 225.6 KJ/m2 being higher than or equal to 4; the light fastness of the colours according to the method SAE J 1885 488.8 KJ/m2 being not lower than 3; said artificial leather having a tassel on the surface of the leather itself; said artificial leather comprising a micro-fibrous component and an elastomeric matrix; the above microfibrous component consisting of polyester microfibres having a count of 0.01 to 0.50 dtex; the above elastomeric matrix consisting of polyurethane; said polyurethane consisting of soft and hard segments; the ratio between the elastomeric matrix and the microfibrous component ranging from 20/80 and 50/50 by mass; the microfibrous component containing carbon black pigment in a percentage of 0.05 to 2.00% by mass; the elastomeric matrix containing carbon black pigment in a percentage of 0 to 10% by weight; the carbon black always having an average dimension lower than 0.4 microns; the above artificial leather being characterized by:
a) the average length of the tassel ranges from 200 to 500 microns; b) the soft segments consisting of at least one polycarbonate diol selected from polyalkylene carbonate diols and at least one polyester diol; c) the hard segments consisting of urethane groups deriving from the reaction between free isocyanate groups and water; d) the total content of carbon black ranges from 0.025 to 6% by weight. 2. The artificial leather according to claim 1, wherein the microfibrous component consists of polyethylene terephthalate microfibres. 3. The artificial leather according to claim 1, wherein the microfibrous component contains carbon black in a percentage of 0.15 to 1.50% by weight. 4. The artificial leather according to claim 1, wherein the elastomeric matrix contains the carbon black pigment in a percentage ranging from 0 to 7% by weight, preferably from 0.02 to 6% by weight. 5. The artificial leather according to claim 1, wherein the overall content of carbon black ranges from 0.075 to 4.25% by weight, preferably from 0.085 to 3.75% by weight. 6. The artificial leather according to claim 1, wherein the average length of the tassel varies from 210 to 400 microns. 7. The artificial leather according to claim 1, wherein
the polyester diols are selected from polyhexamethylene adipate diol (PHA), poly(3-methylpentamethylene) adipate diol (PMPA), polyneopentyl adipate diol (PNA), polycaprolactone diol (PCL); the polyalkylenecarbonate diols are selected from polytetramethylene carbonate diol (PTMC), polypentamethylene carbonate diol (PPMC), polyhexamethylene carbonate diol (PHC), polyheptamethylene carbonate diol, polyoctamethylene carbonate diol, polynonamethylene carbonate diol, polydecamethylene carbonate diol, poly-(2-methyl-pentamethylene carbonate)diol, poly-(2-methyl-1-octamethylene carbonate) diol; the isocyanate groups derive from methylene-bis-(4-phenylisocyanate) (MDI) and/or from toluene diisocyanate (TDI). 8. The artificial leather according to claim 1, wherein the colour shade before the over-dyeing treatment is characterized by a value of “L” <70. 9. The artificial leather according to claim 8, wherein the colour shade before the over-dyeing treatment is characterized by a value of “L” <55. 10. A process for the production of artificial leather with a suede appearance with colours within the range of grey and black, according to claim 1, comprising the following steps:
(1) production of a microfibrous intermediate product consisting of microfibres containing carbon black, said carbon black being contained in the microfibres in a quantity of 0.05% to 2% by weight, said microfibres being selected from microfibres of polyethylene terephthalate, polytrimethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, said microfibrous intermediate being obtained by the spinning of fibres obtained by extrusion of a polymer among those mentioned above (defined as island component) with the addition of carbon black, said carbon black having an average particle-size lower than 0.4 microns, and a binding polymer of the microfibres (sea component) which is subsequently eliminated during the processing steps by means of extraction with an organic solvent; (2) impregnation of the microfibrous intermediate product with the addition of carbon black as per item (1), with a solution and/or dispersion comprising one or more polyurethanes and carbon black, the latter being present in a quantity of 0 to 10% by weight, with respect to the polyurethane, and having an average particle-size lower than 0.4 microns; the ratio between the elastomer matrix and the microfibrous component ranging from 20/80 to 50/50 in mass; said polyurethane being made up of soft segments and hard segments, said soft segments consisting of at least one polyalkylene carbonate diol and at least one polyester diol; said hard segments consisting of urethane and/or ureic groups deriving from the reaction between free isocyanate groups and water; subsequent elimination of the solvent to give a raw semifinished product; (3) grinding of the surface of the above raw semifinished product to give synthetic leather having the characteristic of a suede appearance, the length of the tassel of the above-mentioned synthetic leather ranging from 200 to 500 μm, preferably from 210 to 400 μm. 11. The process according to claim 10, wherein the production of microfibres is effected using a suitable mixture of two polyesters selected from those mentioned above, of which only one, defined as masterbatch, contains carbon black in a percentage ranging from 10% to 50%, preferably the above masterbatch having an Inherent Viscosity (I.V.) value not lower than that of the other polymer. 12. The process according to claim 10, wherein carbon black is contained in the microfibres in a quantity of 0.15 to 1.50% by weight. 13. The process according to claim 10, wherein carbon black is present in the polyurethane in a quantity of 0 to 7% by weight, preferably from 0.02 to 6% by weight. 14. The process according to claim 10, wherein the micro-fibres are selected from polyethylene terephthalate micro-fibres. 15. The process according to claim 10, wherein polyethylene terephthalate, polytrimethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate are previously subjected to polymerization processes in the solid state, in order to increase the length of the polymeric chains. 16. The process according to claim 10, wherein, at the end of step (3) the ground raw semi-finished product is subjected to a further dyeing step in the presence of dispersed dyes. 17. The process according to claim 16, wherein the further dyeing step is effected at a temperature ranging from 100° C. to 140° C. | 1,700 |
2,688 | 13,122,760 | 1,788 | A superabsorbent bi-component fiber, wherein component A is at least one thermoplastic polymer and component B is a compound selected from at least one thermoplastic base polymer and at least one superabsorbent polymer (SAP), and also a method for production thereof are described. The melting point of the thermoplastic contained in component A is at least 20° C. higher than the melting point of the thermoplastic contained in component B, the average grain size of the SAP is 0.5 to 10 μm and the compound has an SAP-fraction of 0.5 to 40 wt %. The bi-component fiber can be used to produce superabsorbent textile fabrics which are used in particular in the field of hygiene and medicine. | 1. A superabsorbent bi-component fiber comprising a component A containing at least one thermoplastic polymer, and a component B containing a compound of at least one thermoplastic base polymer and at least one superabsorbent polymer (SAP), characterized in that
a melting point of the thermoplastic comprised by the component A is at least 20° C. higher than a melting point of the thermoplastic comprised by the component B, an average particle size of the SAP is 0.5 to 10 μm, and the fiber has an SAP content of 0.5 to 40% by weight. 2. The superabsorbent bi-component fiber according to claim 1, characterized in that the fiber has a core-sheath structure in which the component A comprises the core and the component B comprises the sheath. 3. The superabsorbent bi-component fiber according to claim 1, characterized in that the average particle size of the SAP is 1 μm to 10 μm, in particular. 4. The superabsorbent bi-component fiber according to claim 1, characterized in that the component B has an SAP content of from 1 to 35% by weight. 5. The superabsorbent bi-component fiber according to claim 1 to 4, characterized in that the component A is made of melt-spinnable polyester and the base polymer of the component B is made of polyethylene. 6. The superabsorbent bi-component fiber according to claim 5, characterized in that the component A is made of polyethylene terephthalate. 7. A method for the production of the superabsorbent bi-component fiber comprising the steps of: providing a component A and a component B, spinning the bi-component filaments by co-extrusion, drafting the bi-component fibers, crimping the drafted bi-component fibers, setting and/or cutting the bi-component fibers to a desired length. 8. A textile surface structure containing the superabsorbent bi-component fiber according to claim 1. 9. The textile surface structure according to claim 8, characterized in that the structure is a non-woven. 10. A hygiene product including the textile surface structure according to claim 8. 11. The hygiene product according to claim 10 being a diaper. 12. The hygiene product according to claim 10 being a sanitary napkins or panty liners. 13. A special packaging for foodstuff including the textile surface structure according to claim 8. 14. A packaging for fluids including the textile surface structure according to claim 8. | A superabsorbent bi-component fiber, wherein component A is at least one thermoplastic polymer and component B is a compound selected from at least one thermoplastic base polymer and at least one superabsorbent polymer (SAP), and also a method for production thereof are described. The melting point of the thermoplastic contained in component A is at least 20° C. higher than the melting point of the thermoplastic contained in component B, the average grain size of the SAP is 0.5 to 10 μm and the compound has an SAP-fraction of 0.5 to 40 wt %. The bi-component fiber can be used to produce superabsorbent textile fabrics which are used in particular in the field of hygiene and medicine.1. A superabsorbent bi-component fiber comprising a component A containing at least one thermoplastic polymer, and a component B containing a compound of at least one thermoplastic base polymer and at least one superabsorbent polymer (SAP), characterized in that
a melting point of the thermoplastic comprised by the component A is at least 20° C. higher than a melting point of the thermoplastic comprised by the component B, an average particle size of the SAP is 0.5 to 10 μm, and the fiber has an SAP content of 0.5 to 40% by weight. 2. The superabsorbent bi-component fiber according to claim 1, characterized in that the fiber has a core-sheath structure in which the component A comprises the core and the component B comprises the sheath. 3. The superabsorbent bi-component fiber according to claim 1, characterized in that the average particle size of the SAP is 1 μm to 10 μm, in particular. 4. The superabsorbent bi-component fiber according to claim 1, characterized in that the component B has an SAP content of from 1 to 35% by weight. 5. The superabsorbent bi-component fiber according to claim 1 to 4, characterized in that the component A is made of melt-spinnable polyester and the base polymer of the component B is made of polyethylene. 6. The superabsorbent bi-component fiber according to claim 5, characterized in that the component A is made of polyethylene terephthalate. 7. A method for the production of the superabsorbent bi-component fiber comprising the steps of: providing a component A and a component B, spinning the bi-component filaments by co-extrusion, drafting the bi-component fibers, crimping the drafted bi-component fibers, setting and/or cutting the bi-component fibers to a desired length. 8. A textile surface structure containing the superabsorbent bi-component fiber according to claim 1. 9. The textile surface structure according to claim 8, characterized in that the structure is a non-woven. 10. A hygiene product including the textile surface structure according to claim 8. 11. The hygiene product according to claim 10 being a diaper. 12. The hygiene product according to claim 10 being a sanitary napkins or panty liners. 13. A special packaging for foodstuff including the textile surface structure according to claim 8. 14. A packaging for fluids including the textile surface structure according to claim 8. | 1,700 |
2,689 | 15,258,139 | 1,784 | The present invention relates to a laminated glass including a first glass plate, a second glass plate and an intermediate layer provided between the first glass plate and the second glass plate, in which the first glass plate has a first face and a second face opposing the first face, the second glass plate has a third face and a fourth face opposing the third face, the intermediate layer is provided between the second face and the third face, the second glass plate is a chemically-strengthened glass, and in the second glass plate, when a compressive stress on the third face is denoted as CS (3) , a tensile stress generated in an interior of the second glass plate is denoted as CT, a thickness of the second glass plate is denoted as t, a depth of the compressive stress on a side of the third face is denoted as DOL (3) and a depth of a compressive stress on a side of the fourth face is denoted as DOL (4) , CS (3) /[CT 2 ×{t−(DOL (3) +DOL (4) )}] is greater than 1.1 MPa −1 ×mm −1 . | 1. A laminated glass comprising a first glass plate, a second glass plate and an intermediate layer provided between the first glass plate and the second glass plate,
wherein the first glass plate has a first face and a second face opposing the first face, the second glass plate has a third face and a fourth face opposing the third face, the intermediate layer is provided between the second face and the third face, the second glass plate is a chemically-strengthened glass, and in the second glass plate, when a compressive stress on the third face is denoted as CS(3), a tensile stress generated in an interior of the second glass plate is denoted as CT, a thickness of the second glass plate is denoted as t, a depth of the compressive stress on a side of the third face is denoted as DOL(3) and a depth of a compressive stress on a side of the fourth face is denoted as DOL(4), CS(3)/[CT2×{t−(DOL(3)+DOL(4))}] is greater than 1.1 MPa−1×mm−1. 2. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the CS(3)/[CT2×{t−(DOL(3)+DOL(4))}] of the second glass plate is greater than 1.6 MPa−1×mm−1. 3. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the CS(3)/[CT2×{t−(DOL(3)+DOL(4))}] of the second glass plate is greater than 2.1 MPa−1×mm−1. 4. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the CS(3) of the second glass plate is 300 MPa or greater. 5. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the CT of the second glass plate is 50 MPa or smaller. 6. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the DOL(4) of the second glass plate is 2 μm or greater. 7. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the DOL(4) of the second glass plate is 5 μm or greater. 8. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the DOL(3) of the second glass plate is smaller than 40 μm. 9. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the DOL(3) of the second glass plate is smaller than 20 μm. 10. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the second glass plate is smaller than a thickness of the first glass plate. 11. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the second glass plate is from 0.2 mm to 1.0 mm. 12. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the first glass plate is from 1.5 mm to 4.0 mm. 13. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein a value obtained by dividing the thickness of the second glass plate by the thickness of the first glass plate is from 0.1 to 0.5. 14. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the laminated glass is a windowpane,
the first glass plate is provided on a side exposed to an outside, and the second glass plate is provided on an indoor side. 15. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the second glass plate is bonded to the first glass plate via the intermediate layer in a state where the second glass plate is elastically deformed along a shape of the first glass plate. | The present invention relates to a laminated glass including a first glass plate, a second glass plate and an intermediate layer provided between the first glass plate and the second glass plate, in which the first glass plate has a first face and a second face opposing the first face, the second glass plate has a third face and a fourth face opposing the third face, the intermediate layer is provided between the second face and the third face, the second glass plate is a chemically-strengthened glass, and in the second glass plate, when a compressive stress on the third face is denoted as CS (3) , a tensile stress generated in an interior of the second glass plate is denoted as CT, a thickness of the second glass plate is denoted as t, a depth of the compressive stress on a side of the third face is denoted as DOL (3) and a depth of a compressive stress on a side of the fourth face is denoted as DOL (4) , CS (3) /[CT 2 ×{t−(DOL (3) +DOL (4) )}] is greater than 1.1 MPa −1 ×mm −1 .1. A laminated glass comprising a first glass plate, a second glass plate and an intermediate layer provided between the first glass plate and the second glass plate,
wherein the first glass plate has a first face and a second face opposing the first face, the second glass plate has a third face and a fourth face opposing the third face, the intermediate layer is provided between the second face and the third face, the second glass plate is a chemically-strengthened glass, and in the second glass plate, when a compressive stress on the third face is denoted as CS(3), a tensile stress generated in an interior of the second glass plate is denoted as CT, a thickness of the second glass plate is denoted as t, a depth of the compressive stress on a side of the third face is denoted as DOL(3) and a depth of a compressive stress on a side of the fourth face is denoted as DOL(4), CS(3)/[CT2×{t−(DOL(3)+DOL(4))}] is greater than 1.1 MPa−1×mm−1. 2. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the CS(3)/[CT2×{t−(DOL(3)+DOL(4))}] of the second glass plate is greater than 1.6 MPa−1×mm−1. 3. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the CS(3)/[CT2×{t−(DOL(3)+DOL(4))}] of the second glass plate is greater than 2.1 MPa−1×mm−1. 4. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the CS(3) of the second glass plate is 300 MPa or greater. 5. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the CT of the second glass plate is 50 MPa or smaller. 6. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the DOL(4) of the second glass plate is 2 μm or greater. 7. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the DOL(4) of the second glass plate is 5 μm or greater. 8. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the DOL(3) of the second glass plate is smaller than 40 μm. 9. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the DOL(3) of the second glass plate is smaller than 20 μm. 10. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the second glass plate is smaller than a thickness of the first glass plate. 11. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the second glass plate is from 0.2 mm to 1.0 mm. 12. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the first glass plate is from 1.5 mm to 4.0 mm. 13. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein a value obtained by dividing the thickness of the second glass plate by the thickness of the first glass plate is from 0.1 to 0.5. 14. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the laminated glass is a windowpane,
the first glass plate is provided on a side exposed to an outside, and the second glass plate is provided on an indoor side. 15. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the second glass plate is bonded to the first glass plate via the intermediate layer in a state where the second glass plate is elastically deformed along a shape of the first glass plate. | 1,700 |
2,690 | 12,980,457 | 1,732 | This disclosure provides for a process for preparing a catalyst system comprising a) contacting a metal compound, a diphosphino aminyl ligand metal complex, and a metal alkyl for a time period to form a mixture; and b) aging the mixture. The disclosure also provides for olefin oligomerization process comprising: a) contacting i) a metal compound, ii) a diphosphino aminyl ligand, and iii) a metal alkyl to form a mixture; b) aging the mixture; c) contacting the aged mixture with an olefin monomer; and d) forming an olefin oligomer product. | 1. An olefin oligomerization process comprising: a) contacting i) a metal compound, ii) a diphosphino aminyl ligand, and iii) a metal alkyl to form a mixture; b) aging the mixture in the substantial absence of an olefin monomer to form an aged mixture; c) contacting the aged mixture with an olefin monomer; and d) forming an olefin oligomer product under conditions suitable for forming an olefin oligomer product. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the mixture is aged at a temperature from 10° C. to 130° C. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the mixture is aged for at least 20 minutes. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the metal compound comprises chromium. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the metal compound is a chromium(III) chloride or chromium(III) acetylacetonate. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the metal alkyl comprises an aluminoaxane. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the metal alkyl and metal compound are present in a molar ratio amount of from about 50 to about 1000. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the conditions suitable for forming an olefin oligomer product comprise a temperature that is increased when compared to an otherwise similar process wherein the mixture is aged in the presence of an olefin monomer. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the olefin comprises ethylene and a liquid oligomer product mixture comprises at least 60 wt. % C6 and C8 olefins. 10. The process of claim 9, wherein the C6 olefins comprises greater than or equal to 90 wt. % 1-hexene and the C8 olefins comprises greater than or equal to 97 wt. % 1-octene. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the olefin oligomer product has a polymer amount that is reduced when compared to an otherwise similar process wherein the mixture is aged in the presence of an olefin monomer. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the process produces a C6 olefin fraction containing more 1-hexene than when compared to an otherwise similar process wherein the mixture is aged in the presence of the olefin monomer. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the diphosphino aminyl ligand comprises one diphosphino aminyl moiety. 14. The process of claim 1, wherein the metal compound is complexed to the diphosphino aminyl ligand comprising at least two diphosphino aminyl moieties and a linking group linking each aminyl nitrogen atom of the diphosphino aminyl moieties. 15. The process of claim 14, wherein the linking group comprises at least one cyclic group, and the aminyl nitrogen atoms of the two diphosphino aminyl moieties are attached to a ring carbon of the linking group. 16. A process for reducing an amount of polymer produced in an olefin oligomerization process comprising:
a) contacting a metal compound, a diphosphino aminyl ligand metal complex, and a metal alkyl form a mixture; b) aging the mixture in the substantial absence of an olefin monomer for at least 20 minutes to form a aged mixture; c) contacting the aged mixture with an olefin monomer; and d) forming an olefin oligomer product wherein the olefin oligomer product has a reduced polymer formation when compared to an otherwise similar process wherein the mixture is aged in the presence of the olefin monomer. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein the mixture is aged at a temperature from 10° C. to 130° C. 18. The process of claim 16, wherein the metal compound comprises chromium. 19. The process of claim 16, wherein the metal alkyl and metal compound are present in a molar ratio amount of from about 50 to about 1000. 20. The process of claim 16, wherein the olefin comprises ethylene and a liquid olefin oligomer product comprises at least 60 wt. % C6 and C8 olefins. 21. The process of claim 16, wherein the process produces a C6 olefin fraction containing more 1-hexene than when compared to an otherwise similar process wherein the mixture is aged in the presence of the olefin monomer. 22. A process for preparing a catalyst system comprising: a) forming a catalyst system mixture comprising i) a metal compound, ii) a diphosphino aminyl ligand, and iii) a metal alkyl; b) aging the catalyst system mixture in the substantial absence of an olefin monomer. 23. The process of claim 23, wherein the catalyst system mixture is aged at a temperature at a temperature from 10° C. to 130° C. | This disclosure provides for a process for preparing a catalyst system comprising a) contacting a metal compound, a diphosphino aminyl ligand metal complex, and a metal alkyl for a time period to form a mixture; and b) aging the mixture. The disclosure also provides for olefin oligomerization process comprising: a) contacting i) a metal compound, ii) a diphosphino aminyl ligand, and iii) a metal alkyl to form a mixture; b) aging the mixture; c) contacting the aged mixture with an olefin monomer; and d) forming an olefin oligomer product.1. An olefin oligomerization process comprising: a) contacting i) a metal compound, ii) a diphosphino aminyl ligand, and iii) a metal alkyl to form a mixture; b) aging the mixture in the substantial absence of an olefin monomer to form an aged mixture; c) contacting the aged mixture with an olefin monomer; and d) forming an olefin oligomer product under conditions suitable for forming an olefin oligomer product. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the mixture is aged at a temperature from 10° C. to 130° C. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the mixture is aged for at least 20 minutes. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the metal compound comprises chromium. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the metal compound is a chromium(III) chloride or chromium(III) acetylacetonate. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the metal alkyl comprises an aluminoaxane. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the metal alkyl and metal compound are present in a molar ratio amount of from about 50 to about 1000. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the conditions suitable for forming an olefin oligomer product comprise a temperature that is increased when compared to an otherwise similar process wherein the mixture is aged in the presence of an olefin monomer. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the olefin comprises ethylene and a liquid oligomer product mixture comprises at least 60 wt. % C6 and C8 olefins. 10. The process of claim 9, wherein the C6 olefins comprises greater than or equal to 90 wt. % 1-hexene and the C8 olefins comprises greater than or equal to 97 wt. % 1-octene. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the olefin oligomer product has a polymer amount that is reduced when compared to an otherwise similar process wherein the mixture is aged in the presence of an olefin monomer. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the process produces a C6 olefin fraction containing more 1-hexene than when compared to an otherwise similar process wherein the mixture is aged in the presence of the olefin monomer. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the diphosphino aminyl ligand comprises one diphosphino aminyl moiety. 14. The process of claim 1, wherein the metal compound is complexed to the diphosphino aminyl ligand comprising at least two diphosphino aminyl moieties and a linking group linking each aminyl nitrogen atom of the diphosphino aminyl moieties. 15. The process of claim 14, wherein the linking group comprises at least one cyclic group, and the aminyl nitrogen atoms of the two diphosphino aminyl moieties are attached to a ring carbon of the linking group. 16. A process for reducing an amount of polymer produced in an olefin oligomerization process comprising:
a) contacting a metal compound, a diphosphino aminyl ligand metal complex, and a metal alkyl form a mixture; b) aging the mixture in the substantial absence of an olefin monomer for at least 20 minutes to form a aged mixture; c) contacting the aged mixture with an olefin monomer; and d) forming an olefin oligomer product wherein the olefin oligomer product has a reduced polymer formation when compared to an otherwise similar process wherein the mixture is aged in the presence of the olefin monomer. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein the mixture is aged at a temperature from 10° C. to 130° C. 18. The process of claim 16, wherein the metal compound comprises chromium. 19. The process of claim 16, wherein the metal alkyl and metal compound are present in a molar ratio amount of from about 50 to about 1000. 20. The process of claim 16, wherein the olefin comprises ethylene and a liquid olefin oligomer product comprises at least 60 wt. % C6 and C8 olefins. 21. The process of claim 16, wherein the process produces a C6 olefin fraction containing more 1-hexene than when compared to an otherwise similar process wherein the mixture is aged in the presence of the olefin monomer. 22. A process for preparing a catalyst system comprising: a) forming a catalyst system mixture comprising i) a metal compound, ii) a diphosphino aminyl ligand, and iii) a metal alkyl; b) aging the catalyst system mixture in the substantial absence of an olefin monomer. 23. The process of claim 23, wherein the catalyst system mixture is aged at a temperature at a temperature from 10° C. to 130° C. | 1,700 |
2,691 | 13,419,835 | 1,716 | A semiconductor manufacturing tool and method for operating the tool are provided. The semiconductor manufacturing tool includes a process chamber in which plasma operations or ion etching operations are carried out and a valve assembly for opening and closing a valve that provides for loading and unloading substrates into and out of, the semiconductor manufacturing tool. While a processing operation is being carried out in the chamber, a valve assembly purge operation also takes place. The valve assembly purge operation involves inert gases being directed to the valve assembly area to prevent the buildup of particles and contaminating films in the valve assembly. Because the valve assembly is maintained in a clean condition, particle contamination is reduced or eliminated. | 1. A semiconductor manufacturing tool comprising:
a process chamber with a wall that includes an aperture therethrough for transferring substrates therethrough; a door that covers said aperture and forms a detachable seal with said wall; a delivery port that delivers an inert gas to said aperture; and an exhaust port through which said inert gas is exhausted from said aperture. 2. The semiconductor manufacturing tool as in claim 1, wherein said process chamber includes gas lines that deliver process gasses to said process chamber and a plasma generator unit for creating a plasma in said process chamber. 3. The semiconductor manufacturing tool as in claim 2, wherein said process chamber is adapted for at least one of atomic layer deposition (ALD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and includes a heating element. 4. The semiconductor manufacturing tool as in claim 2, further comprising a pump coupled to said exhaust port, and a controller that controls delivery of said inert gas to said aperture while a plasma operation is being carried out in said process chamber. 5. The semiconductor manufacturing tool as in claim 2, wherein said aperture is defined and bounded by a peripheral surface internal to said wall and said exhaust port comprises a conduit within said wall that terminates in said peripheral surface. 6. The semiconductor manufacturing tool as in claim 1, wherein said process chamber comprises a plasma etching process chamber and includes an electrode arrangement that ionizes gasses and directs said ionized gasses to a substrate in said process chamber. 7. The semiconductor manufacturing tool as in claim 1, wherein said door includes an O-ring that contacts said wall and creates said detachable seal, and wherein said wall comprises a sidewall. 8. The semiconductor manufacturing tool as in claim 7, wherein said delivery port is contained within said sidewall. 9. The semiconductor manufacturing tool as in claim 1, wherein said aperture is defined and bounded by a peripheral surface internal to said wall and said delivery port comprises a gas delivery line within said wall that terminates in said peripheral surface. 10. A method for operating a semiconductor manufacturing apparatus, said method comprising:
providing a process chamber with a sidewall and an aperture therethrough; providing a valve assembly including a door that forms a detachable seal with said sidewall to close said aperture; operating said apparatus by carrying out an operation within said process chamber; delivering an inert purge gas to said valve assembly during said operating; and exhausting said inert purge gas from said valve assembly during said operating. 11. The method as in claim 10, wherein said operating includes delivering at least one process gas to said process chamber and generating at least one of a plasma and an ionized gas species in said process chamber with said door closed and said seal formed. 12. The method as in claim 11, wherein said operating further comprises heating a substrate disposed in said process chamber. 13. The method as in claim 11, wherein said operating comprises one of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and atomic layer deposition (ALD). 14. The method as in claim 11, wherein said operating comprises plasma etching. 15. The method as in claim 10, wherein said operating comprises cleaning said process chamber by at least delivering a cleaning gas to said process chamber and generating a plasma in said process chamber. 16. The method as in claim 15, wherein said cleaning gas comprises NF3. 17. The method as in claim 10, wherein said inert purge gas comprises at least one of N2, Ar and He. 18. The method as in claim 10, wherein said aperture is defined and bounded by a peripheral surface interior to said sidewall, said delivering an inert purge gas comprises delivering said inert purge gas through a conduit having an opening in said peripheral surface and said exhausting said inert purge gas comprises exhausting said inert purge gas through a conduit having an opening in said peripheral surface. 19. The method as in claim 10, wherein said exhausting comprises pumping said inert gas through an exhaust line disposed within said sidewall, and further comprising further pumping processing gases from said process chamber, said pumping and said further pumping performed by a single pump. 20. The method as in claim 10, wherein said door includes an elastomeric sealing member that forms said detachable seal with said sidewall, said elastomeric sealing member comprising one of an O-ring and a gasket, and wherein said operating said apparatus takes place after closing said door. | A semiconductor manufacturing tool and method for operating the tool are provided. The semiconductor manufacturing tool includes a process chamber in which plasma operations or ion etching operations are carried out and a valve assembly for opening and closing a valve that provides for loading and unloading substrates into and out of, the semiconductor manufacturing tool. While a processing operation is being carried out in the chamber, a valve assembly purge operation also takes place. The valve assembly purge operation involves inert gases being directed to the valve assembly area to prevent the buildup of particles and contaminating films in the valve assembly. Because the valve assembly is maintained in a clean condition, particle contamination is reduced or eliminated.1. A semiconductor manufacturing tool comprising:
a process chamber with a wall that includes an aperture therethrough for transferring substrates therethrough; a door that covers said aperture and forms a detachable seal with said wall; a delivery port that delivers an inert gas to said aperture; and an exhaust port through which said inert gas is exhausted from said aperture. 2. The semiconductor manufacturing tool as in claim 1, wherein said process chamber includes gas lines that deliver process gasses to said process chamber and a plasma generator unit for creating a plasma in said process chamber. 3. The semiconductor manufacturing tool as in claim 2, wherein said process chamber is adapted for at least one of atomic layer deposition (ALD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and includes a heating element. 4. The semiconductor manufacturing tool as in claim 2, further comprising a pump coupled to said exhaust port, and a controller that controls delivery of said inert gas to said aperture while a plasma operation is being carried out in said process chamber. 5. The semiconductor manufacturing tool as in claim 2, wherein said aperture is defined and bounded by a peripheral surface internal to said wall and said exhaust port comprises a conduit within said wall that terminates in said peripheral surface. 6. The semiconductor manufacturing tool as in claim 1, wherein said process chamber comprises a plasma etching process chamber and includes an electrode arrangement that ionizes gasses and directs said ionized gasses to a substrate in said process chamber. 7. The semiconductor manufacturing tool as in claim 1, wherein said door includes an O-ring that contacts said wall and creates said detachable seal, and wherein said wall comprises a sidewall. 8. The semiconductor manufacturing tool as in claim 7, wherein said delivery port is contained within said sidewall. 9. The semiconductor manufacturing tool as in claim 1, wherein said aperture is defined and bounded by a peripheral surface internal to said wall and said delivery port comprises a gas delivery line within said wall that terminates in said peripheral surface. 10. A method for operating a semiconductor manufacturing apparatus, said method comprising:
providing a process chamber with a sidewall and an aperture therethrough; providing a valve assembly including a door that forms a detachable seal with said sidewall to close said aperture; operating said apparatus by carrying out an operation within said process chamber; delivering an inert purge gas to said valve assembly during said operating; and exhausting said inert purge gas from said valve assembly during said operating. 11. The method as in claim 10, wherein said operating includes delivering at least one process gas to said process chamber and generating at least one of a plasma and an ionized gas species in said process chamber with said door closed and said seal formed. 12. The method as in claim 11, wherein said operating further comprises heating a substrate disposed in said process chamber. 13. The method as in claim 11, wherein said operating comprises one of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and atomic layer deposition (ALD). 14. The method as in claim 11, wherein said operating comprises plasma etching. 15. The method as in claim 10, wherein said operating comprises cleaning said process chamber by at least delivering a cleaning gas to said process chamber and generating a plasma in said process chamber. 16. The method as in claim 15, wherein said cleaning gas comprises NF3. 17. The method as in claim 10, wherein said inert purge gas comprises at least one of N2, Ar and He. 18. The method as in claim 10, wherein said aperture is defined and bounded by a peripheral surface interior to said sidewall, said delivering an inert purge gas comprises delivering said inert purge gas through a conduit having an opening in said peripheral surface and said exhausting said inert purge gas comprises exhausting said inert purge gas through a conduit having an opening in said peripheral surface. 19. The method as in claim 10, wherein said exhausting comprises pumping said inert gas through an exhaust line disposed within said sidewall, and further comprising further pumping processing gases from said process chamber, said pumping and said further pumping performed by a single pump. 20. The method as in claim 10, wherein said door includes an elastomeric sealing member that forms said detachable seal with said sidewall, said elastomeric sealing member comprising one of an O-ring and a gasket, and wherein said operating said apparatus takes place after closing said door. | 1,700 |
2,692 | 14,851,980 | 1,745 | A method of manufacturing an article of footwear includes providing a textile and applying heat and/or pressure to the textile using a texturing device to form a textured area of the textile. The textured area is spaced apart from a substantially smooth area of the textile. The method further includes forming at least part of an upper from the textile after applying the heat and/or pressure to the textile. The upper includes a cavity configured to receive a foot. The substantially smooth area is configured to define a reference boundary of the upper. The substantially smooth area and the textured area are each configured to be disposed at predetermined regions of the upper. Furthermore, forming the textured area includes forming a plurality of projection structures that project outward from the reference boundary at varying distances. | 1. A method of manufacturing an article of footwear comprising:
providing a textile; applying at least one of heat and pressure to the textile using a texturing device to form a textured area of the textile, the textured area being spaced apart from a substantially smooth area of the textile; and forming at least part of an upper from the textile after applying the at least one of heat and pressure to the textile, the upper having a cavity configured to receive a foot; the substantially smooth area configured to define a reference boundary of the upper, the substantially smooth area and the textured area each configured to be disposed at predetermined regions of the upper; and wherein forming the textured area includes forming a plurality of projection structures that project outwardly from the reference boundary at varying distances. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the textile includes knitting a knitted component of unitary knit construction. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the textured area includes forming a plurality of recess structures that recess inwardly from the reference boundary, the plurality of projection structure and recess structures being distributed in an alternating arrangement within the textured area. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing an object proximate a surface of the textile;
attaching the object to the surface via the application of the at least one of heat and pressure. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein providing the object includes providing a skin layer proximate the surface of the textile; and
wherein attaching the object includes attaching the skin layer to at least a portion of the surface. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein attaching the skin layer includes attaching a first skin layer to at least a portion of a first surface of the textile;
further comprising providing a second skin layer proximate a second surface of the textile, the second surface being opposite the first surface; and attaching the second skin layer to at least a portion of the second surface via the application of the at least one of heat and pressure. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the textile includes knitting a knitted component of unitary knit construction;
wherein knitting the textile includes knitting a knit element with a first surface and an opposing second surface; and wherein knitting the knitted component includes inlaying a tensile element into at least one course or wale of the knit element. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein inlaying the tensile element includes inlaying a first segment of the tensile element in the knit element such that the first segment is substantially disposed between the first surface and the second surface of the knit element; and
further comprising disposing a second segment of the tensile element outside of the knit element such that the second segment projects from the first surface of the knit element. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein inlaying the tensile element includes inlaying a third segment of the tensile element in the knit element such that the third segment is substantially disposed between the first surface and the second surface of the knit element; and
wherein the second segment extends between the first segment and the second segment. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the second segment extends across the textured area of the knitted component. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising layering a skin layer over both the first surface of the knit element and the second segment of the tensile element. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of projection structures each have an apex, wherein the plurality of projection structures each have a height measured from the apex to the reference boundary,
wherein the plurality of projection structures are arranged in the textured area such that the respective heights of the plurality of projection structures gradually diminish across the textured area. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the plurality of projection structures are arranged in the textured area such that the respective heights of the projection structures diminish approaching the substantially smooth area. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the texturing device includes a surface that includes a textured portion; and
further comprising shaping the textured area of the knitted component according to the textured portion of the surface. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the surface is a first surface included on a first member of the texturing device, the textured portion being a first textured portion of the first surface;
wherein the texturing device includes a second member with a second surface, the second surface including a second textured portion that opposes the first textured portion; wherein a cavity is defined between the first surface and the second surface; further comprising providing the textile within the cavity; and wherein applying at least one of heat and pressure to the textile includes shaping the textured area of the textile according to the first textured portion and the second textured portion. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the texturing device includes a first surface that includes a textured portion;
wherein the texturing device includes a second surface that is compressible; and wherein shaping the textured area includes compressing the second surface according to the textured portion of the surface. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the textile includes a first zone and a second zone; and
wherein applying the at least one of heat and pressure to the textile includes applying the at least one of heat and pressure to the first zone instead of the second zone. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein providing the textile includes knitting a knitted component of unitary knit construction;
wherein knitting the knitted component includes knitting the first zone to have a first elasticity and knitting the second zone to have a second elasticity, the second elasticity being greater than the first elasticity. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising providing a skin layer proximate the textile;
wherein applying the at least one of heat and pressure includes applying at least one of heat and pressure to the textile and the skin layer to attach the skin layer to the first zone of the textile. 20. A method of manufacturing an article of footwear comprising:
knitting a knitted component of unitary knit construction, the knitted component including a knit element and a tensile element; inlaying a first segment of the tensile element in a first area of the knit element, inlaying a second segment of the tensile element in a second area of the knit element, and disposing a third segment of the tensile element outside the knit element, the third segment extending between the first segment and the second segment; inserting the knit element into a cavity of a texturing device; applying at least one of heat and pressure to the knit element while in the cavity to form a textured area of the knitted component, the textured area including a plurality of projection structures having a variety of heights; forming at least a portion of an upper from the knitted component, wherein the first area and the first segment are disposed proximate a throat of the upper, and wherein the second area and the second segment are disposed proximate a sole attachment area of the upper; and attaching the sole attachment area to a sole structure. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising extending the third segment across a portion of the textured area of the knitted component. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising providing a skin layer proximate the knitted component;
wherein applying the at least one of heat and pressure includes applying at least one of heat and pressure to both the knit element and the skin layer and attaching the skin layer to the knit element; wherein the third segment is disposed between an adjacent zone of the skin layer and the portion of the textured area; and wherein the adjacent zone of the skin layer remains detached from the knit element after applying the at least one of heat and pressure. | A method of manufacturing an article of footwear includes providing a textile and applying heat and/or pressure to the textile using a texturing device to form a textured area of the textile. The textured area is spaced apart from a substantially smooth area of the textile. The method further includes forming at least part of an upper from the textile after applying the heat and/or pressure to the textile. The upper includes a cavity configured to receive a foot. The substantially smooth area is configured to define a reference boundary of the upper. The substantially smooth area and the textured area are each configured to be disposed at predetermined regions of the upper. Furthermore, forming the textured area includes forming a plurality of projection structures that project outward from the reference boundary at varying distances.1. A method of manufacturing an article of footwear comprising:
providing a textile; applying at least one of heat and pressure to the textile using a texturing device to form a textured area of the textile, the textured area being spaced apart from a substantially smooth area of the textile; and forming at least part of an upper from the textile after applying the at least one of heat and pressure to the textile, the upper having a cavity configured to receive a foot; the substantially smooth area configured to define a reference boundary of the upper, the substantially smooth area and the textured area each configured to be disposed at predetermined regions of the upper; and wherein forming the textured area includes forming a plurality of projection structures that project outwardly from the reference boundary at varying distances. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the textile includes knitting a knitted component of unitary knit construction. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the textured area includes forming a plurality of recess structures that recess inwardly from the reference boundary, the plurality of projection structure and recess structures being distributed in an alternating arrangement within the textured area. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing an object proximate a surface of the textile;
attaching the object to the surface via the application of the at least one of heat and pressure. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein providing the object includes providing a skin layer proximate the surface of the textile; and
wherein attaching the object includes attaching the skin layer to at least a portion of the surface. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein attaching the skin layer includes attaching a first skin layer to at least a portion of a first surface of the textile;
further comprising providing a second skin layer proximate a second surface of the textile, the second surface being opposite the first surface; and attaching the second skin layer to at least a portion of the second surface via the application of the at least one of heat and pressure. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the textile includes knitting a knitted component of unitary knit construction;
wherein knitting the textile includes knitting a knit element with a first surface and an opposing second surface; and wherein knitting the knitted component includes inlaying a tensile element into at least one course or wale of the knit element. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein inlaying the tensile element includes inlaying a first segment of the tensile element in the knit element such that the first segment is substantially disposed between the first surface and the second surface of the knit element; and
further comprising disposing a second segment of the tensile element outside of the knit element such that the second segment projects from the first surface of the knit element. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein inlaying the tensile element includes inlaying a third segment of the tensile element in the knit element such that the third segment is substantially disposed between the first surface and the second surface of the knit element; and
wherein the second segment extends between the first segment and the second segment. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the second segment extends across the textured area of the knitted component. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising layering a skin layer over both the first surface of the knit element and the second segment of the tensile element. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of projection structures each have an apex, wherein the plurality of projection structures each have a height measured from the apex to the reference boundary,
wherein the plurality of projection structures are arranged in the textured area such that the respective heights of the plurality of projection structures gradually diminish across the textured area. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the plurality of projection structures are arranged in the textured area such that the respective heights of the projection structures diminish approaching the substantially smooth area. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the texturing device includes a surface that includes a textured portion; and
further comprising shaping the textured area of the knitted component according to the textured portion of the surface. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the surface is a first surface included on a first member of the texturing device, the textured portion being a first textured portion of the first surface;
wherein the texturing device includes a second member with a second surface, the second surface including a second textured portion that opposes the first textured portion; wherein a cavity is defined between the first surface and the second surface; further comprising providing the textile within the cavity; and wherein applying at least one of heat and pressure to the textile includes shaping the textured area of the textile according to the first textured portion and the second textured portion. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the texturing device includes a first surface that includes a textured portion;
wherein the texturing device includes a second surface that is compressible; and wherein shaping the textured area includes compressing the second surface according to the textured portion of the surface. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the textile includes a first zone and a second zone; and
wherein applying the at least one of heat and pressure to the textile includes applying the at least one of heat and pressure to the first zone instead of the second zone. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein providing the textile includes knitting a knitted component of unitary knit construction;
wherein knitting the knitted component includes knitting the first zone to have a first elasticity and knitting the second zone to have a second elasticity, the second elasticity being greater than the first elasticity. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising providing a skin layer proximate the textile;
wherein applying the at least one of heat and pressure includes applying at least one of heat and pressure to the textile and the skin layer to attach the skin layer to the first zone of the textile. 20. A method of manufacturing an article of footwear comprising:
knitting a knitted component of unitary knit construction, the knitted component including a knit element and a tensile element; inlaying a first segment of the tensile element in a first area of the knit element, inlaying a second segment of the tensile element in a second area of the knit element, and disposing a third segment of the tensile element outside the knit element, the third segment extending between the first segment and the second segment; inserting the knit element into a cavity of a texturing device; applying at least one of heat and pressure to the knit element while in the cavity to form a textured area of the knitted component, the textured area including a plurality of projection structures having a variety of heights; forming at least a portion of an upper from the knitted component, wherein the first area and the first segment are disposed proximate a throat of the upper, and wherein the second area and the second segment are disposed proximate a sole attachment area of the upper; and attaching the sole attachment area to a sole structure. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising extending the third segment across a portion of the textured area of the knitted component. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising providing a skin layer proximate the knitted component;
wherein applying the at least one of heat and pressure includes applying at least one of heat and pressure to both the knit element and the skin layer and attaching the skin layer to the knit element; wherein the third segment is disposed between an adjacent zone of the skin layer and the portion of the textured area; and wherein the adjacent zone of the skin layer remains detached from the knit element after applying the at least one of heat and pressure. | 1,700 |
2,693 | 15,215,041 | 1,718 | Tungsten precursors represented by the formula W(ND) x (DAD) y R z , where each ND is a neutral donor, each DAD is a diazadiene, each R is an anionic or dianionic ligand and x is in the range of 0 to 4, y is in the range of 1 to 3, z is in the range of 0 to 4 and x+z is greater than or equal to 1. Methods of depositing a film using the tungsten precursors are provided. | 1. A metal coordination complex having a formula represented by W(ND)x(DAD)yRz, where each ND is a neutral donor, each DAD is a diazadiene, each R is an anionic or dianionic ligand and x is in the range of 0 to 4, y is in the range of 1 to 3, z is in the range of 0 to 4 and x+z is greater than or equal to 1. 2. The metal coordination complex of claim 1, wherein at least one DAD is represented by the formula
where each of R1 and R2 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl, aryl, acyl, alkylamido, hydrazido, silyl, aldehyde, keto, C2-4 alkenyl and/or alkynyl groups. 3. The metal coordination complex of claim 1, wherein at least one DAD is represented by the formula
where the DAD consists of a delocalized radical anion and is negatively charged and each of R1 and R2 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl, aryl, acyl, alkylamido, hydrazido, silyl, aldehyde, keto, C2-4 alkenyl and/or alkynyl groups and one nitrogen is covalently bound to the tungsten atom. 4. The metal coordination complex of claim 1, wherein at least one DAD is represented by the formula
where the DAD ligand consists of a doubly anionic system where both nitrogen atoms are capable of being covalently bound to the tungsten atom and each of R1 and R2 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl, aryl, acyl, alkylamido, hydrazido, silyl, aldehyde, keto, C2-4 alkenyl and/or alkynyl groups. 5. The metal coordination complex of claim 1, wherein x is 1 or more and the neutral donor is CO. 6. The metal coordination complex of claim 1, wherein z is 1 or more and at least one R is a cyclopentadienyl ring. 7. A processing method comprising sequentially exposing a substrate to a first reactive gas comprising a tungsten-containing compound comprising a compound with the representative formula W(ND)x(DAD)yRz, where each ND is a neutral donor, each DAD is a diazadiene, each R is an anionic or dianionic ligand and x is in the range of 0 to 4, y is in the range of 1 to 3, z is in the range of 0 to 4 and x+z is greater than or equal to 1 and a second reactive gas to form a tungsten-containing film. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the second reactive gas comprises a hydrogen-containing compound and the tungsten-containing film is a tungsten film. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the second reactive gas comprises a silicon-containing compound and the tungsten-containing film comprises tungsten silicide (WSix). 10. The method of claim 9, wherein at least one DAD is represented by the formula
where each of R1 and R2 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl, aryl, acyl, alkylamido, hydrazido, silyl, aldehyde, keto, C2-4 alkenyl and/or alkynyl groups. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein at least one DAD is represented by the formula
where the DAD consists of a delocalized radical anion and is negatively charged and each of R1 and R2 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl, aryl, acyl, alkylamido, hydrazido, silyl, aldehyde, keto, C2-4 alkenyl and/or alkynyl groups and one nitrogen is covalently bound to the tungsten atom. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein at least one DAD is represented by the formula
where the DAD ligand consists of a doubly anionic system where both nitrogen atoms are capable of being covalently bound to the tungsten atom and each of R1 and R2 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl, aryl, acyl, alkylamido, hydrazido, silyl, aldehyde, keto, C2-4 alkenyl and/or alkynyl groups. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein x is 1 or more and the neutral donor is CO. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein z is 1 or more and at least one R is a cyclopentadienyl ring. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the tungsten-containing film comprises greater than or equal to about 95 atomic percent tungsten. 16. The method of claim 9, wherein the sum of C, N, O and halogen atoms is less than or equal to about 5 atomic percent of the tungsten-containing film. 17. A processing method comprising exposing a substrate to a first reactive gas comprising a tungsten-containing compound comprising a compound with the representative formula W(ND)x(DAD)yRz, where each ND is a neutral donor, each DAD is a diazadiene, each R is an anionic or dianionic ligand and x is in the range of 0 to 4, y is in the range of 1 to 3, z is in the range of 0 to 4 and x+z is greater than or equal to 1, and a second reactive gas to form a tungsten-containing film. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the substrate is exposed to the first reactive gas and the second reactive gas sequentially. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the substrate is exposed to the first reactive gas and the second reactive gas simultaneously. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein x is 1 or more and comprises CO, z is one or more and comprises a cyclopentadienyl group. | Tungsten precursors represented by the formula W(ND) x (DAD) y R z , where each ND is a neutral donor, each DAD is a diazadiene, each R is an anionic or dianionic ligand and x is in the range of 0 to 4, y is in the range of 1 to 3, z is in the range of 0 to 4 and x+z is greater than or equal to 1. Methods of depositing a film using the tungsten precursors are provided.1. A metal coordination complex having a formula represented by W(ND)x(DAD)yRz, where each ND is a neutral donor, each DAD is a diazadiene, each R is an anionic or dianionic ligand and x is in the range of 0 to 4, y is in the range of 1 to 3, z is in the range of 0 to 4 and x+z is greater than or equal to 1. 2. The metal coordination complex of claim 1, wherein at least one DAD is represented by the formula
where each of R1 and R2 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl, aryl, acyl, alkylamido, hydrazido, silyl, aldehyde, keto, C2-4 alkenyl and/or alkynyl groups. 3. The metal coordination complex of claim 1, wherein at least one DAD is represented by the formula
where the DAD consists of a delocalized radical anion and is negatively charged and each of R1 and R2 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl, aryl, acyl, alkylamido, hydrazido, silyl, aldehyde, keto, C2-4 alkenyl and/or alkynyl groups and one nitrogen is covalently bound to the tungsten atom. 4. The metal coordination complex of claim 1, wherein at least one DAD is represented by the formula
where the DAD ligand consists of a doubly anionic system where both nitrogen atoms are capable of being covalently bound to the tungsten atom and each of R1 and R2 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl, aryl, acyl, alkylamido, hydrazido, silyl, aldehyde, keto, C2-4 alkenyl and/or alkynyl groups. 5. The metal coordination complex of claim 1, wherein x is 1 or more and the neutral donor is CO. 6. The metal coordination complex of claim 1, wherein z is 1 or more and at least one R is a cyclopentadienyl ring. 7. A processing method comprising sequentially exposing a substrate to a first reactive gas comprising a tungsten-containing compound comprising a compound with the representative formula W(ND)x(DAD)yRz, where each ND is a neutral donor, each DAD is a diazadiene, each R is an anionic or dianionic ligand and x is in the range of 0 to 4, y is in the range of 1 to 3, z is in the range of 0 to 4 and x+z is greater than or equal to 1 and a second reactive gas to form a tungsten-containing film. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the second reactive gas comprises a hydrogen-containing compound and the tungsten-containing film is a tungsten film. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the second reactive gas comprises a silicon-containing compound and the tungsten-containing film comprises tungsten silicide (WSix). 10. The method of claim 9, wherein at least one DAD is represented by the formula
where each of R1 and R2 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl, aryl, acyl, alkylamido, hydrazido, silyl, aldehyde, keto, C2-4 alkenyl and/or alkynyl groups. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein at least one DAD is represented by the formula
where the DAD consists of a delocalized radical anion and is negatively charged and each of R1 and R2 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl, aryl, acyl, alkylamido, hydrazido, silyl, aldehyde, keto, C2-4 alkenyl and/or alkynyl groups and one nitrogen is covalently bound to the tungsten atom. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein at least one DAD is represented by the formula
where the DAD ligand consists of a doubly anionic system where both nitrogen atoms are capable of being covalently bound to the tungsten atom and each of R1 and R2 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl, aryl, acyl, alkylamido, hydrazido, silyl, aldehyde, keto, C2-4 alkenyl and/or alkynyl groups. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein x is 1 or more and the neutral donor is CO. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein z is 1 or more and at least one R is a cyclopentadienyl ring. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the tungsten-containing film comprises greater than or equal to about 95 atomic percent tungsten. 16. The method of claim 9, wherein the sum of C, N, O and halogen atoms is less than or equal to about 5 atomic percent of the tungsten-containing film. 17. A processing method comprising exposing a substrate to a first reactive gas comprising a tungsten-containing compound comprising a compound with the representative formula W(ND)x(DAD)yRz, where each ND is a neutral donor, each DAD is a diazadiene, each R is an anionic or dianionic ligand and x is in the range of 0 to 4, y is in the range of 1 to 3, z is in the range of 0 to 4 and x+z is greater than or equal to 1, and a second reactive gas to form a tungsten-containing film. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the substrate is exposed to the first reactive gas and the second reactive gas sequentially. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the substrate is exposed to the first reactive gas and the second reactive gas simultaneously. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein x is 1 or more and comprises CO, z is one or more and comprises a cyclopentadienyl group. | 1,700 |
2,694 | 14,890,745 | 1,792 | A continuous method for improving the firmness of vegetable products uses a continuous vegetable product treatment device comprising a vegetable product treatment chamber having a vegetable product inlet, a vegetable product outlet, a vegetable product transport mechanism for urging the vegetable product toward the vegetable product outlet, and at least one liquid introduction orifice for introducing a liquid. Vegetable product is continuously treated in the chamber at a temperature of from about 125° F. to about 160° F., and the liquid in the treatment chamber is maintained at a pH of from about 5 to about 7. Individual vegetable products reside in the treatment chamber for a time of from about 20 minutes to about 60 minutes. The heat-treated vegetable products are blanched in a subsequent blanching step at a temperature ranging from about 190° F. to 210° F. for a time of from about two to about 10 minutes. | 1. A continuous method for improving the firmness of vegetable products comprising the steps of:
a) providing a continuous vegetable product treatment device comprising a vegetable product treatment chamber having a vegetable product inlet, a vegetable product outlet, a vegetable product transport mechanism in the vegetable product treatment chamber for urging the vegetable product toward the vegetable product outlet, and at least one liquid introduction orifice for introducing a liquid in the vegetable product treatment chamber; b) introducing vegetable products into the vegetable product treatment chamber via the vegetable product inlet; c) introducing liquid into the vegetable product treatment chamber via the vegetable product inlet and/or the liquid introduction orifice, wherein a pH of the liquid is maintained by addition of a base solution to the liquid; d) urging the vegetable product toward the vegetable product outlet by operation of the vegetable product transport mechanism while contacting the vegetable product with calcium and maintaining the temperature of the vegetable product in the vegetable product treatment chamber at a temperature of from about 125° F. to about 160°, and the liquid in the vegetable product treatment chamber at a pH of from about 5 to about 7, the vegetable product being urged toward the vegetable product outlet at a rate so that individual vegetable products reside in the vegetable product treatment chamber for a time of from about 20 minutes to about 60 minutes; e) removing the vegetable product from the vegetable product treatment chamber via the vegetable product outlet to provide heat treated vegetable products; and f) blanching the heat treated vegetable products in a subsequent blanching step at a temperature ranging from about 190° F. to 210° F. for a time of from about two to about 10 minutes. 2. (canceled) 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the vegetable product is contacted with calcium for a time sufficient for the calcium to absorb into the vegetable product at a concentration of from about 0.05 to about 0.4 wt %. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the calcium is provided by addition of a calcium salt solution to the liquid via the at least one liquid introduction orifice. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the calcium is provided in the form of a calcium salt selected from the group consisting of calcium acetate, calcium gluconate, calcium lactate, calcium sulfate and calcium chloride. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the vegetable is carrots. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the vegetable is selected from the group consisting of green beans, green peas, bell peppers, green chilies, ancho chili peppers, cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, onions, zucchini, celery, carrots, corn, cucumbers, edible peapods, and wax beans. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the continuous process is operated in the vegetable product treatment chamber for a period of from about 2 hours to about 35 hours before discharge of all liquid from the vegetable product treatment chamber. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the continuous process is operated in the vegetable product treatment chamber for a period of from about 7 hours to about 33 hours before discharge of all liquid from the vegetable product treatment chamber. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the continuous process is operated in the vegetable product treatment chamber for a period of from about 16 hours to about 33 hours before discharge of substantially all liquid from the vegetable product treatment chamber. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the pH is maintained by addition of the base solution to the liquid via the at least one liquid introduction orifice. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the base solution comprises sodium hydroxide. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the pH of the liquid in the vegetable product treatment chamber is monitored by periodic measurement. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the pH of the liquid in the vegetable product treatment chamber is monitored by continuous real time measurement. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the vegetable product transport mechanism is an auger. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the vegetable product transport mechanism comprises a conveyer belt. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the temperature of the vegetable product in the vegetable product treatment chamber is maintained at a temperature of from about 135° F. to about 155° F. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the temperature of the vegetable product in the vegetable product treatment chamber is maintained at a temperature of from about 140° F. to about 150° F. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid in the vegetable product treatment chamber at a pH of from about 5.5 to about 7. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid in the vegetable product treatment chamber at a pH of from about 6 to about 7. | A continuous method for improving the firmness of vegetable products uses a continuous vegetable product treatment device comprising a vegetable product treatment chamber having a vegetable product inlet, a vegetable product outlet, a vegetable product transport mechanism for urging the vegetable product toward the vegetable product outlet, and at least one liquid introduction orifice for introducing a liquid. Vegetable product is continuously treated in the chamber at a temperature of from about 125° F. to about 160° F., and the liquid in the treatment chamber is maintained at a pH of from about 5 to about 7. Individual vegetable products reside in the treatment chamber for a time of from about 20 minutes to about 60 minutes. The heat-treated vegetable products are blanched in a subsequent blanching step at a temperature ranging from about 190° F. to 210° F. for a time of from about two to about 10 minutes.1. A continuous method for improving the firmness of vegetable products comprising the steps of:
a) providing a continuous vegetable product treatment device comprising a vegetable product treatment chamber having a vegetable product inlet, a vegetable product outlet, a vegetable product transport mechanism in the vegetable product treatment chamber for urging the vegetable product toward the vegetable product outlet, and at least one liquid introduction orifice for introducing a liquid in the vegetable product treatment chamber; b) introducing vegetable products into the vegetable product treatment chamber via the vegetable product inlet; c) introducing liquid into the vegetable product treatment chamber via the vegetable product inlet and/or the liquid introduction orifice, wherein a pH of the liquid is maintained by addition of a base solution to the liquid; d) urging the vegetable product toward the vegetable product outlet by operation of the vegetable product transport mechanism while contacting the vegetable product with calcium and maintaining the temperature of the vegetable product in the vegetable product treatment chamber at a temperature of from about 125° F. to about 160°, and the liquid in the vegetable product treatment chamber at a pH of from about 5 to about 7, the vegetable product being urged toward the vegetable product outlet at a rate so that individual vegetable products reside in the vegetable product treatment chamber for a time of from about 20 minutes to about 60 minutes; e) removing the vegetable product from the vegetable product treatment chamber via the vegetable product outlet to provide heat treated vegetable products; and f) blanching the heat treated vegetable products in a subsequent blanching step at a temperature ranging from about 190° F. to 210° F. for a time of from about two to about 10 minutes. 2. (canceled) 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the vegetable product is contacted with calcium for a time sufficient for the calcium to absorb into the vegetable product at a concentration of from about 0.05 to about 0.4 wt %. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the calcium is provided by addition of a calcium salt solution to the liquid via the at least one liquid introduction orifice. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the calcium is provided in the form of a calcium salt selected from the group consisting of calcium acetate, calcium gluconate, calcium lactate, calcium sulfate and calcium chloride. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the vegetable is carrots. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the vegetable is selected from the group consisting of green beans, green peas, bell peppers, green chilies, ancho chili peppers, cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, onions, zucchini, celery, carrots, corn, cucumbers, edible peapods, and wax beans. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the continuous process is operated in the vegetable product treatment chamber for a period of from about 2 hours to about 35 hours before discharge of all liquid from the vegetable product treatment chamber. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the continuous process is operated in the vegetable product treatment chamber for a period of from about 7 hours to about 33 hours before discharge of all liquid from the vegetable product treatment chamber. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the continuous process is operated in the vegetable product treatment chamber for a period of from about 16 hours to about 33 hours before discharge of substantially all liquid from the vegetable product treatment chamber. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the pH is maintained by addition of the base solution to the liquid via the at least one liquid introduction orifice. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the base solution comprises sodium hydroxide. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the pH of the liquid in the vegetable product treatment chamber is monitored by periodic measurement. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the pH of the liquid in the vegetable product treatment chamber is monitored by continuous real time measurement. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the vegetable product transport mechanism is an auger. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the vegetable product transport mechanism comprises a conveyer belt. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the temperature of the vegetable product in the vegetable product treatment chamber is maintained at a temperature of from about 135° F. to about 155° F. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the temperature of the vegetable product in the vegetable product treatment chamber is maintained at a temperature of from about 140° F. to about 150° F. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid in the vegetable product treatment chamber at a pH of from about 5.5 to about 7. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid in the vegetable product treatment chamber at a pH of from about 6 to about 7. | 1,700 |
2,695 | 14,056,556 | 1,724 | The present invention relates to a rechargeable electrochemical battery cell having a housing, a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte, the electrolyte containing sulfur dioxide and a conductive salt of the active metal of the cell. The total quantity of oxygen-containing compounds contained in the cell that are able to react with the sulfur dioxide, reducing the sulfur dioxide, is not more than 10 mMol per Ah theoretical capacitance of the cell. | 1-19. (canceled) 20. Rechargeable electrochemical battery cell having a housing, a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte which contains sulfur dioxide and a conductive salt of the active metal of the cell, characterized in that the total quantity of oxygen in the cell that is contained in compounds which are able to react with sulfur dioxide in a reaction by which the sulfur dioxide is reduced, is not more than 10 mMol per Ah theoretical charge capacitance of the cell. 21. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that the total quantity of oxygen in the cell that is contained in compounds which are able to react with the sulfur dioxide in a reaction by which the sulfur dioxide is reduced, is not more than 0.1 mMol per Ah theoretical charge capacitance of the cell. 22. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that, as the reaction product of the reaction by which the sulfur is reduced, a sulfur-oxygen compound is formed in which the sulfur has an oxidation level not exceeding +III, in particular a thiosulfate of the active metal of the cell. 23. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that, as the reaction product of the reaction by which the sulfur is reduced, in particular when the cell is overcharged, a sulfur-oxygen compound is formed, which compound additionally contains a halogen and in which compound the oxidation level of the sulfur is +VI, in particular a chlorosulfonate of the active metal of the cell. 24. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that the electrolyte contains at least 1 mMol sulphur dioxide per Ah theoretical charge capacitance of the cell. 25. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that the electrolyte contains at least 10 mMol sulfur dioxide per Ah theoretical charge capacitance of the cell. 26. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that the active metal is selected from the group consisting of the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and metals of the second subgroup of the periodic system. 27. The battery cell according to claim 26, characterized in that the active metal is lithium, sodium, calcium, zinc, or aluminum. 28. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that the negative electrode is an insertion electrode. 29. The battery cell according to claim 28, characterized in that the negative electrode contains carbon. 30. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that the positive electrode contains a metal oxide or a metal halide or a metal phosphate, wherein the metal is preferably a transition metal having an atomic number from 22 to 28, most preferably the metal is nickel, manganese, or iron. 31. The battery cell according to claim 30, characterized in that the positive electrode contains an intercalation compound. 32. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that the electrolyte contains, as the conductive salt, a halide, an oxalate, a borate, a phosphate, an arsenate, or a gallate of the active metal, preferably a tetrahalogenoaluminate of an alkali metal, further preferably a tetrachloroaluminate of an alkali metal. 33. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that the concentration of conductive salt in the electrolyte is at least 0.01 mol/l. 34. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that the concentration of conductive salt in the electrolyte is at least 5 mol/l. 35. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that the quantity of electrolyte, per Ah theoretical charge capacitance of the cell, is not more than 50 ml. 36. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that the quantity of electrolyte, per Ah theoretical charge capacitance of the cell, is not more than 10 ml. 37. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that it contains a separator that separates the negative and positive electrodes from one another, and prevents metallic lithium deposited at the negative electrode from penetrating to the surface of the positive electrode. 38. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that it contains an isolator that separates the negative and positive electrodes from one another electrically, the isolator being formed and arranged in such a manner that active metal deposited on the negative electrode during charging of the cell may contact the positive electrode in such a manner that locally limited short-circuit reactions occur at the surface of the positive electrode. | The present invention relates to a rechargeable electrochemical battery cell having a housing, a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte, the electrolyte containing sulfur dioxide and a conductive salt of the active metal of the cell. The total quantity of oxygen-containing compounds contained in the cell that are able to react with the sulfur dioxide, reducing the sulfur dioxide, is not more than 10 mMol per Ah theoretical capacitance of the cell.1-19. (canceled) 20. Rechargeable electrochemical battery cell having a housing, a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte which contains sulfur dioxide and a conductive salt of the active metal of the cell, characterized in that the total quantity of oxygen in the cell that is contained in compounds which are able to react with sulfur dioxide in a reaction by which the sulfur dioxide is reduced, is not more than 10 mMol per Ah theoretical charge capacitance of the cell. 21. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that the total quantity of oxygen in the cell that is contained in compounds which are able to react with the sulfur dioxide in a reaction by which the sulfur dioxide is reduced, is not more than 0.1 mMol per Ah theoretical charge capacitance of the cell. 22. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that, as the reaction product of the reaction by which the sulfur is reduced, a sulfur-oxygen compound is formed in which the sulfur has an oxidation level not exceeding +III, in particular a thiosulfate of the active metal of the cell. 23. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that, as the reaction product of the reaction by which the sulfur is reduced, in particular when the cell is overcharged, a sulfur-oxygen compound is formed, which compound additionally contains a halogen and in which compound the oxidation level of the sulfur is +VI, in particular a chlorosulfonate of the active metal of the cell. 24. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that the electrolyte contains at least 1 mMol sulphur dioxide per Ah theoretical charge capacitance of the cell. 25. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that the electrolyte contains at least 10 mMol sulfur dioxide per Ah theoretical charge capacitance of the cell. 26. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that the active metal is selected from the group consisting of the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and metals of the second subgroup of the periodic system. 27. The battery cell according to claim 26, characterized in that the active metal is lithium, sodium, calcium, zinc, or aluminum. 28. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that the negative electrode is an insertion electrode. 29. The battery cell according to claim 28, characterized in that the negative electrode contains carbon. 30. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that the positive electrode contains a metal oxide or a metal halide or a metal phosphate, wherein the metal is preferably a transition metal having an atomic number from 22 to 28, most preferably the metal is nickel, manganese, or iron. 31. The battery cell according to claim 30, characterized in that the positive electrode contains an intercalation compound. 32. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that the electrolyte contains, as the conductive salt, a halide, an oxalate, a borate, a phosphate, an arsenate, or a gallate of the active metal, preferably a tetrahalogenoaluminate of an alkali metal, further preferably a tetrachloroaluminate of an alkali metal. 33. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that the concentration of conductive salt in the electrolyte is at least 0.01 mol/l. 34. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that the concentration of conductive salt in the electrolyte is at least 5 mol/l. 35. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that the quantity of electrolyte, per Ah theoretical charge capacitance of the cell, is not more than 50 ml. 36. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that the quantity of electrolyte, per Ah theoretical charge capacitance of the cell, is not more than 10 ml. 37. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that it contains a separator that separates the negative and positive electrodes from one another, and prevents metallic lithium deposited at the negative electrode from penetrating to the surface of the positive electrode. 38. The battery cell according to claim 20, characterized in that it contains an isolator that separates the negative and positive electrodes from one another electrically, the isolator being formed and arranged in such a manner that active metal deposited on the negative electrode during charging of the cell may contact the positive electrode in such a manner that locally limited short-circuit reactions occur at the surface of the positive electrode. | 1,700 |
2,696 | 15,215,170 | 1,712 | An evaporator body for a PVD coating system comprises a basic body and an evaporator surface, to which a titanium dihydride layer is applied. A titanium hydride layer comprises an organic carrier agent and titanium hydride as the single inorganic solid. The thickness of the layer is less than or equal to 10 μm. | 1. An evaporator body for a PVD coating system, comprising a basic body and an evaporator surface on the basic body and having a titanium hydride layer placed on the evaporator surface, wherein the titanium hydride layer contains an organic carrier agent and titanium hydride as the single inorganic solid and that the thickness of the titanium hydride layer is no more than 10 μm for forming a Ti—Al wetting layer. 2. The evaporator body according to claim 1, wherein the titanium hydride layer comprises a dispersion of titanium hydride in an organic carrier agent. 3. The evaporator body according to claim 1, wherein the organic carrier agent comprises a synthetic resin. 4. The evaporator body according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the titanium hydride layer is in a range of from 2 to 8 μm. 5. A method for producing an evaporator body for a PVD coating system with a basic body and an evaporator surface on the basic body, which comprises the following steps:
providing a suspension of titanium hydride and an organic carrier agent in an organic solvent; and applying the suspension onto the evaporator surface while forming a titanium hydride layer, in which titanium hydride is present as the single inorganic solid; wherein the titanium hydride layer is formed in a thickness of no more than 10 μm; and heating the evaporator body to melt aluminum in contact with the titanium hydride layer to form a Ti—Al wetting layer. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the suspension is applied by means of a print process, preferably by a pad print process. 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein the suspension contains titanium hydride in a portion of about 5 to 15% by weight in relation to the total weight of the suspension. 8. The method according to claim 5, wherein the suspension is applied with a coating weight of 1 to 5 mg per cm2 onto the evaporator surface. 9. The method according to claim 5, in which the evaporator body is heated to a temperature greater than 1000° C. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the basic body is heated to a temperature ranging from a 1400 to 1700° C. 11. The method according to claim 5, wherein the suspension comprises a varnish. 12. The method according to claim 5, wherein the Ti—Al wetting layer is bonded to the base body via an intermediate layer comprising titanium diboride and titanium nitride. 13. The use of an evaporator body according to claim 1 during the metallization of substrates with aluminum through physical vapor deposition from the gas phase (PVD). | An evaporator body for a PVD coating system comprises a basic body and an evaporator surface, to which a titanium dihydride layer is applied. A titanium hydride layer comprises an organic carrier agent and titanium hydride as the single inorganic solid. The thickness of the layer is less than or equal to 10 μm.1. An evaporator body for a PVD coating system, comprising a basic body and an evaporator surface on the basic body and having a titanium hydride layer placed on the evaporator surface, wherein the titanium hydride layer contains an organic carrier agent and titanium hydride as the single inorganic solid and that the thickness of the titanium hydride layer is no more than 10 μm for forming a Ti—Al wetting layer. 2. The evaporator body according to claim 1, wherein the titanium hydride layer comprises a dispersion of titanium hydride in an organic carrier agent. 3. The evaporator body according to claim 1, wherein the organic carrier agent comprises a synthetic resin. 4. The evaporator body according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the titanium hydride layer is in a range of from 2 to 8 μm. 5. A method for producing an evaporator body for a PVD coating system with a basic body and an evaporator surface on the basic body, which comprises the following steps:
providing a suspension of titanium hydride and an organic carrier agent in an organic solvent; and applying the suspension onto the evaporator surface while forming a titanium hydride layer, in which titanium hydride is present as the single inorganic solid; wherein the titanium hydride layer is formed in a thickness of no more than 10 μm; and heating the evaporator body to melt aluminum in contact with the titanium hydride layer to form a Ti—Al wetting layer. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the suspension is applied by means of a print process, preferably by a pad print process. 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein the suspension contains titanium hydride in a portion of about 5 to 15% by weight in relation to the total weight of the suspension. 8. The method according to claim 5, wherein the suspension is applied with a coating weight of 1 to 5 mg per cm2 onto the evaporator surface. 9. The method according to claim 5, in which the evaporator body is heated to a temperature greater than 1000° C. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the basic body is heated to a temperature ranging from a 1400 to 1700° C. 11. The method according to claim 5, wherein the suspension comprises a varnish. 12. The method according to claim 5, wherein the Ti—Al wetting layer is bonded to the base body via an intermediate layer comprising titanium diboride and titanium nitride. 13. The use of an evaporator body according to claim 1 during the metallization of substrates with aluminum through physical vapor deposition from the gas phase (PVD). | 1,700 |
2,697 | 14,370,670 | 1,792 | A packaging for dispensing infant food products is disclosed. In a general embodiment, the present disclosure provides a packaging for infant cereal products. The packaging ( 10 ) includes a cap ( 20 ) having a hinged lid ( 40 ) attached to the cap, and a container ( 50 ) releasably attachable to the cap. The cap is removable from the container to allow the removal of a desired amount of product in the container. The hinged lid is also openable so that a desired amount of product can be poured therethrough. | 1. A packaging comprising:
a cap having a hinged lid attached to the cap; and a container releasably attachable to the cap, the cap being removable from the container to allow a removal of a desired amount of product in the container or the hinged lid being openable so that a desired amount of product can be poured therethrough. 2. The packaging of claim 1, wherein the container is in a shape of a rectangular cuboid, and four opposing sides of the container are recessed. 3. The packaging of claim 1, wherein the container has rounded corners. 4. The packaging of claim 1, wherein at least one of the cap and the container is made from polyethylene terephthalate. 5. The packaging of claim 1, wherein the cap comprises a threaded portion that is threadingly attachable to a threaded portion of the container. 6. The packaging of claim 1 including an infant cereal product. 7. A packaging for administrating particulate material, the packaging comprising:
a cap comprising a base panel, four side panels extending from the base panel, and a threaded portion extending from a bottom of the base panel, the base panel defining a hole therethrough; a hinged lid attached to the cap; and a container releasably attachable to the cap, the container comprising a top panel, a bottom panel and four side panels extending between the top panel and the bottom panel, the top panel defining a hole therethrough. 8. The packaging of claim 7, wherein the base panel of the cap comprises a recessed portion that is so constructed and arranged to accommodate the lid therein. 9. The packaging of claim 7, wherein one of the side panels of the cap comprises a recessed portion. 10. The packaging of claim 7, wherein the hinged lid comprises an extended sealing wall that conforms to a border of the hole of the cap. 11. The packaging of claim 7, wherein the four side panels of the container are recessed. 12. The packaging of claim 7, wherein the cap has rounded corners. 13. The packaging of claim 7, wherein the container has rounded corners. 14. The packaging of claim 7, wherein at least one of the cap and the container is made from polyethylene terephthalate. 15. The packaging of claim 7 including an infant cereal product. | A packaging for dispensing infant food products is disclosed. In a general embodiment, the present disclosure provides a packaging for infant cereal products. The packaging ( 10 ) includes a cap ( 20 ) having a hinged lid ( 40 ) attached to the cap, and a container ( 50 ) releasably attachable to the cap. The cap is removable from the container to allow the removal of a desired amount of product in the container. The hinged lid is also openable so that a desired amount of product can be poured therethrough.1. A packaging comprising:
a cap having a hinged lid attached to the cap; and a container releasably attachable to the cap, the cap being removable from the container to allow a removal of a desired amount of product in the container or the hinged lid being openable so that a desired amount of product can be poured therethrough. 2. The packaging of claim 1, wherein the container is in a shape of a rectangular cuboid, and four opposing sides of the container are recessed. 3. The packaging of claim 1, wherein the container has rounded corners. 4. The packaging of claim 1, wherein at least one of the cap and the container is made from polyethylene terephthalate. 5. The packaging of claim 1, wherein the cap comprises a threaded portion that is threadingly attachable to a threaded portion of the container. 6. The packaging of claim 1 including an infant cereal product. 7. A packaging for administrating particulate material, the packaging comprising:
a cap comprising a base panel, four side panels extending from the base panel, and a threaded portion extending from a bottom of the base panel, the base panel defining a hole therethrough; a hinged lid attached to the cap; and a container releasably attachable to the cap, the container comprising a top panel, a bottom panel and four side panels extending between the top panel and the bottom panel, the top panel defining a hole therethrough. 8. The packaging of claim 7, wherein the base panel of the cap comprises a recessed portion that is so constructed and arranged to accommodate the lid therein. 9. The packaging of claim 7, wherein one of the side panels of the cap comprises a recessed portion. 10. The packaging of claim 7, wherein the hinged lid comprises an extended sealing wall that conforms to a border of the hole of the cap. 11. The packaging of claim 7, wherein the four side panels of the container are recessed. 12. The packaging of claim 7, wherein the cap has rounded corners. 13. The packaging of claim 7, wherein the container has rounded corners. 14. The packaging of claim 7, wherein at least one of the cap and the container is made from polyethylene terephthalate. 15. The packaging of claim 7 including an infant cereal product. | 1,700 |
2,698 | 14,123,723 | 1,793 | The present invention relates to a composition for coloring foods, beverages, animal feeds, cosmetics or drugs comprising 1) dissolved carotenoid emulsified as an oil-in-water emulsion using a suitable emulsifier and 2) crystalline carotenoid encapsulated in a suitable hydrocolloid, making it water-dispersible and thereby miscible with the oil-in-water emulsified carotenoid fraction, mixed in a ratio of between 1:100 to 100:1. The present invention further relates to a method for preparing the coloring composition, a method for preparing a food, beverage, animal feed, cosmetic or drug and a food, beverage, animal feed, cosmetic or drug comprising the coloring composition. | 1-17. (canceled) 18. A liquid coloring composition comprising:
a) an oil-in-water emulsion comprising a carotenoid dissolved in an oil phase, wherein the oil phase is emulsified in an aqueous phase using a suitable emulsifier and wherein the oil phase is present in an amount of between 5% (w/w) to 40% (w/w) of the oil-in-water emulsion; and b) a formulation of water dispersible carotenoid particles encapsulated with a suitable hydrocolloid, wherein the hydrocolloid is present in an amount of at least 0.5% (w/w) of the formulation; wherein the ratio of a):b) is between 1:100 to 100:1 and wherein the total carotenoid content of a) and b) is between 0.1% (w/w) to 15% (w/w) of the resulting liquid coloring composition. 19. The liquid coloring composition according to claim 18, wherein the oil phase is present in an amount of between 15% (w/w) to 25% (w/w) of a). 20. The liquid coloring composition according to claim 18, wherein the ratio of a):b) is between 1:10 to 10:1. 21. The liquid coloring composition according to claim 18, wherein the carotenoid is selected from the group consisting of beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene, zeaxanthin, lutein, cis/trans isomers thereof and combinations thereof. 22. The liquid coloring composition according to claim 21, wherein the carotenoid is beta-carotene. 23. The liquid coloring composition according to claim 22, wherein the emulsifier is selected from the group consisting of lecithin, caseinate and a combination thereof. 24. The liquid coloring composition according to claim 22, wherein the hydrocolloid is selected from the group consisting of non-modified starch, modified starch, milk protein, pea protein, beet pectin and combinations thereof. 25. The liquid coloring composition according to claim 22, wherein the hydrocolloid is present in an amount of at least 5% (w/w) of the formulation. 26. A method for preparing a liquid coloring composition comprising the steps of:
a) preparing an oil-in-water emulsion of a dissolved carotenoid using a suitable emulsifier by: i) preparing an aqueous phase; ii) preparing an oil phase by heating a fat comprising the carotenoid to a temperature suitable for dissolving the carotenoid; and iii) mixing the oil phase in the aqueous phase; b) preparing a formulation of carotenoid particles encapsulated in a suitable hydrocolloid by milling carotenoid particles in the presence of a suitable hydrocolloid; and c) mixing the oil-in-water emulsion of a) with the encapsulated carotenoid particle formulation of b) in a ratio of between 1:100 to 100:1. 27. The method according to claim 26, wherein in a) ii) the temperature suitable for dissolving the carotenoid is between 140° C. to 160° C. 28. A method of coloring cheese comprising the steps of:
a) adding a starter culture, rennet and the liquid coloring composition according to claim 18 to milk; b) incubating the mixture under conditions favorable to the generation of curd and whey fractions; and c) separating the curds from the whey. 29. A food product, a beverage, an animal feed, a cosmetic or a drug comprising the liquid coloring composition according to claim 18. 30. A food product according to claim 24, wherein the food product is a cheese. 31. Use of the liquid coloring composition according to claim 18 as a colorant for a food product, a beverage, an animal feed, a cosmetic or a drug. 32. Use according to claim 31, wherein the food product is a cheese. | The present invention relates to a composition for coloring foods, beverages, animal feeds, cosmetics or drugs comprising 1) dissolved carotenoid emulsified as an oil-in-water emulsion using a suitable emulsifier and 2) crystalline carotenoid encapsulated in a suitable hydrocolloid, making it water-dispersible and thereby miscible with the oil-in-water emulsified carotenoid fraction, mixed in a ratio of between 1:100 to 100:1. The present invention further relates to a method for preparing the coloring composition, a method for preparing a food, beverage, animal feed, cosmetic or drug and a food, beverage, animal feed, cosmetic or drug comprising the coloring composition.1-17. (canceled) 18. A liquid coloring composition comprising:
a) an oil-in-water emulsion comprising a carotenoid dissolved in an oil phase, wherein the oil phase is emulsified in an aqueous phase using a suitable emulsifier and wherein the oil phase is present in an amount of between 5% (w/w) to 40% (w/w) of the oil-in-water emulsion; and b) a formulation of water dispersible carotenoid particles encapsulated with a suitable hydrocolloid, wherein the hydrocolloid is present in an amount of at least 0.5% (w/w) of the formulation; wherein the ratio of a):b) is between 1:100 to 100:1 and wherein the total carotenoid content of a) and b) is between 0.1% (w/w) to 15% (w/w) of the resulting liquid coloring composition. 19. The liquid coloring composition according to claim 18, wherein the oil phase is present in an amount of between 15% (w/w) to 25% (w/w) of a). 20. The liquid coloring composition according to claim 18, wherein the ratio of a):b) is between 1:10 to 10:1. 21. The liquid coloring composition according to claim 18, wherein the carotenoid is selected from the group consisting of beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene, zeaxanthin, lutein, cis/trans isomers thereof and combinations thereof. 22. The liquid coloring composition according to claim 21, wherein the carotenoid is beta-carotene. 23. The liquid coloring composition according to claim 22, wherein the emulsifier is selected from the group consisting of lecithin, caseinate and a combination thereof. 24. The liquid coloring composition according to claim 22, wherein the hydrocolloid is selected from the group consisting of non-modified starch, modified starch, milk protein, pea protein, beet pectin and combinations thereof. 25. The liquid coloring composition according to claim 22, wherein the hydrocolloid is present in an amount of at least 5% (w/w) of the formulation. 26. A method for preparing a liquid coloring composition comprising the steps of:
a) preparing an oil-in-water emulsion of a dissolved carotenoid using a suitable emulsifier by: i) preparing an aqueous phase; ii) preparing an oil phase by heating a fat comprising the carotenoid to a temperature suitable for dissolving the carotenoid; and iii) mixing the oil phase in the aqueous phase; b) preparing a formulation of carotenoid particles encapsulated in a suitable hydrocolloid by milling carotenoid particles in the presence of a suitable hydrocolloid; and c) mixing the oil-in-water emulsion of a) with the encapsulated carotenoid particle formulation of b) in a ratio of between 1:100 to 100:1. 27. The method according to claim 26, wherein in a) ii) the temperature suitable for dissolving the carotenoid is between 140° C. to 160° C. 28. A method of coloring cheese comprising the steps of:
a) adding a starter culture, rennet and the liquid coloring composition according to claim 18 to milk; b) incubating the mixture under conditions favorable to the generation of curd and whey fractions; and c) separating the curds from the whey. 29. A food product, a beverage, an animal feed, a cosmetic or a drug comprising the liquid coloring composition according to claim 18. 30. A food product according to claim 24, wherein the food product is a cheese. 31. Use of the liquid coloring composition according to claim 18 as a colorant for a food product, a beverage, an animal feed, a cosmetic or a drug. 32. Use according to claim 31, wherein the food product is a cheese. | 1,700 |
2,699 | 14,304,963 | 1,767 | An asphalt additive comprising a primary rheology modifying component and a secondary rheology modifying component, and asphalt compositions and products having such additive incorporated therein. The primary rheology modifying component is generally a polymer, and the secondary rheology modifying component may comprise a petroleum micro-wax. | 1. An asphalt comprising:
a first component comprising a petroleum asphalt; and, a second component comprising particles formed from a melted mixture of a resin and a binder; wherein, the second component is dispersed within the first component; wherein the resin is selected from the group consisting ethylene vinyl acetate; polystyrene; styrene butadiene block copolymer; styrene ethylene butylene styrene; natural rubber, synthetic rubber; styrene-butadiene rubbers; and, wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene by-product waxes, petroleum micro waxes, Fischer-Tropsch hard wax, Trinidad Lake asphalt (TLA), gilsonite, terpolymer, and montan waxes. 2. The asphalt of claim 1, wherein the resin comprises at least one of glycidyl functionality, glycidyl acrylate functionality, or epoxide functionality. 3. The asphalt of claim 1, wherein the resin comprises glycidyl methacrylate functionality. 4. The asphalt of claim 1, wherein the resin is selected from the group consisting of styrene butadiene block copolymer; styrene ethylene butylene styrene; and styrene-butadiene rubbers. 5. The asphalt of claim 4, wherein the resin comprises at least one of glycidyl functionality, glycidyl acrylate functionality, or epoxide functionality. 6. The asphalt of claim 4, wherein the resin comprises glycidyl methacrylate functionality. 7. The asphalt of claim 4, wherein the second component comprising particles formed from a melted mixture of the resin, the binder, and an ethylene-butyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate polymer. 8. The asphalt of claim 4, wherein the binder comprises a terpolymer comprising at least one of glycidyl functionality, glycidyl acrylate functionality, or epoxide functionality. 9. The asphalt of claim 4, wherein the binder comprises a terpolymer comprising glycidyl methacrylate functionality. 10. The asphalt of claim 4, wherein the binder comprises a terpolymer comprising an ethylene-butyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate. 11. A method of treating a petroleum asphalt, the method comprising:
contacting a petroleum asphalt with particles formed from a melted mixture of a resin component and a binder component to form a treated asphalt, wherein the resin is selected from the group consisting ethylene vinyl acetate; polystyrene; styrene butadiene block copolymer; styrene ethylene butylene styrene; natural rubber, synthetic rubber; styrene-butadiene rubbers; and, wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene by-product waxes, petroleum micro waxes, Fischer-Tropsch hard wax, Trinidad Lake asphalt (TLA), gilsonite, terpolymer, and montan waxes. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the resin comprises at least one of glycidyl functionality, glycidyl acrylate functionality, or epoxide functionality. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the resin comprises glycidyl methacrylate functionality. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the resin is selected from the group consisting of styrene butadiene block copolymer; styrene ethylene butylene styrene; and styrene-butadiene rubbers. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the resin comprises at least one of glycidyl functionality, glycidyl acrylate functionality, or epoxide functionality. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the resin comprises glycidyl methacrylate functionality. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the second component comprising particles formed from a melted mixture of the resin, the binder, and an ethylene-butyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate polymer. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the binder comprises a terpolymer comprising at least one of glycidyl functionality, glycidyl acrylate functionality, or epoxide functionality. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the binder comprises a terpolymer comprising glycidyl methacrylate functionality. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the binder comprises a terpolymer comprising an ethylene-butyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate. 21. An asphalt comprising:
a first component comprising a petroleum asphalt; a second component dispersed in the asphalt comprising particles formed from a melted mixture of a resin and a binder; and, a third component dispersed in the asphalt selected from the group consisting of ground tire rubber and polymers of styrene and butadiene, wherein the resin is selected from the group consisting of ethylene vinyl acetate; polystyrene; styrene butadiene block copolymer; styrene ethylene butylene styrene; natural rubber, synthetic rubber; styrene-butadiene rubbers; and,
wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene by-product waxes, petroleum micro waxes, Fischer-Tropsch hard wax, Trinidad Lake asphalt (TLA), gilsonite, terpolymer, and montan waxes. 22. The asphalt of claim 21, wherein the resin comprises at least one of glycidyl functionality, glycidyl acrylate functionality, or epoxide functionality. 23. The asphalt of claim 21, wherein the resin comprises glycidyl methacrylate functionality. 24. The asphalt of claim 21, wherein the resin is selected from the group consisting of styrene butadiene block copolymer; styrene ethylene butylene styrene; and styrene-butadiene rubbers. 25. The asphalt of claim 24, wherein the resin comprises at least one of glycidyl functionality, glycidyl acrylate functionality, or epoxide functionality. 26. The asphalt of claim 24, wherein the resin comprises glycidyl methacrylate functionality. 27. The asphalt of claim 24, wherein the second component comprising particles formed from a melted mixture of the resin, the binder, and an ethylene-butyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate polymer. 28. The asphalt of claim 24, wherein the binder comprises a terpolymer comprising at least one of glycidyl functionality, glycidyl acrylate functionality, or epoxide functionality. 29. The asphalt of claim 24, wherein the binder comprises a terpolymer comprising glycidyl methacrylate functionality. 30. The asphalt of claim 24, wherein the binder comprises a terpolymer comprising an ethylene-butyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate. 31. A method of modifying a petroleum asphalt, the method comprising:
combining the petroleum asphalt with a first component and a second component, wherein the first component comprises particles formed from a melted mixture of a resin and a binder; and, the second component is selected from the group consisting of ground tire rubber and polymers of styrene and butadiene, wherein the resin is selected from the group consisting of ethylene vinyl acetate; polystyrene; styrene butadiene block copolymer; styrene ethylene butylene styrene; natural rubber, synthetic rubber; styrene-butadiene rubbers; and, wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene by-product waxes, petroleum micro waxes, Fischer-Tropsch hard wax, Trinidad Lake asphalt (TLA), gilsonite, terpolymer, and montan waxes. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the resin comprises at least one of glycidyl functionality, glycidyl acrylate functionality, or epoxide functionality. 33. The method of claim 31, wherein the resin comprises glycidyl methacrylate functionality. 34. The method of claim 31, wherein the resin is selected from the group consisting of styrene butadiene block copolymer; styrene ethylene butylene styrene; and styrene-butadiene rubbers. 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the resin comprises at least one of glycidyl functionality, glycidyl acrylate functionality, or epoxide functionality. 36. The method of claim 34, wherein the resin comprises glycidyl methacrylate functionality. 37. The method of claim 34, wherein the second component comprising particles formed from a melted mixture of the resin, the binder, and an ethylene-butyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate polymer. 38. The method of claim 34, wherein the binder comprises a terpolymer comprising at least one of glycidyl functionality, glycidyl acrylate functionality, or epoxide functionality. 39. The method of claim 34, wherein the binder comprises a terpolymer comprising glycidyl methacrylate functionality. 40. The method of claim 34, wherein the binder comprises a terpolymer comprising an ethylene-butyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate. | An asphalt additive comprising a primary rheology modifying component and a secondary rheology modifying component, and asphalt compositions and products having such additive incorporated therein. The primary rheology modifying component is generally a polymer, and the secondary rheology modifying component may comprise a petroleum micro-wax.1. An asphalt comprising:
a first component comprising a petroleum asphalt; and, a second component comprising particles formed from a melted mixture of a resin and a binder; wherein, the second component is dispersed within the first component; wherein the resin is selected from the group consisting ethylene vinyl acetate; polystyrene; styrene butadiene block copolymer; styrene ethylene butylene styrene; natural rubber, synthetic rubber; styrene-butadiene rubbers; and, wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene by-product waxes, petroleum micro waxes, Fischer-Tropsch hard wax, Trinidad Lake asphalt (TLA), gilsonite, terpolymer, and montan waxes. 2. The asphalt of claim 1, wherein the resin comprises at least one of glycidyl functionality, glycidyl acrylate functionality, or epoxide functionality. 3. The asphalt of claim 1, wherein the resin comprises glycidyl methacrylate functionality. 4. The asphalt of claim 1, wherein the resin is selected from the group consisting of styrene butadiene block copolymer; styrene ethylene butylene styrene; and styrene-butadiene rubbers. 5. The asphalt of claim 4, wherein the resin comprises at least one of glycidyl functionality, glycidyl acrylate functionality, or epoxide functionality. 6. The asphalt of claim 4, wherein the resin comprises glycidyl methacrylate functionality. 7. The asphalt of claim 4, wherein the second component comprising particles formed from a melted mixture of the resin, the binder, and an ethylene-butyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate polymer. 8. The asphalt of claim 4, wherein the binder comprises a terpolymer comprising at least one of glycidyl functionality, glycidyl acrylate functionality, or epoxide functionality. 9. The asphalt of claim 4, wherein the binder comprises a terpolymer comprising glycidyl methacrylate functionality. 10. The asphalt of claim 4, wherein the binder comprises a terpolymer comprising an ethylene-butyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate. 11. A method of treating a petroleum asphalt, the method comprising:
contacting a petroleum asphalt with particles formed from a melted mixture of a resin component and a binder component to form a treated asphalt, wherein the resin is selected from the group consisting ethylene vinyl acetate; polystyrene; styrene butadiene block copolymer; styrene ethylene butylene styrene; natural rubber, synthetic rubber; styrene-butadiene rubbers; and, wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene by-product waxes, petroleum micro waxes, Fischer-Tropsch hard wax, Trinidad Lake asphalt (TLA), gilsonite, terpolymer, and montan waxes. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the resin comprises at least one of glycidyl functionality, glycidyl acrylate functionality, or epoxide functionality. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the resin comprises glycidyl methacrylate functionality. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the resin is selected from the group consisting of styrene butadiene block copolymer; styrene ethylene butylene styrene; and styrene-butadiene rubbers. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the resin comprises at least one of glycidyl functionality, glycidyl acrylate functionality, or epoxide functionality. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the resin comprises glycidyl methacrylate functionality. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the second component comprising particles formed from a melted mixture of the resin, the binder, and an ethylene-butyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate polymer. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the binder comprises a terpolymer comprising at least one of glycidyl functionality, glycidyl acrylate functionality, or epoxide functionality. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the binder comprises a terpolymer comprising glycidyl methacrylate functionality. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the binder comprises a terpolymer comprising an ethylene-butyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate. 21. An asphalt comprising:
a first component comprising a petroleum asphalt; a second component dispersed in the asphalt comprising particles formed from a melted mixture of a resin and a binder; and, a third component dispersed in the asphalt selected from the group consisting of ground tire rubber and polymers of styrene and butadiene, wherein the resin is selected from the group consisting of ethylene vinyl acetate; polystyrene; styrene butadiene block copolymer; styrene ethylene butylene styrene; natural rubber, synthetic rubber; styrene-butadiene rubbers; and,
wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene by-product waxes, petroleum micro waxes, Fischer-Tropsch hard wax, Trinidad Lake asphalt (TLA), gilsonite, terpolymer, and montan waxes. 22. The asphalt of claim 21, wherein the resin comprises at least one of glycidyl functionality, glycidyl acrylate functionality, or epoxide functionality. 23. The asphalt of claim 21, wherein the resin comprises glycidyl methacrylate functionality. 24. The asphalt of claim 21, wherein the resin is selected from the group consisting of styrene butadiene block copolymer; styrene ethylene butylene styrene; and styrene-butadiene rubbers. 25. The asphalt of claim 24, wherein the resin comprises at least one of glycidyl functionality, glycidyl acrylate functionality, or epoxide functionality. 26. The asphalt of claim 24, wherein the resin comprises glycidyl methacrylate functionality. 27. The asphalt of claim 24, wherein the second component comprising particles formed from a melted mixture of the resin, the binder, and an ethylene-butyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate polymer. 28. The asphalt of claim 24, wherein the binder comprises a terpolymer comprising at least one of glycidyl functionality, glycidyl acrylate functionality, or epoxide functionality. 29. The asphalt of claim 24, wherein the binder comprises a terpolymer comprising glycidyl methacrylate functionality. 30. The asphalt of claim 24, wherein the binder comprises a terpolymer comprising an ethylene-butyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate. 31. A method of modifying a petroleum asphalt, the method comprising:
combining the petroleum asphalt with a first component and a second component, wherein the first component comprises particles formed from a melted mixture of a resin and a binder; and, the second component is selected from the group consisting of ground tire rubber and polymers of styrene and butadiene, wherein the resin is selected from the group consisting of ethylene vinyl acetate; polystyrene; styrene butadiene block copolymer; styrene ethylene butylene styrene; natural rubber, synthetic rubber; styrene-butadiene rubbers; and, wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene by-product waxes, petroleum micro waxes, Fischer-Tropsch hard wax, Trinidad Lake asphalt (TLA), gilsonite, terpolymer, and montan waxes. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the resin comprises at least one of glycidyl functionality, glycidyl acrylate functionality, or epoxide functionality. 33. The method of claim 31, wherein the resin comprises glycidyl methacrylate functionality. 34. The method of claim 31, wherein the resin is selected from the group consisting of styrene butadiene block copolymer; styrene ethylene butylene styrene; and styrene-butadiene rubbers. 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the resin comprises at least one of glycidyl functionality, glycidyl acrylate functionality, or epoxide functionality. 36. The method of claim 34, wherein the resin comprises glycidyl methacrylate functionality. 37. The method of claim 34, wherein the second component comprising particles formed from a melted mixture of the resin, the binder, and an ethylene-butyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate polymer. 38. The method of claim 34, wherein the binder comprises a terpolymer comprising at least one of glycidyl functionality, glycidyl acrylate functionality, or epoxide functionality. 39. The method of claim 34, wherein the binder comprises a terpolymer comprising glycidyl methacrylate functionality. 40. The method of claim 34, wherein the binder comprises a terpolymer comprising an ethylene-butyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate. | 1,700 |
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