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2,700 | 13,915,142 | 1,742 | The present invention relates to a contact lens formed from components including (i) at least one silicone component, (ii) at least one low molecular weight polyamide having a weight average molecular weight of less than 200,000, and (iii) at least one high molecular weight polyamide having a weight average molecular weight of greater than 200,000, wherein the low molecular weight polyamide does not contain a reactive group. | 1. A method of manufacturing a contact lens, said method comprising the steps of:
(i) dispensing to a mold a reactive mixture comprising (i) at least one silicone component, (ii) at least one low molecular weight polyamide having a weight average molecular weight of less than 200,000, (iii) at least one high molecular weight polyamide having a weight average molecular weight of greater than 200,000, and (iv) less than about 15 wt % diluent, wherein said low molecular weight polyamide does not contain a reactive group; (ii) curing said reactive mixture within said mold to form said contact lens; and (iii) removing said contact lens from said mold, without liquid. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein said at least one low molecular weight polyamide has a weight average molecular weight of less than 100,000 3. The process of claim 1, wherein said at least one high molecular weight polyamide has a weight average molecular weight of greater than 400,000 4. The process of claim 2, wherein said low molecular weight polyamide is a polyvinylpyrrolidone. 5. The process of claim 3, wherein said high molecular weight polyamide is a polyvinylpyrrolidone. 6. The process of claim 4, wherein said high molecular weight polyamide is a polyvinylpyrrolidone. 7. The process of claim 6, wherein said low molecular weight polyamide is selected from the group consisting of PVP K30, PVP K15, PVP K12 and mixtures thereof. 8. The process of claim 6, wherein said high molecular weight polyamide is selected from the group consisting of PVP K60, PVP K80, PVP K85, PVP K90, and PVP K120. 9. The process of claim 7, wherein said high molecular weight polyamide is selected from the group consisting of PVP K60, PVP K80, PVP K85, PVP K90, and PVP K120. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein said reactive components comprise less than 5%, by weight, of one or more diluents. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the ratio of said at least one low molecular weight polyamide and said at least one high molecular weight polyamide is from about 1:5 to about 5:1. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein said lens comprises at least 1%, by weight, of said low molecular weight polyamide. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein said lens comprises from at least 3%, by weight, of said high molecular weight polyamide. 14. The process of claim 1, wherein said high molecular weight polyamide does not contain a reactive group. 15. The process of claim 1, wherein said reactive components further comprise at least one polyethyleneglycol. 16. The process of claim 15, wherein said at least one polyethylene glycol is mPEG475. 17. The process of claim 1, wherein said silicone component is selected from compounds of Formula I:
wherein:
R1 is independently selected from reactive groups, monovalent alkyl groups, or monovalent aryl groups, any of the foregoing which may further comprise functionality selected from hydroxy, amino, oxa, carboxy, alkyl carboxy, alkoxy, amido, carbamate, carbonate, halogen or combinations thereof; and monovalent siloxane chains comprising 1-100 Si—O repeat units which may further comprise functionality selected from alkyl, hydroxy, amino, oxa, carboxy, alkyl carboxy, alkoxy, amido, carbamate, halogen or combinations thereof;
where b=0 to 500, where it is understood that when b is other than 0, b is a distribution having a mode equal to a stated value; and
wherein at least one R1 comprises a reactive group. 18. The process of claim 1 wherein said at least one silicone component is selected from the group consisting of monomethacryloxypropyl terminated, mono-n-alkyl terminated polydialkylsiloxane; bis-3-acryloxy-2-hydroxypropyloxypropyl polydialkylsiloxane; methacryloxypropyl-terminated polydialkylsiloxane; mono-(3-methacryloxy-2-hydroxypropyloxy)propyl terminated, mono-alkyl terminated polydialkylsiloxane; and mixtures thereof. 19. The process of claim 1 wherein said at least one silicone component is selected from monomethacrylate terminated polydimethylsiloxanes; bis-3-acryloxy-2-hydroxypropyloxypropyl polydialkylsiloxane; and mono-(3-methacryloxy-2-hydroxypropyloxy)propyl terminated, mono-butyl terminated polydialkylsiloxane; and mixtures thereof. 20. The process of claim 1, wherein said at least one silicone component comprises mono-(3-methacryloxy-2-hydroxypropyloxy)propyl terminated, mono-butyl terminated polydialkylsiloxane. 21. The process of claim 1 wherein said lens is deblocked from the mold dry. | The present invention relates to a contact lens formed from components including (i) at least one silicone component, (ii) at least one low molecular weight polyamide having a weight average molecular weight of less than 200,000, and (iii) at least one high molecular weight polyamide having a weight average molecular weight of greater than 200,000, wherein the low molecular weight polyamide does not contain a reactive group.1. A method of manufacturing a contact lens, said method comprising the steps of:
(i) dispensing to a mold a reactive mixture comprising (i) at least one silicone component, (ii) at least one low molecular weight polyamide having a weight average molecular weight of less than 200,000, (iii) at least one high molecular weight polyamide having a weight average molecular weight of greater than 200,000, and (iv) less than about 15 wt % diluent, wherein said low molecular weight polyamide does not contain a reactive group; (ii) curing said reactive mixture within said mold to form said contact lens; and (iii) removing said contact lens from said mold, without liquid. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein said at least one low molecular weight polyamide has a weight average molecular weight of less than 100,000 3. The process of claim 1, wherein said at least one high molecular weight polyamide has a weight average molecular weight of greater than 400,000 4. The process of claim 2, wherein said low molecular weight polyamide is a polyvinylpyrrolidone. 5. The process of claim 3, wherein said high molecular weight polyamide is a polyvinylpyrrolidone. 6. The process of claim 4, wherein said high molecular weight polyamide is a polyvinylpyrrolidone. 7. The process of claim 6, wherein said low molecular weight polyamide is selected from the group consisting of PVP K30, PVP K15, PVP K12 and mixtures thereof. 8. The process of claim 6, wherein said high molecular weight polyamide is selected from the group consisting of PVP K60, PVP K80, PVP K85, PVP K90, and PVP K120. 9. The process of claim 7, wherein said high molecular weight polyamide is selected from the group consisting of PVP K60, PVP K80, PVP K85, PVP K90, and PVP K120. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein said reactive components comprise less than 5%, by weight, of one or more diluents. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the ratio of said at least one low molecular weight polyamide and said at least one high molecular weight polyamide is from about 1:5 to about 5:1. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein said lens comprises at least 1%, by weight, of said low molecular weight polyamide. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein said lens comprises from at least 3%, by weight, of said high molecular weight polyamide. 14. The process of claim 1, wherein said high molecular weight polyamide does not contain a reactive group. 15. The process of claim 1, wherein said reactive components further comprise at least one polyethyleneglycol. 16. The process of claim 15, wherein said at least one polyethylene glycol is mPEG475. 17. The process of claim 1, wherein said silicone component is selected from compounds of Formula I:
wherein:
R1 is independently selected from reactive groups, monovalent alkyl groups, or monovalent aryl groups, any of the foregoing which may further comprise functionality selected from hydroxy, amino, oxa, carboxy, alkyl carboxy, alkoxy, amido, carbamate, carbonate, halogen or combinations thereof; and monovalent siloxane chains comprising 1-100 Si—O repeat units which may further comprise functionality selected from alkyl, hydroxy, amino, oxa, carboxy, alkyl carboxy, alkoxy, amido, carbamate, halogen or combinations thereof;
where b=0 to 500, where it is understood that when b is other than 0, b is a distribution having a mode equal to a stated value; and
wherein at least one R1 comprises a reactive group. 18. The process of claim 1 wherein said at least one silicone component is selected from the group consisting of monomethacryloxypropyl terminated, mono-n-alkyl terminated polydialkylsiloxane; bis-3-acryloxy-2-hydroxypropyloxypropyl polydialkylsiloxane; methacryloxypropyl-terminated polydialkylsiloxane; mono-(3-methacryloxy-2-hydroxypropyloxy)propyl terminated, mono-alkyl terminated polydialkylsiloxane; and mixtures thereof. 19. The process of claim 1 wherein said at least one silicone component is selected from monomethacrylate terminated polydimethylsiloxanes; bis-3-acryloxy-2-hydroxypropyloxypropyl polydialkylsiloxane; and mono-(3-methacryloxy-2-hydroxypropyloxy)propyl terminated, mono-butyl terminated polydialkylsiloxane; and mixtures thereof. 20. The process of claim 1, wherein said at least one silicone component comprises mono-(3-methacryloxy-2-hydroxypropyloxy)propyl terminated, mono-butyl terminated polydialkylsiloxane. 21. The process of claim 1 wherein said lens is deblocked from the mold dry. | 1,700 |
2,701 | 14,403,364 | 1,743 | A product rod comprising a plurality of individual tobacco smoke filters or filter elements abutted end to end; and a wrapper engaged around the plurality of filters or filter elements, the wrapper including perforations. | 1. A product rod comprising a plurality of individual tobacco smoke filters or filter elements abutted end to end; and a wrapper engaged around the plurality of filters or filter elements, the wrapper including perforations. 2. A product rod comprising a plurality of individual tobacco smoke filters or filter elements abutted end to end; and a wrapper engaged around the plurality of filters or filter elements, the wrapper including a line of perforations in register with the or each junction between abutted filters or filter elements. 3. A product rod according to claim 1 wherein the individual tobacco smoke filters, or individual tobacco smoke filter elements, are identical or substantially identical. 4. A product rod according to claim 1 wherein the wrapper is paper (e.g. a plugwrap) or other sheet material. 5. A product rod according to claim 4 wherein the paper has basis weight of 15-50 gsm. 6. A product rod according to claim 1 which includes a line of 16 to 39 perforations in register with the or each junction between abutted filters or filter elements. 7. A product rod according to claim 1 wherein the perforations are symmetrical. 8. A product rod according to claim 1 wherein the perforations are oval or rectangular. 9. A product rod according to claim 1 wherein the perforations are of approximate dimensions 0.1 mm to 0.7 mm. 10. A product rod according to claim 1 wherein the perforations are spaced at 10 to 25 holes per cm. 11. A product rod comprising a plurality of individual tobacco smoke filters or filter elements abutted end to end; and a wrapper engaged around the plurality of filters or filter elements, the wrapper including a line of perforations extending from one end of the product rod to the other end and defining a helix about the periphery of the product rod. 12. A product rod according to claim 11 wherein the pitch of the helix defined by the line of the perforations is the length of a single individual filter or filter element. 13. A product rod according to claim 11 wherein the perforations are symmetrical. 14. A product rod according to claim 11 wherein the perforations are oval or rectangular. 15. A product rod according to claim 11 wherein the perforations are of approximate dimensions 0.1 mm to 0.7 mm. 16. A product rod according to claim 11 wherein the perforations are spaced at 5 to 25 holes per cm. 17. A product rod according to claim 11 wherein the individual tobacco smoke filters, or individual tobacco smoke filter elements, are identical or substantially identical. 18. A product rod according to claim 1 wherein the individual filters or filter elements include a substantially cylindrical core of tobacco smoke filtering material. 19. A product rod according to claim 1 wherein the individual filters or filter elements include a self-sustaining (longitudinally extending) cylindrical core of tobacco smoke filtering material. 20. A product rod according to claim 1 wherein the individual filters or filter elements include a self-sustaining (longitudinally extending) cylindrical core comprising (e.g. formed from) a plurality of longitudinally extending substantially continuous filaments of tobacco smoke filtering material (e.g. cellulose acetate tow) which are bonded at their points of contact. 21. A product rod according to claim 1 wherein the individual filters or filter elements include a self-sustaining (longitudinally extending) cylindrical core comprising (e.g. formed from) a plurality of randomly oriented (e.g. individual or staple) fibres of tobacco smoke filtering material (e.g. cellulose acetate) which are bonded at their points of contact. 22. A product rod according to claim 1 wherein the individual filters or filter elements include one or more continuous components extending substantially longitudinally (e.g. longitudinally) of the cylindrical core. 23-26. (canceled) | A product rod comprising a plurality of individual tobacco smoke filters or filter elements abutted end to end; and a wrapper engaged around the plurality of filters or filter elements, the wrapper including perforations.1. A product rod comprising a plurality of individual tobacco smoke filters or filter elements abutted end to end; and a wrapper engaged around the plurality of filters or filter elements, the wrapper including perforations. 2. A product rod comprising a plurality of individual tobacco smoke filters or filter elements abutted end to end; and a wrapper engaged around the plurality of filters or filter elements, the wrapper including a line of perforations in register with the or each junction between abutted filters or filter elements. 3. A product rod according to claim 1 wherein the individual tobacco smoke filters, or individual tobacco smoke filter elements, are identical or substantially identical. 4. A product rod according to claim 1 wherein the wrapper is paper (e.g. a plugwrap) or other sheet material. 5. A product rod according to claim 4 wherein the paper has basis weight of 15-50 gsm. 6. A product rod according to claim 1 which includes a line of 16 to 39 perforations in register with the or each junction between abutted filters or filter elements. 7. A product rod according to claim 1 wherein the perforations are symmetrical. 8. A product rod according to claim 1 wherein the perforations are oval or rectangular. 9. A product rod according to claim 1 wherein the perforations are of approximate dimensions 0.1 mm to 0.7 mm. 10. A product rod according to claim 1 wherein the perforations are spaced at 10 to 25 holes per cm. 11. A product rod comprising a plurality of individual tobacco smoke filters or filter elements abutted end to end; and a wrapper engaged around the plurality of filters or filter elements, the wrapper including a line of perforations extending from one end of the product rod to the other end and defining a helix about the periphery of the product rod. 12. A product rod according to claim 11 wherein the pitch of the helix defined by the line of the perforations is the length of a single individual filter or filter element. 13. A product rod according to claim 11 wherein the perforations are symmetrical. 14. A product rod according to claim 11 wherein the perforations are oval or rectangular. 15. A product rod according to claim 11 wherein the perforations are of approximate dimensions 0.1 mm to 0.7 mm. 16. A product rod according to claim 11 wherein the perforations are spaced at 5 to 25 holes per cm. 17. A product rod according to claim 11 wherein the individual tobacco smoke filters, or individual tobacco smoke filter elements, are identical or substantially identical. 18. A product rod according to claim 1 wherein the individual filters or filter elements include a substantially cylindrical core of tobacco smoke filtering material. 19. A product rod according to claim 1 wherein the individual filters or filter elements include a self-sustaining (longitudinally extending) cylindrical core of tobacco smoke filtering material. 20. A product rod according to claim 1 wherein the individual filters or filter elements include a self-sustaining (longitudinally extending) cylindrical core comprising (e.g. formed from) a plurality of longitudinally extending substantially continuous filaments of tobacco smoke filtering material (e.g. cellulose acetate tow) which are bonded at their points of contact. 21. A product rod according to claim 1 wherein the individual filters or filter elements include a self-sustaining (longitudinally extending) cylindrical core comprising (e.g. formed from) a plurality of randomly oriented (e.g. individual or staple) fibres of tobacco smoke filtering material (e.g. cellulose acetate) which are bonded at their points of contact. 22. A product rod according to claim 1 wherein the individual filters or filter elements include one or more continuous components extending substantially longitudinally (e.g. longitudinally) of the cylindrical core. 23-26. (canceled) | 1,700 |
2,702 | 15,482,304 | 1,732 | Discrete, individualized carbon nanotubes having targeted, or selective, oxidation levels and/or content on the interior and exterior of the tube walls are claimed. Such carbon nanotubes can have little to no inner tube surface oxidation, or differing amounts and/or types of oxidation between the tubes' inner and outer surfaces. These new discrete carbon nanotubes are useful in plasticizers, which can then be used as an additive in compounding and formulation of elastomeric, thermoplastic and thermoset composite for improvement of mechanical, electrical and thermal properties. | 1. A composition comprising a plurality of discrete carbon nanotubes, wherein the discrete carbon nanotubes comprise an interior and exterior surface, the interior surface comprising an interior surface oxidized species content and the exterior surface comprising an exterior surface oxidized species content, wherein the interior surface oxidized species content comprises from about 0.01 to less than about 1 percent relative to carbon nanotube weight and the exterior surface oxidized species content comprises more than about 1 to about 3 percent relative to carbon nanotube weight. 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the discrete carbon nanotubes comprises a plurality of open ended tubes. 3. A composition comprising a plurality of discrete carbon nanotubes, wherein the discrete carbon nanotubes comprise an interior and exterior surface, the interior surface comprising an interior surface oxidized species content and the exterior surface comprising an exterior surface oxidized species content, wherein the interior surface oxidized species content differs from the exterior surface oxidized species content by at least 20%, and as high as 100%. 4. The composition of claim 3 wherein the plurality of discrete carbon nanotubes comprises a plurality of open ended tubes. 5. The composition of claim 3 wherein the interior surface oxidized species content is less than the exterior surface oxidized species content. 6. The composition of claim 3 wherein the interior surface oxidized species content is up to 3 weight percent relative to carbon nanotube weight. 7. The composition of claim 3 wherein the exterior surface oxidized species content is from about 1 to about 6 weight percent relative to carbon nanotube weight. 8. The composition of claim 3 wherein the interior and exterior surface oxidized species content totals from about 1 to about 9 weight percent relative to carbon nanotube weight. 9. The composition of claim 1 wherein the inner and outer surface oxidation difference is at least about 0.2 weight percent. 10. The composition of claim 3 wherein the oxygenated species is selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, ether linkages, and combinations thereof. 11. The composition of claim 3 wherein the total oxygenated species content of the interior surface and exterior surface comprises from about 1% to 15% by weight of the carbon nanotubes. 12. The composition of claim 3 in the form of free flowing particles. 13. The composition of claim 3, wherein the composition is further mixed with at least one rubber. 14. The composition of claim 3, wherein the composition further comprises at least one thermoplastic polymer, at least one thermoplastic elastomer, or combinations thereof. 15. The composition of claim 3, wherein the composition further comprises at least one thermoset polymer selected from the group consisting of an epoxy, a polyurethane, and combinations thereof. 16. A composition useful for treating contaminated groundwater comprising a plurality of discrete carbon nanotubes, wherein the discrete carbon nanotubes comprise an interior and exterior surface, the interior surface comprising an interior surface oxidized species content and the exterior surface comprising an exterior surface oxidized species content, and at least one degradative molecule that is attached on the interior or exterior surface of at least a portion of the plurality of discrete carbon nanotubes. 17. A process to make the composition of claim 3, comprising the steps of: a) selecting a plurality of discrete carbon nanotubes having an average aspect ratio of from about 10 to about 500, and an oxidative species content total level from about 1 to about 15% by weight, b) suspending the discrete carbon nanotubes in an aqueous medium at a nanotube concentration from about 1% to about 10% by weight to form an aqueous medium/nanotube slurry, c) mixing the carbon nanotube/aqueous medium slurry with at least one plasticizer at a temperature from about 30° C. to about 100° C. for sufficient time that the carbon nanotubes migrate from the aqueous medium to the plasticizer to form a wet nanotube/plasticizer mixture, e) separating the aqueous medium from the wet carbon nanotube/plasticizer mixture to form a dry nanotube/plasticizer mixture, and f) removing residual aqueous medium from the dry nanotube/plasticizer mixture by drying from about 40° C. to about 120° C. to form an anhydrous nanotube/plasticizer mixture. | Discrete, individualized carbon nanotubes having targeted, or selective, oxidation levels and/or content on the interior and exterior of the tube walls are claimed. Such carbon nanotubes can have little to no inner tube surface oxidation, or differing amounts and/or types of oxidation between the tubes' inner and outer surfaces. These new discrete carbon nanotubes are useful in plasticizers, which can then be used as an additive in compounding and formulation of elastomeric, thermoplastic and thermoset composite for improvement of mechanical, electrical and thermal properties.1. A composition comprising a plurality of discrete carbon nanotubes, wherein the discrete carbon nanotubes comprise an interior and exterior surface, the interior surface comprising an interior surface oxidized species content and the exterior surface comprising an exterior surface oxidized species content, wherein the interior surface oxidized species content comprises from about 0.01 to less than about 1 percent relative to carbon nanotube weight and the exterior surface oxidized species content comprises more than about 1 to about 3 percent relative to carbon nanotube weight. 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the discrete carbon nanotubes comprises a plurality of open ended tubes. 3. A composition comprising a plurality of discrete carbon nanotubes, wherein the discrete carbon nanotubes comprise an interior and exterior surface, the interior surface comprising an interior surface oxidized species content and the exterior surface comprising an exterior surface oxidized species content, wherein the interior surface oxidized species content differs from the exterior surface oxidized species content by at least 20%, and as high as 100%. 4. The composition of claim 3 wherein the plurality of discrete carbon nanotubes comprises a plurality of open ended tubes. 5. The composition of claim 3 wherein the interior surface oxidized species content is less than the exterior surface oxidized species content. 6. The composition of claim 3 wherein the interior surface oxidized species content is up to 3 weight percent relative to carbon nanotube weight. 7. The composition of claim 3 wherein the exterior surface oxidized species content is from about 1 to about 6 weight percent relative to carbon nanotube weight. 8. The composition of claim 3 wherein the interior and exterior surface oxidized species content totals from about 1 to about 9 weight percent relative to carbon nanotube weight. 9. The composition of claim 1 wherein the inner and outer surface oxidation difference is at least about 0.2 weight percent. 10. The composition of claim 3 wherein the oxygenated species is selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, ether linkages, and combinations thereof. 11. The composition of claim 3 wherein the total oxygenated species content of the interior surface and exterior surface comprises from about 1% to 15% by weight of the carbon nanotubes. 12. The composition of claim 3 in the form of free flowing particles. 13. The composition of claim 3, wherein the composition is further mixed with at least one rubber. 14. The composition of claim 3, wherein the composition further comprises at least one thermoplastic polymer, at least one thermoplastic elastomer, or combinations thereof. 15. The composition of claim 3, wherein the composition further comprises at least one thermoset polymer selected from the group consisting of an epoxy, a polyurethane, and combinations thereof. 16. A composition useful for treating contaminated groundwater comprising a plurality of discrete carbon nanotubes, wherein the discrete carbon nanotubes comprise an interior and exterior surface, the interior surface comprising an interior surface oxidized species content and the exterior surface comprising an exterior surface oxidized species content, and at least one degradative molecule that is attached on the interior or exterior surface of at least a portion of the plurality of discrete carbon nanotubes. 17. A process to make the composition of claim 3, comprising the steps of: a) selecting a plurality of discrete carbon nanotubes having an average aspect ratio of from about 10 to about 500, and an oxidative species content total level from about 1 to about 15% by weight, b) suspending the discrete carbon nanotubes in an aqueous medium at a nanotube concentration from about 1% to about 10% by weight to form an aqueous medium/nanotube slurry, c) mixing the carbon nanotube/aqueous medium slurry with at least one plasticizer at a temperature from about 30° C. to about 100° C. for sufficient time that the carbon nanotubes migrate from the aqueous medium to the plasticizer to form a wet nanotube/plasticizer mixture, e) separating the aqueous medium from the wet carbon nanotube/plasticizer mixture to form a dry nanotube/plasticizer mixture, and f) removing residual aqueous medium from the dry nanotube/plasticizer mixture by drying from about 40° C. to about 120° C. to form an anhydrous nanotube/plasticizer mixture. | 1,700 |
2,703 | 15,135,675 | 1,761 | Methods for enhancing fragrance longevity of a rinse-off cleansing composition can include combining surfactant, perfume, solvent, and water, to form the composition, wherein the composition is not a ringing gel. | 1) A method of enhancing fragrance longevity of a rinse-off cleansing composition, comprising, combining: a) from about 35% to about 85%, by weight of the composition, of surfactant; b) from about 4% to about 30%, by weight of the composition, of a perfume, wherein the weight percent of perfume is from about 8% to about 90%, by weight of the surfactant; c) from about 6% to about 20%, by weight of the composition, of a hydric solvent and wherein the weight percent of the hydric solvent is from about 7% to about 60%, by weight of the surfactant; and d) from about 2% to about 57%, by weight of the composition, of water; to form the cleansing composition; wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition is not a ringing gel. 2) The method of claim 1, wherein the composition has a G′ at 1 Hz of about 25 Pa to about 3000 Pa and wherein the composition has a total GCMS count higher than that of a control where the solvent is replaced with water when the total GCMS count is measured in accordance with the PSHAM method at 1 hour after the initial application. 3) The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 35% to about 60%, by weight of the composition, of surfactant. 4) The method of claim 1, wherein the surfactant comprises from about 30% to about 40%, by weight of the composition, of a first surfactant. 5) The method of claim 4, wherein the first surfactant comprises an anionic surfactant. 6) The method of claim 4, wherein the first surfactant comprises a branched anionic surfactant. 7) The method of claim 5, wherein the anionic surfactant comprises a sulfate, an alkyl ether sulfate, an alkyl ether sulfate with about 0.5 to about 5 ethoxylate groups, sodium trideceth-2 sulfate, or a combination thereof. 8) The method of claim 5, wherein the surfactant comprises sodium trideceth-2 sulfate, sodium trideceth-3 sulfate, sodium laureth-1 sulfate, sodium laureth-2 sulfate, sodium laureth-3 sulfate, or a combination thereof. 9) The method of claim 4, wherein the surfactant further comprises from about 2% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of a cosurfactant. 10) The method of claim 9, wherein the cosurfactant comprises a betaine, an alkyl amidopropyl betaine, cocoamidopropyl betaine, or a combination thereof. 11) The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 8% to about 20%, by weight of the composition, of the perfume. 12) The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 8% to about 16%, by weight of the composition, of the solvent. 13) The method of claim 1, wherein the hydric solvent comprises dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dibutylene glycol, hexylene glycol, butylene glycol, pentylene glycol, heptylene glycol, propylene glycol, a polyethylene glycol having a weight average molecular weight below about 500, or a combination thereof. 14) The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 30% to about 61%, by weight of the composition, of the combination of water and solvent. 15) The method of claim 1, wherein the perfume is from about 20% to about 40%, by weight of the surfactant. 16) The method of claim 1, wherein the weight percent of hydric solvent is from about 17% to about 35%, by weight of the surfactant. 17) The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is a microemulsion or contains a microemulsion phase. 18) The method of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the composition becomes a microemulsion upon dilution with water of about 3:1 by weight (water:composition) to about 10:1 by weight (water:composition). 19) The method of claim 1, wherein the GCMS peak area is at least about 1.75 times more, 2 times more, 2.25 times more, 2.5 times more, 3 times more, or 4 times more, than the control at 1 hour after initial application. 20) A method of enhancing fragrance longevity of a rinse-off cleansing composition, comprising, combining: from about 35% to about 45%, by weight of the composition, of a first surfactant comprising sodium trideceth-2 sulfate; from about 2% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of a cosurfactant comprising cocamidopropyl betaine; from about 4% to about 15%, by weight of the composition, of a perfume; from about 6% to about 20%, by weight of the composition, of dipropylene glycol; and water; to form a rinse-off cleansing composition, wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition is not a ringing gel. | Methods for enhancing fragrance longevity of a rinse-off cleansing composition can include combining surfactant, perfume, solvent, and water, to form the composition, wherein the composition is not a ringing gel.1) A method of enhancing fragrance longevity of a rinse-off cleansing composition, comprising, combining: a) from about 35% to about 85%, by weight of the composition, of surfactant; b) from about 4% to about 30%, by weight of the composition, of a perfume, wherein the weight percent of perfume is from about 8% to about 90%, by weight of the surfactant; c) from about 6% to about 20%, by weight of the composition, of a hydric solvent and wherein the weight percent of the hydric solvent is from about 7% to about 60%, by weight of the surfactant; and d) from about 2% to about 57%, by weight of the composition, of water; to form the cleansing composition; wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition is not a ringing gel. 2) The method of claim 1, wherein the composition has a G′ at 1 Hz of about 25 Pa to about 3000 Pa and wherein the composition has a total GCMS count higher than that of a control where the solvent is replaced with water when the total GCMS count is measured in accordance with the PSHAM method at 1 hour after the initial application. 3) The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 35% to about 60%, by weight of the composition, of surfactant. 4) The method of claim 1, wherein the surfactant comprises from about 30% to about 40%, by weight of the composition, of a first surfactant. 5) The method of claim 4, wherein the first surfactant comprises an anionic surfactant. 6) The method of claim 4, wherein the first surfactant comprises a branched anionic surfactant. 7) The method of claim 5, wherein the anionic surfactant comprises a sulfate, an alkyl ether sulfate, an alkyl ether sulfate with about 0.5 to about 5 ethoxylate groups, sodium trideceth-2 sulfate, or a combination thereof. 8) The method of claim 5, wherein the surfactant comprises sodium trideceth-2 sulfate, sodium trideceth-3 sulfate, sodium laureth-1 sulfate, sodium laureth-2 sulfate, sodium laureth-3 sulfate, or a combination thereof. 9) The method of claim 4, wherein the surfactant further comprises from about 2% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of a cosurfactant. 10) The method of claim 9, wherein the cosurfactant comprises a betaine, an alkyl amidopropyl betaine, cocoamidopropyl betaine, or a combination thereof. 11) The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 8% to about 20%, by weight of the composition, of the perfume. 12) The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 8% to about 16%, by weight of the composition, of the solvent. 13) The method of claim 1, wherein the hydric solvent comprises dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dibutylene glycol, hexylene glycol, butylene glycol, pentylene glycol, heptylene glycol, propylene glycol, a polyethylene glycol having a weight average molecular weight below about 500, or a combination thereof. 14) The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 30% to about 61%, by weight of the composition, of the combination of water and solvent. 15) The method of claim 1, wherein the perfume is from about 20% to about 40%, by weight of the surfactant. 16) The method of claim 1, wherein the weight percent of hydric solvent is from about 17% to about 35%, by weight of the surfactant. 17) The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is a microemulsion or contains a microemulsion phase. 18) The method of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the composition becomes a microemulsion upon dilution with water of about 3:1 by weight (water:composition) to about 10:1 by weight (water:composition). 19) The method of claim 1, wherein the GCMS peak area is at least about 1.75 times more, 2 times more, 2.25 times more, 2.5 times more, 3 times more, or 4 times more, than the control at 1 hour after initial application. 20) A method of enhancing fragrance longevity of a rinse-off cleansing composition, comprising, combining: from about 35% to about 45%, by weight of the composition, of a first surfactant comprising sodium trideceth-2 sulfate; from about 2% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of a cosurfactant comprising cocamidopropyl betaine; from about 4% to about 15%, by weight of the composition, of a perfume; from about 6% to about 20%, by weight of the composition, of dipropylene glycol; and water; to form a rinse-off cleansing composition, wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition is not a ringing gel. | 1,700 |
2,704 | 15,135,648 | 1,761 | Rinse-off cleansing compositions can include surfactant, perfume, solvent, and water, wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition has a G′ of at least about 25 Pa and/or is not a ringing gel. | 1) A rinse-off cleansing composition, comprising:
a. from about 20% to about 34%, by weight of the composition, of surfactant; b. from about 4% to about 30%, by weight of the composition, of a perfume, wherein the weight percent of perfume is from about 10% to about 90%, by weight of the surfactant; c. from about 3% to about 20%, by weight of the composition, of a solvent, wherein at least 3% of the solvent, by weight of the composition, comprises a hydric solvent and wherein the weight percent of the hydric solvent is from about 8% to about 60%, by weight of the surfactant; and d. from about 10% to about 73%, by weight of the composition, of water; wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition has a G′ at 1 Hz of about 25 Pa to about 3000 Pa. 2) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 20% to about 30%, by weight of the composition, of surfactant. 3) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the surfactant comprises from about 15% to about 25%, by weight of the composition, of a first surfactant. 4) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 3, wherein the first surfactant comprises a branched anionic surfactant. 5) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 4, wherein the anionic surfactant comprises a sulfate, an alkyl ether sulfate, an alkyl ether sulfate with about 0.5 to about 5 ethoxylate groups, or sodium trideceth-2 sulfate. 6) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 4, wherein the first surfactant comprises sodium trideceth-2 sulfate, sodium trideceth-3, or combinations thereof. 7) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 4, wherein the surfactant further comprises from about 4% to about 8%, by weight of the composition, of a cosurfactant. 8) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 7, wherein the cosurfactant comprises a betaine, an alkyl amidopropyl betaine, cocoamidopropyl betaine, or a combination thereof. 9) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 4% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of the perfume. 10) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the perfume has from about 5% to about 30%, by weight of the perfume, of perfume raw materials with a Kovats index from about 1100 to about 1700. 11) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has from about 4% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of the hydric solvent. 12) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the hydric solvent comprises dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dibutylene glycol, hexylene glycol, butylene glycol, pentylene glycol, heptylene glycol, propylene glycol, a polyethylene glycol having a weight average molecular weight below about 500, or a combination thereof. 13) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 40% to about 75%, by weight of the composition, of the combination of water and hydric solvent. 14) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a G″ at 1 Hz of about 20 Pa to about 250 Pa. 15) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is not a ringing gel. 16) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the perfume is from about 10% to about 50%, by weight of the surfactant. 17) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the weight percent of hydric solvent is from about 12% to about 40%, by weight of the surfactant. 18) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is a microemulsion or contains a microemulsion phase. 19) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the composition becomes a microemulsion upon dilution with water of about 3:1 by weight (water:composition) to about 10:1 by weight (water:composition). 20) A rinse-off cleansing composition, comprising:
a) from about 15% to about 20%, by weight of the composition, of a first surfactant comprising a branched anionic surfactant; b) from about 4% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of a perfume; c) from about 4% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of dipropylene glycol; and d) from about 50% to about 70%, by weight of the composition, of water; wherein the composition is not a ringing gel. 21) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 20, wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition has a G′ of about 25 Pa to about 3000 Pa. 22) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 21, wherein the composition is a microemulsion or contains a microemulsion phase. 23) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 22, wherein the branched anionic surfactant comprises sodium trideceth-2 sulfate. 24) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 23, wherein the composition further comprises from about 4% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of a cosurfactant comprising cocoamidopropyl betaine. 25) A cleansing composition, consisting essentially of:
a) from about 15% to about 25%, by weight of the composition, of a first surfactant comprising a branched anionic surfactant; b) from about 4% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of a zwitterionic cosurfactant; c) from about 4% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of a perfume; d) from about 4% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of dipropylene glycol; e) optionally from about 0.1% to about 5% of a preservative, thickener, hydrophobic oil, additive, soap, or a combination thereof; and f) from about 30% to about 70%, by weight of the composition, of water; wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition is not a ringing gel. | Rinse-off cleansing compositions can include surfactant, perfume, solvent, and water, wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition has a G′ of at least about 25 Pa and/or is not a ringing gel.1) A rinse-off cleansing composition, comprising:
a. from about 20% to about 34%, by weight of the composition, of surfactant; b. from about 4% to about 30%, by weight of the composition, of a perfume, wherein the weight percent of perfume is from about 10% to about 90%, by weight of the surfactant; c. from about 3% to about 20%, by weight of the composition, of a solvent, wherein at least 3% of the solvent, by weight of the composition, comprises a hydric solvent and wherein the weight percent of the hydric solvent is from about 8% to about 60%, by weight of the surfactant; and d. from about 10% to about 73%, by weight of the composition, of water; wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition has a G′ at 1 Hz of about 25 Pa to about 3000 Pa. 2) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 20% to about 30%, by weight of the composition, of surfactant. 3) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the surfactant comprises from about 15% to about 25%, by weight of the composition, of a first surfactant. 4) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 3, wherein the first surfactant comprises a branched anionic surfactant. 5) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 4, wherein the anionic surfactant comprises a sulfate, an alkyl ether sulfate, an alkyl ether sulfate with about 0.5 to about 5 ethoxylate groups, or sodium trideceth-2 sulfate. 6) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 4, wherein the first surfactant comprises sodium trideceth-2 sulfate, sodium trideceth-3, or combinations thereof. 7) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 4, wherein the surfactant further comprises from about 4% to about 8%, by weight of the composition, of a cosurfactant. 8) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 7, wherein the cosurfactant comprises a betaine, an alkyl amidopropyl betaine, cocoamidopropyl betaine, or a combination thereof. 9) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 4% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of the perfume. 10) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the perfume has from about 5% to about 30%, by weight of the perfume, of perfume raw materials with a Kovats index from about 1100 to about 1700. 11) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has from about 4% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of the hydric solvent. 12) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the hydric solvent comprises dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dibutylene glycol, hexylene glycol, butylene glycol, pentylene glycol, heptylene glycol, propylene glycol, a polyethylene glycol having a weight average molecular weight below about 500, or a combination thereof. 13) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 40% to about 75%, by weight of the composition, of the combination of water and hydric solvent. 14) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a G″ at 1 Hz of about 20 Pa to about 250 Pa. 15) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is not a ringing gel. 16) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the perfume is from about 10% to about 50%, by weight of the surfactant. 17) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the weight percent of hydric solvent is from about 12% to about 40%, by weight of the surfactant. 18) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is a microemulsion or contains a microemulsion phase. 19) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the composition becomes a microemulsion upon dilution with water of about 3:1 by weight (water:composition) to about 10:1 by weight (water:composition). 20) A rinse-off cleansing composition, comprising:
a) from about 15% to about 20%, by weight of the composition, of a first surfactant comprising a branched anionic surfactant; b) from about 4% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of a perfume; c) from about 4% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of dipropylene glycol; and d) from about 50% to about 70%, by weight of the composition, of water; wherein the composition is not a ringing gel. 21) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 20, wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition has a G′ of about 25 Pa to about 3000 Pa. 22) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 21, wherein the composition is a microemulsion or contains a microemulsion phase. 23) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 22, wherein the branched anionic surfactant comprises sodium trideceth-2 sulfate. 24) The rinse-off cleansing composition of claim 23, wherein the composition further comprises from about 4% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of a cosurfactant comprising cocoamidopropyl betaine. 25) A cleansing composition, consisting essentially of:
a) from about 15% to about 25%, by weight of the composition, of a first surfactant comprising a branched anionic surfactant; b) from about 4% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of a zwitterionic cosurfactant; c) from about 4% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of a perfume; d) from about 4% to about 10%, by weight of the composition, of dipropylene glycol; e) optionally from about 0.1% to about 5% of a preservative, thickener, hydrophobic oil, additive, soap, or a combination thereof; and f) from about 30% to about 70%, by weight of the composition, of water; wherein the rinse-off cleansing composition is not a ringing gel. | 1,700 |
2,705 | 13,516,400 | 1,783 | A display panel assembly is made by optically bonding a display panel and a substantially transparent substrate. Optical bonding is carried out by forming a silicon-containing optical bonding layer having regions of different physical properties | 1. A display panel assembly comprising:
a display panel; a substantially transparent substrate; and an optical bonding layer disposed between the display panel and the substantially transparent optical substrate, the optical bonding layer comprising a first region and a second region substantially surrounding the first region, wherein the second region comprises a second cured silicon-containing resin formed by hydrosilylation of a first silicon-containing resin comprising aliphatic unsaturation and a second silicon-containing resin comprising silicon-bonded hydrogen, and the hardness of the second region is greater than that of the first. 2. A display panel assembly of claim 1, wherein
the first region is tacky, and the second is not. 3. The display panel assembly of claim 1, wherein the second cured silicon-containing resin comprises an organosiloxane. 4. A method of optical bonding, comprising:
providing first and second optical substrates; providing a first composition comprising a first silicon-containing resin, the first silicon-containing resin comprising silicon-bonded hydrogen and aliphatic unsaturation present in a first molar ratio of from 0.01 to 2; providing a second composition comprising a second silicon-containing resin, the second silicon-containing resin comprising silicon-bonded hydrogen and aliphatic unsaturation present in a second molar ratio of from 2 to 100, wherein the first and/or second compositions comprise a metal catalyst; dispensing the first composition on a first major surface of the first optical substrate; dispensing the second composition on the first major surface; contacting a second major surface of the second optical substrate with the first and/or second compositions dispensed on the first major surface, such that a curable layer comprising the first and second compositions is formed between the first and second major surfaces; and curing the curable layer to form an optical bonding layer having first and second regions, wherein the hardness of the second region is greater than that of the first. 5. A method of optical bonding, comprising:
providing first and second optical substrates; providing a first composition comprising a first silicon-containing resin, the first silicon-containing resin comprising silicon-bonded hydrogen and aliphatic unsaturation present in a first molar ratio of from 0.01 to 2; providing a second composition comprising a second silicon-containing resin, the second silicon-containing resin comprising silicon-bonded hydrogen and no aliphatic unsaturation, wherein the first and/or second compositions comprise a metal catalyst; dispensing the first composition on a first major surface of the first optical substrate; dispensing the second composition on the first major surface; contacting a second major surface of the second optical substrate with the first and/or second compositions dispensed on the first major surface, such that a curable layer comprising the first and second compositions is formed between the first and second major surfaces; and curing the curable layer to form an optical bonding layer having first and second regions, wherein the hardness of the second region is greater than that of the first. 6. A method of optical bonding, comprising:
providing first and second optical substrates; providing a first composition comprising a first silicon-containing resin, the first silicon-containing resin comprising silicon-bonded hydrogen and aliphatic unsaturation present in a first molar ratio of from 0.01 to 2; providing a second composition comprising a second silicon-containing resin, the second silicon-containing resin comprising silicon-bonded hydrogen and aliphatic unsaturation present in a second molar ratio of from 2 to 100, wherein the first and/or second compositions comprise a metal catalyst; dispensing the first composition on a first major surface of the first optical substrate; dispensing the second composition on the first composition; contacting a second major surface of the second optical substrate with the first and/or second compositions dispensed on the first major surface, such that a curable layer comprising the first and second compositions is formed between the first and second major surfaces; and curing the curable layer to form an optical bonding layer having first and second regions, wherein the hardness of the second region is greater than that of the first. 7. A method of optical bonding, comprising:
providing first and second optical substrates; providing a first composition comprising a first silicon-containing resin, the first silicon-containing resin comprising silicon-bonded hydrogen and aliphatic unsaturation present in a first molar ratio of from 0.01 to 2; providing a second composition comprising a second silicon-containing resin, the second silicon-containing resin comprising silicon-bonded hydrogen and no aliphatic unsaturation, wherein the first and/or second compositions comprise a metal catalyst; dispensing the first composition on a first major surface of the first optical substrate; dispensing the second composition on the first composition; contacting a second major surface of the second optical substrate with the first and/or second compositions dispensed on the first major surface, such that a curable layer comprising the first and second compositions is formed between the first and second major surfaces; and curing the curable layer to form an optical bonding layer having first and second regions, wherein the hardness of the second region is greater than that of the first. 8-11. (canceled) 12. The method of claim 4, wherein the second region substantially surrounds the first. 13. The method of claim 4, wherein at least one of the first and second regions has a viscosity. 14. The method of claim 6, wherein the second composition is dispensed on the first composition such that it is substantially surrounded by the first composition. 15. The method of claim 6, wherein the second composition is dispensed on at least two areas of the first composition such that the second composition is substantially surrounded by the first composition. 16. The method of claim 6, wherein the second composition is dispensed on the first composition such that a portion of the second composition is substantially surrounded by the first composition, and another portion of the second composition is not substantially surrounded by the first compositions. 17. The method of claim 6, wherein the second composition is dispensed on the first composition such that neither composition substantially surrounds the other. | A display panel assembly is made by optically bonding a display panel and a substantially transparent substrate. Optical bonding is carried out by forming a silicon-containing optical bonding layer having regions of different physical properties1. A display panel assembly comprising:
a display panel; a substantially transparent substrate; and an optical bonding layer disposed between the display panel and the substantially transparent optical substrate, the optical bonding layer comprising a first region and a second region substantially surrounding the first region, wherein the second region comprises a second cured silicon-containing resin formed by hydrosilylation of a first silicon-containing resin comprising aliphatic unsaturation and a second silicon-containing resin comprising silicon-bonded hydrogen, and the hardness of the second region is greater than that of the first. 2. A display panel assembly of claim 1, wherein
the first region is tacky, and the second is not. 3. The display panel assembly of claim 1, wherein the second cured silicon-containing resin comprises an organosiloxane. 4. A method of optical bonding, comprising:
providing first and second optical substrates; providing a first composition comprising a first silicon-containing resin, the first silicon-containing resin comprising silicon-bonded hydrogen and aliphatic unsaturation present in a first molar ratio of from 0.01 to 2; providing a second composition comprising a second silicon-containing resin, the second silicon-containing resin comprising silicon-bonded hydrogen and aliphatic unsaturation present in a second molar ratio of from 2 to 100, wherein the first and/or second compositions comprise a metal catalyst; dispensing the first composition on a first major surface of the first optical substrate; dispensing the second composition on the first major surface; contacting a second major surface of the second optical substrate with the first and/or second compositions dispensed on the first major surface, such that a curable layer comprising the first and second compositions is formed between the first and second major surfaces; and curing the curable layer to form an optical bonding layer having first and second regions, wherein the hardness of the second region is greater than that of the first. 5. A method of optical bonding, comprising:
providing first and second optical substrates; providing a first composition comprising a first silicon-containing resin, the first silicon-containing resin comprising silicon-bonded hydrogen and aliphatic unsaturation present in a first molar ratio of from 0.01 to 2; providing a second composition comprising a second silicon-containing resin, the second silicon-containing resin comprising silicon-bonded hydrogen and no aliphatic unsaturation, wherein the first and/or second compositions comprise a metal catalyst; dispensing the first composition on a first major surface of the first optical substrate; dispensing the second composition on the first major surface; contacting a second major surface of the second optical substrate with the first and/or second compositions dispensed on the first major surface, such that a curable layer comprising the first and second compositions is formed between the first and second major surfaces; and curing the curable layer to form an optical bonding layer having first and second regions, wherein the hardness of the second region is greater than that of the first. 6. A method of optical bonding, comprising:
providing first and second optical substrates; providing a first composition comprising a first silicon-containing resin, the first silicon-containing resin comprising silicon-bonded hydrogen and aliphatic unsaturation present in a first molar ratio of from 0.01 to 2; providing a second composition comprising a second silicon-containing resin, the second silicon-containing resin comprising silicon-bonded hydrogen and aliphatic unsaturation present in a second molar ratio of from 2 to 100, wherein the first and/or second compositions comprise a metal catalyst; dispensing the first composition on a first major surface of the first optical substrate; dispensing the second composition on the first composition; contacting a second major surface of the second optical substrate with the first and/or second compositions dispensed on the first major surface, such that a curable layer comprising the first and second compositions is formed between the first and second major surfaces; and curing the curable layer to form an optical bonding layer having first and second regions, wherein the hardness of the second region is greater than that of the first. 7. A method of optical bonding, comprising:
providing first and second optical substrates; providing a first composition comprising a first silicon-containing resin, the first silicon-containing resin comprising silicon-bonded hydrogen and aliphatic unsaturation present in a first molar ratio of from 0.01 to 2; providing a second composition comprising a second silicon-containing resin, the second silicon-containing resin comprising silicon-bonded hydrogen and no aliphatic unsaturation, wherein the first and/or second compositions comprise a metal catalyst; dispensing the first composition on a first major surface of the first optical substrate; dispensing the second composition on the first composition; contacting a second major surface of the second optical substrate with the first and/or second compositions dispensed on the first major surface, such that a curable layer comprising the first and second compositions is formed between the first and second major surfaces; and curing the curable layer to form an optical bonding layer having first and second regions, wherein the hardness of the second region is greater than that of the first. 8-11. (canceled) 12. The method of claim 4, wherein the second region substantially surrounds the first. 13. The method of claim 4, wherein at least one of the first and second regions has a viscosity. 14. The method of claim 6, wherein the second composition is dispensed on the first composition such that it is substantially surrounded by the first composition. 15. The method of claim 6, wherein the second composition is dispensed on at least two areas of the first composition such that the second composition is substantially surrounded by the first composition. 16. The method of claim 6, wherein the second composition is dispensed on the first composition such that a portion of the second composition is substantially surrounded by the first composition, and another portion of the second composition is not substantially surrounded by the first compositions. 17. The method of claim 6, wherein the second composition is dispensed on the first composition such that neither composition substantially surrounds the other. | 1,700 |
2,706 | 14,567,127 | 1,791 | There is disclosed a chewing gum base comprising a solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber. | 1. A chewing gum base comprising a solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber having a glass transition temperature Tg ranging from −20° C. to 0° C. 2. The chewing gum base of claim 1, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber has a bound styrene content ranging from 25 to 55 percent by weight. 3. The chewing gum base of claim 1, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber has a bound styrene content ranging from 30 to 40 percent by weight. 4. The chewing gum base of claim 1, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber has a vinyl content ranging from 25 to 60 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the styrene and butadiene units. 5. The chewing gum base of claim 1, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber has a vinyl content ranging from 35 to 45 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the styrene and butadiene units. 6. The chewing gum base of claim 1, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber shows a high frequency intersection of G′ with G″ at a frequency between 100 and 105 rad/sec at 30° C. and 1% strain as measured following ASTM D4440-08. 7. The chewing gum base of claim 1, wherein the gum base comprises from 5 to 95 weight percent of the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber, 1 to 65 percent by weight of a filler, 5 to 45 percent by weight of an elastomer plasticizer, and a gum base stabilizer. 8. A chewing gum base comprising a solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber shows a high frequency intersection of G′ with G″ at a frequency between 100 and 105 rad/sec at 30° C. and 1% strain as measured following ASTM D4440-08. 9. The chewing gum base of claim 8, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber has a bound styrene content ranging from 25 to 55 percent by weight. 10. The chewing gum base of claim 8, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber has a bound styrene content ranging from 30 to 40 percent by weight. 11. The chewing gum base of claim 8, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber has a vinyl content ranging from 25 to 60 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the styrene and butadiene units. 12. The chewing gum base of claim 8, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber has a vinyl content ranging from 35 to 45 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the styrene and butadiene units. 13. The chewing gum base of claim 8, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber shows a high frequency intersection of G′ with G″ at a frequency between 100 and 105 rad/sec at 30° C. and 1% strain as measured following ASTM D4440-08. 14. The chewing gum base of claim 8, wherein the gum base comprises from 5 to 95 weight percent of the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber, 1 to 65 percent by weight of a filler, 5 to 45 percent by weight of an elastomer plasticizer, and a gum base stabilizer. | There is disclosed a chewing gum base comprising a solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber.1. A chewing gum base comprising a solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber having a glass transition temperature Tg ranging from −20° C. to 0° C. 2. The chewing gum base of claim 1, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber has a bound styrene content ranging from 25 to 55 percent by weight. 3. The chewing gum base of claim 1, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber has a bound styrene content ranging from 30 to 40 percent by weight. 4. The chewing gum base of claim 1, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber has a vinyl content ranging from 25 to 60 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the styrene and butadiene units. 5. The chewing gum base of claim 1, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber has a vinyl content ranging from 35 to 45 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the styrene and butadiene units. 6. The chewing gum base of claim 1, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber shows a high frequency intersection of G′ with G″ at a frequency between 100 and 105 rad/sec at 30° C. and 1% strain as measured following ASTM D4440-08. 7. The chewing gum base of claim 1, wherein the gum base comprises from 5 to 95 weight percent of the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber, 1 to 65 percent by weight of a filler, 5 to 45 percent by weight of an elastomer plasticizer, and a gum base stabilizer. 8. A chewing gum base comprising a solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber shows a high frequency intersection of G′ with G″ at a frequency between 100 and 105 rad/sec at 30° C. and 1% strain as measured following ASTM D4440-08. 9. The chewing gum base of claim 8, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber has a bound styrene content ranging from 25 to 55 percent by weight. 10. The chewing gum base of claim 8, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber has a bound styrene content ranging from 30 to 40 percent by weight. 11. The chewing gum base of claim 8, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber has a vinyl content ranging from 25 to 60 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the styrene and butadiene units. 12. The chewing gum base of claim 8, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber has a vinyl content ranging from 35 to 45 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the styrene and butadiene units. 13. The chewing gum base of claim 8, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber shows a high frequency intersection of G′ with G″ at a frequency between 100 and 105 rad/sec at 30° C. and 1% strain as measured following ASTM D4440-08. 14. The chewing gum base of claim 8, wherein the gum base comprises from 5 to 95 weight percent of the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber, 1 to 65 percent by weight of a filler, 5 to 45 percent by weight of an elastomer plasticizer, and a gum base stabilizer. | 1,700 |
2,707 | 13,024,022 | 1,797 | An apparatus including a treated tape, an adjustable color source, a photodiode, and a processor is provided. The adjustable color source emits a first radiation toward the treated tape and operates at each of a plurality of different target wavelengths in a spectrum. The photodiode measures a second radiation reflected from the treated tape, and the processor analyzes measurements from the photodiode to determine a peak wavelength from the plurality of target wavelengths. Based on the peak wavelength, the processor determines a color and darkness of a color stain on the treated tape. Based on the determined color and darkness of the color stain, the processor also determines a type and concentration of gas to which the treated tape is exposed. | 1. An apparatus comprising:
a treated tape; an adjustable color source emitting a first radiation toward the treated tape, the source operating at each of a plurality of different target wavelengths in a spectrum; a photodiode measuring second radiation reflected from the treated tape; and a processor analyzing measurements from the photodiode to determine a peak wavelength from the plurality of target wavelengths, and based on the peak wavelength, determining a color and darkness of a color stain on the treated tape. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the treated tape includes a chemically treated paper. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the adjustable color source includes a RGB LED. 4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the adjustable color source includes a red LED, a green LED, and a blue LED. 5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the adjustable color source includes a white color source. 6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the processor controls the adjustable color source to operate at each of the plurality of different target wavelengths. 7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the spectrum includes a visible radiation spectrum. 8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the photodiode measures a wavelength and intensity of the second radiation. 9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the photodiode measures the second radiation when the source changes operation to a different target wavelength in the plurality of target wavelengths. 10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the processor performs a Fast Fourier Transform on measurements from the photodiode to determine the peak wavelength. 11. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the peak wavelength corresponds to a wavelength in the plurality of different target wavelengths that is most sensitive to stains on the treated tape. 12. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the processor determines a type of gas to which the treated tape is exposed based on the determined color of the color stain. 13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the processor determines a concentration of the gas to which the treated tape is exposed based on the determined darkness of the color stain. 14. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a color sensor receiving radiation emitted by the adjustable color source. 15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the microprocessor compares a wavelength of the radiation received by the color sensor with the target wavelength of the source, and if not the same, the microprocessor adjusts the source. 16. A method comprising:
transmitting a first radiation towards a target tape at each of a plurality of different target wavelengths in a spectrum; measuring a second radiation reflected from the target tape; analyzing the measured second radiation to determine a peak wavelength from the plurality of different target wavelengths; and based on the peak wavelength, determining a color and darkness of a color stain on the target tape. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein analyzing the measured second radiation includes performing a Fast Fourier Transform on the measured second radiation. 18. The method of claim 16 further comprising based on the determined color and darkness, determining a type and concentration of gas to which the target tape has been exposed. 19. The method of claim 16 further comprising adjusting a source of the first radiation to make a transmitted radiation consistent with a target radiation. 20. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable medium having recorded thereon a computer program for enabling a processor, the computer program performing the steps of:
controlling transmission of a first radiation towards a target tape at each of a plurality of different target wavelengths in a spectrum; analyzing a plurality of measurements of second radiation reflected from the target tape; based on the analysis of the plurality of measurements, determining a peak wavelength from the plurality of target wavelengths; based on the peak wavelength, determining a color and darkness of a color stain on the target tape; and based on the determined color and darkness, determining a type and concentration of gas to which the target tape has been exposed. | An apparatus including a treated tape, an adjustable color source, a photodiode, and a processor is provided. The adjustable color source emits a first radiation toward the treated tape and operates at each of a plurality of different target wavelengths in a spectrum. The photodiode measures a second radiation reflected from the treated tape, and the processor analyzes measurements from the photodiode to determine a peak wavelength from the plurality of target wavelengths. Based on the peak wavelength, the processor determines a color and darkness of a color stain on the treated tape. Based on the determined color and darkness of the color stain, the processor also determines a type and concentration of gas to which the treated tape is exposed.1. An apparatus comprising:
a treated tape; an adjustable color source emitting a first radiation toward the treated tape, the source operating at each of a plurality of different target wavelengths in a spectrum; a photodiode measuring second radiation reflected from the treated tape; and a processor analyzing measurements from the photodiode to determine a peak wavelength from the plurality of target wavelengths, and based on the peak wavelength, determining a color and darkness of a color stain on the treated tape. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the treated tape includes a chemically treated paper. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the adjustable color source includes a RGB LED. 4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the adjustable color source includes a red LED, a green LED, and a blue LED. 5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the adjustable color source includes a white color source. 6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the processor controls the adjustable color source to operate at each of the plurality of different target wavelengths. 7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the spectrum includes a visible radiation spectrum. 8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the photodiode measures a wavelength and intensity of the second radiation. 9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the photodiode measures the second radiation when the source changes operation to a different target wavelength in the plurality of target wavelengths. 10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the processor performs a Fast Fourier Transform on measurements from the photodiode to determine the peak wavelength. 11. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the peak wavelength corresponds to a wavelength in the plurality of different target wavelengths that is most sensitive to stains on the treated tape. 12. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the processor determines a type of gas to which the treated tape is exposed based on the determined color of the color stain. 13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the processor determines a concentration of the gas to which the treated tape is exposed based on the determined darkness of the color stain. 14. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a color sensor receiving radiation emitted by the adjustable color source. 15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the microprocessor compares a wavelength of the radiation received by the color sensor with the target wavelength of the source, and if not the same, the microprocessor adjusts the source. 16. A method comprising:
transmitting a first radiation towards a target tape at each of a plurality of different target wavelengths in a spectrum; measuring a second radiation reflected from the target tape; analyzing the measured second radiation to determine a peak wavelength from the plurality of different target wavelengths; and based on the peak wavelength, determining a color and darkness of a color stain on the target tape. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein analyzing the measured second radiation includes performing a Fast Fourier Transform on the measured second radiation. 18. The method of claim 16 further comprising based on the determined color and darkness, determining a type and concentration of gas to which the target tape has been exposed. 19. The method of claim 16 further comprising adjusting a source of the first radiation to make a transmitted radiation consistent with a target radiation. 20. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable medium having recorded thereon a computer program for enabling a processor, the computer program performing the steps of:
controlling transmission of a first radiation towards a target tape at each of a plurality of different target wavelengths in a spectrum; analyzing a plurality of measurements of second radiation reflected from the target tape; based on the analysis of the plurality of measurements, determining a peak wavelength from the plurality of target wavelengths; based on the peak wavelength, determining a color and darkness of a color stain on the target tape; and based on the determined color and darkness, determining a type and concentration of gas to which the target tape has been exposed. | 1,700 |
2,708 | 15,124,752 | 1,712 | An oil-based release agent of the present invention contains a petroleum-based hydrocarbon solvent (a) and a high temperature adhesive (b), is applied to a metal die used for die casting or casting, has high adhesion and high lubricity even with respect to a metal die at a high temperature particularly of 300° C. or higher, and can prevent seizure. In addition, the present invention provides a method for applying the oil-based release agent of the present invention by controlling an adhesion amount thereof by micronization and speed-control thereof with respect to a metal die at a high temperature, and an electrostatic application method. | 1. A high temperature heat-resistant oil-based release agent comprising a petroleum-based hydrocarbon solvent (a) and a high temperature adhesive (b),
wherein the high temperature adhesive (b) is at least one selected from the group consisting of a fluororesin, polysulfone, a phenolic resin, an epoxy resin, and a silicon-containing compound, and has a weight average molecular weight of 100,000 or more. 2. The high temperature heat-resistant oil-based release agent according to claim 1, wherein the petroleum-based hydrocarbon solvent (a) is at least one selected from the group consisting of a paraffinic hydrocarbon solvent, an olefinic hydrocarbon solvent, a naphthenic hydrocarbon solvent, and an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent. 3. (canceled) 4. The high temperature heat-resistant oil-based release agent according to claim 1, wherein the high temperature adhesive (b) is dimethyl polysiloxane having a weight average molecular weight of 100,000 or more. 5. The high temperature heat-resistant oil-based release agent according to claim 1, further comprising a low volatile conductive modifier (f). 6. The high temperature heat-resistant oil-based release agent according to claim 5, wherein the low volatile conductive modifier (f) contains at least one selected from the group consisting of an imidazolium salt (f-1), a pyrrolidinium salt (f-2), a pyridinium salt (f-3), an ammonium salt (f-4), a phosphonium salt (f-5), and a sulfonium salt (f-6). 7. The high temperature heat-resistant oil-based release agent according to claim 1, further comprising a lubricating additive (c) containing at least one selected from the group consisting of a high viscosity mineral oil (c-1), animal and vegetable fat and oil and a higher fatty acid ester (c-2), an organic molybdenum compound (c-3), and an oil-soluble soap (c-4). 8. A high temperature heat-resistant electrostatic application-type oil-based release agent comprising a petroleum-based hydrocarbon solvent (a) and a low volatile conductive modifier (f), wherein the electric resistance is 3 to 400 MΩ. 9. The high temperature heat-resistant electrostatic application-type oil-based release agent according to claim 8, wherein the low volatile conductive modifier (f) contains at least one selected from the group consisting of an imidazolium salt (f-1), a pyrrolidinium salt (f-2), a pyridinium salt (f-3), an ammonium salt (f-4), a phosphonium salt (f-5), and a sulfonium salt (f-6). 10. A high temperature heat-resistant electrostatic application-type oil-based release agent comprising a petroleum-based hydrocarbon solvent (a) and a sorbitan type solubilizing agent in an amount of 0.3% by mass or more and less than 5% by mass, wherein the electric resistance is 3 to 400 MΩ. 11. The high temperature heat-resistant electrostatic application-type oil-based release agent according to claim 8, further comprising a lubricating additive (c) containing at least one selected from the group consisting of a high viscosity mineral oil (c-1), animal and vegetable fat and oil and a higher fatty acid ester (c-2), an organic molybdenum compound (c-3), and an oil-soluble soap (c-4). 12. A method for applying a high temperature heat-resistant oil-based release agent, comprising applying the high temperature heat-resistant oil-based release agent according to claim 1 to a metal die at a particle speed of 2 to 50 m/s so as to have a mist diameter of 0.1 to 60 μm. 13. A method for electrostatically applying a high temperature heat-resistant electrostatic application-type oil-based release agent, comprising applying the high temperature heat-resistant electrostatic application-type oil-based release agent according to claim 8 to a metal die. | An oil-based release agent of the present invention contains a petroleum-based hydrocarbon solvent (a) and a high temperature adhesive (b), is applied to a metal die used for die casting or casting, has high adhesion and high lubricity even with respect to a metal die at a high temperature particularly of 300° C. or higher, and can prevent seizure. In addition, the present invention provides a method for applying the oil-based release agent of the present invention by controlling an adhesion amount thereof by micronization and speed-control thereof with respect to a metal die at a high temperature, and an electrostatic application method.1. A high temperature heat-resistant oil-based release agent comprising a petroleum-based hydrocarbon solvent (a) and a high temperature adhesive (b),
wherein the high temperature adhesive (b) is at least one selected from the group consisting of a fluororesin, polysulfone, a phenolic resin, an epoxy resin, and a silicon-containing compound, and has a weight average molecular weight of 100,000 or more. 2. The high temperature heat-resistant oil-based release agent according to claim 1, wherein the petroleum-based hydrocarbon solvent (a) is at least one selected from the group consisting of a paraffinic hydrocarbon solvent, an olefinic hydrocarbon solvent, a naphthenic hydrocarbon solvent, and an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent. 3. (canceled) 4. The high temperature heat-resistant oil-based release agent according to claim 1, wherein the high temperature adhesive (b) is dimethyl polysiloxane having a weight average molecular weight of 100,000 or more. 5. The high temperature heat-resistant oil-based release agent according to claim 1, further comprising a low volatile conductive modifier (f). 6. The high temperature heat-resistant oil-based release agent according to claim 5, wherein the low volatile conductive modifier (f) contains at least one selected from the group consisting of an imidazolium salt (f-1), a pyrrolidinium salt (f-2), a pyridinium salt (f-3), an ammonium salt (f-4), a phosphonium salt (f-5), and a sulfonium salt (f-6). 7. The high temperature heat-resistant oil-based release agent according to claim 1, further comprising a lubricating additive (c) containing at least one selected from the group consisting of a high viscosity mineral oil (c-1), animal and vegetable fat and oil and a higher fatty acid ester (c-2), an organic molybdenum compound (c-3), and an oil-soluble soap (c-4). 8. A high temperature heat-resistant electrostatic application-type oil-based release agent comprising a petroleum-based hydrocarbon solvent (a) and a low volatile conductive modifier (f), wherein the electric resistance is 3 to 400 MΩ. 9. The high temperature heat-resistant electrostatic application-type oil-based release agent according to claim 8, wherein the low volatile conductive modifier (f) contains at least one selected from the group consisting of an imidazolium salt (f-1), a pyrrolidinium salt (f-2), a pyridinium salt (f-3), an ammonium salt (f-4), a phosphonium salt (f-5), and a sulfonium salt (f-6). 10. A high temperature heat-resistant electrostatic application-type oil-based release agent comprising a petroleum-based hydrocarbon solvent (a) and a sorbitan type solubilizing agent in an amount of 0.3% by mass or more and less than 5% by mass, wherein the electric resistance is 3 to 400 MΩ. 11. The high temperature heat-resistant electrostatic application-type oil-based release agent according to claim 8, further comprising a lubricating additive (c) containing at least one selected from the group consisting of a high viscosity mineral oil (c-1), animal and vegetable fat and oil and a higher fatty acid ester (c-2), an organic molybdenum compound (c-3), and an oil-soluble soap (c-4). 12. A method for applying a high temperature heat-resistant oil-based release agent, comprising applying the high temperature heat-resistant oil-based release agent according to claim 1 to a metal die at a particle speed of 2 to 50 m/s so as to have a mist diameter of 0.1 to 60 μm. 13. A method for electrostatically applying a high temperature heat-resistant electrostatic application-type oil-based release agent, comprising applying the high temperature heat-resistant electrostatic application-type oil-based release agent according to claim 8 to a metal die. | 1,700 |
2,709 | 14,230,056 | 1,723 | A battery includes a first substrate having a first main surface, a second substrate made of a conducting material or semiconductor material, and a carrier of an insulating material. The carrier has a first and a second main surfaces, the second substrate being attached to the first main surface of the carrier. An opening is formed in the second main surface of the carrier to uncover a portion of a second main surface of the second substrate. The second main surface of the carrier is attached to the first substrate, thereby forming a cavity. The battery further includes an electrolyte disposed in the cavity. | 1. A battery, comprising:
a first substrate having a first main surface; a second substrate made of a conducting material or a semiconductor material; a carrier of an insulating material, having first and second main surfaces, the second substrate being attached to the carrier; an opening in the second main surface of the carrier to uncover a portion of a second main surface of the second substrate, the second main surface of the carrier being attached to the first substrate, thereby forming a cavity; and an electrolyte disposed in the cavity. 2. The battery according to claim 1, wherein the battery is a lithium ion battery having an anode comprising a component made of silicon. 3. The battery according to claim 2, wherein the anode of the battery is formed at the first substrate, and a cathode of the battery is formed at the second substrate. 4. The battery according to claim 2, wherein the anode of the battery is formed at the second substrate, and a cathode of the battery is formed at the first substrate. 5. The battery according to claim 1, wherein the second substrate is embedded into the carrier. 6. The battery according to claim 5, wherein the second substrate includes a patterned structure. 7. The battery according to claim 1, further comprising a liquid electrolyte. 8. An integrated circuit including a battery comprising:
a first substrate having a first main surface; a second substrate made of a conducting or semiconductor material; a carrier of an insulating material, having a first and a second main surfaces, the second substrate being attached to the carrier; an opening in the second main surface of the carrier to uncover a portion of a second main surface of the second substrate, the second main surface of the carrier being attached to the first main surface of the first substrate, thereby forming a cavity; and an electrolyte disposed in the cavity. 9. The integrated circuit according to claim 8, further comprising circuit elements in the first substrate. 10. The integrated circuit according to claim 8, further comprising circuit elements in the second substrate. 11. A method of manufacturing a battery, the method comprising:
forming a cavity in a stack including a first substrate, a carrier of an insulating material, and a second substrate made of a conductive or a semiconductor material; attaching a second main surface of the second substrate to a first main surface of the carrier; forming an opening in the second main surface of the carrier to uncover a portion of a second main surface of the second substrate; attaching a first main surface of the first substrate to a second main surface of the carrier; and filling an electrolyte in the cavity. 12. The method according to claim 11, further comprising patterning the second surface of the second substrate to have a protruding portion before attaching the second substrate to the carrier. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the second substrate is attached to the carrier using hot embossing. 14. The method according to claim 11, further comprising forming a protective conductive layer over the uncovered portion of the second main surface of the second substrate. 15. The method according to claim 11, further comprising forming an anode of the battery at the first surface of the first substrate. 16. The method according to claim 11, further comprising forming an anode of the battery at the second main surface of the second substrate. 17. The method according to claim 12, wherein the second substrate is attached to the carrier using anodic bonding. 18. The method according to claim 11, further comprising patterning the second main surface of the second substrate to form a plurality of grooves in the second main surface before attaching the second substrate to the carrier. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein a surface of the grooves is uncovered after forming the opening in the second main surface. 20. The method according to claim 11, further comprising removing a portion of the second substrate to uncover a portion of the first main surface of the carrier. | A battery includes a first substrate having a first main surface, a second substrate made of a conducting material or semiconductor material, and a carrier of an insulating material. The carrier has a first and a second main surfaces, the second substrate being attached to the first main surface of the carrier. An opening is formed in the second main surface of the carrier to uncover a portion of a second main surface of the second substrate. The second main surface of the carrier is attached to the first substrate, thereby forming a cavity. The battery further includes an electrolyte disposed in the cavity.1. A battery, comprising:
a first substrate having a first main surface; a second substrate made of a conducting material or a semiconductor material; a carrier of an insulating material, having first and second main surfaces, the second substrate being attached to the carrier; an opening in the second main surface of the carrier to uncover a portion of a second main surface of the second substrate, the second main surface of the carrier being attached to the first substrate, thereby forming a cavity; and an electrolyte disposed in the cavity. 2. The battery according to claim 1, wherein the battery is a lithium ion battery having an anode comprising a component made of silicon. 3. The battery according to claim 2, wherein the anode of the battery is formed at the first substrate, and a cathode of the battery is formed at the second substrate. 4. The battery according to claim 2, wherein the anode of the battery is formed at the second substrate, and a cathode of the battery is formed at the first substrate. 5. The battery according to claim 1, wherein the second substrate is embedded into the carrier. 6. The battery according to claim 5, wherein the second substrate includes a patterned structure. 7. The battery according to claim 1, further comprising a liquid electrolyte. 8. An integrated circuit including a battery comprising:
a first substrate having a first main surface; a second substrate made of a conducting or semiconductor material; a carrier of an insulating material, having a first and a second main surfaces, the second substrate being attached to the carrier; an opening in the second main surface of the carrier to uncover a portion of a second main surface of the second substrate, the second main surface of the carrier being attached to the first main surface of the first substrate, thereby forming a cavity; and an electrolyte disposed in the cavity. 9. The integrated circuit according to claim 8, further comprising circuit elements in the first substrate. 10. The integrated circuit according to claim 8, further comprising circuit elements in the second substrate. 11. A method of manufacturing a battery, the method comprising:
forming a cavity in a stack including a first substrate, a carrier of an insulating material, and a second substrate made of a conductive or a semiconductor material; attaching a second main surface of the second substrate to a first main surface of the carrier; forming an opening in the second main surface of the carrier to uncover a portion of a second main surface of the second substrate; attaching a first main surface of the first substrate to a second main surface of the carrier; and filling an electrolyte in the cavity. 12. The method according to claim 11, further comprising patterning the second surface of the second substrate to have a protruding portion before attaching the second substrate to the carrier. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the second substrate is attached to the carrier using hot embossing. 14. The method according to claim 11, further comprising forming a protective conductive layer over the uncovered portion of the second main surface of the second substrate. 15. The method according to claim 11, further comprising forming an anode of the battery at the first surface of the first substrate. 16. The method according to claim 11, further comprising forming an anode of the battery at the second main surface of the second substrate. 17. The method according to claim 12, wherein the second substrate is attached to the carrier using anodic bonding. 18. The method according to claim 11, further comprising patterning the second main surface of the second substrate to form a plurality of grooves in the second main surface before attaching the second substrate to the carrier. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein a surface of the grooves is uncovered after forming the opening in the second main surface. 20. The method according to claim 11, further comprising removing a portion of the second substrate to uncover a portion of the first main surface of the carrier. | 1,700 |
2,710 | 14,925,833 | 1,746 | The present invention includes an antiblock agent added to an adhesive applied to a substrate material and the method of adding the antiblock agent to the adhesive applied to the substrate material. The antiblock agent may be a food grade starch powder. The material may be applied with dry dusting systems. The substrate material may be woven polypropylene structures or polylaminates. The woven polypropylene structures may be polywoven pinch bags. | 1. In the manufacture of a polymeric woven bag, comprising: a polymeric outer layer; an inner polymeric woven bag layer laminated to or adhesively adhered to the outer layer; a first panel and a second panel and an open end of the bag to be pinched closed between the first panel and the second panel after filling the bag with contents; a heat activated first adhesive layer on a portion of the first panel to form an adhesive-to adhesive seal by contact with a heat activated second adhesive layer on a portion of the second panel, wherein the first adhesive layer and the second adhesive layer have respective heat activation temperatures below the softening point temperature of the polymeric material, and wherein the first adhesive layer and the second adhesive layer are dried and impervious to water and are separate from each other to open the bag end for filling with contents, and wherein after filling the bag with contents the first adhesive layer and the second adhesive layer are activatable to adhesive states to form the adhesive-to-adhesive seal by an application of heat at a temperature below the softening point temperature of the polymeric material;
a method for reducing the tackiness of the adhesive applied to the polymeric woven bag during manufacture, comprising applying an antiblock agent over the adhesive applied to the polymeric woven bag, wherein said antiblock agent is a food grade starch powder. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein said adhesive is a hot melt adhesive. 3. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the polymeric woven bag is a woven polypropylene or polylaminate structure. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the food grade starch powder repels water. 5. The method as recited in claim 4, wherein the food grade starch powder provides a non-blocking layer between outer and inner layers. 6. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the food grade starch powder is hydrophobic. 7. The method as recited in claim 3, wherein the woven polypropylene or polylaminate structure is a polywoven pinch bag. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the food grade starch powder is applied with dry dusting systems. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the heat activated adhesive layers extend across an area of width ranging from ½ inch to 6 inches. 10. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer and the further adhesive layer are on opposite panels of the bag. 11. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the food grade starch powder is applied with a powder printing process. | The present invention includes an antiblock agent added to an adhesive applied to a substrate material and the method of adding the antiblock agent to the adhesive applied to the substrate material. The antiblock agent may be a food grade starch powder. The material may be applied with dry dusting systems. The substrate material may be woven polypropylene structures or polylaminates. The woven polypropylene structures may be polywoven pinch bags.1. In the manufacture of a polymeric woven bag, comprising: a polymeric outer layer; an inner polymeric woven bag layer laminated to or adhesively adhered to the outer layer; a first panel and a second panel and an open end of the bag to be pinched closed between the first panel and the second panel after filling the bag with contents; a heat activated first adhesive layer on a portion of the first panel to form an adhesive-to adhesive seal by contact with a heat activated second adhesive layer on a portion of the second panel, wherein the first adhesive layer and the second adhesive layer have respective heat activation temperatures below the softening point temperature of the polymeric material, and wherein the first adhesive layer and the second adhesive layer are dried and impervious to water and are separate from each other to open the bag end for filling with contents, and wherein after filling the bag with contents the first adhesive layer and the second adhesive layer are activatable to adhesive states to form the adhesive-to-adhesive seal by an application of heat at a temperature below the softening point temperature of the polymeric material;
a method for reducing the tackiness of the adhesive applied to the polymeric woven bag during manufacture, comprising applying an antiblock agent over the adhesive applied to the polymeric woven bag, wherein said antiblock agent is a food grade starch powder. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein said adhesive is a hot melt adhesive. 3. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the polymeric woven bag is a woven polypropylene or polylaminate structure. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the food grade starch powder repels water. 5. The method as recited in claim 4, wherein the food grade starch powder provides a non-blocking layer between outer and inner layers. 6. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the food grade starch powder is hydrophobic. 7. The method as recited in claim 3, wherein the woven polypropylene or polylaminate structure is a polywoven pinch bag. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the food grade starch powder is applied with dry dusting systems. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the heat activated adhesive layers extend across an area of width ranging from ½ inch to 6 inches. 10. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer and the further adhesive layer are on opposite panels of the bag. 11. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the food grade starch powder is applied with a powder printing process. | 1,700 |
2,711 | 13,336,009 | 1,777 | A method for performing hydrophobic interaction chromatography includes providing at least one wall defining a chamber having an inlet and an exit, and a stationary phase disposed within the chamber. The stationary phase comprises particles or monolith having a hydrophobic surface and a hydrophilic ligand. The method also includes loading a sample onto the stationary phase in the chamber and flowing the sample over the stationary phase. The sample is separated into one or more compositions by hydrophobic interaction between the stationary phase and the one or more compositions. | 1. A method for performing hydrophobic interaction chromatography comprising:
providing at least one wall defining a chamber having an inlet and an exit, and a stationary phase disposed within the chamber wherein the stationary phase comprises particles or monolith represented by Formula 1:
[X]-Q Formula 1
wherein X comprises a hydrophobic surface and Q comprises a hydrophilic ligand;
loading a sample onto the stationary phase in the chamber and flowing the sample over the stationary phase; and
separating the sample into one or more compositions by hydrophobic interaction between the stationary phase and the one or more compositions. 2. A separation method comprising:
providing a stationary phase represented by Formula 1:
[X]-Q Formula 1
wherein X comprises a hydrophobic surface and Q comprises a hydrophilic ligand;
contacting a sample and the stationary phase; and
separating the sample into one or more compositions by hydrophobic interaction between the stationary phase and the one or more compositions. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein flowing the sample over the stationary phase is carried out at an inlet pressure greater than 1,000 psi. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein flowing the sample over the stationary phase is carried out at an inlet pressure greater than 5,000 psi. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein flowing the sample over the stationary phase is carried out at an inlet pressure greater than 7,000 psi. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein flowing the sample over the stationary phase is carried out at an inlet pressure greater than 10,000 psi. 7. The method of claim 1 or 2, further comprising the step of:
isolating the one or more compositions. 8. The method of claim 1 or 2, further comprising the step of:
detecting the one or more compositions. 9. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the sample comprises one or more biopolymers. 10. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the hydrophobic surface comprises a hydrophobic monolayer. 11. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein X comprises a hydrophobic core. 12. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein X comprises a silica core, a titanium oxide core, an aluminum oxide core, an iron oxide core, or an organic-inorganic hybrid core. 13. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein X comprises an organic-inorganic hybrid core comprising an aliphatic bridged silane. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the aliphatic bridged silane is ethylene bridged silane. 15. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein Q is an aliphatic group. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the aliphatic group is an aliphatic hydroxyl group. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the aliphatic hydroxyl group is a diol. 18. A separation method comprising:
providing a solid stationary phase comprising a hydrophobic surface and a plurality of hydrophilic ligands attached thereto; contacting a liquid sample and the solid stationary phase, wherein the liquid sample potentially comprises one or more analytes; and separating the one or more analytes, if present, from the sample through hydrophobic interaction between the one or more analytes and the stationary phase. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising using a hydrophobic interaction chromatography solvent system, to separate the one or more analytes from the sample through hydrophobic interaction chromatography. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the solvent system comprises an aqueous buffer. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the solvent system comprises a salt gradient. 22. The method of claim 18, wherein the solid stationary phase comprises ethylene bridged hybrid (BEH) particles. 23. The method of claim 18, wherein the solid stationary phase comprises particles having a mean size between about 1 and 2 microns. 24. The method of claim 18, wherein the solid stationary phase comprises particles having a mean size between about 2 and 25 microns. 25. The method of claim 18, wherein the solid stationary phase comprises particles having a mean size between about 25 and 50 microns. 26. The method of claim 18, wherein the solid stationary phase comprises porous particles. 27. The method of claim 18, wherein the solid stationary phase comprises nonporous particles. 28. The method of claim 18, wherein the solid stationary phase comprises a monolith. 29. The method of claim 18, wherein the solid stationary phase comprises chromatographic fibers. 30. The method of claim 18, wherein the solid stationary phase comprises a magnetic bead core having the hydrophobic surface. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the solid stationary phase comprises particles having a mean size between about 7 and 10 microns. 32. The method of claim 18, wherein the ligands consist essentially of a single type of ligand. 33. The method of claim 18, wherein the ligands each comprise an alcohol. 34. The method of claim 18, wherein the ligands each comprise a diol. 35. The method of claim 18, wherein the ligands each comprise an ether. 36. The method of claim 18, wherein the ligands each comprise an amide. 37. The method of claim 18, wherein the hydrophobic surface comprises a coating on the solid stationary phase. 38. The method of claim 18, wherein the hydrophobic surface is integral with the solid stationary phase. 39. The method of claim 18, wherein the sample comprises one or more biopolymers. 40. A hydrophobic interaction chromatography method comprising:
providing a solid stationary phase comprising ethylene bridged hybrid (BEH) particles having a hydrophobic surface and a plurality of diol ligands attached thereto; contacting a liquid sample and the solid stationary phase, wherein the liquid sample potentially comprises one or more protein analytes; and separating the one or more protein analytes, if present, from the sample through hydrophobic interaction between the one or more protein analytes and the stationary phase. 41. A kit for hydrophobic interaction chromatography comprising:
a solid stationary phase comprising a hydrophobic surface and a plurality of hydrophilic ligands attached thereto; and instructions for (i) contacting a liquid sample and the solid stationary phase, wherein the liquid sample potentially comprises one or more analytes and (ii) separating the one or more analytes, if present, from the sample through hydrophobic interaction between the one or more analytes and the stationary phase. 42. The kit of claim 41, wherein the solid stationary phase comprises ethylene bridged hybrid (BEH) particles having a hydrophobic surface and a plurality of diol ligands attached thereto. | A method for performing hydrophobic interaction chromatography includes providing at least one wall defining a chamber having an inlet and an exit, and a stationary phase disposed within the chamber. The stationary phase comprises particles or monolith having a hydrophobic surface and a hydrophilic ligand. The method also includes loading a sample onto the stationary phase in the chamber and flowing the sample over the stationary phase. The sample is separated into one or more compositions by hydrophobic interaction between the stationary phase and the one or more compositions.1. A method for performing hydrophobic interaction chromatography comprising:
providing at least one wall defining a chamber having an inlet and an exit, and a stationary phase disposed within the chamber wherein the stationary phase comprises particles or monolith represented by Formula 1:
[X]-Q Formula 1
wherein X comprises a hydrophobic surface and Q comprises a hydrophilic ligand;
loading a sample onto the stationary phase in the chamber and flowing the sample over the stationary phase; and
separating the sample into one or more compositions by hydrophobic interaction between the stationary phase and the one or more compositions. 2. A separation method comprising:
providing a stationary phase represented by Formula 1:
[X]-Q Formula 1
wherein X comprises a hydrophobic surface and Q comprises a hydrophilic ligand;
contacting a sample and the stationary phase; and
separating the sample into one or more compositions by hydrophobic interaction between the stationary phase and the one or more compositions. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein flowing the sample over the stationary phase is carried out at an inlet pressure greater than 1,000 psi. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein flowing the sample over the stationary phase is carried out at an inlet pressure greater than 5,000 psi. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein flowing the sample over the stationary phase is carried out at an inlet pressure greater than 7,000 psi. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein flowing the sample over the stationary phase is carried out at an inlet pressure greater than 10,000 psi. 7. The method of claim 1 or 2, further comprising the step of:
isolating the one or more compositions. 8. The method of claim 1 or 2, further comprising the step of:
detecting the one or more compositions. 9. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the sample comprises one or more biopolymers. 10. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the hydrophobic surface comprises a hydrophobic monolayer. 11. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein X comprises a hydrophobic core. 12. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein X comprises a silica core, a titanium oxide core, an aluminum oxide core, an iron oxide core, or an organic-inorganic hybrid core. 13. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein X comprises an organic-inorganic hybrid core comprising an aliphatic bridged silane. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the aliphatic bridged silane is ethylene bridged silane. 15. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein Q is an aliphatic group. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the aliphatic group is an aliphatic hydroxyl group. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the aliphatic hydroxyl group is a diol. 18. A separation method comprising:
providing a solid stationary phase comprising a hydrophobic surface and a plurality of hydrophilic ligands attached thereto; contacting a liquid sample and the solid stationary phase, wherein the liquid sample potentially comprises one or more analytes; and separating the one or more analytes, if present, from the sample through hydrophobic interaction between the one or more analytes and the stationary phase. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising using a hydrophobic interaction chromatography solvent system, to separate the one or more analytes from the sample through hydrophobic interaction chromatography. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the solvent system comprises an aqueous buffer. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the solvent system comprises a salt gradient. 22. The method of claim 18, wherein the solid stationary phase comprises ethylene bridged hybrid (BEH) particles. 23. The method of claim 18, wherein the solid stationary phase comprises particles having a mean size between about 1 and 2 microns. 24. The method of claim 18, wherein the solid stationary phase comprises particles having a mean size between about 2 and 25 microns. 25. The method of claim 18, wherein the solid stationary phase comprises particles having a mean size between about 25 and 50 microns. 26. The method of claim 18, wherein the solid stationary phase comprises porous particles. 27. The method of claim 18, wherein the solid stationary phase comprises nonporous particles. 28. The method of claim 18, wherein the solid stationary phase comprises a monolith. 29. The method of claim 18, wherein the solid stationary phase comprises chromatographic fibers. 30. The method of claim 18, wherein the solid stationary phase comprises a magnetic bead core having the hydrophobic surface. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the solid stationary phase comprises particles having a mean size between about 7 and 10 microns. 32. The method of claim 18, wherein the ligands consist essentially of a single type of ligand. 33. The method of claim 18, wherein the ligands each comprise an alcohol. 34. The method of claim 18, wherein the ligands each comprise a diol. 35. The method of claim 18, wherein the ligands each comprise an ether. 36. The method of claim 18, wherein the ligands each comprise an amide. 37. The method of claim 18, wherein the hydrophobic surface comprises a coating on the solid stationary phase. 38. The method of claim 18, wherein the hydrophobic surface is integral with the solid stationary phase. 39. The method of claim 18, wherein the sample comprises one or more biopolymers. 40. A hydrophobic interaction chromatography method comprising:
providing a solid stationary phase comprising ethylene bridged hybrid (BEH) particles having a hydrophobic surface and a plurality of diol ligands attached thereto; contacting a liquid sample and the solid stationary phase, wherein the liquid sample potentially comprises one or more protein analytes; and separating the one or more protein analytes, if present, from the sample through hydrophobic interaction between the one or more protein analytes and the stationary phase. 41. A kit for hydrophobic interaction chromatography comprising:
a solid stationary phase comprising a hydrophobic surface and a plurality of hydrophilic ligands attached thereto; and instructions for (i) contacting a liquid sample and the solid stationary phase, wherein the liquid sample potentially comprises one or more analytes and (ii) separating the one or more analytes, if present, from the sample through hydrophobic interaction between the one or more analytes and the stationary phase. 42. The kit of claim 41, wherein the solid stationary phase comprises ethylene bridged hybrid (BEH) particles having a hydrophobic surface and a plurality of diol ligands attached thereto. | 1,700 |
2,712 | 15,022,571 | 1,795 | A method of forming a component using electro-chemical machining includes the steps of providing a shield in a current distribution path between a workpiece and an electrode, with the shield concentrating current distribution upon an end of the workpiece. | 1. A method of forming a component using electro-chemical machining comprising the steps of:
providing a shield in a current distribution path between a workpiece and an electrode, with said shield concentrating current distribution upon an end of the workpiece. 2. The method as set forth in claim 1, wherein said workpiece forms an airfoil, and said shield concentrating current distribution upon said end of the workpiece which is to form at least one of a leading edge and a trailing edge of the airfoil. 3. The method as set forth in claim 2, wherein said shield is utilized to concentrate the current distribution on both the leading edge and the trailing edge. 4. The method as set forth in claim 3, wherein said shield includes two parallel shields that are spaced on sides of said workpiece. 5. The method as set forth in claim 4, wherein ends of said parallel shields deflect current at said one end of said workpiece. 6. The method as set forth in claim 3, wherein said shield sits between said end of said workpiece and said electrode and said shield including an aperture for concentrating said current distribution on said one end of said workpiece. 7. The method as set forth in claim 2, wherein said shield is formed of non-conductive material. 8. The method as set forth in claim 7, wherein said shield is formed of a plastic. 9. The method as set forth in claim 1, wherein electro-chemical machining is also utilized to form the workpiece to an intermediate shape prior to the use of the shield to form said one of said leading and trailing edges. 10. The method as set forth in claim 1, wherein said shield comprises a pair of parallel spaced shields on sides of said workpiece. 11. The method as set forth in claim 10, wherein ends of said parallel shields deflect current at said one end of said workpiece. 12. The method as set forth in claim 11, wherein said shields are formed of non-conductive material. 13. The method as set forth in claim 12, wherein said shields are formed of a plastic. 14. The method as set forth in claim 10, wherein said shields are formed of non-conductive material. 15. The method as set forth in claim 14, wherein said shields are formed of a plastic. 16. The method as set forth in claim 1, wherein said shield sits between said end of said workpiece and said electrode and said shield including an aperture for concentrating said current distribution on said one end of said workpiece. 17. The method as set forth in claim 16, wherein said shield is formed of non-conductive material. 18. The method as set forth in claim 17, wherein said shield is formed of a plastic. 19. The method as set forth in claim 1, wherein said shield is formed of non-conductive material. 20. The method as set forth in claim 19, wherein said shield is formed of a plastic. | A method of forming a component using electro-chemical machining includes the steps of providing a shield in a current distribution path between a workpiece and an electrode, with the shield concentrating current distribution upon an end of the workpiece.1. A method of forming a component using electro-chemical machining comprising the steps of:
providing a shield in a current distribution path between a workpiece and an electrode, with said shield concentrating current distribution upon an end of the workpiece. 2. The method as set forth in claim 1, wherein said workpiece forms an airfoil, and said shield concentrating current distribution upon said end of the workpiece which is to form at least one of a leading edge and a trailing edge of the airfoil. 3. The method as set forth in claim 2, wherein said shield is utilized to concentrate the current distribution on both the leading edge and the trailing edge. 4. The method as set forth in claim 3, wherein said shield includes two parallel shields that are spaced on sides of said workpiece. 5. The method as set forth in claim 4, wherein ends of said parallel shields deflect current at said one end of said workpiece. 6. The method as set forth in claim 3, wherein said shield sits between said end of said workpiece and said electrode and said shield including an aperture for concentrating said current distribution on said one end of said workpiece. 7. The method as set forth in claim 2, wherein said shield is formed of non-conductive material. 8. The method as set forth in claim 7, wherein said shield is formed of a plastic. 9. The method as set forth in claim 1, wherein electro-chemical machining is also utilized to form the workpiece to an intermediate shape prior to the use of the shield to form said one of said leading and trailing edges. 10. The method as set forth in claim 1, wherein said shield comprises a pair of parallel spaced shields on sides of said workpiece. 11. The method as set forth in claim 10, wherein ends of said parallel shields deflect current at said one end of said workpiece. 12. The method as set forth in claim 11, wherein said shields are formed of non-conductive material. 13. The method as set forth in claim 12, wherein said shields are formed of a plastic. 14. The method as set forth in claim 10, wherein said shields are formed of non-conductive material. 15. The method as set forth in claim 14, wherein said shields are formed of a plastic. 16. The method as set forth in claim 1, wherein said shield sits between said end of said workpiece and said electrode and said shield including an aperture for concentrating said current distribution on said one end of said workpiece. 17. The method as set forth in claim 16, wherein said shield is formed of non-conductive material. 18. The method as set forth in claim 17, wherein said shield is formed of a plastic. 19. The method as set forth in claim 1, wherein said shield is formed of non-conductive material. 20. The method as set forth in claim 19, wherein said shield is formed of a plastic. | 1,700 |
2,713 | 15,302,885 | 1,783 | An adhesion promoter coating composition includes an oligomeric alkylalkoxysiloxane and a compound comprising an electrophile moiety and an alkoxysilyl moiety. The electrophile moiety may contain a sulfide functional group, for example. A dust suppression coating composition includes an acrylic polymer comprising a quaternary ammonium moiety; and an oligomeric alkylalkoxysiloxane. The coating composition may further include a zirconium salt. The coating composition may be applied to roofing granules, and/or asphaltic compositions, among other things. | 1. A coating composition, comprising:
an acrylic polymer comprising a quaternary ammonium moiety and a nonionic monomer. 2. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the acrylic polymer comprises a carboxyl moiety. 3. The coating composition of claim 2, wherein the acrylic polymer comprises between 0.5 wt % and 5% of the carboxyl moiety. 4. The coating composition of claim 2, further comprising zirconium salt 5. The coating composition of claim 4, wherein the stoichiometric ratio of the zirconium salt to the carboxyl moiety is between 1 and 10 6. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the nonionic monomer is selected from the group consisting of a nonionic acrylate, methacrylate, vinyl acetate, styrene. 7. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the coating further comprises an alkoxysilane moiety. 8. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the acrylic polymer further comprises a silyl moiety. 9. The coating composition of claim 7, wherein the acrylic polymer further comprises an electrophile moiety. 10. The coating composition of claim 9, wherein the electrophile moiety is an epoxy moiety. 11. A roofing granule comprising:
a base roofing granule; and a coating on the base granule, the coating comprising an acrylate polymer comprising a quaternary ammonium moiety. 12. The roofing granule of claim 11, wherein the acrylate polymer further comprises a nonionic monomer. 13. The roofing granule of claim 11, wherein the acrylate polymer comprises carboxylic acid. 14. The roofing granule of claim 13, wherein the coating comprises a zirconium salt. 15. The roofing granule of claim 11, wherein the coating further comprises oligomeric alkylalkoxysiloxane. 16. The roofing granule of claim 11, wherein the acrylate polymer further comprises a silyl moiety bound to the base granule. 17. The roofing granule of claim 11, wherein the acrylate polymer further comprises an electrophile moiety. 18. The roofing granule of claim 18, wherein the electrophile moiety is an epoxy moiety. 19. A construction material, comprising:
a substrate; an asphalt coating on the substrate; and a plurality of granules partially embedded in the asphalt, the granules each comprising a base granule and a coating composition at least partially between the base granule and the asphalt coating; wherein the coating composition comprises an acrylic polymer comprising a quaternary ammonium moiety, zirconium acetate and carboxylic acid. | An adhesion promoter coating composition includes an oligomeric alkylalkoxysiloxane and a compound comprising an electrophile moiety and an alkoxysilyl moiety. The electrophile moiety may contain a sulfide functional group, for example. A dust suppression coating composition includes an acrylic polymer comprising a quaternary ammonium moiety; and an oligomeric alkylalkoxysiloxane. The coating composition may further include a zirconium salt. The coating composition may be applied to roofing granules, and/or asphaltic compositions, among other things.1. A coating composition, comprising:
an acrylic polymer comprising a quaternary ammonium moiety and a nonionic monomer. 2. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the acrylic polymer comprises a carboxyl moiety. 3. The coating composition of claim 2, wherein the acrylic polymer comprises between 0.5 wt % and 5% of the carboxyl moiety. 4. The coating composition of claim 2, further comprising zirconium salt 5. The coating composition of claim 4, wherein the stoichiometric ratio of the zirconium salt to the carboxyl moiety is between 1 and 10 6. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the nonionic monomer is selected from the group consisting of a nonionic acrylate, methacrylate, vinyl acetate, styrene. 7. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the coating further comprises an alkoxysilane moiety. 8. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the acrylic polymer further comprises a silyl moiety. 9. The coating composition of claim 7, wherein the acrylic polymer further comprises an electrophile moiety. 10. The coating composition of claim 9, wherein the electrophile moiety is an epoxy moiety. 11. A roofing granule comprising:
a base roofing granule; and a coating on the base granule, the coating comprising an acrylate polymer comprising a quaternary ammonium moiety. 12. The roofing granule of claim 11, wherein the acrylate polymer further comprises a nonionic monomer. 13. The roofing granule of claim 11, wherein the acrylate polymer comprises carboxylic acid. 14. The roofing granule of claim 13, wherein the coating comprises a zirconium salt. 15. The roofing granule of claim 11, wherein the coating further comprises oligomeric alkylalkoxysiloxane. 16. The roofing granule of claim 11, wherein the acrylate polymer further comprises a silyl moiety bound to the base granule. 17. The roofing granule of claim 11, wherein the acrylate polymer further comprises an electrophile moiety. 18. The roofing granule of claim 18, wherein the electrophile moiety is an epoxy moiety. 19. A construction material, comprising:
a substrate; an asphalt coating on the substrate; and a plurality of granules partially embedded in the asphalt, the granules each comprising a base granule and a coating composition at least partially between the base granule and the asphalt coating; wherein the coating composition comprises an acrylic polymer comprising a quaternary ammonium moiety, zirconium acetate and carboxylic acid. | 1,700 |
2,714 | 14,886,530 | 1,711 | An aircraft includes a fuselage having an internal cabin, and a garment refreshing system located within the internal cabin. The garment refreshing system is operable to refresh a garment of an individual within the internal cabin. A method of refreshing a garment while onboard an aircraft includes positioning a garment refreshing system within an internal cabin of a fuselage of an aircraft, and refreshing a garment of an individual onboard the aircraft with the garment refreshing system. | 1. An aircraft comprising:
a fuselage having an internal cabin; and a garment refreshing system located within the internal cabin, wherein the garment refreshing system is operable to refresh a garment of an individual within the internal cabin. 2. The aircraft of claim 1, wherein the garment refreshing system comprises one or more refreshers operable to refresh the garment. 3. The aircraft of claim 2, wherein the one or more refreshers comprises one or more of a mister, a steamer, an ultraviolet light, a scent emitter, a detergent emitter, a heater, or an agitator. 4. The aircraft of claim 1, wherein the garment refreshing system comprises:
a housing defining an internal refreshing compartment; and an access door moveable between a closed position in which the refreshing compartment is closed and an open position in which the refreshing compartment is opened, wherein the refreshing compartment receives the garment when the access door is in the open position. 5. The aircraft of claim 1, further comprising at least one fitting on a floor within the internal cabin, and wherein the garment refreshing system securely mounts to at least a portion of the at least one fitting through at least one fitting assembly. 6. The aircraft of claim 1, wherein the garment refreshing system is positioned within a closet of the internal cabin. 7. The aircraft of claim 1, wherein the garment refreshing system comprises one or more dryers operable to dry the garment. 8. The aircraft of claim 1, wherein the garment refreshing system comprises at least one vent operable to control a moisture level within one or both of the garment refreshing system or the internal cabin. 9. The aircraft of claim 1, wherein the garment refreshing system comprises a rack onto which the garment hangs. 10. The aircraft of claim 1, wherein the garment refreshing system comprises a control unit operatively coupled to a user interface, wherein the control unit operates the garment refreshing system based on operating commands input through the user interface. 11. A method of refreshing a garment while onboard an aircraft, the method comprising:
positioning a garment refreshing system within an internal cabin of a fuselage of an aircraft; and refreshing a garment of an individual onboard the aircraft with the garment refreshing system. 12. The method of claim 11, using one or more refreshers of the garment refreshing system to refresh the garment, wherein the one or more refreshers comprises one or more of a mister, a steamer, an ultraviolet light, a scent emitter, a detergent emitter, a heater, or an agitator. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
moving an access door of the garment refreshing system to expose an internal refreshing compartment of a housing; receiving the garment within the refreshing compartment; and closing the access door to close the garment within the refreshing compartment, wherein the refreshing operation occurs after the closing operation. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the positioning operation comprises securely mounting the garment refreshing system to at least one fitting on a floor within the internal cabin through at least one fitting assembly. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the positioning operation comprises positioning the garment refreshing system within a closet of the internal cabin. 16. The method of claim 11, further comprising using one or more dryers to dry the garment within the garment refreshing system. 17. The method of claim 11, further comprising venting moisture from the garment refreshing system. 18. The method of claim 11, further comprising hanging the garment on a rack of the garment refreshing system. 19. The method of claim 11, further comprising operating the garment refreshing system with a control unit based on commands input through a user interface. 20. An aircraft comprising:
a fuselage having an internal cabin; at least one fitting on a floor within the internal cabin; and a garment refreshing system positioned within a closet located within the internal cabin, wherein the garment refreshing system securely mounts to at least a portion of the at least one fitting through at least one fitting assembly, wherein the garment refreshing system is operable to refresh a garment of an individual within the internal cabin, and wherein the garment refreshing system comprises:
a housing defining an internal refreshing compartment;
an access door moveable between a closed position in which the refreshing compartment is closed and an open position in which the refreshing compartment is opened, wherein the refreshing compartment receives the garment when the access door is in the open position;
a rack extending into the refreshing compartment, wherein the garment hangs from the rack;
one or more refreshers within the refreshing compartment operable to refresh the garment, wherein the one or more refreshers comprises one or more of a mister, a steamer, an ultraviolet light, a scent emitter, a detergent emitter, a heater, or an agitator;
one or more dryers operable to dry the garment;
at least one vent operable to control a moisture level within one or both of the garment refreshing system or the internal cabin; and
a control unit operatively coupled to a user interface, wherein the control unit operates the garment refreshing system based on operating commands input through the user interface. | An aircraft includes a fuselage having an internal cabin, and a garment refreshing system located within the internal cabin. The garment refreshing system is operable to refresh a garment of an individual within the internal cabin. A method of refreshing a garment while onboard an aircraft includes positioning a garment refreshing system within an internal cabin of a fuselage of an aircraft, and refreshing a garment of an individual onboard the aircraft with the garment refreshing system.1. An aircraft comprising:
a fuselage having an internal cabin; and a garment refreshing system located within the internal cabin, wherein the garment refreshing system is operable to refresh a garment of an individual within the internal cabin. 2. The aircraft of claim 1, wherein the garment refreshing system comprises one or more refreshers operable to refresh the garment. 3. The aircraft of claim 2, wherein the one or more refreshers comprises one or more of a mister, a steamer, an ultraviolet light, a scent emitter, a detergent emitter, a heater, or an agitator. 4. The aircraft of claim 1, wherein the garment refreshing system comprises:
a housing defining an internal refreshing compartment; and an access door moveable between a closed position in which the refreshing compartment is closed and an open position in which the refreshing compartment is opened, wherein the refreshing compartment receives the garment when the access door is in the open position. 5. The aircraft of claim 1, further comprising at least one fitting on a floor within the internal cabin, and wherein the garment refreshing system securely mounts to at least a portion of the at least one fitting through at least one fitting assembly. 6. The aircraft of claim 1, wherein the garment refreshing system is positioned within a closet of the internal cabin. 7. The aircraft of claim 1, wherein the garment refreshing system comprises one or more dryers operable to dry the garment. 8. The aircraft of claim 1, wherein the garment refreshing system comprises at least one vent operable to control a moisture level within one or both of the garment refreshing system or the internal cabin. 9. The aircraft of claim 1, wherein the garment refreshing system comprises a rack onto which the garment hangs. 10. The aircraft of claim 1, wherein the garment refreshing system comprises a control unit operatively coupled to a user interface, wherein the control unit operates the garment refreshing system based on operating commands input through the user interface. 11. A method of refreshing a garment while onboard an aircraft, the method comprising:
positioning a garment refreshing system within an internal cabin of a fuselage of an aircraft; and refreshing a garment of an individual onboard the aircraft with the garment refreshing system. 12. The method of claim 11, using one or more refreshers of the garment refreshing system to refresh the garment, wherein the one or more refreshers comprises one or more of a mister, a steamer, an ultraviolet light, a scent emitter, a detergent emitter, a heater, or an agitator. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
moving an access door of the garment refreshing system to expose an internal refreshing compartment of a housing; receiving the garment within the refreshing compartment; and closing the access door to close the garment within the refreshing compartment, wherein the refreshing operation occurs after the closing operation. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the positioning operation comprises securely mounting the garment refreshing system to at least one fitting on a floor within the internal cabin through at least one fitting assembly. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the positioning operation comprises positioning the garment refreshing system within a closet of the internal cabin. 16. The method of claim 11, further comprising using one or more dryers to dry the garment within the garment refreshing system. 17. The method of claim 11, further comprising venting moisture from the garment refreshing system. 18. The method of claim 11, further comprising hanging the garment on a rack of the garment refreshing system. 19. The method of claim 11, further comprising operating the garment refreshing system with a control unit based on commands input through a user interface. 20. An aircraft comprising:
a fuselage having an internal cabin; at least one fitting on a floor within the internal cabin; and a garment refreshing system positioned within a closet located within the internal cabin, wherein the garment refreshing system securely mounts to at least a portion of the at least one fitting through at least one fitting assembly, wherein the garment refreshing system is operable to refresh a garment of an individual within the internal cabin, and wherein the garment refreshing system comprises:
a housing defining an internal refreshing compartment;
an access door moveable between a closed position in which the refreshing compartment is closed and an open position in which the refreshing compartment is opened, wherein the refreshing compartment receives the garment when the access door is in the open position;
a rack extending into the refreshing compartment, wherein the garment hangs from the rack;
one or more refreshers within the refreshing compartment operable to refresh the garment, wherein the one or more refreshers comprises one or more of a mister, a steamer, an ultraviolet light, a scent emitter, a detergent emitter, a heater, or an agitator;
one or more dryers operable to dry the garment;
at least one vent operable to control a moisture level within one or both of the garment refreshing system or the internal cabin; and
a control unit operatively coupled to a user interface, wherein the control unit operates the garment refreshing system based on operating commands input through the user interface. | 1,700 |
2,715 | 14,018,039 | 1,793 | Anticaking agents for inhibiting or preventing caking of inorganic salt granules are provided. The anticaking agents comprise a coordination complex of iron and a salt anion of an organic acid, wherein the salt anion is selected from the group consisting of malate, polyacrylate, diphosphonate, and mixtures thereof. Free-flowing, solid salt compositions resistant to caking are also described herein, along with methods of melting ice and/or snow on a surface or inhibiting the accumulation or formation of ice and/or snow on a surface, and methods of preventing or inhibiting caking of solid inorganic salt granules. | 1. An anticaking agent for inhibiting or preventing caking of inorganic salt granules, said anticaking agent comprising a coordination complex of iron and a salt anion of an organic acid, wherein said salt anion is selected from the group consisting of malates, polyacrylates, diphosphonates, and mixtures thereof. 2. The anticaking agent of claim 1, wherein said iron is selected from the group consisting of Fe2+, Fe3+, Fe4+, and combinations thereof. 3. The anticaking agent of claim 1, wherein said organic acid is selected from the group consisting of polyacrylic acid, malic acid, 1-hydroxyethane 1,1-diphosphonic acid, and mixtures thereof. 4. The anticaking agent of claim 1, wherein said coordination complex is dispersed or dissolved in a solvent system. 5. The anticaking agent of claim 4, said anticaking agent consisting essentially of said coordination complex dispersed or dissolved in a solvent system. 6. The anticaking agent of claim 1, said anticaking agent being essentially free of silicon dioxide, cyanides, tartaric acid, tartaric acid derivatives, ammonium, carbohydrates, saccharides, sugar alcohols, ferric acetate, gluconates, surfactants, silicas, silicates, silicoaluminates, carbonates, metal oxides, nitrogen, carboxylic acids, acidulants, taste modifiers, or any combination thereof. 7. The anticaking agent of claim 1, wherein said anticaking agent also inhibits corrosion. 8. A free-flowing, solid salt composition resistant to caking, said salt composition comprising an anticaking agent according to claim 1 and an inorganic salt. 9. The salt composition of claim 8, wherein said inorganic salt is a quantity of inorganic salt granules, and said anticaking agent forms at least a partial coating on the surface of said inorganic salt granules. 10. The salt composition of claim 8, wherein said inorganic salt is sodium chloride or a mixture of chloride salts comprising at least about 25% by weight sodium chloride. 11. The salt composition of claim 8, wherein said anticaking agent comprises a mixture of two or more different coordination complexes of iron and salt anion selected from the group consisting of malates, polyacrylates, and diphosphonates. 12. The salt composition of claim 8, said composition comprising from about 0.01 ppm to about 500 ppm iron. 13. The salt composition of claim 8, said composition comprising from about 0.2 ppm to about 1,100 ppm salt anion. 14. The salt composition of claim 8, further comprising polyacrylic acid, wherein said salt composition inhibits staining from transition metals. 15. The salt composition of claim 8, said salt composition being at least 70% less corrosive than untreated sodium chloride. 16. The salt composition of claim 8, wherein said inorganic salt is selected from the group consisting of rock salt, solar salt, evaporated salt, mechanically evaporated salt, sea salt, and mixtures thereof. 17. The salt composition of claim 8, wherein said inorganic salt is selected from the group consisting of food salt, deicing salt, and water softener salt. 18. The salt composition of claim 8, said salt composition consisting essentially of said anticaking agent according to claim 1 and said inorganic salt. 19. The salt composition of claim 8, said salt composition being essentially free of silicon dioxide, cyanides, tartaric acid, tartaric acid derivatives, ammonium, carbohydrates, saccharides, sugar alcohols, ferric acetate, gluconates, surfactants, silicas, silicates, silicoaluminates, carbonates, metal oxides, nitrogen, carboxylic acids, acidulants, taste modifiers, or any combination thereof. 20. A method of melting ice and/or snow on a surface or inhibiting the accumulation or formation of ice and/or snow on a surface, said method comprising applying a salt composition according to claim 8 to said surface. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising mixing said salt composition with water to create a liquid brine prior to said applying, wherein said applying comprises spraying, puddling, or dribbling said liquid brine on said surface. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein said surface is substantially free of ice and/or snow prior to said applying. 23. The method of claim 20, wherein said surface comprises ice and/or snow, and wherein said applying comprises applying said composition to said ice and/or snow on said surface. 24. The method of claim 20, wherein said surface is selected from the group consisting of a roadway, driveway, walkway, sidewalk, patio, porch, parking lot, and other paved surfaces. 25. A method of preventing or inhibiting caking of solid inorganic salt granules, said method comprising:
providing an anticaking agent dispersed or dissolved in a solvent system, said anticaking agent comprising a coordination complex of iron and a salt anion of an organic acid, wherein said salt anion is selected from the group consisting of malates, polyacrylates, diphosphonates, and mixtures thereof; and applying said anticaking agent to said inorganic salt granules to yield treated inorganic salt granules, wherein said treated inorganic salt granules are resistant to caking. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein said providing comprises:
providing an organic acid selected from the group consisting of malic acid, polyacrylic acid, 1-hydroxyethane 1,1-diphosphonic acid, and mixtures thereof; neutralizing said organic acid with a base; and mixing said neutralized organic acid with a source of iron to yield said coordination complex of iron and salt anion selected from the group consisting of malate, polyacrylate, diphosphonate, and mixtures thereof. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein said base is sodium hydroxide. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein said organic acid is polyacrylic acid, the molar ratio of acid to iron being about 4:1. 29. The method of claim 26, wherein said organic acid is malic acid or 1-hydroxyethane 1,1-diphosphonic acid, the molar ratio of acid to iron being about 2:1. | Anticaking agents for inhibiting or preventing caking of inorganic salt granules are provided. The anticaking agents comprise a coordination complex of iron and a salt anion of an organic acid, wherein the salt anion is selected from the group consisting of malate, polyacrylate, diphosphonate, and mixtures thereof. Free-flowing, solid salt compositions resistant to caking are also described herein, along with methods of melting ice and/or snow on a surface or inhibiting the accumulation or formation of ice and/or snow on a surface, and methods of preventing or inhibiting caking of solid inorganic salt granules.1. An anticaking agent for inhibiting or preventing caking of inorganic salt granules, said anticaking agent comprising a coordination complex of iron and a salt anion of an organic acid, wherein said salt anion is selected from the group consisting of malates, polyacrylates, diphosphonates, and mixtures thereof. 2. The anticaking agent of claim 1, wherein said iron is selected from the group consisting of Fe2+, Fe3+, Fe4+, and combinations thereof. 3. The anticaking agent of claim 1, wherein said organic acid is selected from the group consisting of polyacrylic acid, malic acid, 1-hydroxyethane 1,1-diphosphonic acid, and mixtures thereof. 4. The anticaking agent of claim 1, wherein said coordination complex is dispersed or dissolved in a solvent system. 5. The anticaking agent of claim 4, said anticaking agent consisting essentially of said coordination complex dispersed or dissolved in a solvent system. 6. The anticaking agent of claim 1, said anticaking agent being essentially free of silicon dioxide, cyanides, tartaric acid, tartaric acid derivatives, ammonium, carbohydrates, saccharides, sugar alcohols, ferric acetate, gluconates, surfactants, silicas, silicates, silicoaluminates, carbonates, metal oxides, nitrogen, carboxylic acids, acidulants, taste modifiers, or any combination thereof. 7. The anticaking agent of claim 1, wherein said anticaking agent also inhibits corrosion. 8. A free-flowing, solid salt composition resistant to caking, said salt composition comprising an anticaking agent according to claim 1 and an inorganic salt. 9. The salt composition of claim 8, wherein said inorganic salt is a quantity of inorganic salt granules, and said anticaking agent forms at least a partial coating on the surface of said inorganic salt granules. 10. The salt composition of claim 8, wherein said inorganic salt is sodium chloride or a mixture of chloride salts comprising at least about 25% by weight sodium chloride. 11. The salt composition of claim 8, wherein said anticaking agent comprises a mixture of two or more different coordination complexes of iron and salt anion selected from the group consisting of malates, polyacrylates, and diphosphonates. 12. The salt composition of claim 8, said composition comprising from about 0.01 ppm to about 500 ppm iron. 13. The salt composition of claim 8, said composition comprising from about 0.2 ppm to about 1,100 ppm salt anion. 14. The salt composition of claim 8, further comprising polyacrylic acid, wherein said salt composition inhibits staining from transition metals. 15. The salt composition of claim 8, said salt composition being at least 70% less corrosive than untreated sodium chloride. 16. The salt composition of claim 8, wherein said inorganic salt is selected from the group consisting of rock salt, solar salt, evaporated salt, mechanically evaporated salt, sea salt, and mixtures thereof. 17. The salt composition of claim 8, wherein said inorganic salt is selected from the group consisting of food salt, deicing salt, and water softener salt. 18. The salt composition of claim 8, said salt composition consisting essentially of said anticaking agent according to claim 1 and said inorganic salt. 19. The salt composition of claim 8, said salt composition being essentially free of silicon dioxide, cyanides, tartaric acid, tartaric acid derivatives, ammonium, carbohydrates, saccharides, sugar alcohols, ferric acetate, gluconates, surfactants, silicas, silicates, silicoaluminates, carbonates, metal oxides, nitrogen, carboxylic acids, acidulants, taste modifiers, or any combination thereof. 20. A method of melting ice and/or snow on a surface or inhibiting the accumulation or formation of ice and/or snow on a surface, said method comprising applying a salt composition according to claim 8 to said surface. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising mixing said salt composition with water to create a liquid brine prior to said applying, wherein said applying comprises spraying, puddling, or dribbling said liquid brine on said surface. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein said surface is substantially free of ice and/or snow prior to said applying. 23. The method of claim 20, wherein said surface comprises ice and/or snow, and wherein said applying comprises applying said composition to said ice and/or snow on said surface. 24. The method of claim 20, wherein said surface is selected from the group consisting of a roadway, driveway, walkway, sidewalk, patio, porch, parking lot, and other paved surfaces. 25. A method of preventing or inhibiting caking of solid inorganic salt granules, said method comprising:
providing an anticaking agent dispersed or dissolved in a solvent system, said anticaking agent comprising a coordination complex of iron and a salt anion of an organic acid, wherein said salt anion is selected from the group consisting of malates, polyacrylates, diphosphonates, and mixtures thereof; and applying said anticaking agent to said inorganic salt granules to yield treated inorganic salt granules, wherein said treated inorganic salt granules are resistant to caking. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein said providing comprises:
providing an organic acid selected from the group consisting of malic acid, polyacrylic acid, 1-hydroxyethane 1,1-diphosphonic acid, and mixtures thereof; neutralizing said organic acid with a base; and mixing said neutralized organic acid with a source of iron to yield said coordination complex of iron and salt anion selected from the group consisting of malate, polyacrylate, diphosphonate, and mixtures thereof. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein said base is sodium hydroxide. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein said organic acid is polyacrylic acid, the molar ratio of acid to iron being about 4:1. 29. The method of claim 26, wherein said organic acid is malic acid or 1-hydroxyethane 1,1-diphosphonic acid, the molar ratio of acid to iron being about 2:1. | 1,700 |
2,716 | 13,495,841 | 1,723 | A vehicle traction battery cooling system is provided. The battery cooling system includes a blend door movable between at least an open and a closed position to select the location of incoming air for cooling a plurality of battery cells. A controller is configured to command the door to the open position in response to detecting gases vented by the battery cells. | 1. A vehicle traction battery cooling system comprising:
a cabin climate control duct system connected to the battery cooling system and having a blend door movable between at least an open position and a closed position to select a source of incoming air for cooling a plurality of battery cells, wherein the climate control duct system includes an air supply duct arranged to direct the incoming air to a battery chamber surrounding the battery cells; a controller, in response to detecting gases vented by the battery cells, commanding the blend door to the open position; and a vent tube in communication with the chamber and extending from the battery chamber to outside the vehicle. 2. The battery cooling system of claim 1 wherein the source of incoming air is from outside the vehicle when the door is in the open position, wherein the source of incoming air is from a passenger cabin when the door is in the closed position, and wherein the source of incoming air is from outside the vehicle and the passenger cabin when the door is in a position between the open and closed positions. 3. The battery cooling system of claim 1 wherein the climate control duct system further includes a fan located downstream of the blend door, wherein the controller is further configured to command the fan to increase speed in response to detecting gases vented by the battery cells. 4.-5. (canceled) 6. The battery cooling system of claim 1, further comprising an air puller fan in fluid communication with the battery cells located downstream of the battery and arranged to pull air from the battery chamber and to direct outside the vehicle via the vent tube. 7. The battery cooling system of claim 6 wherein the controller is further configured to command the air puller fan to increase speed in response to detecting gases vented by the battery cells. 8. The battery cooling system of claim 1 wherein the climate control system includes a climate control fan to direct air from the battery and to outside the vehicle through the vent tube, wherein the controller is further configured to command the fan to increase speed in response to detecting gases vented by the battery cells. 9. A vehicle comprising:
a fraction battery; a battery cooling system in fluid communication with the battery; a cabin climate control duct system connected to the battery cooling system including a blend door movable between at least an open position and a closed position to select a source of incoming air; a vent tube in fluid communication with the battery and extending from the battery to outside the vehicle a fan in fluid communication with the battery and arranged to direct air from the battery and to outside the vehicle through the vent tube; and a controller, in response to detecting gases vented by the battery, configured to command a climate control system parameter to change and command the fan to increase speed to pull air away from the battery to outside the vehicle. 10. The vehicle of claim 9, wherein commanding the climate control system parameter to change comprises commanding the blend door to the open position. 11. The vehicle of claim 10 wherein the fan is located downstream of the blend door, and wherein commanding the climate control system parameter to change comprises commanding the fan to increase speed. 12. The vehicle of claim 11 wherein the fan further comprises an air puller fan in fluid communication with the battery and located downstream of the battery to pull air from the battery and to pull air away from the battery to outside the vehicle. 13. The vehicle of claim 11 wherein the fan further comprises an air pusher fan in fluid communication with the battery and located upstream of the battery to push air towards the battery and to push the air away from the battery to outside the vehicle. 14. (canceled) 15. A method for cooling a traction battery in a vehicle, the method comprising:
commanding a cabin climate control system parameter to change in response to detecting gases vented by the battery. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein commanding the cabin climate control system parameter to change further comprises commanding a blend door to move to an open position to direct air from outside the vehicle into a battery cooling system. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein commanding the cabin climate control system parameter to change further comprises commanding a fan located downstream of the blend door to increase speed to direct air from outside the vehicle into the battery cooling system. 18. (canceled) 19. The method of claim 15 wherein commanding the cabin climate control system parameter to change comprises commanding a fan in fluid communication with the battery to increase speed, wherein the fan directs air from a battery chamber to outside the vehicle. 20. The method of claim 15, in response to detecting gases vented by the battery, the method further comprising:
commanding a blend door to move to an open position to direct air from outside the vehicle into a climate control duct system connected to a battery cooling system; commanding a climate control fan located downstream of the blend door to increase speed to direct air from outside the vehicle into the battery cooling system; and commanding a battery fan downstream of the battery to increase speed, wherein the fan air from a battery chamber outside the vehicle. | A vehicle traction battery cooling system is provided. The battery cooling system includes a blend door movable between at least an open and a closed position to select the location of incoming air for cooling a plurality of battery cells. A controller is configured to command the door to the open position in response to detecting gases vented by the battery cells.1. A vehicle traction battery cooling system comprising:
a cabin climate control duct system connected to the battery cooling system and having a blend door movable between at least an open position and a closed position to select a source of incoming air for cooling a plurality of battery cells, wherein the climate control duct system includes an air supply duct arranged to direct the incoming air to a battery chamber surrounding the battery cells; a controller, in response to detecting gases vented by the battery cells, commanding the blend door to the open position; and a vent tube in communication with the chamber and extending from the battery chamber to outside the vehicle. 2. The battery cooling system of claim 1 wherein the source of incoming air is from outside the vehicle when the door is in the open position, wherein the source of incoming air is from a passenger cabin when the door is in the closed position, and wherein the source of incoming air is from outside the vehicle and the passenger cabin when the door is in a position between the open and closed positions. 3. The battery cooling system of claim 1 wherein the climate control duct system further includes a fan located downstream of the blend door, wherein the controller is further configured to command the fan to increase speed in response to detecting gases vented by the battery cells. 4.-5. (canceled) 6. The battery cooling system of claim 1, further comprising an air puller fan in fluid communication with the battery cells located downstream of the battery and arranged to pull air from the battery chamber and to direct outside the vehicle via the vent tube. 7. The battery cooling system of claim 6 wherein the controller is further configured to command the air puller fan to increase speed in response to detecting gases vented by the battery cells. 8. The battery cooling system of claim 1 wherein the climate control system includes a climate control fan to direct air from the battery and to outside the vehicle through the vent tube, wherein the controller is further configured to command the fan to increase speed in response to detecting gases vented by the battery cells. 9. A vehicle comprising:
a fraction battery; a battery cooling system in fluid communication with the battery; a cabin climate control duct system connected to the battery cooling system including a blend door movable between at least an open position and a closed position to select a source of incoming air; a vent tube in fluid communication with the battery and extending from the battery to outside the vehicle a fan in fluid communication with the battery and arranged to direct air from the battery and to outside the vehicle through the vent tube; and a controller, in response to detecting gases vented by the battery, configured to command a climate control system parameter to change and command the fan to increase speed to pull air away from the battery to outside the vehicle. 10. The vehicle of claim 9, wherein commanding the climate control system parameter to change comprises commanding the blend door to the open position. 11. The vehicle of claim 10 wherein the fan is located downstream of the blend door, and wherein commanding the climate control system parameter to change comprises commanding the fan to increase speed. 12. The vehicle of claim 11 wherein the fan further comprises an air puller fan in fluid communication with the battery and located downstream of the battery to pull air from the battery and to pull air away from the battery to outside the vehicle. 13. The vehicle of claim 11 wherein the fan further comprises an air pusher fan in fluid communication with the battery and located upstream of the battery to push air towards the battery and to push the air away from the battery to outside the vehicle. 14. (canceled) 15. A method for cooling a traction battery in a vehicle, the method comprising:
commanding a cabin climate control system parameter to change in response to detecting gases vented by the battery. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein commanding the cabin climate control system parameter to change further comprises commanding a blend door to move to an open position to direct air from outside the vehicle into a battery cooling system. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein commanding the cabin climate control system parameter to change further comprises commanding a fan located downstream of the blend door to increase speed to direct air from outside the vehicle into the battery cooling system. 18. (canceled) 19. The method of claim 15 wherein commanding the cabin climate control system parameter to change comprises commanding a fan in fluid communication with the battery to increase speed, wherein the fan directs air from a battery chamber to outside the vehicle. 20. The method of claim 15, in response to detecting gases vented by the battery, the method further comprising:
commanding a blend door to move to an open position to direct air from outside the vehicle into a climate control duct system connected to a battery cooling system; commanding a climate control fan located downstream of the blend door to increase speed to direct air from outside the vehicle into the battery cooling system; and commanding a battery fan downstream of the battery to increase speed, wherein the fan air from a battery chamber outside the vehicle. | 1,700 |
2,717 | 13,335,396 | 1,781 | Disclosed herein are multilayered core cementitious boards with increased nail-pull resistance. The boards can comprise two or more layers of cementitious compositions, where each layer can be a different density. Methods of making the multilayered core boards are also disclosed. The methods include having a layer of cementitious composition partially set prior to applying the next layer. | 1. A board comprising:
a multi-layer core comprising (a) a first cementitious layer having a first density and a first thickness, and (b) a second cementitious layer having a second density and a second thickness; wherein the first density is higher than the second density, and wherein the ratio of the first thickness to the second thickness is from about 1:1 to about 1:3. 2. A board comprising:
a multi-layer core comprising (a) a first cementitious layer having a first density and a first thickness and (b) a second cementitious layer having a second density and a second thickness, wherein the first density is higher than the second density, and wherein the nail pull resistance of the board according to ASTM C473, Method B is higher in comparison to board comprising a core consisting of the second cementitious layer having a thickness substantially equal to the first thickness plus the second thickness and a density substantially equal to the second density. 3. A board comprising:
a multi-layer core comprising (a) a first cementitious layer having a first density, and (b) a second cementitious layer having a second density; wherein the board core has a composite density based on all layers of the core; wherein the first density is higher than the second density; wherein the composite density is no more than about 45 lbs/ft3, and wherein the board has a minimum nail pull resistance according to ASTM C473, Method B of about 77 lbs of force. 4. The board of claim 1, wherein the multi-layer core further comprises (c) a third cementitious layer having a third density, wherein the third density is higher than the second density. 5. The board of claim 1, wherein one or more of the first or second cementitious core layers comprises set gypsum and, optionally, at least one additive selected from the group consisting of accelerator, retarder, enhancing agent, strength additive, or any combination thereof. 6. The board of claim 4, wherein one or more of the first, second, or third cementitious core layers comprises set gypsum and, optionally, at least one additive selected from the group consisting of accelerator, retarder, enhancing agent, strength additive, or any combination thereof. 7. The board of claim 1, wherein the first density is from about 35 lb/ft3 to about 70 lb/ft3 and the second density is from about 25 lb/ft3 to about 40 lb/ft3. 8. The board of claim 4, wherein the first density is from about 35 lb/ft3 to about 70 lb/ft3, the second density is from about 25 lb/ft3 to about 40 lb/ft3, and the third density is from about 35 lb/ft3 to about 70 lb/ft3. 9. The board of claim 4, wherein the nail pull resistance of the board according to ASTM C473, Method B is higher in comparison to board comprising a core consisting of the second cementitious layer having a thickness substantially equal to the sum of the thicknesses of the first, second, and third layers. 10. The board of claim 4, wherein the third cementitious layer has a third thickness, and wherein the ratio of the first thickness to the second thickness to the third thickness is from about 1:1:1 to about 1:3:1. 11. The board of claim 4, wherein the third cementitious layer has a third thickness, and wherein the ratio of (a) the sum of the first and third thicknesses to (b) the second thickness, is from about 1:1 to about 1:3. 12. The board of claim 1, further comprising two facer material, wherein the multi-layer core is disposed between the facing material. 13. The board of claim 4, wherein the second core layer is in-between the first core layer and the third core layer. 14. The board of claim 4, wherein the third density is about the same as the first density. 15. The board of claim 4, wherein the first cementitious layer is formed from the same composition as the third cementitious layer. 16. The board of claim 1, wherein the board has a weight of 1,500 lb/msf or less, wherein the board has a total thickness of about ½ inch, and wherein the board has a nail pull of at least 77 lbs according to ASTM C473, Method B. 17. A method of manufacturing layered board, the method comprising
providing facing material; applying on the facing material a first cementitious composition having a first density, to form a first core layer; allowing the first core layer to at least partially set; and applying on the first core layer a second cementitious composition having a second density, to form a second core layer; wherein the first density is higher than the second density, and wherein the partial setting of the first layer conforms to the level of setting as described in ASTM C472 at 10.3.1 or until the first layer is sufficiently set so that wash-out of the first layer is substantially prevented when the second layer is applied. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising applying a facer material on the second layer. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising
allowing the second layer to partially set; and applying on the second core layer a third cementitious composition having a third density to form a third core layer, wherein the partial setting of the second layer conforms to the level of setting as described in ASTM C472 at 10.3.1 or until the second layer is sufficiently set so that wash-out of the second layer is substantially prevented when the third layer is applied. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the third density is higher than the second density. | Disclosed herein are multilayered core cementitious boards with increased nail-pull resistance. The boards can comprise two or more layers of cementitious compositions, where each layer can be a different density. Methods of making the multilayered core boards are also disclosed. The methods include having a layer of cementitious composition partially set prior to applying the next layer.1. A board comprising:
a multi-layer core comprising (a) a first cementitious layer having a first density and a first thickness, and (b) a second cementitious layer having a second density and a second thickness; wherein the first density is higher than the second density, and wherein the ratio of the first thickness to the second thickness is from about 1:1 to about 1:3. 2. A board comprising:
a multi-layer core comprising (a) a first cementitious layer having a first density and a first thickness and (b) a second cementitious layer having a second density and a second thickness, wherein the first density is higher than the second density, and wherein the nail pull resistance of the board according to ASTM C473, Method B is higher in comparison to board comprising a core consisting of the second cementitious layer having a thickness substantially equal to the first thickness plus the second thickness and a density substantially equal to the second density. 3. A board comprising:
a multi-layer core comprising (a) a first cementitious layer having a first density, and (b) a second cementitious layer having a second density; wherein the board core has a composite density based on all layers of the core; wherein the first density is higher than the second density; wherein the composite density is no more than about 45 lbs/ft3, and wherein the board has a minimum nail pull resistance according to ASTM C473, Method B of about 77 lbs of force. 4. The board of claim 1, wherein the multi-layer core further comprises (c) a third cementitious layer having a third density, wherein the third density is higher than the second density. 5. The board of claim 1, wherein one or more of the first or second cementitious core layers comprises set gypsum and, optionally, at least one additive selected from the group consisting of accelerator, retarder, enhancing agent, strength additive, or any combination thereof. 6. The board of claim 4, wherein one or more of the first, second, or third cementitious core layers comprises set gypsum and, optionally, at least one additive selected from the group consisting of accelerator, retarder, enhancing agent, strength additive, or any combination thereof. 7. The board of claim 1, wherein the first density is from about 35 lb/ft3 to about 70 lb/ft3 and the second density is from about 25 lb/ft3 to about 40 lb/ft3. 8. The board of claim 4, wherein the first density is from about 35 lb/ft3 to about 70 lb/ft3, the second density is from about 25 lb/ft3 to about 40 lb/ft3, and the third density is from about 35 lb/ft3 to about 70 lb/ft3. 9. The board of claim 4, wherein the nail pull resistance of the board according to ASTM C473, Method B is higher in comparison to board comprising a core consisting of the second cementitious layer having a thickness substantially equal to the sum of the thicknesses of the first, second, and third layers. 10. The board of claim 4, wherein the third cementitious layer has a third thickness, and wherein the ratio of the first thickness to the second thickness to the third thickness is from about 1:1:1 to about 1:3:1. 11. The board of claim 4, wherein the third cementitious layer has a third thickness, and wherein the ratio of (a) the sum of the first and third thicknesses to (b) the second thickness, is from about 1:1 to about 1:3. 12. The board of claim 1, further comprising two facer material, wherein the multi-layer core is disposed between the facing material. 13. The board of claim 4, wherein the second core layer is in-between the first core layer and the third core layer. 14. The board of claim 4, wherein the third density is about the same as the first density. 15. The board of claim 4, wherein the first cementitious layer is formed from the same composition as the third cementitious layer. 16. The board of claim 1, wherein the board has a weight of 1,500 lb/msf or less, wherein the board has a total thickness of about ½ inch, and wherein the board has a nail pull of at least 77 lbs according to ASTM C473, Method B. 17. A method of manufacturing layered board, the method comprising
providing facing material; applying on the facing material a first cementitious composition having a first density, to form a first core layer; allowing the first core layer to at least partially set; and applying on the first core layer a second cementitious composition having a second density, to form a second core layer; wherein the first density is higher than the second density, and wherein the partial setting of the first layer conforms to the level of setting as described in ASTM C472 at 10.3.1 or until the first layer is sufficiently set so that wash-out of the first layer is substantially prevented when the second layer is applied. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising applying a facer material on the second layer. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising
allowing the second layer to partially set; and applying on the second core layer a third cementitious composition having a third density to form a third core layer, wherein the partial setting of the second layer conforms to the level of setting as described in ASTM C472 at 10.3.1 or until the second layer is sufficiently set so that wash-out of the second layer is substantially prevented when the third layer is applied. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the third density is higher than the second density. | 1,700 |
2,718 | 15,019,836 | 1,737 | Methods and materials for making a semiconductor device are described. The method includes forming a photoresist over a substrate. The photoresist includes an acid-labile group (ALG) connected to a polar unit. The method also includes exposing the photoresist to a radiation beam, baking the photoresist and performing a developing process to the photoresist. | 1. A method comprising:
forming a photoresist over a substrate, wherein the photoresist includes an acid-labile group (ALG) connected to a polar unit; exposing the photoresist to a radiation beam; baking the photoresist; and performing a developing process to the photoresist. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the polar unit is selected from the group consisting of —OH, ═O, —S—, —P—, —P(O2)-, —C(═O)SH, —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)O—, —O—, —N—, —C(═O)NH, —SO2OH, —SO2SH, —SOH and —SO2-. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein a mole ratio of the ALG connected to the polar unit to the photoresist is in a range of about 5% to about 40%. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the ALG is connected to the polar unit through a connector, wherein the connector is selected from the group consisting of a straight, branch, unbranch, cyclic, and a noncyclic saturated 1˜9 carbon unit with hydrogen or oxygen or halogen. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the connector is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic and aromatic. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein performing the developing process includes using a negative tone developer (NTD). 7. The method of claim 6, wherein performing the developing process to the photoresist includes removing unexposed portions of photoresist with the NTD. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein performing the developing process to the photoresist includes the exposed portions of the photoresist remaining intact, wherein the ALG connected to the polar unit stays in the exposed portions of the photoresist. 9. A method comprising:
forming a photoresist over a substrate, wherein the photoresist includes an acid-labile group (ALG) having a polarity switch unit; exposing the photoresist to a radiation beam to thereby change the polarity state of the polarity switch unit; baking the photoresist; and performing a developing process to the photoresist. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein exposing the photoresist to the radiation beam to thereby change the polarity state of the polarity switch unit includes the polarity switch unit changes its polarity state from a non-polar state to a polar state. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the polarity switch unit is selected from the group consisting of acetal, acetonide and anhydride. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the ALD is connected to the polarity switch unit, and
wherein a mole ratio of the ALG connected to the polarity switch unit to the photoresist is in a range of about 5% to about 40%. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the ALG is connected to the polarity switch unit through a connector, wherein the connector is selected from the group consisting of a straight, branch, unbranch, cyclic, and a noncyclic saturated 1˜9 carbon unit with hydrogen or oxygen or halogen. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the connector is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic and aromatic. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein performing the developing process includes applying a negative tone developer (NTD). 16. The method of claim 15, wherein performing the developing process to the photoresist includes removing unexposed portions of photoresist with the NTD. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein performing the developing process to the photoresist includes the exposed portions of the photoresist remaining intact, wherein the ALG connected to the polar unit stays in the exposed portions of the photoresist. 18-20. (canceled) 21. A method comprising:
forming a first material layer over a substrate; forming a photoresist over the first material layer, wherein one of the first material layer and the photoresist contains an etching resistance molecule; exposing the photoresist to a radiation beam to form a patterned photoresist; and patterning the first material layer with the patterned photoresist. 22. The method of claim 21 wherein the etching resistance molecule includes a low onishi number structure. 23. The method of claim 21 wherein the etching resistance molecule includes silicon. | Methods and materials for making a semiconductor device are described. The method includes forming a photoresist over a substrate. The photoresist includes an acid-labile group (ALG) connected to a polar unit. The method also includes exposing the photoresist to a radiation beam, baking the photoresist and performing a developing process to the photoresist.1. A method comprising:
forming a photoresist over a substrate, wherein the photoresist includes an acid-labile group (ALG) connected to a polar unit; exposing the photoresist to a radiation beam; baking the photoresist; and performing a developing process to the photoresist. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the polar unit is selected from the group consisting of —OH, ═O, —S—, —P—, —P(O2)-, —C(═O)SH, —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)O—, —O—, —N—, —C(═O)NH, —SO2OH, —SO2SH, —SOH and —SO2-. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein a mole ratio of the ALG connected to the polar unit to the photoresist is in a range of about 5% to about 40%. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the ALG is connected to the polar unit through a connector, wherein the connector is selected from the group consisting of a straight, branch, unbranch, cyclic, and a noncyclic saturated 1˜9 carbon unit with hydrogen or oxygen or halogen. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the connector is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic and aromatic. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein performing the developing process includes using a negative tone developer (NTD). 7. The method of claim 6, wherein performing the developing process to the photoresist includes removing unexposed portions of photoresist with the NTD. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein performing the developing process to the photoresist includes the exposed portions of the photoresist remaining intact, wherein the ALG connected to the polar unit stays in the exposed portions of the photoresist. 9. A method comprising:
forming a photoresist over a substrate, wherein the photoresist includes an acid-labile group (ALG) having a polarity switch unit; exposing the photoresist to a radiation beam to thereby change the polarity state of the polarity switch unit; baking the photoresist; and performing a developing process to the photoresist. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein exposing the photoresist to the radiation beam to thereby change the polarity state of the polarity switch unit includes the polarity switch unit changes its polarity state from a non-polar state to a polar state. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the polarity switch unit is selected from the group consisting of acetal, acetonide and anhydride. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the ALD is connected to the polarity switch unit, and
wherein a mole ratio of the ALG connected to the polarity switch unit to the photoresist is in a range of about 5% to about 40%. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the ALG is connected to the polarity switch unit through a connector, wherein the connector is selected from the group consisting of a straight, branch, unbranch, cyclic, and a noncyclic saturated 1˜9 carbon unit with hydrogen or oxygen or halogen. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the connector is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic and aromatic. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein performing the developing process includes applying a negative tone developer (NTD). 16. The method of claim 15, wherein performing the developing process to the photoresist includes removing unexposed portions of photoresist with the NTD. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein performing the developing process to the photoresist includes the exposed portions of the photoresist remaining intact, wherein the ALG connected to the polar unit stays in the exposed portions of the photoresist. 18-20. (canceled) 21. A method comprising:
forming a first material layer over a substrate; forming a photoresist over the first material layer, wherein one of the first material layer and the photoresist contains an etching resistance molecule; exposing the photoresist to a radiation beam to form a patterned photoresist; and patterning the first material layer with the patterned photoresist. 22. The method of claim 21 wherein the etching resistance molecule includes a low onishi number structure. 23. The method of claim 21 wherein the etching resistance molecule includes silicon. | 1,700 |
2,719 | 14,764,842 | 1,796 | A method of coating a component having a multiple of cooling holes including removing at least a portion of a prior coating from a component; mapping a location of each of the multiple of cooling holes to generate a map of cooling holes; applying a coat to the component; adjusting the map of cooling holes to account for said coat to generate a adjusted map of cooling holes; and re-drilling the multiple of cooling holes in response to the adjusted map of cooling holes. | 1. A method of coating a component having a multiple of cooling holes comprising:
removing at least a portion of a prior coating from a component; mapping a location of each of the multiple of cooling holes to generate a map of cooling holes; applying a coat to the component; adjusting the map of cooling holes to account for said coat to generate an adjusted map of cooling holes; and re-drilling the multiple of cooling holes in response to the adjusted map of cooling holes. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising generating the map of cooling holes from a backside of the component. 3. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising generating the map of cooling holes from a cold side of the component. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising generating the map of cooling holes from a front side of the component. 5. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising generating the map of cooling holes from a hot side of the component. 6. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising removing all layers of a top coat of the prior coating. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising removing all layers of a ceramic top coat of the prior coating. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising removing at least one layer of a nickel alloy bond coat of the prior coating. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising removing all layers of a ceramic top coat of the prior coating and at least one layer of the prior coating. 10. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising:
directing a gas through at least one of the multiple of cooling holes; and applying a coat while directing the gas through at least one of the multiple of cooling holes. 11. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising finish drilling the multiple of cooling holes. 12. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising cleaning the multiple of cooling holes. 13. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising dressing the multiple of cooling holes to obtain a desired flow quality. 14. A computer readable storage medium comprising:
an algorithm operable to adjust a map of cooling holes on a component to account for a coat and generate an adjusted map of cooling holes. 15. The computer readable storage medium as recited in claim 14, wherein the map of cooling holes is from a hot side of the component of a gas turbine engine. 16. The computer readable storage medium as recited in claim 14, wherein the map of cooling holes is from a cold side of the component of a gas turbine engine. | A method of coating a component having a multiple of cooling holes including removing at least a portion of a prior coating from a component; mapping a location of each of the multiple of cooling holes to generate a map of cooling holes; applying a coat to the component; adjusting the map of cooling holes to account for said coat to generate a adjusted map of cooling holes; and re-drilling the multiple of cooling holes in response to the adjusted map of cooling holes.1. A method of coating a component having a multiple of cooling holes comprising:
removing at least a portion of a prior coating from a component; mapping a location of each of the multiple of cooling holes to generate a map of cooling holes; applying a coat to the component; adjusting the map of cooling holes to account for said coat to generate an adjusted map of cooling holes; and re-drilling the multiple of cooling holes in response to the adjusted map of cooling holes. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising generating the map of cooling holes from a backside of the component. 3. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising generating the map of cooling holes from a cold side of the component. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising generating the map of cooling holes from a front side of the component. 5. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising generating the map of cooling holes from a hot side of the component. 6. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising removing all layers of a top coat of the prior coating. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising removing all layers of a ceramic top coat of the prior coating. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising removing at least one layer of a nickel alloy bond coat of the prior coating. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising removing all layers of a ceramic top coat of the prior coating and at least one layer of the prior coating. 10. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising:
directing a gas through at least one of the multiple of cooling holes; and applying a coat while directing the gas through at least one of the multiple of cooling holes. 11. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising finish drilling the multiple of cooling holes. 12. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising cleaning the multiple of cooling holes. 13. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising dressing the multiple of cooling holes to obtain a desired flow quality. 14. A computer readable storage medium comprising:
an algorithm operable to adjust a map of cooling holes on a component to account for a coat and generate an adjusted map of cooling holes. 15. The computer readable storage medium as recited in claim 14, wherein the map of cooling holes is from a hot side of the component of a gas turbine engine. 16. The computer readable storage medium as recited in claim 14, wherein the map of cooling holes is from a cold side of the component of a gas turbine engine. | 1,700 |
2,720 | 13,399,542 | 1,776 | A flexible fibrous material comprises inorganic fibers and a binder and methods of making the same. The binder comprises at least one of: a first organic polymer having anionic groups and a flocculent, the flocculent comprising a second organic polymer having cationic groups; or a reaction product of the first organic polymer and the flocculent. Flexible fibrous material according to the present invention may be used as components in certain pollution control devices. | 1. A method of forming a flexible mounting mat or insulation material suitable for use in a pollution control device comprising the steps:
(a) forming a slurry by mixing, in aqueous solution, components comprising:
inorganic fibers having a total weight; and
organic components, wherein the organic components comprise an emulsified first organic polymer and a flocculent, the flocculent comprising a second organic polymer having cationic groups;
(b) flocculating at least a portion of the emulsified first organic polymer onto at least a portion of the inorganic fibers to provide a flocculated slurry; (c) dewatering the flocculated slurry to provide a dewatered slurry; (d) further drying the dewatered slurry to form the flexible mounting mat or insulation material suitable for use in a pollution control device,
wherein the flexible mounting mat or insulation material suitable for use in a pollution control device has a total organic component weight of less than or equal to 9 percent of the total weight of the inorganic fibers. 2. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 1, wherein the first organic polymer comprises anionic groups. 3. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 1, further comprising pressing the dewatered slurry prior to step (d). 4. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 1, wherein step (c) comprises forming the slurry into a sheet material made by a wet laid process, and step (d) comprises forming the flexible fibrous material from the sheet material. 5. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 1, wherein steps (b) and (c) are simultaneous. 6. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 1, wherein, on a dry weight basis, the flexible fibrous material comprises from 91 to 99.5 percent by weight of the inorganic fibers, and wherein the flexible fibrous material has a total organic component weight that is from 0.5 to 9 percent by weight of the inorganic fibers. 7. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 1, wherein the components further comprise unexpanded intumescent material. 8. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 7, further comprising expanding the unexpanded intumescent material. 9. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 7, wherein, on a dry weight basis, the flexible fibrous material comprises: from 40 to 99.5 percent by weight of the inorganic fibers, and from greater than 0 up to 60 percent by weight of intumescent material, and wherein the flexible fibrous material has a total organic component weight that is from 0.5 to 9 percent by weight of the inorganic fibers. 10. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 7, wherein the intumescent material comprises vermiculite, graphite, or a combination thereof. 11. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 1, wherein the first organic polymer is selected from the group consisting of acrylic polymers and vinyl polymers. 12. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 1, wherein the first organic polymer comprises a copolymer of monomers comprising ethylene and vinyl acetate. 13. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 1, wherein the flocculent further comprises a metal cation. 14. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 13, wherein the metal cation is aluminum. 15. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic fibers comprise glass fibers. 16. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic fibers comprise ceramic fibers. 17. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 1, wherein on a dry weight basis, the flexible fibrous material comprises less than 50 percent by weight of shot. 18. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 1, wherein the flocculent is selected from the group consisting of Flocculent 1 to Flocculent 30, and combinations thereof 19. A flexible fibrous material made according to the method of claim 1. 20. A slurry comprising water having dispersed or dissolved therein:
alumina trihydrate; inorganic fibers having a total weight; and organic components comprising at least one of: (a) an emulsified first organic polymer and a flocculent, the flocculent comprising a second organic polymer having cationic groups, or (b) a reaction product of the emulsified first organic polymer and the flocculent. 21. A slurry according to claim 20, wherein the first organic polymer has anionic groups. 22. A slurry according to claim 20, wherein, on a dry weight basis, the flexible fibrous material comprises from 91 to 99.5 percent by weight of the inorganic fibers, and wherein the flexible fibrous material has a total organic component weight that is from 0.5 to 9 percent by weight of the inorganic fibers. 23. A slurry fibrous material according to claim 20, further comprising an unexpanded intumescent material. 24. A slurry according to claim 21, wherein, on a dry weight basis, the flexible fibrous material comprises: from 40 to 99.5 percent by weight of the inorganic fibers, from greater than 0 up to 60 percent by weight of intumescent material, and wherein the flexible fibrous material has a total organic component weight that is from 0.5 to 9 percent by weight of the inorganic fibers. 25. A slurry according to claim 24, wherein the intumescent material comprises vermiculite, graphite, or a combination thereof 26. A slurry according to claim 20, wherein the first organic polymer is selected from the group consisting of acrylic polymers and vinyl polymers. 27. A slurry according to claim 20, wherein the first organic polymer comprises a copolymer of monomers comprising ethylene and vinyl acetate. 28. A slurry according to claim 20, wherein the flocculent further comprises a metal cation. 29. A slurry according to claim 20, wherein the metal cation is aluminum. 30. A slurry according to claim 20, wherein the inorganic fibers comprise glass fibers. 31. A slurry according to claim 20, wherein the inorganic fibers comprise ceramic fibers. 32. A slurry according to claim 20, wherein on a dry weight basis, the flexible fibrous material comprises less than 50 percent by weight of shot. 33. A slurry according to claim 20, wherein the flocculent is selected from the group consisting of Flocculent 1 to Flocculent 30, and combinations thereof 34. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material comprising the steps:
(a) forming a slurry by mixing, in aqueous solution, components comprising:
alumina trihydrate;
inorganic fibers having a total weight; and
organic components, wherein the organic components comprise an emulsified first organic polymer and a flocculent, the flocculent comprising a second organic polymer having cationic groups;
(b) flocculating at least a portion of the emulsified first organic polymer onto at least a portion of the inorganic fibers to provide a flocculated slurry; (c) dewatering the flocculated slurry to provide a dewatered slurry; (d) further drying the dewatered slurry to form the flexible mounting mat or insulation material suitable for use in a pollution control device. 35. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 34, wherein the first organic polymer comprises anionic groups. 36. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 34, further comprising pressing the dewatered slurry prior to step (d). 37. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 34, wherein step (c) comprises forming the slurry into a sheet material made by a wet laid process, and step (d) comprises forming the flexible fibrous material from the sheet material. 38. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 34, wherein steps (b) and (c) are simultaneous. 39. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 34, wherein, on a dry weight basis, the flexible fibrous material comprises from 91 to 99.5 percent by weight of the inorganic fibers, and wherein the flexible fibrous material has a total organic component weight that is from 0.5 to 9 percent by weight of the inorganic fibers. 40. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 34, wherein the components further comprise unexpanded intumescent material. 41. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 40, further comprising expanding the unexpanded intumescent material. 42. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 40, wherein, on a dry weight basis, the flexible fibrous material comprises: from 40 to 99.5 percent by weight of the inorganic fibers, and from greater than 0 up to 60 percent by weight of intumescent material, and wherein the flexible fibrous material has a total organic component weight that is from 0.5 to 9 percent by weight of the inorganic fibers. 43. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 40, wherein the intumescent material comprises vermiculite, graphite, or a combination thereof. 44. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 34, wherein the first organic polymer is selected from the group consisting of acrylic polymers and vinyl polymers. 45. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 34, wherein the first organic polymer comprises a copolymer of monomers comprising ethylene and vinyl acetate. 46. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 34, wherein the flocculent further comprises a metal cation. 47. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 46, wherein the metal cation is aluminum. 48. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 34, wherein the inorganic fibers comprise glass fibers. 49. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 34, wherein the inorganic fibers comprise ceramic fibers. 50. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 34, wherein on a dry weight basis, the flexible fibrous material comprises less than 50 percent by weight of shot. 51. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 34, wherein the flocculent is selected from the group consisting of Flocculent 1 to Flocculent 30, and combinations thereof 52. A flexible fibrous material made according to the method of claim 34, wherein the flexible fibrous material is suitable for use in a pollution control device as a flexible mounting mat or insulation material suitable for use in a pollution control device. | A flexible fibrous material comprises inorganic fibers and a binder and methods of making the same. The binder comprises at least one of: a first organic polymer having anionic groups and a flocculent, the flocculent comprising a second organic polymer having cationic groups; or a reaction product of the first organic polymer and the flocculent. Flexible fibrous material according to the present invention may be used as components in certain pollution control devices.1. A method of forming a flexible mounting mat or insulation material suitable for use in a pollution control device comprising the steps:
(a) forming a slurry by mixing, in aqueous solution, components comprising:
inorganic fibers having a total weight; and
organic components, wherein the organic components comprise an emulsified first organic polymer and a flocculent, the flocculent comprising a second organic polymer having cationic groups;
(b) flocculating at least a portion of the emulsified first organic polymer onto at least a portion of the inorganic fibers to provide a flocculated slurry; (c) dewatering the flocculated slurry to provide a dewatered slurry; (d) further drying the dewatered slurry to form the flexible mounting mat or insulation material suitable for use in a pollution control device,
wherein the flexible mounting mat or insulation material suitable for use in a pollution control device has a total organic component weight of less than or equal to 9 percent of the total weight of the inorganic fibers. 2. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 1, wherein the first organic polymer comprises anionic groups. 3. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 1, further comprising pressing the dewatered slurry prior to step (d). 4. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 1, wherein step (c) comprises forming the slurry into a sheet material made by a wet laid process, and step (d) comprises forming the flexible fibrous material from the sheet material. 5. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 1, wherein steps (b) and (c) are simultaneous. 6. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 1, wherein, on a dry weight basis, the flexible fibrous material comprises from 91 to 99.5 percent by weight of the inorganic fibers, and wherein the flexible fibrous material has a total organic component weight that is from 0.5 to 9 percent by weight of the inorganic fibers. 7. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 1, wherein the components further comprise unexpanded intumescent material. 8. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 7, further comprising expanding the unexpanded intumescent material. 9. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 7, wherein, on a dry weight basis, the flexible fibrous material comprises: from 40 to 99.5 percent by weight of the inorganic fibers, and from greater than 0 up to 60 percent by weight of intumescent material, and wherein the flexible fibrous material has a total organic component weight that is from 0.5 to 9 percent by weight of the inorganic fibers. 10. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 7, wherein the intumescent material comprises vermiculite, graphite, or a combination thereof. 11. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 1, wherein the first organic polymer is selected from the group consisting of acrylic polymers and vinyl polymers. 12. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 1, wherein the first organic polymer comprises a copolymer of monomers comprising ethylene and vinyl acetate. 13. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 1, wherein the flocculent further comprises a metal cation. 14. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 13, wherein the metal cation is aluminum. 15. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic fibers comprise glass fibers. 16. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic fibers comprise ceramic fibers. 17. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 1, wherein on a dry weight basis, the flexible fibrous material comprises less than 50 percent by weight of shot. 18. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 1, wherein the flocculent is selected from the group consisting of Flocculent 1 to Flocculent 30, and combinations thereof 19. A flexible fibrous material made according to the method of claim 1. 20. A slurry comprising water having dispersed or dissolved therein:
alumina trihydrate; inorganic fibers having a total weight; and organic components comprising at least one of: (a) an emulsified first organic polymer and a flocculent, the flocculent comprising a second organic polymer having cationic groups, or (b) a reaction product of the emulsified first organic polymer and the flocculent. 21. A slurry according to claim 20, wherein the first organic polymer has anionic groups. 22. A slurry according to claim 20, wherein, on a dry weight basis, the flexible fibrous material comprises from 91 to 99.5 percent by weight of the inorganic fibers, and wherein the flexible fibrous material has a total organic component weight that is from 0.5 to 9 percent by weight of the inorganic fibers. 23. A slurry fibrous material according to claim 20, further comprising an unexpanded intumescent material. 24. A slurry according to claim 21, wherein, on a dry weight basis, the flexible fibrous material comprises: from 40 to 99.5 percent by weight of the inorganic fibers, from greater than 0 up to 60 percent by weight of intumescent material, and wherein the flexible fibrous material has a total organic component weight that is from 0.5 to 9 percent by weight of the inorganic fibers. 25. A slurry according to claim 24, wherein the intumescent material comprises vermiculite, graphite, or a combination thereof 26. A slurry according to claim 20, wherein the first organic polymer is selected from the group consisting of acrylic polymers and vinyl polymers. 27. A slurry according to claim 20, wherein the first organic polymer comprises a copolymer of monomers comprising ethylene and vinyl acetate. 28. A slurry according to claim 20, wherein the flocculent further comprises a metal cation. 29. A slurry according to claim 20, wherein the metal cation is aluminum. 30. A slurry according to claim 20, wherein the inorganic fibers comprise glass fibers. 31. A slurry according to claim 20, wherein the inorganic fibers comprise ceramic fibers. 32. A slurry according to claim 20, wherein on a dry weight basis, the flexible fibrous material comprises less than 50 percent by weight of shot. 33. A slurry according to claim 20, wherein the flocculent is selected from the group consisting of Flocculent 1 to Flocculent 30, and combinations thereof 34. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material comprising the steps:
(a) forming a slurry by mixing, in aqueous solution, components comprising:
alumina trihydrate;
inorganic fibers having a total weight; and
organic components, wherein the organic components comprise an emulsified first organic polymer and a flocculent, the flocculent comprising a second organic polymer having cationic groups;
(b) flocculating at least a portion of the emulsified first organic polymer onto at least a portion of the inorganic fibers to provide a flocculated slurry; (c) dewatering the flocculated slurry to provide a dewatered slurry; (d) further drying the dewatered slurry to form the flexible mounting mat or insulation material suitable for use in a pollution control device. 35. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 34, wherein the first organic polymer comprises anionic groups. 36. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 34, further comprising pressing the dewatered slurry prior to step (d). 37. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 34, wherein step (c) comprises forming the slurry into a sheet material made by a wet laid process, and step (d) comprises forming the flexible fibrous material from the sheet material. 38. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 34, wherein steps (b) and (c) are simultaneous. 39. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 34, wherein, on a dry weight basis, the flexible fibrous material comprises from 91 to 99.5 percent by weight of the inorganic fibers, and wherein the flexible fibrous material has a total organic component weight that is from 0.5 to 9 percent by weight of the inorganic fibers. 40. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 34, wherein the components further comprise unexpanded intumescent material. 41. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 40, further comprising expanding the unexpanded intumescent material. 42. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 40, wherein, on a dry weight basis, the flexible fibrous material comprises: from 40 to 99.5 percent by weight of the inorganic fibers, and from greater than 0 up to 60 percent by weight of intumescent material, and wherein the flexible fibrous material has a total organic component weight that is from 0.5 to 9 percent by weight of the inorganic fibers. 43. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 40, wherein the intumescent material comprises vermiculite, graphite, or a combination thereof. 44. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 34, wherein the first organic polymer is selected from the group consisting of acrylic polymers and vinyl polymers. 45. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 34, wherein the first organic polymer comprises a copolymer of monomers comprising ethylene and vinyl acetate. 46. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 34, wherein the flocculent further comprises a metal cation. 47. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 46, wherein the metal cation is aluminum. 48. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 34, wherein the inorganic fibers comprise glass fibers. 49. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 34, wherein the inorganic fibers comprise ceramic fibers. 50. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 34, wherein on a dry weight basis, the flexible fibrous material comprises less than 50 percent by weight of shot. 51. A method of forming a flexible fibrous material according to claim 34, wherein the flocculent is selected from the group consisting of Flocculent 1 to Flocculent 30, and combinations thereof 52. A flexible fibrous material made according to the method of claim 34, wherein the flexible fibrous material is suitable for use in a pollution control device as a flexible mounting mat or insulation material suitable for use in a pollution control device. | 1,700 |
2,721 | 14,441,647 | 1,764 | The invention relates to a composition comprising from 10% to 36% by weight of at least one polyolefin, from 0.05% to 0.30% by weight of at least one copper heat stabilizer, wherein the copper heat stabilizer is a mixture of potassium iodide and copper iodide, and at least one predominant semi-aromatic copolyamide comprising at least two distinct units corresponding to the following general formula: A/X.T in which: A is chosen from at least one unit obtained from an amino acid, at least one unit obtained from a lactam and at least one unit corresponding to the formula (Ca diamine).(Cb diacid), and the mixtures thereof, X.T denotes a unit obtained from the polycondensation of a Cx diamine denoted X and of terephthalic acid denoted T, the weight percentages being given relative to the total weight of the composition. | 1. A composition comprising:
from 10 to 36% by weight of at least one polyolefin, from 0.05 to 0.30% by weight of at least one copper heat stabilizer, the copper heat stabilizer being a mixture of potassium iodide and copper iodide, and at least one predominant semi-aromatic copolyamide comprising at least two different units corresponding to the following general formula:
A/X.T
in which: A is selected from
at least one unit obtained from an amino acid,
at least one unit obtained from a lactam, and
at least one unit corresponding to the formula (Ca diamine).(Cb diacid), with a representing the number of carbon atoms of the diamine between 6 and 18, and b representing the number of carbon atoms of the diacid between 6 and 32, and their mixtures,
X.T denotes a unit obtained from the polycondensation of a Cx diamine denoted X and of terephthalic acid denoted T, with x representing the number of carbon atoms of the Cx diamine, x being between 9 and 36, the weight percentages being given relative to the total weight of the composition. 2. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the semi-aromatic copolyamide of general formula A/X.T comprises at least one chosen unit A corresponding to the formula (Ca diamine).(Cb diacid), with a representing the number of carbon atoms of the diamine between 7 and 18. 3. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the semi-aromatic copolyamide is selected from the group consisting of PA11/10.T, PA12/10.T, PA6.10/10.T, PA6.12/10.T, PA10.10/10.T, PA10.12/10.T, PA12.12/10.T, PA11/10.T/12, PA11/10.T/6, PA12/10.T/6, PA11/10.T/10.I, PA12/10.T/10.I, PA10.10/10.T/10.I, PA10.6/10.T/10.I and PA10.14/10.T/10.I. 4. A composition according to claim 2, wherein the semi-aromatic copolyamide is selected from the group consisting of PA11/10.T, PA12/10.T, PA10.10/10.T, PA10.12/10.T, PA12.12/10.T, PA11/10.T/12, PA11/10.T/6, PA12/10.T/6, PA11/10.T/10.I, PA12/10.T/10.I, PA10.10/10.T/10.I, PA10.6/10.T/10.I and PA10.14/10.T/10.I. 5. A composition according to claim 3, wherein the semi-aromatic copolyamide is a copolyamide of structure 11/10.T. 6. A composition according to claim 5, wherein the semi-aromatic copolyamide has a molar ratio of unit 11/10.T between 0.5/1.1 and 1/1.1. 7. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the semi-aromatic copolyamide has an amine chain end content between 0.020 and 0.058 meq/g. 8. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin is cross-linked polyolefin, the cross-linked polyolefin being obtained from:
at least one product (A) including an unsaturated epoxy, and at least one product (B) including an unsaturated carboxylic acid anhydride. 9. A composition according to claim 8, wherein the cross-linked polyolefin is obtained from the products (A), (B) and from at least one product (C) including an unsaturated carboxylic acid and an alpha-omega-aminocarboxylic acid. 10. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin is a functionalized polyolefin (D) selected from the group consisting of:
terpolymers of ethylene, alkyl acrylate and maleic anhydride; terpolymers of ethylene, alkyl acrylate and glycidyl methacrylate; polypropylenes and polyethylenes grafted with maleic anhydride; copolymers of ethylene and propylene and optionally monomer diene, which have been grafted with maleic anhydride; copolymers of ethylene and of octene, which have been grafted with maleic anhydride; and mixtures thereof. 11. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition includes a nonfunctionalized polyolefin selected from the group consisting of homopolymers and copolymers of polypropylene, homopolymers of ethylene, copolymers of ethylene and higher alpha-olefinic comonomer, and copolymers of ethylene and of vinyl acetate. 12. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition additionally comprises at least one additive selected from the group consisting of transformation aid adjuvants, fillers, the stabilizers other than the copper heat stabilizer of claim 1, dyes, demolding agents, flame retardants, surfactants, optical brighteners, antioxidants, and anti-UV compounds and mixtures. 13. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition includes at least one additional polymer chosen from the group consisting of a polyamide other than that claimed in claim 1, a polyamide-block-ether, a polyether amide, a polyester amide, a phenylene polysulfide, a polyphenylene oxide, and a fluorinated polymer. 14. A method for preparing the composition claim 1, comprising mixing, in a molten state, the semi-aromatic copolyamide(s), the polyolefin(s), and the copper heat stabilizer(s), during the compounding. 15. A method for preparing the composition claim 1, comprising adding the copper heat stabilizer(s) to the monomers of the copolyamide during its polycondensation, and then preparing the composition by mixing, in the molten state, the semi-aromatic copolyamide(s), already containing the copper heat stabilizer(s), and the polyolefin(s). 16. A single-layer structure or at least one layer of a multilayer structure comprising a composition in accordance with claim 1. 17. A part formed entirely or in part from the composition of claim 1. 18. A method for storing or transporting a fluid, said fluid being chosen from a fuel, a refrigeration fluid, a coolant, a brake fluid, an oil, a lubricant, a hydraulic fluid, a liquid based on a urea solution, a gas or emissions of gases or vapors, a chemical product and water, wherein the method comprises using a part in accordance with claim 17. 19. A method according to claim 18, wherein the part is used in an air intake or ventilation device of gas engines, in a brake assist device, in an oil cooling device, in a hydraulic device, in a braking device, in an engine cooling device, in a selective catalytic reduction device, in an air conditioning circuit or in a device for storing, transporting or transferring fuels. 20. A method for producing parts that resist aging, wherein the method comprises using to produce the parts a composition comprised of 0.05 to 0.50% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition of a copper heat stabilizer, the copper heat stabilizer being a mixture of potassium iodide and copper iodide and the composition including a polyolefin and predominantly at least one semi-aromatic copolyamide comprising at least two different units corresponding to the following general formula:
A/X.T in which: A is selected from
at least one unit obtained from an amino acid,
at least one unit obtained from a lactam, and
at least one unit corresponding to the formula (Ca diamine).(Cb diacid), with a representing the number of carbon atoms of the diamine between 6 and 18, and b representing the number of carbon atoms of the diacid between 6 and 32, and their mixtures,
X.T denotes a unit obtained from the polycondensation of a Cx diamine denoted X and of terephthalic acid denoted T, with x representing the number of carbon atoms of the Cx diamine, x being between 9 and 36, the weight percentages being given relative to the total weight of the composition. | The invention relates to a composition comprising from 10% to 36% by weight of at least one polyolefin, from 0.05% to 0.30% by weight of at least one copper heat stabilizer, wherein the copper heat stabilizer is a mixture of potassium iodide and copper iodide, and at least one predominant semi-aromatic copolyamide comprising at least two distinct units corresponding to the following general formula: A/X.T in which: A is chosen from at least one unit obtained from an amino acid, at least one unit obtained from a lactam and at least one unit corresponding to the formula (Ca diamine).(Cb diacid), and the mixtures thereof, X.T denotes a unit obtained from the polycondensation of a Cx diamine denoted X and of terephthalic acid denoted T, the weight percentages being given relative to the total weight of the composition.1. A composition comprising:
from 10 to 36% by weight of at least one polyolefin, from 0.05 to 0.30% by weight of at least one copper heat stabilizer, the copper heat stabilizer being a mixture of potassium iodide and copper iodide, and at least one predominant semi-aromatic copolyamide comprising at least two different units corresponding to the following general formula:
A/X.T
in which: A is selected from
at least one unit obtained from an amino acid,
at least one unit obtained from a lactam, and
at least one unit corresponding to the formula (Ca diamine).(Cb diacid), with a representing the number of carbon atoms of the diamine between 6 and 18, and b representing the number of carbon atoms of the diacid between 6 and 32, and their mixtures,
X.T denotes a unit obtained from the polycondensation of a Cx diamine denoted X and of terephthalic acid denoted T, with x representing the number of carbon atoms of the Cx diamine, x being between 9 and 36, the weight percentages being given relative to the total weight of the composition. 2. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the semi-aromatic copolyamide of general formula A/X.T comprises at least one chosen unit A corresponding to the formula (Ca diamine).(Cb diacid), with a representing the number of carbon atoms of the diamine between 7 and 18. 3. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the semi-aromatic copolyamide is selected from the group consisting of PA11/10.T, PA12/10.T, PA6.10/10.T, PA6.12/10.T, PA10.10/10.T, PA10.12/10.T, PA12.12/10.T, PA11/10.T/12, PA11/10.T/6, PA12/10.T/6, PA11/10.T/10.I, PA12/10.T/10.I, PA10.10/10.T/10.I, PA10.6/10.T/10.I and PA10.14/10.T/10.I. 4. A composition according to claim 2, wherein the semi-aromatic copolyamide is selected from the group consisting of PA11/10.T, PA12/10.T, PA10.10/10.T, PA10.12/10.T, PA12.12/10.T, PA11/10.T/12, PA11/10.T/6, PA12/10.T/6, PA11/10.T/10.I, PA12/10.T/10.I, PA10.10/10.T/10.I, PA10.6/10.T/10.I and PA10.14/10.T/10.I. 5. A composition according to claim 3, wherein the semi-aromatic copolyamide is a copolyamide of structure 11/10.T. 6. A composition according to claim 5, wherein the semi-aromatic copolyamide has a molar ratio of unit 11/10.T between 0.5/1.1 and 1/1.1. 7. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the semi-aromatic copolyamide has an amine chain end content between 0.020 and 0.058 meq/g. 8. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin is cross-linked polyolefin, the cross-linked polyolefin being obtained from:
at least one product (A) including an unsaturated epoxy, and at least one product (B) including an unsaturated carboxylic acid anhydride. 9. A composition according to claim 8, wherein the cross-linked polyolefin is obtained from the products (A), (B) and from at least one product (C) including an unsaturated carboxylic acid and an alpha-omega-aminocarboxylic acid. 10. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin is a functionalized polyolefin (D) selected from the group consisting of:
terpolymers of ethylene, alkyl acrylate and maleic anhydride; terpolymers of ethylene, alkyl acrylate and glycidyl methacrylate; polypropylenes and polyethylenes grafted with maleic anhydride; copolymers of ethylene and propylene and optionally monomer diene, which have been grafted with maleic anhydride; copolymers of ethylene and of octene, which have been grafted with maleic anhydride; and mixtures thereof. 11. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition includes a nonfunctionalized polyolefin selected from the group consisting of homopolymers and copolymers of polypropylene, homopolymers of ethylene, copolymers of ethylene and higher alpha-olefinic comonomer, and copolymers of ethylene and of vinyl acetate. 12. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition additionally comprises at least one additive selected from the group consisting of transformation aid adjuvants, fillers, the stabilizers other than the copper heat stabilizer of claim 1, dyes, demolding agents, flame retardants, surfactants, optical brighteners, antioxidants, and anti-UV compounds and mixtures. 13. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition includes at least one additional polymer chosen from the group consisting of a polyamide other than that claimed in claim 1, a polyamide-block-ether, a polyether amide, a polyester amide, a phenylene polysulfide, a polyphenylene oxide, and a fluorinated polymer. 14. A method for preparing the composition claim 1, comprising mixing, in a molten state, the semi-aromatic copolyamide(s), the polyolefin(s), and the copper heat stabilizer(s), during the compounding. 15. A method for preparing the composition claim 1, comprising adding the copper heat stabilizer(s) to the monomers of the copolyamide during its polycondensation, and then preparing the composition by mixing, in the molten state, the semi-aromatic copolyamide(s), already containing the copper heat stabilizer(s), and the polyolefin(s). 16. A single-layer structure or at least one layer of a multilayer structure comprising a composition in accordance with claim 1. 17. A part formed entirely or in part from the composition of claim 1. 18. A method for storing or transporting a fluid, said fluid being chosen from a fuel, a refrigeration fluid, a coolant, a brake fluid, an oil, a lubricant, a hydraulic fluid, a liquid based on a urea solution, a gas or emissions of gases or vapors, a chemical product and water, wherein the method comprises using a part in accordance with claim 17. 19. A method according to claim 18, wherein the part is used in an air intake or ventilation device of gas engines, in a brake assist device, in an oil cooling device, in a hydraulic device, in a braking device, in an engine cooling device, in a selective catalytic reduction device, in an air conditioning circuit or in a device for storing, transporting or transferring fuels. 20. A method for producing parts that resist aging, wherein the method comprises using to produce the parts a composition comprised of 0.05 to 0.50% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition of a copper heat stabilizer, the copper heat stabilizer being a mixture of potassium iodide and copper iodide and the composition including a polyolefin and predominantly at least one semi-aromatic copolyamide comprising at least two different units corresponding to the following general formula:
A/X.T in which: A is selected from
at least one unit obtained from an amino acid,
at least one unit obtained from a lactam, and
at least one unit corresponding to the formula (Ca diamine).(Cb diacid), with a representing the number of carbon atoms of the diamine between 6 and 18, and b representing the number of carbon atoms of the diacid between 6 and 32, and their mixtures,
X.T denotes a unit obtained from the polycondensation of a Cx diamine denoted X and of terephthalic acid denoted T, with x representing the number of carbon atoms of the Cx diamine, x being between 9 and 36, the weight percentages being given relative to the total weight of the composition. | 1,700 |
2,722 | 14,981,791 | 1,798 | Embodiments of the disclosure relate to a biosample cartridge that includes radial slots for storing biosample carriers. The biosample cartridge has the same form factor as data tape cartridges used in automated tape libraries to allow the biosample cartridge to be handled by the same robotic mechanisms that handle the data tape cartridges. One aspect of the disclosure concerns a biosample cartridge that includes a rotatable biosample carrier holder. The biosample carrier holder includes radial slots for receiving biosample carriers which optionally contain biosamples for scanning and analysis by automated tape libraries. | 1. A cartridge for storing biosample carriers, comprising:
an enclosure having the same form factor as a data tape cartridge used in an automated tape library; and a rotatable biosample carrier holder disposed in the enclosure and having a plurality of radial slots for receiving the biosample carriers. 2. The cartridge of claim 1, wherein the biosample carrier holder is controllably rotated to allow access to a selected biosample carrier. 3. The cartridge of claim 1, wherein the cartridge has a form factor selected from the group consisting of an LTO type cartridge, a TS1140 tape cartridge, a T10000 tape cartridge, and an optical disk cartridge. 4. The cartridge of claim 1, wherein the biosample carriers are microscope slides. 5. The cartridge of claim 4, wherein each of the microscope slides includes a plurality of trenches on a surface of said each microscope slide for holding a biological sample. 6. The cartridge of claim 1, wherein the biosample carriers are capillary tubes. 7. The cartridge of claim 1, wherein each of the radial slots includes a plurality of leaf springs for retaining a respective biosample carrier in position. 8. The cartridge of claim 1, wherein an interior of the radial slots is coated with diamond-like carbon to mitigate sliding friction. 9. The cartridge of claim 1, wherein the biosample carrier holder and interior of the enclosure are coated with an antibacterial compound to mitigate biosample escaping. 10. The cartridge of claim 1, wherein each of the biosample carriers includes a barcode for identifying said each biosample carrier. 11. The cartridge of claim 1, wherein each of the radial slots includes a barcode for identifying said each radial slot. 12. The cartridge of claim 1, further comprising a spring and brake mechanism for controlling movement of the biosample carrier holder. 13. The cartridge of claim 1, further comprising a memory module for storing biosample data and identification data of the biosample carriers and radial slots. 14. The cartridge of claim 13, further comprising a wireless communication interface coupled to the memory module for sending data to and receiving data from the automated tape library. 15. The cartridge of claim 13, wherein the memory module comprises a nonvolatile memory selected from the group consisting of electrically-erasable programmable read-only memory, phase-change memory, flash memory, NOR memory, and NAND memory. 16. The cartridge of claim 1, wherein a biosample access drive rotates the biosample carrier holder through an opening in the enclosure. 17. The cartridge of claim 16, wherein the biosample access drive includes a rotary encoder to provide information on a position of the biosample carrier holder. 18. The cartridge of claim 16, wherein the biosample access drive includes a first wireless communication interface for communicating with a second wireless communication interface in the cartridge. 19. An analytical system comprising:
an automated tape library; a cartridge comprising an enclosure having the same form factor as a data tape cartridge used in the automated tape library; and a rotatable biosample carrier holder disposed in the enclosure and having a plurality of radial slots for receiving the biosample carriers. 20. An analytical system comprising:
a tape drive; and a cartridge comprising an enclosure having the same form factor as a data tape cartridge used in the tape drive; and a rotatable biosample carrier holder disposed in the enclosure and having a plurality of radial slots for receiving the biosample carriers. | Embodiments of the disclosure relate to a biosample cartridge that includes radial slots for storing biosample carriers. The biosample cartridge has the same form factor as data tape cartridges used in automated tape libraries to allow the biosample cartridge to be handled by the same robotic mechanisms that handle the data tape cartridges. One aspect of the disclosure concerns a biosample cartridge that includes a rotatable biosample carrier holder. The biosample carrier holder includes radial slots for receiving biosample carriers which optionally contain biosamples for scanning and analysis by automated tape libraries.1. A cartridge for storing biosample carriers, comprising:
an enclosure having the same form factor as a data tape cartridge used in an automated tape library; and a rotatable biosample carrier holder disposed in the enclosure and having a plurality of radial slots for receiving the biosample carriers. 2. The cartridge of claim 1, wherein the biosample carrier holder is controllably rotated to allow access to a selected biosample carrier. 3. The cartridge of claim 1, wherein the cartridge has a form factor selected from the group consisting of an LTO type cartridge, a TS1140 tape cartridge, a T10000 tape cartridge, and an optical disk cartridge. 4. The cartridge of claim 1, wherein the biosample carriers are microscope slides. 5. The cartridge of claim 4, wherein each of the microscope slides includes a plurality of trenches on a surface of said each microscope slide for holding a biological sample. 6. The cartridge of claim 1, wherein the biosample carriers are capillary tubes. 7. The cartridge of claim 1, wherein each of the radial slots includes a plurality of leaf springs for retaining a respective biosample carrier in position. 8. The cartridge of claim 1, wherein an interior of the radial slots is coated with diamond-like carbon to mitigate sliding friction. 9. The cartridge of claim 1, wherein the biosample carrier holder and interior of the enclosure are coated with an antibacterial compound to mitigate biosample escaping. 10. The cartridge of claim 1, wherein each of the biosample carriers includes a barcode for identifying said each biosample carrier. 11. The cartridge of claim 1, wherein each of the radial slots includes a barcode for identifying said each radial slot. 12. The cartridge of claim 1, further comprising a spring and brake mechanism for controlling movement of the biosample carrier holder. 13. The cartridge of claim 1, further comprising a memory module for storing biosample data and identification data of the biosample carriers and radial slots. 14. The cartridge of claim 13, further comprising a wireless communication interface coupled to the memory module for sending data to and receiving data from the automated tape library. 15. The cartridge of claim 13, wherein the memory module comprises a nonvolatile memory selected from the group consisting of electrically-erasable programmable read-only memory, phase-change memory, flash memory, NOR memory, and NAND memory. 16. The cartridge of claim 1, wherein a biosample access drive rotates the biosample carrier holder through an opening in the enclosure. 17. The cartridge of claim 16, wherein the biosample access drive includes a rotary encoder to provide information on a position of the biosample carrier holder. 18. The cartridge of claim 16, wherein the biosample access drive includes a first wireless communication interface for communicating with a second wireless communication interface in the cartridge. 19. An analytical system comprising:
an automated tape library; a cartridge comprising an enclosure having the same form factor as a data tape cartridge used in the automated tape library; and a rotatable biosample carrier holder disposed in the enclosure and having a plurality of radial slots for receiving the biosample carriers. 20. An analytical system comprising:
a tape drive; and a cartridge comprising an enclosure having the same form factor as a data tape cartridge used in the tape drive; and a rotatable biosample carrier holder disposed in the enclosure and having a plurality of radial slots for receiving the biosample carriers. | 1,700 |
2,723 | 14,119,677 | 1,782 | Coextruded, biaxially oriented multilayer films comprising a base layer comprising a polyester having an intrinsic viscosity greater than 0.75 dl/g and a heat-sealable layer directly adhered to said base layer, said heat-sealable layer comprising an amorphous polyester having a melting temperature not higher than the melting temperature of the polyester of the base layer and a thermoplastic resin characterized in that the heat-sealable layer comprises a further polyester resin are described. Also packages comprising a container, a food product and the above coextruded, biaxially oriented multilayer film are described. The packages are particularly suitable for “ready-meals” to be used in conventional oven at high temperatures. | 1. A coextruded, biaxially oriented multilayer film comprising
a base layer comprising a polyester having an intrinsic viscosity measured according to ASTM method D4603-03 greater than 0.75 dl/g and a heat-sealable layer directly adhered to said base layer, said heat-sealable layer comprising
from about 25% to 70% by weight of an amorphous polyester having a melting temperature not higher than the melting temperature of the polyester of the base layer, wherein said amorphous polyester is derived from an aliphatic dial and a cycloaliphatic diol with one or more dicarboxylic acids,
from 10% to 20% by weight of a thermoplastic resin and
from 20% to 60% by weight of a further polyester. 2. A film according to claim 1 wherein the amorphous polyester in the heat-sealable layer is derived from at least one member selected from the group consisting of an aliphatic diol with an aromatic dicarboxvlic acid and a cycloaliphatic diol with an aromatic dicarboxylic acid. 3. A film according to claim 2 wherein the amorphous polyester is a co-polyester of terephthalic acid with at least one member selected from the group consisting of an aliphatic diol and a cycloaliphatic diol. 4. A film according to claim 1 wherein the amorphous polyester resin in the heat-sealable layer is the same polyester resin used in the base layer. 5. A film according to claim 1 wherein the further polyester resin is derived from one or more aliphatic diols. 6. A film according to claim 5 wherein the further polyester resin is polyethylene terephthalate. 7. A film according to claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic resins is selected among polyamides, polystyrenes, ionomers, ethylene/unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymers, ethylene/unsaturated esters copolymers, and ethylene/propylene copolymers and ethylene/cyclic olefin copolymers. 8. A film according to claim 7 wherein the thermoplastic resin is an ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid copolymer. 9. A film according to claim 1 wherein in the heat-sealable layer of the multilayer film the amount of the first amorphous polyester is generally from 40 to 60% by weight, the amount of the further polyester is generally from 25 to 50% by weight and the amount of thermoplastic resin is about 15% by weight, with respect to the total weight of the heat-sealable layer. 10. A film according to claim 1 wherein the heat-sealable layer of the multilayer film further comprises an anti-fog agent. 11. A film according to claim 1 wherein the heat-sealable layer of the multilayer film is coated with an anti-fog agent. 12. A film according to claim 10 wherein said anti-fog agent is a non-ionic surfactant. 13. A film according to claim 1 comprising an outer layer on the opposite side of the base layer to the heat-sealable layer. 14. A package comprising a container, a food product, and a lid formed of a coextruded, biaxially oriented, heat-sealable film according to claim 1 sealed onto said container. 15. The package according to claim 14 for use in conventional oven at temperatures higher than 140° C. 16. The film according to claim 3 wherein the amorphous polyester is a co-polyester of terephthalic acid with ethylene glycol and 1,4-dicyclohexanedimethanol. 17. The film according to claim 5 wherein the further polyester resin comprises a polyester derived from ethylene glycol, cyclohexandimethanol, and terephthalic acid. 18. The film according to claim 7 wherein the thermoplastic resin comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of styrene-butadiene block copolymer, ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid copolymer, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, and ethylene/norbornene copolymer. 19. The film according to claim 12 wherein said anti-fog agent is a non-ionic surfactant comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester, ethoxylated derivative of polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester, and ethoxylated sorbitan ester with higher fatty acids. | Coextruded, biaxially oriented multilayer films comprising a base layer comprising a polyester having an intrinsic viscosity greater than 0.75 dl/g and a heat-sealable layer directly adhered to said base layer, said heat-sealable layer comprising an amorphous polyester having a melting temperature not higher than the melting temperature of the polyester of the base layer and a thermoplastic resin characterized in that the heat-sealable layer comprises a further polyester resin are described. Also packages comprising a container, a food product and the above coextruded, biaxially oriented multilayer film are described. The packages are particularly suitable for “ready-meals” to be used in conventional oven at high temperatures.1. A coextruded, biaxially oriented multilayer film comprising
a base layer comprising a polyester having an intrinsic viscosity measured according to ASTM method D4603-03 greater than 0.75 dl/g and a heat-sealable layer directly adhered to said base layer, said heat-sealable layer comprising
from about 25% to 70% by weight of an amorphous polyester having a melting temperature not higher than the melting temperature of the polyester of the base layer, wherein said amorphous polyester is derived from an aliphatic dial and a cycloaliphatic diol with one or more dicarboxylic acids,
from 10% to 20% by weight of a thermoplastic resin and
from 20% to 60% by weight of a further polyester. 2. A film according to claim 1 wherein the amorphous polyester in the heat-sealable layer is derived from at least one member selected from the group consisting of an aliphatic diol with an aromatic dicarboxvlic acid and a cycloaliphatic diol with an aromatic dicarboxylic acid. 3. A film according to claim 2 wherein the amorphous polyester is a co-polyester of terephthalic acid with at least one member selected from the group consisting of an aliphatic diol and a cycloaliphatic diol. 4. A film according to claim 1 wherein the amorphous polyester resin in the heat-sealable layer is the same polyester resin used in the base layer. 5. A film according to claim 1 wherein the further polyester resin is derived from one or more aliphatic diols. 6. A film according to claim 5 wherein the further polyester resin is polyethylene terephthalate. 7. A film according to claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic resins is selected among polyamides, polystyrenes, ionomers, ethylene/unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymers, ethylene/unsaturated esters copolymers, and ethylene/propylene copolymers and ethylene/cyclic olefin copolymers. 8. A film according to claim 7 wherein the thermoplastic resin is an ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid copolymer. 9. A film according to claim 1 wherein in the heat-sealable layer of the multilayer film the amount of the first amorphous polyester is generally from 40 to 60% by weight, the amount of the further polyester is generally from 25 to 50% by weight and the amount of thermoplastic resin is about 15% by weight, with respect to the total weight of the heat-sealable layer. 10. A film according to claim 1 wherein the heat-sealable layer of the multilayer film further comprises an anti-fog agent. 11. A film according to claim 1 wherein the heat-sealable layer of the multilayer film is coated with an anti-fog agent. 12. A film according to claim 10 wherein said anti-fog agent is a non-ionic surfactant. 13. A film according to claim 1 comprising an outer layer on the opposite side of the base layer to the heat-sealable layer. 14. A package comprising a container, a food product, and a lid formed of a coextruded, biaxially oriented, heat-sealable film according to claim 1 sealed onto said container. 15. The package according to claim 14 for use in conventional oven at temperatures higher than 140° C. 16. The film according to claim 3 wherein the amorphous polyester is a co-polyester of terephthalic acid with ethylene glycol and 1,4-dicyclohexanedimethanol. 17. The film according to claim 5 wherein the further polyester resin comprises a polyester derived from ethylene glycol, cyclohexandimethanol, and terephthalic acid. 18. The film according to claim 7 wherein the thermoplastic resin comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of styrene-butadiene block copolymer, ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid copolymer, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, and ethylene/norbornene copolymer. 19. The film according to claim 12 wherein said anti-fog agent is a non-ionic surfactant comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester, ethoxylated derivative of polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester, and ethoxylated sorbitan ester with higher fatty acids. | 1,700 |
2,724 | 10,589,592 | 1,794 | The present invention relates to a process for electrochemically winning or refining copper by electrodepositing copper from an electrolyte solution containing the metal in ionogenic form, in which the electrolyte is passed through an electrolysis plant comprising at least one electrolytic cell, which in an electrolyte tank for receiving the electrolyte has at least two electrodes serving as anode and cathode, which are alternately arranged at a distance from each other, and to a corresponding plant. To increase the economic efficiency of such processes and plants, it is proposed in accordance with the invention to immerse the at least one cathode during operation of the electrolysis into the electrolyte over a length of at least 1.2 meters. | 1. A process for electrodepositing copper from an electrolyte solution containing the metal in ionogenic form, in which the electrolyte is passed through an electrolysis plant comprising at least one electrolytic cell which in an electrolyte tank for receiving the electrolyte has at least two electrodes serving as anode and cathode, which are alternately arranged at a distance from each other, wherein during operation of the electrolysis the at least one cathode is immersed into the electrolyte over a length of at least 1.2 meters. 2. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein during operation of the electrolysis the at least one cathode is immersed into the electrolyte over a length of about 2 meters or another integral multiple of one meter. 3. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein during operation of the electrolysis the at least one cathode is immersed into the electrolyte with a cross-sectional area of 2×1 meter. 4. The process as claimed in any of the claim 1, wherein the at least one electrolytic cell has more than 60 cathodes, particularly preferably more than 100 cathodes, and quite particularly preferably 114 cathodes. 5. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the electrolysis is performed at a current density of more than 200 A/m2, particularly preferably between 250 and 370 A/m2. 6. The process as claimed in any of the claim 1, wherein the electrodes have a horizontal hanger bar with a first end and a second end and at the edge of the electrolyte tank two contact bars are provided, witch each connected to a power source, the first end of the hanger bar of the cathodes resting on one of the two contact bars via a two-line contact and the first end of the hanger bar of the anodes resting on the other one of the two contact bars via a two-line contact. 7. The process as claimed in claim 6, wherein the contact bars each have an at least substantially trapezoidal indentation on which rest the respectively first ends of the hanger bars with a contact surface having an at least substantially rectangular cross-section. 8. The process as claimed in claim 6, wherein the hanger bar has a sheath surface made of steel and a core made of copper. 9. The process as claimed in claim 6, wherein the second end of the hanger bar of the cathodes rests on a cathode equalizer bar which is arranged on one of the two-contact bars. 10. The process as claimed in claim 6, wherein the second end of the hanger bar of the anodes rests on an anode equalizer bar, which is arranged on one of the two-contact bars. 11. The process as claimed in claim 6, wherein the contact bars and/or the equalizer bars or the intermediate contact bars are water cooled. 12. The process as claimed in claim 11, wherein the bars to be cooled are cooled by passing cooling water through a cooling water channel provided in the contact bars. 13. The process as claimed in claim 11, wherein the cooling water is passed through the cooling water channel in a turbulent flow. 14. The process as claimed in claim 11, wherein the contact bars to be cooled have two separate cooling circuits, one of which (primary circuit) is at least partly provided in the contact bars to be cooled, and which are both connected with each other by a heat exchanger. 15. The process as claimed in claim 14, wherein the primary circuit is fed with purified water and the second cooling circuit (secondary circuit) is fed with crude water. 16. The process as claimed in claim 14, wherein in the at least one electrolytic cell a fluid distributor is provided, through which during operation of the electrolysis electrolyte solution, gas bubbles or a mixture of electrolyte solution and gas bubbles are introduced into the electrolytic cell. 17. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the fluid distributor is disposed at the lower end of the electrolytic cell and that the fluid is introduced into, the electrolytic cell through the distributor below or at about the level of the lower end of the electrodes. 18. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the fluid distributor consists of two tubes arranged substantially parallel to the longitudinal sides of the electrolytic cell, which at their surface each have one or more fluid outlet holes and whose first ends are each connected with a fluid supply conduit. 19. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the fluid distributor has about 1 to 5, particularly preferably about 1-2 fluid outlet holes per electrode pair and cell side provided in the electrolytic cell, whose arrangement is substantially adjusted to the spaces between the electrodes. 20. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the fluid outlet holes of the fluid distributor are of substantially circular shape and have a diameter of 1 to 10 mm, particularly preferably of 5 to 7 mm, and quite particularly preferably of about 6 mm. 21. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein each electrolytic cell has two electrolyte outlets. 22. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the cathodes have an indentation of V-shaped cross-section at their lower longitudinal edge. 23. An electrolysis plant for electrodepositing copper from an electrolyte solution containing the metal in ionogenic form, in particular for performing a process as claimed in claim 1, comprising at least one electrolytic cell which includes an electrolyte tank for receiving the electrolyte, at least two electrodes serving as anode and cathode, which are alternately arranged at a distance from each other and each have a substantially horizontal hanger bar, as well as two contact bars arranged at the edge of the electrolyte tank, which each have a contact bar connectable to a power source, where the at least one cathode has a first end of its hanger bar rest on one of the two contact bars and the at least one anode has a first end of its hanger bar rest on the other one of the two-contact bars, wherein the first ends of the hanger bars each rest on the contact bars via a two-line contact, and that on at least one of the two contact bars at least one equalizer bar is provided, on which rests a second end of the hanger bars of the cathodes and/or anodes. 24. The electrolysis plant as claimed in claim 23, wherein on each of the two contact bars at least one equalizer bar is provided, the respectively second end of the hanger bars of the cathodes resting on one of the two equalizer bars and the respectively second end of the hanger bars of the anodes resting on the other equalizer bar. 25. The electrolysis plant as claimed in claim 23, wherein the contact bars each have a substantially trapezoidal indentation, on which rest the respectively first ends of the hanger bars of the electrodes with a contact surface having a substantially rectangular cross-section. 26. The electrolysis plant as claimed in claim 23, wherein at least in one of the contact bars, the equalizer bars and/or the intermediate rails a cooling water channel is provided. 27. The electrolysis plant as claimed in claim 26, wherein the cooling water channel has a diameter of 15 to 20 mm. 28. The electrolysis plant as claimed in claim 26, wherein for supplying water the conductor bars having a cooling water channel is connected with a tube made of PVC or a hose made of vinyl material. 29. The electrolysis plant as claimed in claim 26, wherein two separate cooling circuits, one of which (primary circuit) is at least partly provided in one of the conductor bars to be cooled, both cooling circuits being connected with each other by a heat exchanger. 30. The electrolysis plant as claimed in claim 29, wherein the primary circuit comprises a water expansion tank. 31. The electrolysis plant as claimed in claim 29, wherein, inside the electrolytic cell, particularly preferably at the bottom inside the electrolytic cell, a fluid distributor is provided. 32. The electrolysis plant as claimed in claim 31, wherein the fluid distributor consists of two tubes arranged substantially parallel to the longitudinal sides of the electrolytic cell, which at their surfaces each have one or more fluid outlet holes and whose first ends are each connected with a fluid supply conduit. 33. The electrolysis plant as claimed in claim 31, wherein the fluid distributor has about 1 to 5, particularly preferably about 1-2 fluid outlet holes per electrode pair provided in the electrolytic cell, whose arrangement is substantially adjusted to the spaces between the electrodes, which particularly preferably have a circular shape and a diameter of 1 to 10 mm, particularly preferably 5 to 7 mm, and in particular about 6 mm. | The present invention relates to a process for electrochemically winning or refining copper by electrodepositing copper from an electrolyte solution containing the metal in ionogenic form, in which the electrolyte is passed through an electrolysis plant comprising at least one electrolytic cell, which in an electrolyte tank for receiving the electrolyte has at least two electrodes serving as anode and cathode, which are alternately arranged at a distance from each other, and to a corresponding plant. To increase the economic efficiency of such processes and plants, it is proposed in accordance with the invention to immerse the at least one cathode during operation of the electrolysis into the electrolyte over a length of at least 1.2 meters.1. A process for electrodepositing copper from an electrolyte solution containing the metal in ionogenic form, in which the electrolyte is passed through an electrolysis plant comprising at least one electrolytic cell which in an electrolyte tank for receiving the electrolyte has at least two electrodes serving as anode and cathode, which are alternately arranged at a distance from each other, wherein during operation of the electrolysis the at least one cathode is immersed into the electrolyte over a length of at least 1.2 meters. 2. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein during operation of the electrolysis the at least one cathode is immersed into the electrolyte over a length of about 2 meters or another integral multiple of one meter. 3. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein during operation of the electrolysis the at least one cathode is immersed into the electrolyte with a cross-sectional area of 2×1 meter. 4. The process as claimed in any of the claim 1, wherein the at least one electrolytic cell has more than 60 cathodes, particularly preferably more than 100 cathodes, and quite particularly preferably 114 cathodes. 5. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the electrolysis is performed at a current density of more than 200 A/m2, particularly preferably between 250 and 370 A/m2. 6. The process as claimed in any of the claim 1, wherein the electrodes have a horizontal hanger bar with a first end and a second end and at the edge of the electrolyte tank two contact bars are provided, witch each connected to a power source, the first end of the hanger bar of the cathodes resting on one of the two contact bars via a two-line contact and the first end of the hanger bar of the anodes resting on the other one of the two contact bars via a two-line contact. 7. The process as claimed in claim 6, wherein the contact bars each have an at least substantially trapezoidal indentation on which rest the respectively first ends of the hanger bars with a contact surface having an at least substantially rectangular cross-section. 8. The process as claimed in claim 6, wherein the hanger bar has a sheath surface made of steel and a core made of copper. 9. The process as claimed in claim 6, wherein the second end of the hanger bar of the cathodes rests on a cathode equalizer bar which is arranged on one of the two-contact bars. 10. The process as claimed in claim 6, wherein the second end of the hanger bar of the anodes rests on an anode equalizer bar, which is arranged on one of the two-contact bars. 11. The process as claimed in claim 6, wherein the contact bars and/or the equalizer bars or the intermediate contact bars are water cooled. 12. The process as claimed in claim 11, wherein the bars to be cooled are cooled by passing cooling water through a cooling water channel provided in the contact bars. 13. The process as claimed in claim 11, wherein the cooling water is passed through the cooling water channel in a turbulent flow. 14. The process as claimed in claim 11, wherein the contact bars to be cooled have two separate cooling circuits, one of which (primary circuit) is at least partly provided in the contact bars to be cooled, and which are both connected with each other by a heat exchanger. 15. The process as claimed in claim 14, wherein the primary circuit is fed with purified water and the second cooling circuit (secondary circuit) is fed with crude water. 16. The process as claimed in claim 14, wherein in the at least one electrolytic cell a fluid distributor is provided, through which during operation of the electrolysis electrolyte solution, gas bubbles or a mixture of electrolyte solution and gas bubbles are introduced into the electrolytic cell. 17. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the fluid distributor is disposed at the lower end of the electrolytic cell and that the fluid is introduced into, the electrolytic cell through the distributor below or at about the level of the lower end of the electrodes. 18. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the fluid distributor consists of two tubes arranged substantially parallel to the longitudinal sides of the electrolytic cell, which at their surface each have one or more fluid outlet holes and whose first ends are each connected with a fluid supply conduit. 19. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the fluid distributor has about 1 to 5, particularly preferably about 1-2 fluid outlet holes per electrode pair and cell side provided in the electrolytic cell, whose arrangement is substantially adjusted to the spaces between the electrodes. 20. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the fluid outlet holes of the fluid distributor are of substantially circular shape and have a diameter of 1 to 10 mm, particularly preferably of 5 to 7 mm, and quite particularly preferably of about 6 mm. 21. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein each electrolytic cell has two electrolyte outlets. 22. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the cathodes have an indentation of V-shaped cross-section at their lower longitudinal edge. 23. An electrolysis plant for electrodepositing copper from an electrolyte solution containing the metal in ionogenic form, in particular for performing a process as claimed in claim 1, comprising at least one electrolytic cell which includes an electrolyte tank for receiving the electrolyte, at least two electrodes serving as anode and cathode, which are alternately arranged at a distance from each other and each have a substantially horizontal hanger bar, as well as two contact bars arranged at the edge of the electrolyte tank, which each have a contact bar connectable to a power source, where the at least one cathode has a first end of its hanger bar rest on one of the two contact bars and the at least one anode has a first end of its hanger bar rest on the other one of the two-contact bars, wherein the first ends of the hanger bars each rest on the contact bars via a two-line contact, and that on at least one of the two contact bars at least one equalizer bar is provided, on which rests a second end of the hanger bars of the cathodes and/or anodes. 24. The electrolysis plant as claimed in claim 23, wherein on each of the two contact bars at least one equalizer bar is provided, the respectively second end of the hanger bars of the cathodes resting on one of the two equalizer bars and the respectively second end of the hanger bars of the anodes resting on the other equalizer bar. 25. The electrolysis plant as claimed in claim 23, wherein the contact bars each have a substantially trapezoidal indentation, on which rest the respectively first ends of the hanger bars of the electrodes with a contact surface having a substantially rectangular cross-section. 26. The electrolysis plant as claimed in claim 23, wherein at least in one of the contact bars, the equalizer bars and/or the intermediate rails a cooling water channel is provided. 27. The electrolysis plant as claimed in claim 26, wherein the cooling water channel has a diameter of 15 to 20 mm. 28. The electrolysis plant as claimed in claim 26, wherein for supplying water the conductor bars having a cooling water channel is connected with a tube made of PVC or a hose made of vinyl material. 29. The electrolysis plant as claimed in claim 26, wherein two separate cooling circuits, one of which (primary circuit) is at least partly provided in one of the conductor bars to be cooled, both cooling circuits being connected with each other by a heat exchanger. 30. The electrolysis plant as claimed in claim 29, wherein the primary circuit comprises a water expansion tank. 31. The electrolysis plant as claimed in claim 29, wherein, inside the electrolytic cell, particularly preferably at the bottom inside the electrolytic cell, a fluid distributor is provided. 32. The electrolysis plant as claimed in claim 31, wherein the fluid distributor consists of two tubes arranged substantially parallel to the longitudinal sides of the electrolytic cell, which at their surfaces each have one or more fluid outlet holes and whose first ends are each connected with a fluid supply conduit. 33. The electrolysis plant as claimed in claim 31, wherein the fluid distributor has about 1 to 5, particularly preferably about 1-2 fluid outlet holes per electrode pair provided in the electrolytic cell, whose arrangement is substantially adjusted to the spaces between the electrodes, which particularly preferably have a circular shape and a diameter of 1 to 10 mm, particularly preferably 5 to 7 mm, and in particular about 6 mm. | 1,700 |
2,725 | 14,761,171 | 1,791 | A jelly confectionary includes a sugar selected from a group consisting of isomaltulose, trehalose and combinations thereof. The jelly confectionary further includes at least one gelling agent and water. The sugar in the jelly confectionary is 30 to 50 wt.-% based on a total weight of the jelly confectionary. A process for producing the jelly confectionary includes bringing a composition of the sugar, gelling agent and water to a pouring temperature, pouring the composition into a mold maintained at a mold temperature and drying the composition in the mold for at least two weeks. | 1-16. (canceled) 17. A jelly confectionary comprising:
(a) a sugar selected from a group consisting of isomaltulose, trehalose and combinations thereof; (b) at least one gelling agent and (c) water,
wherein the sugar in the jelly confectionary is 30 to 50 wt.-% based on a total weight of the jelly confectionary and wherein the jelly confectionary contains no sugar alcohols or polyols. 18. The jelly confectionary according to claim 17, wherein sugar is 38 to 42 wt.-% based on the total weight of the jelly confectionary. 19. The jelly confectionary according to claim 17, wherein the water of the jelly confectionary is 10 to 20 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the jelly confectionary. 20. The jelly confectionary according to claim 17, wherein the water of the jelly confectionary is 15 to 17 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the jelly confectionary. 21. The jelly confectionary according to claim 17, further comprising a bulking agent. 22. The jelly confectionary of claim 21, wherein the bulking agent is selected from a group consisting of polydextrose, indigestible dextrin, inulin and mixtures thereof. 23. The jelly confectionary according to claim 17, wherein the gelling agent is selected from a group consisting of gelatin, gum Arabic, agar, pectin and mixtures thereof. 24. The jelly confectionary according to claim 17, further comprising an organic acid. 25. The jelly confectionary of claim 24, wherein the organic acid is citric acid. 26. The jelly confectionary according to claim 17, wherein the jelly confectionary is non-cariogenic. 27. A jelly confectionary according to claim 17, wherein the jelly confectionary further includes additives selected from a group consisting of at least one flavoring agent, at least one color agent, at least one stabilizer, at least one high-intensity sweetener and combinations thereof. 28. A process for the preparation of the jelly confectionary of claim 17, the process comprising:
(i) mixing the sugar, the at least one gelling agent and the water to form a composition; (ii) bringing the composition of step (i) to a pouring temperature of 80 to 90° C.; (iii) pouring the composition of step (ii) into a mold which is maintained at a mold temperature 1 to 10° C. during the pouring; (iv) drying the composition in the mold for at least 2 weeks. 29. The process according to claim 28, wherein the pouring temperature is 82 to 88° C. 30. The process according to claim 28, wherein the mold temperature is 4 to 6° C. 31. The process according to claims 28, wherein the step (iv) is carried out at a drying temperature of 1 to 10° C. 32. The process according to claim 28, wherein the mold is a starch mold and the starch has a water activity of 0.4 to 0.5 at the drying temperature. 33. The process according to claim 28, wherein in step (i) additionally at least one bulking agent is mixed with the sugar, the at least one gelling agent and the water. 34. The process for the preparation of the jelly confectionary according to claim 33, wherein the sugar is isomaltulose, the gelling agent is gelatin and the bulking agent is polydextrose, the process comprising:
heating a first mixture of the isomaltulose, the polydextrose, and the water to a first temperature of 100 to 120° C. in order to prepare a first mixture; heating a second mixture of the gelatin and the water to a second temperature of 75 to 85° C.; mixing the first and the second mixtures at a third temperature of 85 to 100° C. to form a composition; adding optional components to the composition; bringing the composition temperature to the pouring temperature; and pouring the composition into a mold while maintaining the mold temperature. | A jelly confectionary includes a sugar selected from a group consisting of isomaltulose, trehalose and combinations thereof. The jelly confectionary further includes at least one gelling agent and water. The sugar in the jelly confectionary is 30 to 50 wt.-% based on a total weight of the jelly confectionary. A process for producing the jelly confectionary includes bringing a composition of the sugar, gelling agent and water to a pouring temperature, pouring the composition into a mold maintained at a mold temperature and drying the composition in the mold for at least two weeks.1-16. (canceled) 17. A jelly confectionary comprising:
(a) a sugar selected from a group consisting of isomaltulose, trehalose and combinations thereof; (b) at least one gelling agent and (c) water,
wherein the sugar in the jelly confectionary is 30 to 50 wt.-% based on a total weight of the jelly confectionary and wherein the jelly confectionary contains no sugar alcohols or polyols. 18. The jelly confectionary according to claim 17, wherein sugar is 38 to 42 wt.-% based on the total weight of the jelly confectionary. 19. The jelly confectionary according to claim 17, wherein the water of the jelly confectionary is 10 to 20 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the jelly confectionary. 20. The jelly confectionary according to claim 17, wherein the water of the jelly confectionary is 15 to 17 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the jelly confectionary. 21. The jelly confectionary according to claim 17, further comprising a bulking agent. 22. The jelly confectionary of claim 21, wherein the bulking agent is selected from a group consisting of polydextrose, indigestible dextrin, inulin and mixtures thereof. 23. The jelly confectionary according to claim 17, wherein the gelling agent is selected from a group consisting of gelatin, gum Arabic, agar, pectin and mixtures thereof. 24. The jelly confectionary according to claim 17, further comprising an organic acid. 25. The jelly confectionary of claim 24, wherein the organic acid is citric acid. 26. The jelly confectionary according to claim 17, wherein the jelly confectionary is non-cariogenic. 27. A jelly confectionary according to claim 17, wherein the jelly confectionary further includes additives selected from a group consisting of at least one flavoring agent, at least one color agent, at least one stabilizer, at least one high-intensity sweetener and combinations thereof. 28. A process for the preparation of the jelly confectionary of claim 17, the process comprising:
(i) mixing the sugar, the at least one gelling agent and the water to form a composition; (ii) bringing the composition of step (i) to a pouring temperature of 80 to 90° C.; (iii) pouring the composition of step (ii) into a mold which is maintained at a mold temperature 1 to 10° C. during the pouring; (iv) drying the composition in the mold for at least 2 weeks. 29. The process according to claim 28, wherein the pouring temperature is 82 to 88° C. 30. The process according to claim 28, wherein the mold temperature is 4 to 6° C. 31. The process according to claims 28, wherein the step (iv) is carried out at a drying temperature of 1 to 10° C. 32. The process according to claim 28, wherein the mold is a starch mold and the starch has a water activity of 0.4 to 0.5 at the drying temperature. 33. The process according to claim 28, wherein in step (i) additionally at least one bulking agent is mixed with the sugar, the at least one gelling agent and the water. 34. The process for the preparation of the jelly confectionary according to claim 33, wherein the sugar is isomaltulose, the gelling agent is gelatin and the bulking agent is polydextrose, the process comprising:
heating a first mixture of the isomaltulose, the polydextrose, and the water to a first temperature of 100 to 120° C. in order to prepare a first mixture; heating a second mixture of the gelatin and the water to a second temperature of 75 to 85° C.; mixing the first and the second mixtures at a third temperature of 85 to 100° C. to form a composition; adding optional components to the composition; bringing the composition temperature to the pouring temperature; and pouring the composition into a mold while maintaining the mold temperature. | 1,700 |
2,726 | 13,643,663 | 1,773 | Disclosed herein are systems and processes for treating a Waste Stream comprising biosolids, the Waste Stream provided at varying flow rates and solids concentrations so as to achieve an SOUR of 1.5 mg O 2 /g/hr or less and an ORP of at least +300 mV. The system includes a biosolids manipulation device to adjust the volume of suspended solids as a percent of the total volume of the Waste Stream to five (5) percent or less; a chemical oxidant feed device to dose the Waste Stream with an oxidant such as chlorine dioxide, ozone, or similar oxidant, and a treatment vessel associated with said chemical oxidant feed device through which said Waste Stream flows, wherein said chemical oxidant feed device and said treatment device are configured so as to achieve a dose rate between 25 and 200 parts per million of the Waste Stream and substantially complete mixing of the oxidant within 30 seconds of dose delivery in the treatment vessel. | 1. A system for treating a waste stream comprising biosolids so as to achieve a SOUR of 1.5 mg O2/g/hr or less and an ORP of at least +300 mV, the waste stream being provided at varying flow rates and solids concentrations, the system comprising:
a biosolids manipulation device to adjust the volume of suspended solids as a percent of the total volume of the waste stream to five (5) percent or less; a chemical oxidant feed device to dose the waste stream with a chemical oxidant, and a treatment vessel associated with said chemical oxidant feed device through which said waste stream flows, wherein said chemical oxidant feed device and said treatment device are configured so as to achieve a dose rate between 25 and 200 parts per million of the waste stream and substantially complete mixing of the oxidant within 30 seconds of dose delivery in the treatment vessel. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein volumetric dimensions of said treatment vessel and said dose rate is such to achieve substantially complete mixing of the oxidant within 10 seconds. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein said chemical oxidant is chlorine dioxide, ozone, and combination thereof. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein said chemical oxidant is chlorine dioxide. 5. A wastewater treatment system comprising:
a headworks for receiving raw sewage wastewater having biosolids; a biological treatment station that is in fluid communication with said headworks; a clarifier in fluid communication with the headworks for concentrating biosolids from the raw sewage wastewater, wherein upon being subject to the biological treatment station and clarifier, the wastewater is converted to waste activated sludge (WAS) having a targeted biosolids content; a first conduit for transporting WAS away from the clarifier comprising a treatment zone; and a chemical oxidant feed device in fluid communication with said first conduit so as to dose chemical oxidant and said treatment zone, wherein upon being subjected to the treatment zone the WAS is converted into a treated biosolid sample; wherein said targeted bio solids content is 05.-5 percent, w/v, of the WAS. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein said targeted biosolids content is 1-3 percent, w/v. 7. The system of claim 5, wherein the clarifier is downstream of the biological treatment station. 8. The system of claim 5, further comprising a dewatering device in fluid communication with the first conduit for further removing water from the treated biosolid sample. 9. The system of claim 8, further comprising a second conduit for transporting the concentrated treated biosolid sample from the dewatering device. 10. A method for treating a waste stream comprising biosolids so as to achieve a SOUR of 1.5 mg O2/g/hr or less and an ORP of at least +300 mV in the waste stream, the waste stream being provided at varying flow rates and solids concentrations, the system comprising:
adjusting the volume of suspended solids as a percent of the total volume of the waste stream to five (5) percent, w/v, or less; and dosing the waste stream with a chemical oxidant in a treatment vessel comprising a treatment zone through which said waste stream flows so as to achieve a dose rate between 25 and 200 parts per million of the waste stream in the treatment zone and substantially complete mixing of the oxidant within 30 seconds of dose delivery in the treatment vessel. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said dosing is such to achieve substantially complete mixing of the oxidant within 10 seconds. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein said chemical oxidant is chlorine dioxide, or ozone, or combination thereof. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein said chemical oxidant is chlorine dioxide. 14. A method of treating primary wastewater to produce Class B biosolids, the method comprising
subjecting the primary wastewater to anaerobic or aerobic digestion to produce digested sludge; and subjecting the digested sludge to dosing of chemical oxidant in a treatment vessel having a treatment zone through which the digested sludge flows, wherein the dosing achieves a dose rate between 25 and 200 parts per million of the digested sludge in the treatment zone and substantially complete mixing of the oxidant within 30 seconds of dose delivery in the treatment vessel. between 25 and 200 parts per million of the digested sludge in the treatment zone and substantially complete mixing of the oxidant within 30 seconds of dose delivery in the treatment vessel; wherein the primary wastewater is not subjected to biological treatment prior to becoming digested sludge. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the digested sludge comprises a biosolids content of 0.5-5 percent, w/v, when in the treatment zone. | Disclosed herein are systems and processes for treating a Waste Stream comprising biosolids, the Waste Stream provided at varying flow rates and solids concentrations so as to achieve an SOUR of 1.5 mg O 2 /g/hr or less and an ORP of at least +300 mV. The system includes a biosolids manipulation device to adjust the volume of suspended solids as a percent of the total volume of the Waste Stream to five (5) percent or less; a chemical oxidant feed device to dose the Waste Stream with an oxidant such as chlorine dioxide, ozone, or similar oxidant, and a treatment vessel associated with said chemical oxidant feed device through which said Waste Stream flows, wherein said chemical oxidant feed device and said treatment device are configured so as to achieve a dose rate between 25 and 200 parts per million of the Waste Stream and substantially complete mixing of the oxidant within 30 seconds of dose delivery in the treatment vessel.1. A system for treating a waste stream comprising biosolids so as to achieve a SOUR of 1.5 mg O2/g/hr or less and an ORP of at least +300 mV, the waste stream being provided at varying flow rates and solids concentrations, the system comprising:
a biosolids manipulation device to adjust the volume of suspended solids as a percent of the total volume of the waste stream to five (5) percent or less; a chemical oxidant feed device to dose the waste stream with a chemical oxidant, and a treatment vessel associated with said chemical oxidant feed device through which said waste stream flows, wherein said chemical oxidant feed device and said treatment device are configured so as to achieve a dose rate between 25 and 200 parts per million of the waste stream and substantially complete mixing of the oxidant within 30 seconds of dose delivery in the treatment vessel. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein volumetric dimensions of said treatment vessel and said dose rate is such to achieve substantially complete mixing of the oxidant within 10 seconds. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein said chemical oxidant is chlorine dioxide, ozone, and combination thereof. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein said chemical oxidant is chlorine dioxide. 5. A wastewater treatment system comprising:
a headworks for receiving raw sewage wastewater having biosolids; a biological treatment station that is in fluid communication with said headworks; a clarifier in fluid communication with the headworks for concentrating biosolids from the raw sewage wastewater, wherein upon being subject to the biological treatment station and clarifier, the wastewater is converted to waste activated sludge (WAS) having a targeted biosolids content; a first conduit for transporting WAS away from the clarifier comprising a treatment zone; and a chemical oxidant feed device in fluid communication with said first conduit so as to dose chemical oxidant and said treatment zone, wherein upon being subjected to the treatment zone the WAS is converted into a treated biosolid sample; wherein said targeted bio solids content is 05.-5 percent, w/v, of the WAS. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein said targeted biosolids content is 1-3 percent, w/v. 7. The system of claim 5, wherein the clarifier is downstream of the biological treatment station. 8. The system of claim 5, further comprising a dewatering device in fluid communication with the first conduit for further removing water from the treated biosolid sample. 9. The system of claim 8, further comprising a second conduit for transporting the concentrated treated biosolid sample from the dewatering device. 10. A method for treating a waste stream comprising biosolids so as to achieve a SOUR of 1.5 mg O2/g/hr or less and an ORP of at least +300 mV in the waste stream, the waste stream being provided at varying flow rates and solids concentrations, the system comprising:
adjusting the volume of suspended solids as a percent of the total volume of the waste stream to five (5) percent, w/v, or less; and dosing the waste stream with a chemical oxidant in a treatment vessel comprising a treatment zone through which said waste stream flows so as to achieve a dose rate between 25 and 200 parts per million of the waste stream in the treatment zone and substantially complete mixing of the oxidant within 30 seconds of dose delivery in the treatment vessel. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said dosing is such to achieve substantially complete mixing of the oxidant within 10 seconds. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein said chemical oxidant is chlorine dioxide, or ozone, or combination thereof. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein said chemical oxidant is chlorine dioxide. 14. A method of treating primary wastewater to produce Class B biosolids, the method comprising
subjecting the primary wastewater to anaerobic or aerobic digestion to produce digested sludge; and subjecting the digested sludge to dosing of chemical oxidant in a treatment vessel having a treatment zone through which the digested sludge flows, wherein the dosing achieves a dose rate between 25 and 200 parts per million of the digested sludge in the treatment zone and substantially complete mixing of the oxidant within 30 seconds of dose delivery in the treatment vessel. between 25 and 200 parts per million of the digested sludge in the treatment zone and substantially complete mixing of the oxidant within 30 seconds of dose delivery in the treatment vessel; wherein the primary wastewater is not subjected to biological treatment prior to becoming digested sludge. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the digested sludge comprises a biosolids content of 0.5-5 percent, w/v, when in the treatment zone. | 1,700 |
2,727 | 13,432,599 | 1,716 | A vertical batch-type film forming apparatus includes: a processing chamber collectively performing a film forming process to a plurality of processing targets; a heating device heating the plurality of processing targets; an exhauster evacuating an inside of the processing chamber; an accommodating container accommodating the processing chamber; a gas supply mechanism supplying a gas used in a process into the accommodating container; and a plurality of gas introducing holes provided in a sidewall of the processing chamber. The gas used in a process is supplied into the processing chamber via the gas introducing holes in a parallel flow to processing surfaces of the plurality of processing targets, and a film forming process is collectively performed to the plurality of processing targets without setting the furnace temperature gradient in the processing chamber. | 1. A vertical batch-type film forming apparatus that collectively performs a film forming process to a plurality of processing targets, the vertical batch-type film forming apparatus comprising:
a processing chamber which accommodates the plurality of processing targets stacked in a heightwise direction and collectively performs a film forming process to the plurality of processing targets; a heating device which heats the plurality of processing targets accommodated in the processing chamber; an exhauster which evacuates an inside of the processing chamber; an accommodating container which accommodates the processing chamber; a gas supply mechanism which supplies a gas used in a process into the accommodating container; and a plurality of gas introducing holes which are provided in a sidewall of the processing chamber and allow the processing chamber and the accommodating container to communicate with each other, wherein the gas used in a process is supplied into the processing chamber via the plurality of gas introducing holes in a parallel flow to processing surfaces of the plurality of processing targets, and the film forming process is collectively performed to the plurality of processing targets without setting a furnace temperature gradient in the processing chamber. 2. The vertical batch-type film forming apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processing chamber comprises an exhaust passage in which the gas used in a process flows in a vertical direction, and an equation d1<d2 is satisfied, wherein d1 denotes a distance between an edge of the processing target and an inner wall surface of the processing chamber in a space other than the exhaust passage, and d2 denotes a distance between an edge of the processing target and an inner wall surface of the processing chamber in the exhaust passage. 3. A vertical batch-type film forming apparatus that collectively performs a film forming process to a plurality of processing targets, the vertical batch-type film forming apparatus comprising:
a processing chamber which accommodates the plurality of processing targets stacked in a heightwise direction and collectively performs a film forming process to the plurality of processing targets; a heating device which heats the plurality of processing targets accommodated in the processing chamber; an accommodating container which accommodates the processing chamber; a barrier wall which separates an inside of the accommodating container into a gas diffusing room and a gas exhaust room; a gas supply mechanism which supplies a gas used in a process into the gas diffusing room; a plurality of gas introducing holes which are provided in a sidewall of the processing chamber and allow the processing chamber and the gas diffusing room to communicate with each other, an exhauster which evacuates an inside of the gas exhaust room; and a plurality of gas exhaust holes which are provided in a sidewall of the processing chamber and allow the processing chamber and the gas exhaust room to communicate with each other, wherein the gas used in a process is supplied into the processing chamber via the plurality of gas introducing holes in a parallel flow to processing surfaces of the plurality of processing targets, and the film forming process is collectively performed to the plurality of processing targets without setting a furnace temperature gradient in the processing chamber. 4. A vertical batch-type film forming apparatus that collectively performs a film forming process to a plurality of processing targets, the vertical batch-type film forming apparatus comprising:
a processing chamber which accommodates the plurality of processing targets stacked in a heightwise direction and collectively performs a film forming process to the plurality of processing targets; a heating device which heats the plurality of processing targets accommodated in the processing chamber; an accommodating container which accommodates the processing chamber; a duct which is provided in a part of a space between the accommodating container and the processing chamber, defines a gas exhaust room in the space between the accommodating container and the processing chamber, and defines a gas diffusing room in the accommodating container; a gas supply mechanism which supplies a gas used in a process into the gas diffusing room; a plurality of gas supply holes provided in a sidewall of the duct; a plurality of gas introducing holes which are provided in a sidewall of the processing chamber and allow the processing chamber and the gas diffusing room to communicate with each other via the plurality of gas supply holes; an exhauster which evacuates an inside of the gas exhaust room; and a plurality of gas exhaust holes which are provided in a sidewall of the processing chamber and allow the processing chamber and the gas exhaust room to communicate with each other. 5. The vertical batch-type film forming apparatus of claim 4, wherein the duct is detachably fixed to the accommodating container but is not fixed to the processing chamber. 6. The vertical batch-type film forming apparatus of claim 5, wherein the duct faces the processing chamber by interposing a clearance between the duct and the processing chamber. 7. The vertical batch-type film forming apparatus of claim 6, wherein conductance of the clearance is smaller than conductance of the plurality of gas introducing holes. 8. The vertical batch-type film forming apparatus of claim 4, wherein the gas used in a process is supplied into the processing chamber via the plurality of gas introducing holes in a parallel flow to processing surfaces of the plurality of processing targets, and the film forming process is collectively performed to the plurality of processing targets without setting a furnace temperature gradient in the processing chamber. 9. The vertical batch-type film forming apparatus of claim 1, wherein the heating device comprises a plurality of heating bodies for heating the inside of the processing chamber to each zone, wherein when the film forming process is collectively performed to the plurality of processing targets, temperatures of the plurality of heating bodies are set to be the same. 10. The vertical batch-type film forming apparatus of claim 9, wherein a range of a temperature deviation ΔT between the plurality of heating bodies is ±7° C.≧ΔT. 11. The vertical batch-type film forming apparatus of claim 1, wherein the film forming process to be collectively performed to the plurality of processing targets comprises the processes of:
forming a first film on the processing target, forming a second film different from the first film on the first film; and forming a film in which a plurality of the first films and a plurality of the second films are deposited on the plurality of processing targets by repeating the forming of the first film and the forming of the second film. 12. The vertical batch-type film forming apparatus of claim 11, wherein the plurality of processing targets are semiconductor wafers, one of the first and second films is a silicon oxide film or a non-doped amorphous silicon film, and the other one is a silicon nitride film or a doped amorphous silicon film. 13. The vertical batch-type film forming apparatus of claim 11, wherein a temperature for forming the first film is the same as a temperature for forming the second film. | A vertical batch-type film forming apparatus includes: a processing chamber collectively performing a film forming process to a plurality of processing targets; a heating device heating the plurality of processing targets; an exhauster evacuating an inside of the processing chamber; an accommodating container accommodating the processing chamber; a gas supply mechanism supplying a gas used in a process into the accommodating container; and a plurality of gas introducing holes provided in a sidewall of the processing chamber. The gas used in a process is supplied into the processing chamber via the gas introducing holes in a parallel flow to processing surfaces of the plurality of processing targets, and a film forming process is collectively performed to the plurality of processing targets without setting the furnace temperature gradient in the processing chamber.1. A vertical batch-type film forming apparatus that collectively performs a film forming process to a plurality of processing targets, the vertical batch-type film forming apparatus comprising:
a processing chamber which accommodates the plurality of processing targets stacked in a heightwise direction and collectively performs a film forming process to the plurality of processing targets; a heating device which heats the plurality of processing targets accommodated in the processing chamber; an exhauster which evacuates an inside of the processing chamber; an accommodating container which accommodates the processing chamber; a gas supply mechanism which supplies a gas used in a process into the accommodating container; and a plurality of gas introducing holes which are provided in a sidewall of the processing chamber and allow the processing chamber and the accommodating container to communicate with each other, wherein the gas used in a process is supplied into the processing chamber via the plurality of gas introducing holes in a parallel flow to processing surfaces of the plurality of processing targets, and the film forming process is collectively performed to the plurality of processing targets without setting a furnace temperature gradient in the processing chamber. 2. The vertical batch-type film forming apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processing chamber comprises an exhaust passage in which the gas used in a process flows in a vertical direction, and an equation d1<d2 is satisfied, wherein d1 denotes a distance between an edge of the processing target and an inner wall surface of the processing chamber in a space other than the exhaust passage, and d2 denotes a distance between an edge of the processing target and an inner wall surface of the processing chamber in the exhaust passage. 3. A vertical batch-type film forming apparatus that collectively performs a film forming process to a plurality of processing targets, the vertical batch-type film forming apparatus comprising:
a processing chamber which accommodates the plurality of processing targets stacked in a heightwise direction and collectively performs a film forming process to the plurality of processing targets; a heating device which heats the plurality of processing targets accommodated in the processing chamber; an accommodating container which accommodates the processing chamber; a barrier wall which separates an inside of the accommodating container into a gas diffusing room and a gas exhaust room; a gas supply mechanism which supplies a gas used in a process into the gas diffusing room; a plurality of gas introducing holes which are provided in a sidewall of the processing chamber and allow the processing chamber and the gas diffusing room to communicate with each other, an exhauster which evacuates an inside of the gas exhaust room; and a plurality of gas exhaust holes which are provided in a sidewall of the processing chamber and allow the processing chamber and the gas exhaust room to communicate with each other, wherein the gas used in a process is supplied into the processing chamber via the plurality of gas introducing holes in a parallel flow to processing surfaces of the plurality of processing targets, and the film forming process is collectively performed to the plurality of processing targets without setting a furnace temperature gradient in the processing chamber. 4. A vertical batch-type film forming apparatus that collectively performs a film forming process to a plurality of processing targets, the vertical batch-type film forming apparatus comprising:
a processing chamber which accommodates the plurality of processing targets stacked in a heightwise direction and collectively performs a film forming process to the plurality of processing targets; a heating device which heats the plurality of processing targets accommodated in the processing chamber; an accommodating container which accommodates the processing chamber; a duct which is provided in a part of a space between the accommodating container and the processing chamber, defines a gas exhaust room in the space between the accommodating container and the processing chamber, and defines a gas diffusing room in the accommodating container; a gas supply mechanism which supplies a gas used in a process into the gas diffusing room; a plurality of gas supply holes provided in a sidewall of the duct; a plurality of gas introducing holes which are provided in a sidewall of the processing chamber and allow the processing chamber and the gas diffusing room to communicate with each other via the plurality of gas supply holes; an exhauster which evacuates an inside of the gas exhaust room; and a plurality of gas exhaust holes which are provided in a sidewall of the processing chamber and allow the processing chamber and the gas exhaust room to communicate with each other. 5. The vertical batch-type film forming apparatus of claim 4, wherein the duct is detachably fixed to the accommodating container but is not fixed to the processing chamber. 6. The vertical batch-type film forming apparatus of claim 5, wherein the duct faces the processing chamber by interposing a clearance between the duct and the processing chamber. 7. The vertical batch-type film forming apparatus of claim 6, wherein conductance of the clearance is smaller than conductance of the plurality of gas introducing holes. 8. The vertical batch-type film forming apparatus of claim 4, wherein the gas used in a process is supplied into the processing chamber via the plurality of gas introducing holes in a parallel flow to processing surfaces of the plurality of processing targets, and the film forming process is collectively performed to the plurality of processing targets without setting a furnace temperature gradient in the processing chamber. 9. The vertical batch-type film forming apparatus of claim 1, wherein the heating device comprises a plurality of heating bodies for heating the inside of the processing chamber to each zone, wherein when the film forming process is collectively performed to the plurality of processing targets, temperatures of the plurality of heating bodies are set to be the same. 10. The vertical batch-type film forming apparatus of claim 9, wherein a range of a temperature deviation ΔT between the plurality of heating bodies is ±7° C.≧ΔT. 11. The vertical batch-type film forming apparatus of claim 1, wherein the film forming process to be collectively performed to the plurality of processing targets comprises the processes of:
forming a first film on the processing target, forming a second film different from the first film on the first film; and forming a film in which a plurality of the first films and a plurality of the second films are deposited on the plurality of processing targets by repeating the forming of the first film and the forming of the second film. 12. The vertical batch-type film forming apparatus of claim 11, wherein the plurality of processing targets are semiconductor wafers, one of the first and second films is a silicon oxide film or a non-doped amorphous silicon film, and the other one is a silicon nitride film or a doped amorphous silicon film. 13. The vertical batch-type film forming apparatus of claim 11, wherein a temperature for forming the first film is the same as a temperature for forming the second film. | 1,700 |
2,728 | 14,763,203 | 1,767 | The present invention is directed towards aqueous formulations comprising (A) at least one alkoxylated polypropylenimine, (B) at least one non-ionic surfactant, selected from (B1) alkyl polyglycosides and (B2) alkoxylated C 8 -C 14 -Guerbet alcohols. | 1. Aqueous formulation comprising
(A) at least one alkoxylated polypropylenimine, and (B) at least one non-ionic surfactant, selected from
(B1) alkyl polyglycosides and
(B2) alkoxylated C8-C14-Guerbet alcohols. 2. Aqueous formulation according to claim 1, wherein alkoxylated polypropylenimine (A) is selected from those with a polypropylenimine backbone with a molecular weight Mn in the range of from 300 to 4,000 g/mol. 3. Aqueous formulation according to claim 1, wherein alkoxylated polypropylenimine (A) is selected from those with alkylene oxide units and N atoms in a molar ratio in the range of from 1:1 to 100:1. 4. Aqueous formulation according to claim 1, wherein alkoxylated polypropylenimine (A) is selected from alkoxylated polypropylenimines (A) with a linear polypropylenimine backbone. 5. Aqueous formulation according to claim 1, wherein alkoxylated polypropylenimine (A) is selected from alkoxylated polypropylenimines (A) with a linear polypropylenimine backbone that bears no hydroxyl groups. 6. Aqueous formulation according to claim 1, wherein an alkyl polyglycoside (B1) is present and is selected from compounds according to the general formula (I)
wherein:
R1 is hydrogen or C1-C4-alkyl, linear or branched,
R2 is C3-C12-alkyl, linear or branched,
G1 selected from monosaccharides with 4 to 6 carbon atoms,
x in the range of from 1.1 to 3. 7. Aqueous formulation according to claim 1, wherein an alkoxylated Guerbet C8-C14-Guerbet alcohol (B2) is present and is selected from alkoxylated C8-C14-Guerbet alcohols within the range of from 3 to 40 alkoxide units per mole. 8. Aqueous formulation according to claim 1, which contains at least one surfactant (C), selected from anionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants and amine oxide surfactants. 9. Aqueous formulation according to claim 1, which comprises
(A) in total in the range of from 0.1 to 1.0% by weight of alkoxylated polypropylenimine, (B) in total in the range of from 0.5 to 5.0% by weight of nonionic surfactant, selected from
(B1) alkyl polyglycosides and
(B2) alkoxylated C8-C14-Guerbet alcohols,
(C) optionally, in total in the range of from 0.1 to 38.5% by weight of at least one surfactant, selected from anionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants and amine oxide surfactants, percentages being based on the total weight of the respective aqueous formulation. 10. A process for cleaning a hard surface, selected from hard surfaces being part of a dishware, glass, cutlery, or kitchen utensils, comprising applying the aqueous formulation according to claim 1 to the surface. 11. Process for manufacturing the aqueous formulation according to claim 1 comprising mixing at least one non-ionic surfactant (B) with water and, optionally, with at least one surfactant (C), and then adding alkoxylated polypropylenimine (A). 12. Alkoxylated polypropylenimine with a linear polypropylenimine backbone that bears no hydroxyl groups. 13. Alkoxylated polypropylenimine according to claim 12, selected from those having alkylene oxide units and N atoms in a molar ratio in the range of from 1:1 to 100:1. 14. Alkoxylated polypropylenimine according to claim 12, selected from those having a polypropylenimine backbone with a molecular weight Mn in the range of from 300 to 4,000 g/mol. 15. Process for the manufacture of an alkoxylated polypropylenimine according to claim 12, comprising the following:
(a) reacting propandiamine and optionally at least one further aliphatic diamine in the presence of a catalyst under formation of a polypropylenimine that is free of hydroxyl groups, (b) reacting the polypropylenimine obtained according to step (a) with at least one alkylene oxide. 16. Process for the manufacture of an alkoxylated polypropylenimine according to claim 12, comprising the following:
(a′) providing a polypropylenimine with a linear polypropylenimine backbone that is free of hydroxyl groups, (b′) reacting the polypropylenimine according to (a′) with at least one alkylene oxide. | The present invention is directed towards aqueous formulations comprising (A) at least one alkoxylated polypropylenimine, (B) at least one non-ionic surfactant, selected from (B1) alkyl polyglycosides and (B2) alkoxylated C 8 -C 14 -Guerbet alcohols.1. Aqueous formulation comprising
(A) at least one alkoxylated polypropylenimine, and (B) at least one non-ionic surfactant, selected from
(B1) alkyl polyglycosides and
(B2) alkoxylated C8-C14-Guerbet alcohols. 2. Aqueous formulation according to claim 1, wherein alkoxylated polypropylenimine (A) is selected from those with a polypropylenimine backbone with a molecular weight Mn in the range of from 300 to 4,000 g/mol. 3. Aqueous formulation according to claim 1, wherein alkoxylated polypropylenimine (A) is selected from those with alkylene oxide units and N atoms in a molar ratio in the range of from 1:1 to 100:1. 4. Aqueous formulation according to claim 1, wherein alkoxylated polypropylenimine (A) is selected from alkoxylated polypropylenimines (A) with a linear polypropylenimine backbone. 5. Aqueous formulation according to claim 1, wherein alkoxylated polypropylenimine (A) is selected from alkoxylated polypropylenimines (A) with a linear polypropylenimine backbone that bears no hydroxyl groups. 6. Aqueous formulation according to claim 1, wherein an alkyl polyglycoside (B1) is present and is selected from compounds according to the general formula (I)
wherein:
R1 is hydrogen or C1-C4-alkyl, linear or branched,
R2 is C3-C12-alkyl, linear or branched,
G1 selected from monosaccharides with 4 to 6 carbon atoms,
x in the range of from 1.1 to 3. 7. Aqueous formulation according to claim 1, wherein an alkoxylated Guerbet C8-C14-Guerbet alcohol (B2) is present and is selected from alkoxylated C8-C14-Guerbet alcohols within the range of from 3 to 40 alkoxide units per mole. 8. Aqueous formulation according to claim 1, which contains at least one surfactant (C), selected from anionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants and amine oxide surfactants. 9. Aqueous formulation according to claim 1, which comprises
(A) in total in the range of from 0.1 to 1.0% by weight of alkoxylated polypropylenimine, (B) in total in the range of from 0.5 to 5.0% by weight of nonionic surfactant, selected from
(B1) alkyl polyglycosides and
(B2) alkoxylated C8-C14-Guerbet alcohols,
(C) optionally, in total in the range of from 0.1 to 38.5% by weight of at least one surfactant, selected from anionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants and amine oxide surfactants, percentages being based on the total weight of the respective aqueous formulation. 10. A process for cleaning a hard surface, selected from hard surfaces being part of a dishware, glass, cutlery, or kitchen utensils, comprising applying the aqueous formulation according to claim 1 to the surface. 11. Process for manufacturing the aqueous formulation according to claim 1 comprising mixing at least one non-ionic surfactant (B) with water and, optionally, with at least one surfactant (C), and then adding alkoxylated polypropylenimine (A). 12. Alkoxylated polypropylenimine with a linear polypropylenimine backbone that bears no hydroxyl groups. 13. Alkoxylated polypropylenimine according to claim 12, selected from those having alkylene oxide units and N atoms in a molar ratio in the range of from 1:1 to 100:1. 14. Alkoxylated polypropylenimine according to claim 12, selected from those having a polypropylenimine backbone with a molecular weight Mn in the range of from 300 to 4,000 g/mol. 15. Process for the manufacture of an alkoxylated polypropylenimine according to claim 12, comprising the following:
(a) reacting propandiamine and optionally at least one further aliphatic diamine in the presence of a catalyst under formation of a polypropylenimine that is free of hydroxyl groups, (b) reacting the polypropylenimine obtained according to step (a) with at least one alkylene oxide. 16. Process for the manufacture of an alkoxylated polypropylenimine according to claim 12, comprising the following:
(a′) providing a polypropylenimine with a linear polypropylenimine backbone that is free of hydroxyl groups, (b′) reacting the polypropylenimine according to (a′) with at least one alkylene oxide. | 1,700 |
2,729 | 13,973,680 | 1,789 | A composite board including: at least one glass fiber mat having an upper surface and a lower surface; a foam layer attached to the glass fiber mat; and a first binding composition applied to the upper surface of the at least one glass fiber mat and a second binding composition applied to the lower surface of the at least one glass fiber mat, the first and second binding compositions being the same or different compositions. | 1. A composite board comprising:
at least one glass fiber mat having an upper surface and a lower surface; a foam layer attached to the glass fiber mat; and a first binding composition applied to the upper surface of the at least one glass fiber mat and a second binding composition applied to the lower surface of the at least one glass fiber mat, the first and second binding compositions being the same or different compositions. 2. The composite board according to claim 1, wherein the first binding composition penetrates into the glass fiber mat beyond the upper surface, and the second binding composition penetrates into the glass fiber mat beyond the lower surface. 3. The composite board according to claim 1, wherein the air permeability of the at least one glass fiber mat on which the first and second compositions have been applied, is such that it takes at least 300 seconds for 300 cubic centimeters of air to pass through 1 square inch of the glass fiber mat. 4. A method of making a composite board comprising:
applying a first binding composition to an upper surface of at least one glass fiber mat; applying a second binding composition to a lower surface of the at least one glass fiber mat, wherein the first and second binding compositions are the same or different compositions; and attaching a foam layer to the at least one glass fiber mat. 5. The method of making a composite board according to claim 4, further comprising applying the first and second binding compositions with first and second applicator roll. 6. The method of making a composite board according to claim 4, further comprising applying the first and second binding compositions to the at least one glass fiber mat with a plurality of spray nozzles. 7. The method of making a composite board according to claim 4, further comprising:
feeding the at least one glass fiber mat along a process line; injecting a thermosetting polymer foam on the upper surface of the glass fiber mat; applying heat to the thermosetting polymer foam until the thermosetting polymer foam rises, cures, and attaches to the upper surface of the glass fiber mat. | A composite board including: at least one glass fiber mat having an upper surface and a lower surface; a foam layer attached to the glass fiber mat; and a first binding composition applied to the upper surface of the at least one glass fiber mat and a second binding composition applied to the lower surface of the at least one glass fiber mat, the first and second binding compositions being the same or different compositions.1. A composite board comprising:
at least one glass fiber mat having an upper surface and a lower surface; a foam layer attached to the glass fiber mat; and a first binding composition applied to the upper surface of the at least one glass fiber mat and a second binding composition applied to the lower surface of the at least one glass fiber mat, the first and second binding compositions being the same or different compositions. 2. The composite board according to claim 1, wherein the first binding composition penetrates into the glass fiber mat beyond the upper surface, and the second binding composition penetrates into the glass fiber mat beyond the lower surface. 3. The composite board according to claim 1, wherein the air permeability of the at least one glass fiber mat on which the first and second compositions have been applied, is such that it takes at least 300 seconds for 300 cubic centimeters of air to pass through 1 square inch of the glass fiber mat. 4. A method of making a composite board comprising:
applying a first binding composition to an upper surface of at least one glass fiber mat; applying a second binding composition to a lower surface of the at least one glass fiber mat, wherein the first and second binding compositions are the same or different compositions; and attaching a foam layer to the at least one glass fiber mat. 5. The method of making a composite board according to claim 4, further comprising applying the first and second binding compositions with first and second applicator roll. 6. The method of making a composite board according to claim 4, further comprising applying the first and second binding compositions to the at least one glass fiber mat with a plurality of spray nozzles. 7. The method of making a composite board according to claim 4, further comprising:
feeding the at least one glass fiber mat along a process line; injecting a thermosetting polymer foam on the upper surface of the glass fiber mat; applying heat to the thermosetting polymer foam until the thermosetting polymer foam rises, cures, and attaches to the upper surface of the glass fiber mat. | 1,700 |
2,730 | 13,570,860 | 1,793 | Disclosed are dairy products fortified with dairy minerals and methods of making the dairy products. The fortified dairy products exhibit enhanced fresh dairy flavor notes. In one aspect, the fortified dairy product is a concentrated dairy liquid. In another aspect, the fortified dairy product is a cheese product, such as cream cheese, processed cheese, or cultured cheese. | 1. A method of making a concentrated dairy liquid, the method comprising:
concentrating a pasteurized first dairy liquid to obtain a concentrated dairy liquid retentate; blending a high fat dairy liquid into the concentrated dairy liquid retentate to form a fat enriched dairy liquid; homogenizing the fat enriched dairy liquid to form a homogenized fat enriched dairy liquid; adding a blend of dairy minerals to the homogenized fat enriched dairy liquid; heating the homogenized fat enriched dairy liquid including the blend of dairy minerals to obtain a concentrated dairy liquid having a Fo value of at least 5, the concentrated dairy liquid having a protein to fat ratio of from about 0.4 to about 0.75 and lactose in an amount of up to about 1.25 percent. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein to fat ratio is from about 0.61 to about 0.7. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid includes from about 7 to about 9 percent protein. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid includes from about 9 to about 14 percent fat. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid dairy base is whole milk. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the high fat dairy liquid is cream. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein from about 3 to about 34 percent cream is added to the concentrated dairy liquid retentate. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the blend of dairy minerals includes at least one of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the blend of dairy minerals comprises between 0.15 and 1.5% by weight of the homogenized fat enriched dairy liquid. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein the blend of dairy minerals comprises from about 0.5 to about 0.75% by weight of the homogenized fat enriched dairy liquid. 11. A method of making a concentrated dairy liquid, the method comprising:
pasteurizing a dairy cream; concentrating the pasteurized cream to obtain a concentrated cream retentate; homogenizing the concentrated cream retentate to form a homogenized cream retentate; adding a blend of dairy minerals to the homogenized cream retentate; heating the homogenized cream retentate including the blend of dairy minerals to obtain a concentrated dairy liquid having a Fo value of at least 5, the concentrated dairy liquid having a protein to fat ratio of from about 0.4 to about 0.7 and lactose in an amount of up to 1.5 percent. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising diluting the cream with water after the pasteurizing. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the ratio of the water to the cream is from about 2:1 to about 4:1. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the concentrating includes providing the concentrated cream retentate including about 2.0 to about 3.0 percent protein. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid includes about 1.3 to about 2 percent protein. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid includes about 20 to about 30 percent fat. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the blend of dairy minerals includes at least one of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the blend of dairy minerals comprises between 0.15 and 1.5% by weight of the homogenized cream retentate. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the blend of dairy minerals comprises between 0.5 and 0.75% by weight of the homogenized cream retentate. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid includes about 35 to about 65 percent total solids. 21. A concentrated dairy liquid comprising:
from about 7 to about 9 percent total protein; from about 9 to about 14 percent total fat; and lactose in an amount of less than about 1.5 percent; wherein the concentrated dairy liquid comprises a ratio of protein to fat of about 0.4 to about 0.75. 22. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 21, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid has a whole milk base. 23. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 21, wherein the protein to fat ratio is from about 0.61 to about 0.7. 24. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 21, further comprising a blend of dairy minerals including at least one of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus. 25. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 24, wherein the blend of dairy minerals comprises between 0.15 and 1.5% by weight of the concentrated dairy liquid. 26. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 25, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid comprises a ratio of potassium to protein of from about 0.0040 to about 0.0043, a ratio of magnesium to protein of from about 0.0018 to about 0.0025, a ratio of calcium to protein of from about 0.0347 to about 0.047, and a ratio of phosphate to protein of from about 0.0897 to about 0.1045. 27. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 24, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid comprises one of the following ratios: potassium to protein of from about 0.0040 to about 0.0043; magnesium to protein of from about 0.0018 to about 0.0025; calcium to protein of from about 0.0347 to about 0.047; and phosphate to protein of from about 0.0897 to about 0.1045. 28. A concentrated dairy liquid comprising:
from about 1.3 to about 2.0 percent protein; from about 20 to about 30 percent fat; lactose in an amount of less than about 1.5 percent; and about 35 to about 65 percent total solids; wherein the concentrated dairy liquid comprises a ratio of protein to fat of about 0.04 to about 0.1. 29. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 28, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid has a cream base. 30. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 28, further comprising a blend of dairy minerals including at one of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus. 31. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 30, wherein the blend of dairy minerals comprises between 0.15 and 1.5% by weight of the concentrated dairy liquid. 32. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 28, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid comprises a ratio of potassium to protein of from about 0.017 to about 0.026, a ratio of magnesium to protein of from about 0.008 to about 0.022, a ratio of calcium to protein of from about 0.122 to about 0.352, and a ratio of phosphate to protein of from about 0.199 to about 0.539. 33. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 28, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid comprises one of the following ratios: potassium to protein of from about 0.017 to about 0.026; magnesium to protein of from about 0.008 to about 0.022; calcium to protein of from about 0.122 to about 0.352; and phosphate to protein of from about 0.199 to about 0.539. | Disclosed are dairy products fortified with dairy minerals and methods of making the dairy products. The fortified dairy products exhibit enhanced fresh dairy flavor notes. In one aspect, the fortified dairy product is a concentrated dairy liquid. In another aspect, the fortified dairy product is a cheese product, such as cream cheese, processed cheese, or cultured cheese.1. A method of making a concentrated dairy liquid, the method comprising:
concentrating a pasteurized first dairy liquid to obtain a concentrated dairy liquid retentate; blending a high fat dairy liquid into the concentrated dairy liquid retentate to form a fat enriched dairy liquid; homogenizing the fat enriched dairy liquid to form a homogenized fat enriched dairy liquid; adding a blend of dairy minerals to the homogenized fat enriched dairy liquid; heating the homogenized fat enriched dairy liquid including the blend of dairy minerals to obtain a concentrated dairy liquid having a Fo value of at least 5, the concentrated dairy liquid having a protein to fat ratio of from about 0.4 to about 0.75 and lactose in an amount of up to about 1.25 percent. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein to fat ratio is from about 0.61 to about 0.7. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid includes from about 7 to about 9 percent protein. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid includes from about 9 to about 14 percent fat. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid dairy base is whole milk. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the high fat dairy liquid is cream. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein from about 3 to about 34 percent cream is added to the concentrated dairy liquid retentate. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the blend of dairy minerals includes at least one of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the blend of dairy minerals comprises between 0.15 and 1.5% by weight of the homogenized fat enriched dairy liquid. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein the blend of dairy minerals comprises from about 0.5 to about 0.75% by weight of the homogenized fat enriched dairy liquid. 11. A method of making a concentrated dairy liquid, the method comprising:
pasteurizing a dairy cream; concentrating the pasteurized cream to obtain a concentrated cream retentate; homogenizing the concentrated cream retentate to form a homogenized cream retentate; adding a blend of dairy minerals to the homogenized cream retentate; heating the homogenized cream retentate including the blend of dairy minerals to obtain a concentrated dairy liquid having a Fo value of at least 5, the concentrated dairy liquid having a protein to fat ratio of from about 0.4 to about 0.7 and lactose in an amount of up to 1.5 percent. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising diluting the cream with water after the pasteurizing. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the ratio of the water to the cream is from about 2:1 to about 4:1. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the concentrating includes providing the concentrated cream retentate including about 2.0 to about 3.0 percent protein. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid includes about 1.3 to about 2 percent protein. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid includes about 20 to about 30 percent fat. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the blend of dairy minerals includes at least one of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the blend of dairy minerals comprises between 0.15 and 1.5% by weight of the homogenized cream retentate. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the blend of dairy minerals comprises between 0.5 and 0.75% by weight of the homogenized cream retentate. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid includes about 35 to about 65 percent total solids. 21. A concentrated dairy liquid comprising:
from about 7 to about 9 percent total protein; from about 9 to about 14 percent total fat; and lactose in an amount of less than about 1.5 percent; wherein the concentrated dairy liquid comprises a ratio of protein to fat of about 0.4 to about 0.75. 22. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 21, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid has a whole milk base. 23. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 21, wherein the protein to fat ratio is from about 0.61 to about 0.7. 24. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 21, further comprising a blend of dairy minerals including at least one of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus. 25. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 24, wherein the blend of dairy minerals comprises between 0.15 and 1.5% by weight of the concentrated dairy liquid. 26. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 25, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid comprises a ratio of potassium to protein of from about 0.0040 to about 0.0043, a ratio of magnesium to protein of from about 0.0018 to about 0.0025, a ratio of calcium to protein of from about 0.0347 to about 0.047, and a ratio of phosphate to protein of from about 0.0897 to about 0.1045. 27. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 24, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid comprises one of the following ratios: potassium to protein of from about 0.0040 to about 0.0043; magnesium to protein of from about 0.0018 to about 0.0025; calcium to protein of from about 0.0347 to about 0.047; and phosphate to protein of from about 0.0897 to about 0.1045. 28. A concentrated dairy liquid comprising:
from about 1.3 to about 2.0 percent protein; from about 20 to about 30 percent fat; lactose in an amount of less than about 1.5 percent; and about 35 to about 65 percent total solids; wherein the concentrated dairy liquid comprises a ratio of protein to fat of about 0.04 to about 0.1. 29. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 28, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid has a cream base. 30. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 28, further comprising a blend of dairy minerals including at one of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus. 31. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 30, wherein the blend of dairy minerals comprises between 0.15 and 1.5% by weight of the concentrated dairy liquid. 32. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 28, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid comprises a ratio of potassium to protein of from about 0.017 to about 0.026, a ratio of magnesium to protein of from about 0.008 to about 0.022, a ratio of calcium to protein of from about 0.122 to about 0.352, and a ratio of phosphate to protein of from about 0.199 to about 0.539. 33. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 28, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid comprises one of the following ratios: potassium to protein of from about 0.017 to about 0.026; magnesium to protein of from about 0.008 to about 0.022; calcium to protein of from about 0.122 to about 0.352; and phosphate to protein of from about 0.199 to about 0.539. | 1,700 |
2,731 | 13,557,372 | 1,795 | A dry reagent composition that includes an active redox enzyme that oxidizes an analyte as a specific substrate to produce an inactive reduced form of the enzyme; and a salt of ferricyanide provides improved performance in electrochemical test strips such as those used for detection of glucose. The salt of ferricyanide consists of ferricyanide and positively-charged counter ions, and the positively charged counter ions are selected such that the salt of ferricyanide is soluble in water, and such that the salt of ferricyanide or the crystalline phase of the salt of ferricyanide has a solubility in water and/or a lower E 0 eff at a concentration of 100 mM than potassium ferricyanide. For example, the salt of ferricyanide may be tetramethylammonium ferricyanide. | 1. A dry reagent composition comprising:
(a) an active redox enzyme that oxidizes an analyte as a specific substrate to produce an inactive reduced form of the enzyme; and (b) a salt of ferricyanide, wherein the salt of ferricyanide consists of ferricyanide and positively-charged counter ions, said positively charged counter ions being selected such that the salt of ferricyanide is soluble in water, and such that the salt of ferricyanide or the crystalline phase of the salt of ferricyanide has a solubility in water and/or a lower E0 eff at a concentration of 100 mM than potassium ferricyanide. 2. The dry reagent of claim 1, wherein the salt of ferricyanide includes alkylammonium ions as positively-charged counter ions. 3. The dry reagent of claim 2, wherein the salt of ferricyanide includes tetramethylammonium ions as positively-charged counter ions. 4. The dry reagent of claim 3, wherein the positively charged counter ions in the salt of ferricyanide are all tetramethylammonium ions. 5. The dry reagent of claim 4, wherein the reagent further comprises an electron transfer mediator that is not a salt of ferricyanide, said electron transfer mediator having an electrochemical potential in aqueous medium sufficient to oxidize the inactive reduced form of the enzyme to regenerate active redox enzyme. 6. The dry reagent of claim 4, wherein the electron transfer mediator is an osmium coordination complex. 7. The dry reagent of claim 6, wherein the osmium coordination complex is Os(dmbpy)2Im2Cl. 8. The dry reagent of claim 6, wherein the osmium coordination complex is Os(dmbpy)2PicCl. 9. The dry reagent of claim 8, further comprising a reduced form of the electron transfer mediator, wherein the amount of said reduced form of the electron transfer mediator relative to the oxidized form of the electron transfer mediator is such that a solution of the reagent has a baseline comparable to the steady-state baseline signal that is produced by a solution of an aged dry reagent in the absence of the reduced form of the electron transfer mediator. 10. The dry reagent of claim 8, further comprising a salt of ferrocyanide, said salt of ferrocyanide consisting of ferrocyanide and the same positively-charged counter ions as the salt of ferricyanide, wherein the amount of ferrocyanide relative to ferricyanide is such that a solution of dried reagent has a baseline comparable to the steady-state baseline signal that is produced by a solution of an aged dry reagent containing just the ferricyanide and enzyme components of the dried reagent. 11. The dry reagent of claim 8, further comprising a zwitterion buffering agent comprising a positively-charged buffer counter ion and a buffer conjugate base. 12. The dry reagent of claim 11, wherein essentially all of the positively-charged buffer counter ion is the same as the counter ion in the salt of ferricyanide. 13. The dry reagent of claim 12, wherein the buffer conjugate base is the conjugate base of 3-[N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid. 14. The dry reagent of claim 12, wherein the buffer conjugate base is the conjugate base of N-Tris(hydroxy-methyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid. 15. The dry reagent of any claim 11, further comprising a zwitterionic wetting agent comprising a hydrophilic head group including an amine and a sulphonate, and a hydrophobic aliphatic tail of 10 to 16 carbon atoms. 16. The dry reagent of claim 15, wherein the hydrophobic tail of the zwitterionic wetting agent is a 12 carbon atom tail. 17. The dry reagent of claim 16, wherein the enzyme is glucose oxidase. 18. The dry reagent of claim 4, further comprising a zwitterion buffering agent comprising a positively-charged buffer counter ion and a buffer conjugate base. 19. The dry reagent of claim 18, wherein essentially all of the positively-charged buffer counter ion is the same as the counter ion in the salt of ferricyanide. 20. The dry reagent of claim 19, wherein the buffer conjugate base is the conjugate base of 3-[N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid. 21. The dry reagent of claim 19, wherein the buffer conjugate base is the conjugate base of N-Tris(hydroxy-methyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid. 22. The dry reagent of claim 18, further comprising a zwitterionic wetting agent comprising a hydrophilic head group including an amine and a sulphonate, and a hydrophobic aliphatic tail of 10 to 16 carbon atoms. 23. The dry reagent of claim 23, wherein the hydrophobic tail of the zwitterionic wetting agent is a 12 carbon atom tail. 24. The dry reagent of claim 23, wherein the enzyme is glucose oxidase. 25. A liquid composition comprising the reagent of claim 1 and an aqueous liquid carrier, for example blood, interstitial fluid, urine or saliva. 26. The liquid composition of claim 25, wherein the concentration of enzyme in the aqueous liquid carrier is 27 mg/ml or greater, wherein the reagent contains Os(dmbpy)2PicCl at a concentration of from 0.8 to 1.0 mg/ml, wherein buffering agent is present in the reagent and comprises the conjugate case of 3-[N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid, and the concentration of buffering agent is 50 to 200 mM to maintain the pH of the liquid composition in the range of pH 7 to 8. 27. A test strip comprising:
(a) first and second non-reactive electrodes; (b) a sample cell for receiving a liquid sample, wherein a liquid sample disposed within the sample cell is in contact with the first and second electrodes; and (c) a dry reagent in accordance with claim 1, wherein said dry reagent is disposed such that upon application of a liquid sample to the test strip the dry reagent dissolves in the sample within the sample cell. 28. The test strip of claim 27, wherein the first and second electrodes are metal electrodes. 29. The test strip of claim 27, wherein at least one of the first and second electrodes comprises palladium. 30. A method for testing for an analyte in a liquid sample comprising the steps of:
(a) applying a liquid sample to a test strip in accordance with claim 28; wherein the enzyme in the dried reagent is selected to be specific for the analyte; (b) applying an external signal to the test strip to generate a signal indicative of the amount of analyte in the sample. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the external signal is a potential that is applied between the first and second electrodes of the test strip, and a current is measured as the signal indicative of the amount of analyte in the sample. 32. A method for foaming a shelf stable electrochemical test reagent for use in detection of an analyte comprising the steps of:
(a) selecting an oxidoreductase enzyme that oxidizes/reduces the analyte as a specific substrate; (b) selecting a salt of ferricyanide, wherein the salt of ferricyanide consists of ferricyanide and selected positively-charged counter ions, said positively-charged counter ions being selected such that the salt of ferricyanide is soluble in water, and such that the salt of ferricyanide or the crystalline phase of the salt of ferricyanide has a solubility in water and/or a lower E0 eff at a concentration of 100 mM than potassium ferricyanide; and (c) combining the selected enzyme and the selected salt of ferricyanide to form a shelf stable electrochemical test reagent for use in detection of the analyte. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the selected salt of ferricyanide includes alkylammonium ions as positively-charged counter ions. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the salt of ferricyanide includes tetramethylammonium ions as positively-charged counter ions. 35. A buffer solution comprising a buffering agent formed from 3-[N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic Acid, and the tetramethylammonium salt of the conjugate base of 3-[N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic Acid. | A dry reagent composition that includes an active redox enzyme that oxidizes an analyte as a specific substrate to produce an inactive reduced form of the enzyme; and a salt of ferricyanide provides improved performance in electrochemical test strips such as those used for detection of glucose. The salt of ferricyanide consists of ferricyanide and positively-charged counter ions, and the positively charged counter ions are selected such that the salt of ferricyanide is soluble in water, and such that the salt of ferricyanide or the crystalline phase of the salt of ferricyanide has a solubility in water and/or a lower E 0 eff at a concentration of 100 mM than potassium ferricyanide. For example, the salt of ferricyanide may be tetramethylammonium ferricyanide.1. A dry reagent composition comprising:
(a) an active redox enzyme that oxidizes an analyte as a specific substrate to produce an inactive reduced form of the enzyme; and (b) a salt of ferricyanide, wherein the salt of ferricyanide consists of ferricyanide and positively-charged counter ions, said positively charged counter ions being selected such that the salt of ferricyanide is soluble in water, and such that the salt of ferricyanide or the crystalline phase of the salt of ferricyanide has a solubility in water and/or a lower E0 eff at a concentration of 100 mM than potassium ferricyanide. 2. The dry reagent of claim 1, wherein the salt of ferricyanide includes alkylammonium ions as positively-charged counter ions. 3. The dry reagent of claim 2, wherein the salt of ferricyanide includes tetramethylammonium ions as positively-charged counter ions. 4. The dry reagent of claim 3, wherein the positively charged counter ions in the salt of ferricyanide are all tetramethylammonium ions. 5. The dry reagent of claim 4, wherein the reagent further comprises an electron transfer mediator that is not a salt of ferricyanide, said electron transfer mediator having an electrochemical potential in aqueous medium sufficient to oxidize the inactive reduced form of the enzyme to regenerate active redox enzyme. 6. The dry reagent of claim 4, wherein the electron transfer mediator is an osmium coordination complex. 7. The dry reagent of claim 6, wherein the osmium coordination complex is Os(dmbpy)2Im2Cl. 8. The dry reagent of claim 6, wherein the osmium coordination complex is Os(dmbpy)2PicCl. 9. The dry reagent of claim 8, further comprising a reduced form of the electron transfer mediator, wherein the amount of said reduced form of the electron transfer mediator relative to the oxidized form of the electron transfer mediator is such that a solution of the reagent has a baseline comparable to the steady-state baseline signal that is produced by a solution of an aged dry reagent in the absence of the reduced form of the electron transfer mediator. 10. The dry reagent of claim 8, further comprising a salt of ferrocyanide, said salt of ferrocyanide consisting of ferrocyanide and the same positively-charged counter ions as the salt of ferricyanide, wherein the amount of ferrocyanide relative to ferricyanide is such that a solution of dried reagent has a baseline comparable to the steady-state baseline signal that is produced by a solution of an aged dry reagent containing just the ferricyanide and enzyme components of the dried reagent. 11. The dry reagent of claim 8, further comprising a zwitterion buffering agent comprising a positively-charged buffer counter ion and a buffer conjugate base. 12. The dry reagent of claim 11, wherein essentially all of the positively-charged buffer counter ion is the same as the counter ion in the salt of ferricyanide. 13. The dry reagent of claim 12, wherein the buffer conjugate base is the conjugate base of 3-[N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid. 14. The dry reagent of claim 12, wherein the buffer conjugate base is the conjugate base of N-Tris(hydroxy-methyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid. 15. The dry reagent of any claim 11, further comprising a zwitterionic wetting agent comprising a hydrophilic head group including an amine and a sulphonate, and a hydrophobic aliphatic tail of 10 to 16 carbon atoms. 16. The dry reagent of claim 15, wherein the hydrophobic tail of the zwitterionic wetting agent is a 12 carbon atom tail. 17. The dry reagent of claim 16, wherein the enzyme is glucose oxidase. 18. The dry reagent of claim 4, further comprising a zwitterion buffering agent comprising a positively-charged buffer counter ion and a buffer conjugate base. 19. The dry reagent of claim 18, wherein essentially all of the positively-charged buffer counter ion is the same as the counter ion in the salt of ferricyanide. 20. The dry reagent of claim 19, wherein the buffer conjugate base is the conjugate base of 3-[N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid. 21. The dry reagent of claim 19, wherein the buffer conjugate base is the conjugate base of N-Tris(hydroxy-methyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid. 22. The dry reagent of claim 18, further comprising a zwitterionic wetting agent comprising a hydrophilic head group including an amine and a sulphonate, and a hydrophobic aliphatic tail of 10 to 16 carbon atoms. 23. The dry reagent of claim 23, wherein the hydrophobic tail of the zwitterionic wetting agent is a 12 carbon atom tail. 24. The dry reagent of claim 23, wherein the enzyme is glucose oxidase. 25. A liquid composition comprising the reagent of claim 1 and an aqueous liquid carrier, for example blood, interstitial fluid, urine or saliva. 26. The liquid composition of claim 25, wherein the concentration of enzyme in the aqueous liquid carrier is 27 mg/ml or greater, wherein the reagent contains Os(dmbpy)2PicCl at a concentration of from 0.8 to 1.0 mg/ml, wherein buffering agent is present in the reagent and comprises the conjugate case of 3-[N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid, and the concentration of buffering agent is 50 to 200 mM to maintain the pH of the liquid composition in the range of pH 7 to 8. 27. A test strip comprising:
(a) first and second non-reactive electrodes; (b) a sample cell for receiving a liquid sample, wherein a liquid sample disposed within the sample cell is in contact with the first and second electrodes; and (c) a dry reagent in accordance with claim 1, wherein said dry reagent is disposed such that upon application of a liquid sample to the test strip the dry reagent dissolves in the sample within the sample cell. 28. The test strip of claim 27, wherein the first and second electrodes are metal electrodes. 29. The test strip of claim 27, wherein at least one of the first and second electrodes comprises palladium. 30. A method for testing for an analyte in a liquid sample comprising the steps of:
(a) applying a liquid sample to a test strip in accordance with claim 28; wherein the enzyme in the dried reagent is selected to be specific for the analyte; (b) applying an external signal to the test strip to generate a signal indicative of the amount of analyte in the sample. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the external signal is a potential that is applied between the first and second electrodes of the test strip, and a current is measured as the signal indicative of the amount of analyte in the sample. 32. A method for foaming a shelf stable electrochemical test reagent for use in detection of an analyte comprising the steps of:
(a) selecting an oxidoreductase enzyme that oxidizes/reduces the analyte as a specific substrate; (b) selecting a salt of ferricyanide, wherein the salt of ferricyanide consists of ferricyanide and selected positively-charged counter ions, said positively-charged counter ions being selected such that the salt of ferricyanide is soluble in water, and such that the salt of ferricyanide or the crystalline phase of the salt of ferricyanide has a solubility in water and/or a lower E0 eff at a concentration of 100 mM than potassium ferricyanide; and (c) combining the selected enzyme and the selected salt of ferricyanide to form a shelf stable electrochemical test reagent for use in detection of the analyte. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the selected salt of ferricyanide includes alkylammonium ions as positively-charged counter ions. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the salt of ferricyanide includes tetramethylammonium ions as positively-charged counter ions. 35. A buffer solution comprising a buffering agent formed from 3-[N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic Acid, and the tetramethylammonium salt of the conjugate base of 3-[N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic Acid. | 1,700 |
2,732 | 14,162,301 | 1,767 | The present invention relates to an adhesive composition, which comprises, based on the total weight of the adhesive composition:
(1) from 38.0 to 75.0 percent by weight of a urethane oligomer carrying (meth)acryloyloxy group; (2) from 0.1 to 10.0 percent by weight of a multifunctional (meth)acrylate monomer; (3) from 15.0 to 60.0 percent by weight of a monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer; (4) from 0.5 to 5.0 percent by weight of a photoinitiator; (5) from 0.1 to 5.0 percent by weight of a silane coupling agent; and (6) from 0 to 5.0 percent by weight of an additive, which is selected from one or more of the group consisting of a tackifier, a thickening agent, a flame retardant, a leveling agent and a thermal initiator. The cured adhesive composition has a high transparency and a high bonding strength, and the adhesive composition can be used for bonding various substrates in display devices. | 1. An adhesive composition comprising, based on the total weight of the adhesive composition:
(1) from 38.0 to 75.0 percent by weight of a urethane oligomer carrying (meth)acryloyloxy group; (2) from 0.1 to 10.0 percent by weight of a multifunctional (meth)acrylate monomer; (3) from 15.0 to 60.0 percent by weight of a monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer; (4) from 0.5 to 5.0 percent by weight of a photoinitiator; (5) from 0.1 to 5.0 percent by weight of a silane coupling agent; and (6) from 0 to 5.0 percent by weight of an additive, which is selected from one or more of the group consisting of a tackifier, a thickening agent, a flame retardant, a leveling agent and a thermal initiator. 2. The adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein the urethane oligomer carrying (meth)acryloyloxy group has an average functionality of the (meth)acryloyloxy group of no more than 2. 3. The adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein urethane oligomer carrying (meth)acryloyloxy group has a Tg of from −80° C. to 0° C. and the urethane oligomer carrying (meth)acryloyloxy group has a Brookfield viscosity at 25° C. of from 1000 mPa·s to 190000 mPa·s. 4. The adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the urethane oligomer carrying (meth)acryloyloxy group is from 40.0 to 65.0 percent by weight. 5. The adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein the monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer is selected from monofunctional alkyl(meth)acrylates, monofunctional alkenyl(meth)acrylates, and monofunctional heterocyclo(meth)acrylates,
wherein said alkyl is an alkyl group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, which may have one or more substituents; said alkenyl is an alkenyl group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, which may have one or more substituents; and said heterocyclo is a heterocyclic group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and having a heteroatom selected from nitrogen and oxygen, which may have one or more substituents; said one or more substituents may be selected from an alkyl group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkyloxy group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryloxy group having from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyloxy group having from 3 to 20 carbon atoms, and hydroxyl. 6. The adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein the monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer is selected from methyl(meth)acrylate, ethyl(meth)acrylate, butyl(methyl)acrylate, 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy) ethyl acrylate, tetrahydrofurfury(meth)acrylate, lauryl acrylate, isooctyl acrylate, isodecyl acrylate, 2-phenoxyethyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl(meth)acrylate, isobornyl(meth)acrylate, dicyclopentenyloxyethyl(meth)acrylate, dicyclopentadienyl(meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl(meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxybutyl(meth)acrylate, caprolactone acrylate, morpholine(meth)acrylate and combinations thereof. 7. The adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein the multifunctional (meth)acrylate monomer is selected from multifunctional alkyl(meth)acrylates, multifunctional alkenyl(meth)acrylates, and multifunctional heterocyclo(meth)acrylates,
wherein said alkyl is an alkyl group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, which may have one or more substituents; said alkenyl is an alkenyl group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, which may have one or more substituents; and said heterocyclo is a heterocyclic group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and having a heteroatom selected from nitrogen and oxygen, which may have one or more substituents; said one or more substituents may be selected from an alkyl group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkyloxy group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryloxy group having from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyloxy group having from 3 to 20 carbon atoms, and hydroxyl. 8. The adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein the multifunctional (meth)acrylate monomer is selected from hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate and combinations thereof. 9. The adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer is from 20.0 to 45.0 percent by weight, and the amount of the multifunctional (meth)acrylate monomer is from 2.0 to 8.0 percent by weight. 10. The adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein the photoinitiator is selected from 2,2-dimethoxy-1,2-diphenylethan-1-one,
trimethylbenzoyl diphenylphosphine oxide, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl benzophenone, 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropan-1-one, ethyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphenylphosphinate, 2-hydroxyl-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone, diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine oxide and combinations thereof, and the amount of the photo initiator is from 2.0 to 4.0 percent by weight. 11. A cured product of the adhesive of claim 1. 12. A display device comprising cured reaction products of the adhesive composition of claim 1. 13. Bonded or laminated parts in display devices comprising cured reaction products of the adhesive composition of claim 1. 14. Transparent parts comprising cured reaction products of the adhesive composition of claim 1. 15. The adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein the photoinitiator is a UV photoinitiator. | The present invention relates to an adhesive composition, which comprises, based on the total weight of the adhesive composition:
(1) from 38.0 to 75.0 percent by weight of a urethane oligomer carrying (meth)acryloyloxy group; (2) from 0.1 to 10.0 percent by weight of a multifunctional (meth)acrylate monomer; (3) from 15.0 to 60.0 percent by weight of a monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer; (4) from 0.5 to 5.0 percent by weight of a photoinitiator; (5) from 0.1 to 5.0 percent by weight of a silane coupling agent; and (6) from 0 to 5.0 percent by weight of an additive, which is selected from one or more of the group consisting of a tackifier, a thickening agent, a flame retardant, a leveling agent and a thermal initiator. The cured adhesive composition has a high transparency and a high bonding strength, and the adhesive composition can be used for bonding various substrates in display devices.1. An adhesive composition comprising, based on the total weight of the adhesive composition:
(1) from 38.0 to 75.0 percent by weight of a urethane oligomer carrying (meth)acryloyloxy group; (2) from 0.1 to 10.0 percent by weight of a multifunctional (meth)acrylate monomer; (3) from 15.0 to 60.0 percent by weight of a monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer; (4) from 0.5 to 5.0 percent by weight of a photoinitiator; (5) from 0.1 to 5.0 percent by weight of a silane coupling agent; and (6) from 0 to 5.0 percent by weight of an additive, which is selected from one or more of the group consisting of a tackifier, a thickening agent, a flame retardant, a leveling agent and a thermal initiator. 2. The adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein the urethane oligomer carrying (meth)acryloyloxy group has an average functionality of the (meth)acryloyloxy group of no more than 2. 3. The adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein urethane oligomer carrying (meth)acryloyloxy group has a Tg of from −80° C. to 0° C. and the urethane oligomer carrying (meth)acryloyloxy group has a Brookfield viscosity at 25° C. of from 1000 mPa·s to 190000 mPa·s. 4. The adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the urethane oligomer carrying (meth)acryloyloxy group is from 40.0 to 65.0 percent by weight. 5. The adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein the monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer is selected from monofunctional alkyl(meth)acrylates, monofunctional alkenyl(meth)acrylates, and monofunctional heterocyclo(meth)acrylates,
wherein said alkyl is an alkyl group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, which may have one or more substituents; said alkenyl is an alkenyl group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, which may have one or more substituents; and said heterocyclo is a heterocyclic group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and having a heteroatom selected from nitrogen and oxygen, which may have one or more substituents; said one or more substituents may be selected from an alkyl group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkyloxy group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryloxy group having from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyloxy group having from 3 to 20 carbon atoms, and hydroxyl. 6. The adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein the monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer is selected from methyl(meth)acrylate, ethyl(meth)acrylate, butyl(methyl)acrylate, 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy) ethyl acrylate, tetrahydrofurfury(meth)acrylate, lauryl acrylate, isooctyl acrylate, isodecyl acrylate, 2-phenoxyethyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl(meth)acrylate, isobornyl(meth)acrylate, dicyclopentenyloxyethyl(meth)acrylate, dicyclopentadienyl(meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl(meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxybutyl(meth)acrylate, caprolactone acrylate, morpholine(meth)acrylate and combinations thereof. 7. The adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein the multifunctional (meth)acrylate monomer is selected from multifunctional alkyl(meth)acrylates, multifunctional alkenyl(meth)acrylates, and multifunctional heterocyclo(meth)acrylates,
wherein said alkyl is an alkyl group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, which may have one or more substituents; said alkenyl is an alkenyl group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, which may have one or more substituents; and said heterocyclo is a heterocyclic group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and having a heteroatom selected from nitrogen and oxygen, which may have one or more substituents; said one or more substituents may be selected from an alkyl group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkyloxy group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryloxy group having from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyloxy group having from 3 to 20 carbon atoms, and hydroxyl. 8. The adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein the multifunctional (meth)acrylate monomer is selected from hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate and combinations thereof. 9. The adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer is from 20.0 to 45.0 percent by weight, and the amount of the multifunctional (meth)acrylate monomer is from 2.0 to 8.0 percent by weight. 10. The adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein the photoinitiator is selected from 2,2-dimethoxy-1,2-diphenylethan-1-one,
trimethylbenzoyl diphenylphosphine oxide, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl benzophenone, 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropan-1-one, ethyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphenylphosphinate, 2-hydroxyl-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone, diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine oxide and combinations thereof, and the amount of the photo initiator is from 2.0 to 4.0 percent by weight. 11. A cured product of the adhesive of claim 1. 12. A display device comprising cured reaction products of the adhesive composition of claim 1. 13. Bonded or laminated parts in display devices comprising cured reaction products of the adhesive composition of claim 1. 14. Transparent parts comprising cured reaction products of the adhesive composition of claim 1. 15. The adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein the photoinitiator is a UV photoinitiator. | 1,700 |
2,733 | 13,906,108 | 1,732 | Disclosed herein are formed ceramic substrates comprising an oxide ceramic material, wherein the formed ceramic substrate comprises a low elemental alkali metal content, such as less than about 1000 ppm. Also disclosed are composite bodies comprising at least one catalyst and a formed ceramic substrate comprising an oxide ceramic material, wherein the composite body has a low elemental alkali metal content, such as less than about 1000 ppm, and methods for preparing the same. | 1. A formed ceramic substrate comprising an oxide ceramic material, wherein said formed ceramic substrate comprises an elemental sodium content of less than about 1200 ppm, and has a porosity of at least about 55%. 2. The formed ceramic substrate according to claim 1, wherein the elemental sodium content is less than about 1000 ppm. 3. The formed ceramic substrate according to claim 1, wherein the elemental sodium content is less than about 750 ppm. 4. The formed ceramic substrate according to claim 1, wherein the elemental sodium content is less than about 500 ppm. 5. The formed ceramic substrate according to claim 1, wherein the porosity is at least about 58%. 6. The formed ceramic substrate according to claim 1, wherein the porosity is at least about 60%. 7. The formed ceramic substrate according to claim 1, wherein the porosity is at least about 65%. 8. A composite body comprising:
a formed ceramic substrate comprising at least one oxide ceramic material; and at least one catalyst, wherein the formed ceramic substrate has an elemental sodium content of less than about 1200 ppm. 9. The composite body according to claim 8, wherein the elemental sodium content is less than about 1000 ppm. 10. The composite body according to claim 8, wherein the elemental sodium content is less than about 750 ppm. 11. The composite body according to claim 8, wherein the elemental sodium content is less than about 500 ppm. 12. The composite body according to claim 8, wherein the at least one catalyst is in a washcoat applied to the formed ceramic substrate in an amount of at least about 5 grams per liter of formed ceramic substrate. 13. The composite body according to claim 8, wherein the at least one catalyst is chosen from zeolite catalysts. 14. The composite body according to claim 8, wherein the at least one catalyst comprises a chabazite catalyst. 15. The composite body according to claim 8, wherein the at least one catalyst comprises a metal-exchanged chabazite catalyst. 16. The composite body according to claim 15, wherein the metal-exchanged chabazite catalyst is a copper-exchanged chabazite catalyst. 17. The composite body according to claim 8, having a mean coefficient of thermal expansion less than about 3×10−6° C.−1 from about 25° C. to about 800° C. 18. A method for preparing a composite body having a substantially maintained catalytic BET surface area of at least about 55% after thermal aging at about 800° C. for about 64 hours in air containing about 10% by volume of H2O, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a formed ceramic body prepared from a substrate composition comprising an oxide ceramic material, wherein the batch components of the substrate composition are chosen such that the content of elemental sodium content in the formed ceramic body is less than about 1200 ppm; and
applying at least one catalyst to the formed ceramic body. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the content of elemental sodium in the composite body is less than about 1000 ppm. 20. The method according to claim 18, wherein the content of elemental sodium in the composite body is less than about 750 ppm. 21. The method according to claim 18, wherein the content of elemental sodium in the composite body is less than about 500 ppm. 22. The method according to claim 18, wherein the at least one catalyst is in a washcoat applied to the formed ceramic body in an amount of at least 5 grams per liter of formed ceramic body. 23. The method according to claim 18, wherein the at least one catalyst is chosen from zeolite catalysts. 24. The method according to claim 18, wherein the at least one catalyst comprises a chabazite catalyst. 25. The method according to claim 18, wherein the at least one catalyst comprises a copper-exchanged chabazite catalyst. 26. The method according to claim 18, having a substantially maintained catalytic BET surface area of at least about 60% after thermal aging at 800° C. for 64 hours in air containing about 10% by volume of H2O. 27. The method according to claim 18, having a substantially maintained catalytic BET surface area of at least about 70% after thermal aging at 800° C. for 64 hours in air containing about 10% by volume of H2O. 28. A method for preparing a composite body having substantially maintained nitric oxide conversion efficiency at least about 200° C. of at least about 80% after thermal aging at about 800° C. for about 5 hours in air containing about 10% by volume of H2O, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a formed ceramic body prepared from a substrate composition comprising an oxide ceramic material, wherein the batch components of the substrate composition are chosen such that the content of elemental sodium content in the formed ceramic body is less than about 1200 ppm; and
applying at least one catalyst to the formed ceramic body. 29. The method according to claim 28, wherein the content of elemental sodium in the composite body is less than about 1000 ppm. 30. The method according to claim 28, wherein the content of elemental sodium in the composite body is less than about 750 ppm. 31. The method according to claim 28, wherein the content of elemental sodium in the composite body is less than about 500 ppm. 32. The method according to claim 28, wherein the at least one catalyst is in a washcoat applied to the formed ceramic body in an amount of at least about 5 grams per liter of formed ceramic body. 33. The method according to claim 28, wherein the at least one catalyst is chosen from zeolite catalysts. 34. The method according to claim 28, wherein the at least one catalyst comprises a chabazite catalyst. 35. The method according to claim 28, wherein the at least one catalyst comprises a copper-exchanged chabazite catalyst. 36. The method according to claim 28, having a substantially maintained nitric oxide conversion efficiency at least about 200° C. of at least about 90% after thermal aging at about 800° C. for about 5 hours in air containing about 10% by volume of H2O. 37. The method according to claim 28, having a substantially maintained nitric oxide conversion efficiency at least about 200° C. of at least about 95% after thermal aging at about 800° C. for about 5 hours in air containing about 10% by volume of H2O. | Disclosed herein are formed ceramic substrates comprising an oxide ceramic material, wherein the formed ceramic substrate comprises a low elemental alkali metal content, such as less than about 1000 ppm. Also disclosed are composite bodies comprising at least one catalyst and a formed ceramic substrate comprising an oxide ceramic material, wherein the composite body has a low elemental alkali metal content, such as less than about 1000 ppm, and methods for preparing the same.1. A formed ceramic substrate comprising an oxide ceramic material, wherein said formed ceramic substrate comprises an elemental sodium content of less than about 1200 ppm, and has a porosity of at least about 55%. 2. The formed ceramic substrate according to claim 1, wherein the elemental sodium content is less than about 1000 ppm. 3. The formed ceramic substrate according to claim 1, wherein the elemental sodium content is less than about 750 ppm. 4. The formed ceramic substrate according to claim 1, wherein the elemental sodium content is less than about 500 ppm. 5. The formed ceramic substrate according to claim 1, wherein the porosity is at least about 58%. 6. The formed ceramic substrate according to claim 1, wherein the porosity is at least about 60%. 7. The formed ceramic substrate according to claim 1, wherein the porosity is at least about 65%. 8. A composite body comprising:
a formed ceramic substrate comprising at least one oxide ceramic material; and at least one catalyst, wherein the formed ceramic substrate has an elemental sodium content of less than about 1200 ppm. 9. The composite body according to claim 8, wherein the elemental sodium content is less than about 1000 ppm. 10. The composite body according to claim 8, wherein the elemental sodium content is less than about 750 ppm. 11. The composite body according to claim 8, wherein the elemental sodium content is less than about 500 ppm. 12. The composite body according to claim 8, wherein the at least one catalyst is in a washcoat applied to the formed ceramic substrate in an amount of at least about 5 grams per liter of formed ceramic substrate. 13. The composite body according to claim 8, wherein the at least one catalyst is chosen from zeolite catalysts. 14. The composite body according to claim 8, wherein the at least one catalyst comprises a chabazite catalyst. 15. The composite body according to claim 8, wherein the at least one catalyst comprises a metal-exchanged chabazite catalyst. 16. The composite body according to claim 15, wherein the metal-exchanged chabazite catalyst is a copper-exchanged chabazite catalyst. 17. The composite body according to claim 8, having a mean coefficient of thermal expansion less than about 3×10−6° C.−1 from about 25° C. to about 800° C. 18. A method for preparing a composite body having a substantially maintained catalytic BET surface area of at least about 55% after thermal aging at about 800° C. for about 64 hours in air containing about 10% by volume of H2O, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a formed ceramic body prepared from a substrate composition comprising an oxide ceramic material, wherein the batch components of the substrate composition are chosen such that the content of elemental sodium content in the formed ceramic body is less than about 1200 ppm; and
applying at least one catalyst to the formed ceramic body. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the content of elemental sodium in the composite body is less than about 1000 ppm. 20. The method according to claim 18, wherein the content of elemental sodium in the composite body is less than about 750 ppm. 21. The method according to claim 18, wherein the content of elemental sodium in the composite body is less than about 500 ppm. 22. The method according to claim 18, wherein the at least one catalyst is in a washcoat applied to the formed ceramic body in an amount of at least 5 grams per liter of formed ceramic body. 23. The method according to claim 18, wherein the at least one catalyst is chosen from zeolite catalysts. 24. The method according to claim 18, wherein the at least one catalyst comprises a chabazite catalyst. 25. The method according to claim 18, wherein the at least one catalyst comprises a copper-exchanged chabazite catalyst. 26. The method according to claim 18, having a substantially maintained catalytic BET surface area of at least about 60% after thermal aging at 800° C. for 64 hours in air containing about 10% by volume of H2O. 27. The method according to claim 18, having a substantially maintained catalytic BET surface area of at least about 70% after thermal aging at 800° C. for 64 hours in air containing about 10% by volume of H2O. 28. A method for preparing a composite body having substantially maintained nitric oxide conversion efficiency at least about 200° C. of at least about 80% after thermal aging at about 800° C. for about 5 hours in air containing about 10% by volume of H2O, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a formed ceramic body prepared from a substrate composition comprising an oxide ceramic material, wherein the batch components of the substrate composition are chosen such that the content of elemental sodium content in the formed ceramic body is less than about 1200 ppm; and
applying at least one catalyst to the formed ceramic body. 29. The method according to claim 28, wherein the content of elemental sodium in the composite body is less than about 1000 ppm. 30. The method according to claim 28, wherein the content of elemental sodium in the composite body is less than about 750 ppm. 31. The method according to claim 28, wherein the content of elemental sodium in the composite body is less than about 500 ppm. 32. The method according to claim 28, wherein the at least one catalyst is in a washcoat applied to the formed ceramic body in an amount of at least about 5 grams per liter of formed ceramic body. 33. The method according to claim 28, wherein the at least one catalyst is chosen from zeolite catalysts. 34. The method according to claim 28, wherein the at least one catalyst comprises a chabazite catalyst. 35. The method according to claim 28, wherein the at least one catalyst comprises a copper-exchanged chabazite catalyst. 36. The method according to claim 28, having a substantially maintained nitric oxide conversion efficiency at least about 200° C. of at least about 90% after thermal aging at about 800° C. for about 5 hours in air containing about 10% by volume of H2O. 37. The method according to claim 28, having a substantially maintained nitric oxide conversion efficiency at least about 200° C. of at least about 95% after thermal aging at about 800° C. for about 5 hours in air containing about 10% by volume of H2O. | 1,700 |
2,734 | 14,681,585 | 1,712 | Presented is a method for preparing a gas separation membrane system. This method involves depositing a membrane layer of gas-selective metal upon a tubular porous support followed by annealing the resulting layer of gas-selective metal. The resulting annealed membrane layer of gas-selective material is polished under a controlled polishing condition with an abrading medium that includes a structured abrasive article comprising a backing having bonded thereto an abrasive layer comprising a plurality of shaped abrasive composites that comprise abrasive grains dispersed in a polymeric binder. Another layer of gas-selective metal is then deposited upon the tubular porous support. The cycle of annealing, polishing and depositing is repeated through one or more cycles until a leak-tight membrane system is provided. | 1. A method for preparing a gas separation membrane system, wherein said method comprises:
(a) depositing a layer of gas-selective material upon a surface of a tubular porous support to thereby provide said tubular porous support having a gas-selective membrane layer; (b) annealing said gas-selective membrane layer to provide a first annealed gas-selective membrane layer; (c) providing a first abraded membrane surface by polishing said first annealed gas-selective membrane layer under a first controlled polishing condition with an abrading medium that includes a structured abrasive article comprising a backing having bonded thereto an abrasive layer comprising a plurality of shaped abrasive composites that comprise abrasive grains dispersed in a polymeric binder; and (d) placing a second layer of gas-selective material upon said first abraded membrane surface to provide a first overlaid membrane layer. 2. A method as recited in claim 1, further comprising:
(e) annealing said first overlaid membrane layer to provide a second annealed gas-selective membrane layer; (f) providing a second abraded membrane surface by polishing said second annealed gas-selective membrane layer with said abrading medium under a second controlled polishing condition; and (g) placing a third layer of gas-selective material upon said second abraded membrane surface to provide a second overlaid membrane layer. 3. A method as recited in claim 2, further comprising:
(h) annealing said second overlaid membrane layer to provide a third annealed gas-selective membrane layer; (i) providing a third abraded membrane surface by polishing said third annealed gas-selective membrane layer with said abrading medium under a third controlled polishing condition; and (j) placing a fourth layer of gas-selective material upon said third abraded membrane surface to provide a third overlaid membrane layer. 4. A method as recited in claim 3, further comprising:
(k) annealing said third overlaid membrane layer to provide a fourth annealed gas-selective membrane layer; (l) providing a fourth abraded membrane surface by polishing said fourth annealed gas-selective membrane layer with said abrading medium under a fourth controlled polishing condition; and (m) placing a fifth layer of gas-selective material upon said fourth abraded membrane surface to provide a fourth overlaid membrane layer. 5. A method for preparing a gas separation membrane system, wherein said method comprises:
(a) placing a membrane layer of gas-selective metal upon a tubular porous support; (b) annealing the resulting layer of gas-selective metal; (c) polishing the resulting annealed membrane layer of gas-selective material under a controlled polishing condition with an abrading medium that includes a structured abrasive article comprising a backing having bonded thereto an abrasive layer comprising a plurality of shaped abrasive composites that comprise abrasive grains dispersed in a polymeric binder; (d) placing another layer of gas-selective metal upon said tubular porous support; and (e) repeating through one or more cycles the steps of (b), (c) and (d) until a leak-tight membrane system is provided. 6. A method as recited in claim 5, wherein said first controlled polishing condition includes at least one condition selected from the group consisting of belt speed, part speed, lateral speed, contact angle, force, and repetitions. 7. A method as recited in claim 6, wherein said belt speed is in the range of from 50 to 1000 mpm. 8. A method as recited in claim 7, wherein said part speed is in the range of from 20 to 500 rpm. 9. A method as recited in claim 8, wherein said lateral speed is in the range of from 1 to 50 mps. 10. A method as recited in claim 9, wherein said contact angle is in the range of from 0 to 45°. 11. A method as recited in claim 10, wherein said repetitions is in the range of from 1 to 4. | Presented is a method for preparing a gas separation membrane system. This method involves depositing a membrane layer of gas-selective metal upon a tubular porous support followed by annealing the resulting layer of gas-selective metal. The resulting annealed membrane layer of gas-selective material is polished under a controlled polishing condition with an abrading medium that includes a structured abrasive article comprising a backing having bonded thereto an abrasive layer comprising a plurality of shaped abrasive composites that comprise abrasive grains dispersed in a polymeric binder. Another layer of gas-selective metal is then deposited upon the tubular porous support. The cycle of annealing, polishing and depositing is repeated through one or more cycles until a leak-tight membrane system is provided.1. A method for preparing a gas separation membrane system, wherein said method comprises:
(a) depositing a layer of gas-selective material upon a surface of a tubular porous support to thereby provide said tubular porous support having a gas-selective membrane layer; (b) annealing said gas-selective membrane layer to provide a first annealed gas-selective membrane layer; (c) providing a first abraded membrane surface by polishing said first annealed gas-selective membrane layer under a first controlled polishing condition with an abrading medium that includes a structured abrasive article comprising a backing having bonded thereto an abrasive layer comprising a plurality of shaped abrasive composites that comprise abrasive grains dispersed in a polymeric binder; and (d) placing a second layer of gas-selective material upon said first abraded membrane surface to provide a first overlaid membrane layer. 2. A method as recited in claim 1, further comprising:
(e) annealing said first overlaid membrane layer to provide a second annealed gas-selective membrane layer; (f) providing a second abraded membrane surface by polishing said second annealed gas-selective membrane layer with said abrading medium under a second controlled polishing condition; and (g) placing a third layer of gas-selective material upon said second abraded membrane surface to provide a second overlaid membrane layer. 3. A method as recited in claim 2, further comprising:
(h) annealing said second overlaid membrane layer to provide a third annealed gas-selective membrane layer; (i) providing a third abraded membrane surface by polishing said third annealed gas-selective membrane layer with said abrading medium under a third controlled polishing condition; and (j) placing a fourth layer of gas-selective material upon said third abraded membrane surface to provide a third overlaid membrane layer. 4. A method as recited in claim 3, further comprising:
(k) annealing said third overlaid membrane layer to provide a fourth annealed gas-selective membrane layer; (l) providing a fourth abraded membrane surface by polishing said fourth annealed gas-selective membrane layer with said abrading medium under a fourth controlled polishing condition; and (m) placing a fifth layer of gas-selective material upon said fourth abraded membrane surface to provide a fourth overlaid membrane layer. 5. A method for preparing a gas separation membrane system, wherein said method comprises:
(a) placing a membrane layer of gas-selective metal upon a tubular porous support; (b) annealing the resulting layer of gas-selective metal; (c) polishing the resulting annealed membrane layer of gas-selective material under a controlled polishing condition with an abrading medium that includes a structured abrasive article comprising a backing having bonded thereto an abrasive layer comprising a plurality of shaped abrasive composites that comprise abrasive grains dispersed in a polymeric binder; (d) placing another layer of gas-selective metal upon said tubular porous support; and (e) repeating through one or more cycles the steps of (b), (c) and (d) until a leak-tight membrane system is provided. 6. A method as recited in claim 5, wherein said first controlled polishing condition includes at least one condition selected from the group consisting of belt speed, part speed, lateral speed, contact angle, force, and repetitions. 7. A method as recited in claim 6, wherein said belt speed is in the range of from 50 to 1000 mpm. 8. A method as recited in claim 7, wherein said part speed is in the range of from 20 to 500 rpm. 9. A method as recited in claim 8, wherein said lateral speed is in the range of from 1 to 50 mps. 10. A method as recited in claim 9, wherein said contact angle is in the range of from 0 to 45°. 11. A method as recited in claim 10, wherein said repetitions is in the range of from 1 to 4. | 1,700 |
2,735 | 14,931,221 | 1,723 | A traction battery for a vehicle includes a plurality of cells stacked in an array and having a dielectric material surrounding at least a portion of each of the cells. The cells are spaced apart to define a plurality of pockets interleaved with the cells. A manifold is connected to the array and is configured to circulate liquid coolant to each of the pockets such that the coolant directly contacts the dielectric material of each of the cells. | 1. A traction battery for a vehicle comprising:
a plurality of cells stacked in an array and including a dielectric material surrounding at least a portion of each of the cells, wherein the cells are spaced apart to define a plurality of pockets interleaved with the cells; and a manifold connected to the array and configured to circulate liquid coolant to each of the pockets such that the coolant directly contacts the dielectric material of each of the cells. 2. The traction battery of claim 1 wherein the manifold further includes a body defining a channel configured to circulate the liquid coolant, wherein the array is disposed against the body such that a side of the array covers the channel to define a coolant chamber that is in fluid communication with each of the pockets. 3. The traction battery of claim 2 wherein the manifold includes a divider that separates the coolant chamber into an inlet chamber and an outlet chamber. 4. The traction battery of claim 3 wherein each of the pockets defines an inlet port in fluid communication with the inlet chamber and an outlet port in fluid communication with the outlet chamber. 5. The traction battery of claim 1 wherein the manifold is an inlet manifold and further comprising an outlet manifold. 6. The traction battery of claim 1 further comprising a plurality of spacers each disposed in one of the pockets. 7. The traction battery of claim 6 wherein the spacers are formed of hardened silicone. 8. The traction battery of claim 6 wherein each of the cells includes a pair of major sides that are each disposed against a major face of one of the spacers. 9. The traction battery of claim 8 wherein each of the pockets are defined by channeling of one of the spacers. 10. The traction battery of claim 9 wherein the manifold is an inlet manifold and further comprising an outlet manifold, wherein the channeling further includes an inlet connected with the inlet manifold and an outlet connected with the outlet manifold. 11. The traction battery of claim 2 further comprising a plurality of spacers each disposed between adjacent cells, wherein each of the cells includes a pair of major sides that are each disposed against a major face of one of the spacers, and wherein each of the spacers includes channeling that defines the pockets, and wherein the channeling is in fluid communication with the coolant chamber and configured to circulate the liquid coolant across the major side of a corresponding one of the cells. 12. A traction battery comprising:
a cell array including a plurality of cells stacked in a linear arrangement and spacers interleaved with the cells, wherein each of the spacers defines channeling extending completely through a thickness of the spacer; and a manifold connected to the array and configured to circulate liquid coolant to the channeling of each of the spaces such that the coolant directly contacts each of the cells. 13. The traction battery of claim 12 wherein each of the cells further includes a dielectric material surrounding at least a portion of each of the cells, and the coolant directly contacts the dielectric material of each of the cells. 14. The traction battery of claim 12 wherein the manifold further includes a body defining an open channel configured to circulate the liquid coolant, wherein the array is disposed against the body such that a side of the array covers the channel to define a coolant chamber that is in fluid communication with the channeling of each of the spacers. 15. The traction battery of claim 12 wherein the channeling of each of the spacers further includes an inlet and an outlet, and defines a coolant flow path between the inlet and outlet. 16. The traction battery of claim 12 further comprising a sealant disposed between a major face of the spacer and a major side of a corresponding one of the cells creating a liquid-tight seal. 17. The traction battery of claim 16 wherein the sealant is a gasket or silicone. 18. The traction battery of claim 12 wherein the manifold is an inlet manifold and further comprising an outlet manifold, wherein the channeling defines a coolant flow path between the inlet and outlet manifolds. 19. A traction battery comprising:
a plurality of spacers each including a web having a pair of major faces and a border surrounding at least a portion of the web and having walls extending traversely to the major faces; a plurality of cells including a pair of major sides and minor sides extending therebetween, wherein the cells are arranged in a stack with the spacers interleaved between adjacent cells such that each of the major faces are in contact with a corresponding one of the major sides, and wherein each of the spacers defines channeling that extends completely through the web; and a manifold connected to the stack and configured to circulate liquid coolant to the channeling of each of the spaces such that the coolant directly contacts the major side of each of the cells. 20. The traction battery of claim 19 wherein each of the borders connects with an adjacent boarder creating a water-tight seal. | A traction battery for a vehicle includes a plurality of cells stacked in an array and having a dielectric material surrounding at least a portion of each of the cells. The cells are spaced apart to define a plurality of pockets interleaved with the cells. A manifold is connected to the array and is configured to circulate liquid coolant to each of the pockets such that the coolant directly contacts the dielectric material of each of the cells.1. A traction battery for a vehicle comprising:
a plurality of cells stacked in an array and including a dielectric material surrounding at least a portion of each of the cells, wherein the cells are spaced apart to define a plurality of pockets interleaved with the cells; and a manifold connected to the array and configured to circulate liquid coolant to each of the pockets such that the coolant directly contacts the dielectric material of each of the cells. 2. The traction battery of claim 1 wherein the manifold further includes a body defining a channel configured to circulate the liquid coolant, wherein the array is disposed against the body such that a side of the array covers the channel to define a coolant chamber that is in fluid communication with each of the pockets. 3. The traction battery of claim 2 wherein the manifold includes a divider that separates the coolant chamber into an inlet chamber and an outlet chamber. 4. The traction battery of claim 3 wherein each of the pockets defines an inlet port in fluid communication with the inlet chamber and an outlet port in fluid communication with the outlet chamber. 5. The traction battery of claim 1 wherein the manifold is an inlet manifold and further comprising an outlet manifold. 6. The traction battery of claim 1 further comprising a plurality of spacers each disposed in one of the pockets. 7. The traction battery of claim 6 wherein the spacers are formed of hardened silicone. 8. The traction battery of claim 6 wherein each of the cells includes a pair of major sides that are each disposed against a major face of one of the spacers. 9. The traction battery of claim 8 wherein each of the pockets are defined by channeling of one of the spacers. 10. The traction battery of claim 9 wherein the manifold is an inlet manifold and further comprising an outlet manifold, wherein the channeling further includes an inlet connected with the inlet manifold and an outlet connected with the outlet manifold. 11. The traction battery of claim 2 further comprising a plurality of spacers each disposed between adjacent cells, wherein each of the cells includes a pair of major sides that are each disposed against a major face of one of the spacers, and wherein each of the spacers includes channeling that defines the pockets, and wherein the channeling is in fluid communication with the coolant chamber and configured to circulate the liquid coolant across the major side of a corresponding one of the cells. 12. A traction battery comprising:
a cell array including a plurality of cells stacked in a linear arrangement and spacers interleaved with the cells, wherein each of the spacers defines channeling extending completely through a thickness of the spacer; and a manifold connected to the array and configured to circulate liquid coolant to the channeling of each of the spaces such that the coolant directly contacts each of the cells. 13. The traction battery of claim 12 wherein each of the cells further includes a dielectric material surrounding at least a portion of each of the cells, and the coolant directly contacts the dielectric material of each of the cells. 14. The traction battery of claim 12 wherein the manifold further includes a body defining an open channel configured to circulate the liquid coolant, wherein the array is disposed against the body such that a side of the array covers the channel to define a coolant chamber that is in fluid communication with the channeling of each of the spacers. 15. The traction battery of claim 12 wherein the channeling of each of the spacers further includes an inlet and an outlet, and defines a coolant flow path between the inlet and outlet. 16. The traction battery of claim 12 further comprising a sealant disposed between a major face of the spacer and a major side of a corresponding one of the cells creating a liquid-tight seal. 17. The traction battery of claim 16 wherein the sealant is a gasket or silicone. 18. The traction battery of claim 12 wherein the manifold is an inlet manifold and further comprising an outlet manifold, wherein the channeling defines a coolant flow path between the inlet and outlet manifolds. 19. A traction battery comprising:
a plurality of spacers each including a web having a pair of major faces and a border surrounding at least a portion of the web and having walls extending traversely to the major faces; a plurality of cells including a pair of major sides and minor sides extending therebetween, wherein the cells are arranged in a stack with the spacers interleaved between adjacent cells such that each of the major faces are in contact with a corresponding one of the major sides, and wherein each of the spacers defines channeling that extends completely through the web; and a manifold connected to the stack and configured to circulate liquid coolant to the channeling of each of the spaces such that the coolant directly contacts the major side of each of the cells. 20. The traction battery of claim 19 wherein each of the borders connects with an adjacent boarder creating a water-tight seal. | 1,700 |
2,736 | 13,146,365 | 1,792 | The present invention relates to long shelf life milk or milk-related products as well as to a method for producing such long shelf life products and a milk processing plant for the implementation of the method. The method of the invention is characterised by the combination of physical separation of microorganisms and a high temperature treatment for at most 200 msec, and the resulting product has been found to have advantageous properties. | 1. A method for producing a milk or milk-related product, which contains 0 colony forming units/mL, the method comprising the steps of:
a) providing a milk derivative, b) physically separating microorganisms from said milk derivative, thus obtaining a partly sterilised milk derivative, and c) exposing a first composition comprising said partly sterilised milk derivative to a High Temperature (HT)-treatment, wherein the first composition is heated to a temperature in the range of 140-180 degrees C., kept in that temperature range for a period of at most 200 msec, and then finally cooled. 2. The method according to claim 1, furthermore comprising the step of:
d) packaging a second composition comprising the HT-treated first composition. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the milk derivative of step a) comprises at most 60% w/w milk fat. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the milk derivative of step a) comprises at most 40% w/w milk fat. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the milk derivative of step a) comprises at most 4% w/w milk fat. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the milk derivative of step a) comprises at most 0.1% w/w milk fat. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the milk derivative of step a) comprises lactose-reduced milk. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the milk derivative of step a) comprises one or more additives. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the milk derivative of step a) has been pasteurised. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the physical separation of step b) involves bactofugation of said milk derivative. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the physical separation of step b) involves microfiltration of said milk derivative. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the physical separation of step b) involves bactofugation and microfiltration of said milk derivative. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the microfiltration is performed using a filter having a pore size in the range of 0.5-1.5 micron. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the used filter is a cross-flow microfilter. 15. The method according to claim 10, wherein the bactofugation comprises the use of at least one bactofuge. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first composition furthermore comprises one or more lipid sources. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the one or more lipid sources comprise(s) a vegetable fat and/or a vegetable oil. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the vegetable oil may comprise one or more oils selected from the group consisting of sunflower oil, corn oil, sesame oil, soya bean oil, palm oil, linseed oil, grape seed oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, groundnut oil and a combination thereof. 19. The method according to claim 17, wherein the vegetable oil may comprise one or more fats selected from the group consisting of palm oil-based vegetable fat, palm kernel oil-based vegetable fat, peanut butter, cacao butter, coconut butter, and combinations thereof. 20. The method according to claim 17, wherein the one or more lipid sources comprise(s) a milk fat source. 21. The method according to claim 20, wherein the milk fat source comprise(s) one or more lipid sources selected from the group consisting of a cream, a cream double, an anhydrous butter fat, a whey cream, a butter oil, a butter oil fraction , and combinations thereof. 22. The method according to claim 17, wherein the one or more lipid sources have been heat-treated at a temperature in the range of 70-100 degrees C. for a period of 2-200 seconds. 23. The method according to claim 17, wherein the one or more lipid sources have been heat treated at a temperature in the range of 100-180 degrees C. for a period of 10 msec-4 sec. 24. The method according to claim 1, wherein the HT-temperature range of step c) is 140-180 degrees C. 25. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first composition is kept in the HT-temperature range for a period of at most 200 msec. 26. The method according to claim 1, wherein the duration of the HT-treatment including heating, holding, and cooling the first composition, is at most 500 msec. 27. The method according to claim 1, wherein the duration of the cooling of the HT-treatment is in at most 50 msec. 28. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heating of the HT-treatment is performed by contacting the first composition with steam. 29. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heating of the HT-treatment comprises contacting the first composition with steam. 30. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heating of the HT-treatment comprises exposing the first composition to electromagnetic energy. 31. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cooling of the HT-treatment comprises flash cooling. 32. The method according to claim 2, wherein the packaging of step d) is aseptic packaging. 33. The method according to claim 32, wherein the aseptic packaging is performed by using an aseptic filling system. 34. The method according to claim 32, wherein the packaging of step d) is performed by filling the milk or milk-related product into one or more aseptic container(s). 35. The method according to claim 1, furthermore comprising an enzyme inactivation step, said enzyme inactivation step comprising keeping the liquid to be treated at a temperature in the range of 70-90 degrees C. for a period in the range of 30-500 seconds. 36. The method according to claim 35, wherein the first composition is exposed to the enzyme inactivation step prior to the HT-treatment of step c). 37. The method according to claim 35, wherein the second composition is exposed to the enzyme inactivation step prior to the packaging of step d). 38. A milk or milk-related product obtainable by the method according to claim 1, wherein at most 40% (w/w) of the beta-lactoglobulin is denatured relative to the total amount of both denatured and non-denatured beta-lactoglobulin, and which milk or milk-related product contains 0 colony forming units/mL. 39. The milk or milk-related product according to claim 38, wherein shelf life of said milk or milk-related product is at least 30 days, when kept at 25 degrees C. 40. The milk or milk-related product according to claim 38, wherein shelf life of said milk or milk-related product is at least 49 days, when kept at 25 degrees C. the first 21 days after packaging and at 5 degrees C. the subsequent time. 41. The milk or milk-related product according to claim 38, wherein shelf life of said milk or milk-related product is at least 49 days, when kept at 25 degrees C. the first 21 days after packaging and at 5 degrees C. the subsequent time. 42. The milk or milk-related product according to claim 38, wherein shelf life of said milk or milk-related product is at least 70 days, when kept at 5 degrees C. 43. The milk or milk-related product according to claim 38, wherein shelf life of said milk or milk-related product is at least 119 days, when kept at 25 degrees C. 44. The milk or milk-related product according to claim 38, wherein shelf life of said milk or milk-related product is at least 182 days, when kept at 25 degrees C. 45. A milk processing plant for the converting a milk derivative to a milk or milk-related product having a long shelf life, said plant comprising
a physical separation section adapted to remove microorganisms from the milk derivative, a HT-treatment section in fluid communication with said physical separation section, which HT-treatment section is adapted to heat the liquid product of the physical separation section to a temperature in the range of 140-180 degrees C. for a period of at most 200 msec. and subsequently cooling the liquid product, and a packaging section in fluid communications with the HT-treatment section for packaging the product of the milk processing plant. 46. The method according to claim 1, wherein the HT-temperature range of step c) is 145-170 degrees C. 47. The method according to claim 1, wherein the HT-temperature range of step c) is 150-160 degrees C. 48. The method according to claim 1, wherein the duration of the HT-treatment including heating, holding, and cooling the first composition, is at most 200 msec. 49. The method according to claim 1, wherein the duration of the HT-treatment including heating, holding, and cooling the first composition, is at most 300 msec. 50. The method according to claim 1, wherein the duration of the HT-treatment including heating, holding, and cooling the first composition, is at most 150 msec. 51. The method according to claim 1, wherein the duration of the cooling of the HT-treatment is at most 10 msec. 52. The method according to claim 1, wherein the duration of the cooling of the HT-treatment is at most 1 msec. 53. The method according to claim 1, wherein the duration of the cooling of the HT-treatment is at most 0.1 msec. 54. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first composition is kept in the HT-temperature range for a period of at most 150 msec. 55. The method according claim 1, wherein the first composition is kept in the HT-temperature range for a period of at most 100 msec. | The present invention relates to long shelf life milk or milk-related products as well as to a method for producing such long shelf life products and a milk processing plant for the implementation of the method. The method of the invention is characterised by the combination of physical separation of microorganisms and a high temperature treatment for at most 200 msec, and the resulting product has been found to have advantageous properties.1. A method for producing a milk or milk-related product, which contains 0 colony forming units/mL, the method comprising the steps of:
a) providing a milk derivative, b) physically separating microorganisms from said milk derivative, thus obtaining a partly sterilised milk derivative, and c) exposing a first composition comprising said partly sterilised milk derivative to a High Temperature (HT)-treatment, wherein the first composition is heated to a temperature in the range of 140-180 degrees C., kept in that temperature range for a period of at most 200 msec, and then finally cooled. 2. The method according to claim 1, furthermore comprising the step of:
d) packaging a second composition comprising the HT-treated first composition. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the milk derivative of step a) comprises at most 60% w/w milk fat. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the milk derivative of step a) comprises at most 40% w/w milk fat. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the milk derivative of step a) comprises at most 4% w/w milk fat. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the milk derivative of step a) comprises at most 0.1% w/w milk fat. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the milk derivative of step a) comprises lactose-reduced milk. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the milk derivative of step a) comprises one or more additives. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the milk derivative of step a) has been pasteurised. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the physical separation of step b) involves bactofugation of said milk derivative. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the physical separation of step b) involves microfiltration of said milk derivative. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the physical separation of step b) involves bactofugation and microfiltration of said milk derivative. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the microfiltration is performed using a filter having a pore size in the range of 0.5-1.5 micron. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the used filter is a cross-flow microfilter. 15. The method according to claim 10, wherein the bactofugation comprises the use of at least one bactofuge. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first composition furthermore comprises one or more lipid sources. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the one or more lipid sources comprise(s) a vegetable fat and/or a vegetable oil. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the vegetable oil may comprise one or more oils selected from the group consisting of sunflower oil, corn oil, sesame oil, soya bean oil, palm oil, linseed oil, grape seed oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, groundnut oil and a combination thereof. 19. The method according to claim 17, wherein the vegetable oil may comprise one or more fats selected from the group consisting of palm oil-based vegetable fat, palm kernel oil-based vegetable fat, peanut butter, cacao butter, coconut butter, and combinations thereof. 20. The method according to claim 17, wherein the one or more lipid sources comprise(s) a milk fat source. 21. The method according to claim 20, wherein the milk fat source comprise(s) one or more lipid sources selected from the group consisting of a cream, a cream double, an anhydrous butter fat, a whey cream, a butter oil, a butter oil fraction , and combinations thereof. 22. The method according to claim 17, wherein the one or more lipid sources have been heat-treated at a temperature in the range of 70-100 degrees C. for a period of 2-200 seconds. 23. The method according to claim 17, wherein the one or more lipid sources have been heat treated at a temperature in the range of 100-180 degrees C. for a period of 10 msec-4 sec. 24. The method according to claim 1, wherein the HT-temperature range of step c) is 140-180 degrees C. 25. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first composition is kept in the HT-temperature range for a period of at most 200 msec. 26. The method according to claim 1, wherein the duration of the HT-treatment including heating, holding, and cooling the first composition, is at most 500 msec. 27. The method according to claim 1, wherein the duration of the cooling of the HT-treatment is in at most 50 msec. 28. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heating of the HT-treatment is performed by contacting the first composition with steam. 29. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heating of the HT-treatment comprises contacting the first composition with steam. 30. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heating of the HT-treatment comprises exposing the first composition to electromagnetic energy. 31. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cooling of the HT-treatment comprises flash cooling. 32. The method according to claim 2, wherein the packaging of step d) is aseptic packaging. 33. The method according to claim 32, wherein the aseptic packaging is performed by using an aseptic filling system. 34. The method according to claim 32, wherein the packaging of step d) is performed by filling the milk or milk-related product into one or more aseptic container(s). 35. The method according to claim 1, furthermore comprising an enzyme inactivation step, said enzyme inactivation step comprising keeping the liquid to be treated at a temperature in the range of 70-90 degrees C. for a period in the range of 30-500 seconds. 36. The method according to claim 35, wherein the first composition is exposed to the enzyme inactivation step prior to the HT-treatment of step c). 37. The method according to claim 35, wherein the second composition is exposed to the enzyme inactivation step prior to the packaging of step d). 38. A milk or milk-related product obtainable by the method according to claim 1, wherein at most 40% (w/w) of the beta-lactoglobulin is denatured relative to the total amount of both denatured and non-denatured beta-lactoglobulin, and which milk or milk-related product contains 0 colony forming units/mL. 39. The milk or milk-related product according to claim 38, wherein shelf life of said milk or milk-related product is at least 30 days, when kept at 25 degrees C. 40. The milk or milk-related product according to claim 38, wherein shelf life of said milk or milk-related product is at least 49 days, when kept at 25 degrees C. the first 21 days after packaging and at 5 degrees C. the subsequent time. 41. The milk or milk-related product according to claim 38, wherein shelf life of said milk or milk-related product is at least 49 days, when kept at 25 degrees C. the first 21 days after packaging and at 5 degrees C. the subsequent time. 42. The milk or milk-related product according to claim 38, wherein shelf life of said milk or milk-related product is at least 70 days, when kept at 5 degrees C. 43. The milk or milk-related product according to claim 38, wherein shelf life of said milk or milk-related product is at least 119 days, when kept at 25 degrees C. 44. The milk or milk-related product according to claim 38, wherein shelf life of said milk or milk-related product is at least 182 days, when kept at 25 degrees C. 45. A milk processing plant for the converting a milk derivative to a milk or milk-related product having a long shelf life, said plant comprising
a physical separation section adapted to remove microorganisms from the milk derivative, a HT-treatment section in fluid communication with said physical separation section, which HT-treatment section is adapted to heat the liquid product of the physical separation section to a temperature in the range of 140-180 degrees C. for a period of at most 200 msec. and subsequently cooling the liquid product, and a packaging section in fluid communications with the HT-treatment section for packaging the product of the milk processing plant. 46. The method according to claim 1, wherein the HT-temperature range of step c) is 145-170 degrees C. 47. The method according to claim 1, wherein the HT-temperature range of step c) is 150-160 degrees C. 48. The method according to claim 1, wherein the duration of the HT-treatment including heating, holding, and cooling the first composition, is at most 200 msec. 49. The method according to claim 1, wherein the duration of the HT-treatment including heating, holding, and cooling the first composition, is at most 300 msec. 50. The method according to claim 1, wherein the duration of the HT-treatment including heating, holding, and cooling the first composition, is at most 150 msec. 51. The method according to claim 1, wherein the duration of the cooling of the HT-treatment is at most 10 msec. 52. The method according to claim 1, wherein the duration of the cooling of the HT-treatment is at most 1 msec. 53. The method according to claim 1, wherein the duration of the cooling of the HT-treatment is at most 0.1 msec. 54. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first composition is kept in the HT-temperature range for a period of at most 150 msec. 55. The method according claim 1, wherein the first composition is kept in the HT-temperature range for a period of at most 100 msec. | 1,700 |
2,737 | 13,884,945 | 1,782 | A laminated body comprises a rubber layer (A) and a fluororesin layer (B) laminated over the rubber layer (A) The rubber layer (A) is a layer comprising a rubber composition for vulcanization. The rubber composition for vulcanization comprises an epichlorohydrin rubber (a1), at least one compound (a2) selected from the group consisting of salts of 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undecene-7, salts of 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)-nonene-5, 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0) undecene-7, and 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)-nonene-5, an epoxy resin (a3), and at least one water-carrying substance (a4) selected from water-absorbed substances and hydrated substances. The fluororesin layer (B) is a layer comprising a fluorine-contained polymer composition and the fluorine-contained polymer composition comprises a fluorine-contained polymer (b1) having a copolymerization unit originating from chlorotrifluoroethylene. | 1. A laminated body, comprising a rubber layer (A) and a fluororesin layer (B) laminated over the rubber layer (A), wherein the rubber layer (A) is a layer comprising a rubber composition for vulcanization,
the rubber composition for vulcanization comprises an epichlorohydrin rubber (a1), at least one compound (a2) selected from the group consisting of salts of 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0) undecene-7, salts of 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)-nonene-5,1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0) undecene-7, and 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)-nonene-5, an epoxy resin (a3), and at least one water-carrying substance (a4) selected from water-absorbed substances and hydrated substances, and the fluororesin layer (B) is a layer comprising a fluorine-contained polymer composition and the fluorine-contained polymer composition comprises a fluorine-contained polymer (b1) having a copolymerization unit originating from chlorotrifluoroethylene. 2. The laminated body according to claim 1, wherein the rubber composition for vulcanization further comprises a copper salt (a5). 3. The laminated body according to claim 2, wherein the copper salt (a5) is an organic copper salt. 4. The laminated body according to claim 2, wherein the copper salt (a5) is at least one selected from copper salts of any saturated carboxylic acid, copper salts of any unsaturated carboxylic acid, copper salts of any aromatic carboxylic acid, and copper salts of any thiocarbamic acid. 5. The laminated body according to claim 2, wherein the copper salt (a5) is at least one selected from copper stearate, copper dimethyldithiocarbamate, copper diethyldithiocarbamate, and copper dibutyldithiocarbamate. 6. The laminated body according to claim 2, wherein the amount of the copper salt (a5) is from 0.01 to 3 parts both inclusive by mass for 100 parts by weight of the epichlorohydrin rubber (a1). 7. The laminated body according to claim 1, wherein the water-carrying substance (a4) is a water-absorbed substance in which a polyether compound absorbs water, a water-absorbed substance in which a metal compound absorbs water, and/or a metal salt hydrate. 8. The laminated body according to claim 1, wherein the compound (a2) is at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a p-toluenesulfonic acid salt of 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0) undecene-7, a phenol salt of 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0) undecene-7, a phenolic resin salt of 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0) undecene-7, an orthophthalic acid salt of 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0) undecene-7, a formic acid salt of 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0) undecene-7, an octylic acid salt of 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0) undecene-7, a p-toluenesulfonic acid salt of 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)-nonene-5, a phenol salt of 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)-nonene-5, a phenolic resin salt of 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)-nonene-5, an orthophthalic acid salt of 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)-nonene-5, a formic acid salt of 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)-nonene-5, an octylic acid salt of 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)-nonene-5,1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0) undecene-7, and 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)-nonene-5. 9. The laminated body according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the compound (a2) is from 0.5 to 3.0 parts both inclusive by mass for 100 parts by mass of the epichlorohydrin rubber (a1). 10. The laminated body according to claim 1, wherein the rubber composition for vulcanization further comprises at least one vulcanizing agent (a6) selected from the group consisting of thiourea vulcanizing agents, quinoxaline vulcanizing agents, sulfur-contained vulcanizing agents, peroxide vulcanizing agents, and bisphenol vulcanizing agents. 11. The laminated body according to claim 1, wherein the epichlorohydrin rubber (a1) is a polymer having a polymerization unit based on epichlorohydrin, and a polymerization unit based on ethylene oxide. 12. The laminated body according to claim 1, wherein the epichlorohydrin rubber (a1) is a polymer having a polymerization unit based on epichlorohydrin, a polymerization unit based on ethylene oxide, and a polymerization unit based on allyl glycidyl ether. 13. The laminated body according to claim 1, wherein the fluorine-contained polymer (b1) is chlorotrifluoroethylene/tetrafluoroethylene/perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) copolymer. 14. The laminated body according to claim 1, wherein the rubber layer (A) and another rubber layer (A) equivalent to the former rubber layer (A) are laminated at both sides of the fluororesin layer (B), respectively. 15. The laminated body according to claim 1, wherein the rubber layer (A) is laminated at one of both sides of the fluororesin layer (B), and a polymer layer (C) other than the rubber layer (A) and the fluororesin layer (B) is laminated at the other side. 16. The laminated body according to claim 15, wherein the polymer layer (C) comprises an acrylonitrile/butadiene rubber, or a hydrogenated product thereof. 17. The laminated body according to claim 1, wherein the rubber layer (A), and another rubber layer (A) equivalent to the former rubber layer (A) are laminated at both sides of the fluororesin layer (B), respectively, and further the polymer layer (C) and/or another polymer layer (C) equivalent to the former polymer layer (C) is/are laminated at both sides, respectively, or a single side thereof. 18. The laminated body according to claim 1, wherein the fluororesin layer (B) and a fluororesin layer (B) equivalent to the former fluororesin layer (B) are laminated at both sides of the rubber layer (A), respectively. 19. A laminated body obtained by subjecting the laminated body recited in claim 1 to vulcanizing treatment, wherein a rubber layer (A1) obtained by vulcanizing the rubber layer (A), and the fluororesin layer (B) are vulcanized and bonded to each other. 20. The laminated body according to claim 1, which is a tube or a hose. 21. The laminated body according to claim 1, which is a fuel piping tube or hose for an automobile. | A laminated body comprises a rubber layer (A) and a fluororesin layer (B) laminated over the rubber layer (A) The rubber layer (A) is a layer comprising a rubber composition for vulcanization. The rubber composition for vulcanization comprises an epichlorohydrin rubber (a1), at least one compound (a2) selected from the group consisting of salts of 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undecene-7, salts of 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)-nonene-5, 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0) undecene-7, and 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)-nonene-5, an epoxy resin (a3), and at least one water-carrying substance (a4) selected from water-absorbed substances and hydrated substances. The fluororesin layer (B) is a layer comprising a fluorine-contained polymer composition and the fluorine-contained polymer composition comprises a fluorine-contained polymer (b1) having a copolymerization unit originating from chlorotrifluoroethylene.1. A laminated body, comprising a rubber layer (A) and a fluororesin layer (B) laminated over the rubber layer (A), wherein the rubber layer (A) is a layer comprising a rubber composition for vulcanization,
the rubber composition for vulcanization comprises an epichlorohydrin rubber (a1), at least one compound (a2) selected from the group consisting of salts of 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0) undecene-7, salts of 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)-nonene-5,1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0) undecene-7, and 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)-nonene-5, an epoxy resin (a3), and at least one water-carrying substance (a4) selected from water-absorbed substances and hydrated substances, and the fluororesin layer (B) is a layer comprising a fluorine-contained polymer composition and the fluorine-contained polymer composition comprises a fluorine-contained polymer (b1) having a copolymerization unit originating from chlorotrifluoroethylene. 2. The laminated body according to claim 1, wherein the rubber composition for vulcanization further comprises a copper salt (a5). 3. The laminated body according to claim 2, wherein the copper salt (a5) is an organic copper salt. 4. The laminated body according to claim 2, wherein the copper salt (a5) is at least one selected from copper salts of any saturated carboxylic acid, copper salts of any unsaturated carboxylic acid, copper salts of any aromatic carboxylic acid, and copper salts of any thiocarbamic acid. 5. The laminated body according to claim 2, wherein the copper salt (a5) is at least one selected from copper stearate, copper dimethyldithiocarbamate, copper diethyldithiocarbamate, and copper dibutyldithiocarbamate. 6. The laminated body according to claim 2, wherein the amount of the copper salt (a5) is from 0.01 to 3 parts both inclusive by mass for 100 parts by weight of the epichlorohydrin rubber (a1). 7. The laminated body according to claim 1, wherein the water-carrying substance (a4) is a water-absorbed substance in which a polyether compound absorbs water, a water-absorbed substance in which a metal compound absorbs water, and/or a metal salt hydrate. 8. The laminated body according to claim 1, wherein the compound (a2) is at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a p-toluenesulfonic acid salt of 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0) undecene-7, a phenol salt of 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0) undecene-7, a phenolic resin salt of 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0) undecene-7, an orthophthalic acid salt of 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0) undecene-7, a formic acid salt of 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0) undecene-7, an octylic acid salt of 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0) undecene-7, a p-toluenesulfonic acid salt of 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)-nonene-5, a phenol salt of 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)-nonene-5, a phenolic resin salt of 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)-nonene-5, an orthophthalic acid salt of 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)-nonene-5, a formic acid salt of 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)-nonene-5, an octylic acid salt of 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)-nonene-5,1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0) undecene-7, and 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)-nonene-5. 9. The laminated body according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the compound (a2) is from 0.5 to 3.0 parts both inclusive by mass for 100 parts by mass of the epichlorohydrin rubber (a1). 10. The laminated body according to claim 1, wherein the rubber composition for vulcanization further comprises at least one vulcanizing agent (a6) selected from the group consisting of thiourea vulcanizing agents, quinoxaline vulcanizing agents, sulfur-contained vulcanizing agents, peroxide vulcanizing agents, and bisphenol vulcanizing agents. 11. The laminated body according to claim 1, wherein the epichlorohydrin rubber (a1) is a polymer having a polymerization unit based on epichlorohydrin, and a polymerization unit based on ethylene oxide. 12. The laminated body according to claim 1, wherein the epichlorohydrin rubber (a1) is a polymer having a polymerization unit based on epichlorohydrin, a polymerization unit based on ethylene oxide, and a polymerization unit based on allyl glycidyl ether. 13. The laminated body according to claim 1, wherein the fluorine-contained polymer (b1) is chlorotrifluoroethylene/tetrafluoroethylene/perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) copolymer. 14. The laminated body according to claim 1, wherein the rubber layer (A) and another rubber layer (A) equivalent to the former rubber layer (A) are laminated at both sides of the fluororesin layer (B), respectively. 15. The laminated body according to claim 1, wherein the rubber layer (A) is laminated at one of both sides of the fluororesin layer (B), and a polymer layer (C) other than the rubber layer (A) and the fluororesin layer (B) is laminated at the other side. 16. The laminated body according to claim 15, wherein the polymer layer (C) comprises an acrylonitrile/butadiene rubber, or a hydrogenated product thereof. 17. The laminated body according to claim 1, wherein the rubber layer (A), and another rubber layer (A) equivalent to the former rubber layer (A) are laminated at both sides of the fluororesin layer (B), respectively, and further the polymer layer (C) and/or another polymer layer (C) equivalent to the former polymer layer (C) is/are laminated at both sides, respectively, or a single side thereof. 18. The laminated body according to claim 1, wherein the fluororesin layer (B) and a fluororesin layer (B) equivalent to the former fluororesin layer (B) are laminated at both sides of the rubber layer (A), respectively. 19. A laminated body obtained by subjecting the laminated body recited in claim 1 to vulcanizing treatment, wherein a rubber layer (A1) obtained by vulcanizing the rubber layer (A), and the fluororesin layer (B) are vulcanized and bonded to each other. 20. The laminated body according to claim 1, which is a tube or a hose. 21. The laminated body according to claim 1, which is a fuel piping tube or hose for an automobile. | 1,700 |
2,738 | 14,504,701 | 1,735 | Method of assembly of a first element (I) and a second element (II) each having an assembly surface, at least one of the assembly surfaces comprising recessed metal portions ( 6, 106 ) surrounded by dielectric materials ( 4, 104 ) comprising:
A) a step to bring the two assembly surfaces into contact without application of pressure such that direct bonding is obtained between the assembly surfaces, said first and second assemblies (I, II) forming a stack with a given thickness (e), B) a heat treatment step of said stack during which the back faces ( 10, 110 ) of the first (I) and the second (II) elements are held in position so that they are held at a fixed distance (E) between the given stack thickness+/−2 nm. | 1. Method of assembly of a first element and a second element each having a back face and an assembly surface by direct bonding, at least the assembly surface of the first element comprising at least one portion with at least one metal part surrounded by at least one dielectric material, said metal portion having a free surface recessed from the dielectric material at said assembly surface, said method comprising:
A) a step to bring the two assembly surfaces into contact without application of pressure such that direct bonding is obtained between the assembly surfaces, said step taking place at at least one first temperature, said first and second assemblies forming a stack with a thickness, B) a heat treatment step of said stack at at least one second temperature, method in which, during at least a first phase of step B), the back faces of the first and the second elements are held in position so that they are held at a fixed distance between the stack thickness−2 nm and the stack thickness+2 nm. 2. Assembly method according to claim 1, in which during step B), the back faces of the first and second elements are held in position such that they are held at a fixed distance between the stack thickness−1 nm and the stack thickness+1 nm. 3. Assembly method according to claim 1, in which the assembly surface of the second element comprises at least one portion that is at least partly metallic surrounded by at least one dielectric material, said metal portion having a free surface recessed from the dielectric material at said assembly surface, and in which contact is made during step A) so as to align the metal portion of a surface of the first element and the metal portion of a surface of the second element. 4. Assembly method according to claim 1, in which during step B), the stack may be placed between two holding devices that will be in plane contact with the back faces of the first and second elements, the distance separating the two holding devices being between the stack thickness−2 nm and the stack thickness+2 nm. 5. Assembly method according to claim 1, in which the second heat treatment temperature is adjusted as a function of the recess of the metal portions from the dielectric material at the assembly surfaces. 6. Assembly method according to claim 1, in which the recess of the surfaces of the metal portions from the surface of dielectric material is less than or equal to 20 nm. 7. Assembly method according to claim 1, in which step A) advantageously takes place at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. 8. Assembly method according to claim 1, in which the at least one second temperature in the heat treatment step is between 50° C. and 400° C. 9. Assembly method according to claim 1, said stack being curved, said method comprises a stack flattening step before or after step A) and before and/or during the heat treatment in order to eliminate said curvature. 10. Assembly method according to claim 9, in which a force of less than 3 kN is applied to the stack so as eliminate the curvature. 11. Assembly method according to claim 1, in which, before step A), there is advantageously:
a) at least one assembly surface polishing step such that the roughness of the surfaces is less than 0.7 nm RMS, and hydrophily is less than 20°. 12. Assembly method according to claim 1, in which during step B), the back faces of the first and second elements are held in place during a first phase and they are no longer held in place during a second phase, the second phase possibly taking place at the same temperature as the first phase or at a different temperature. 13. Assembly method according to claim 1, the surfaces of said holding devices are at least as large as the surface area of the back faces of the first and second elements. 14. Assembly method according to claim 1, in which the metal portions are made of copper, aluminum, tungsten or titanium, and the dielectric material is an oxide or a nitride such as SiO2, SiOCH, Si3N4, Al2O3. 15. Assembly method according to claim 1, in which several first elements are assembled to several second elements simultaneously. 16. Assembly method according to claim 1, in which the first and the second elements are microelectronic and/or nanoelectronic substrates, the metal portions forming electrical interconnections. | Method of assembly of a first element (I) and a second element (II) each having an assembly surface, at least one of the assembly surfaces comprising recessed metal portions ( 6, 106 ) surrounded by dielectric materials ( 4, 104 ) comprising:
A) a step to bring the two assembly surfaces into contact without application of pressure such that direct bonding is obtained between the assembly surfaces, said first and second assemblies (I, II) forming a stack with a given thickness (e), B) a heat treatment step of said stack during which the back faces ( 10, 110 ) of the first (I) and the second (II) elements are held in position so that they are held at a fixed distance (E) between the given stack thickness+/−2 nm.1. Method of assembly of a first element and a second element each having a back face and an assembly surface by direct bonding, at least the assembly surface of the first element comprising at least one portion with at least one metal part surrounded by at least one dielectric material, said metal portion having a free surface recessed from the dielectric material at said assembly surface, said method comprising:
A) a step to bring the two assembly surfaces into contact without application of pressure such that direct bonding is obtained between the assembly surfaces, said step taking place at at least one first temperature, said first and second assemblies forming a stack with a thickness, B) a heat treatment step of said stack at at least one second temperature, method in which, during at least a first phase of step B), the back faces of the first and the second elements are held in position so that they are held at a fixed distance between the stack thickness−2 nm and the stack thickness+2 nm. 2. Assembly method according to claim 1, in which during step B), the back faces of the first and second elements are held in position such that they are held at a fixed distance between the stack thickness−1 nm and the stack thickness+1 nm. 3. Assembly method according to claim 1, in which the assembly surface of the second element comprises at least one portion that is at least partly metallic surrounded by at least one dielectric material, said metal portion having a free surface recessed from the dielectric material at said assembly surface, and in which contact is made during step A) so as to align the metal portion of a surface of the first element and the metal portion of a surface of the second element. 4. Assembly method according to claim 1, in which during step B), the stack may be placed between two holding devices that will be in plane contact with the back faces of the first and second elements, the distance separating the two holding devices being between the stack thickness−2 nm and the stack thickness+2 nm. 5. Assembly method according to claim 1, in which the second heat treatment temperature is adjusted as a function of the recess of the metal portions from the dielectric material at the assembly surfaces. 6. Assembly method according to claim 1, in which the recess of the surfaces of the metal portions from the surface of dielectric material is less than or equal to 20 nm. 7. Assembly method according to claim 1, in which step A) advantageously takes place at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. 8. Assembly method according to claim 1, in which the at least one second temperature in the heat treatment step is between 50° C. and 400° C. 9. Assembly method according to claim 1, said stack being curved, said method comprises a stack flattening step before or after step A) and before and/or during the heat treatment in order to eliminate said curvature. 10. Assembly method according to claim 9, in which a force of less than 3 kN is applied to the stack so as eliminate the curvature. 11. Assembly method according to claim 1, in which, before step A), there is advantageously:
a) at least one assembly surface polishing step such that the roughness of the surfaces is less than 0.7 nm RMS, and hydrophily is less than 20°. 12. Assembly method according to claim 1, in which during step B), the back faces of the first and second elements are held in place during a first phase and they are no longer held in place during a second phase, the second phase possibly taking place at the same temperature as the first phase or at a different temperature. 13. Assembly method according to claim 1, the surfaces of said holding devices are at least as large as the surface area of the back faces of the first and second elements. 14. Assembly method according to claim 1, in which the metal portions are made of copper, aluminum, tungsten or titanium, and the dielectric material is an oxide or a nitride such as SiO2, SiOCH, Si3N4, Al2O3. 15. Assembly method according to claim 1, in which several first elements are assembled to several second elements simultaneously. 16. Assembly method according to claim 1, in which the first and the second elements are microelectronic and/or nanoelectronic substrates, the metal portions forming electrical interconnections. | 1,700 |
2,739 | 15,327,269 | 1,767 | Provided are a diamond composite material which is excellent in thermal conductivity, suitable as a material for a heat radiating member, and dense, the heat radiating member, and a method for producing a diamond composite material that can productively produce a diamond composite material which is excellent in wettability between diamond and metal and dense. The diamond composite material includes: a coated diamond particle including a diamond particle and a carbide layer covering a surface of the diamond particle and including an element of group 4 of the periodic table; and silver or a silver alloy binding such coated diamond particles together, with an oxygen content of 0.1 mass % or less. | 1. A diamond composite material comprising:
a coated diamond particle including a diamond particle and a carbide layer covering a surface of the diamond particle and including an element of group 4 of the periodic table; and silver or a silver alloy binding such coated diamond particles together, with an oxygen content of 0.1 mass % or less. 2. The diamond composite material according to claim 1, having a relative density of 96.5% or more. 3. The diamond composite material according to claim 1, wherein the diamond particle has an average particle diameter of 1 μm or more and 300 μm or less. 4. The diamond composite material according to claim 1, wherein a content of the diamond particle is 30 volume % or more and 90 volume % or less. 5. The diamond composite material according to claim 1, having a thermal conductivity of 500 W/m·K or more at a room temperature. 6. The diamond composite material according to claim 1, having a coefficient of thermal expansion, as averaged, of 3×10−6/K or more and 13×10−6/K or less at 30° C. to 150° C. 7. The diamond composite material according to claim 1, having a cold and hot cycle endurance of 95% or more at −60° C. to +250° C. 8. The diamond composite material according to claim 1, having a thermal conductivity degradation rate less than 5% after being heated to 800° C. 9. The diamond composite material according to claim 1, further comprising a metal layer covering at least a portion of a surface of the diamond composite material, the metal layer having a thickness of 1 μm or more and 300 μm or less. 10. A heat radiating member composed of a diamond composite material according to claim 1. | Provided are a diamond composite material which is excellent in thermal conductivity, suitable as a material for a heat radiating member, and dense, the heat radiating member, and a method for producing a diamond composite material that can productively produce a diamond composite material which is excellent in wettability between diamond and metal and dense. The diamond composite material includes: a coated diamond particle including a diamond particle and a carbide layer covering a surface of the diamond particle and including an element of group 4 of the periodic table; and silver or a silver alloy binding such coated diamond particles together, with an oxygen content of 0.1 mass % or less.1. A diamond composite material comprising:
a coated diamond particle including a diamond particle and a carbide layer covering a surface of the diamond particle and including an element of group 4 of the periodic table; and silver or a silver alloy binding such coated diamond particles together, with an oxygen content of 0.1 mass % or less. 2. The diamond composite material according to claim 1, having a relative density of 96.5% or more. 3. The diamond composite material according to claim 1, wherein the diamond particle has an average particle diameter of 1 μm or more and 300 μm or less. 4. The diamond composite material according to claim 1, wherein a content of the diamond particle is 30 volume % or more and 90 volume % or less. 5. The diamond composite material according to claim 1, having a thermal conductivity of 500 W/m·K or more at a room temperature. 6. The diamond composite material according to claim 1, having a coefficient of thermal expansion, as averaged, of 3×10−6/K or more and 13×10−6/K or less at 30° C. to 150° C. 7. The diamond composite material according to claim 1, having a cold and hot cycle endurance of 95% or more at −60° C. to +250° C. 8. The diamond composite material according to claim 1, having a thermal conductivity degradation rate less than 5% after being heated to 800° C. 9. The diamond composite material according to claim 1, further comprising a metal layer covering at least a portion of a surface of the diamond composite material, the metal layer having a thickness of 1 μm or more and 300 μm or less. 10. A heat radiating member composed of a diamond composite material according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,740 | 14,266,367 | 1,764 | A process for preparing water-absorbing polymer beads with high permeability by polymerizing droplets of a monomer solution in a gas phase surrounding the droplets, wherein a water-insoluble inorganic salt is suspended in the monomer solution and the polymer beads have a mean diameter of at least 150 μm. | 1. A process for preparing water-absorbing polymer beads comprising polymerizing droplets of a monomer solution comprising
a) at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer, b) at least one crosslinker, c) at least one initiator, and d) water,
in a gas phase surrounding the droplets, wherein a water-insoluble inorganic salt is suspended in the monomer solution and the polymer beads have a mean diameter of at least 150 μm. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the monomer a) has at least one acid group. 3. The process according to claim 2, wherein the acid groups of the monomer a) are at least partly neutralized. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein monomer a) is acrylic acid to an extent of at least 50 mol %. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the polymer beads have a mean diameter of at least 200 μm. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein at least 90% by weight of the polymer beads have a diameter of from 100 to 800 μm. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein a carrier gas flows through a reaction chamber. 8. The process according to claim 7, wherein the carrier gas leaving the reaction chamber is recycled at least partly after one pass. 9. The process according to claim 7, wherein an oxygen content of the carrier gas is from 0.001 to 0.15% by volume. 10. The process according to claim 1, wherein the polymer beads are dried and/or postcrosslinked in at least one further process step. 11. Water-absorbing polymer beads prepared according to the process of claim 1. 12-21. (canceled) 22. A hygiene article comprising polymer beads prepared according to the process of claim 1. | A process for preparing water-absorbing polymer beads with high permeability by polymerizing droplets of a monomer solution in a gas phase surrounding the droplets, wherein a water-insoluble inorganic salt is suspended in the monomer solution and the polymer beads have a mean diameter of at least 150 μm.1. A process for preparing water-absorbing polymer beads comprising polymerizing droplets of a monomer solution comprising
a) at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer, b) at least one crosslinker, c) at least one initiator, and d) water,
in a gas phase surrounding the droplets, wherein a water-insoluble inorganic salt is suspended in the monomer solution and the polymer beads have a mean diameter of at least 150 μm. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the monomer a) has at least one acid group. 3. The process according to claim 2, wherein the acid groups of the monomer a) are at least partly neutralized. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein monomer a) is acrylic acid to an extent of at least 50 mol %. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the polymer beads have a mean diameter of at least 200 μm. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein at least 90% by weight of the polymer beads have a diameter of from 100 to 800 μm. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein a carrier gas flows through a reaction chamber. 8. The process according to claim 7, wherein the carrier gas leaving the reaction chamber is recycled at least partly after one pass. 9. The process according to claim 7, wherein an oxygen content of the carrier gas is from 0.001 to 0.15% by volume. 10. The process according to claim 1, wherein the polymer beads are dried and/or postcrosslinked in at least one further process step. 11. Water-absorbing polymer beads prepared according to the process of claim 1. 12-21. (canceled) 22. A hygiene article comprising polymer beads prepared according to the process of claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,741 | 14,376,317 | 1,793 | Disclosed are dairy products fortified with dairy minerals and methods of making the dairy products. The fortified dairy products exhibit enhanced fresh dairy flavor notes. In one aspect, the fortified dairy product is a concentrated dairy liquid. | 1. A method of making a concentrated dairy liquid, the method comprising:
concentrating a pasteurized first dairy liquid to obtain a concentrated dairy liquid retentate; blending a high fat dairy liquid into the concentrated dairy liquid retentate to form a fat enriched dairy liquid; homogenizing the fat enriched dairy liquid to form a homogenized fat enriched dairy liquid; adding dairy minerals to the homogenized fat enriched dairy liquid; and heating the homogenized fat enriched dairy liquid including the added dairy minerals to obtain a concentrated dairy liquid having a Fo value of at least 5, the concentrated dairy liquid having a protein to fat ratio of from about 0.4 to about 0.75 and lactose in an amount of up to about 1.25 percent. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid has a protein to fat ratio of about 0.61 to about 0.7. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid includes about 7 to about 9 percent protein. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid includes about 9 to about 14 percent fat. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid dairy base is whole milk. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the high fat dairy liquid is cream. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein from about 3 to about 34 percent cream is added to the concentrated dairy liquid retentate. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the added dairy minerals includes at least one of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphate. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the added dairy minerals is included at about 0.15 to about 1.5% by weight of the homogenized fat enriched dairy liquid. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the added dairy minerals is included at about 0.5 to about 0.75 percent by weight of the homogenized fat enriched dairy liquid. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the dairy minerals are included in an amount effective to provide at least one of the following mineral to protein ratios in the concentrated dairy liquid:
about 0.0040 mg to about 0.0043 mg potassium per mg protein; about 0.0018 mg to about 0.0025 mg magnesium per mg protein; about 0.0347 mg to about 0.0447 mg calcium per mg protein; and about 0.0897 mg to about 0.1045 mg phosphate per mg protein. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the dairy minerals are included in an amount effective to provide at least two of the following mineral to protein ratios in the concentrated dairy liquid:
about 0.0040 mg to about 0.0043 mg potassium per mg protein; about 0.0018 mg to about 0.0025 mg magnesium per mg protein; about 0.0347 mg to about 0.0447 mg calcium per mg protein; and about 0.0897 mg to about 0.1045 mg phosphate per mg protein. 13. A method of making a concentrated dairy liquid, the method comprising:
pasteurizing a dairy cream; concentrating the pasteurized cream to obtain a concentrated cream retentate; homogenizing the concentrated cream retentate to form a homogenized cream retentate; adding dairy minerals to the homogenized cream retentate; and heating the homogenized cream retentate including the dairy minerals to obtain a concentrated dairy liquid having a Fo value of at least 5, the concentrated dairy liquid having a protein to fat ratio of from about 0.4 to about 0.7 and lactose in an amount of up to 1.5 percent. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising diluting the cream with water after the pasteurizing. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the ratio of the water to the cream is from about 2:1 to about 4:1. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein concentrating includes providing the concentrated cream retentate including about 2.0 to about 3.0 percent protein. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid includes about 1.3 to about 2 percent protein. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid includes about 20 to about 30 percent fat. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the added dairy minerals includes at least one of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphate. 20. The method of claim 13, wherein the added dairy minerals are added in an amount of about 0.15 and about 1.5 percent by weight of the homogenized cream retentate. 21. The method of claim 13, wherein the dairy minerals are added in an amount of about 0.5 to about 0.75 percent by weight of the homogenized cream retentate. 22. The method of claim 13, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid includes about 35 to about 65 percent total solids. 23. The method of claim 13, wherein the dairy minerals are included in an amount effective to provide at least one of the following mineral to protein ratios in the concentrated dairy liquid:
about 0.017 mg to about 0.0264 mg potassium per mg protein; about 0.008 mg to about 0.0226 mg magnesium per mg protein; about 0.122 mg to about 0.3516 mg calcium per mg protein; and about 0.199 mg to about 0.5394 mg phosphate per mg protein. 24. The method of claim 13, wherein the dairy minerals are included in an amount effective to provide at least two of the following mineral to protein ratios in the concentrated dairy liquid:
about 0.017 mg to about 0.0264 mg potassium per mg protein; about 0.008 mg to about 0.0226 mg magnesium per mg protein; about 0.122 mg to about 0.3516 mg calcium per mg protein; and about 0.199 mg to about 0.5394 mg phosphate per mg protein. 25. A concentrated dairy liquid comprising:
about 7 to about 9 percent total protein; about 9 to about 14 percent total fat; less than about 1.5 percent lactose; and about 0.1 to about 1.5 percent added dairy minerals, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid comprises a ratio of protein to fat of about 0.4 to about 0.75. 26. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 25, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid comprises whole milk. 27. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 25, wherein the protein to fat ratio is from about 0.61 to about 0.7. 28. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 25, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid has a mineral to protein ratio of at least two of the following:
about 0.0040 mg to about 0.0043 mg potassium per mg protein; about 0.0018 mg to about 0.0025 mg magnesium per mg protein; about 0.0347 mg to about 0.0447 mg calcium per mg protein; and about 0.0897 mg to about 0.1045 mg phosphate per mg protein. 29. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 25, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid has a mineral to protein ratio of at least three of the following:
about 0.0040 mg to about 0.0043 mg potassium per mg protein; about 0.0018 mg to about 0.0025 mg magnesium per mg protein; about 0.0347 mg to about 0.0447 mg calcium per mg protein; and about 0.0897 mg to about 0.1045 mg phosphate per mg protein. 30. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 25, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid has a mineral to protein ratio of at least two of the following:
about 0.017 mg to about 0.0264 mg potassium per mg protein; about 0.008 mg to about 0.0226 mg magnesium per mg protein; about 0.122 mg to about 0.3516 mg calcium per mg protein; and about 0.199 mg to about 0.5394 mg phosphate per mg protein. 31. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 25, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid has a mineral to protein ratio of at least three of the following:
about 0.017 mg to about 0.0264 mg potassium per mg protein; about 0.008 mg to about 0.0226 mg magnesium per mg protein; about 0.122 mg to about 0.3516 mg calcium per mg protein; and about 0.199 mg to about 0.5394 mg phosphate per mg protein. 32. A concentrated dairy liquid comprising:
about 1.3 to about 2.0 percent protein; about 20 to about 30 percent fat; less than about 1.5 percent lactose; about 0.1 to about 1.5 percent added dairy minerals; and about 35 to about 65 percent total solids; wherein the concentrated dairy liquid comprises a ratio of protein to fat of about 0.04 to about 0.1. 33. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 32, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid comprises cream. 34. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 32, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid has a mineral to protein ratio of at least two of the following:
about 0.017 mg to about 0.0264 mg potassium per mg protein; about 0.008 mg to about 0.0226 mg magnesium per mg protein; about 0.122 mg to about 0.3516 mg calcium per mg protein; and about 0.199 mg to about 0.5394 mg phosphate per mg protein. 35. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 32, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid has a mineral to protein ratio of at least three of the following:
about 0.017 mg to about 0.0264 mg potassium per mg protein; about 0.008 mg to about 0.0226 mg magnesium per mg protein; about 0.122 mg to about 0.3516 mg calcium per mg protein; and about 0.199 mg to about 0.5394 mg phosphate per mg protein. | Disclosed are dairy products fortified with dairy minerals and methods of making the dairy products. The fortified dairy products exhibit enhanced fresh dairy flavor notes. In one aspect, the fortified dairy product is a concentrated dairy liquid.1. A method of making a concentrated dairy liquid, the method comprising:
concentrating a pasteurized first dairy liquid to obtain a concentrated dairy liquid retentate; blending a high fat dairy liquid into the concentrated dairy liquid retentate to form a fat enriched dairy liquid; homogenizing the fat enriched dairy liquid to form a homogenized fat enriched dairy liquid; adding dairy minerals to the homogenized fat enriched dairy liquid; and heating the homogenized fat enriched dairy liquid including the added dairy minerals to obtain a concentrated dairy liquid having a Fo value of at least 5, the concentrated dairy liquid having a protein to fat ratio of from about 0.4 to about 0.75 and lactose in an amount of up to about 1.25 percent. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid has a protein to fat ratio of about 0.61 to about 0.7. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid includes about 7 to about 9 percent protein. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid includes about 9 to about 14 percent fat. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid dairy base is whole milk. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the high fat dairy liquid is cream. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein from about 3 to about 34 percent cream is added to the concentrated dairy liquid retentate. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the added dairy minerals includes at least one of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphate. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the added dairy minerals is included at about 0.15 to about 1.5% by weight of the homogenized fat enriched dairy liquid. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the added dairy minerals is included at about 0.5 to about 0.75 percent by weight of the homogenized fat enriched dairy liquid. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the dairy minerals are included in an amount effective to provide at least one of the following mineral to protein ratios in the concentrated dairy liquid:
about 0.0040 mg to about 0.0043 mg potassium per mg protein; about 0.0018 mg to about 0.0025 mg magnesium per mg protein; about 0.0347 mg to about 0.0447 mg calcium per mg protein; and about 0.0897 mg to about 0.1045 mg phosphate per mg protein. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the dairy minerals are included in an amount effective to provide at least two of the following mineral to protein ratios in the concentrated dairy liquid:
about 0.0040 mg to about 0.0043 mg potassium per mg protein; about 0.0018 mg to about 0.0025 mg magnesium per mg protein; about 0.0347 mg to about 0.0447 mg calcium per mg protein; and about 0.0897 mg to about 0.1045 mg phosphate per mg protein. 13. A method of making a concentrated dairy liquid, the method comprising:
pasteurizing a dairy cream; concentrating the pasteurized cream to obtain a concentrated cream retentate; homogenizing the concentrated cream retentate to form a homogenized cream retentate; adding dairy minerals to the homogenized cream retentate; and heating the homogenized cream retentate including the dairy minerals to obtain a concentrated dairy liquid having a Fo value of at least 5, the concentrated dairy liquid having a protein to fat ratio of from about 0.4 to about 0.7 and lactose in an amount of up to 1.5 percent. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising diluting the cream with water after the pasteurizing. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the ratio of the water to the cream is from about 2:1 to about 4:1. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein concentrating includes providing the concentrated cream retentate including about 2.0 to about 3.0 percent protein. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid includes about 1.3 to about 2 percent protein. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid includes about 20 to about 30 percent fat. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the added dairy minerals includes at least one of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphate. 20. The method of claim 13, wherein the added dairy minerals are added in an amount of about 0.15 and about 1.5 percent by weight of the homogenized cream retentate. 21. The method of claim 13, wherein the dairy minerals are added in an amount of about 0.5 to about 0.75 percent by weight of the homogenized cream retentate. 22. The method of claim 13, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid includes about 35 to about 65 percent total solids. 23. The method of claim 13, wherein the dairy minerals are included in an amount effective to provide at least one of the following mineral to protein ratios in the concentrated dairy liquid:
about 0.017 mg to about 0.0264 mg potassium per mg protein; about 0.008 mg to about 0.0226 mg magnesium per mg protein; about 0.122 mg to about 0.3516 mg calcium per mg protein; and about 0.199 mg to about 0.5394 mg phosphate per mg protein. 24. The method of claim 13, wherein the dairy minerals are included in an amount effective to provide at least two of the following mineral to protein ratios in the concentrated dairy liquid:
about 0.017 mg to about 0.0264 mg potassium per mg protein; about 0.008 mg to about 0.0226 mg magnesium per mg protein; about 0.122 mg to about 0.3516 mg calcium per mg protein; and about 0.199 mg to about 0.5394 mg phosphate per mg protein. 25. A concentrated dairy liquid comprising:
about 7 to about 9 percent total protein; about 9 to about 14 percent total fat; less than about 1.5 percent lactose; and about 0.1 to about 1.5 percent added dairy minerals, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid comprises a ratio of protein to fat of about 0.4 to about 0.75. 26. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 25, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid comprises whole milk. 27. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 25, wherein the protein to fat ratio is from about 0.61 to about 0.7. 28. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 25, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid has a mineral to protein ratio of at least two of the following:
about 0.0040 mg to about 0.0043 mg potassium per mg protein; about 0.0018 mg to about 0.0025 mg magnesium per mg protein; about 0.0347 mg to about 0.0447 mg calcium per mg protein; and about 0.0897 mg to about 0.1045 mg phosphate per mg protein. 29. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 25, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid has a mineral to protein ratio of at least three of the following:
about 0.0040 mg to about 0.0043 mg potassium per mg protein; about 0.0018 mg to about 0.0025 mg magnesium per mg protein; about 0.0347 mg to about 0.0447 mg calcium per mg protein; and about 0.0897 mg to about 0.1045 mg phosphate per mg protein. 30. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 25, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid has a mineral to protein ratio of at least two of the following:
about 0.017 mg to about 0.0264 mg potassium per mg protein; about 0.008 mg to about 0.0226 mg magnesium per mg protein; about 0.122 mg to about 0.3516 mg calcium per mg protein; and about 0.199 mg to about 0.5394 mg phosphate per mg protein. 31. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 25, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid has a mineral to protein ratio of at least three of the following:
about 0.017 mg to about 0.0264 mg potassium per mg protein; about 0.008 mg to about 0.0226 mg magnesium per mg protein; about 0.122 mg to about 0.3516 mg calcium per mg protein; and about 0.199 mg to about 0.5394 mg phosphate per mg protein. 32. A concentrated dairy liquid comprising:
about 1.3 to about 2.0 percent protein; about 20 to about 30 percent fat; less than about 1.5 percent lactose; about 0.1 to about 1.5 percent added dairy minerals; and about 35 to about 65 percent total solids; wherein the concentrated dairy liquid comprises a ratio of protein to fat of about 0.04 to about 0.1. 33. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 32, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid comprises cream. 34. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 32, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid has a mineral to protein ratio of at least two of the following:
about 0.017 mg to about 0.0264 mg potassium per mg protein; about 0.008 mg to about 0.0226 mg magnesium per mg protein; about 0.122 mg to about 0.3516 mg calcium per mg protein; and about 0.199 mg to about 0.5394 mg phosphate per mg protein. 35. The concentrated dairy liquid of claim 32, wherein the concentrated dairy liquid has a mineral to protein ratio of at least three of the following:
about 0.017 mg to about 0.0264 mg potassium per mg protein; about 0.008 mg to about 0.0226 mg magnesium per mg protein; about 0.122 mg to about 0.3516 mg calcium per mg protein; and about 0.199 mg to about 0.5394 mg phosphate per mg protein. | 1,700 |
2,742 | 14,174,884 | 1,771 | Lubricant additives comprising as overbased metal hydrocarbyl-substituted hydroxybenzoate detergent dispersed in diluent and a polyalkenyl-substituted carboxlic acid anhydride dispersed in a diluent oil containing 50 mass % or more of a basestock containing greater than or equal to 90% saturates and less than or equal to 0.03% sulphur or a mixture thereof are blended, in minor amounts, with a high saturates content oil of lubricating viscosity, in a major amount, to give trunk piston marine engine lubricating oil composition for a medium-speed four-stroke compression-ignited marine engine. | 1. A method of preparing a trunk piston marine engine lubricating oil composition for a medium-speed four-stroke compression-ignited marine engine comprising blending (A) a lubricant additive, in a minor amount, comprising an overbased metal hydrocarbyl-substituted hydroxybenzoate detergent dispersed in diluent and (B) an additive comprising a polyalkenyl-substituted carboxylic acid anhydride as active ingredient dispersed in a diluent oil containing 50 mass % or more of a basestock containing greater than or equal to 90% saturates and less than or equal to 0.03% sulphur or a mixture thereof with (C) an oil of lubricating viscosity in a major amount that comprises 50 mass % or more of a basestock containing greater than or equal to 90% saturates and less than or equal to 0.03% sulphur. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the metal is calcium. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbyl-substituted hydroxybenzoate is a salicylate. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbyl group has from 8 to 400 carbon atoms. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the diluent oil in which (B) is dispersed comprises 60 mass % or more of the basestock containing greater than or equal to 90% saturates and less than or equal to 0.03% sulphur, or a mixture thereof. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the diluent oil in which (B) is dispersed consists of or consists essentially of the basestock containing greater than or equal to 90% saturates and less than or equal to 0.03% sulphur or a mixture thereof. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the basestock is a Group II, III, IV or V basestock. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the polyalkenyl substituent in (B) has from 8 to 400 carbon atoms. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the polyalkenyl substituent in (B) has a number average molecular weight of from 350 to 1000. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the polyalkenyl-substituted carboxylic acid anhydride derivative, (B), is a succinic anhydride. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein (B) is a polyisobutene succinic acid or anhydride. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the diluent in (A) comprises 50 mass % or more of a basestock containing greater than or equal to 90% saturates and less than or equal to 0.03% sulphur. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition has a TBN of 20 to 60. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the basestock in the oil of lubricating viscosity (C) is a Group II, III, IV or V basestock. 15. A trunk piston marine engine lubricating oil composition for a medium-speed four-stroke compression-ignited marine engine obtainable by the method of claim 1. 16. A method of operating a trunk piston medium-speed compression-ignited marine engine comprising
(i) making a lubricating oil composition by the method of claim 1; (ii) fuelling the engine with a heavy fuel oil; and (iii) lubricating the crankcase of the engine with said lubricating oil composition. 17. A lubricant additive (B) as defined in claim 1. 18. A combination or admixture of a lubricant additive (B) and a lubricant additive (A), wherein lubricant additive (B) and lubricant additive (A) are as defined in claim 1. | Lubricant additives comprising as overbased metal hydrocarbyl-substituted hydroxybenzoate detergent dispersed in diluent and a polyalkenyl-substituted carboxlic acid anhydride dispersed in a diluent oil containing 50 mass % or more of a basestock containing greater than or equal to 90% saturates and less than or equal to 0.03% sulphur or a mixture thereof are blended, in minor amounts, with a high saturates content oil of lubricating viscosity, in a major amount, to give trunk piston marine engine lubricating oil composition for a medium-speed four-stroke compression-ignited marine engine.1. A method of preparing a trunk piston marine engine lubricating oil composition for a medium-speed four-stroke compression-ignited marine engine comprising blending (A) a lubricant additive, in a minor amount, comprising an overbased metal hydrocarbyl-substituted hydroxybenzoate detergent dispersed in diluent and (B) an additive comprising a polyalkenyl-substituted carboxylic acid anhydride as active ingredient dispersed in a diluent oil containing 50 mass % or more of a basestock containing greater than or equal to 90% saturates and less than or equal to 0.03% sulphur or a mixture thereof with (C) an oil of lubricating viscosity in a major amount that comprises 50 mass % or more of a basestock containing greater than or equal to 90% saturates and less than or equal to 0.03% sulphur. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the metal is calcium. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbyl-substituted hydroxybenzoate is a salicylate. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbyl group has from 8 to 400 carbon atoms. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the diluent oil in which (B) is dispersed comprises 60 mass % or more of the basestock containing greater than or equal to 90% saturates and less than or equal to 0.03% sulphur, or a mixture thereof. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the diluent oil in which (B) is dispersed consists of or consists essentially of the basestock containing greater than or equal to 90% saturates and less than or equal to 0.03% sulphur or a mixture thereof. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the basestock is a Group II, III, IV or V basestock. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the polyalkenyl substituent in (B) has from 8 to 400 carbon atoms. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the polyalkenyl substituent in (B) has a number average molecular weight of from 350 to 1000. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the polyalkenyl-substituted carboxylic acid anhydride derivative, (B), is a succinic anhydride. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein (B) is a polyisobutene succinic acid or anhydride. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the diluent in (A) comprises 50 mass % or more of a basestock containing greater than or equal to 90% saturates and less than or equal to 0.03% sulphur. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition has a TBN of 20 to 60. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the basestock in the oil of lubricating viscosity (C) is a Group II, III, IV or V basestock. 15. A trunk piston marine engine lubricating oil composition for a medium-speed four-stroke compression-ignited marine engine obtainable by the method of claim 1. 16. A method of operating a trunk piston medium-speed compression-ignited marine engine comprising
(i) making a lubricating oil composition by the method of claim 1; (ii) fuelling the engine with a heavy fuel oil; and (iii) lubricating the crankcase of the engine with said lubricating oil composition. 17. A lubricant additive (B) as defined in claim 1. 18. A combination or admixture of a lubricant additive (B) and a lubricant additive (A), wherein lubricant additive (B) and lubricant additive (A) are as defined in claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,743 | 14,624,813 | 1,797 | Systems and methods for the detection of one or more target molecules, such as benzene, are described. The systems and methods may include a molecularly imprinted polymer film; a sensing material, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer film comprises a polymer host with one or more binding sites for one or more target molecules. The molecularly imprinted polymer film may be coated upon the sensing material. | 1. A system for the detection of one or more target molecules, the system comprising:
a molecularly imprinted polymer film wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer film comprises a polymer host with one or more binding sites for one or more target molecules, wherein the one or more target materials are non-polar; a sensing material, and wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer film is coated upon the sensing material. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a housing at least partially surrounding the molecularly imprinted polymer film and an air inlet into the housing. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more target molecules are selected from the group consisting of: benzene, benzene derivatives, and combinations thereof. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more target molecules are benzene. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the sensing material indicates changes in resistance or capacitance upon detection of the one or more target molecules. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer film is a phase inversion film. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer film is synthesized using monomers and crosslinking agents. 8. A method for detecting one or more target molecules, the method comprising:
providing a molecularly imprinted polymer film with one or more binding sites for detection of one or more target molecules, wherein the one or more target molecules are non-polar; exposing said molecularly imprinted polymer film to a gas, air sample, or vapor; and measuring a change of said molecularly imprinted polymer film, wherein said change is used to detect said one or more target molecules in said gas, air sample, or vapor. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the one or more target molecules are benzene. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the change is a change is resistance or capacitance upon detection of the one or more target molecules. 11. A method for producing a strain sensitive molecularly imprinted polymer film for detection of one or more target molecules, the method comprising:
dissolving a polymer host comprising a structural component and a reporting component in a first solvent to form a first solution; mixing a target molecule into said first solution to form a molecularly imprinted polymer solution; coating said molecularly imprinted polymer solution onto a sensing material; and removing the target molecule to form a molecularly imprinted polymer film. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the coating comprises spin coating. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the removing the target molecule comprises:
extracting the target molecule from the molecularly imprinted polymer film using a second solvent, wherein the polymer host is insoluble in the second solvent, and wherein the target molecule is soluble in said second solvent. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the first solvent has a boiling point lower than the boiling point of the target molecule, and wherein the removing the target molecule comprises evaporating the target molecule from the molecularly imprinted polymer film. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the target molecule is selected from the group consisting of: benzene, benzene derivatives, and combinations thereof. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the target molecule is benzene. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer film is a phase inversion film. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the coating is spin coating. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer film is synthesized using monomers and crosslinking agents. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the polymer host comprises monomer for the molecularly imprinted polymer film, and further adding a crosslinking agent. | Systems and methods for the detection of one or more target molecules, such as benzene, are described. The systems and methods may include a molecularly imprinted polymer film; a sensing material, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer film comprises a polymer host with one or more binding sites for one or more target molecules. The molecularly imprinted polymer film may be coated upon the sensing material.1. A system for the detection of one or more target molecules, the system comprising:
a molecularly imprinted polymer film wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer film comprises a polymer host with one or more binding sites for one or more target molecules, wherein the one or more target materials are non-polar; a sensing material, and wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer film is coated upon the sensing material. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a housing at least partially surrounding the molecularly imprinted polymer film and an air inlet into the housing. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more target molecules are selected from the group consisting of: benzene, benzene derivatives, and combinations thereof. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more target molecules are benzene. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the sensing material indicates changes in resistance or capacitance upon detection of the one or more target molecules. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer film is a phase inversion film. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer film is synthesized using monomers and crosslinking agents. 8. A method for detecting one or more target molecules, the method comprising:
providing a molecularly imprinted polymer film with one or more binding sites for detection of one or more target molecules, wherein the one or more target molecules are non-polar; exposing said molecularly imprinted polymer film to a gas, air sample, or vapor; and measuring a change of said molecularly imprinted polymer film, wherein said change is used to detect said one or more target molecules in said gas, air sample, or vapor. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the one or more target molecules are benzene. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the change is a change is resistance or capacitance upon detection of the one or more target molecules. 11. A method for producing a strain sensitive molecularly imprinted polymer film for detection of one or more target molecules, the method comprising:
dissolving a polymer host comprising a structural component and a reporting component in a first solvent to form a first solution; mixing a target molecule into said first solution to form a molecularly imprinted polymer solution; coating said molecularly imprinted polymer solution onto a sensing material; and removing the target molecule to form a molecularly imprinted polymer film. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the coating comprises spin coating. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the removing the target molecule comprises:
extracting the target molecule from the molecularly imprinted polymer film using a second solvent, wherein the polymer host is insoluble in the second solvent, and wherein the target molecule is soluble in said second solvent. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the first solvent has a boiling point lower than the boiling point of the target molecule, and wherein the removing the target molecule comprises evaporating the target molecule from the molecularly imprinted polymer film. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the target molecule is selected from the group consisting of: benzene, benzene derivatives, and combinations thereof. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the target molecule is benzene. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer film is a phase inversion film. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the coating is spin coating. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the molecularly imprinted polymer film is synthesized using monomers and crosslinking agents. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the polymer host comprises monomer for the molecularly imprinted polymer film, and further adding a crosslinking agent. | 1,700 |
2,744 | 15,122,962 | 1,792 | The present invention relates to a method ( 100 ) of controlling a cooking process of a food. The method comprises a step of detecting (S 101 ) a weight change of a first vaporizable component in the food over a first period of time. The method also comprises a step of determining (S 102 ) an initial status of the food at least partially based on the detected weight change of the first vaporizable component in the food. The method also comprises a step of controlling (S 103 ) the cooking process at least partially based on the determined initial status of the food. The invention also relates to corresponding apparatus and computer program product. | 1. A method of controlling a cooking process of a food, the method comprising steps of:
detecting (S101) a weight change of a first vaporizable component in the food a first period of time; determining (S102) an initial status of the food at least partially based on the detected weight change of the first vaporizable component in the food; and controlling (S103) the cooking process at least partially based on the determined initial status of the food. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of detecting (S101) the weight change of the first vaporizable component in the food comprises at least one step of:
detecting a weight change of the food during the first period of time; detecting a change of an environmental parameter during the first period of time, the environment parameter including humidity; and detecting amount of the first vaporizable component that evaporates from the food during the first period of time. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the step of detecting the weight change of the food comprises at least one step of:
sampling the weight change of the food for at least one time instant within the first period of time; determining elapsed time upon reaching at least one predefined amount of the weight change of the food; and extracting at least one morphological feature from a thermo-gravimetric profile that characterizes the weight change of the food over the first period of time. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first period of time is an initial period of cooking time for the cooking process, and wherein the step of controlling (S103) the cooking process comprises a step of adapting, at least partially based on the determined initial status of the food, the cooking process in a remaining period of the cooking time. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the food is placed in an environment with a predefined configuration for the step of detecting (S101) a weight change. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of determining (S102) the initial status of the food comprises steps of:
obtaining a type of the food; and determining the initial status of the food from a predefined prediction model based on the detected weight change of the first vaporizable component in the food and from the obtained type of the food. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of controlling (S103) the cooking process comprises steps of:
detecting a weight change of a second vaporizable component in the food over a second period of time in the cooking process; and determining doneness of the food based on the detected weight change of the second vaporizable component in the food. 8. An apparatus for controlling a cooking process of a food, the apparatus comprising:
a first detecting unit configured to detect a weight change of a first vaporizable component, such as water, in the food over a first period of time; an initial status determining unit configured to determine an initial status of the food at least partially based on the detected weight change of the first vaporizable component in the food; and a cooking control unit configured to control the cooking process at least partially based on the determined initial status of the food. 9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the first detecting unit comprises at least one of:
a food weight detecting unit configured to detect a weight change of the food during the first period of time; an environmental parameter detecting unit configured to detect a change of an environmental parameter during the first period of time, the environment parameter including humidity; and a component weight detecting unit configured to detect amount of the first vaporizable component that evaporates from the food during the first period of time. 10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the food weight detecting unit comprises at least one of:
a weight sampling unit configured to sample the weight change of the food for at least one time instant within the first period of time; a time determining unit configured to determine elapsed time upon reaching at least one predefined amount of the weight change of the food; and a feature extracting unit configured to extract at least one morphological feature from a thermo-gravimetric profile that characterizes the weight change of the food over the first period of time. 11. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the first period of time is an initial period of cooking time for the cooking process, and wherein the cooking control unit (303) is configured to adapt, at least partially based on the determined initial status of the food, the cooking process in a remaining period of the cooking time. 12. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the food is placed in an environment with a predefined configuration for the detecting. 13. The apparatus according to claim 8, further comprising:
a food type obtaining unit configured to obtain a type of the food, wherein the initial status determining unit is configured to determine the initial status of the food from a predefined prediction model based on the detected weight change of the first vaporizable component in the food and from the obtained type of the food. 14. The apparatus according to claim 8, further comprising:
a second detecting unit configured to detect a weight change of a second vaporizable component in the food over a second period of time in the cooking process; and a doneness determining unit configured to determine doneness of the food based on the detected weight change of the second vaporizable component in the food. 15. A computer program product for controlling a cooking process of a food, the computer program product being tangibly stored on a non-transient computer-readable medium and comprising machine executable instructions which, when executed, cause the machine to perform steps of the method according to claim 1. | The present invention relates to a method ( 100 ) of controlling a cooking process of a food. The method comprises a step of detecting (S 101 ) a weight change of a first vaporizable component in the food over a first period of time. The method also comprises a step of determining (S 102 ) an initial status of the food at least partially based on the detected weight change of the first vaporizable component in the food. The method also comprises a step of controlling (S 103 ) the cooking process at least partially based on the determined initial status of the food. The invention also relates to corresponding apparatus and computer program product.1. A method of controlling a cooking process of a food, the method comprising steps of:
detecting (S101) a weight change of a first vaporizable component in the food a first period of time; determining (S102) an initial status of the food at least partially based on the detected weight change of the first vaporizable component in the food; and controlling (S103) the cooking process at least partially based on the determined initial status of the food. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of detecting (S101) the weight change of the first vaporizable component in the food comprises at least one step of:
detecting a weight change of the food during the first period of time; detecting a change of an environmental parameter during the first period of time, the environment parameter including humidity; and detecting amount of the first vaporizable component that evaporates from the food during the first period of time. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the step of detecting the weight change of the food comprises at least one step of:
sampling the weight change of the food for at least one time instant within the first period of time; determining elapsed time upon reaching at least one predefined amount of the weight change of the food; and extracting at least one morphological feature from a thermo-gravimetric profile that characterizes the weight change of the food over the first period of time. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first period of time is an initial period of cooking time for the cooking process, and wherein the step of controlling (S103) the cooking process comprises a step of adapting, at least partially based on the determined initial status of the food, the cooking process in a remaining period of the cooking time. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the food is placed in an environment with a predefined configuration for the step of detecting (S101) a weight change. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of determining (S102) the initial status of the food comprises steps of:
obtaining a type of the food; and determining the initial status of the food from a predefined prediction model based on the detected weight change of the first vaporizable component in the food and from the obtained type of the food. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of controlling (S103) the cooking process comprises steps of:
detecting a weight change of a second vaporizable component in the food over a second period of time in the cooking process; and determining doneness of the food based on the detected weight change of the second vaporizable component in the food. 8. An apparatus for controlling a cooking process of a food, the apparatus comprising:
a first detecting unit configured to detect a weight change of a first vaporizable component, such as water, in the food over a first period of time; an initial status determining unit configured to determine an initial status of the food at least partially based on the detected weight change of the first vaporizable component in the food; and a cooking control unit configured to control the cooking process at least partially based on the determined initial status of the food. 9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the first detecting unit comprises at least one of:
a food weight detecting unit configured to detect a weight change of the food during the first period of time; an environmental parameter detecting unit configured to detect a change of an environmental parameter during the first period of time, the environment parameter including humidity; and a component weight detecting unit configured to detect amount of the first vaporizable component that evaporates from the food during the first period of time. 10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the food weight detecting unit comprises at least one of:
a weight sampling unit configured to sample the weight change of the food for at least one time instant within the first period of time; a time determining unit configured to determine elapsed time upon reaching at least one predefined amount of the weight change of the food; and a feature extracting unit configured to extract at least one morphological feature from a thermo-gravimetric profile that characterizes the weight change of the food over the first period of time. 11. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the first period of time is an initial period of cooking time for the cooking process, and wherein the cooking control unit (303) is configured to adapt, at least partially based on the determined initial status of the food, the cooking process in a remaining period of the cooking time. 12. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the food is placed in an environment with a predefined configuration for the detecting. 13. The apparatus according to claim 8, further comprising:
a food type obtaining unit configured to obtain a type of the food, wherein the initial status determining unit is configured to determine the initial status of the food from a predefined prediction model based on the detected weight change of the first vaporizable component in the food and from the obtained type of the food. 14. The apparatus according to claim 8, further comprising:
a second detecting unit configured to detect a weight change of a second vaporizable component in the food over a second period of time in the cooking process; and a doneness determining unit configured to determine doneness of the food based on the detected weight change of the second vaporizable component in the food. 15. A computer program product for controlling a cooking process of a food, the computer program product being tangibly stored on a non-transient computer-readable medium and comprising machine executable instructions which, when executed, cause the machine to perform steps of the method according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,745 | 14,273,567 | 1,787 | A coating comprising epoxy functional resin, corrosion resistant particles, and a multi-functional crosslinker are disclosed as are methods of using such a coating to coat at least a portion of a substrate and a substrate coated thereby. | 1. A coating comprising:
(a) a first component comprising:
(i) an epoxy functional resin; and
(ii) a corrosion resisting particle; and
(b) a second component comprising a crosslinker having a first functionality that crosslinks with the epoxy functionality of the first component and a second functionality that self-crosslinks. 2. The coating of claim 1, wherein the epoxy functional resin comprises a residue of bisphenol-A. 3. The coating of claim 1, wherein the epoxy comprises urethane epoxy. 4. The coating of claim 1, wherein the corrosion inhibitor comprises MgO. 5. The coating of claim 4, wherein the MgO has a surface area of at least 10 square meters per gram. 6. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating further comprises an amino acid. 7. The coating of claim 1, wherein the crosslinker comprises silane. 8. The coating of claim 7, wherein the silane comprises dipodal silane. 9. The coating of claim 7, wherein the silane consists essentially of dipodal silane. 10. The coating of claim 8, wherein the silane comprises bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl)amine. 11. The coating of claim 9, wherein the silane comprises bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl)amine. 12. The coating of claim 1, wherein the second component further comprises an amine catalyst. 13. The coating of claim 12, wherein the amine catalyst comprises a tertiary amine. 14. The coating of claim 7, wherein the functionality reacting with epoxy is amine. 15. The coating of claim 1, wherein said coating is substantially free of chromium. 16. The coating of claim 1, wherein said coating is substantially free of praseodymium oxide. 17. A method of coating a substrate comprising applying to at least a portion of the substrate the coating of claim 1. 18. A substrate coated according to claim 17. 19. The substrate of claim 18, wherein the substrate comprises aluminum. 20. The substrate of claim 18, wherein the substrate comprises steel. 21. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating is substantially free of a rare earth element. 22. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating cures at ambient conditions. | A coating comprising epoxy functional resin, corrosion resistant particles, and a multi-functional crosslinker are disclosed as are methods of using such a coating to coat at least a portion of a substrate and a substrate coated thereby.1. A coating comprising:
(a) a first component comprising:
(i) an epoxy functional resin; and
(ii) a corrosion resisting particle; and
(b) a second component comprising a crosslinker having a first functionality that crosslinks with the epoxy functionality of the first component and a second functionality that self-crosslinks. 2. The coating of claim 1, wherein the epoxy functional resin comprises a residue of bisphenol-A. 3. The coating of claim 1, wherein the epoxy comprises urethane epoxy. 4. The coating of claim 1, wherein the corrosion inhibitor comprises MgO. 5. The coating of claim 4, wherein the MgO has a surface area of at least 10 square meters per gram. 6. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating further comprises an amino acid. 7. The coating of claim 1, wherein the crosslinker comprises silane. 8. The coating of claim 7, wherein the silane comprises dipodal silane. 9. The coating of claim 7, wherein the silane consists essentially of dipodal silane. 10. The coating of claim 8, wherein the silane comprises bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl)amine. 11. The coating of claim 9, wherein the silane comprises bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl)amine. 12. The coating of claim 1, wherein the second component further comprises an amine catalyst. 13. The coating of claim 12, wherein the amine catalyst comprises a tertiary amine. 14. The coating of claim 7, wherein the functionality reacting with epoxy is amine. 15. The coating of claim 1, wherein said coating is substantially free of chromium. 16. The coating of claim 1, wherein said coating is substantially free of praseodymium oxide. 17. A method of coating a substrate comprising applying to at least a portion of the substrate the coating of claim 1. 18. A substrate coated according to claim 17. 19. The substrate of claim 18, wherein the substrate comprises aluminum. 20. The substrate of claim 18, wherein the substrate comprises steel. 21. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating is substantially free of a rare earth element. 22. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating cures at ambient conditions. | 1,700 |
2,746 | 13,738,973 | 1,714 | The invention provides a process for determining surface contamination of polycrystalline silicon, including the steps of: a) providing two polycrystalline silicon rods by deposition in a Siemens reactor; b) determining contaminants in the first of the two rods immediately after the deposition; c) conducting the second rod through one or more systems in which polycrystalline silicon rods are processed further to give rod pieces or polysilicon fragments, optionally cleaned, stored or packed; d) then determining contaminants in the second rod; wherein the difference in the contaminants determined in the first and second rods gives surface contamination of polycrystalline silicon resulting from systems and the system environment. | 1. A process for determining surface contamination of polycrystalline silicon, comprising the steps of
a) providing two polycrystalline silicon rods by deposition in a Siemens reactor; b) determining contaminants in a first rod of the two rods immediately after the deposition; c) conducting a second rod of the two rods through at least one system in which polycrystalline silicon rods are processed further to give rod pieces or polysilicon fragments, optionally cleaned, stored or packed; d) then determining contaminants in the second rod; wherein a difference in the contaminants determined in the first and second rods determines the surface contamination of polycrystalline silicon resulting from the at least one system and a system environment. 2. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein contamination of the polycrystalline silicon with dopants or with carbon or with both is determined for the first and second rods. 3. The process as claimed in claim 2, wherein the dopants are members selected from the group consisting of boron, phosphorus, aluminum and arsenic. 4. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first rod is packed in a polyethylene bag immediately after the deposition. 5. The process as claimed in claim 2, wherein a wafer is removed from the first rod in step b) and the wafer is used to determine a carbon concentration by FTIR. 6. The process as claimed in claim 5, wherein a rod remaining after removal of the wafer from the first rod is converted by a float zone process to a monocrystalline rod, and a concentration of dopants is determined by photoluminescence on a wafer removed from the monocrystalline rod. 7. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one system in step c) is/are for comminution, for cleaning, for storage or for packaging of polysilicon, and wherein the rod, once it has been conducted through the at least one system, is packed in a polyethylene bag. 8. The process as claimed in claim 2, wherein:
the second rod is converted in step d) by a float zone process to a monocrystalline rod; a first wafer is removed from the monocrystalline rod and sent to an FTIR analysis for determination of a carbon concentration; and a second wafer is removed and sent to a photoluminescence analysis for determination of a concentration of dopants. 9. The process as claimed in claim 3, wherein the first rod is packed in a polyethylene bag immediately after the deposition. 10. The process as claimed in claim 9, wherein a wafer is removed from the first rod in step b) and the wafer is used to determine a carbon concentration by FTIR. 11. The process as claimed in claim 10, wherein a rod remaining after removal of the wafer from the first rod is converted by a float zone process to a monocrystalline rod, and a concentration of dopants is determined by photoluminescence on a wafer removed from the monocrystalline rod. 12. The process as claimed in claim 11, wherein the at least one system in step c) is/are for comminution, for cleaning, for storage or for packaging of polysilicon, and wherein the rod, once it has been conducted through the at least one system, is packed in a polyethylene bag. 13. The process as claimed in claim 12, wherein:
the second rod is converted in step d) by a float zone process to a monocrystalline rod; a first wafer is removed from the monocrystalline rod and sent to an FTIR analysis for determination of a carbon concentration; and a second wafer is removed and sent to a photoluminescence analysis for determination of a concentration of dopants. | The invention provides a process for determining surface contamination of polycrystalline silicon, including the steps of: a) providing two polycrystalline silicon rods by deposition in a Siemens reactor; b) determining contaminants in the first of the two rods immediately after the deposition; c) conducting the second rod through one or more systems in which polycrystalline silicon rods are processed further to give rod pieces or polysilicon fragments, optionally cleaned, stored or packed; d) then determining contaminants in the second rod; wherein the difference in the contaminants determined in the first and second rods gives surface contamination of polycrystalline silicon resulting from systems and the system environment.1. A process for determining surface contamination of polycrystalline silicon, comprising the steps of
a) providing two polycrystalline silicon rods by deposition in a Siemens reactor; b) determining contaminants in a first rod of the two rods immediately after the deposition; c) conducting a second rod of the two rods through at least one system in which polycrystalline silicon rods are processed further to give rod pieces or polysilicon fragments, optionally cleaned, stored or packed; d) then determining contaminants in the second rod; wherein a difference in the contaminants determined in the first and second rods determines the surface contamination of polycrystalline silicon resulting from the at least one system and a system environment. 2. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein contamination of the polycrystalline silicon with dopants or with carbon or with both is determined for the first and second rods. 3. The process as claimed in claim 2, wherein the dopants are members selected from the group consisting of boron, phosphorus, aluminum and arsenic. 4. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first rod is packed in a polyethylene bag immediately after the deposition. 5. The process as claimed in claim 2, wherein a wafer is removed from the first rod in step b) and the wafer is used to determine a carbon concentration by FTIR. 6. The process as claimed in claim 5, wherein a rod remaining after removal of the wafer from the first rod is converted by a float zone process to a monocrystalline rod, and a concentration of dopants is determined by photoluminescence on a wafer removed from the monocrystalline rod. 7. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one system in step c) is/are for comminution, for cleaning, for storage or for packaging of polysilicon, and wherein the rod, once it has been conducted through the at least one system, is packed in a polyethylene bag. 8. The process as claimed in claim 2, wherein:
the second rod is converted in step d) by a float zone process to a monocrystalline rod; a first wafer is removed from the monocrystalline rod and sent to an FTIR analysis for determination of a carbon concentration; and a second wafer is removed and sent to a photoluminescence analysis for determination of a concentration of dopants. 9. The process as claimed in claim 3, wherein the first rod is packed in a polyethylene bag immediately after the deposition. 10. The process as claimed in claim 9, wherein a wafer is removed from the first rod in step b) and the wafer is used to determine a carbon concentration by FTIR. 11. The process as claimed in claim 10, wherein a rod remaining after removal of the wafer from the first rod is converted by a float zone process to a monocrystalline rod, and a concentration of dopants is determined by photoluminescence on a wafer removed from the monocrystalline rod. 12. The process as claimed in claim 11, wherein the at least one system in step c) is/are for comminution, for cleaning, for storage or for packaging of polysilicon, and wherein the rod, once it has been conducted through the at least one system, is packed in a polyethylene bag. 13. The process as claimed in claim 12, wherein:
the second rod is converted in step d) by a float zone process to a monocrystalline rod; a first wafer is removed from the monocrystalline rod and sent to an FTIR analysis for determination of a carbon concentration; and a second wafer is removed and sent to a photoluminescence analysis for determination of a concentration of dopants. | 1,700 |
2,747 | 14,760,287 | 1,711 | An apparatus for treating a keg's interior comprises first and second tanks that maintain treatment medium at respective first and second temperatures, a first heat-exchanger, and a waste-air line. The first heat-exchanger is arranged upstream of a second-tank inlet for using,at recovered from the treatment medium through heat exchange with a heat-transfer medium to pre-heat treatment medium that is being conducted to the second tank. The heat-transfer medium includes any one or more of treatment medium conducted out of a keg interior after a treatment step, treatment medium in the first tank, and waste air in the waste-air line. | 1-14. (canceled) 15. An apparatus for treating an interior of a keg in a plurality of treatment steps, said apparatus comprising a first tank, a second tank, a first heat-exchanger, and a waste-air line, wherein said first tank comprises a first-tank inlet, wherein said second tank comprises a second-tank inlet, wherein said second tank comprises a second-tank outlet, wherein said first tank maintains treatment medium at a first temperature, wherein said second tank maintains treatment medium at a second temperature, wherein said second temperature is higher than said first temperature, wherein said second-tank outlet connects to said first-tank inlet, wherein said first heat-exchanger is arranged upstream of said second-tank inlet for using heat recovered from said treatment medium through heat exchange with a heat-transfer medium to pre-heat treatment medium that is being conducted to said second tank, and wherein said heat-transfer medium is selected from the group consisting of treatment medium conducted out of a keg interior after a treatment step, treatment medium in said first tank, and waste air in said waste-air line. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a feed line and a cyclone heat-exchanger, wherein said feed line connects said cyclone heat-exchanger to said first tank, wherein said cyclone heat exchanger comprises a cyclone chamber, and wherein said cyclone chamber forms a primary side of said cyclone heat exchanger. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, further comprising a second heat-exchanger disposed on said feed line, wherein said second heat-exchanger receives treatment medium that has been warmed by having passed through said cyclone chamber, wherein said second heat-exchanger further warms said treatment medium, and wherein said second heat-exchanger includes an outlet that connects to a pipe that conveys used treatment medium. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein said second heat-exchanger comprises a primary side that forms part of a treatment medium circuit that includes at least one of said first tank and a tank-integrated heat exchanger of said first tank. 19. The apparatus of claim 17, further comprising a controlled bypass, wherein said second heat-exchanger comprises a secondary side, wherein said secondary side is parallel to said controlled bypass. 20. The apparatus of claim 16, further comprising a third heat exchanger disposed on said feed line between said first tank and said second tank, wherein said third-heat exchanger comprises a primary side and a secondary side, wherein waste air flows through said primary side, and wherein treatment fluid flows through said secondary side. 21. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein said waste-air line is connected to said cyclone heat-exchanger. 22. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein said first tank comprises a first-tank gas chamber, and wherein said waste-air line is connected to said first-tank gas chamber. 23. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a first treatment position at which said keg is externally cleaned, wherein said waste-air line connects to said first treatment position. 24. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a flow path for conducting treatment medium from said first tank to said second tank, wherein said first heat-exchanger is on said flow path, said apparatus further comprises a second heat-exchanger, a third heat-exchanger, and a heating device, wherein said second heat-exchanger is downstream of said first heat-exchanger, wherein said third heat-exchanger is downstream of said second heat-exchanger, and wherein said heating device is downstream of said third heat-exchanger. 25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein said heating device comprises a fourth heat-exchanger. 26. A method for treating an interior of a keg using a keg treatment machine, said method comprising a first treatment-step, a second treatment-step, and a heat-recovery step selected from the group consisting of a first heat-recovering step, a second heat-recovering step, and a third heat-recovering step, wherein said second treatment-step follows said first treatment step sequentially in time, wherein said heat-recovery step occurs during operation of said keg-treatment machine, wherein said first treatment-step occurs after said keg has been emptied of filling-product residue, wherein said first treatment-step comprises treating said interior with a first liquid treatment-medium, wherein said first liquid treatment-medium comprises mixed water at a first temperature, wherein said second treatment-step comprises treating said interior of said keg with a second treatment-medium, wherein said second treatment-medium comprises hot water at a second temperature, wherein said second temperature is higher than said first temperature, wherein said first heat-recovering step comprises exclusively using, in said second treatment-step, heat energy that has been recovered from first treatment-medium that has been used in said first treatment-step, wherein said second heat-recovering step comprises using heat energy that has been recovered from first treatment-medium that has been used in said first treatment-step to carry out pre-heating of fresh treatment-medium conducted to a first tank, and wherein said third heat-recovering step comprises using, for said second treatment-step, heat energy recovered from waste gas that has been used during said first treatment-step. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein said third heat-recovering step comprises passing said fresh treatment-medium through a first heat-exchanger, wherein said first heat-exchanger comprises a cyclone heat-exchanger, and passing said first treatment-medium that has been used in said first treatment-step through said cyclone heat-exchanger. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein said second heat-recovering step further comprises passing said fresh treatment-medium that has passed through said cyclone heat-exchanger to a secondary side of a second heat-exchanger for heating by first treatment-medium from said first tank. 29. The method of claim 27, wherein said third heat-recovering step comprises recovering heat from waste air, wherein said waste air is from said cyclone chamber. 30. The method of claim 28, wherein said third heat-recovering step comprises passing treatment medium from said second heat-exchanger through a third heat-exchanger, passing waste air through said third heat-exchanger, and causing heat transfer between said waste air and said treatment medium. 31. The method of claim 26, further comprising externally cleaning said keg, wherein said third heat-recovering step comprises recovering heat from waste air arising during externally cleaning said keg, and heating said treatment medium with said recovered heat. 32. The method of claim 26, wherein said third heat-recovering step comprises recovering heat from waste air from a tank containing a treatment medium. 33. The method of claim 26, further comprising using a heating device to heat treatment-medium from a third temperature to said second temperature, wherein said third temperature is above said first temperature. | An apparatus for treating a keg's interior comprises first and second tanks that maintain treatment medium at respective first and second temperatures, a first heat-exchanger, and a waste-air line. The first heat-exchanger is arranged upstream of a second-tank inlet for using,at recovered from the treatment medium through heat exchange with a heat-transfer medium to pre-heat treatment medium that is being conducted to the second tank. The heat-transfer medium includes any one or more of treatment medium conducted out of a keg interior after a treatment step, treatment medium in the first tank, and waste air in the waste-air line.1-14. (canceled) 15. An apparatus for treating an interior of a keg in a plurality of treatment steps, said apparatus comprising a first tank, a second tank, a first heat-exchanger, and a waste-air line, wherein said first tank comprises a first-tank inlet, wherein said second tank comprises a second-tank inlet, wherein said second tank comprises a second-tank outlet, wherein said first tank maintains treatment medium at a first temperature, wherein said second tank maintains treatment medium at a second temperature, wherein said second temperature is higher than said first temperature, wherein said second-tank outlet connects to said first-tank inlet, wherein said first heat-exchanger is arranged upstream of said second-tank inlet for using heat recovered from said treatment medium through heat exchange with a heat-transfer medium to pre-heat treatment medium that is being conducted to said second tank, and wherein said heat-transfer medium is selected from the group consisting of treatment medium conducted out of a keg interior after a treatment step, treatment medium in said first tank, and waste air in said waste-air line. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a feed line and a cyclone heat-exchanger, wherein said feed line connects said cyclone heat-exchanger to said first tank, wherein said cyclone heat exchanger comprises a cyclone chamber, and wherein said cyclone chamber forms a primary side of said cyclone heat exchanger. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, further comprising a second heat-exchanger disposed on said feed line, wherein said second heat-exchanger receives treatment medium that has been warmed by having passed through said cyclone chamber, wherein said second heat-exchanger further warms said treatment medium, and wherein said second heat-exchanger includes an outlet that connects to a pipe that conveys used treatment medium. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein said second heat-exchanger comprises a primary side that forms part of a treatment medium circuit that includes at least one of said first tank and a tank-integrated heat exchanger of said first tank. 19. The apparatus of claim 17, further comprising a controlled bypass, wherein said second heat-exchanger comprises a secondary side, wherein said secondary side is parallel to said controlled bypass. 20. The apparatus of claim 16, further comprising a third heat exchanger disposed on said feed line between said first tank and said second tank, wherein said third-heat exchanger comprises a primary side and a secondary side, wherein waste air flows through said primary side, and wherein treatment fluid flows through said secondary side. 21. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein said waste-air line is connected to said cyclone heat-exchanger. 22. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein said first tank comprises a first-tank gas chamber, and wherein said waste-air line is connected to said first-tank gas chamber. 23. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a first treatment position at which said keg is externally cleaned, wherein said waste-air line connects to said first treatment position. 24. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a flow path for conducting treatment medium from said first tank to said second tank, wherein said first heat-exchanger is on said flow path, said apparatus further comprises a second heat-exchanger, a third heat-exchanger, and a heating device, wherein said second heat-exchanger is downstream of said first heat-exchanger, wherein said third heat-exchanger is downstream of said second heat-exchanger, and wherein said heating device is downstream of said third heat-exchanger. 25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein said heating device comprises a fourth heat-exchanger. 26. A method for treating an interior of a keg using a keg treatment machine, said method comprising a first treatment-step, a second treatment-step, and a heat-recovery step selected from the group consisting of a first heat-recovering step, a second heat-recovering step, and a third heat-recovering step, wherein said second treatment-step follows said first treatment step sequentially in time, wherein said heat-recovery step occurs during operation of said keg-treatment machine, wherein said first treatment-step occurs after said keg has been emptied of filling-product residue, wherein said first treatment-step comprises treating said interior with a first liquid treatment-medium, wherein said first liquid treatment-medium comprises mixed water at a first temperature, wherein said second treatment-step comprises treating said interior of said keg with a second treatment-medium, wherein said second treatment-medium comprises hot water at a second temperature, wherein said second temperature is higher than said first temperature, wherein said first heat-recovering step comprises exclusively using, in said second treatment-step, heat energy that has been recovered from first treatment-medium that has been used in said first treatment-step, wherein said second heat-recovering step comprises using heat energy that has been recovered from first treatment-medium that has been used in said first treatment-step to carry out pre-heating of fresh treatment-medium conducted to a first tank, and wherein said third heat-recovering step comprises using, for said second treatment-step, heat energy recovered from waste gas that has been used during said first treatment-step. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein said third heat-recovering step comprises passing said fresh treatment-medium through a first heat-exchanger, wherein said first heat-exchanger comprises a cyclone heat-exchanger, and passing said first treatment-medium that has been used in said first treatment-step through said cyclone heat-exchanger. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein said second heat-recovering step further comprises passing said fresh treatment-medium that has passed through said cyclone heat-exchanger to a secondary side of a second heat-exchanger for heating by first treatment-medium from said first tank. 29. The method of claim 27, wherein said third heat-recovering step comprises recovering heat from waste air, wherein said waste air is from said cyclone chamber. 30. The method of claim 28, wherein said third heat-recovering step comprises passing treatment medium from said second heat-exchanger through a third heat-exchanger, passing waste air through said third heat-exchanger, and causing heat transfer between said waste air and said treatment medium. 31. The method of claim 26, further comprising externally cleaning said keg, wherein said third heat-recovering step comprises recovering heat from waste air arising during externally cleaning said keg, and heating said treatment medium with said recovered heat. 32. The method of claim 26, wherein said third heat-recovering step comprises recovering heat from waste air from a tank containing a treatment medium. 33. The method of claim 26, further comprising using a heating device to heat treatment-medium from a third temperature to said second temperature, wherein said third temperature is above said first temperature. | 1,700 |
2,748 | 14,136,953 | 1,716 | An edge ring configured to surround an outer periphery of a substrate support in a plasma processing chamber wherein plasma is generated and used to process a substrate is disclosed, the substrate support comprising a base plate, a top plate, an elastomer seal assembly between the base plate and the top plate, and an elastomer seal configured to surround the elastomer seal assembly. The edge ring includes an upper inner surface having an edge step directed towards an interior portion of the edge ring and arranged to extend from an outer periphery of a top surface of the top plate to an outer periphery of an upper surface of the base plate, a lower inner surface, an outer surface, a lower surface extending from the lower inner surface to the outer surface, and a top surface extending from the outer surface to the upper inner surface. | 1.-25. (canceled) 26. An edge ring configured to surround an outer periphery of a substrate support in a plasma processing chamber wherein plasma is generated and used to process a substrate, the substrate support comprising a base plate, a top plate, and an elastomer seal assembly between the base plate and the top plate, the substrate support having an upper vertical sidewall extending between an outer periphery of an upper surface of the top plate and an outer periphery of a lower surface of the top plate, a lower vertical sidewall extending between an outer periphery of an upper surface of the base plate and an outwardly extending annular support surface of the base plate, the edge ring comprising:
an upper inner surface having an edge step directed towards an interior portion of the edge ring; a lower inner surface; an inner angular surface extending outward from the upper inner surface to the lower inner surface, and wherein the edge step and the inner angular surface are arranged to extend from the outer periphery of the upper surface of the top plate to the outer periphery of the upper surface of the base plate; an outer surface; a lower surface extending from the lower inner surface to the outer surface; and a top surface extending from the outer surface to the upper inner surface. 27. The edge ring of claim 26, comprising:
an annular step on an upper inner portion of the edge ring, and wherein the annular step is configured to underlie an outer surface of a substrate positioned on the substrate support surface. 28. The edge ring of claim 26, wherein the lower surface has one or more upwardly extending steps. 29. The edge ring of claim 26, wherein the outer surface is a substantially vertical outer wall. 30. The edge ring of claim 27, wherein the top surface of the edge ring includes a horizontal surface extending outward from the annular step. 31. The edge ring of claim 27, wherein the upper inner surface is connected to a horizontal surface of the annular step by a rounded edge. 32. The edge ring of claim 26, wherein the edge step has a height of about 0.16 inches to about 0.17 inches, and extends from the lower inner surface of the edge ring radially inward about 0.014 to 0.015 inches. 33. The edge ring of claim 26, wherein the edge ring has an inner diameter of about 11.65 to 11.66 inches to the upper inner surface and an inner diameter of about 11.68 to 11.69 to the lower inner surface. 34. The edge ring of claim 26, wherein the edge ring is formed from quartz, silicon carbide, silicon, or alumina. 35. A lower electrode assembly configured to hold a substrate in a plasma processing chamber wherein plasma is generated and used to process the substrate, the lower electrode assembly comprising:
a substrate support includes a base plate, a top plate, and an elastomer seal assembly between the base plate and the top plate, the substrate support having an upper vertical sidewall extending between an outer periphery of an upper surface of the top plate to an outer periphery of a lower surface of the top plate, and a lower vertical sidewall extending between an outer periphery of an upper surface of the base plate and an outwardly extending annular support surface of the base plate; an edge ring, the edge ring including an upper inner surface having an edge step directed towards an interior portion of the edge ring, a lower inner surface, an inner angular surface extending outward from the upper inner surface to the lower inner surface, and wherein the edge step and the inner angular surface are arranged to extend from the outer periphery of the upper surface of the top plate to the outer periphery of the upper surface of the base plate, an outer surface, a lower surface extending from the lower inner surface to the outer surface, and a top surface extending from the outer surface to the upper inner surface; and a support ring configured to be supported around the substrate support, and wherein the edge ring is at least partially supported above the support ring. 36. The lower electrode assembly of claim 35, wherein the elastomer seal assembly comprises:
a heater plate comprising a metal or ceramic plate having one or more spatially distributed heaters, a first bond layer attaching the base plate to the heater plate and a second bond layer attaching the heater plate to the top plate. 37. The lower electrode assembly of claim 35, wherein the edge ring has an annular step on an upper inner portion of the edge ring and configured to underlie an outer surface of a substrate positioned on the substrate support surface. 38. The lower electrode assembly of claim 35, wherein the lower surface has one or more upwardly extending steps, and wherein the one or more upwardly extending steps are configured to be supported on corresponding steps on an upper surface of the support ring. 39. The lower electrode assembly of claim 35, wherein the edge step of the edge ring has a height of about 0.16 inches to about 0.017 inches, and extends from the lower inner surface of the edge ring radially inward about 0.014 to 0.015 inches. 40. The lower electrode assembly of claim 35, wherein the edge ring has an inner diameter of about 11.65 to 11.66 inches to the upper inner surface and an inner diameter of about 11.68 to 11.69 inches to the lower inner surface. 41. The lower electrode assembly of claim 35, comprising:
an elastomer seal configured to fit within an annular groove surrounding the elastomer seal assembly. 42. The lower electrode assembly of claim 37, wherein the top surface of the edge ring includes a horizontal surface extending outward from the annular step. 43. The lower electrode assembly of claim 37, wherein the upper inner surface of the edge ring is connected to the horizontal surface of the annular step by a rounded edge. 44. A method of etching a semiconductor substrate in a plasma processing chamber having the lower electrode assembly of claim 35, comprising:
placing the semiconductor substrate on the upper surface of the top plate; and etching the semiconductor substrate in the plasma processing chamber. 45. A lower electrode assembly configured to hold a substrate in a plasma processing chamber wherein plasma is generated and used to process the substrate, the lower electrode assembly comprising:
a substrate support includes a base plate, a top plate, and an elastomer seal assembly between the base plate and the top plate, the substrate support having an upper vertical sidewall extending between an outer periphery of an upper surface of the top plate to an outer periphery of a lower surface of the top plate, and a lower vertical sidewall extending between an outer periphery of an upper surface of the base plate and an outwardly extending annular support surface of the base plate; an edge ring, the edge ring including an upper inner surface directed towards an interior portion of the edge ring and arranged to extend from the outer periphery of the upper surface of the top plate to the outer periphery of the lower surface of the base plate, a lower inner surface, an upper lower surface extending from the upper inner surface to the lower inner surface, an outer surface, a lower surface extending from the lower inner surface to the outer surface, and a top surface extending from the outer surface to the upper inner surface; an inner edge step ring configured to be supported on at least a portion of the outwardly extending annular support surface of the base plate, the inner edge ring step including an upper inner surface having an edge step directed towards an interior portion of the inner edge step ring, a lower inner surface, an inner angular surface extending outward from the upper inner surface to the lower inner surface, an outer surface, a lower surface extending from the lower inner surface to the outer surface, and a top surface extending from the outer surface to the upper inner surface, and wherein the edge step and the inner angular surface are arranged to extend from the outer periphery of the lower surface of the top plate to the outer periphery of the upper surface of the base plate; and a support ring configured to be supported around the substrate support, and wherein the edge ring is at least partially supported above the support ring. 46. The lower electrode assembly of claim 45, wherein the elastomer seal assembly comprises:
a heater plate comprising a metal or ceramic plate having one or more spatially distributed heaters, a first bond layer attaching the base plate to the heater plate and a second bond layer attaching the heater plate to the top plate. 47. The lower electrode assembly of claim 45, wherein the edge ring has an annular step on an upper inner portion of the inner edge step ring and configured to underlie an outer surface of a substrate positioned on the substrate support surface. 48. The lower electrode assembly of claim 45, wherein the inner edge step ring is made of anodized aluminum, alumina, aluminum, silicon carbide (SiC), yttria, zirconia, ceria, partially stabilized zirconia and/or aluminum nitride. 49. The lower electrode assembly of claim 45, wherein the inner edge step ring is made of a material that is not etched by plasmas containing halogen species. | An edge ring configured to surround an outer periphery of a substrate support in a plasma processing chamber wherein plasma is generated and used to process a substrate is disclosed, the substrate support comprising a base plate, a top plate, an elastomer seal assembly between the base plate and the top plate, and an elastomer seal configured to surround the elastomer seal assembly. The edge ring includes an upper inner surface having an edge step directed towards an interior portion of the edge ring and arranged to extend from an outer periphery of a top surface of the top plate to an outer periphery of an upper surface of the base plate, a lower inner surface, an outer surface, a lower surface extending from the lower inner surface to the outer surface, and a top surface extending from the outer surface to the upper inner surface.1.-25. (canceled) 26. An edge ring configured to surround an outer periphery of a substrate support in a plasma processing chamber wherein plasma is generated and used to process a substrate, the substrate support comprising a base plate, a top plate, and an elastomer seal assembly between the base plate and the top plate, the substrate support having an upper vertical sidewall extending between an outer periphery of an upper surface of the top plate and an outer periphery of a lower surface of the top plate, a lower vertical sidewall extending between an outer periphery of an upper surface of the base plate and an outwardly extending annular support surface of the base plate, the edge ring comprising:
an upper inner surface having an edge step directed towards an interior portion of the edge ring; a lower inner surface; an inner angular surface extending outward from the upper inner surface to the lower inner surface, and wherein the edge step and the inner angular surface are arranged to extend from the outer periphery of the upper surface of the top plate to the outer periphery of the upper surface of the base plate; an outer surface; a lower surface extending from the lower inner surface to the outer surface; and a top surface extending from the outer surface to the upper inner surface. 27. The edge ring of claim 26, comprising:
an annular step on an upper inner portion of the edge ring, and wherein the annular step is configured to underlie an outer surface of a substrate positioned on the substrate support surface. 28. The edge ring of claim 26, wherein the lower surface has one or more upwardly extending steps. 29. The edge ring of claim 26, wherein the outer surface is a substantially vertical outer wall. 30. The edge ring of claim 27, wherein the top surface of the edge ring includes a horizontal surface extending outward from the annular step. 31. The edge ring of claim 27, wherein the upper inner surface is connected to a horizontal surface of the annular step by a rounded edge. 32. The edge ring of claim 26, wherein the edge step has a height of about 0.16 inches to about 0.17 inches, and extends from the lower inner surface of the edge ring radially inward about 0.014 to 0.015 inches. 33. The edge ring of claim 26, wherein the edge ring has an inner diameter of about 11.65 to 11.66 inches to the upper inner surface and an inner diameter of about 11.68 to 11.69 to the lower inner surface. 34. The edge ring of claim 26, wherein the edge ring is formed from quartz, silicon carbide, silicon, or alumina. 35. A lower electrode assembly configured to hold a substrate in a plasma processing chamber wherein plasma is generated and used to process the substrate, the lower electrode assembly comprising:
a substrate support includes a base plate, a top plate, and an elastomer seal assembly between the base plate and the top plate, the substrate support having an upper vertical sidewall extending between an outer periphery of an upper surface of the top plate to an outer periphery of a lower surface of the top plate, and a lower vertical sidewall extending between an outer periphery of an upper surface of the base plate and an outwardly extending annular support surface of the base plate; an edge ring, the edge ring including an upper inner surface having an edge step directed towards an interior portion of the edge ring, a lower inner surface, an inner angular surface extending outward from the upper inner surface to the lower inner surface, and wherein the edge step and the inner angular surface are arranged to extend from the outer periphery of the upper surface of the top plate to the outer periphery of the upper surface of the base plate, an outer surface, a lower surface extending from the lower inner surface to the outer surface, and a top surface extending from the outer surface to the upper inner surface; and a support ring configured to be supported around the substrate support, and wherein the edge ring is at least partially supported above the support ring. 36. The lower electrode assembly of claim 35, wherein the elastomer seal assembly comprises:
a heater plate comprising a metal or ceramic plate having one or more spatially distributed heaters, a first bond layer attaching the base plate to the heater plate and a second bond layer attaching the heater plate to the top plate. 37. The lower electrode assembly of claim 35, wherein the edge ring has an annular step on an upper inner portion of the edge ring and configured to underlie an outer surface of a substrate positioned on the substrate support surface. 38. The lower electrode assembly of claim 35, wherein the lower surface has one or more upwardly extending steps, and wherein the one or more upwardly extending steps are configured to be supported on corresponding steps on an upper surface of the support ring. 39. The lower electrode assembly of claim 35, wherein the edge step of the edge ring has a height of about 0.16 inches to about 0.017 inches, and extends from the lower inner surface of the edge ring radially inward about 0.014 to 0.015 inches. 40. The lower electrode assembly of claim 35, wherein the edge ring has an inner diameter of about 11.65 to 11.66 inches to the upper inner surface and an inner diameter of about 11.68 to 11.69 inches to the lower inner surface. 41. The lower electrode assembly of claim 35, comprising:
an elastomer seal configured to fit within an annular groove surrounding the elastomer seal assembly. 42. The lower electrode assembly of claim 37, wherein the top surface of the edge ring includes a horizontal surface extending outward from the annular step. 43. The lower electrode assembly of claim 37, wherein the upper inner surface of the edge ring is connected to the horizontal surface of the annular step by a rounded edge. 44. A method of etching a semiconductor substrate in a plasma processing chamber having the lower electrode assembly of claim 35, comprising:
placing the semiconductor substrate on the upper surface of the top plate; and etching the semiconductor substrate in the plasma processing chamber. 45. A lower electrode assembly configured to hold a substrate in a plasma processing chamber wherein plasma is generated and used to process the substrate, the lower electrode assembly comprising:
a substrate support includes a base plate, a top plate, and an elastomer seal assembly between the base plate and the top plate, the substrate support having an upper vertical sidewall extending between an outer periphery of an upper surface of the top plate to an outer periphery of a lower surface of the top plate, and a lower vertical sidewall extending between an outer periphery of an upper surface of the base plate and an outwardly extending annular support surface of the base plate; an edge ring, the edge ring including an upper inner surface directed towards an interior portion of the edge ring and arranged to extend from the outer periphery of the upper surface of the top plate to the outer periphery of the lower surface of the base plate, a lower inner surface, an upper lower surface extending from the upper inner surface to the lower inner surface, an outer surface, a lower surface extending from the lower inner surface to the outer surface, and a top surface extending from the outer surface to the upper inner surface; an inner edge step ring configured to be supported on at least a portion of the outwardly extending annular support surface of the base plate, the inner edge ring step including an upper inner surface having an edge step directed towards an interior portion of the inner edge step ring, a lower inner surface, an inner angular surface extending outward from the upper inner surface to the lower inner surface, an outer surface, a lower surface extending from the lower inner surface to the outer surface, and a top surface extending from the outer surface to the upper inner surface, and wherein the edge step and the inner angular surface are arranged to extend from the outer periphery of the lower surface of the top plate to the outer periphery of the upper surface of the base plate; and a support ring configured to be supported around the substrate support, and wherein the edge ring is at least partially supported above the support ring. 46. The lower electrode assembly of claim 45, wherein the elastomer seal assembly comprises:
a heater plate comprising a metal or ceramic plate having one or more spatially distributed heaters, a first bond layer attaching the base plate to the heater plate and a second bond layer attaching the heater plate to the top plate. 47. The lower electrode assembly of claim 45, wherein the edge ring has an annular step on an upper inner portion of the inner edge step ring and configured to underlie an outer surface of a substrate positioned on the substrate support surface. 48. The lower electrode assembly of claim 45, wherein the inner edge step ring is made of anodized aluminum, alumina, aluminum, silicon carbide (SiC), yttria, zirconia, ceria, partially stabilized zirconia and/or aluminum nitride. 49. The lower electrode assembly of claim 45, wherein the inner edge step ring is made of a material that is not etched by plasmas containing halogen species. | 1,700 |
2,749 | 13,784,942 | 1,788 | A carbon nanofoam composite (such as carbon nanofoam paper) includes a carbon foam of interconnected pores of ˜10-2000 nm in size with nanometric carbon walls having a thickness on the order of 20 nm. In embodiments, the carbon nanofoam composite has electronic conductivity of greater than 20 S/cm and optionally at least ˜100 S/cm. | 1. A carbon nanofoam composite comprising:
a carbon foam of interconnected pores of ˜10-2000 nm in size with nanometric carbon walls having a thickness on the order of 20 nm. 2. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 1, wherein the interconnected pores are sized at ˜50-500 nm. 3. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 2, wherein the interconnected pores are sized at ˜50-200 nm. 4. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 1, wherein the interconnected pores are sized at ˜100-300 nm. 5. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 1, wherein the interconnected pores are sized at ˜500-1000 nm. 6. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 1, in a condition of having been made from a phenolic polymer. 7. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 6, in a condition of having been made from a resorcinol-formaldehyde sol of from 10-50 wt %. 8. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 1, having electronic conductivity of greater than 20 S/cm. 9. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 1, having electronic conductivity of at least ˜100 S/cm. 10. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 1, further comprising metal ions in said pores. 11. A carbon nanofoam composite comprising:
a carbon foam of interconnected pores of ˜50-500 nm in size with nanometric carbon walls having a thickness on the order of 20 nm, wherein the carbon nanofoam composite has electronic conductivity of greater than 20 S/cm. 12. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 11, having electronic conductivity of at least ˜100 S/cm. 13. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 11, in a condition of having been made from a phenolic polymer. 14. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 13, in a condition of having been made from a resorcinol-formaldehyde sol of from 10-50 wt %. 15. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 11, further comprising metal ions in said pores. 16. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 11, wherein said electronic conductivity is no greater than ˜220 S/cm. | A carbon nanofoam composite (such as carbon nanofoam paper) includes a carbon foam of interconnected pores of ˜10-2000 nm in size with nanometric carbon walls having a thickness on the order of 20 nm. In embodiments, the carbon nanofoam composite has electronic conductivity of greater than 20 S/cm and optionally at least ˜100 S/cm.1. A carbon nanofoam composite comprising:
a carbon foam of interconnected pores of ˜10-2000 nm in size with nanometric carbon walls having a thickness on the order of 20 nm. 2. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 1, wherein the interconnected pores are sized at ˜50-500 nm. 3. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 2, wherein the interconnected pores are sized at ˜50-200 nm. 4. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 1, wherein the interconnected pores are sized at ˜100-300 nm. 5. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 1, wherein the interconnected pores are sized at ˜500-1000 nm. 6. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 1, in a condition of having been made from a phenolic polymer. 7. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 6, in a condition of having been made from a resorcinol-formaldehyde sol of from 10-50 wt %. 8. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 1, having electronic conductivity of greater than 20 S/cm. 9. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 1, having electronic conductivity of at least ˜100 S/cm. 10. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 1, further comprising metal ions in said pores. 11. A carbon nanofoam composite comprising:
a carbon foam of interconnected pores of ˜50-500 nm in size with nanometric carbon walls having a thickness on the order of 20 nm, wherein the carbon nanofoam composite has electronic conductivity of greater than 20 S/cm. 12. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 11, having electronic conductivity of at least ˜100 S/cm. 13. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 11, in a condition of having been made from a phenolic polymer. 14. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 13, in a condition of having been made from a resorcinol-formaldehyde sol of from 10-50 wt %. 15. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 11, further comprising metal ions in said pores. 16. The carbon nanofoam composite of claim 11, wherein said electronic conductivity is no greater than ˜220 S/cm. | 1,700 |
2,750 | 15,251,399 | 1,797 | An improved electronic diagnostic device for detecting the presence of an analyte in a fluid sample comprises a casing having a display, a test strip mounted in the casing, a processor mounted in the casing, and a first sensor mounted in the casing and operatively coupled to the processor. The processor is configured to receive a signal from the first sensor when the device is exposed to ambient light thereby causing the device to become activated. The device includes a light shield that exerts pressure across a width of the test strip to prevent fluid channeling along the length of the test strip. The processor is configured to present an early positive test result reading when a measured value exceeds a predetermined early reading threshold value at any time after a predetermined early testing time period. | 1. A diagnostic device for detecting the presence of an analyte in a fluid sample, the device comprising:
a casing having a display; a test strip mounted in said casing, said test strip having a test result site located thereon; a light shield mounted in said casing adjacent said test strip, said light shield having at least two through holes formed therein; a processor mounted in said casing; a sensor mounted in said casing adjacent one of said at least two through holes, said sensor being operatively coupled to said processor; a light source mounted in said casing adjacent, to the other of said at least two through holes, said light source being operatively coupled to said processor; wherein
said processor is configured to receive a signal from said sensor indicative of a reading of said test strip test result site; and
when said reading is greater than an early positive result threshold value at a predetermined time period, said processor is configured to display a positive result on said display. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein said early positive result threshold value is greater than a normal predetermined threshold value. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein said predetermined time period is less than a standard time period. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein said predetermined time period is approximately 90 seconds. 5. The device of claim 3, wherein said standard time period is approximately 3 minutes. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein said light source is a light emitting diode. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein said sensor is a photo sensor. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein said test strip includes an absorbent material. 9. The device of claim 2, wherein said early positive result threshold value and said normal predetermined threshold value are stored in a memory device. 10. A method of detecting the presence of an analyte in a fluid sample using a diagnostic device, wherein said device, a processor configured to determine whether a predetermined time threshold has been passed, a test result site, and a sensor configured to send a plurality of signals to said processor indicative of a reading taken at said, test result site, said method comprising:
receiving a signal from said sensor;
determining whether said predetermined time threshold has been passed;
comparing said signal to an early positive result threshold if said predetermined time threshold has not been exceeded; and
displaying a positive result on said display if said signal is greater than said early positive result threshold. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of:
displaying a negative result on said display if said signal is less than said early positive result threshold. 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising the steps of:
comparing said signal to a normal positive result threshold if said predetermined time threshold has been exceeded; and displaying a positive result on said display if said signal is greater than said normal positive result threshold. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step of:
displaying a negative result on said display if said signal is less than said normal predetermined threshold value. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein said predetermined time period is less than a standard time period. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein said predetermined time period is approximately 90 seconds. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein said standard time is approximately 3 minutes. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein said sensor is a photo sensor. | An improved electronic diagnostic device for detecting the presence of an analyte in a fluid sample comprises a casing having a display, a test strip mounted in the casing, a processor mounted in the casing, and a first sensor mounted in the casing and operatively coupled to the processor. The processor is configured to receive a signal from the first sensor when the device is exposed to ambient light thereby causing the device to become activated. The device includes a light shield that exerts pressure across a width of the test strip to prevent fluid channeling along the length of the test strip. The processor is configured to present an early positive test result reading when a measured value exceeds a predetermined early reading threshold value at any time after a predetermined early testing time period.1. A diagnostic device for detecting the presence of an analyte in a fluid sample, the device comprising:
a casing having a display; a test strip mounted in said casing, said test strip having a test result site located thereon; a light shield mounted in said casing adjacent said test strip, said light shield having at least two through holes formed therein; a processor mounted in said casing; a sensor mounted in said casing adjacent one of said at least two through holes, said sensor being operatively coupled to said processor; a light source mounted in said casing adjacent, to the other of said at least two through holes, said light source being operatively coupled to said processor; wherein
said processor is configured to receive a signal from said sensor indicative of a reading of said test strip test result site; and
when said reading is greater than an early positive result threshold value at a predetermined time period, said processor is configured to display a positive result on said display. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein said early positive result threshold value is greater than a normal predetermined threshold value. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein said predetermined time period is less than a standard time period. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein said predetermined time period is approximately 90 seconds. 5. The device of claim 3, wherein said standard time period is approximately 3 minutes. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein said light source is a light emitting diode. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein said sensor is a photo sensor. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein said test strip includes an absorbent material. 9. The device of claim 2, wherein said early positive result threshold value and said normal predetermined threshold value are stored in a memory device. 10. A method of detecting the presence of an analyte in a fluid sample using a diagnostic device, wherein said device, a processor configured to determine whether a predetermined time threshold has been passed, a test result site, and a sensor configured to send a plurality of signals to said processor indicative of a reading taken at said, test result site, said method comprising:
receiving a signal from said sensor;
determining whether said predetermined time threshold has been passed;
comparing said signal to an early positive result threshold if said predetermined time threshold has not been exceeded; and
displaying a positive result on said display if said signal is greater than said early positive result threshold. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of:
displaying a negative result on said display if said signal is less than said early positive result threshold. 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising the steps of:
comparing said signal to a normal positive result threshold if said predetermined time threshold has been exceeded; and displaying a positive result on said display if said signal is greater than said normal positive result threshold. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step of:
displaying a negative result on said display if said signal is less than said normal predetermined threshold value. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein said predetermined time period is less than a standard time period. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein said predetermined time period is approximately 90 seconds. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein said standard time is approximately 3 minutes. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein said sensor is a photo sensor. | 1,700 |
2,751 | 13,345,297 | 1,777 | A dialysis system including a generally sealed vessel configured to receive a buffer, and a dialysis device positioned in the generally sealed vessel. The dialysis device includes an inner member and an outer member trapping a dialysis membrane between the members. The dialysis device is configured to receive a sample to enable dialysis of the sample with respect to the buffer across the membrane. | 1. A dialysis system comprising
a generally sealed vessel configured to receive a buffer; and a dialysis device positioned in the generally sealed vessel, wherein the dialysis device includes an inner member and an outer member trapping a dialysis membrane therebetween, and wherein the dialysis device is configured to receive a sample to enable dialysis of the sample with respect to the buffer across the membrane. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the dialysis device sealingly engages the vessel such that any buffer in the vessel is generally fluidly isolated from any sample in the dialysis device except by dialysis through the membrane. 3. The system of claim 1 wherein the dialysis device sealingly engages the vessel such that fluid in the vessel on one side of the dialysis device is generally prevented from passing to the other side of the dialysis device except by dialysis through the membrane. 4. The system of claim 1 wherein the inner member is slidably and coaxially received in the outer member. 5. The system of claim 4 wherein the inner member and the outer members are both cylindrical, and wherein the inner member defines an inner volume configured to receive the sample. 6. The system of claim 1 further comprising a buffer received in the vessel and a sample received in the dialysis device, and wherein the buffer and the sample are both in contact with the membrane. 7. The system of claim 6 wherein the buffer has a volume between about 15 and about 100 times larger than the volume of the sample. 8. The system of claim 6 wherein the buffer has a volume of at least about 40 milliliters and the sample has a volume of between about 1 and about 4 milliliters. 9. The system of claim 1 wherein the vessel includes a lip at or adjacent to an upper end, and wherein the dialysis device includes a flange that engages the lip to limit the insertion of the dialysis device into the vessel, and wherein the lip and the flange form a seal therebetween. 10. The system of claim 9 further comprising a cap that threadably engages the vessel and presses the flange into sealing contact with the lip. 11. A dialysis system comprising a generally closed device configured to receive both a buffer and a dialysis chamber, where positioning the dialysis chamber in the device seals the device; the device being configured to receive a sample to enable dialysis of the sample with respect to the buffer across the membrane. 12. The system of claim 11 wherein the dialysis chamber sealingly engages the device such that buffer is generally fluidly isolated from sample in the dialysis chamber. 13. A dialysis method comprising the steps of
placing a buffer in a vessel; accessing a dialysis device including an inner member and an outer member trapping a dialysis membrane therebetween; placing a sample in the dialysis device; placing the dialysis device into the vessel; and sealing the vessel. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the dialysis device sealingly engages the vessel such that the buffer in the vessel is generally fluidly isolated from the sample in the dialysis device except by dialysis through the membrane. 15. The method of claim 13 wherein the first placing step including placing the sample in the dialysis device such that the sample is in contact with the membrane, and wherein the second placing step includes placing the dialysis device into the vessel such that the membrane is in contact with the buffer to thereby enable dialysis of the sample. 16. The method of claim 13 further comprising the step of removing the buffer from the vessel and replacing the buffer with a new buffer to enable further dialysis of the sample. 17. The method of claim 13 further comprising the step of forming the dialysis device by accessing the inner member, accessing the outer member, and slidably inserting the inner member into the outer member with the membrane therebetween. 18. The method of claim 13 wherein the vessel includes a lip at or adjacent to an upper end thereof, and wherein the dialysis device includes a flange, and wherein the second placing step includes causing the flange to engage the lip to enable a seal to be formed therebetween. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the sealing step includes coupling the cap to the vessel such that the cap presses the flange of the dialysis device into sealing contact with the lip. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein the cap is threadably coupled to the vessel. | A dialysis system including a generally sealed vessel configured to receive a buffer, and a dialysis device positioned in the generally sealed vessel. The dialysis device includes an inner member and an outer member trapping a dialysis membrane between the members. The dialysis device is configured to receive a sample to enable dialysis of the sample with respect to the buffer across the membrane.1. A dialysis system comprising
a generally sealed vessel configured to receive a buffer; and a dialysis device positioned in the generally sealed vessel, wherein the dialysis device includes an inner member and an outer member trapping a dialysis membrane therebetween, and wherein the dialysis device is configured to receive a sample to enable dialysis of the sample with respect to the buffer across the membrane. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the dialysis device sealingly engages the vessel such that any buffer in the vessel is generally fluidly isolated from any sample in the dialysis device except by dialysis through the membrane. 3. The system of claim 1 wherein the dialysis device sealingly engages the vessel such that fluid in the vessel on one side of the dialysis device is generally prevented from passing to the other side of the dialysis device except by dialysis through the membrane. 4. The system of claim 1 wherein the inner member is slidably and coaxially received in the outer member. 5. The system of claim 4 wherein the inner member and the outer members are both cylindrical, and wherein the inner member defines an inner volume configured to receive the sample. 6. The system of claim 1 further comprising a buffer received in the vessel and a sample received in the dialysis device, and wherein the buffer and the sample are both in contact with the membrane. 7. The system of claim 6 wherein the buffer has a volume between about 15 and about 100 times larger than the volume of the sample. 8. The system of claim 6 wherein the buffer has a volume of at least about 40 milliliters and the sample has a volume of between about 1 and about 4 milliliters. 9. The system of claim 1 wherein the vessel includes a lip at or adjacent to an upper end, and wherein the dialysis device includes a flange that engages the lip to limit the insertion of the dialysis device into the vessel, and wherein the lip and the flange form a seal therebetween. 10. The system of claim 9 further comprising a cap that threadably engages the vessel and presses the flange into sealing contact with the lip. 11. A dialysis system comprising a generally closed device configured to receive both a buffer and a dialysis chamber, where positioning the dialysis chamber in the device seals the device; the device being configured to receive a sample to enable dialysis of the sample with respect to the buffer across the membrane. 12. The system of claim 11 wherein the dialysis chamber sealingly engages the device such that buffer is generally fluidly isolated from sample in the dialysis chamber. 13. A dialysis method comprising the steps of
placing a buffer in a vessel; accessing a dialysis device including an inner member and an outer member trapping a dialysis membrane therebetween; placing a sample in the dialysis device; placing the dialysis device into the vessel; and sealing the vessel. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the dialysis device sealingly engages the vessel such that the buffer in the vessel is generally fluidly isolated from the sample in the dialysis device except by dialysis through the membrane. 15. The method of claim 13 wherein the first placing step including placing the sample in the dialysis device such that the sample is in contact with the membrane, and wherein the second placing step includes placing the dialysis device into the vessel such that the membrane is in contact with the buffer to thereby enable dialysis of the sample. 16. The method of claim 13 further comprising the step of removing the buffer from the vessel and replacing the buffer with a new buffer to enable further dialysis of the sample. 17. The method of claim 13 further comprising the step of forming the dialysis device by accessing the inner member, accessing the outer member, and slidably inserting the inner member into the outer member with the membrane therebetween. 18. The method of claim 13 wherein the vessel includes a lip at or adjacent to an upper end thereof, and wherein the dialysis device includes a flange, and wherein the second placing step includes causing the flange to engage the lip to enable a seal to be formed therebetween. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the sealing step includes coupling the cap to the vessel such that the cap presses the flange of the dialysis device into sealing contact with the lip. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein the cap is threadably coupled to the vessel. | 1,700 |
2,752 | 14,546,078 | 1,716 | A substrate processing chamber and methods for processing multiple substrates is provided and generally includes a gas distribution assembly, a susceptor assembly to rotate substrates along a path adjacent each of the gas distribution assembly and a gas diverter to change the angle of gas flow in the processing chamber. | 1. A processing chamber comprising:
a circular gas distribution assembly positioned within the processing chamber, the gas distribution assembly comprising a plurality of elongate gas ports in a front face of the gas distribution assembly, the plurality of elongate gas ports extending from an inner diameter region to an outer diameter region of the gas distribution assembly, the plurality of gas ports comprising a reactive gas port to deliver a reactive gas to the processing chamber, a purge gas port to deliver a purge gas to the processing chamber and a vacuum port to evacuate gases from the processing chamber; a susceptor assembly within the processing chamber to rotate at least one substrate in a substantially circular path about a rotational axis, the susceptor assembly having a top surface defined by an inner peripheral edge and an outer peripheral edge, the susceptor assembly positioned below the gas distribution assembly so that the top surface of the susceptor assembly faces the front face of the gas distribution assembly; and a diverter positioned to change a direction of flow of the reactive gas so that when a substrate is on the susceptor assembly, the reactive gas contacts a surface of the substrate at an angle of less than about 90° relative to the substrate surface. 2. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the diverter changes the flow of reactive gas to be angled in a direction of rotation of the susceptor assembly. 3. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the diverter changes the flow of reactive gas to be angled in a direction opposite of rotation of the susceptor assembly. 4. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the diverter changes the flow of reactive gas to be angled toward the inner peripheral edge of the susceptor assembly. 5. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the diverter changes the flow of reactive gas to be angled toward the outer peripheral edge of the susceptor assembly. 6. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the diverter changes the flow of reactive gas to be angled toward the inner peripheral edge of the susceptor assembly and against a direction of rotation of the susceptor assembly. 7. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the diverter changes the flow of reactive gas to be angled toward the outer peripheral edge of the susceptor assembly and along a direction of rotation of the susceptor assembly. 8. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the diverter changes the flow of reactive gas to be angled toward the outer peripheral edge of the susceptor assembly and against a direction of rotation of the susceptor assembly. 9. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the diverter changes the flow of reactive gas to be angled toward the inner peripheral edge of the susceptor assembly and along a direction of rotation of the susceptor assembly. 10. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the angle is in the range of about 70° to about 89°. 11. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the diverter is inserted into the reactive gas port. 12. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the diverter is positioned at the front face of the gas distribution assembly adjacent the reactive gas port. 13. The processing chamber of claim 1, further comprising a diverter controller to control one or more of the direction of the reactive gas flow and the angle of the reactive gas flow. 14. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the susceptor comprises a plurality of recesses sized to support a substrate. 15. The processing chamber of claim 14, wherein the recesses are sized so that a top surface of the substrate is substantially coplanar with a top surface of the susceptor. 16. A processing chamber comprising:
a circular gas distribution assembly positioned within the processing chamber, the gas distribution assembly comprising a plurality of elongate gas ports in a front face of the gas distribution assembly, the plurality of elongate gas ports extending from an inner diameter region to an outer diameter region of the gas distribution assembly, the plurality of gas ports comprising a reactive gas port to deliver a reactive gas to the processing chamber, a purge gas port to deliver a purge gas to the processing chamber and a vacuum port to evacuate gases from the processing chamber; a susceptor assembly within the processing chamber to rotate at least one substrate in a substantially circular path about a rotational axis, the susceptor assembly having a top surface defined by an inner peripheral edge and an outer peripheral edge with a plurality of recesses sized to support a substrate so that a top surface of the substrate is substantially coplanar with the top surface of the susceptor assembly, the susceptor assembly positioned below the gas distribution assembly so that the top surface of the susceptor assembly faces the front face of the gas distribution assembly; a diverter positioned to change a direction of flow of the reactive gas so that when a substrate is on the susceptor assembly, the reactive gas contacts a surface of the substrate at an angle in the range of about 70° to about 89° relative to the substrate surface in a direction opposite of rotation of the susceptor assembly and toward an inner peripheral edge of the susceptor assembly; and a diverter controller to control one or more of the direction of the reactive gas flow and the angle of the reactive gas flow. 17. A method of processing a plurality of substrates, the method comprising:
rotating a susceptor assembly in a processing direction to pass each of the plurality of substrates adjacent a front face of a gas distribution assembly to expose the substrates to a flow of reactive gas from the gas distribution assembly; and controlling a diverter to angle the flow of reactive gas to less than about 90° relative to a surface of the substrate. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein controlling the diverter causes the flow of reactive gas to be angled in the range of about 70° to about 89° relative to the surface of the substrate surface. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein controlling the diverter causes the flow of reactive gas to be angled against the processing direction. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein controlling the diverter causes the flow of reactive gas to be angled either toward an inner peripheral edge of the susceptor assembly or an outer peripheral edge of the susceptor assembly. | A substrate processing chamber and methods for processing multiple substrates is provided and generally includes a gas distribution assembly, a susceptor assembly to rotate substrates along a path adjacent each of the gas distribution assembly and a gas diverter to change the angle of gas flow in the processing chamber.1. A processing chamber comprising:
a circular gas distribution assembly positioned within the processing chamber, the gas distribution assembly comprising a plurality of elongate gas ports in a front face of the gas distribution assembly, the plurality of elongate gas ports extending from an inner diameter region to an outer diameter region of the gas distribution assembly, the plurality of gas ports comprising a reactive gas port to deliver a reactive gas to the processing chamber, a purge gas port to deliver a purge gas to the processing chamber and a vacuum port to evacuate gases from the processing chamber; a susceptor assembly within the processing chamber to rotate at least one substrate in a substantially circular path about a rotational axis, the susceptor assembly having a top surface defined by an inner peripheral edge and an outer peripheral edge, the susceptor assembly positioned below the gas distribution assembly so that the top surface of the susceptor assembly faces the front face of the gas distribution assembly; and a diverter positioned to change a direction of flow of the reactive gas so that when a substrate is on the susceptor assembly, the reactive gas contacts a surface of the substrate at an angle of less than about 90° relative to the substrate surface. 2. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the diverter changes the flow of reactive gas to be angled in a direction of rotation of the susceptor assembly. 3. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the diverter changes the flow of reactive gas to be angled in a direction opposite of rotation of the susceptor assembly. 4. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the diverter changes the flow of reactive gas to be angled toward the inner peripheral edge of the susceptor assembly. 5. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the diverter changes the flow of reactive gas to be angled toward the outer peripheral edge of the susceptor assembly. 6. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the diverter changes the flow of reactive gas to be angled toward the inner peripheral edge of the susceptor assembly and against a direction of rotation of the susceptor assembly. 7. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the diverter changes the flow of reactive gas to be angled toward the outer peripheral edge of the susceptor assembly and along a direction of rotation of the susceptor assembly. 8. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the diverter changes the flow of reactive gas to be angled toward the outer peripheral edge of the susceptor assembly and against a direction of rotation of the susceptor assembly. 9. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the diverter changes the flow of reactive gas to be angled toward the inner peripheral edge of the susceptor assembly and along a direction of rotation of the susceptor assembly. 10. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the angle is in the range of about 70° to about 89°. 11. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the diverter is inserted into the reactive gas port. 12. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the diverter is positioned at the front face of the gas distribution assembly adjacent the reactive gas port. 13. The processing chamber of claim 1, further comprising a diverter controller to control one or more of the direction of the reactive gas flow and the angle of the reactive gas flow. 14. The processing chamber of claim 1, wherein the susceptor comprises a plurality of recesses sized to support a substrate. 15. The processing chamber of claim 14, wherein the recesses are sized so that a top surface of the substrate is substantially coplanar with a top surface of the susceptor. 16. A processing chamber comprising:
a circular gas distribution assembly positioned within the processing chamber, the gas distribution assembly comprising a plurality of elongate gas ports in a front face of the gas distribution assembly, the plurality of elongate gas ports extending from an inner diameter region to an outer diameter region of the gas distribution assembly, the plurality of gas ports comprising a reactive gas port to deliver a reactive gas to the processing chamber, a purge gas port to deliver a purge gas to the processing chamber and a vacuum port to evacuate gases from the processing chamber; a susceptor assembly within the processing chamber to rotate at least one substrate in a substantially circular path about a rotational axis, the susceptor assembly having a top surface defined by an inner peripheral edge and an outer peripheral edge with a plurality of recesses sized to support a substrate so that a top surface of the substrate is substantially coplanar with the top surface of the susceptor assembly, the susceptor assembly positioned below the gas distribution assembly so that the top surface of the susceptor assembly faces the front face of the gas distribution assembly; a diverter positioned to change a direction of flow of the reactive gas so that when a substrate is on the susceptor assembly, the reactive gas contacts a surface of the substrate at an angle in the range of about 70° to about 89° relative to the substrate surface in a direction opposite of rotation of the susceptor assembly and toward an inner peripheral edge of the susceptor assembly; and a diverter controller to control one or more of the direction of the reactive gas flow and the angle of the reactive gas flow. 17. A method of processing a plurality of substrates, the method comprising:
rotating a susceptor assembly in a processing direction to pass each of the plurality of substrates adjacent a front face of a gas distribution assembly to expose the substrates to a flow of reactive gas from the gas distribution assembly; and controlling a diverter to angle the flow of reactive gas to less than about 90° relative to a surface of the substrate. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein controlling the diverter causes the flow of reactive gas to be angled in the range of about 70° to about 89° relative to the surface of the substrate surface. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein controlling the diverter causes the flow of reactive gas to be angled against the processing direction. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein controlling the diverter causes the flow of reactive gas to be angled either toward an inner peripheral edge of the susceptor assembly or an outer peripheral edge of the susceptor assembly. | 1,700 |
2,753 | 14,798,582 | 1,783 | An additively manufactured component includes a heat transfer augmentation feature with a surface finish between about 125-900 micro inches. | 1. An additively manufactured component, comprising:
a heat transfer augmentation feature with a surface finish between about 125-900 micro inches. 2. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein said heat transfer augmentation feature is a pin. 3. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein said heat transfer augmentation feature is a fin. 4. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein said surface finish includes a defined contour. 5. The component as recited in claim 4, wherein said surface finish includes a chevron. 6. The component as recited in claim 4, wherein said surface finish includes a bump. 7. The component as recited in claim 4, wherein said surface finish includes a hallow. 8. The component as recited in claim 4, wherein said surface finish includes a dimple. 9. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein said heat transfer augmentation feature includes a passage. 10. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein said surface finish is arranged with respect to an airflow. 11. An component, comprising:
an additively manufactured surface finish, said surface finish includes a defined contour. 12. The component as recited in claim 11, wherein said surface finish is about between about 125-900 micro inches. 13. The component as recited in claim 11, wherein said surface finish is on a heat transfer augmentation feature of the additively manufactured component. 14. The component as recited in claim 11, wherein said surface finish is on a heat transfer augmentation feature of the additively manufactured component. 15. A method of manufacturing a component, comprising:
additively manufacturing a component with a surface finish having a defined contour. 16. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising:
applying the surface finish to a heat transfer augmentation feature of the additively manufactured component. 17. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising:
applying the surface finish to a fin of the additively manufactured component. 18. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising:
controlling the surface finish with respect to an airflow. 19. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising:
applying the surface finish within a passage. 20. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising:
controlling the surface finish to be within about 125-900 micro inches. | An additively manufactured component includes a heat transfer augmentation feature with a surface finish between about 125-900 micro inches.1. An additively manufactured component, comprising:
a heat transfer augmentation feature with a surface finish between about 125-900 micro inches. 2. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein said heat transfer augmentation feature is a pin. 3. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein said heat transfer augmentation feature is a fin. 4. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein said surface finish includes a defined contour. 5. The component as recited in claim 4, wherein said surface finish includes a chevron. 6. The component as recited in claim 4, wherein said surface finish includes a bump. 7. The component as recited in claim 4, wherein said surface finish includes a hallow. 8. The component as recited in claim 4, wherein said surface finish includes a dimple. 9. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein said heat transfer augmentation feature includes a passage. 10. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein said surface finish is arranged with respect to an airflow. 11. An component, comprising:
an additively manufactured surface finish, said surface finish includes a defined contour. 12. The component as recited in claim 11, wherein said surface finish is about between about 125-900 micro inches. 13. The component as recited in claim 11, wherein said surface finish is on a heat transfer augmentation feature of the additively manufactured component. 14. The component as recited in claim 11, wherein said surface finish is on a heat transfer augmentation feature of the additively manufactured component. 15. A method of manufacturing a component, comprising:
additively manufacturing a component with a surface finish having a defined contour. 16. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising:
applying the surface finish to a heat transfer augmentation feature of the additively manufactured component. 17. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising:
applying the surface finish to a fin of the additively manufactured component. 18. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising:
controlling the surface finish with respect to an airflow. 19. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising:
applying the surface finish within a passage. 20. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising:
controlling the surface finish to be within about 125-900 micro inches. | 1,700 |
2,754 | 13,382,177 | 1,774 | An apparatus, system and method for emulsifying oil and water, such as for emulsifying a sizing agent for use in treating paper or paperboard, introduces a continuous phase under pressure through a continuous phase nozzle of a venturi apparatus and into a mixing section. A dispersed phase is introduced optionally under pressure into the mixing section of the venturi apparatus. The emulsion formed in the mixing section is directed through a mixed phase nozzle and out of the venturi apparatus. The mixed phase nozzle diameter of the venturi apparatus is larger than the continuous phase nozzle diameter at a ratio of greater than 1:1 and less than 4:1. | 1. A system for emulsifying oil in water or water in oil that comprises
a venturi apparatus (50) having a continuous phase nozzle (66) and a dispersed phase inlet (52), wherein the continuous phase nozzle has a first diameter (d1) that directs a continuous phase stream into a mixing section (80) of the venturi apparatus, and the dispersed phase inlet introduces a dispersed phase into the mixing section to form an emulsion of the dispersed phase and the continuous phase; and wherein said venturi apparatus has a mixed phase nozzle (60) having a second diameter (d2) through which the emulsion is directed from the mixing section toward an outlet of the venturi apparatus,
characterized in that said second diameter (d2) of said venturi apparatus (50) being larger than said first diameter (d1) at a ratio of greater than 1:1 and less than 4:1. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the continuous phase is introduced at a pressure of from about 10 bar to about 50 bar. 3. The system of claim 1 or 2, further comprising a pump (22) to pump the continuous phase into the venturi apparatus (50). 4. The system of any of the preceding claims, wherein the continuous phase has a velocity in the range of about 10 to 100 m/s through the continuous phase nozzle. 5. The system of any of the preceding claims, wherein the continuous phase comprises water or an aqueous solution of starch or a polymer solution. 6. The system of any of the preceding claims, wherein the dispersed phase comprises one or more inverse emulsions. 7. The system of any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the dispersed phase comprises one or more cellulose non-reactive paper sizing compounds or cellulose reactive paper sizing compounds, such as alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA), alkyl ketene dimer (AKD), ketene dimers, ketene multimers, organic epoxides containing from about 12 to 22 carbon atoms, acyl halides containing from about 12 to 22 carbon atoms, fatty acid anhydrides from fatty acids containing from about 12 to 22 carbon atoms, or organic isocyanates containing from about 12 to 22 carbon atoms. 8. A method for emulsifying a sizing agent for use in treating paper or paperboard that comprises
introducing under pressure a continuous phase containing water into a venturi apparatus (50), said venturi apparatus having a continuous phase nozzle (66) of a first diameter (d1) that directs said continuous phase into a mixing section (80); introducing a dispersed phase containing at least one sizing agent into the mixing section (80) of the venturi apparatus to form an emulsion of the dispersed phase and the continuous phase; directing the emulsion through a mixed phase nozzle (60) having a second diameter (d2) in said venturi apparatus, characterized in that said mixed phase nozzle diameter (d2) of said venturi apparatus being larger than said continuous phase nozzle diameter (d1) at a ratio of greater than 1:1 and less than 4:1. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the continuous phase is introduced at a pressure of from about 10 bar to about 50 bar. 10. The method of claim 8 or 9, wherein the continuous phase has a velocity of about 10 to 100 m/s through the continuous phase nozzle. 11. The method of any of claims 8 to 10, wherein the continuous phase comprises water or an aqueous solution of starch or a polymer solution. 12. The method of any of claims 8 to 11, wherein the dispersed phase comprises cellulose non-reactive paper sizing compounds or cellulose reactive paper sizing compounds, such as alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA), alkyl ketene dimer (AKD), ketene dimers, ketene multimers, organic epoxides containing from about 12 to 22 carbon atoms, acyl halides containing from about 12 to 22 carbon atoms, fatty acid anhydrides from fatty acids containing from about 12 to 22 carbon atoms, or organic isocyanates containing from about 12 to 22 carbon atoms. 13. The method of any of claims 8 to 12, wherein the dispersed phase further comprises one or more surfactants in an amount of from 0.1% to about 5% by weight of said dispersed phase. 14. The method of any of claims 8 to 13, wherein the emulsion has a mean particle size below 2 microns. 15. The method of any of claims 8 to 14, wherein the emulsion has a concentration of dispersed phase in continuous phase of from 2 to 50 percent by weight. 16. The method of any of claims 8 to 15, further comprising post-diluting the emulsion and adding the post-diluted emulsion either to a wet end or to a size press or coater for a paper or paperboard making system. 17. A method for reversing an inverse emulsion that comprises:
introducing under pressure a continuous phase containing water into a venturi apparatus (50), said venturi apparatus having a continuous phase nozzle (66) of a first diameter (d1) that directs said continuous phase into a mixing section (80); introducing a dispersed phase containing at least one inverse emulsion into the mixing section (80) of the venturi apparatus to form an emulsion of the dispersed phase and the continuous phase; directing the emulsion through a mixed phase nozzle (60) having a second diameter (d2) in said venturi apparatus, characterized in that said mixed phase nozzle diameter (d2) of said venturi apparatus being larger than said continuous phase nozzle diameter (d1) at a ratio of greater than 1:1 and less than 4:1. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the inverse emulsion comprises one or more retention and drainage aids for use in paper or paperboard making systems. | An apparatus, system and method for emulsifying oil and water, such as for emulsifying a sizing agent for use in treating paper or paperboard, introduces a continuous phase under pressure through a continuous phase nozzle of a venturi apparatus and into a mixing section. A dispersed phase is introduced optionally under pressure into the mixing section of the venturi apparatus. The emulsion formed in the mixing section is directed through a mixed phase nozzle and out of the venturi apparatus. The mixed phase nozzle diameter of the venturi apparatus is larger than the continuous phase nozzle diameter at a ratio of greater than 1:1 and less than 4:1.1. A system for emulsifying oil in water or water in oil that comprises
a venturi apparatus (50) having a continuous phase nozzle (66) and a dispersed phase inlet (52), wherein the continuous phase nozzle has a first diameter (d1) that directs a continuous phase stream into a mixing section (80) of the venturi apparatus, and the dispersed phase inlet introduces a dispersed phase into the mixing section to form an emulsion of the dispersed phase and the continuous phase; and wherein said venturi apparatus has a mixed phase nozzle (60) having a second diameter (d2) through which the emulsion is directed from the mixing section toward an outlet of the venturi apparatus,
characterized in that said second diameter (d2) of said venturi apparatus (50) being larger than said first diameter (d1) at a ratio of greater than 1:1 and less than 4:1. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the continuous phase is introduced at a pressure of from about 10 bar to about 50 bar. 3. The system of claim 1 or 2, further comprising a pump (22) to pump the continuous phase into the venturi apparatus (50). 4. The system of any of the preceding claims, wherein the continuous phase has a velocity in the range of about 10 to 100 m/s through the continuous phase nozzle. 5. The system of any of the preceding claims, wherein the continuous phase comprises water or an aqueous solution of starch or a polymer solution. 6. The system of any of the preceding claims, wherein the dispersed phase comprises one or more inverse emulsions. 7. The system of any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the dispersed phase comprises one or more cellulose non-reactive paper sizing compounds or cellulose reactive paper sizing compounds, such as alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA), alkyl ketene dimer (AKD), ketene dimers, ketene multimers, organic epoxides containing from about 12 to 22 carbon atoms, acyl halides containing from about 12 to 22 carbon atoms, fatty acid anhydrides from fatty acids containing from about 12 to 22 carbon atoms, or organic isocyanates containing from about 12 to 22 carbon atoms. 8. A method for emulsifying a sizing agent for use in treating paper or paperboard that comprises
introducing under pressure a continuous phase containing water into a venturi apparatus (50), said venturi apparatus having a continuous phase nozzle (66) of a first diameter (d1) that directs said continuous phase into a mixing section (80); introducing a dispersed phase containing at least one sizing agent into the mixing section (80) of the venturi apparatus to form an emulsion of the dispersed phase and the continuous phase; directing the emulsion through a mixed phase nozzle (60) having a second diameter (d2) in said venturi apparatus, characterized in that said mixed phase nozzle diameter (d2) of said venturi apparatus being larger than said continuous phase nozzle diameter (d1) at a ratio of greater than 1:1 and less than 4:1. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the continuous phase is introduced at a pressure of from about 10 bar to about 50 bar. 10. The method of claim 8 or 9, wherein the continuous phase has a velocity of about 10 to 100 m/s through the continuous phase nozzle. 11. The method of any of claims 8 to 10, wherein the continuous phase comprises water or an aqueous solution of starch or a polymer solution. 12. The method of any of claims 8 to 11, wherein the dispersed phase comprises cellulose non-reactive paper sizing compounds or cellulose reactive paper sizing compounds, such as alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA), alkyl ketene dimer (AKD), ketene dimers, ketene multimers, organic epoxides containing from about 12 to 22 carbon atoms, acyl halides containing from about 12 to 22 carbon atoms, fatty acid anhydrides from fatty acids containing from about 12 to 22 carbon atoms, or organic isocyanates containing from about 12 to 22 carbon atoms. 13. The method of any of claims 8 to 12, wherein the dispersed phase further comprises one or more surfactants in an amount of from 0.1% to about 5% by weight of said dispersed phase. 14. The method of any of claims 8 to 13, wherein the emulsion has a mean particle size below 2 microns. 15. The method of any of claims 8 to 14, wherein the emulsion has a concentration of dispersed phase in continuous phase of from 2 to 50 percent by weight. 16. The method of any of claims 8 to 15, further comprising post-diluting the emulsion and adding the post-diluted emulsion either to a wet end or to a size press or coater for a paper or paperboard making system. 17. A method for reversing an inverse emulsion that comprises:
introducing under pressure a continuous phase containing water into a venturi apparatus (50), said venturi apparatus having a continuous phase nozzle (66) of a first diameter (d1) that directs said continuous phase into a mixing section (80); introducing a dispersed phase containing at least one inverse emulsion into the mixing section (80) of the venturi apparatus to form an emulsion of the dispersed phase and the continuous phase; directing the emulsion through a mixed phase nozzle (60) having a second diameter (d2) in said venturi apparatus, characterized in that said mixed phase nozzle diameter (d2) of said venturi apparatus being larger than said continuous phase nozzle diameter (d1) at a ratio of greater than 1:1 and less than 4:1. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the inverse emulsion comprises one or more retention and drainage aids for use in paper or paperboard making systems. | 1,700 |
2,755 | 15,223,391 | 1,783 | The present invention relates to polyethylene films having properties which makes them suitable for use as synthetic paper. The cast films have in a first and a third layer, each of which is an external layer, and each of which independently comprises a linear polyethylene having a density greater than 0.93 g/cm 3 and a melt index greater than or equal to 2.0 g/10 min together with a second layer, which is an internal layer comprising a linear polyethylene having a density greater than or equal to 0.94 g/cm 3 and a melt index less than or equal to 1.3 g/10 min. | 1. A multilayer cast film suitable for use as a paper replacement comprising:
a. a first layer comprising a linear polyethylene having a density greater than 0.93 g/cm3 and a melt index greater than or equal to 2.0 g/10 min; b. a second layer comprising a linear polyethylene having a density greater than 0.94 g/cm3 and a melt index less than or equal to 1.3 g/10 min c. a third layer comprising a linear polyethylene having a density greater than 0.93 g/cm3 and a melt index greater than or equal to 2.0 g/10 min wherein the first layer and the third layer are each an external layer of the film, and wherein the film has been subjected to post-extrusion mono- or biaxial orientation and has an overall thickness of at least 125 microns. 2. The multilayer cast film of claim 1, wherein each external layer comprises the same linear polyethylene. 3. The multilayer cast film of claim 1 wherein the second layer comprises a linear polyethylene having a density greater than 0.95 g/cm3. 4. The multilayer cast film of claim 1 wherein the second layer comprises a linear polyethylene having a melt index less than or equal to 1.0 g/10 min. 5. The multilayer cast film of claim 1 wherein the first layer and/or the third layer comprises a linear polyethylene having a melt index greater than or equal to 3.0 g/10 min. 6. The multilayer cast film of claim 1 further comprising one or more additional polymers in second layer, wherein the additional polymer comprises less than 50% by weight of the second layer. 7. The multilayer cast film of claim 6 wherein the additional polymer is a low density polyethylene. 8. (canceled) 9. The multilayer cast film of claim 1 wherein the film contains less than five percent filler by weight of the film. 10. The multilayer cast film of claim 1 wherein said film has a 2% secant modulus in the machine direction of at least 300 MPa. 11. The multilayer cast film of claim 1 wherein said film has an Elmendorf Tear in the machine direction of 50 g/mil or less. 12. The multilayer cast film of claim 1 wherein said film has an Elmendorf Tear in the cross direction of 60 g/mil or greater. 13. The multilayer cast film of claim 1 wherein said film has a gloss 45° greater than 70%. 14. The multilayer cast film of claim 1 wherein the density of the linear polyethylene used in the second layer is higher than the density of the linear polyethylene used in either the first layer or the third layer. 15. The multilayer cast film of claim 14 where the density of the linear polyethylene is at least 0.001 g/cm3 higher than the density of the linear polyethylene used in either the first layer or the third layer. | The present invention relates to polyethylene films having properties which makes them suitable for use as synthetic paper. The cast films have in a first and a third layer, each of which is an external layer, and each of which independently comprises a linear polyethylene having a density greater than 0.93 g/cm 3 and a melt index greater than or equal to 2.0 g/10 min together with a second layer, which is an internal layer comprising a linear polyethylene having a density greater than or equal to 0.94 g/cm 3 and a melt index less than or equal to 1.3 g/10 min.1. A multilayer cast film suitable for use as a paper replacement comprising:
a. a first layer comprising a linear polyethylene having a density greater than 0.93 g/cm3 and a melt index greater than or equal to 2.0 g/10 min; b. a second layer comprising a linear polyethylene having a density greater than 0.94 g/cm3 and a melt index less than or equal to 1.3 g/10 min c. a third layer comprising a linear polyethylene having a density greater than 0.93 g/cm3 and a melt index greater than or equal to 2.0 g/10 min wherein the first layer and the third layer are each an external layer of the film, and wherein the film has been subjected to post-extrusion mono- or biaxial orientation and has an overall thickness of at least 125 microns. 2. The multilayer cast film of claim 1, wherein each external layer comprises the same linear polyethylene. 3. The multilayer cast film of claim 1 wherein the second layer comprises a linear polyethylene having a density greater than 0.95 g/cm3. 4. The multilayer cast film of claim 1 wherein the second layer comprises a linear polyethylene having a melt index less than or equal to 1.0 g/10 min. 5. The multilayer cast film of claim 1 wherein the first layer and/or the third layer comprises a linear polyethylene having a melt index greater than or equal to 3.0 g/10 min. 6. The multilayer cast film of claim 1 further comprising one or more additional polymers in second layer, wherein the additional polymer comprises less than 50% by weight of the second layer. 7. The multilayer cast film of claim 6 wherein the additional polymer is a low density polyethylene. 8. (canceled) 9. The multilayer cast film of claim 1 wherein the film contains less than five percent filler by weight of the film. 10. The multilayer cast film of claim 1 wherein said film has a 2% secant modulus in the machine direction of at least 300 MPa. 11. The multilayer cast film of claim 1 wherein said film has an Elmendorf Tear in the machine direction of 50 g/mil or less. 12. The multilayer cast film of claim 1 wherein said film has an Elmendorf Tear in the cross direction of 60 g/mil or greater. 13. The multilayer cast film of claim 1 wherein said film has a gloss 45° greater than 70%. 14. The multilayer cast film of claim 1 wherein the density of the linear polyethylene used in the second layer is higher than the density of the linear polyethylene used in either the first layer or the third layer. 15. The multilayer cast film of claim 14 where the density of the linear polyethylene is at least 0.001 g/cm3 higher than the density of the linear polyethylene used in either the first layer or the third layer. | 1,700 |
2,756 | 12,267,963 | 1,786 | The present invention provides aqueous sizing compositions for application to glass fibers as well as polymeric resins reinforced with glass fibers at least partially coated with the aqueous sizing compositions. In some embodiments, sizing compositions of the present invention demonstrate advantageous properties resulting from the presence of an acid-amine component therein. | 1. An aqueous sizing composition for glass fibers comprising:
an acid-amine component, the acid-amine component comprising molecules of at least one amine associated with molecules of at least one phosphorus-containing acid or sulfur-containing acid. 2. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the molecules of the at least one amine are associated with the molecules of the at least one phosphorus-containing acid or the at least one sulfur-containing acid by electrostatic interactions, covalent bonds, or combinations thereof. 3. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of the at least one phosphorus-containing acid or sulfur-containing acid to the amine is less than about 1. 4. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of the at least one phosphorus-containing acid or sulfur-containing acid to the amine is less than about 0.75. 5. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of the at least one phosphorus-containing acid or sulfur-containing acid to the amine is less than about 0.5. 6. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one amine comprises an aminosilane, imidazoline, alkylimidazoline, ethoxylate amine oxide, or polyamino fatty acid derivative or a mixture thereof. 7. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the phosphorus-containing acid comprises phosphorus acid, hypophosphorus acid, phosphonic acid, organophosphorus acids, or mixtures thereof. 8. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the phosphorus-containing acid comprises a compound of Formula (I):
wherein R1 is -alkyl, -alkenyl, -alkynyl, -cycloalkyl, -cycloalkenyl, -heterocycl, -aryl, or -heteroaryl and R2 is -hydrogen, -alkyl, -alkenyl, -alkynyl, -cycloalkyl, -cycloalkenyl, -heterocycl, -aryl, or -heteroaryl. 9. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the phosphorus-containing acid comprises a compound of Formula (II)
wherein R3 and R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of -hydrogen, -alkyl, -alkenyl, -alkynyl, -cycloalkyl, -cycloalkenyl, -heterocycl, -aryl, or -heteroaryl. 10. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one sulfur-containing acid comprises sulfonic acid, organosulfonic acids, hydrogen sulfite or sulfurous acid or mixtures thereof. 11. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the acid-amine component is present in an amount up to about 100 weight percent of the sizing composition on a total solids basis. 12. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1 further comprising at least one additional acid. 13. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 12, wherein the at least one additional acid comprises a carboxylic acid. 14. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 13, wherein the carboxylic acid comprises formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, lauric acid or stearic acid or mixtures thereof. 15. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1 further comprising at least one film former. 16. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1 further comprising at least one coupling agent. 17. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the phosphorus atom of the phosphorus-containing acid is not in the oxidation state of 5. 18. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the sulfur atom of the sulfur-containing acid is not in the oxidation state of 6. 19. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the sizing composition is a primary sizing composition. 20. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the sizing composition is a secondary sizing composition. 21. An aqueous sizing composition for glass fibers comprising:
an acid-aminosilane component, the acid-aminosilane component comprising molecules of at least one aminosilane associated with molecules of at least one phosphorus-containing acid or sulfur-containing acid. 22. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 21, wherein the at least one aminosilane comprises γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, β-aminoethyltriethoxysilane, N-β-aminoethylamino-propyltrimethoxysilane or 3-aminopropyldimethoxysilane or mixtures thereof. 23. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 21, wherein the molar ratio of the at least one phosphorus-containing acid or sulfur-containing acid to the aminosilane is less than about 1. 24. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 21, wherein the molar ratio of the at least one phosphorus-containing acid or sulfur-containing acid to the aminosilane is less than about 0.75. 25. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 21, wherein the molar ratio of the at least one phosphorus-containing acid or sulfur-containing acid to the aminosilane is less than about 0.5. 26. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 21 further comprising at least one additional acid. 27. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 26, wherein the at least one additional acid comprises a carboxylic acid. 28. A fiber glass strand comprising:
at least one glass fiber at least partially coated with an aqueous sizing composition comprising an acid-amine component, the acid-amine component comprising molecules of at least one amine associated with molecules of at least one phosphorus-containing acid or sulfur-containing acid. 29. A composite material comprising:
a polymeric resin; and a plurality of glass fibers disposed in the polymeric resin wherein at least one of the plurality of glass fibers is at least partially coated with the aqueous sizing composition of claim 1. 30. The composite material of claim 29, wherein the plurality of glass fibers are present in an amount up to about 90 weight percent of the composite material. 31. The composite material of claim 29, wherein the polymeric resin comprises a thermoplastic. 32. The composite material of claim 31, wherein the thermoplastic comprises a polyolefin, polyamide, polystyrene, polyphenylene oxide, polyester or copolymers or mixtures thereof. 33. The composite material of claim 29, wherein the polymeric resin comprises a thermoset. 34. The composite material of claim 33, wherein the thermoset comprises a polyester, polyurethane, polyimide, polyphenol, expoxy or copolymers or mixtures thereof. 35. A method of making a composite material comprising:
disposing a plurality of coated glass fibers in a polymeric resin, wherein at least one of the plurality of glass fibers is at least partially coated with the aqueous sizing composition of claim 1. | The present invention provides aqueous sizing compositions for application to glass fibers as well as polymeric resins reinforced with glass fibers at least partially coated with the aqueous sizing compositions. In some embodiments, sizing compositions of the present invention demonstrate advantageous properties resulting from the presence of an acid-amine component therein.1. An aqueous sizing composition for glass fibers comprising:
an acid-amine component, the acid-amine component comprising molecules of at least one amine associated with molecules of at least one phosphorus-containing acid or sulfur-containing acid. 2. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the molecules of the at least one amine are associated with the molecules of the at least one phosphorus-containing acid or the at least one sulfur-containing acid by electrostatic interactions, covalent bonds, or combinations thereof. 3. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of the at least one phosphorus-containing acid or sulfur-containing acid to the amine is less than about 1. 4. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of the at least one phosphorus-containing acid or sulfur-containing acid to the amine is less than about 0.75. 5. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of the at least one phosphorus-containing acid or sulfur-containing acid to the amine is less than about 0.5. 6. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one amine comprises an aminosilane, imidazoline, alkylimidazoline, ethoxylate amine oxide, or polyamino fatty acid derivative or a mixture thereof. 7. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the phosphorus-containing acid comprises phosphorus acid, hypophosphorus acid, phosphonic acid, organophosphorus acids, or mixtures thereof. 8. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the phosphorus-containing acid comprises a compound of Formula (I):
wherein R1 is -alkyl, -alkenyl, -alkynyl, -cycloalkyl, -cycloalkenyl, -heterocycl, -aryl, or -heteroaryl and R2 is -hydrogen, -alkyl, -alkenyl, -alkynyl, -cycloalkyl, -cycloalkenyl, -heterocycl, -aryl, or -heteroaryl. 9. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the phosphorus-containing acid comprises a compound of Formula (II)
wherein R3 and R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of -hydrogen, -alkyl, -alkenyl, -alkynyl, -cycloalkyl, -cycloalkenyl, -heterocycl, -aryl, or -heteroaryl. 10. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one sulfur-containing acid comprises sulfonic acid, organosulfonic acids, hydrogen sulfite or sulfurous acid or mixtures thereof. 11. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the acid-amine component is present in an amount up to about 100 weight percent of the sizing composition on a total solids basis. 12. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1 further comprising at least one additional acid. 13. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 12, wherein the at least one additional acid comprises a carboxylic acid. 14. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 13, wherein the carboxylic acid comprises formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, lauric acid or stearic acid or mixtures thereof. 15. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1 further comprising at least one film former. 16. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1 further comprising at least one coupling agent. 17. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the phosphorus atom of the phosphorus-containing acid is not in the oxidation state of 5. 18. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the sulfur atom of the sulfur-containing acid is not in the oxidation state of 6. 19. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the sizing composition is a primary sizing composition. 20. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the sizing composition is a secondary sizing composition. 21. An aqueous sizing composition for glass fibers comprising:
an acid-aminosilane component, the acid-aminosilane component comprising molecules of at least one aminosilane associated with molecules of at least one phosphorus-containing acid or sulfur-containing acid. 22. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 21, wherein the at least one aminosilane comprises γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, β-aminoethyltriethoxysilane, N-β-aminoethylamino-propyltrimethoxysilane or 3-aminopropyldimethoxysilane or mixtures thereof. 23. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 21, wherein the molar ratio of the at least one phosphorus-containing acid or sulfur-containing acid to the aminosilane is less than about 1. 24. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 21, wherein the molar ratio of the at least one phosphorus-containing acid or sulfur-containing acid to the aminosilane is less than about 0.75. 25. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 21, wherein the molar ratio of the at least one phosphorus-containing acid or sulfur-containing acid to the aminosilane is less than about 0.5. 26. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 21 further comprising at least one additional acid. 27. The aqueous sizing composition of claim 26, wherein the at least one additional acid comprises a carboxylic acid. 28. A fiber glass strand comprising:
at least one glass fiber at least partially coated with an aqueous sizing composition comprising an acid-amine component, the acid-amine component comprising molecules of at least one amine associated with molecules of at least one phosphorus-containing acid or sulfur-containing acid. 29. A composite material comprising:
a polymeric resin; and a plurality of glass fibers disposed in the polymeric resin wherein at least one of the plurality of glass fibers is at least partially coated with the aqueous sizing composition of claim 1. 30. The composite material of claim 29, wherein the plurality of glass fibers are present in an amount up to about 90 weight percent of the composite material. 31. The composite material of claim 29, wherein the polymeric resin comprises a thermoplastic. 32. The composite material of claim 31, wherein the thermoplastic comprises a polyolefin, polyamide, polystyrene, polyphenylene oxide, polyester or copolymers or mixtures thereof. 33. The composite material of claim 29, wherein the polymeric resin comprises a thermoset. 34. The composite material of claim 33, wherein the thermoset comprises a polyester, polyurethane, polyimide, polyphenol, expoxy or copolymers or mixtures thereof. 35. A method of making a composite material comprising:
disposing a plurality of coated glass fibers in a polymeric resin, wherein at least one of the plurality of glass fibers is at least partially coated with the aqueous sizing composition of claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,757 | 15,430,725 | 1,713 | The present invention provides a method for creating patterns, with features down to the nanometer scale, in phase change materials using a heated probe. The heated probe contacts the phase change material thereby inducing a local phase change, resulting in a dramatic contrast in property—including electrical resistance, optical reflectance, and volume—relative to the uncontacted regions of the phase change material. The phase change material can be converted back to its original phase (i.e. the patterns can be erased) by appropriate thermal cycling. | 1. A method for nanopatterning phase change materials, comprising:
heating a probe; contacting the heated probe with a surface of a phase change material thereby inducing a local phase change at the contacted surface; and moving the heated probe across the surface of the phase change material resulting in a patterned region. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the probe is a nanoscale probe. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the probe is an atomic force microscopy tip. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein heating the probe comprises passing a current through cantilevers on the probe. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the phase change material comprises a chalcogenide. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the phase change material comprises GeTe or a GeTe-based alloy. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the phase change material comprises a GeSbTe compound. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the width and depth of the patterned region are controlled by adjusting the dimension of the probe, the temperature to which the probe is heated, the speed at which the probe is moved across the surface of the phase change material, or any combination thereof. 9. The method of claim 1, additionally comprising preparing the phase change material for re-writing by heating the patterned region above its melting temperature and quenching. 10. A nanopatterned phase change material made by the method comprising:
heating a probe; contacting the heated probe with a surface of a phase change material thereby inducing a local phase change at the contacted surface; and moving the heated probe across the surface of the phase change material resulting in a patterned region. 11. The nanopatterned phase change material of claim 10, wherein the probe is a nanoscale probe. 12. The nanopatterned phase change material of claim 10, wherein the probe is an atomic force microscopy tip. 13. The nanopatterned phase change material of claim 10, wherein heating the probe comprises passing a current through cantilevers on the probe. 14. The nanopatterned phase change material of claim 10, wherein the phase change material comprises a chalcogenide. 15. The nanopatterned phase change material of claim 10, wherein the phase change material comprises GeTe or a GeTe-based alloy. 16. The nanopatterned phase change material of claim 10, wherein the phase change material comprises a GeSbTe compound. 17. The nanopatterned phase change material of claim 10, wherein the width and depth of the patterned region are controlled by adjusting the dimension of the probe, the temperature to which the probe is heated, the speed at which the probe is moved across the surface of the phase change material, or any combination thereof. 18. The nanopatterned phase change material of claim 10, additionally comprising preparing the phase change material for re-writing by heating the patterned region above its melting temperature and quenching. | The present invention provides a method for creating patterns, with features down to the nanometer scale, in phase change materials using a heated probe. The heated probe contacts the phase change material thereby inducing a local phase change, resulting in a dramatic contrast in property—including electrical resistance, optical reflectance, and volume—relative to the uncontacted regions of the phase change material. The phase change material can be converted back to its original phase (i.e. the patterns can be erased) by appropriate thermal cycling.1. A method for nanopatterning phase change materials, comprising:
heating a probe; contacting the heated probe with a surface of a phase change material thereby inducing a local phase change at the contacted surface; and moving the heated probe across the surface of the phase change material resulting in a patterned region. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the probe is a nanoscale probe. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the probe is an atomic force microscopy tip. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein heating the probe comprises passing a current through cantilevers on the probe. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the phase change material comprises a chalcogenide. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the phase change material comprises GeTe or a GeTe-based alloy. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the phase change material comprises a GeSbTe compound. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the width and depth of the patterned region are controlled by adjusting the dimension of the probe, the temperature to which the probe is heated, the speed at which the probe is moved across the surface of the phase change material, or any combination thereof. 9. The method of claim 1, additionally comprising preparing the phase change material for re-writing by heating the patterned region above its melting temperature and quenching. 10. A nanopatterned phase change material made by the method comprising:
heating a probe; contacting the heated probe with a surface of a phase change material thereby inducing a local phase change at the contacted surface; and moving the heated probe across the surface of the phase change material resulting in a patterned region. 11. The nanopatterned phase change material of claim 10, wherein the probe is a nanoscale probe. 12. The nanopatterned phase change material of claim 10, wherein the probe is an atomic force microscopy tip. 13. The nanopatterned phase change material of claim 10, wherein heating the probe comprises passing a current through cantilevers on the probe. 14. The nanopatterned phase change material of claim 10, wherein the phase change material comprises a chalcogenide. 15. The nanopatterned phase change material of claim 10, wherein the phase change material comprises GeTe or a GeTe-based alloy. 16. The nanopatterned phase change material of claim 10, wherein the phase change material comprises a GeSbTe compound. 17. The nanopatterned phase change material of claim 10, wherein the width and depth of the patterned region are controlled by adjusting the dimension of the probe, the temperature to which the probe is heated, the speed at which the probe is moved across the surface of the phase change material, or any combination thereof. 18. The nanopatterned phase change material of claim 10, additionally comprising preparing the phase change material for re-writing by heating the patterned region above its melting temperature and quenching. | 1,700 |
2,758 | 14,272,075 | 1,747 | In one form, the invention is directed to a method for forming a porous implant suitable for a cavity from which tissue has been removed, including mixing soluble alginate and a radiopaque imaging agent with water; incorporating a gas or a pore forming agent into the alginate-water mixture; transferring the alginate-water mixture with the gas or the pore forming agent into a mold to form the mixture into a solid body of desired shape; removing the water from the body; and converting at least part of the soluble alginate to a less soluble alginate. In another form, the invention includes forming a mixture by mixing about 0.5 percent to about 4 percent by weight chitosan into an acidified aqueous solution containing 1 percent to 25 percent by weight acetic acid, along with about 0.5 percent to about 5 percent by weight of a powdered radiopaque imaging agent. | 1-16. (canceled) 17. A method for forming a porous implant suitable for a cavity from which tissue has been removed, comprising:
a. mixing soluble alginate and a radiopaque imaging agent with water; b. incorporating a gas or a pore forming agent into the alginate-water mixture; c. transferring the alginate-water mixture with the gas or the pore forming agent into a mold to form the mixture into a solid body of desired shape; d. removing the water from the body; and e. converting at least part of the soluble alginate to a less soluble alginate. 18. The method of claim 17, comprising inserting an orientation marker into the body, the orientation marker being spaced inwardly from exterior margins of the implant. 19. The method of claim 17, comprising inserting a plurality of radiopaque elements in an orientation lying in a plane. 20. The method of claim 17 wherein water is removed from the mixture by freeze drying or air drying. 21. The method of claim 17 wherein the soluble alginate is sodium alginate. 22. The method of claim 18 wherein the less soluble alginate is calcium alginate. 23. The method of claim 17, comprising sizing and shaping the porous implant so as to fit within the cavity and to conform tissue lining the cavity about the porous implant. 24. A method for forming a porous implant suitable for a cavity from which tissue has been removed, comprising:
forming a mixture by mixing about 0.5 percent to about 4 percent by weight chitosan into an acidified aqueous solution containing 1 percent to 25 percent by weight acetic acid, along with about 0.5 percent to about 5 percent by weight of a radiopaque imaging agent; placing the mixture in a mold which presents a desired shape; freezing the mixture to form a frozen body; removing the frozen body from the mold; placing the removed frozen body in a lyophilizer for freeze drying to remove water and to form a porous body; neutralizing the porous body using a base or buffer; rinsing the porous body with deionized water; and drying the porous body to remove the deionized water. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the radiopaque imaging agent is barium sulfate. 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the radiopaque imaging agent is a powder. 27. The method of claim 24, wherein the act of freezing comprises freezing the mixture at a temperature of minus one degree Celsius to minus 196 degrees Celsius for 6 hours to 12 hours. 28. The method of claim 24, wherein the frozen body is placed in the lyophilizer for 3 days. 29. The method of claim 24, wherein the act of neutralizing is performed by using ammonium hydroxide. 30. The method of claim 24, wherein the act of neutralizing is performed by using 5 percent to 20 percent by weight of ammonium hydroxide. 31. The method of claim 24, wherein the lyophilized body is neutralized in a 10 percent solution of ammonium hydroxide for one hour. 32. The method of claim 24, wherein the mixture consists of the acidified aqueous solution having 12.5 by weight percent acetic acid, 4 percent by weight chitosan, and 2 percent by weight barium sulfate. 33. The method of claim 24, comprising sizing and shaping the porous implant so as to fit within the cavity and to conform tissue lining the cavity about the porous implant. | In one form, the invention is directed to a method for forming a porous implant suitable for a cavity from which tissue has been removed, including mixing soluble alginate and a radiopaque imaging agent with water; incorporating a gas or a pore forming agent into the alginate-water mixture; transferring the alginate-water mixture with the gas or the pore forming agent into a mold to form the mixture into a solid body of desired shape; removing the water from the body; and converting at least part of the soluble alginate to a less soluble alginate. In another form, the invention includes forming a mixture by mixing about 0.5 percent to about 4 percent by weight chitosan into an acidified aqueous solution containing 1 percent to 25 percent by weight acetic acid, along with about 0.5 percent to about 5 percent by weight of a powdered radiopaque imaging agent.1-16. (canceled) 17. A method for forming a porous implant suitable for a cavity from which tissue has been removed, comprising:
a. mixing soluble alginate and a radiopaque imaging agent with water; b. incorporating a gas or a pore forming agent into the alginate-water mixture; c. transferring the alginate-water mixture with the gas or the pore forming agent into a mold to form the mixture into a solid body of desired shape; d. removing the water from the body; and e. converting at least part of the soluble alginate to a less soluble alginate. 18. The method of claim 17, comprising inserting an orientation marker into the body, the orientation marker being spaced inwardly from exterior margins of the implant. 19. The method of claim 17, comprising inserting a plurality of radiopaque elements in an orientation lying in a plane. 20. The method of claim 17 wherein water is removed from the mixture by freeze drying or air drying. 21. The method of claim 17 wherein the soluble alginate is sodium alginate. 22. The method of claim 18 wherein the less soluble alginate is calcium alginate. 23. The method of claim 17, comprising sizing and shaping the porous implant so as to fit within the cavity and to conform tissue lining the cavity about the porous implant. 24. A method for forming a porous implant suitable for a cavity from which tissue has been removed, comprising:
forming a mixture by mixing about 0.5 percent to about 4 percent by weight chitosan into an acidified aqueous solution containing 1 percent to 25 percent by weight acetic acid, along with about 0.5 percent to about 5 percent by weight of a radiopaque imaging agent; placing the mixture in a mold which presents a desired shape; freezing the mixture to form a frozen body; removing the frozen body from the mold; placing the removed frozen body in a lyophilizer for freeze drying to remove water and to form a porous body; neutralizing the porous body using a base or buffer; rinsing the porous body with deionized water; and drying the porous body to remove the deionized water. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the radiopaque imaging agent is barium sulfate. 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the radiopaque imaging agent is a powder. 27. The method of claim 24, wherein the act of freezing comprises freezing the mixture at a temperature of minus one degree Celsius to minus 196 degrees Celsius for 6 hours to 12 hours. 28. The method of claim 24, wherein the frozen body is placed in the lyophilizer for 3 days. 29. The method of claim 24, wherein the act of neutralizing is performed by using ammonium hydroxide. 30. The method of claim 24, wherein the act of neutralizing is performed by using 5 percent to 20 percent by weight of ammonium hydroxide. 31. The method of claim 24, wherein the lyophilized body is neutralized in a 10 percent solution of ammonium hydroxide for one hour. 32. The method of claim 24, wherein the mixture consists of the acidified aqueous solution having 12.5 by weight percent acetic acid, 4 percent by weight chitosan, and 2 percent by weight barium sulfate. 33. The method of claim 24, comprising sizing and shaping the porous implant so as to fit within the cavity and to conform tissue lining the cavity about the porous implant. | 1,700 |
2,759 | 14,981,460 | 1,749 | A pneumatic vehicle tire has a radial configuration and includes a belt assembly having at least three plies including two working plies and a protective ply arranged radially outwardly with respect to the two working plies. Each of the three plies has reinforcements and each of the reinforcements includes at least one steel filament. The reinforcements of each of the plies are arranged mutually parallel and spaced from each other. The steel filaments have a filament diameter in a range of 0.10 mm to 0.35 mm. The reinforcements have a reinforcement diameter in a range of 0.20 to 0.85 mm. The reinforcements of the protective ply have a rupture strength lying in a range of 15 kN/dm to 95 kN/dm and the reinforcements of the protective ply are arranged in the protective ply with a density in a range of 50 to 120 ends per decimeter. | 1. A pneumatic vehicle tire having a radial configuration, the pneumatic vehicle tire comprising:
a belt assembly having at least three plies including two working plies and a protective ply arranged radially outwardly with respect to said two working plies; each of said at least three plies having reinforcements; each of said reinforcements including at least one steel filament; said reinforcements of each of said plies being arranged mutually parallel and mutually spaced from each other; said steel filaments of said reinforcements of said protective ply having a filament diameter lying in a range of 0.10 mm to 0.35 mm; said reinforcements having a reinforcement diameter lying in a range of 0.20 to 0.85 mm; said reinforcements of said protective ply having a rupture strength lying in a range of 15 kN/dm to 95 kN/dm; and, said reinforcements of said protective ply being arranged in said protective ply with a density lying in a range of 50 to 120 ends per decimeter. 2. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein said reinforcements of said protective ply are monofilaments having a construction of 1×0.30 and are arranged in said protective ply with a density lying in a range of 90 to 120 ends per decimeter. 3. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein said reinforcements of said protective ply are steel cords of twisted together steel filaments. 4. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 3, wherein said steel filaments of said protective ply have a construction of 2×0.30, 2+2×0.32, 2+2×0.28, 2×0.15, or 3×0.10. 5. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein said steel filaments are of the strength class HT or greater. 6. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein the pneumatic vehicle tire is a commercial pneumatic vehicle tire. | A pneumatic vehicle tire has a radial configuration and includes a belt assembly having at least three plies including two working plies and a protective ply arranged radially outwardly with respect to the two working plies. Each of the three plies has reinforcements and each of the reinforcements includes at least one steel filament. The reinforcements of each of the plies are arranged mutually parallel and spaced from each other. The steel filaments have a filament diameter in a range of 0.10 mm to 0.35 mm. The reinforcements have a reinforcement diameter in a range of 0.20 to 0.85 mm. The reinforcements of the protective ply have a rupture strength lying in a range of 15 kN/dm to 95 kN/dm and the reinforcements of the protective ply are arranged in the protective ply with a density in a range of 50 to 120 ends per decimeter.1. A pneumatic vehicle tire having a radial configuration, the pneumatic vehicle tire comprising:
a belt assembly having at least three plies including two working plies and a protective ply arranged radially outwardly with respect to said two working plies; each of said at least three plies having reinforcements; each of said reinforcements including at least one steel filament; said reinforcements of each of said plies being arranged mutually parallel and mutually spaced from each other; said steel filaments of said reinforcements of said protective ply having a filament diameter lying in a range of 0.10 mm to 0.35 mm; said reinforcements having a reinforcement diameter lying in a range of 0.20 to 0.85 mm; said reinforcements of said protective ply having a rupture strength lying in a range of 15 kN/dm to 95 kN/dm; and, said reinforcements of said protective ply being arranged in said protective ply with a density lying in a range of 50 to 120 ends per decimeter. 2. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein said reinforcements of said protective ply are monofilaments having a construction of 1×0.30 and are arranged in said protective ply with a density lying in a range of 90 to 120 ends per decimeter. 3. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein said reinforcements of said protective ply are steel cords of twisted together steel filaments. 4. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 3, wherein said steel filaments of said protective ply have a construction of 2×0.30, 2+2×0.32, 2+2×0.28, 2×0.15, or 3×0.10. 5. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein said steel filaments are of the strength class HT or greater. 6. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein the pneumatic vehicle tire is a commercial pneumatic vehicle tire. | 1,700 |
2,760 | 13,239,779 | 1,798 | Provided herewith, among other things, is an assembly comprising a test tube with an affixed very small, light-triggered transponder (“MTP”). | 1-4. (canceled) 5. The system of claim 32, wherein the MTP is sealed from the outside with polypropylene or acetal polymer. 6-13. (canceled) 14. The system of claim 32, wherein the means for removing is configured to maintain the plastic test tube at a temperature of −50° C. or less. 15. (canceled) 16. A method of reading an embedded MTP in a system for storing samples of claim 32, comprising:
aligning, with the light source, the embedded MTP in the test tube that has a temperature of −40° C. or less; and reading the MTP. 17. The method of reading of claim 16, wherein the sealing plastic material is frost coated. 18-26. (canceled) 27. The system of claim 32, wherein the means for removing is configured to maintain the plastic test tube at a temperature of −70° C. 28. The system claim 32, wherein the MTP is sealed from the outside with polypropylene. 29. (canceled) 30. The system for storing samples of claim 32, wherein:
the system comprises an array of 12 or more discrete such light sources configured to read 12 or more said test tubes with embedded MTPs situated in the rack. 31. The system for storing samples of claim 32, wherein:
the box comprises a rack adapted to hold 96 or more such test tubes. 32. A system for storing samples comprising:
a low temperature biorepository; a box comprising a rack for biorepository test tubes configured with positions to hold 12 or more test tubes, the rack containing at one or more positions a plastic test tube, wherein the plastic test tube has a containment wall, and with an light-triggered MTP embedded within the containment wall at the bottom of the tube near the center of the tube, oriented for reading from below the test tube, wherein the embedded MTP is fully sealed from the outside with plastic; one or more light sources configured to trigger the MTP; an automated robot for moving the box from the biorepository to the light source and back, wherein (a) the robot is configured to serially align the box with the light source or multiple said light sources such that the MTP can be read with the MTP of the plastic test tube if located in any of the test tube positions, or (b) the system further comprises a second robot for serially moving the light source or multiple said light sources relative to the box such that the MTP can be read with the MTP of the plastic test tube if located in any of the test tube positions, or (c) the robot is configured to align the box with an array of said light sources such that the MTP can be read with the MTP of the plastic test tube if located in any of the test tube positions; and means for removing the box from the biorepository, scanning the test tube positions for MTP triggering, and returning the box to the biorepository while maintaining the plastic test tube at a temperature of −40° C. or less, wherein the light source effective to trigger the MTP in the plastic test tube a said temperature. 33. The system of claim 32, wherein the means for removing is configured to maintain the plastic test tube at a temperature of −60° C. 34. The system for storing samples of claim 32, wherein:
the system comprises an array of 24 or more discrete such light sources configured to read 24 or more said test tubes with embedded MTPs situated in the rack. 35. The system for storing samples of claim 32, wherein:
the system comprises an array of 48 or more discrete such light sources configured to read 48 or more said test tubes with embedded MTPs situated in the rack. 36. The system for storing samples of claim 32, wherein:
the system comprises an array of 96 or more discrete such light sources configured to read 96 or more said test tubes with embedded MTPs situated in the rack. 37. The system for storing samples of claim 32, wherein:
(a) the robot is configured to serially align the box with the light source or multiple said light sources such that the MTP can be read with the MTP of the plastic test tube if located in any of the test tube positions. 38. The system for storing samples of claim 32, wherein:
(b) the system further comprises a second robot for serially moving the light source or multiple said light sources relative to the box such that the MTP can be read with the MTP of the plastic test tube if located in any of the test tube positions. 39. The system for storing samples of claim 32, wherein:
(c) the robot is configured to align the box with an array of said light sources such that the MTP can be read with the MTP of the plastic test tube if located in any of the test tube positions. 40. A method of reading an embedded MTP in a system for storing samples of claim 32, comprising:
aligning, with the light source, the embedded MTP in the test tube that has a temperature of −50° C. or less; and reading the MTP. 41. A method of reading an embedded MTP in a system for storing samples of claim 32, comprising:
aligning, with the light source, the embedded MTP in the test tube that has a temperature of −60° C. or less; and reading the MTP. 42. A method of reading an embedded MTP in a system for storing samples of claim 32, comprising:
aligning, with the light source, the embedded MTP in the test tube that has a temperature of −70° C. or less; and reading the MTP. | Provided herewith, among other things, is an assembly comprising a test tube with an affixed very small, light-triggered transponder (“MTP”).1-4. (canceled) 5. The system of claim 32, wherein the MTP is sealed from the outside with polypropylene or acetal polymer. 6-13. (canceled) 14. The system of claim 32, wherein the means for removing is configured to maintain the plastic test tube at a temperature of −50° C. or less. 15. (canceled) 16. A method of reading an embedded MTP in a system for storing samples of claim 32, comprising:
aligning, with the light source, the embedded MTP in the test tube that has a temperature of −40° C. or less; and reading the MTP. 17. The method of reading of claim 16, wherein the sealing plastic material is frost coated. 18-26. (canceled) 27. The system of claim 32, wherein the means for removing is configured to maintain the plastic test tube at a temperature of −70° C. 28. The system claim 32, wherein the MTP is sealed from the outside with polypropylene. 29. (canceled) 30. The system for storing samples of claim 32, wherein:
the system comprises an array of 12 or more discrete such light sources configured to read 12 or more said test tubes with embedded MTPs situated in the rack. 31. The system for storing samples of claim 32, wherein:
the box comprises a rack adapted to hold 96 or more such test tubes. 32. A system for storing samples comprising:
a low temperature biorepository; a box comprising a rack for biorepository test tubes configured with positions to hold 12 or more test tubes, the rack containing at one or more positions a plastic test tube, wherein the plastic test tube has a containment wall, and with an light-triggered MTP embedded within the containment wall at the bottom of the tube near the center of the tube, oriented for reading from below the test tube, wherein the embedded MTP is fully sealed from the outside with plastic; one or more light sources configured to trigger the MTP; an automated robot for moving the box from the biorepository to the light source and back, wherein (a) the robot is configured to serially align the box with the light source or multiple said light sources such that the MTP can be read with the MTP of the plastic test tube if located in any of the test tube positions, or (b) the system further comprises a second robot for serially moving the light source or multiple said light sources relative to the box such that the MTP can be read with the MTP of the plastic test tube if located in any of the test tube positions, or (c) the robot is configured to align the box with an array of said light sources such that the MTP can be read with the MTP of the plastic test tube if located in any of the test tube positions; and means for removing the box from the biorepository, scanning the test tube positions for MTP triggering, and returning the box to the biorepository while maintaining the plastic test tube at a temperature of −40° C. or less, wherein the light source effective to trigger the MTP in the plastic test tube a said temperature. 33. The system of claim 32, wherein the means for removing is configured to maintain the plastic test tube at a temperature of −60° C. 34. The system for storing samples of claim 32, wherein:
the system comprises an array of 24 or more discrete such light sources configured to read 24 or more said test tubes with embedded MTPs situated in the rack. 35. The system for storing samples of claim 32, wherein:
the system comprises an array of 48 or more discrete such light sources configured to read 48 or more said test tubes with embedded MTPs situated in the rack. 36. The system for storing samples of claim 32, wherein:
the system comprises an array of 96 or more discrete such light sources configured to read 96 or more said test tubes with embedded MTPs situated in the rack. 37. The system for storing samples of claim 32, wherein:
(a) the robot is configured to serially align the box with the light source or multiple said light sources such that the MTP can be read with the MTP of the plastic test tube if located in any of the test tube positions. 38. The system for storing samples of claim 32, wherein:
(b) the system further comprises a second robot for serially moving the light source or multiple said light sources relative to the box such that the MTP can be read with the MTP of the plastic test tube if located in any of the test tube positions. 39. The system for storing samples of claim 32, wherein:
(c) the robot is configured to align the box with an array of said light sources such that the MTP can be read with the MTP of the plastic test tube if located in any of the test tube positions. 40. A method of reading an embedded MTP in a system for storing samples of claim 32, comprising:
aligning, with the light source, the embedded MTP in the test tube that has a temperature of −50° C. or less; and reading the MTP. 41. A method of reading an embedded MTP in a system for storing samples of claim 32, comprising:
aligning, with the light source, the embedded MTP in the test tube that has a temperature of −60° C. or less; and reading the MTP. 42. A method of reading an embedded MTP in a system for storing samples of claim 32, comprising:
aligning, with the light source, the embedded MTP in the test tube that has a temperature of −70° C. or less; and reading the MTP. | 1,700 |
2,761 | 14,433,904 | 1,792 | A beverage dispensing machine ( 2 ) has a housing that provides a receptacle for receiving an expandable cartridge ( 12 ) that is coupled into the machine so that it can receive a charge of water. A kneading system ( 40 ) is provided to act on the cartridge within the receptacle. The kneading system is activated after water has been allowed to enter the cartridge and mechanically acts on or from the exterior of the cartridge in order to compress and release regions of the cartridge in order to create vigorous agitation to move the contents of the cartridge around inside the main compartment and bring them into close contact with a charge of water from the supply. Such a machine allows a wide variety of beverages to be created conveniently on demand from freeze-dried ingredients that can be stored inside the cartridges with a long shelf life. | 1-15. (canceled) 16. A method of producing a beverage, the method comprising:
breaking a seal of a sealed flexible cartridge to introduce a charge of water, wherein the sealed flexible cartridge comprises dry ingredients, the dry ingredients comprising freeze-dried fruit or vegetable ingredients and/or freeze-dried fruit or vegetable juice; and acting with a mechanism on or from the exterior of the cartridge to agitate vigorously the water with the dry ingredients to produce a beverage under low hydrostatic pressure. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the charge of water is of at least the same volume as the dry ingredients. 18. A machine for producing a beverage using the method of claim 16, the machine comprising:
a water supply; a housing comprising a receptacle for receiving a sealed flexible cartridge having an inlet section adapted to be coupled to the water supply, a main compartment with major surfaces on each side, and an outlet section; coupling means to allow a charge of water to enter the sealed flexible cartridge; and a kneading system comprising at least one roller that moves over a surface of the sealed flexible cartridge in order to compress and release regions of the sealed flexible cartridge, the kneading system configured to act mechanically on the exterior of the sealed flexible cartridge to move ingredients inside the sealed flexible cartridge and bring the ingredients into close contact with the water under a low hydrostatic pressure. 19. The machine of claim 18, wherein the at least one roller has independently movable segments. 20. A machine for producing a beverage using the method of claim 16, the machine comprising:
a water supply; a housing comprising a receptacle for receiving a sealed flexible cartridge having an inlet section adapted to be coupled to the water supply, a main compartment with major surfaces on each side, and an outlet section; coupling means to allow a charge of water to enter the sealed flexible cartridge; and a kneading system comprising a pivotally mounted paddle and a driving mechanism for rocking the paddle against the main compartment of the sealed flexible cartridge, the kneading system configured to act mechanically on the exterior of the sealed flexible cartridge to move ingredients inside the sealed flexible cartridge and bring the ingredients into close contact with the water under a low hydrostatic pressure. 21. A machine for producing a beverage using the method of claim 16, the machine comprising:
a water supply; a housing comprising a receptacle for receiving a sealed flexible cartridge having an inlet section adapted to be coupled to the water supply, a main compartment with major surfaces on each side, and an outlet section; coupling means to allow a charge of water to enter the sealed flexible cartridge; and a kneading system comprising an electromagnetic transducer configured to drive a paddle to act mechanically on the exterior of the sealed flexible cartridge to move ingredients inside the sealed flexible cartridge and bring the ingredients into close contact with the water under a low hydrostatic pressure. 22. A machine for producing a beverage using the method of claim 16, the machine comprising:
a water supply; a housing comprising a receptacle for receiving a sealed flexible cartridge having an inlet section adapted to be coupled to the water supply, a main compartment with major surfaces on each side, and an outlet section; coupling means to allow a charge of water to enter the sealed flexible cartridge; and a kneading system comprising an ultrasound source acting from the exterior of the sealed flexible cartridge to move ingredients inside the sealed flexible cartridge and bring the ingredients into close contact with the water under a low hydrostatic pressure. 23. A sealed flexible cartridge adapted for use in a machine of claim 18, the sealed flexible cartridge comprising a sealed pouch having inlet and outlet sections that merge with an expandable main compartment having major surfaces on each side and containing freeze-dried fruit or vegetable ingredients and/or freeze-dried fruit or vegetable juice, wherein at least one of the major surfaces is ridged, corrugated or dimpled on at least an internally facing surface. 24. A sealed flexible cartridge adapted for use in a machine of claim 20, the sealed flexible cartridge comprising a sealed pouch having inlet and outlet sections that merge with an expandable main compartment having major surfaces on each side and containing freeze-dried fruit or vegetable ingredients and/or freeze-dried fruit or vegetable juice, wherein at least one of the major surfaces is ridged, corrugated or dimpled on at least an internally facing surface. 25. A sealed flexible cartridge adapted for use in a machine of claim 21, the sealed flexible cartridge comprising a sealed pouch having inlet and outlet sections that merge with an expandable main compartment having major surfaces on each side and containing freeze-dried fruit or vegetable ingredients and/or freeze-dried fruit or vegetable juice, wherein at least one of the major surfaces is ridged, corrugated or dimpled on at least an internally facing surface. 26. A sealed flexible cartridge adapted for use in a machine of claim 22, the sealed flexible cartridge comprising a sealed pouch having inlet and outlet sections that merge with an expandable main compartment having major surfaces on each side and containing freeze-dried fruit or vegetable ingredients and/or freeze-dried fruit or vegetable juice, wherein at least one of the major surfaces is ridged, corrugated or dimpled on at least an internally facing surface. 27. The sealed flexible cartridge of claim 23, containing a compressible foam filter the main compartment adjacent the outlet section and adapted to be acted on by the kneading system. 28. The sealed flexible cartridge of claim 23, wherein a non-return valve is provided inside the cartridge adjacent the inlet section to allow water to enter but not exit the main compartment. 29. The sealed flexible cartridge of claim 23, wherein one or more permeable walls are provided within the main compartment such that during activation of the kneading system, at least part of the contents of the cartridge is pushed through a permeable wall to facilitate the mixing and homogenisation of the beverage product. 30. The sealed flexible cartridge of claim 23, wherein a separately sealed compartment is provided in the outlet section downstream of the filter to house additional ingredients. 31. The sealed flexible cartridge of claim 23, comprising multiple ingredient compartments each provided with a separate water inlet. 32. The sealed flexible cartridge of claim 31, wherein each ingredient compartment is provided with a separate outlet. 33. The sealed flexible cartridge of claim 24, containing a compressible foam filter in the main compartment adjacent the outlet section and adapted to be acted on by the kneading system. 34. The sealed flexible cartridge of claim 24, wherein a non-return valve is provided inside the cartridge adjacent the inlet section to allow water to enter but not exit the main compartment. 35. The sealed flexible cartridge of claim 24, wherein one or more permeable walls are provided within the main compartment such that during activation of the kneading system, at least part of the contents of the cartridge is pushed through a permeable wall to facilitate the mixing and homogenisation of the beverage product. | A beverage dispensing machine ( 2 ) has a housing that provides a receptacle for receiving an expandable cartridge ( 12 ) that is coupled into the machine so that it can receive a charge of water. A kneading system ( 40 ) is provided to act on the cartridge within the receptacle. The kneading system is activated after water has been allowed to enter the cartridge and mechanically acts on or from the exterior of the cartridge in order to compress and release regions of the cartridge in order to create vigorous agitation to move the contents of the cartridge around inside the main compartment and bring them into close contact with a charge of water from the supply. Such a machine allows a wide variety of beverages to be created conveniently on demand from freeze-dried ingredients that can be stored inside the cartridges with a long shelf life.1-15. (canceled) 16. A method of producing a beverage, the method comprising:
breaking a seal of a sealed flexible cartridge to introduce a charge of water, wherein the sealed flexible cartridge comprises dry ingredients, the dry ingredients comprising freeze-dried fruit or vegetable ingredients and/or freeze-dried fruit or vegetable juice; and acting with a mechanism on or from the exterior of the cartridge to agitate vigorously the water with the dry ingredients to produce a beverage under low hydrostatic pressure. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the charge of water is of at least the same volume as the dry ingredients. 18. A machine for producing a beverage using the method of claim 16, the machine comprising:
a water supply; a housing comprising a receptacle for receiving a sealed flexible cartridge having an inlet section adapted to be coupled to the water supply, a main compartment with major surfaces on each side, and an outlet section; coupling means to allow a charge of water to enter the sealed flexible cartridge; and a kneading system comprising at least one roller that moves over a surface of the sealed flexible cartridge in order to compress and release regions of the sealed flexible cartridge, the kneading system configured to act mechanically on the exterior of the sealed flexible cartridge to move ingredients inside the sealed flexible cartridge and bring the ingredients into close contact with the water under a low hydrostatic pressure. 19. The machine of claim 18, wherein the at least one roller has independently movable segments. 20. A machine for producing a beverage using the method of claim 16, the machine comprising:
a water supply; a housing comprising a receptacle for receiving a sealed flexible cartridge having an inlet section adapted to be coupled to the water supply, a main compartment with major surfaces on each side, and an outlet section; coupling means to allow a charge of water to enter the sealed flexible cartridge; and a kneading system comprising a pivotally mounted paddle and a driving mechanism for rocking the paddle against the main compartment of the sealed flexible cartridge, the kneading system configured to act mechanically on the exterior of the sealed flexible cartridge to move ingredients inside the sealed flexible cartridge and bring the ingredients into close contact with the water under a low hydrostatic pressure. 21. A machine for producing a beverage using the method of claim 16, the machine comprising:
a water supply; a housing comprising a receptacle for receiving a sealed flexible cartridge having an inlet section adapted to be coupled to the water supply, a main compartment with major surfaces on each side, and an outlet section; coupling means to allow a charge of water to enter the sealed flexible cartridge; and a kneading system comprising an electromagnetic transducer configured to drive a paddle to act mechanically on the exterior of the sealed flexible cartridge to move ingredients inside the sealed flexible cartridge and bring the ingredients into close contact with the water under a low hydrostatic pressure. 22. A machine for producing a beverage using the method of claim 16, the machine comprising:
a water supply; a housing comprising a receptacle for receiving a sealed flexible cartridge having an inlet section adapted to be coupled to the water supply, a main compartment with major surfaces on each side, and an outlet section; coupling means to allow a charge of water to enter the sealed flexible cartridge; and a kneading system comprising an ultrasound source acting from the exterior of the sealed flexible cartridge to move ingredients inside the sealed flexible cartridge and bring the ingredients into close contact with the water under a low hydrostatic pressure. 23. A sealed flexible cartridge adapted for use in a machine of claim 18, the sealed flexible cartridge comprising a sealed pouch having inlet and outlet sections that merge with an expandable main compartment having major surfaces on each side and containing freeze-dried fruit or vegetable ingredients and/or freeze-dried fruit or vegetable juice, wherein at least one of the major surfaces is ridged, corrugated or dimpled on at least an internally facing surface. 24. A sealed flexible cartridge adapted for use in a machine of claim 20, the sealed flexible cartridge comprising a sealed pouch having inlet and outlet sections that merge with an expandable main compartment having major surfaces on each side and containing freeze-dried fruit or vegetable ingredients and/or freeze-dried fruit or vegetable juice, wherein at least one of the major surfaces is ridged, corrugated or dimpled on at least an internally facing surface. 25. A sealed flexible cartridge adapted for use in a machine of claim 21, the sealed flexible cartridge comprising a sealed pouch having inlet and outlet sections that merge with an expandable main compartment having major surfaces on each side and containing freeze-dried fruit or vegetable ingredients and/or freeze-dried fruit or vegetable juice, wherein at least one of the major surfaces is ridged, corrugated or dimpled on at least an internally facing surface. 26. A sealed flexible cartridge adapted for use in a machine of claim 22, the sealed flexible cartridge comprising a sealed pouch having inlet and outlet sections that merge with an expandable main compartment having major surfaces on each side and containing freeze-dried fruit or vegetable ingredients and/or freeze-dried fruit or vegetable juice, wherein at least one of the major surfaces is ridged, corrugated or dimpled on at least an internally facing surface. 27. The sealed flexible cartridge of claim 23, containing a compressible foam filter the main compartment adjacent the outlet section and adapted to be acted on by the kneading system. 28. The sealed flexible cartridge of claim 23, wherein a non-return valve is provided inside the cartridge adjacent the inlet section to allow water to enter but not exit the main compartment. 29. The sealed flexible cartridge of claim 23, wherein one or more permeable walls are provided within the main compartment such that during activation of the kneading system, at least part of the contents of the cartridge is pushed through a permeable wall to facilitate the mixing and homogenisation of the beverage product. 30. The sealed flexible cartridge of claim 23, wherein a separately sealed compartment is provided in the outlet section downstream of the filter to house additional ingredients. 31. The sealed flexible cartridge of claim 23, comprising multiple ingredient compartments each provided with a separate water inlet. 32. The sealed flexible cartridge of claim 31, wherein each ingredient compartment is provided with a separate outlet. 33. The sealed flexible cartridge of claim 24, containing a compressible foam filter in the main compartment adjacent the outlet section and adapted to be acted on by the kneading system. 34. The sealed flexible cartridge of claim 24, wherein a non-return valve is provided inside the cartridge adjacent the inlet section to allow water to enter but not exit the main compartment. 35. The sealed flexible cartridge of claim 24, wherein one or more permeable walls are provided within the main compartment such that during activation of the kneading system, at least part of the contents of the cartridge is pushed through a permeable wall to facilitate the mixing and homogenisation of the beverage product. | 1,700 |
2,762 | 15,102,849 | 1,791 | One aspect relates to a process for the preparation of a chocolate tablet by co-milling a dry precursor and the chocolate tablet producible by the process. The dry precursor comprises (i) cocoa nibs and/or particulate cocoa butter and/or particulate cocoa butter equivalent/substitute; (ii) a solid bulk sweetener; and (iii) optionally dairy powder. The dry precursor is co-milled to obtain a powdered composition having a particle size of <10 μm (mean) and/or <30 μm (d90); and subsequently compressed at a pressure of at least 7000 kPa to obtain the chocolate tablet. Another aspect relates to a chocolate product comprising a filling sealed within a shell and a process for its production. The filling comprises a first chocolate composition and the shell comprises a second chocolate composition. The first chocolate composition has a melting point of 37° C. or less and the second chocolate composition has a melting point of greater than 37° C. | 1: A process for the preparation of a chocolate tablet comprising co-milling a dry precursor comprising
(i) cocoa nibs and/or particulate cocoa butter and/or particulate cocoa butter equivalent/substitute; (ii) a solid bulk sweetener; and (iii) optionally dairy powder; to obtain a powdered composition having a particle size of <10 μm (mean) and/or <30 μm (d90); and compressing the powdered composition at a pressure of at least 7000 kPa to obtain the chocolate tablet. 2: The process of claim 1, wherein the powdered composition has a particle size d100<60 μm and d50<10 μm. 3: The process of claim 1, wherein the powdered composition is compressed by means of a forming press. 4: The process of claim 1, wherein compression of the powdered composition is not carried out by means of a roller compactor. 5: The process of claim 1, wherein the powdered composition is compressed at a pressure of from 40000 to 70000 kPa. 6: The process of claim 1, wherein the precursor comprises cocoa nibs and/or particulate cocoa butter. 7: The process of claim 1, wherein the precursor comprises cocoa nibs, bulk sweetener and dairy powder. 8: The process of claim 1, wherein the precursor consists of cocoa nibs and solid bulk sweetener. 9: The process of claim 1, wherein the process additionally comprises a subsequent step of exposing the chocolate tablet to elevated temperature in order to modify its appearance. 10: The process of claim 1, wherein compressing the powdered composition to form the tablet comprises compressing the powdered composition around a solid filling. 11: The process of claim 10, wherein compressing the powdered composition around the solid filling comprises placing a first portion of the powdered composition in a press; placing the solid filling on top of the first portion of the powdered composition; placing a second portion of the powdered composition on the solid filling; and closing the press. 12: The process of claim 10, wherein the solid filling is a chocolate having a melting point of 37° C.: or less. 13: A temperature tolerant chocolate tablet producible by the process of claim 1 comprising
(i) cocoa nibs and/or cocoa butter and/or CBE/CBS;
(ii) bulk sweetener;
(iii) optionally dairy solids; and
(iv) optionally non-fat cocoa solids. 14: A chocolate product comprising a filling sealed within a shell, the filling comprising a first chocolate composition and the shell comprising a second chocolate composition, wherein the first chocolate composition has a melting point of 37° C.: or less and the second chocolate composition has a melting point of greater than 37° C. 15: A process for the preparation of a chocolate product comprising providing a filling comprising a first chocolate composition, the first chocolate composition having a melting point of 37° C.: or less; and
sealing the filling within a shell of a second chocolate composition,
wherein the second chocolate composition has a melting point greater than 37° C. | One aspect relates to a process for the preparation of a chocolate tablet by co-milling a dry precursor and the chocolate tablet producible by the process. The dry precursor comprises (i) cocoa nibs and/or particulate cocoa butter and/or particulate cocoa butter equivalent/substitute; (ii) a solid bulk sweetener; and (iii) optionally dairy powder. The dry precursor is co-milled to obtain a powdered composition having a particle size of <10 μm (mean) and/or <30 μm (d90); and subsequently compressed at a pressure of at least 7000 kPa to obtain the chocolate tablet. Another aspect relates to a chocolate product comprising a filling sealed within a shell and a process for its production. The filling comprises a first chocolate composition and the shell comprises a second chocolate composition. The first chocolate composition has a melting point of 37° C. or less and the second chocolate composition has a melting point of greater than 37° C.1: A process for the preparation of a chocolate tablet comprising co-milling a dry precursor comprising
(i) cocoa nibs and/or particulate cocoa butter and/or particulate cocoa butter equivalent/substitute; (ii) a solid bulk sweetener; and (iii) optionally dairy powder; to obtain a powdered composition having a particle size of <10 μm (mean) and/or <30 μm (d90); and compressing the powdered composition at a pressure of at least 7000 kPa to obtain the chocolate tablet. 2: The process of claim 1, wherein the powdered composition has a particle size d100<60 μm and d50<10 μm. 3: The process of claim 1, wherein the powdered composition is compressed by means of a forming press. 4: The process of claim 1, wherein compression of the powdered composition is not carried out by means of a roller compactor. 5: The process of claim 1, wherein the powdered composition is compressed at a pressure of from 40000 to 70000 kPa. 6: The process of claim 1, wherein the precursor comprises cocoa nibs and/or particulate cocoa butter. 7: The process of claim 1, wherein the precursor comprises cocoa nibs, bulk sweetener and dairy powder. 8: The process of claim 1, wherein the precursor consists of cocoa nibs and solid bulk sweetener. 9: The process of claim 1, wherein the process additionally comprises a subsequent step of exposing the chocolate tablet to elevated temperature in order to modify its appearance. 10: The process of claim 1, wherein compressing the powdered composition to form the tablet comprises compressing the powdered composition around a solid filling. 11: The process of claim 10, wherein compressing the powdered composition around the solid filling comprises placing a first portion of the powdered composition in a press; placing the solid filling on top of the first portion of the powdered composition; placing a second portion of the powdered composition on the solid filling; and closing the press. 12: The process of claim 10, wherein the solid filling is a chocolate having a melting point of 37° C.: or less. 13: A temperature tolerant chocolate tablet producible by the process of claim 1 comprising
(i) cocoa nibs and/or cocoa butter and/or CBE/CBS;
(ii) bulk sweetener;
(iii) optionally dairy solids; and
(iv) optionally non-fat cocoa solids. 14: A chocolate product comprising a filling sealed within a shell, the filling comprising a first chocolate composition and the shell comprising a second chocolate composition, wherein the first chocolate composition has a melting point of 37° C.: or less and the second chocolate composition has a melting point of greater than 37° C. 15: A process for the preparation of a chocolate product comprising providing a filling comprising a first chocolate composition, the first chocolate composition having a melting point of 37° C.: or less; and
sealing the filling within a shell of a second chocolate composition,
wherein the second chocolate composition has a melting point greater than 37° C. | 1,700 |
2,763 | 14,563,595 | 1,731 | The invention relates to composite pigment particles containing calcium phosphate, their manufacture and their use in coatings, plastics and laminates. The composite pigment particles contain titanium dioxide pigment particles and precipitated calcium phosphate. In one embodiment, the composite pigment particles additionally contain an inorganic and/or organic filler as an extender, preferably selected from the group comprising Ca, Ca—Mg and Mg carbonates, natural and synthetic silicon dioxide and oxides. The composite pigment particles are manufactured in a combined process of dispersion and precipitation. Depending upon the combination selected, use of composite titanium dioxide pigment particles of the invention can provide improved optical properties such as tinting strength or permits pigment savings with little to no loss of optical properties. In particular, the composite pigment particles of the invention can be used to replace part or all of the titanium dioxide contained in the user's system. | 1. A composite pigment containing calcium phosphate, comprising:
titanium dioxide pigment particles; precipitated, particulate crystalline calcium phosphate in quantities of at least about 10% by weight, referred to the composite pigment; and wherein the precipitated calcium phosphate has a particle size of at least about 0.2 μm. 2. The composite pigment of claim 1 wherein the precipitated, particulate crystalline calcium phosphate is present in quantities of at least about 30% by weight, referred to the composite pigment. 3. The composite pigment of claim 2 wherein the precipitated, particulate crystalline calcium phosphate is present in quantities of at least about 50% by weight, referred to the composite pigment. 4. The composite pigment of claim 1 wherein the titanium dioxide particles are from about 10 to about 90% of the composite pigment by weight. 5. The composite pigment of claim 1 wherein the precipitated calcium phosphate has a particle size of at least about 0.5 μm. 6. The composite pigment of claim 5 wherein the precipitated calcium phosphate has a particle size of at least about 1 μm. 7. The composite pigment of claim 1 wherein the calcium phosphate particles are larger than the titanium dioxide particles. 8. The composite pigment of claim 1 further comprising at least one inorganic or organic extender. 9. The composite pigment of claim 8 wherein the inorganic extender is selected from the group consisting of calcium, calcium-magnesium, magnesium carbonates, sulfates, natural phosphates, oxides, hydroxides, silicon oxide, silicates, aluminosilicates, perlites, glass dust, and combinations thereof. 10. The composition of claim 1 wherein the calcium phosphate is calcium orthophosphate. 11. The composite pigment of claim 1 wherein:
the precipitated calcium phosphate has a particle size of at least about 1 μm;
the calcium phosphate particles are larger than the titanium dioxide particles; and
the precipitated, particulate crystalline calcium phosphate is present in quantities of at least about 50% by weight, referred to the composite pigment. 12. A method for manufacturing the composite pigment particles containing calcium phosphate according to claim 1, comprising the steps:
a) providing an aqueous suspension containing titanium dioxide pigment particles, a calcium source, and a phosphorus source; b) combining the aqueous suspension, calcium source and phosphorous source in any order; c) Precipitating particulate, crystalline calcium phosphate, such that composite pigment particles are formed that contain calcium phosphate in quantities of at least about 10% by weight, referred to the composite pigment and wherein the precipitated calcium phosphate has a particle size of at least about 0.2 μm; d) Separating the composite pigment particles from the suspension. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the composite pigment particles contain calcium phosphate in quantities of at least about 30% by weight, referred to the composite pigment. 14. The composite pigment of claim 13 wherein the precipitated, particulate crystalline calcium phosphate is present in quantities of at least 50% by weight, referred to the composite pigment. 15. The method of claim 12 wherein the calcium source is a compound selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, soluble calcium salt, burnt and slaked lime, and mixtures thereof. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the calcium carbonate is selected from the group consisting of limestone, marble dust or chalk, or mixtures thereof. 17. The method of claim 15 wherein the calcium source is selected from the group consisting of calcium chloride, calcium nitrate or mixtures thereof. 18. The method of claim 12 wherein the phosphorous source is a compound selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, phosphate, hydrogenphosphate, dihydrogenphosphate, polyphosphate and mixtures thereof. 19. The method of claim 12 wherein the precipitation step in induced by raising the pH value or increasing the temperature to greater than about 50° C. 20. The method of claim 12 further comprising the step of adding at least one inorganic or organic extender to the suspension of inorganic pigment particles. 21. The method of claim 12 further comprising the step of using the resulting composite pigment in a composition containing titanium dioxide and selected from the group consisting of coatings, plastics, paper and laminates to improve the light-scattering efficiency of the titanium dioxide pigment. 22. The method of claim 12 wherein the precipitated crystalline calcium phosphate is crystalline calcium orthophosphate. 23. The method of claim 12 wherein:
the precipitated, particulate crystalline calcium phosphate is present in quantities of at least 50% by weight, referred to the composite pigment;
the calcium source is a compound selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, soluble calcium salt, burnt and slaked lime, and mixtures thereof;
the phosphorous source is a compound selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, phosphate, hydrogenphosphate, dihydrogenphosphate, polyphosphate and mixtures thereof. 24. The method of claim 23 wherein the precipitated particulate, crystalline calcium phosphate has a particle size of at least about 1 μm and is larger in size than the titanium dioxide particles. | The invention relates to composite pigment particles containing calcium phosphate, their manufacture and their use in coatings, plastics and laminates. The composite pigment particles contain titanium dioxide pigment particles and precipitated calcium phosphate. In one embodiment, the composite pigment particles additionally contain an inorganic and/or organic filler as an extender, preferably selected from the group comprising Ca, Ca—Mg and Mg carbonates, natural and synthetic silicon dioxide and oxides. The composite pigment particles are manufactured in a combined process of dispersion and precipitation. Depending upon the combination selected, use of composite titanium dioxide pigment particles of the invention can provide improved optical properties such as tinting strength or permits pigment savings with little to no loss of optical properties. In particular, the composite pigment particles of the invention can be used to replace part or all of the titanium dioxide contained in the user's system.1. A composite pigment containing calcium phosphate, comprising:
titanium dioxide pigment particles; precipitated, particulate crystalline calcium phosphate in quantities of at least about 10% by weight, referred to the composite pigment; and wherein the precipitated calcium phosphate has a particle size of at least about 0.2 μm. 2. The composite pigment of claim 1 wherein the precipitated, particulate crystalline calcium phosphate is present in quantities of at least about 30% by weight, referred to the composite pigment. 3. The composite pigment of claim 2 wherein the precipitated, particulate crystalline calcium phosphate is present in quantities of at least about 50% by weight, referred to the composite pigment. 4. The composite pigment of claim 1 wherein the titanium dioxide particles are from about 10 to about 90% of the composite pigment by weight. 5. The composite pigment of claim 1 wherein the precipitated calcium phosphate has a particle size of at least about 0.5 μm. 6. The composite pigment of claim 5 wherein the precipitated calcium phosphate has a particle size of at least about 1 μm. 7. The composite pigment of claim 1 wherein the calcium phosphate particles are larger than the titanium dioxide particles. 8. The composite pigment of claim 1 further comprising at least one inorganic or organic extender. 9. The composite pigment of claim 8 wherein the inorganic extender is selected from the group consisting of calcium, calcium-magnesium, magnesium carbonates, sulfates, natural phosphates, oxides, hydroxides, silicon oxide, silicates, aluminosilicates, perlites, glass dust, and combinations thereof. 10. The composition of claim 1 wherein the calcium phosphate is calcium orthophosphate. 11. The composite pigment of claim 1 wherein:
the precipitated calcium phosphate has a particle size of at least about 1 μm;
the calcium phosphate particles are larger than the titanium dioxide particles; and
the precipitated, particulate crystalline calcium phosphate is present in quantities of at least about 50% by weight, referred to the composite pigment. 12. A method for manufacturing the composite pigment particles containing calcium phosphate according to claim 1, comprising the steps:
a) providing an aqueous suspension containing titanium dioxide pigment particles, a calcium source, and a phosphorus source; b) combining the aqueous suspension, calcium source and phosphorous source in any order; c) Precipitating particulate, crystalline calcium phosphate, such that composite pigment particles are formed that contain calcium phosphate in quantities of at least about 10% by weight, referred to the composite pigment and wherein the precipitated calcium phosphate has a particle size of at least about 0.2 μm; d) Separating the composite pigment particles from the suspension. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the composite pigment particles contain calcium phosphate in quantities of at least about 30% by weight, referred to the composite pigment. 14. The composite pigment of claim 13 wherein the precipitated, particulate crystalline calcium phosphate is present in quantities of at least 50% by weight, referred to the composite pigment. 15. The method of claim 12 wherein the calcium source is a compound selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, soluble calcium salt, burnt and slaked lime, and mixtures thereof. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the calcium carbonate is selected from the group consisting of limestone, marble dust or chalk, or mixtures thereof. 17. The method of claim 15 wherein the calcium source is selected from the group consisting of calcium chloride, calcium nitrate or mixtures thereof. 18. The method of claim 12 wherein the phosphorous source is a compound selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, phosphate, hydrogenphosphate, dihydrogenphosphate, polyphosphate and mixtures thereof. 19. The method of claim 12 wherein the precipitation step in induced by raising the pH value or increasing the temperature to greater than about 50° C. 20. The method of claim 12 further comprising the step of adding at least one inorganic or organic extender to the suspension of inorganic pigment particles. 21. The method of claim 12 further comprising the step of using the resulting composite pigment in a composition containing titanium dioxide and selected from the group consisting of coatings, plastics, paper and laminates to improve the light-scattering efficiency of the titanium dioxide pigment. 22. The method of claim 12 wherein the precipitated crystalline calcium phosphate is crystalline calcium orthophosphate. 23. The method of claim 12 wherein:
the precipitated, particulate crystalline calcium phosphate is present in quantities of at least 50% by weight, referred to the composite pigment;
the calcium source is a compound selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, soluble calcium salt, burnt and slaked lime, and mixtures thereof;
the phosphorous source is a compound selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, phosphate, hydrogenphosphate, dihydrogenphosphate, polyphosphate and mixtures thereof. 24. The method of claim 23 wherein the precipitated particulate, crystalline calcium phosphate has a particle size of at least about 1 μm and is larger in size than the titanium dioxide particles. | 1,700 |
2,764 | 15,250,022 | 1,784 | An HPF molding member having a melted aluminum plating layer formed on the surface of a base steel sheet and excellent delamination resistance. The base steel sheet comprises: 0.18-0.25% by weight of C; 0.1-1.0% by weight of Si; 0.9-1.5% by weight of Mn; 0.03% by weight or less of P; 0.01% by weight or less of S; 0.01-0.05% by weight of Al; 0.05-0.5% by weight of Cr; 0.01-0.05% by weight of Ti; 0.001-0.005% by weight of B; 0.009% by weight or less of N; and the balance Fe and other impurities. The plating layer consists of a soft diffusion layer and a hard alloy layer, the hard alloy layer having a tau layer irregularly and non-continuously dispersed and distributed on the inside thereof at 10% or more of the entire area fraction. The difference in hardness between the alloy layer and the diffusion layer is 400 (Hv) or less. | 1. A hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance, a hot dip aluminum plating layer being formed on a surface of a substrate steel sheet, wherein the substrate steel sheet includes, in % by weight, C: 0.18% to 0.25%, Si: 0.1% to 1.0%, Mn: 0.9% to 1.5%, P: 0.03% or less, S: 0.01% or less, Al: 0.01% to 0.05%, Cr: 0.05% to 0.5%, Ti: 0.01% to 0.05%, B: 0.001% to 0.005, N: 0.009% or less, and a remainder of Fe and other impurities;
the plating layer is formed to have a soft diffusion layer and a hard alloy layer; the alloy layer comprises Fe2Al5 matrix phase and a tau phase comprised of Fe—Al—Si based alloy phase; the tau phase is irregularly and discontinuously dispersed and distributed inside the alloy layer in an amount of 10% or greater based on the total area fraction so that a difference in hardnesses between the alloy layer and the diffusion layer is 400 (Hv) or less. 2. The hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 1, wherein the substrate steel sheet is a cold rolled steel sheet or a hot rolled steel sheet. 3. The hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 1, wherein the tau phase is present in a range of 10% by weight to 20% by weight inside the alloy layer. 4. The hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 1, wherein the tau phase has an aspect ratio in a range of 1 to 4. 5. The hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 1, wherein the tau phase having a size of 5 μm or less occupies an area of 50% or greater with respect to the total tau phase fraction. 6. The hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 1, wherein the substrate steel sheet further includes Mo+W in an amount of 0.001% to 0.5%. 7. The hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 1, wherein the substrate steel sheet further includes a sum of one or more types of Nb, Zr or V in a range of 0.001% to 0.4%. 8. The hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 1, wherein the substrate steel sheet further includes Cu+Ni in a range of 0.005% to 2.0%. 9. The hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 1, wherein the substrate steel sheet further includes one or more types of Sb, Sn or Bi in an amount of 0.03% or less. 10. A method for manufacturing a hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance, the method comprising:
preparing a steel sheet including, in % by weight, C: 0.18% to 0.25%, Si: 0.1% to 1.0%, Mn: 0.9% to 1.5%, P: 0.03% or less, S: 0.01% or less, Al: 0.01% to 0.05%, Cr: 0.05% to 0.5%, Ti: 0.01% to 0.05%, B: 0.001% to 0.005, N: 0.009% or less, and a remainder of Fe and other impurities; hot dip aluminum plating the steel sheet by, after heating the steel sheet to a temperature of 550° C. to 850° C., immersing the steel sheet in a hot dip aluminum plating bath maintained at a temperature of 640° C. to 680° C. and composed of, in % by weight, Si: 7% to 13%, Fe: less than 3%, and the remainder of Al and other unavoidable impurities; skin pass milling (SPM) the hot dip aluminum plating steel sheet with an elongation of 0.5% to 3% after cooling the hot dip galvanized steel sheet; alloying a hot dip aluminum plating layer on a surface of the hot dip aluminum plated steel sheet by heating the hot dip aluminum plated steel sheet to a temperature of 850° C. to 950° C. and maintaining the temperature for a certain period of time; and manufacturing a hot press formed (HPF) product by rapidly cooling the alloyed hot dip aluminum plated steel sheet to a temperature of 300° C. or lower while hot press forming the alloyed hot dip aluminum plated steel sheet. 11. The method for manufacturing a hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 10, wherein the alloyed hot dip aluminum plating layer is formed to have a soft diffusion layer and a hard alloy layer;
the alloy layer comprises Fe2Al5 matrix phase and a tau phase comprised of Fe—Al—Si based alloy phase; a tau phases is irregularly and discontinuously dispersed and distributed inside the alloy layer in an amount of 10% or greater based on the total area fraction. 12. The method for manufacturing a hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 10, wherein the steel sheet is a cold rolled steel sheet or a hot rolled steel sheet. 13. The method for manufacturing a hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 11, wherein the tau phase is present in a range of 10% by area to 20% by area inside the alloy layer. 14. The method for manufacturing a hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 11, wherein the tau phase has an aspect ratio in a range of 1 to 4. 15. The method for manufacturing a hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 11, wherein the tau phase having a size of 5 μm or less occupies an area of 50% or greater with respect to the total tau phase fraction. 16. The method for manufacturing a hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 10, wherein the substrate steel sheet further includes Mo+W in an amount of 0.001% to 0.5%. 17. The method for manufacturing a hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 10, wherein the substrate steel sheet further includes a sum of one or more types of Nb, Zr or V in a range of 0.001% to 0.4%. 18. The method for manufacturing a hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 10, wherein the substrate steel sheet further includes Cu+Ni in a range of 0.005% to 2.0%. 19. The method for manufacturing a hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 10, wherein the substrate steel sheet further includes one or more types of Sb, Sn or Bi in an amount of 0.03% or less. | An HPF molding member having a melted aluminum plating layer formed on the surface of a base steel sheet and excellent delamination resistance. The base steel sheet comprises: 0.18-0.25% by weight of C; 0.1-1.0% by weight of Si; 0.9-1.5% by weight of Mn; 0.03% by weight or less of P; 0.01% by weight or less of S; 0.01-0.05% by weight of Al; 0.05-0.5% by weight of Cr; 0.01-0.05% by weight of Ti; 0.001-0.005% by weight of B; 0.009% by weight or less of N; and the balance Fe and other impurities. The plating layer consists of a soft diffusion layer and a hard alloy layer, the hard alloy layer having a tau layer irregularly and non-continuously dispersed and distributed on the inside thereof at 10% or more of the entire area fraction. The difference in hardness between the alloy layer and the diffusion layer is 400 (Hv) or less.1. A hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance, a hot dip aluminum plating layer being formed on a surface of a substrate steel sheet, wherein the substrate steel sheet includes, in % by weight, C: 0.18% to 0.25%, Si: 0.1% to 1.0%, Mn: 0.9% to 1.5%, P: 0.03% or less, S: 0.01% or less, Al: 0.01% to 0.05%, Cr: 0.05% to 0.5%, Ti: 0.01% to 0.05%, B: 0.001% to 0.005, N: 0.009% or less, and a remainder of Fe and other impurities;
the plating layer is formed to have a soft diffusion layer and a hard alloy layer; the alloy layer comprises Fe2Al5 matrix phase and a tau phase comprised of Fe—Al—Si based alloy phase; the tau phase is irregularly and discontinuously dispersed and distributed inside the alloy layer in an amount of 10% or greater based on the total area fraction so that a difference in hardnesses between the alloy layer and the diffusion layer is 400 (Hv) or less. 2. The hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 1, wherein the substrate steel sheet is a cold rolled steel sheet or a hot rolled steel sheet. 3. The hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 1, wherein the tau phase is present in a range of 10% by weight to 20% by weight inside the alloy layer. 4. The hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 1, wherein the tau phase has an aspect ratio in a range of 1 to 4. 5. The hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 1, wherein the tau phase having a size of 5 μm or less occupies an area of 50% or greater with respect to the total tau phase fraction. 6. The hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 1, wherein the substrate steel sheet further includes Mo+W in an amount of 0.001% to 0.5%. 7. The hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 1, wherein the substrate steel sheet further includes a sum of one or more types of Nb, Zr or V in a range of 0.001% to 0.4%. 8. The hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 1, wherein the substrate steel sheet further includes Cu+Ni in a range of 0.005% to 2.0%. 9. The hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 1, wherein the substrate steel sheet further includes one or more types of Sb, Sn or Bi in an amount of 0.03% or less. 10. A method for manufacturing a hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance, the method comprising:
preparing a steel sheet including, in % by weight, C: 0.18% to 0.25%, Si: 0.1% to 1.0%, Mn: 0.9% to 1.5%, P: 0.03% or less, S: 0.01% or less, Al: 0.01% to 0.05%, Cr: 0.05% to 0.5%, Ti: 0.01% to 0.05%, B: 0.001% to 0.005, N: 0.009% or less, and a remainder of Fe and other impurities; hot dip aluminum plating the steel sheet by, after heating the steel sheet to a temperature of 550° C. to 850° C., immersing the steel sheet in a hot dip aluminum plating bath maintained at a temperature of 640° C. to 680° C. and composed of, in % by weight, Si: 7% to 13%, Fe: less than 3%, and the remainder of Al and other unavoidable impurities; skin pass milling (SPM) the hot dip aluminum plating steel sheet with an elongation of 0.5% to 3% after cooling the hot dip galvanized steel sheet; alloying a hot dip aluminum plating layer on a surface of the hot dip aluminum plated steel sheet by heating the hot dip aluminum plated steel sheet to a temperature of 850° C. to 950° C. and maintaining the temperature for a certain period of time; and manufacturing a hot press formed (HPF) product by rapidly cooling the alloyed hot dip aluminum plated steel sheet to a temperature of 300° C. or lower while hot press forming the alloyed hot dip aluminum plated steel sheet. 11. The method for manufacturing a hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 10, wherein the alloyed hot dip aluminum plating layer is formed to have a soft diffusion layer and a hard alloy layer;
the alloy layer comprises Fe2Al5 matrix phase and a tau phase comprised of Fe—Al—Si based alloy phase; a tau phases is irregularly and discontinuously dispersed and distributed inside the alloy layer in an amount of 10% or greater based on the total area fraction. 12. The method for manufacturing a hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 10, wherein the steel sheet is a cold rolled steel sheet or a hot rolled steel sheet. 13. The method for manufacturing a hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 11, wherein the tau phase is present in a range of 10% by area to 20% by area inside the alloy layer. 14. The method for manufacturing a hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 11, wherein the tau phase has an aspect ratio in a range of 1 to 4. 15. The method for manufacturing a hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 11, wherein the tau phase having a size of 5 μm or less occupies an area of 50% or greater with respect to the total tau phase fraction. 16. The method for manufacturing a hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 10, wherein the substrate steel sheet further includes Mo+W in an amount of 0.001% to 0.5%. 17. The method for manufacturing a hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 10, wherein the substrate steel sheet further includes a sum of one or more types of Nb, Zr or V in a range of 0.001% to 0.4%. 18. The method for manufacturing a hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 10, wherein the substrate steel sheet further includes Cu+Ni in a range of 0.005% to 2.0%. 19. The method for manufacturing a hot press formed (HPF) article having excellent delamination resistance of claim 10, wherein the substrate steel sheet further includes one or more types of Sb, Sn or Bi in an amount of 0.03% or less. | 1,700 |
2,765 | 12,639,882 | 1,793 | A cookie or other food product which is designed to deliver a larger dose of cinnamon or other additive such as fruit extract or rind to a human user without significant introduction of food items detrimental to additive(s)'s expected medicinal action and without an unpleasant taste sensation. The cookie is designed to be chewed as opposed to swallowed and the flavoring of the additive(s) is intended to enhance the cookie as opposed to the flavoring being covered up or concealed by other flavorings. | 1. A composition of matter comprising:
A fruit extract; precooked grain; and a low-glycemic sugar wherein said fruit extract comprises at least 2.5% of the total mass by weight. 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein said precooked grain comprises wheat. 3. The composition of claim 1 wherein said precooked grain comprises dehydrated cooked rice. 4. The composition of claim 1 further comprising cinnamon 5. The composition of claim 6 wherein said cinnamon comprises Ceylon cinnamon. 6. The composition of claim 7 wherein said cinnamon also comprises cassia cinnamon 7. The composition of claim 8 wherein said cinnamon comprises Ceylon cinnamon and cassia cinnamon in an approximately equal ratio. 8. The composition of claim 6 wherein said cinnamon comprises cassia cinnamon. 9. The composition of claim 6 further comprising at least 2.5% by weight of cinnamon; 10. The composition of claim 9 wherein said food substance has a weight of between about 3 to about 2.5 grams. 11. The composition of claim 10 wherein said food substance has a weight of about 5 grams and comprises about 6 equal pieces. 12. The composition of claim 1 further comprising molasses, 13. The composition of claim 1 wherein said low-glycemic sugar comprises agave nectar. 14. The composition of claim 1 further comprising an additional dry sweetener. 15. The composition of claim 1 wherein said low-glycemic sugar comprises sugar alcohol. 16. The composition of claim 1 wherein said low-glycemic sugar comprises at least one of the sugars selected from the group consisting of stevia and erythritol 17. The composition of claim 1 wherein said fruit extract is selected from the group consisting of: sweet orange, prickly pear, tangerine, and tart cherry. 18. The composition of claim 17 further comprising at least 2.5% by weight of cinnamon; 19. The composition of claim 18 wherein said food substance has a weight of between about 3 to about 25 grams. 20. The composition of claim 19 wherein said food substance has a weight of about 5 grams and comprises about 6 equal pieces. | A cookie or other food product which is designed to deliver a larger dose of cinnamon or other additive such as fruit extract or rind to a human user without significant introduction of food items detrimental to additive(s)'s expected medicinal action and without an unpleasant taste sensation. The cookie is designed to be chewed as opposed to swallowed and the flavoring of the additive(s) is intended to enhance the cookie as opposed to the flavoring being covered up or concealed by other flavorings.1. A composition of matter comprising:
A fruit extract; precooked grain; and a low-glycemic sugar wherein said fruit extract comprises at least 2.5% of the total mass by weight. 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein said precooked grain comprises wheat. 3. The composition of claim 1 wherein said precooked grain comprises dehydrated cooked rice. 4. The composition of claim 1 further comprising cinnamon 5. The composition of claim 6 wherein said cinnamon comprises Ceylon cinnamon. 6. The composition of claim 7 wherein said cinnamon also comprises cassia cinnamon 7. The composition of claim 8 wherein said cinnamon comprises Ceylon cinnamon and cassia cinnamon in an approximately equal ratio. 8. The composition of claim 6 wherein said cinnamon comprises cassia cinnamon. 9. The composition of claim 6 further comprising at least 2.5% by weight of cinnamon; 10. The composition of claim 9 wherein said food substance has a weight of between about 3 to about 2.5 grams. 11. The composition of claim 10 wherein said food substance has a weight of about 5 grams and comprises about 6 equal pieces. 12. The composition of claim 1 further comprising molasses, 13. The composition of claim 1 wherein said low-glycemic sugar comprises agave nectar. 14. The composition of claim 1 further comprising an additional dry sweetener. 15. The composition of claim 1 wherein said low-glycemic sugar comprises sugar alcohol. 16. The composition of claim 1 wherein said low-glycemic sugar comprises at least one of the sugars selected from the group consisting of stevia and erythritol 17. The composition of claim 1 wherein said fruit extract is selected from the group consisting of: sweet orange, prickly pear, tangerine, and tart cherry. 18. The composition of claim 17 further comprising at least 2.5% by weight of cinnamon; 19. The composition of claim 18 wherein said food substance has a weight of between about 3 to about 25 grams. 20. The composition of claim 19 wherein said food substance has a weight of about 5 grams and comprises about 6 equal pieces. | 1,700 |
2,766 | 12,991,518 | 1,721 | A nanoparticle composition is disclosed comprising a copper indium gallium selenide, a copper indium sulfide, or a combination thereof. Also disclosed is a layer comprising the nanoparticle composition. A photovoltaic device comprising the nanoparticle composition and/or the absorbing layer is disclosed. Also disclosed are methods for producing the nanoparticle compositions, absorbing layers, and photovoltaic devices described herein. | 1. A nanoparticle comprising at least three of: copper, indium, gallium, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, or a combination thereof. 2. The nanoparticle of claim 1, having a diameter of from about 1 nm to about 100 nm. 3. The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle is a ternary composition. 4. The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle is a quaternary composition. 5. The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle comprises a uniform or substantially uniform composition. 6. The nanoparticle of claim 1, comprising at least one of CuInSe2, CuInS2, CuInxGa1-xSe2, CuInTe2, CuGaTe2, CuGaxIn1-xTe2, Cu2ZnSnS2, Cu2ZnSnS4, Cu2ZnSnSe4, or Cu(InxGa1-x)Se2, or a combination thereof, wherein x is from 0 to 1. 7. The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle is non-spherical. 8. The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle comprises a tetrahedron shape, a triangular shape, or a prismatic shape. 9. The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle is semi-conducting. 10. The nanoparticle of claim 1, further comprising at least one dopant. 11. The nanoparticle of claim 1, further comprising a coating. 12. The nanoparticle of claim 11, wherein the coating comprises an inorganic material, an organic material, or a combination thereof. 13. The nanoparticle of claim 11, wherein the coating comprises a metal. 14. The nanoparticle of claim 11, wherein the coating comprises at least one organic capping ligand. 15. The nanoparticle of claim 11, wherein the coating provides dispersibility of the nanoparticle in an ink vehicle. 16. The nanoparticle of claim 11, wherein the coating is electrically conductive. 17. The nanoparticle of claim 11, wherein the coating comprises at least one conjugated molecule. 18. The nanoparticle of claim 11, wherein the coating is electrically insulating. 19. The nanoparticle of claim 11, wherein the coating comprises at least one of an alkane, aliphatic, heterocyclic amine, phenyl moiety, or a combination thereof. 20. The nanoparticle of claim 11, wherein at least a portion of the coating is capable of being removed after the formation of a film. 21. The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle comprises at least one of copper indium gallium selenide, a copper indium sulfide, or a combination thereof. 22. The nanoparticle of claim 21, wherein the nanoparticle is capable of being drop-cast, dip-coated, spin-coated, painted, sprayed, deposited, or printed onto a substrate, or a combination thereof. 23. The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle is at least partially crystalline. 24. The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle is a nanocrystal. 25. An ink comprising a plurality of the nanoparticle of claim 1. 26. The ink of claim 25, wherein the ink is capable of being drop-cast, dip-coated, spin-coated, painted, sprayed, deposited, or printed onto a substrate, or a combination thereof. 27. The ink of claim 25, wherein the ink is printable. 28. A film comprising a plurality of the nanoparticles of claim 1. 29. The film of claim 28, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of nanoparticles comprises at least one of CuInSe2, CuInS2, CuInxGa1-xSe2, CuInTe2, CuGaTe2, CuGaxIn1-xTe2, Cu2ZnSnS2, Cu2ZnSnS4, Cu2ZnSnSe4, or Cu(InxGa1-x)Se2, or a combination thereof, wherein x is from 0 to 1. 30. The film of claim 28, wherein at least a portion of the nanoparticles are fused. 31. The film of claim 28, having a predetermined stoichiometry. 32. The film of claim 28, having a stoichiometry matching or substantially matching a stoichiometry of at least a portion of the nanoparticles. 33. The film of claim 28, wherein the film comprises a composition gradient through at least a portion of the film. 34. The film of claim 28, wherein at least a portion of the film has a crystallographic orientation at least partially determined by the shape of at least a portion of the nanoparticle disposed therein. 35. The film of claim 28, wherein the film is resistant to or substantially resistant to cracking, spalling, and/or flaking during formation of the film and use. 36. A layer comprising a plurality of nanocrystals comprising at least one of a copper indium gallium selenide, a copper indium sulfide, a copper indium selenide, or a combination thereof. 37. A layer comprising a plurality of nanocrystals comprising Cu2ZnSnS4. 38. The layer of claim 36, wherein at least a portion of the nanocrystals comprise a coating. 39. The layer of claim 36, wherein at least a portion of the layer is electrically conductive. 40. The layer of claim 36, wherein at least a portion of the layer is electrically insulating. 41. The layer of claim 36, wherein at least a portion of the nanoparticles comprise a ternary composition, a quaternary composition, or a combination thereof. 42. The layer of claim 36, wherein the layer is optically absorbing. 43. The layer of claim 36, wherein at least a portion of the nanoparticles comprise CuInSe2. 44. The layer of claim 36, comprising a composition gradient through at least a portion of the layer. 45. A method for making a nanoparticle composition, the method comprising contacting a copper precursor, an indium precursor, sulfur and/or a sulfur containing species, and an aliphatic amine. 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the aliphatic amine is a component of a solvent. 47. The method of claim 45, wherein the aliphatic amine comprises oleylamine. 48. The method of claim 45, wherein at least at least a portion of the copper precursor, indium precursor, sulfur and/or sulfur containing species are degassed and/or sparged with an inert gas. 49. The method of claim 45, further comprising heating the mixture. 50. The method of claim 45, wherein at least two of the copper precursor, indium precursor, and sulfur and/or sulfur containing species are contacted separate from any remaining components prior to contacting with the aliphatic amine. 51. The method of claim 45, wherein the copper precursor and indium precursor are first contacted with a solvent to form a first mixture; wherein sulfur and/or a sulfur containing species are separately contacted with a same or different solvent to form a second mixture; wherein the aliphatic amine is contacted with the first mixture; and wherein the first mixture and the second mixture are contacted. 52. The method of claim 51, further comprising heating at least one of the first mixture, the second mixture, or a combination thereof. 53. A method for making a nanoparticle composition, the method comprising contacting a copper precursor, an indium precursor, a gallium precursor, a selenium precursor and an aliphatic amine. 54. The method of claim 53, wherein at least two of the copper precursor, indium precursor, gallium precursor, and selenium precursor are contacted separate from any remaining components prior to contacting with the aliphatic amine. 55. The method of claim 53, wherein at least a portion of the copper precursor, indium precursor, gallium precursor, and selenium precursor are degassed and/or sparged with an inert gas. 56. The method of claim 53, further comprising heating the contacted composition. 57. The method of claim 53, wherein the aliphatic amine comprises oleylamine. 58. The method of claim 53, wherein the copper precursor, indium precursor, gallium precursor, and selenium precursor are contacted prior to contacting with the aliphatic amine. 59. The method of claim 53, wherein the copper precursor, indium precursor, and gallium precursor are first contacted to form a mixture, wherein the mixture is contacted with the aliphatic amine to form a second mixture, and wherein the second mixture is then contacted with a selenium precursor. 60. The method of claim 59, wherein the second mixture is degassed and/or sparged with an inert gas prior to contacting with a selenium precursor. 61. The method of claim 45, wherein at least one of the shape and/or size of at least a portion of the nanoparticle composition can be controlled. 62. The method of claim 45, wherein the copper precursor comprises Cu(acac)2, CuCl, or a combination thereof. 63. The method of claim 45, wherein the indium precursor comprises In(acac)3, InCl3, or a combination thereof. 64. The method of claim 45, wherein the gallium precursor comprises GaCl3, Ga(acac)3, or a combination thereof. 65. The method of claim 45, wherein the selenium precursor comprises at least one of elemental selenium, selenourea, bis(trimethylsilyl)selenide, or a combination thereof. 66. The method of claim 46, wherein the solvent comprises dichlorobenzene. 67. The method of claim 45, wherein the nanoparticle composition is further at least partially purified by precipitation with a solvent. 68. The method of claim 45, wherein at least a portion of the nanoparticle composition comprises a chalcopyrite crystal structure. 69. A nanoparticle composition formed by the method of claim 45. 70. A method for making an ink, comprising contacting a plurality of the nanoparticles of claim 1 one or more solvents. 71. A method of preparing a film, the method comprising contacting a plurality of the nanoparticles of claim 1 with a substrate. 72. The method of claim 71, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles are disposed in a solvent as an ink. 73. The method of claim 71, wherein contacting comprises an inkjet technique. 74. The method of claim 71, wherein the substrate comprises paper, polymer, non-woven, metal, metal alloy, nanowire, nanotubes, indium tin oxide, transparent conducting substrate, or a combination thereof. 75. The method of claim 71, wherein the substrate is electrically conductive. 76. The method of claim 71, further comprising, after contacting, annealing the nanoparticles at a temperature of up to about 600° C. 77. The method of claim 76, wherein annealing is at a temperature of up to about 250° C. 78. The method of claim 76, wherein annealing is performed in a selenium containing atmosphere. 79. The method of claim 71, further comprising selecting one or more nanoparticles having a predetermined shape, and then contacting the nanoparticles such that the resulting film has a desired crystallographic orientation. 80. The method of claim 71, wherein at least a portion of the nanoparticles comprise a coating, and further comprising, after contacting, removing at least a portion of the coating from at least a portion of the nanoparticles. 81. The method of claim 71, further comprising assembling a photovoltaic device comprising the nanoparticles contacted with the substrate. 82. A photovoltaic device comprising a plurality of the nanoparticles of claim 1. 83. The photovoltaic device of claim 82, wherein at least a portion of the nanoparticles are disposed within a film, a layer, or a combination thereof. 84. The photovoltaic of claim 82, wherein at least a portion of the device is flexible or is positioned on at least a portion of a flexible substrate. 85. The photovoltaic device of claim 82, comprising a light absorbing layer. 86. The photovoltaic device of claim 85, wherein the light absorbing layer comprises no or substantially no pores. 87. The photovoltaic device of claim 85, wherein at least a portion of the light absorbing layer comprises a controlled crystallographic orientation. 88. The photovoltaic device of claim 85, wherein the absorbing layer comprises a plurality of non-spherical and/or substantially non-spherical self-assembled nanoparticles. 89. The photovoltaic device of claim 85, wherein the absorbing layer comprises a composition gradient through at least a portion of the absorbing layer. 90. The photovoltaic device of claim 85, wherein the absorbing layer comprises a uniform or substantially uniform composition through at least a portion of the absorbing layer. 91. The photovoltaic device of claim 82, comprising a buffer layer. 92. The photovoltaic device of claim 82, comprising at least two functional layers. 93. The photovoltaic device of claim 92, wherein at least one of the two functional layers comprises a light absorbing layer, a metal contact layer, or a combination thereof. 94. The photovoltaic device of claim 92, wherein each functional layer within the device is printed from an ink. 95. The photovoltaic device of claim 85, wherein the light absorbing layer comprises a plurality of nanoparticles comprising at least three of copper, indium, gallium, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, or a combination thereof. 96. The photovoltaic device of claim 85, further comprising a cathode and an anode. 97. The photovoltaic device of claim 85, further comprising a semiconducting buffer layer. 98. The photovoltaic device of claim 95, wherein the light absorbing layer further comprises an organic semiconductor. | A nanoparticle composition is disclosed comprising a copper indium gallium selenide, a copper indium sulfide, or a combination thereof. Also disclosed is a layer comprising the nanoparticle composition. A photovoltaic device comprising the nanoparticle composition and/or the absorbing layer is disclosed. Also disclosed are methods for producing the nanoparticle compositions, absorbing layers, and photovoltaic devices described herein.1. A nanoparticle comprising at least three of: copper, indium, gallium, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, or a combination thereof. 2. The nanoparticle of claim 1, having a diameter of from about 1 nm to about 100 nm. 3. The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle is a ternary composition. 4. The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle is a quaternary composition. 5. The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle comprises a uniform or substantially uniform composition. 6. The nanoparticle of claim 1, comprising at least one of CuInSe2, CuInS2, CuInxGa1-xSe2, CuInTe2, CuGaTe2, CuGaxIn1-xTe2, Cu2ZnSnS2, Cu2ZnSnS4, Cu2ZnSnSe4, or Cu(InxGa1-x)Se2, or a combination thereof, wherein x is from 0 to 1. 7. The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle is non-spherical. 8. The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle comprises a tetrahedron shape, a triangular shape, or a prismatic shape. 9. The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle is semi-conducting. 10. The nanoparticle of claim 1, further comprising at least one dopant. 11. The nanoparticle of claim 1, further comprising a coating. 12. The nanoparticle of claim 11, wherein the coating comprises an inorganic material, an organic material, or a combination thereof. 13. The nanoparticle of claim 11, wherein the coating comprises a metal. 14. The nanoparticle of claim 11, wherein the coating comprises at least one organic capping ligand. 15. The nanoparticle of claim 11, wherein the coating provides dispersibility of the nanoparticle in an ink vehicle. 16. The nanoparticle of claim 11, wherein the coating is electrically conductive. 17. The nanoparticle of claim 11, wherein the coating comprises at least one conjugated molecule. 18. The nanoparticle of claim 11, wherein the coating is electrically insulating. 19. The nanoparticle of claim 11, wherein the coating comprises at least one of an alkane, aliphatic, heterocyclic amine, phenyl moiety, or a combination thereof. 20. The nanoparticle of claim 11, wherein at least a portion of the coating is capable of being removed after the formation of a film. 21. The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle comprises at least one of copper indium gallium selenide, a copper indium sulfide, or a combination thereof. 22. The nanoparticle of claim 21, wherein the nanoparticle is capable of being drop-cast, dip-coated, spin-coated, painted, sprayed, deposited, or printed onto a substrate, or a combination thereof. 23. The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle is at least partially crystalline. 24. The nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle is a nanocrystal. 25. An ink comprising a plurality of the nanoparticle of claim 1. 26. The ink of claim 25, wherein the ink is capable of being drop-cast, dip-coated, spin-coated, painted, sprayed, deposited, or printed onto a substrate, or a combination thereof. 27. The ink of claim 25, wherein the ink is printable. 28. A film comprising a plurality of the nanoparticles of claim 1. 29. The film of claim 28, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of nanoparticles comprises at least one of CuInSe2, CuInS2, CuInxGa1-xSe2, CuInTe2, CuGaTe2, CuGaxIn1-xTe2, Cu2ZnSnS2, Cu2ZnSnS4, Cu2ZnSnSe4, or Cu(InxGa1-x)Se2, or a combination thereof, wherein x is from 0 to 1. 30. The film of claim 28, wherein at least a portion of the nanoparticles are fused. 31. The film of claim 28, having a predetermined stoichiometry. 32. The film of claim 28, having a stoichiometry matching or substantially matching a stoichiometry of at least a portion of the nanoparticles. 33. The film of claim 28, wherein the film comprises a composition gradient through at least a portion of the film. 34. The film of claim 28, wherein at least a portion of the film has a crystallographic orientation at least partially determined by the shape of at least a portion of the nanoparticle disposed therein. 35. The film of claim 28, wherein the film is resistant to or substantially resistant to cracking, spalling, and/or flaking during formation of the film and use. 36. A layer comprising a plurality of nanocrystals comprising at least one of a copper indium gallium selenide, a copper indium sulfide, a copper indium selenide, or a combination thereof. 37. A layer comprising a plurality of nanocrystals comprising Cu2ZnSnS4. 38. The layer of claim 36, wherein at least a portion of the nanocrystals comprise a coating. 39. The layer of claim 36, wherein at least a portion of the layer is electrically conductive. 40. The layer of claim 36, wherein at least a portion of the layer is electrically insulating. 41. The layer of claim 36, wherein at least a portion of the nanoparticles comprise a ternary composition, a quaternary composition, or a combination thereof. 42. The layer of claim 36, wherein the layer is optically absorbing. 43. The layer of claim 36, wherein at least a portion of the nanoparticles comprise CuInSe2. 44. The layer of claim 36, comprising a composition gradient through at least a portion of the layer. 45. A method for making a nanoparticle composition, the method comprising contacting a copper precursor, an indium precursor, sulfur and/or a sulfur containing species, and an aliphatic amine. 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the aliphatic amine is a component of a solvent. 47. The method of claim 45, wherein the aliphatic amine comprises oleylamine. 48. The method of claim 45, wherein at least at least a portion of the copper precursor, indium precursor, sulfur and/or sulfur containing species are degassed and/or sparged with an inert gas. 49. The method of claim 45, further comprising heating the mixture. 50. The method of claim 45, wherein at least two of the copper precursor, indium precursor, and sulfur and/or sulfur containing species are contacted separate from any remaining components prior to contacting with the aliphatic amine. 51. The method of claim 45, wherein the copper precursor and indium precursor are first contacted with a solvent to form a first mixture; wherein sulfur and/or a sulfur containing species are separately contacted with a same or different solvent to form a second mixture; wherein the aliphatic amine is contacted with the first mixture; and wherein the first mixture and the second mixture are contacted. 52. The method of claim 51, further comprising heating at least one of the first mixture, the second mixture, or a combination thereof. 53. A method for making a nanoparticle composition, the method comprising contacting a copper precursor, an indium precursor, a gallium precursor, a selenium precursor and an aliphatic amine. 54. The method of claim 53, wherein at least two of the copper precursor, indium precursor, gallium precursor, and selenium precursor are contacted separate from any remaining components prior to contacting with the aliphatic amine. 55. The method of claim 53, wherein at least a portion of the copper precursor, indium precursor, gallium precursor, and selenium precursor are degassed and/or sparged with an inert gas. 56. The method of claim 53, further comprising heating the contacted composition. 57. The method of claim 53, wherein the aliphatic amine comprises oleylamine. 58. The method of claim 53, wherein the copper precursor, indium precursor, gallium precursor, and selenium precursor are contacted prior to contacting with the aliphatic amine. 59. The method of claim 53, wherein the copper precursor, indium precursor, and gallium precursor are first contacted to form a mixture, wherein the mixture is contacted with the aliphatic amine to form a second mixture, and wherein the second mixture is then contacted with a selenium precursor. 60. The method of claim 59, wherein the second mixture is degassed and/or sparged with an inert gas prior to contacting with a selenium precursor. 61. The method of claim 45, wherein at least one of the shape and/or size of at least a portion of the nanoparticle composition can be controlled. 62. The method of claim 45, wherein the copper precursor comprises Cu(acac)2, CuCl, or a combination thereof. 63. The method of claim 45, wherein the indium precursor comprises In(acac)3, InCl3, or a combination thereof. 64. The method of claim 45, wherein the gallium precursor comprises GaCl3, Ga(acac)3, or a combination thereof. 65. The method of claim 45, wherein the selenium precursor comprises at least one of elemental selenium, selenourea, bis(trimethylsilyl)selenide, or a combination thereof. 66. The method of claim 46, wherein the solvent comprises dichlorobenzene. 67. The method of claim 45, wherein the nanoparticle composition is further at least partially purified by precipitation with a solvent. 68. The method of claim 45, wherein at least a portion of the nanoparticle composition comprises a chalcopyrite crystal structure. 69. A nanoparticle composition formed by the method of claim 45. 70. A method for making an ink, comprising contacting a plurality of the nanoparticles of claim 1 one or more solvents. 71. A method of preparing a film, the method comprising contacting a plurality of the nanoparticles of claim 1 with a substrate. 72. The method of claim 71, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles are disposed in a solvent as an ink. 73. The method of claim 71, wherein contacting comprises an inkjet technique. 74. The method of claim 71, wherein the substrate comprises paper, polymer, non-woven, metal, metal alloy, nanowire, nanotubes, indium tin oxide, transparent conducting substrate, or a combination thereof. 75. The method of claim 71, wherein the substrate is electrically conductive. 76. The method of claim 71, further comprising, after contacting, annealing the nanoparticles at a temperature of up to about 600° C. 77. The method of claim 76, wherein annealing is at a temperature of up to about 250° C. 78. The method of claim 76, wherein annealing is performed in a selenium containing atmosphere. 79. The method of claim 71, further comprising selecting one or more nanoparticles having a predetermined shape, and then contacting the nanoparticles such that the resulting film has a desired crystallographic orientation. 80. The method of claim 71, wherein at least a portion of the nanoparticles comprise a coating, and further comprising, after contacting, removing at least a portion of the coating from at least a portion of the nanoparticles. 81. The method of claim 71, further comprising assembling a photovoltaic device comprising the nanoparticles contacted with the substrate. 82. A photovoltaic device comprising a plurality of the nanoparticles of claim 1. 83. The photovoltaic device of claim 82, wherein at least a portion of the nanoparticles are disposed within a film, a layer, or a combination thereof. 84. The photovoltaic of claim 82, wherein at least a portion of the device is flexible or is positioned on at least a portion of a flexible substrate. 85. The photovoltaic device of claim 82, comprising a light absorbing layer. 86. The photovoltaic device of claim 85, wherein the light absorbing layer comprises no or substantially no pores. 87. The photovoltaic device of claim 85, wherein at least a portion of the light absorbing layer comprises a controlled crystallographic orientation. 88. The photovoltaic device of claim 85, wherein the absorbing layer comprises a plurality of non-spherical and/or substantially non-spherical self-assembled nanoparticles. 89. The photovoltaic device of claim 85, wherein the absorbing layer comprises a composition gradient through at least a portion of the absorbing layer. 90. The photovoltaic device of claim 85, wherein the absorbing layer comprises a uniform or substantially uniform composition through at least a portion of the absorbing layer. 91. The photovoltaic device of claim 82, comprising a buffer layer. 92. The photovoltaic device of claim 82, comprising at least two functional layers. 93. The photovoltaic device of claim 92, wherein at least one of the two functional layers comprises a light absorbing layer, a metal contact layer, or a combination thereof. 94. The photovoltaic device of claim 92, wherein each functional layer within the device is printed from an ink. 95. The photovoltaic device of claim 85, wherein the light absorbing layer comprises a plurality of nanoparticles comprising at least three of copper, indium, gallium, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, or a combination thereof. 96. The photovoltaic device of claim 85, further comprising a cathode and an anode. 97. The photovoltaic device of claim 85, further comprising a semiconducting buffer layer. 98. The photovoltaic device of claim 95, wherein the light absorbing layer further comprises an organic semiconductor. | 1,700 |
2,767 | 14,152,153 | 1,712 | A compound for an organic optoelectronic device represented by Chemical Formula 1:
wherein groups X 1 to X 8 , Y 1 , Y 2 , L 1 , L 2 , Ar 1 , Ar 2 , and variables m1, m2, n1, and n2 are described in the specification. | 1. A compound for an organic optoelectronic device represented by Chemical Formula 1:
wherein, in Chemical Formula 1,
Y1 and Y2 are independently —O—, —S—, —S(O2)—, CR′R″—, —SiR′R″—, or —NR′—,
X1 to X8 are independently —CR′— or —N—,
any two adjacent X1 to X8 optionally form a fused ring,
Ar1, Ar2, R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen, deuterium, a halogen, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 amine group, a nitro group, a carboxyl group, a ferrocenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C30 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C40 silyloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 acyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 alkoxycarbonyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 acyloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 acylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 alkoxycarbonylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C7 to C20 aryloxycarbonylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 sulfamoylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 sulfonyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 alkylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 heterocyclothio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 ureide group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C40 silyl group, or a combination thereof,
one of X1 to X4 is —CR′—, wherein R′ forms a bond with an adjacent substituent,
one of X5 to X8 is —CR′—, wherein the R′ forms a bond with an adjacent substituent,
at least one of Ar1 and Ar2 is a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C30 heteroaryl group having electron properties,
L1 and L2 are independently a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 alkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 alkynylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C30 heteroarylene group, or a combination thereof,
n1 and n2 are independently integers ranging from 0 to 3,
m1 and m2 are independently integers ranging from 0 to 3, and m1 and m2 are not simultaneously 0. 2. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein Y1 and Y2 are independently —O—, —S—, —S(O2)—, or —NR′—. 3. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein Y1 and Y2 are different from each other. 4. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein the compound for an organic optoelectronic device is represented by Chemical Formula 2:
wherein, in Chemical Formula 2,
Y1 and Y2 are independently —O—, —S—, —S(O2)—, —CR′R″—, —SiR′R″—, or —NR′—,
X1 to X8 are independently —CR′— or —N—,
any two adjacent X1 to X8 optionally form a fused ring,
Ar1, R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen, deuterium, a halogen, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 amine group, a nitro group, a carboxyl group, a ferrocenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C30 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C40 silyloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 acyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 alkoxycarbonyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 acyloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 acylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 alkoxycarbonylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C7 to C20 aryloxycarbonylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 sulfamoylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 sulfonyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 alkylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 heterocyclothio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 ureide group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C40 silyl group, or a combination thereof,
one of X1 to X4 is —CR′—, wherein R′ forms a bond with an adjacent substituent,
at least one Ar1 is a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C30 heteroaryl group having electron properties, and
m1 is 1 or 2. 5. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein the compound for an organic optoelectronic device is represented by Chemical Formula 3:
wherein, in Chemical Formula 3,
Y1 and Y2 are independently —O—, —S—, —S(O2)—, —CR′R″—, —SiR′R″—, or —NR′—,
X1 to X8 are independently —CR′— or —N—,
any two adjacent X1 to X8 optionally form a fused ring,
R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen, deuterium, a halogen, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 amine group, a nitro group, a carboxyl group, a ferrocenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C30 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C40 silyloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 acyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 alkoxycarbonyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 acyloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 acylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 alkoxycarbonylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C7 to C20 aryloxycarbonylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 sulfamoylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 sulfonyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 alkylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 heterocyclothio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 ureide group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C40 silyl group, or a combination thereof,
one of X1 to X4 is —CR′—, wherein the R′ forms a bond with an adjacent substituent, and
Ar1 is a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C30 heteroaryl group having electron properties. 6. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein the compound for an organic optoelectronic device is represented by Chemical Formula 4:
wherein, in Chemical Formula 4,
Y1 and Y2 are independently —O—, —S—, —S(O2)—, —CR′R″—, —SiR′R″—, or —NR′—,
X1 to X8 are independently —CR′— or —N—,
any two of adjacent X1 to X8 optionally form a fused ring,
R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen, deuterium, a halogen, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 amine group, a nitro group, a carboxyl group, a ferrocenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C30 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C40 silyloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 acyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 alkoxycarbonyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 acyloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 acylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 alkoxycarbonylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C7 to C20 aryloxycarbonylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 sulfamoylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 sulfonyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 alkylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 heterocyclothio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 ureide group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C40 silyl group, or a combination thereof,
one of X1 to X4 is —CR′—, wherein R′ forms a bond with an adjacent substituent, and
Ar1 is a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C30 heteroaryl group having electron properties. 7. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein all X1 to X8 are —CR′—. 8. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein at least one of X1 to X8 is N. 9. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein Y2 is —NR′— and Y1 is —NR′— or —S—. 10. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein both Y1 and Y2 are —NR′—. 11. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein Y2 is —NR′— and Y1 is —CR′R″— or —SiR′R″—. 12. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein Y2 is —CR′R″— and Y1 is —SiR′R″—. 13. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein the substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C30 heteroaryl group having electron properties is a substituted or unsubstituted quinolinyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted isoquinolinyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted pyrimidinyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted triazinyl group, or a combination thereof. 14. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein the compound for an organic optoelectronic device is represented by one of Chemical Formulae A-1 to A-145: 15. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein the compound for an organic optoelectronic device is represented by one Chemical Formulae B-1 to B-72: 16. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein the compound for an organic optoelectronic device has a molecular weight of less than or equal to about 900. 17. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein the compound for an organic optoelectronic device has a molecular weight of about 600. 18. An organic light emitting diode comprising
an anode, a cathode, and at least one organic thin layer interposed between the anode and cathode, wherein the at least one organic thin layer comprises the compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1. 19. The organic light emitting diode of claim 18, wherein the compound for an organic optoelectronic device is a phosphorescent or fluorescent host material in an emission layer. 20. A display device comprising the organic light emitting diode according to claim 18. | A compound for an organic optoelectronic device represented by Chemical Formula 1:
wherein groups X 1 to X 8 , Y 1 , Y 2 , L 1 , L 2 , Ar 1 , Ar 2 , and variables m1, m2, n1, and n2 are described in the specification.1. A compound for an organic optoelectronic device represented by Chemical Formula 1:
wherein, in Chemical Formula 1,
Y1 and Y2 are independently —O—, —S—, —S(O2)—, CR′R″—, —SiR′R″—, or —NR′—,
X1 to X8 are independently —CR′— or —N—,
any two adjacent X1 to X8 optionally form a fused ring,
Ar1, Ar2, R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen, deuterium, a halogen, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 amine group, a nitro group, a carboxyl group, a ferrocenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C30 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C40 silyloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 acyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 alkoxycarbonyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 acyloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 acylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 alkoxycarbonylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C7 to C20 aryloxycarbonylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 sulfamoylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 sulfonyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 alkylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 heterocyclothio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 ureide group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C40 silyl group, or a combination thereof,
one of X1 to X4 is —CR′—, wherein R′ forms a bond with an adjacent substituent,
one of X5 to X8 is —CR′—, wherein the R′ forms a bond with an adjacent substituent,
at least one of Ar1 and Ar2 is a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C30 heteroaryl group having electron properties,
L1 and L2 are independently a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 alkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 alkynylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C30 heteroarylene group, or a combination thereof,
n1 and n2 are independently integers ranging from 0 to 3,
m1 and m2 are independently integers ranging from 0 to 3, and m1 and m2 are not simultaneously 0. 2. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein Y1 and Y2 are independently —O—, —S—, —S(O2)—, or —NR′—. 3. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein Y1 and Y2 are different from each other. 4. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein the compound for an organic optoelectronic device is represented by Chemical Formula 2:
wherein, in Chemical Formula 2,
Y1 and Y2 are independently —O—, —S—, —S(O2)—, —CR′R″—, —SiR′R″—, or —NR′—,
X1 to X8 are independently —CR′— or —N—,
any two adjacent X1 to X8 optionally form a fused ring,
Ar1, R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen, deuterium, a halogen, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 amine group, a nitro group, a carboxyl group, a ferrocenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C30 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C40 silyloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 acyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 alkoxycarbonyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 acyloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 acylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 alkoxycarbonylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C7 to C20 aryloxycarbonylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 sulfamoylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 sulfonyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 alkylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 heterocyclothio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 ureide group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C40 silyl group, or a combination thereof,
one of X1 to X4 is —CR′—, wherein R′ forms a bond with an adjacent substituent,
at least one Ar1 is a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C30 heteroaryl group having electron properties, and
m1 is 1 or 2. 5. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein the compound for an organic optoelectronic device is represented by Chemical Formula 3:
wherein, in Chemical Formula 3,
Y1 and Y2 are independently —O—, —S—, —S(O2)—, —CR′R″—, —SiR′R″—, or —NR′—,
X1 to X8 are independently —CR′— or —N—,
any two adjacent X1 to X8 optionally form a fused ring,
R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen, deuterium, a halogen, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 amine group, a nitro group, a carboxyl group, a ferrocenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C30 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C40 silyloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 acyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 alkoxycarbonyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 acyloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 acylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 alkoxycarbonylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C7 to C20 aryloxycarbonylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 sulfamoylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 sulfonyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 alkylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 heterocyclothio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 ureide group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C40 silyl group, or a combination thereof,
one of X1 to X4 is —CR′—, wherein the R′ forms a bond with an adjacent substituent, and
Ar1 is a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C30 heteroaryl group having electron properties. 6. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein the compound for an organic optoelectronic device is represented by Chemical Formula 4:
wherein, in Chemical Formula 4,
Y1 and Y2 are independently —O—, —S—, —S(O2)—, —CR′R″—, —SiR′R″—, or —NR′—,
X1 to X8 are independently —CR′— or —N—,
any two of adjacent X1 to X8 optionally form a fused ring,
R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen, deuterium, a halogen, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 amine group, a nitro group, a carboxyl group, a ferrocenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C30 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C40 silyloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 acyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 alkoxycarbonyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 acyloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 acylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C20 alkoxycarbonylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C7 to C20 aryloxycarbonylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 sulfamoylamino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 sulfonyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 alkylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 heterocyclothio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C20 ureide group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C40 silyl group, or a combination thereof,
one of X1 to X4 is —CR′—, wherein R′ forms a bond with an adjacent substituent, and
Ar1 is a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C30 heteroaryl group having electron properties. 7. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein all X1 to X8 are —CR′—. 8. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein at least one of X1 to X8 is N. 9. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein Y2 is —NR′— and Y1 is —NR′— or —S—. 10. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein both Y1 and Y2 are —NR′—. 11. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein Y2 is —NR′— and Y1 is —CR′R″— or —SiR′R″—. 12. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein Y2 is —CR′R″— and Y1 is —SiR′R″—. 13. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein the substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C30 heteroaryl group having electron properties is a substituted or unsubstituted quinolinyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted isoquinolinyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted pyrimidinyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted triazinyl group, or a combination thereof. 14. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein the compound for an organic optoelectronic device is represented by one of Chemical Formulae A-1 to A-145: 15. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein the compound for an organic optoelectronic device is represented by one Chemical Formulae B-1 to B-72: 16. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein the compound for an organic optoelectronic device has a molecular weight of less than or equal to about 900. 17. The compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein the compound for an organic optoelectronic device has a molecular weight of about 600. 18. An organic light emitting diode comprising
an anode, a cathode, and at least one organic thin layer interposed between the anode and cathode, wherein the at least one organic thin layer comprises the compound for an organic optoelectronic device of claim 1. 19. The organic light emitting diode of claim 18, wherein the compound for an organic optoelectronic device is a phosphorescent or fluorescent host material in an emission layer. 20. A display device comprising the organic light emitting diode according to claim 18. | 1,700 |
2,768 | 14,110,334 | 1,768 | Disclosed herein are methods and compositions of thermally conductive polymers with improved flame retardancy. The resulting compositions can be used in the manufacture of articles while still retaining the advantageous physical properties of thermally conductive polymers with improved flame retardancy. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention. | 1. A thermally conductive polymer composition comprising:
(a) from about 20 wt % to about 60 wt % of an organic polymer comprising polyamide, polyester, or polyolefin; (b) from about 30 wt % to about 70 wt % of a thermal conductive additive comprising magnesium hydroxide or aluminum oxide hydroxide; and (c) from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt % of a polyarylene sulfide; wherein all weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition; and wherein the composition exhibits a flame retardancy greater than that of an otherwise identical composition without the polyarylene sulfide. 2. The composition of claim 1, further comprising from about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % of a reinforcing filler. 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the reinforcing filler is glass fiber. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the thermal conductive additive is magnesium hydroxide. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the thermal conductive additive is aluminum oxide hydroxide. 6. The composition of claim 5, wherein the aluminum oxide hydroxide is boehmite (γ-AlO(OH)). 7. (canceled) 8. The composition of claim 1, comprising a high-thermal conductive filler selected from AlN (aluminum nitride), Al4C3 (aluminum carbide), Al203 (aluminum oxide), BN (Boron nitride), AlON (aluminum oxynitride), MgSiN2 (magnesium silicon nitride), SiC (silicon carbide), Si3N4 (Silicon nitride), graphite, expanded graphite, graphene, and carbon fiber. 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. The composition of claim 8, wherein the high-thermal conductive filler has a thermal conductivity greater than or equal to about 10 W/mK. 12. The composition of claim 8, wherein the high-thermal conductive filler has a thermal conductivity greater than or equal to about 25 W/mK. 13. The composition of claim 8, wherein the high-thermal conductive filler is present in an amount from about 10 wt % to about 25 wt %. 14. The composition of claim 8, wherein the high-thermal conductive filler is present in an amount from about 12 wt % to about 18 wt %. 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polyarylene sulfide comprises a plurality of structural units of the formula:
wherein for each structural unit, each Q1 and each Q2 is independently hydrogen, halogen, primary or secondary lower alkyl, phenyl, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydrocarbonoxy, or halohydrocarbonoxy wherein at least two carbon atoms separate the halogen and oxygen atoms. 18. The composition of claim 17, wherein each Q1 is hydrogen, alkyl, or phenyl. 19. The composition of claim 17, wherein at least one Q1 is C1-4 alkyl. 20. The composition of claim 17, wherein each Q2 is hydrogen. 21. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polyarylene sulfide comprises a plurality of structural units of the formula:
wherein for each structural unit, each Q1 and each Q2 is independently hydrogen, halogen, primary or secondary lower alkyl, phenyl, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydrocarbonoxy, or halohydrocarbonoxy wherein at least two carbon atoms separate the halogen and oxygen atoms. 22. The composition of claim 21, wherein each Q1 is hydrogen, alkyl, or phenyl. 23. The composition of claim 21, wherein at least one Q1 is C1-4 alkyl. 24. The composition of claim 21, wherein each Q2 is hydrogen. 25. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polyarylene sulfide is polyphenylene sulfide. 26. The composition of claim 1, further comprising an additive selected from coupling agents, antioxidants, mold release agents, UV absorbers, light stabilizers, heat stabilizers, lubricants, plasticizers, pigments, dyes, colorants, anti-static agents, nucleating agents, anti-drip agents, acid scavengers, and combinations of two or more of the foregoing. 27. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition exhibits a VO compliant flame retardancy. 28. A method of improving the flame retardancy of a thermally conductive polymer composition, the method comprising the step of combining:
(a) from about 20 wt % to about 60 wt % of an organic polymer comprising polyamide, polyester, or polyolefin; (b) from about 30 wt % to about 70 wt % of a thermal conductive additive comprising magnesium hydroxide or aluminum oxide hydroxide; and (c) from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt % of a polyarylene sulfide; wherein all weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition; and wherein the composition exhibits a flame retardancy greater than that of an otherwise identical composition without the polyarylene sulfide. 29. The method of claim 28, further comprising including from about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % of a reinforcing filler. 30. (canceled) 31. The method of claim 28, further comprising including an additive selected from coupling agents, antioxidants, mold release agents, UV absorbers, light stabilizers, heat stabilizers, lubricants, plasticizers, pigments, dyes, colorants, anti-static agents, nucleating agents, anti-drip agents, acid scavengers, and combinations of two or more of the foregoing. 32. The method of claim 28, wherein the polyarylene sulfide is polyphenylene sulfide. 33. The method of claim 28, wherein the combining step comprises adding the polyarylene sulfide to a mixture of the organic polymer and the magnesium hydroxide or boehmite (γ-AlO(OH)). 34. An extruded or injection molded article, comprising the product of extrusion molding or injection molding a composition comprising:
(a) from about 20 wt % to about 60 wt % of an organic polymer comprising polyamide, polyester, or polyolefin; (b) from about 30 wt % to about 70 wt % of a thermal conductive additive comprising magnesium hydroxide or aluminum oxide hydroxide; and (c) from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt % of a polyarylene sulfide; wherein all weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition; and wherein the composition exhibits a flame retardancy greater than that of an otherwise identical composition without the polyarylene sulfide. 35. The article of claim 34, further comprising from about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % of a reinforcing filler. 36. (canceled) 37. The article of claim 34, further comprising a high-thermal conductive filler. 38. The article of claim 34, wherein the polyarylene sulfide comprises a plurality of structural units of the formula:
wherein for each structural unit, each Q1 and each Q2 is independently hydrogen, halogen, primary or secondary lower alkyl, phenyl, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydrocarbonoxy, or halohydrocarbonoxy wherein at least two carbon atoms separate the halogen and oxygen atoms. 39. The article of claim 34, wherein the polyarylene sulfide is polyphenylene sulfide. 40. The article of claim 34, further comprising an additive selected from coupling agents, antioxidants, mold release agents, UV absorbers, light stabilizers, heat stabilizers, lubricants, plasticizers, pigments, dyes, colorants, anti-static agents, nucleating agents, anti-drip agents, acid scavengers, and combinations of two or more of the foregoing. 41. The article of claim 34, wherein the composition exhibits a VO compliant flame retardancy. | Disclosed herein are methods and compositions of thermally conductive polymers with improved flame retardancy. The resulting compositions can be used in the manufacture of articles while still retaining the advantageous physical properties of thermally conductive polymers with improved flame retardancy. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention.1. A thermally conductive polymer composition comprising:
(a) from about 20 wt % to about 60 wt % of an organic polymer comprising polyamide, polyester, or polyolefin; (b) from about 30 wt % to about 70 wt % of a thermal conductive additive comprising magnesium hydroxide or aluminum oxide hydroxide; and (c) from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt % of a polyarylene sulfide; wherein all weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition; and wherein the composition exhibits a flame retardancy greater than that of an otherwise identical composition without the polyarylene sulfide. 2. The composition of claim 1, further comprising from about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % of a reinforcing filler. 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the reinforcing filler is glass fiber. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the thermal conductive additive is magnesium hydroxide. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the thermal conductive additive is aluminum oxide hydroxide. 6. The composition of claim 5, wherein the aluminum oxide hydroxide is boehmite (γ-AlO(OH)). 7. (canceled) 8. The composition of claim 1, comprising a high-thermal conductive filler selected from AlN (aluminum nitride), Al4C3 (aluminum carbide), Al203 (aluminum oxide), BN (Boron nitride), AlON (aluminum oxynitride), MgSiN2 (magnesium silicon nitride), SiC (silicon carbide), Si3N4 (Silicon nitride), graphite, expanded graphite, graphene, and carbon fiber. 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. The composition of claim 8, wherein the high-thermal conductive filler has a thermal conductivity greater than or equal to about 10 W/mK. 12. The composition of claim 8, wherein the high-thermal conductive filler has a thermal conductivity greater than or equal to about 25 W/mK. 13. The composition of claim 8, wherein the high-thermal conductive filler is present in an amount from about 10 wt % to about 25 wt %. 14. The composition of claim 8, wherein the high-thermal conductive filler is present in an amount from about 12 wt % to about 18 wt %. 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polyarylene sulfide comprises a plurality of structural units of the formula:
wherein for each structural unit, each Q1 and each Q2 is independently hydrogen, halogen, primary or secondary lower alkyl, phenyl, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydrocarbonoxy, or halohydrocarbonoxy wherein at least two carbon atoms separate the halogen and oxygen atoms. 18. The composition of claim 17, wherein each Q1 is hydrogen, alkyl, or phenyl. 19. The composition of claim 17, wherein at least one Q1 is C1-4 alkyl. 20. The composition of claim 17, wherein each Q2 is hydrogen. 21. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polyarylene sulfide comprises a plurality of structural units of the formula:
wherein for each structural unit, each Q1 and each Q2 is independently hydrogen, halogen, primary or secondary lower alkyl, phenyl, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydrocarbonoxy, or halohydrocarbonoxy wherein at least two carbon atoms separate the halogen and oxygen atoms. 22. The composition of claim 21, wherein each Q1 is hydrogen, alkyl, or phenyl. 23. The composition of claim 21, wherein at least one Q1 is C1-4 alkyl. 24. The composition of claim 21, wherein each Q2 is hydrogen. 25. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polyarylene sulfide is polyphenylene sulfide. 26. The composition of claim 1, further comprising an additive selected from coupling agents, antioxidants, mold release agents, UV absorbers, light stabilizers, heat stabilizers, lubricants, plasticizers, pigments, dyes, colorants, anti-static agents, nucleating agents, anti-drip agents, acid scavengers, and combinations of two or more of the foregoing. 27. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition exhibits a VO compliant flame retardancy. 28. A method of improving the flame retardancy of a thermally conductive polymer composition, the method comprising the step of combining:
(a) from about 20 wt % to about 60 wt % of an organic polymer comprising polyamide, polyester, or polyolefin; (b) from about 30 wt % to about 70 wt % of a thermal conductive additive comprising magnesium hydroxide or aluminum oxide hydroxide; and (c) from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt % of a polyarylene sulfide; wherein all weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition; and wherein the composition exhibits a flame retardancy greater than that of an otherwise identical composition without the polyarylene sulfide. 29. The method of claim 28, further comprising including from about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % of a reinforcing filler. 30. (canceled) 31. The method of claim 28, further comprising including an additive selected from coupling agents, antioxidants, mold release agents, UV absorbers, light stabilizers, heat stabilizers, lubricants, plasticizers, pigments, dyes, colorants, anti-static agents, nucleating agents, anti-drip agents, acid scavengers, and combinations of two or more of the foregoing. 32. The method of claim 28, wherein the polyarylene sulfide is polyphenylene sulfide. 33. The method of claim 28, wherein the combining step comprises adding the polyarylene sulfide to a mixture of the organic polymer and the magnesium hydroxide or boehmite (γ-AlO(OH)). 34. An extruded or injection molded article, comprising the product of extrusion molding or injection molding a composition comprising:
(a) from about 20 wt % to about 60 wt % of an organic polymer comprising polyamide, polyester, or polyolefin; (b) from about 30 wt % to about 70 wt % of a thermal conductive additive comprising magnesium hydroxide or aluminum oxide hydroxide; and (c) from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt % of a polyarylene sulfide; wherein all weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition; and wherein the composition exhibits a flame retardancy greater than that of an otherwise identical composition without the polyarylene sulfide. 35. The article of claim 34, further comprising from about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % of a reinforcing filler. 36. (canceled) 37. The article of claim 34, further comprising a high-thermal conductive filler. 38. The article of claim 34, wherein the polyarylene sulfide comprises a plurality of structural units of the formula:
wherein for each structural unit, each Q1 and each Q2 is independently hydrogen, halogen, primary or secondary lower alkyl, phenyl, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydrocarbonoxy, or halohydrocarbonoxy wherein at least two carbon atoms separate the halogen and oxygen atoms. 39. The article of claim 34, wherein the polyarylene sulfide is polyphenylene sulfide. 40. The article of claim 34, further comprising an additive selected from coupling agents, antioxidants, mold release agents, UV absorbers, light stabilizers, heat stabilizers, lubricants, plasticizers, pigments, dyes, colorants, anti-static agents, nucleating agents, anti-drip agents, acid scavengers, and combinations of two or more of the foregoing. 41. The article of claim 34, wherein the composition exhibits a VO compliant flame retardancy. | 1,700 |
2,769 | 13,833,686 | 1,787 | Composites comprising at least one silicon-oxy-carbide (SOC) layer deposited onto a polymeric matrix substrate to enhance their thermo-oxidative stability are provided. The SOC layer is formed onto the polymeric matrix substrate by atmospheric plasma deposition to produce an thermo-oxidative barrier coating or an adhesion-promoting layer to enable the deposition of a variety of known (or future developed) metallic and/or ceramic materials as oxygen and/or thermal barriers. | 1. A composite, comprising: a polymeric substrate and a thermo-oxidative barrier coating comprising a silicon-oxy-carbide (SOC) layer having a thickness from about 100 to about 900 nm and covering at least one surface of the polymeric substrate. 2. The composite of claim 1, wherein the SOC layer is formed by atmospheric plasma deposition. 3. The composite of claim 2, wherein the SOC layer includes a carbon content ranging from about 3% to about 50%. 4. The composite of claim 2, wherein the SOC layer includes a silicon content ranging from about 3% to about 50%. 5. The composite of claim 2, wherein the SOC layer includes an oxygen content ranging from about 3% to about 50%. 6. The composite of claim 2, wherein the SOC layer reduces oxygen diffusion into the polymeric substrate. 7. The composite of claim 6, wherein said composite comprises a thermo-oxidative stability (TOS) of less than about 5.0% weight loss relative to a composite comprising the same polymeric substrate and being devoid of the SOC layer. 8. The composite of claim 6, wherein said composite comprises a thermo-oxidative stability (TOS) of less than about 2.0% weight loss relative to a composite comprising the same polymeric substrate and being devoid of the SOC layer. 9. The composite of claim 2, wherein the polymeric substrate comprises a polymeric matrix selected from a polyimide, an epoxy, bismaleimide, and a cyanate ester. 10. The composite of claim 2, wherein the polymeric substrate comprises a polyimide matrix 11. A composite, comprising: (i) a polymeric substrate; (ii) an adhesion-promoting layer comprising a silicon-oxy-carbide (SOC) layer having a thickness from about 100 to about 900 nm and covering at least one surface of the polymeric substrate; and (iii) an oxygen-barrier layer (OBL) deposited and substantially overlying the adhesion-promoting layer. 12. The composite of claim 11, wherein the SOC layer is formed by atmospheric plasma deposition. 13. The composite of claim 11, wherein the SOC layer includes a carbon content ranging from about 3% to about 30%; a silicon content ranging from about 10% to about 50%; and an oxygen content ranging from about 10% to about 50%. 14. The composite of claim 12, wherein the OBL reduces oxygen diffusion into the polymeric substrate, said OBL comprising metallic materials, ceramic materials, or combinations thereof. 15. The composite of claim 12, wherein the adhesion-promoting layer increases the bond strength of the OBL to the polymeric substrate relative to the bond strength of the same OBL directly deposited onto the same polymeric substrate. 16. The composite of claim 15, wherein said composite comprises a first bond strength between the polymeric substrate and the SOC layer and a second bond strength between the SOC layer and the OBL, the first and second bond strengths each being greater than that of a comparative bond strength directly between the same OBL and the same polymeric substrate. 17. The composite of claim 12, wherein said composite comprises a thermo-oxidative stability (TOS) of less than about 2.0% weight loss. 18. The composite of claim 12, wherein the polymeric substrate comprises a polymeric matrix selected from a polyimide, an epoxy, a bismaleimide, and a cyanate ester. 19. The composite of claim 12, wherein the polymeric substrate comprises a polyimide matrix. 20. A method of forming a composite, comprising: depositing a thermo-oxidative barrier coating comprising a silicon-oxy-carbide (SOC) layer having a thickness from about 100 to about 900 nm onto at least one surface of a polymeric substrate. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the depositing step comprises the deposition of the SOC layer via atmospheric plasma deposition (APDP). 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the APDP comprises the use of a chemical precursor of the SOC layer comprising a silane, organosilane, or combination thereof. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the APDP comprises the use of a chemical precursor of the SOC layer comprising tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, or a combination thereof. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the SOC layer inhibits the diffusion of oxygen into the polymeric substrate. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein said composite comprises a thermo-oxidative stability (TOS) of less than about 2.0% weight loss relative to a composite comprising the same polymeric substrate and being devoid of the SOC layer. 26. A method of forming a composite, comprising: (i) depositing an adhesion-promoting layer comprising a silicon-oxy-carbide (SOC) layer having a thickness from about 100 to about 900 nm onto at least one surface of a polymeric substrate; and (ii) depositing an oxygen-barrier layer (OBL) substantially overlying the adhesion-promoting layer. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the step of depositing the SOC layer comprises the deposition of the SOC layer via atmospheric plasma deposition (APDP). 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the APDP comprises the use of a chemical precursor of the SOC layer comprising a silane, organosilane, or combination thereof. 29. The method of claim 27, wherein the APDP comprises the use of a chemical precursor of the SOC layer comprising tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, or a combination thereof. 30. The method of claim 27, wherein the OBL reduces oxygen diffusion into the polymeric substrate, said OBL comprising metallic materials, ceramic materials, or combinations thereof. 31. The method of claim 27, wherein the adhesion-promoting layer increases the bond strength of the OBL to the polymeric substrate relative to the bond strength of the same OBL directly deposited onto the same polymeric substrate. | Composites comprising at least one silicon-oxy-carbide (SOC) layer deposited onto a polymeric matrix substrate to enhance their thermo-oxidative stability are provided. The SOC layer is formed onto the polymeric matrix substrate by atmospheric plasma deposition to produce an thermo-oxidative barrier coating or an adhesion-promoting layer to enable the deposition of a variety of known (or future developed) metallic and/or ceramic materials as oxygen and/or thermal barriers.1. A composite, comprising: a polymeric substrate and a thermo-oxidative barrier coating comprising a silicon-oxy-carbide (SOC) layer having a thickness from about 100 to about 900 nm and covering at least one surface of the polymeric substrate. 2. The composite of claim 1, wherein the SOC layer is formed by atmospheric plasma deposition. 3. The composite of claim 2, wherein the SOC layer includes a carbon content ranging from about 3% to about 50%. 4. The composite of claim 2, wherein the SOC layer includes a silicon content ranging from about 3% to about 50%. 5. The composite of claim 2, wherein the SOC layer includes an oxygen content ranging from about 3% to about 50%. 6. The composite of claim 2, wherein the SOC layer reduces oxygen diffusion into the polymeric substrate. 7. The composite of claim 6, wherein said composite comprises a thermo-oxidative stability (TOS) of less than about 5.0% weight loss relative to a composite comprising the same polymeric substrate and being devoid of the SOC layer. 8. The composite of claim 6, wherein said composite comprises a thermo-oxidative stability (TOS) of less than about 2.0% weight loss relative to a composite comprising the same polymeric substrate and being devoid of the SOC layer. 9. The composite of claim 2, wherein the polymeric substrate comprises a polymeric matrix selected from a polyimide, an epoxy, bismaleimide, and a cyanate ester. 10. The composite of claim 2, wherein the polymeric substrate comprises a polyimide matrix 11. A composite, comprising: (i) a polymeric substrate; (ii) an adhesion-promoting layer comprising a silicon-oxy-carbide (SOC) layer having a thickness from about 100 to about 900 nm and covering at least one surface of the polymeric substrate; and (iii) an oxygen-barrier layer (OBL) deposited and substantially overlying the adhesion-promoting layer. 12. The composite of claim 11, wherein the SOC layer is formed by atmospheric plasma deposition. 13. The composite of claim 11, wherein the SOC layer includes a carbon content ranging from about 3% to about 30%; a silicon content ranging from about 10% to about 50%; and an oxygen content ranging from about 10% to about 50%. 14. The composite of claim 12, wherein the OBL reduces oxygen diffusion into the polymeric substrate, said OBL comprising metallic materials, ceramic materials, or combinations thereof. 15. The composite of claim 12, wherein the adhesion-promoting layer increases the bond strength of the OBL to the polymeric substrate relative to the bond strength of the same OBL directly deposited onto the same polymeric substrate. 16. The composite of claim 15, wherein said composite comprises a first bond strength between the polymeric substrate and the SOC layer and a second bond strength between the SOC layer and the OBL, the first and second bond strengths each being greater than that of a comparative bond strength directly between the same OBL and the same polymeric substrate. 17. The composite of claim 12, wherein said composite comprises a thermo-oxidative stability (TOS) of less than about 2.0% weight loss. 18. The composite of claim 12, wherein the polymeric substrate comprises a polymeric matrix selected from a polyimide, an epoxy, a bismaleimide, and a cyanate ester. 19. The composite of claim 12, wherein the polymeric substrate comprises a polyimide matrix. 20. A method of forming a composite, comprising: depositing a thermo-oxidative barrier coating comprising a silicon-oxy-carbide (SOC) layer having a thickness from about 100 to about 900 nm onto at least one surface of a polymeric substrate. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the depositing step comprises the deposition of the SOC layer via atmospheric plasma deposition (APDP). 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the APDP comprises the use of a chemical precursor of the SOC layer comprising a silane, organosilane, or combination thereof. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the APDP comprises the use of a chemical precursor of the SOC layer comprising tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, or a combination thereof. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the SOC layer inhibits the diffusion of oxygen into the polymeric substrate. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein said composite comprises a thermo-oxidative stability (TOS) of less than about 2.0% weight loss relative to a composite comprising the same polymeric substrate and being devoid of the SOC layer. 26. A method of forming a composite, comprising: (i) depositing an adhesion-promoting layer comprising a silicon-oxy-carbide (SOC) layer having a thickness from about 100 to about 900 nm onto at least one surface of a polymeric substrate; and (ii) depositing an oxygen-barrier layer (OBL) substantially overlying the adhesion-promoting layer. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the step of depositing the SOC layer comprises the deposition of the SOC layer via atmospheric plasma deposition (APDP). 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the APDP comprises the use of a chemical precursor of the SOC layer comprising a silane, organosilane, or combination thereof. 29. The method of claim 27, wherein the APDP comprises the use of a chemical precursor of the SOC layer comprising tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, or a combination thereof. 30. The method of claim 27, wherein the OBL reduces oxygen diffusion into the polymeric substrate, said OBL comprising metallic materials, ceramic materials, or combinations thereof. 31. The method of claim 27, wherein the adhesion-promoting layer increases the bond strength of the OBL to the polymeric substrate relative to the bond strength of the same OBL directly deposited onto the same polymeric substrate. | 1,700 |
2,770 | 11,885,393 | 1,793 | A foodstuff particulate lipid composition comprises a particulate solid non-lipid carrier and an oil-in-water emulsion on the carrier capable of being released from the carrier on contact with aqueous media to form an oil-in-water emulsion in said aqueous media. Also disclosed is the use of the composition and a process for its manufacture. | 1. Foodstuff particulate lipid composition comprising a particulate solid non-lipid carrier and an oil-in-water emulsion on the carrier capable of being released from the carrier on contact with aqueous media to form an oil-in-water emulsion in said aqueous media. 2. The composition of claim 1, comprising from 0.1% by weight to 90% by weight of oil-in-water emulsion and from 10% to 99.9% by weight of carrier. 3. The composition of claim 1, comprising from 0.5% by weight to 60% by weight of oil-in-water emulsion and from 99.5% by weight to 40% by weight of carrier. 4. The composition of claim 1, comprising from 0.5 by weight to 40% by weight of oil-in-water emulsion and from 60% by weight to 99.5 by weight of carrier. 5. The composition of claim 1, comprising from 0.5 by weight to 30% by weight of oil-in-water emulsion and from 70% by weight to 99.5% by weight of carrier. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the oil phase of the oil-in-water emulsion comprises a non-polar lipid and a lipidic emulsifier. 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the non-polar lipid is selected from natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic oils. 8. The composition of claim 7 selected from natural oil, of which more than 90% by weigh is comprised by palmitic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and stearic esters of glycerol. 9. The composition of claim 7, wherein the oil is selected from palm oil and its equivalent confectionery fats, such as coconut oil, palm kernel oil, cocoa butter, partially hydrogenated soybean oil partly hydrogenated rapeseed oil; sunflower oil and its equivalent liquid vegetable oils, such as soybean oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, olive oil, corn oil, groundnut oil, linseed oil, rice bran oil, evening primrose oil, borage oil, and sesame oil; animal fats and oils, such as fish oil, butter fat, lard, tallow, their fractions and mixtures thereof. 10. The composition of claim 6, wherein the emulsifier is selected from mono- and diglycerides, in particular of lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid, their mixtures and acid esters, in particular their acetates; sorbitan esters and polysorbates; polyglycerol esters; sucrose esters; propylene glycol mono fatty acid esters; esters of lactic acid, succinic acid, fruit acid; lecithins; specific membrane lipids, such as phospholipids, galactolipids, and sphingolipids. 11. The composition of claim 6, wherein the emulsifier comprises galactolipid material. 12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the galactolipid material comprises 20% by weight to 30% by weight of galactolipids, mainly digalactodiacylglycerol, and from 10% by weight to 15% by weight of other polar lipids. 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the carrier is selected from foodstuff of vegetable, animal or mixed origin. 14. The composition of claim 13 wherein the carrier is selected from starch; modified starch; proteinaceous material such as whey protein, soy protein and casein; other material of vegetable origin such as material originating from oat bran, rice hull, ground seed; gum such as gum arabic; pectin; xanthan; and carrageenan. 15. The composition of claim 13, wherein the carrier comprises more than 50% by weight of starch; modified starch; proteinaceous material such as whey protein, soy protein and casein; other material of vegetable origin such as material originating from oat bran, rice hull, ground seed; gum such as gum arabic; pectin; xanthan; and carrageenan. 16. The composition of claim 1, wherein the carrier is selected from inorganic material, such as sodium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate. 17. The composition of claim 1, wherein the carrier is capable of passing substantially unchanged at least the upper part of the gastro-intestinal tract. 18. The composition of claim 1, wherein the carrier is substantially insoluble in water. 19. The composition of claim 1 capable of forming an oil-in-water emulsion on contact with an aqueous media from more than 50% by weight of its oil-in-water emulsion. 20. Method of forming a foodstuff particulate lipid composition comprising a particulate solid non-lipid carrier and an oil-in-water emulsion on the carrier capable of being released from the carrier on contact with aqueous media to form an oil-in-water emulsion in said aqueous media, comprising the steps of:
(a) providing an oil-in-water emulsion in liquid form; (b) providing a particulate solid non-lipid carrier; (c) adding the oil-in-water emulsion to the carrier over a period of time while agitating the carrier to obtain said particulate lipid composition. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the oil-in-water emulsion is provided at a temperature of from 30° C. to 75° C. 22. The method of claim 20, comprising keeping the carrier during said addition at a temperature of below 30° C. 23. The method of claim 20, comprising the additional step of:
(d) separating a fraction of defined particle size from said particulate lipid composition. 24. Use of the composition of claim 1 in the manufacture of a foodstuff. 25. Use of the composition of claim 1 as a foodstuff. 26. A foodstuff comprising the composition of claim 1. 27. The foodstuff of claim 26 intended for mixing with an aqueous media prior to consumption. 28. An edible oil-in-water emulsion obtainable by contacting the composition of claim 1 with an aqueous media. 29. A process for manufacture of an edible oil-in-water emulsion comprising contacting the composition of claim 1 with an aqueous media. 30. The process of claim 29 conducted at a temperature of 35° C. and higher. 31. The process of claim 29, wherein the aqueous media comprises carbohydrate material dissolved therein. 32. The process of claim 29, wherein the aqueous media comprises peptide material dissolved therein. | A foodstuff particulate lipid composition comprises a particulate solid non-lipid carrier and an oil-in-water emulsion on the carrier capable of being released from the carrier on contact with aqueous media to form an oil-in-water emulsion in said aqueous media. Also disclosed is the use of the composition and a process for its manufacture.1. Foodstuff particulate lipid composition comprising a particulate solid non-lipid carrier and an oil-in-water emulsion on the carrier capable of being released from the carrier on contact with aqueous media to form an oil-in-water emulsion in said aqueous media. 2. The composition of claim 1, comprising from 0.1% by weight to 90% by weight of oil-in-water emulsion and from 10% to 99.9% by weight of carrier. 3. The composition of claim 1, comprising from 0.5% by weight to 60% by weight of oil-in-water emulsion and from 99.5% by weight to 40% by weight of carrier. 4. The composition of claim 1, comprising from 0.5 by weight to 40% by weight of oil-in-water emulsion and from 60% by weight to 99.5 by weight of carrier. 5. The composition of claim 1, comprising from 0.5 by weight to 30% by weight of oil-in-water emulsion and from 70% by weight to 99.5% by weight of carrier. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the oil phase of the oil-in-water emulsion comprises a non-polar lipid and a lipidic emulsifier. 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the non-polar lipid is selected from natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic oils. 8. The composition of claim 7 selected from natural oil, of which more than 90% by weigh is comprised by palmitic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and stearic esters of glycerol. 9. The composition of claim 7, wherein the oil is selected from palm oil and its equivalent confectionery fats, such as coconut oil, palm kernel oil, cocoa butter, partially hydrogenated soybean oil partly hydrogenated rapeseed oil; sunflower oil and its equivalent liquid vegetable oils, such as soybean oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, olive oil, corn oil, groundnut oil, linseed oil, rice bran oil, evening primrose oil, borage oil, and sesame oil; animal fats and oils, such as fish oil, butter fat, lard, tallow, their fractions and mixtures thereof. 10. The composition of claim 6, wherein the emulsifier is selected from mono- and diglycerides, in particular of lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid, their mixtures and acid esters, in particular their acetates; sorbitan esters and polysorbates; polyglycerol esters; sucrose esters; propylene glycol mono fatty acid esters; esters of lactic acid, succinic acid, fruit acid; lecithins; specific membrane lipids, such as phospholipids, galactolipids, and sphingolipids. 11. The composition of claim 6, wherein the emulsifier comprises galactolipid material. 12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the galactolipid material comprises 20% by weight to 30% by weight of galactolipids, mainly digalactodiacylglycerol, and from 10% by weight to 15% by weight of other polar lipids. 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the carrier is selected from foodstuff of vegetable, animal or mixed origin. 14. The composition of claim 13 wherein the carrier is selected from starch; modified starch; proteinaceous material such as whey protein, soy protein and casein; other material of vegetable origin such as material originating from oat bran, rice hull, ground seed; gum such as gum arabic; pectin; xanthan; and carrageenan. 15. The composition of claim 13, wherein the carrier comprises more than 50% by weight of starch; modified starch; proteinaceous material such as whey protein, soy protein and casein; other material of vegetable origin such as material originating from oat bran, rice hull, ground seed; gum such as gum arabic; pectin; xanthan; and carrageenan. 16. The composition of claim 1, wherein the carrier is selected from inorganic material, such as sodium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate. 17. The composition of claim 1, wherein the carrier is capable of passing substantially unchanged at least the upper part of the gastro-intestinal tract. 18. The composition of claim 1, wherein the carrier is substantially insoluble in water. 19. The composition of claim 1 capable of forming an oil-in-water emulsion on contact with an aqueous media from more than 50% by weight of its oil-in-water emulsion. 20. Method of forming a foodstuff particulate lipid composition comprising a particulate solid non-lipid carrier and an oil-in-water emulsion on the carrier capable of being released from the carrier on contact with aqueous media to form an oil-in-water emulsion in said aqueous media, comprising the steps of:
(a) providing an oil-in-water emulsion in liquid form; (b) providing a particulate solid non-lipid carrier; (c) adding the oil-in-water emulsion to the carrier over a period of time while agitating the carrier to obtain said particulate lipid composition. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the oil-in-water emulsion is provided at a temperature of from 30° C. to 75° C. 22. The method of claim 20, comprising keeping the carrier during said addition at a temperature of below 30° C. 23. The method of claim 20, comprising the additional step of:
(d) separating a fraction of defined particle size from said particulate lipid composition. 24. Use of the composition of claim 1 in the manufacture of a foodstuff. 25. Use of the composition of claim 1 as a foodstuff. 26. A foodstuff comprising the composition of claim 1. 27. The foodstuff of claim 26 intended for mixing with an aqueous media prior to consumption. 28. An edible oil-in-water emulsion obtainable by contacting the composition of claim 1 with an aqueous media. 29. A process for manufacture of an edible oil-in-water emulsion comprising contacting the composition of claim 1 with an aqueous media. 30. The process of claim 29 conducted at a temperature of 35° C. and higher. 31. The process of claim 29, wherein the aqueous media comprises carbohydrate material dissolved therein. 32. The process of claim 29, wherein the aqueous media comprises peptide material dissolved therein. | 1,700 |
2,771 | 13,419,234 | 1,744 | A porous membrane may be manufactured with a high content of filler material and a polymer binder. After forming the membrane, the membrane may be post processed to reform the polymer binder into a stronger yet still porous membrane. The post processing may include bringing the membrane above the melt temperature of the polymer or by immersing the membrane in a solvent. Photomicrographs show that the structure may change, yet the performance of the material in batteries and other electrochemical cells may remain the same or even improve. | 1. A method comprising:
receiving a microporous membrane comprising:
a polymer binder;
a first filler material being a filler material;
said microporous membrane having a first manufactured state being:
at least 50% porosity; and
at least 10% of total filler material by weight;
post processing said microporous membrane by bringing said polymer binder into at least a partially molten state such that said polymer binder reforms after said post processing such that said microporous membrane having a second manufactured state being at least 50% porosity. 2. The method of claim 1, said microporous membrane further comprising a non-woven web reinforcement. 3. The method of claim 2, said partially molten state being performed by heating said microporous membrane. 4. The method of claim 2, said partially molten state being performed by bathing said microporous membrane in a solvent. 5. The method of claim 4, said solvent being rinsed from said microporous membrane after said post processing. 6. The method of claim 2, said first filler material being spherical. 7. The method of claim 6, said first filler comprising TiO2. 8. The method of claim 2, said microporous membrane comprising a second filler material. 9. The method of claim 8, said second filler material being a fibrous filler material. 10. The method of claim 9, said fibrous filler material being Wollastinate. 11. The method of claim 10, said polymer being PVDF. 12. The method of claim 1, said polymer being one of a group composed of:
polyethylene, polypropylene, PET, PVDF, acrylic, PVC, and amide. 13. The method of claim 1, said porosity increasing after said post processing. 14. A method comprising:
receiving a microporous membrane comprising:
a polymer binder;
a first filler material;
said microporous membrane having a first manufactured state being:
at least 50% porosity;
at least 10% of total filler material by weight;
a pore wall thickness greater than said maximum filler size;
post processing said microporous membrane by bringing said polymer binder into at least a partially dissolved state such that said polymer binder reforms after said post processing such that said microporous membrane having a second manufactured state being at least 50% porosity. 15. The method of claim 14, said partially molten state being performed by bathing said microporous membrane in a solvent. 16. The method of claim 15, said microporous membrane further comprising a non-woven reinforcement. 17. The method of claim 16, said first filler material being a spherical material. 18. The method of claim 17, said microporous membrane further comprising a second filler material. 19. The method of claim 18, said second filler material being a fibrous filler material. 20. The method of claim 19, said polymer being one of a group composed of:
polyethylene, polypropylene, PET, PVDF, acrylic, PVC, and amide. | A porous membrane may be manufactured with a high content of filler material and a polymer binder. After forming the membrane, the membrane may be post processed to reform the polymer binder into a stronger yet still porous membrane. The post processing may include bringing the membrane above the melt temperature of the polymer or by immersing the membrane in a solvent. Photomicrographs show that the structure may change, yet the performance of the material in batteries and other electrochemical cells may remain the same or even improve.1. A method comprising:
receiving a microporous membrane comprising:
a polymer binder;
a first filler material being a filler material;
said microporous membrane having a first manufactured state being:
at least 50% porosity; and
at least 10% of total filler material by weight;
post processing said microporous membrane by bringing said polymer binder into at least a partially molten state such that said polymer binder reforms after said post processing such that said microporous membrane having a second manufactured state being at least 50% porosity. 2. The method of claim 1, said microporous membrane further comprising a non-woven web reinforcement. 3. The method of claim 2, said partially molten state being performed by heating said microporous membrane. 4. The method of claim 2, said partially molten state being performed by bathing said microporous membrane in a solvent. 5. The method of claim 4, said solvent being rinsed from said microporous membrane after said post processing. 6. The method of claim 2, said first filler material being spherical. 7. The method of claim 6, said first filler comprising TiO2. 8. The method of claim 2, said microporous membrane comprising a second filler material. 9. The method of claim 8, said second filler material being a fibrous filler material. 10. The method of claim 9, said fibrous filler material being Wollastinate. 11. The method of claim 10, said polymer being PVDF. 12. The method of claim 1, said polymer being one of a group composed of:
polyethylene, polypropylene, PET, PVDF, acrylic, PVC, and amide. 13. The method of claim 1, said porosity increasing after said post processing. 14. A method comprising:
receiving a microporous membrane comprising:
a polymer binder;
a first filler material;
said microporous membrane having a first manufactured state being:
at least 50% porosity;
at least 10% of total filler material by weight;
a pore wall thickness greater than said maximum filler size;
post processing said microporous membrane by bringing said polymer binder into at least a partially dissolved state such that said polymer binder reforms after said post processing such that said microporous membrane having a second manufactured state being at least 50% porosity. 15. The method of claim 14, said partially molten state being performed by bathing said microporous membrane in a solvent. 16. The method of claim 15, said microporous membrane further comprising a non-woven reinforcement. 17. The method of claim 16, said first filler material being a spherical material. 18. The method of claim 17, said microporous membrane further comprising a second filler material. 19. The method of claim 18, said second filler material being a fibrous filler material. 20. The method of claim 19, said polymer being one of a group composed of:
polyethylene, polypropylene, PET, PVDF, acrylic, PVC, and amide. | 1,700 |
2,772 | 13,087,435 | 1,794 | A surface geometry for an implantable medical electrode that optimizes the electrical characteristics of the electrode and enables an efficient transfer of signals from the electrode to surrounding bodily tissue. The coating is optimized to increase the double layer capacitance and to lower the after-potential polarization for signals having a pulse width in a pre-determined range by keeping the amplitude of the surface geometry with a desired range. | 1. A method for optimizing a coating on a substrate comprising the steps of:
a. providing a primary metallic component b. providing a secondary reactive component; c. depositing said primary and said secondary components on said substrate such that deposited atoms of said secondary reactive component react with atoms of said primary metallic component prior to solidifying; d. wherein the reaction of said primary metallic component and said secondary reactive component results in a surface having pyramidal or tetragonal crystal structures defined thereon; and e. varying the deposition parameters such that the average amplitude of said crystal structures falls within a desired range. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said varied deposition parameters are selected from a group consisting of pressure and power. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein said deposition takes place under a pressure that will result in average amplitude of said crystal structures being with said desired range. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein said primary metallic component is titanium, said secondary reactive component is nitrogen. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein said desired range for the average amplitude of said crystal structures is approximately between 250 and 400 nanometers. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the sides of said pyramidal structures form an angle with the base of said pyramidal structures which is between 20 and 70 degrees. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein said angle is 45 degrees. 8. The method of claim 5 wherein the voltage on the double layer capacitance falls to within 30-50 mV of its unstimulated level with 18-22 ms of the trailing edge of the stimulation pulse. 9. The method of claim 5 wherein the double layer capacitance of said coating is approximately 70 mF/cm2 or above. 10. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of polishing said substrate prior to depositing said coating. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein said surface is polished to an Ra of 11 micro-niches or less. 12. The method of claim 10 wherein said surface is polished to an Ra of 8 micro-inches or less. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein said primary metallic component is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Ta, Nb, Hf, Zr, Au, Pt, Pd and W. 14. The method of claim 1 wherein said secondary reactive component is selected from a group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and carbon. | A surface geometry for an implantable medical electrode that optimizes the electrical characteristics of the electrode and enables an efficient transfer of signals from the electrode to surrounding bodily tissue. The coating is optimized to increase the double layer capacitance and to lower the after-potential polarization for signals having a pulse width in a pre-determined range by keeping the amplitude of the surface geometry with a desired range.1. A method for optimizing a coating on a substrate comprising the steps of:
a. providing a primary metallic component b. providing a secondary reactive component; c. depositing said primary and said secondary components on said substrate such that deposited atoms of said secondary reactive component react with atoms of said primary metallic component prior to solidifying; d. wherein the reaction of said primary metallic component and said secondary reactive component results in a surface having pyramidal or tetragonal crystal structures defined thereon; and e. varying the deposition parameters such that the average amplitude of said crystal structures falls within a desired range. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said varied deposition parameters are selected from a group consisting of pressure and power. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein said deposition takes place under a pressure that will result in average amplitude of said crystal structures being with said desired range. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein said primary metallic component is titanium, said secondary reactive component is nitrogen. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein said desired range for the average amplitude of said crystal structures is approximately between 250 and 400 nanometers. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the sides of said pyramidal structures form an angle with the base of said pyramidal structures which is between 20 and 70 degrees. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein said angle is 45 degrees. 8. The method of claim 5 wherein the voltage on the double layer capacitance falls to within 30-50 mV of its unstimulated level with 18-22 ms of the trailing edge of the stimulation pulse. 9. The method of claim 5 wherein the double layer capacitance of said coating is approximately 70 mF/cm2 or above. 10. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of polishing said substrate prior to depositing said coating. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein said surface is polished to an Ra of 11 micro-niches or less. 12. The method of claim 10 wherein said surface is polished to an Ra of 8 micro-inches or less. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein said primary metallic component is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Ta, Nb, Hf, Zr, Au, Pt, Pd and W. 14. The method of claim 1 wherein said secondary reactive component is selected from a group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and carbon. | 1,700 |
2,773 | 14,966,085 | 1,718 | In a system and method of growing a diamond film, a cooling gas flows between a substrate and a substrate holder of a plasma chamber and a process gas flows into the plasma chamber. In the presence of an plasma in the plasma chamber, a temperature distribution across the top surface of the substrate and/or across a growth surface of the growing diamond film is controlled whereupon, during diamond film growth, the temperature distribution is controlled to have a predetermined temperature difference between a highest temperature and a lowest temperature of the temperature distribution. The as-grown diamond film has a total thickness variation (TTV)<10%, < 5 %, or <1%; and/or a birefringence between 0 and 100 nm/cm, 0 and 80 nm/cm, 0 and 60 nm/cm, 0 and 40 nm/cm, 0 and 20 nm/cm, 0 and 10 nm/cm, or 0 and 5 nm/cm. | 1. A microwave plasma reactor for the growth of polycrystalline diamond film by microwave plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition comprising:
a resonance chamber made of an electrically conductive material; a microwave generator coupled to feed microwaves into the resonance chamber; a plasma chamber comprising part of the resonance chamber interior space and separated from a remainder of the resonance chamber by a gas-impermeable dielectric window; a gas control system for supplying a process gas and a cooling gas into the plasma chamber, removing gaseous byproducts from the plasma chamber, and for maintaining the plasma chamber at a lower gas pressure than the remainder of the resonant chamber; an electrically conductive and cooled substrate holder disposed at the bottom of the plasma chamber; and an electrically conductive substrate for growing diamond film on a top surface of the substrate that faces away from the substrate holder, wherein the substrate is disposed in the plasma chamber parallel to the substrate holder, the substrate is spaced from the substrate holder by a gap having a height d, the substrate is electrically insulated from the substrate holder, the gas control system is adapted to supply the process gas into the plasma chamber between the dielectric window and the substrate, and the gas control system is adapted to supply the cooling gas into the gap. 2. The reactor of claim 1, further including:
one or more pyrometers positioned for measuring one or more temperatures of the substrate; and a process control system operative for controlling two or more of the following based on a temperature of the substrate measured by the one or more pyrometers:
(1) the energy of microwave power delivered to the resonance chamber;
(2) a pressure inside the plasma chamber;
(3) a flow rate of the process gas into the plasma chamber;
(4) a mixture of gases forming the process gas;
(5) a percent composition of the gases forming the process gas;
(6) a flow rate of the cooling gas;
(7) a mixture of the gases forming the cooling gas; and
(8) a percent composition of the gases forming the cooling gas. 3. The reactor of claim 1, wherein the substrate is spaced from the substrate holder by electrically nonconductive spacers. 4. The reactor of claim 3, wherein an end of each spacer has the form of a disc, a rectangle or square, or a triangle. 5. The reactor of claim 3, wherein there is a minimum of 3 spacers. 6. The reactor of claim 3, wherein an area of each spacer in contact with a bottom surface of the substrate that faces the substrate holder is <0.01% of a total surface area of the bottom surface of the substrate. 7. The reactor of claim 3, wherein a total area of the spacers in contact with a bottom surface of the substrate that faces the substrate holder is <1% of the total surface area of the bottom of the substrate. 8. The reactor of claim 3, wherein the spacers are distributed whereupon cooling gas flowing in the gap between the substrate holder and substrate has a Reynold's number of <1 such that the cooling gas flow is laminar. 9. The reactor of claim 3, wherein the spacers are made of a material having an electric resistivity >1×105 Ohm-cm at 800° C. 10. The reactor of claim 3, wherein the spacers made of ceramic. 11. The reactor of claim 10, wherein the spacers made of aluminum oxide (Al2O3). 12. The reactor of claim 3, wherein the spacers are made of a material belonging to the group of at least one of the following: oxides, carbides and nitrides. 13. The reactor of claim 3, wherein the spacers have a thermal conductivity between one of the following:
1-50 W/m K; 10-40 W/m K; or 25-35 W/m K. 14. The reactor of claim 3, wherein at least one of the following:
each spacer is positioned between 50-80% of a radius of the substrate; the spacers are distributed along a circumference of a single radius of the substrate; and between a center of the substrate and the position of each spacer between the substrate and the substrate holder, a Reynolds number of the cooling gas flow through the gap is one of the following: <1; or <0.1; or <0.01. 15. The reactor of claim 1, wherein the height d of the gap between the substrate and the substrate holder is one of the following: between 0.001% and 1% of the substrate diameter, or between 0.02% and 0.5% of the substrate diameter. 16. A method of growing a diamond film in the plasma reactor of claim 1, the method comprising:
(a) providing the cooling gas into the gap between the substrate and the substrate holder; (b) providing the process gas into the plasma chamber; (c) supplying to the resonant chamber microwaves of sufficient energy to cause the process gas to form in the plasma chamber a plasma that heats a top surface of the substrate to an average temperature between 750° C. and 1200° C.; and (d) in the presence of the plasma in the plasma chamber, actively controlling a temperature distribution across the top surface of the substrate and/or across a growth surface of the diamond film growing on the top surface of the substrate in response to the plasma such that the temperature distribution has less than a predetermined temperature difference between a highest temperature of the temperature distribution and a lowest temperature of the temperature distribution. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the temperature distribution is controlled such that the as-grown diamond film has at least one of the following:
a total thickness variation (TTV) <10%, <5%, or <1%; and a birefringence between 0 and 100 nm/cm, between 0 and 80 nm/cm, between 0 and 60 nm/cm; between 0 and 40 nm/cm, between 0 and 20 nm/cm, between 0 and 10 nm/cm, or between 0 and 5 nm/cm. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein actively controlling the temperature distribution includes controlling at least two of the following:
(1) the energy of microwave power delivered to the resonance chamber; (2) a pressure inside the plasma chamber; (3) a flow rate of the process gas into the plasma chamber; (4) types of gases forming the process gas; (5) a percent composition of the gases forming the process gas; (6) a flow rate of the cooling gas; (7) types of the gases forming the cooling gas; and (8) a percent composition of the gases forming the cooling gas. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein at least one of the following:
the temperature distribution is measured between a center and an edge of the top surface of the substrate, or between a center and an edge of the growth surface of the growing diamond film, or both; and the predetermined temperature difference between the highest and lowest temperatures of the temperature distribution is measured at the center and the edge of the top surface of the substrate, or between the center and the edge of the growth surface of the growing diamond film, or both. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the predetermined temperature difference between the highest temperature and the lowest temperature of the temperature distribution is <10° C., <5° C., or <1° C. | In a system and method of growing a diamond film, a cooling gas flows between a substrate and a substrate holder of a plasma chamber and a process gas flows into the plasma chamber. In the presence of an plasma in the plasma chamber, a temperature distribution across the top surface of the substrate and/or across a growth surface of the growing diamond film is controlled whereupon, during diamond film growth, the temperature distribution is controlled to have a predetermined temperature difference between a highest temperature and a lowest temperature of the temperature distribution. The as-grown diamond film has a total thickness variation (TTV)<10%, < 5 %, or <1%; and/or a birefringence between 0 and 100 nm/cm, 0 and 80 nm/cm, 0 and 60 nm/cm, 0 and 40 nm/cm, 0 and 20 nm/cm, 0 and 10 nm/cm, or 0 and 5 nm/cm.1. A microwave plasma reactor for the growth of polycrystalline diamond film by microwave plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition comprising:
a resonance chamber made of an electrically conductive material; a microwave generator coupled to feed microwaves into the resonance chamber; a plasma chamber comprising part of the resonance chamber interior space and separated from a remainder of the resonance chamber by a gas-impermeable dielectric window; a gas control system for supplying a process gas and a cooling gas into the plasma chamber, removing gaseous byproducts from the plasma chamber, and for maintaining the plasma chamber at a lower gas pressure than the remainder of the resonant chamber; an electrically conductive and cooled substrate holder disposed at the bottom of the plasma chamber; and an electrically conductive substrate for growing diamond film on a top surface of the substrate that faces away from the substrate holder, wherein the substrate is disposed in the plasma chamber parallel to the substrate holder, the substrate is spaced from the substrate holder by a gap having a height d, the substrate is electrically insulated from the substrate holder, the gas control system is adapted to supply the process gas into the plasma chamber between the dielectric window and the substrate, and the gas control system is adapted to supply the cooling gas into the gap. 2. The reactor of claim 1, further including:
one or more pyrometers positioned for measuring one or more temperatures of the substrate; and a process control system operative for controlling two or more of the following based on a temperature of the substrate measured by the one or more pyrometers:
(1) the energy of microwave power delivered to the resonance chamber;
(2) a pressure inside the plasma chamber;
(3) a flow rate of the process gas into the plasma chamber;
(4) a mixture of gases forming the process gas;
(5) a percent composition of the gases forming the process gas;
(6) a flow rate of the cooling gas;
(7) a mixture of the gases forming the cooling gas; and
(8) a percent composition of the gases forming the cooling gas. 3. The reactor of claim 1, wherein the substrate is spaced from the substrate holder by electrically nonconductive spacers. 4. The reactor of claim 3, wherein an end of each spacer has the form of a disc, a rectangle or square, or a triangle. 5. The reactor of claim 3, wherein there is a minimum of 3 spacers. 6. The reactor of claim 3, wherein an area of each spacer in contact with a bottom surface of the substrate that faces the substrate holder is <0.01% of a total surface area of the bottom surface of the substrate. 7. The reactor of claim 3, wherein a total area of the spacers in contact with a bottom surface of the substrate that faces the substrate holder is <1% of the total surface area of the bottom of the substrate. 8. The reactor of claim 3, wherein the spacers are distributed whereupon cooling gas flowing in the gap between the substrate holder and substrate has a Reynold's number of <1 such that the cooling gas flow is laminar. 9. The reactor of claim 3, wherein the spacers are made of a material having an electric resistivity >1×105 Ohm-cm at 800° C. 10. The reactor of claim 3, wherein the spacers made of ceramic. 11. The reactor of claim 10, wherein the spacers made of aluminum oxide (Al2O3). 12. The reactor of claim 3, wherein the spacers are made of a material belonging to the group of at least one of the following: oxides, carbides and nitrides. 13. The reactor of claim 3, wherein the spacers have a thermal conductivity between one of the following:
1-50 W/m K; 10-40 W/m K; or 25-35 W/m K. 14. The reactor of claim 3, wherein at least one of the following:
each spacer is positioned between 50-80% of a radius of the substrate; the spacers are distributed along a circumference of a single radius of the substrate; and between a center of the substrate and the position of each spacer between the substrate and the substrate holder, a Reynolds number of the cooling gas flow through the gap is one of the following: <1; or <0.1; or <0.01. 15. The reactor of claim 1, wherein the height d of the gap between the substrate and the substrate holder is one of the following: between 0.001% and 1% of the substrate diameter, or between 0.02% and 0.5% of the substrate diameter. 16. A method of growing a diamond film in the plasma reactor of claim 1, the method comprising:
(a) providing the cooling gas into the gap between the substrate and the substrate holder; (b) providing the process gas into the plasma chamber; (c) supplying to the resonant chamber microwaves of sufficient energy to cause the process gas to form in the plasma chamber a plasma that heats a top surface of the substrate to an average temperature between 750° C. and 1200° C.; and (d) in the presence of the plasma in the plasma chamber, actively controlling a temperature distribution across the top surface of the substrate and/or across a growth surface of the diamond film growing on the top surface of the substrate in response to the plasma such that the temperature distribution has less than a predetermined temperature difference between a highest temperature of the temperature distribution and a lowest temperature of the temperature distribution. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the temperature distribution is controlled such that the as-grown diamond film has at least one of the following:
a total thickness variation (TTV) <10%, <5%, or <1%; and a birefringence between 0 and 100 nm/cm, between 0 and 80 nm/cm, between 0 and 60 nm/cm; between 0 and 40 nm/cm, between 0 and 20 nm/cm, between 0 and 10 nm/cm, or between 0 and 5 nm/cm. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein actively controlling the temperature distribution includes controlling at least two of the following:
(1) the energy of microwave power delivered to the resonance chamber; (2) a pressure inside the plasma chamber; (3) a flow rate of the process gas into the plasma chamber; (4) types of gases forming the process gas; (5) a percent composition of the gases forming the process gas; (6) a flow rate of the cooling gas; (7) types of the gases forming the cooling gas; and (8) a percent composition of the gases forming the cooling gas. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein at least one of the following:
the temperature distribution is measured between a center and an edge of the top surface of the substrate, or between a center and an edge of the growth surface of the growing diamond film, or both; and the predetermined temperature difference between the highest and lowest temperatures of the temperature distribution is measured at the center and the edge of the top surface of the substrate, or between the center and the edge of the growth surface of the growing diamond film, or both. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the predetermined temperature difference between the highest temperature and the lowest temperature of the temperature distribution is <10° C., <5° C., or <1° C. | 1,700 |
2,774 | 14,721,549 | 1,777 | A subsurface water treatment system is provided which may be used to produce purified water using ambient subsurface water as a source fluid. The system includes one or more ultrafiltration membrane units which use ambient water as the source fluid and to produce therefrom an ultrafiltrate substantially free of solid particulates having a largest dimension greater than 0.1 microns. An electrochemical unit provides an antifoulant solution comprising hypohalous acid species. A backwash unit allows periodic cleaning and defouling of a non-producing ultrafiltration membrane unit. The system may also include a nanofiltration unit and a reverse osmosis membrane unit which may be used to produce purified water having any of a wide range desired total dissolved solids content. The novel systems and methods described may be used to stimulate the production of hydrocarbon fluids from a hydrocarbon reservoir. | 1. A subsurface water treatment system comprising:
(a) one or more ultrafiltration membrane units configured to use ambient water as a source fluid and to produce therefrom an ultrafiltrate substantially free of solid particulates having a largest dimension greater than 0.1 microns; (b) an electrochemical unit in fluid communication with at least one ultrafiltration membrane unit and configured to provide an aqueous solution comprising one or more hypohalous acid species; and (c) a backwash unit configured to deliver an ultrafiltrate-rich backwash fluid and at least a portion of the aqueous solution comprising one or more hypohalous acid species to at least one non-producing ultrafiltration membrane unit during a backwash cycle. 2. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a nanofiltration membrane unit. 3. The system according to claim 2, wherein the nanofiltration membrane unit is configured to receive the ultrafiltrate and produce therefrom a nanofiltrate containing less than 100 parts per million sulfate species. 4. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a reverse osmosis membrane unit. 5. The system according to claim 4, wherein the reverse osmosis membrane unit is configured to receive the nanofiltrate and produce therefrom a permeate substantially free of dissolved solids. 6. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a reverse osmosis membrane unit configured to receive the ultrafiltrate and produce therefrom a permeate substantially free of dissolved solids. 7. The system according to claim 1, wherein one or more ultrafiltration membrane units comprise hollow fiber membrane structures. 8. The system according to claim 1, wherein one or more ultrafiltration membrane units comprise a spiral wound membrane structure. 9. The system according to claim 1, further comprising one or more of a screen filter, a disk filter, and a media filter. 10. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a sedimentation chamber. 11. The system according to claim 1, further comprising one or more turbulence generating devices configured to scour one or more surfaces of the system on which particulates accumulate. 12. The system according to claim 1, wherein the electrochemical unit is configured to receive at least a portion of the ultrafiltrate and to produce therefrom the aqueous solution comprising one or more hypohalous acid species. 13. A subsurface water treatment system comprising:
(a) one or more ultrafiltration membrane units configured to use ambient water as a source fluid and to produce therefrom an ultrafiltrate substantially free of solid particulates having a largest dimension greater than 0.1 microns; (b) an electrochemical unit in fluid communication with at least one ultrafiltration membrane unit and configured to provide an aqueous solution comprising one or more hypohalous acid species; (c) a backwash unit configured to deliver an ultrafiltrate-rich backwash fluid and at least a portion of the aqueous solution comprising one or more hypohalous acid species to at least one non-producing ultrafiltration membrane unit during a backwash cycle; (d) a nanofiltration membrane unit configured to receive the ultrafiltrate and produce therefrom a nanofiltrate containing less than 100 parts per million sulfate species. 14. The system according to claim 13, wherein one or more ultrafiltration membrane units comprise hollow fiber membrane structures. 15. The system according to claim 13, wherein one or more ultrafiltration membrane units comprise a spiral wound membrane structure. 16. The system according to claim 13, further comprising one or more of a screen filter, a disk filter, and a media filter. 17. The system according to claim 13, further comprising a sedimentation chamber. 18. The system according to claim 13, further comprising one or more turbulence generating devices configured to scour one or more surfaces of the system on which particulates accumulate. 19. The system according to claim 13, wherein the electrochemical unit is configured to receive at least a portion of the ultrafiltrate and to produce therefrom the aqueous solution comprising one or more hypohalous acid species. 20. The system according to claim 13, wherein the electrochemical unit is configured to use seawater as a source fluid and to produce therefrom the aqueous solution comprising one or more hypohalous acid species. 21. A subsea water treatment system comprising:
(a) one or more ultrafiltration membrane units configured to use seawater as a source fluid and to produce therefrom an ultrafiltrate substantially free of solid particulates having a largest dimension greater than 0.1 microns; (b) an electrochemical unit in fluid communication with at least one ultrafiltration membrane unit and configured to provide an aqueous solution comprising one or more hypohalous acid species; (c) a backwash unit configured to deliver an ultrafiltrate-rich backwash fluid and at least a portion of the aqueous solution comprising one or more hypohalous acid species to at least one non-producing ultrafiltration membrane unit; (d) a nanofiltration membrane unit configured to receive the ultrafiltrate and produce therefrom a nanofiltrate containing less than 100 parts per million sulfate species; and (e) a reverse osmosis membrane unit configured to receive either or both of the ultrafiltrate and the nanofiltrate and produce therefrom a permeate substantially free of dissolved solids. 22. The system according to claim 21, wherein one or more ultrafiltration membrane units comprise hollow fiber membrane structures. 23. The system according to claim 21, wherein one or more ultrafiltration membrane units comprise a spiral wound membrane structure. 24. The system according to claim 21, wherein the electrochemical unit is further configured to convert a retentate produced by the reverse osmosis membrane unit into the aqueous solution comprising one or more hypohalous acid species. 25. The system according to claim 21, wherein the electrochemical unit is further configured to convert the nanofiltrate into the aqueous solution comprising one or more hypohalous acid species. | A subsurface water treatment system is provided which may be used to produce purified water using ambient subsurface water as a source fluid. The system includes one or more ultrafiltration membrane units which use ambient water as the source fluid and to produce therefrom an ultrafiltrate substantially free of solid particulates having a largest dimension greater than 0.1 microns. An electrochemical unit provides an antifoulant solution comprising hypohalous acid species. A backwash unit allows periodic cleaning and defouling of a non-producing ultrafiltration membrane unit. The system may also include a nanofiltration unit and a reverse osmosis membrane unit which may be used to produce purified water having any of a wide range desired total dissolved solids content. The novel systems and methods described may be used to stimulate the production of hydrocarbon fluids from a hydrocarbon reservoir.1. A subsurface water treatment system comprising:
(a) one or more ultrafiltration membrane units configured to use ambient water as a source fluid and to produce therefrom an ultrafiltrate substantially free of solid particulates having a largest dimension greater than 0.1 microns; (b) an electrochemical unit in fluid communication with at least one ultrafiltration membrane unit and configured to provide an aqueous solution comprising one or more hypohalous acid species; and (c) a backwash unit configured to deliver an ultrafiltrate-rich backwash fluid and at least a portion of the aqueous solution comprising one or more hypohalous acid species to at least one non-producing ultrafiltration membrane unit during a backwash cycle. 2. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a nanofiltration membrane unit. 3. The system according to claim 2, wherein the nanofiltration membrane unit is configured to receive the ultrafiltrate and produce therefrom a nanofiltrate containing less than 100 parts per million sulfate species. 4. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a reverse osmosis membrane unit. 5. The system according to claim 4, wherein the reverse osmosis membrane unit is configured to receive the nanofiltrate and produce therefrom a permeate substantially free of dissolved solids. 6. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a reverse osmosis membrane unit configured to receive the ultrafiltrate and produce therefrom a permeate substantially free of dissolved solids. 7. The system according to claim 1, wherein one or more ultrafiltration membrane units comprise hollow fiber membrane structures. 8. The system according to claim 1, wherein one or more ultrafiltration membrane units comprise a spiral wound membrane structure. 9. The system according to claim 1, further comprising one or more of a screen filter, a disk filter, and a media filter. 10. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a sedimentation chamber. 11. The system according to claim 1, further comprising one or more turbulence generating devices configured to scour one or more surfaces of the system on which particulates accumulate. 12. The system according to claim 1, wherein the electrochemical unit is configured to receive at least a portion of the ultrafiltrate and to produce therefrom the aqueous solution comprising one or more hypohalous acid species. 13. A subsurface water treatment system comprising:
(a) one or more ultrafiltration membrane units configured to use ambient water as a source fluid and to produce therefrom an ultrafiltrate substantially free of solid particulates having a largest dimension greater than 0.1 microns; (b) an electrochemical unit in fluid communication with at least one ultrafiltration membrane unit and configured to provide an aqueous solution comprising one or more hypohalous acid species; (c) a backwash unit configured to deliver an ultrafiltrate-rich backwash fluid and at least a portion of the aqueous solution comprising one or more hypohalous acid species to at least one non-producing ultrafiltration membrane unit during a backwash cycle; (d) a nanofiltration membrane unit configured to receive the ultrafiltrate and produce therefrom a nanofiltrate containing less than 100 parts per million sulfate species. 14. The system according to claim 13, wherein one or more ultrafiltration membrane units comprise hollow fiber membrane structures. 15. The system according to claim 13, wherein one or more ultrafiltration membrane units comprise a spiral wound membrane structure. 16. The system according to claim 13, further comprising one or more of a screen filter, a disk filter, and a media filter. 17. The system according to claim 13, further comprising a sedimentation chamber. 18. The system according to claim 13, further comprising one or more turbulence generating devices configured to scour one or more surfaces of the system on which particulates accumulate. 19. The system according to claim 13, wherein the electrochemical unit is configured to receive at least a portion of the ultrafiltrate and to produce therefrom the aqueous solution comprising one or more hypohalous acid species. 20. The system according to claim 13, wherein the electrochemical unit is configured to use seawater as a source fluid and to produce therefrom the aqueous solution comprising one or more hypohalous acid species. 21. A subsea water treatment system comprising:
(a) one or more ultrafiltration membrane units configured to use seawater as a source fluid and to produce therefrom an ultrafiltrate substantially free of solid particulates having a largest dimension greater than 0.1 microns; (b) an electrochemical unit in fluid communication with at least one ultrafiltration membrane unit and configured to provide an aqueous solution comprising one or more hypohalous acid species; (c) a backwash unit configured to deliver an ultrafiltrate-rich backwash fluid and at least a portion of the aqueous solution comprising one or more hypohalous acid species to at least one non-producing ultrafiltration membrane unit; (d) a nanofiltration membrane unit configured to receive the ultrafiltrate and produce therefrom a nanofiltrate containing less than 100 parts per million sulfate species; and (e) a reverse osmosis membrane unit configured to receive either or both of the ultrafiltrate and the nanofiltrate and produce therefrom a permeate substantially free of dissolved solids. 22. The system according to claim 21, wherein one or more ultrafiltration membrane units comprise hollow fiber membrane structures. 23. The system according to claim 21, wherein one or more ultrafiltration membrane units comprise a spiral wound membrane structure. 24. The system according to claim 21, wherein the electrochemical unit is further configured to convert a retentate produced by the reverse osmosis membrane unit into the aqueous solution comprising one or more hypohalous acid species. 25. The system according to claim 21, wherein the electrochemical unit is further configured to convert the nanofiltrate into the aqueous solution comprising one or more hypohalous acid species. | 1,700 |
2,775 | 13,791,655 | 1,782 | A display device is provided with a laminated wiring including a low-resistance conductive film, a low-reflection film mainly containing Al and functioning as a reflection preventing film, and a cap film which are sequentially laminated on a transparent substrate, and an insulting film formed so as to cover the laminated wiring. | 1. A display device comprising:
a laminated wiring comprising a conductive film, a metal nitride film mainly containing Al and functioning as a reflection preventing film, and a transparent film which are sequentially laminated on a base layer; and an insulating film formed so as to cover said laminated wiring, wherein said insulating film side is a display surface side. 2. The display device according to claim 1, wherein
said transparent film is arranged on said metal nitride film in such a manner that its edge is positioned at the same location as an edge of said metal nitride film, or on an inner side compared with the edge of said metal nitride film, in a planar view. 3. The display device according to claim 1, wherein
said transparent film has a refractive index higher than that of said insulating film. 4. The display device according to claim 3, wherein
said transparent film consists of a material having a refractive index of 1.7 to 2.4, and having a film thickness of 30 nm to 70 nm. 5. The display device according to claim 1, wherein
an end part of said laminated wiring is used as a terminal part for being electrically connected to an outside, and said terminal part has an opening reaching said conductive film through said insulating film, said transparent film, and said metal nitride film. 6. The display device according to claim 1, wherein
said laminating wirings is set so as to form a film thickness of said metal nitride film in such a manner that a ratio of a minimum film thickness to a maximum film thickness (minimum film thickness/maximum film thickness) exceeds 0.6. 7. The display device according to claim 1, wherein
said display device comprises a projected capacitive touch panel, and said laminated wiring serves as a detecting wiring for detecting electrostatic capacity in said touch panel. 8. The display device according to claim 1, wherein
a degree of nitridation of said metal nitride film is 30 at. % to 50 at. % as a composition ratio of nitrogen. 9. A method for manufacturing a display device comprising the steps of:
(a) sequentially forming a conductive film, a metal nitride film mainly containing Al and functioning as a reflection preventing film, and a cap film, on a base layer; (b) forming a resist mask having a predetermined pattern, on said cap film; (c) patterning said cap film, said metal nitride film, and said conductive film by etching, with said resist mask used as an etching mask; and (d) removing said resist mask after said step (c), wherein said predetermined pattern includes a wiring pattern, and said display device comprises a laminated wiring includes at least said metal nitride film and said conductive film patterned with the wiring pattern. 10. The method for manufacturing a display device according to claim 9, comprising the steps of:
(e) removing said cap film after said step (d), and (f) covering said laminated wiring with an insulating film after said cap film is removed. 11. The method for manufacturing a display device according to claim 9, further comprising the step of:
(e) covering said laminated wiring including said cap film with an insulating film after said step (d), wherein said step (a) includes a step of forming said cap film with a transparent film. 12. The method for manufacturing a display device according to claim 9, further comprising the step of:
(e) etching said transparent film in such a manner that an edge of said transparent film is positioned at the same location as an edge of said metal nitride film or on an inner side compared with the edge of said metal nitride film, in a planar view after said step (c). 13. The method for manufacturing a display device according to claim 12, further comprising the step of:
(f) etching said metal nitride film in such a manner that the edge of said metal nitride film comes close to an edge of said conductive film, in a planar view after said step (e). 14. The method for manufacturing a display device according to claim 9, wherein
said step (a) includes a step of forming said cap film with a film having a reflectivity of 30% or more, said predetermined pattern includes a pattern of an identification mark, said step (c) includes a step of patterning said cap film, said metal nitride film, and said conductive film with the pattern of said identification mark by etching, and said identification mark is formed of a laminated body including at least said metal nitride and said conductive film patterned with the pattern of said identification mark. 15. A method for manufacturing a display device comprising the steps of:
(a) sequentially forming a conductive film, a metal nitride film mainly containing Al and functioning as a reflection preventing film, a transparent film, and a non-low-reflection film having a reflectivity of 30% of more, on a base layer; (b) forming a resist mask having a predetermined pattern, on said non-low-reflection film; (c) patterning said non-low-reflection film, said transparent film, said metal nitride film, and said conductive film by etching, with said resist mask used as an etching mask; (d) removing said resist mask after said step (c), and (e) removing said non-low-reflection film after said step (d), wherein said predetermined pattern includes a wiring pattern, and said display device comprises a laminated wiring includes at least said metal nitride film and said conductive film patterned with the wiring pattern. 16. The method for manufacturing a display device according to claim 15, wherein
said predetermined pattern includes a pattern of an identification mark, said step (c) comprises a step of patterning said non-low-reflection film, said transparent film, said metal nitride film, and said conductive film with the pattern of said identification mark by etching, and said identification mark is formed of a laminated body including at least said metal nitride and said conductive film patterned with the pattern of said identification mark. 17. The method for manufacturing a display device according to claim 15, further comprising the step of:
(f) etching said transparent film in such a manner that an edge of said transparent film is positioned at the same location as an edge of said metal nitride film or on an inner side compared with the edge of said metal nitride film, in a planar view after said step (c). 18. The method for manufacturing a display device according to claim 17, further comprising the step of:
(g) etching said metal nitride film in such a manner that the edge of said metal nitride film comes close to an edge of said conductive film, in a planar view after said step (f). | A display device is provided with a laminated wiring including a low-resistance conductive film, a low-reflection film mainly containing Al and functioning as a reflection preventing film, and a cap film which are sequentially laminated on a transparent substrate, and an insulting film formed so as to cover the laminated wiring.1. A display device comprising:
a laminated wiring comprising a conductive film, a metal nitride film mainly containing Al and functioning as a reflection preventing film, and a transparent film which are sequentially laminated on a base layer; and an insulating film formed so as to cover said laminated wiring, wherein said insulating film side is a display surface side. 2. The display device according to claim 1, wherein
said transparent film is arranged on said metal nitride film in such a manner that its edge is positioned at the same location as an edge of said metal nitride film, or on an inner side compared with the edge of said metal nitride film, in a planar view. 3. The display device according to claim 1, wherein
said transparent film has a refractive index higher than that of said insulating film. 4. The display device according to claim 3, wherein
said transparent film consists of a material having a refractive index of 1.7 to 2.4, and having a film thickness of 30 nm to 70 nm. 5. The display device according to claim 1, wherein
an end part of said laminated wiring is used as a terminal part for being electrically connected to an outside, and said terminal part has an opening reaching said conductive film through said insulating film, said transparent film, and said metal nitride film. 6. The display device according to claim 1, wherein
said laminating wirings is set so as to form a film thickness of said metal nitride film in such a manner that a ratio of a minimum film thickness to a maximum film thickness (minimum film thickness/maximum film thickness) exceeds 0.6. 7. The display device according to claim 1, wherein
said display device comprises a projected capacitive touch panel, and said laminated wiring serves as a detecting wiring for detecting electrostatic capacity in said touch panel. 8. The display device according to claim 1, wherein
a degree of nitridation of said metal nitride film is 30 at. % to 50 at. % as a composition ratio of nitrogen. 9. A method for manufacturing a display device comprising the steps of:
(a) sequentially forming a conductive film, a metal nitride film mainly containing Al and functioning as a reflection preventing film, and a cap film, on a base layer; (b) forming a resist mask having a predetermined pattern, on said cap film; (c) patterning said cap film, said metal nitride film, and said conductive film by etching, with said resist mask used as an etching mask; and (d) removing said resist mask after said step (c), wherein said predetermined pattern includes a wiring pattern, and said display device comprises a laminated wiring includes at least said metal nitride film and said conductive film patterned with the wiring pattern. 10. The method for manufacturing a display device according to claim 9, comprising the steps of:
(e) removing said cap film after said step (d), and (f) covering said laminated wiring with an insulating film after said cap film is removed. 11. The method for manufacturing a display device according to claim 9, further comprising the step of:
(e) covering said laminated wiring including said cap film with an insulating film after said step (d), wherein said step (a) includes a step of forming said cap film with a transparent film. 12. The method for manufacturing a display device according to claim 9, further comprising the step of:
(e) etching said transparent film in such a manner that an edge of said transparent film is positioned at the same location as an edge of said metal nitride film or on an inner side compared with the edge of said metal nitride film, in a planar view after said step (c). 13. The method for manufacturing a display device according to claim 12, further comprising the step of:
(f) etching said metal nitride film in such a manner that the edge of said metal nitride film comes close to an edge of said conductive film, in a planar view after said step (e). 14. The method for manufacturing a display device according to claim 9, wherein
said step (a) includes a step of forming said cap film with a film having a reflectivity of 30% or more, said predetermined pattern includes a pattern of an identification mark, said step (c) includes a step of patterning said cap film, said metal nitride film, and said conductive film with the pattern of said identification mark by etching, and said identification mark is formed of a laminated body including at least said metal nitride and said conductive film patterned with the pattern of said identification mark. 15. A method for manufacturing a display device comprising the steps of:
(a) sequentially forming a conductive film, a metal nitride film mainly containing Al and functioning as a reflection preventing film, a transparent film, and a non-low-reflection film having a reflectivity of 30% of more, on a base layer; (b) forming a resist mask having a predetermined pattern, on said non-low-reflection film; (c) patterning said non-low-reflection film, said transparent film, said metal nitride film, and said conductive film by etching, with said resist mask used as an etching mask; (d) removing said resist mask after said step (c), and (e) removing said non-low-reflection film after said step (d), wherein said predetermined pattern includes a wiring pattern, and said display device comprises a laminated wiring includes at least said metal nitride film and said conductive film patterned with the wiring pattern. 16. The method for manufacturing a display device according to claim 15, wherein
said predetermined pattern includes a pattern of an identification mark, said step (c) comprises a step of patterning said non-low-reflection film, said transparent film, said metal nitride film, and said conductive film with the pattern of said identification mark by etching, and said identification mark is formed of a laminated body including at least said metal nitride and said conductive film patterned with the pattern of said identification mark. 17. The method for manufacturing a display device according to claim 15, further comprising the step of:
(f) etching said transparent film in such a manner that an edge of said transparent film is positioned at the same location as an edge of said metal nitride film or on an inner side compared with the edge of said metal nitride film, in a planar view after said step (c). 18. The method for manufacturing a display device according to claim 17, further comprising the step of:
(g) etching said metal nitride film in such a manner that the edge of said metal nitride film comes close to an edge of said conductive film, in a planar view after said step (f). | 1,700 |
2,776 | 14,769,034 | 1,718 | A method for providing visually detectable changes to a surface that has been subjected to a temperature in excess of a predetermined temperature. A coating is applied to the surface, wherein the coating will melt when the predetermined temperature has been reached. Centrifugal forces acting on the melted coating will cause it to be displaced such that the disturbed surface is visibly detectable upon inspection after solidifying. | 1. A method for determining if a component having a coating thereon has been compromised, the method comprising the steps of:
a) visually inspecting the coating; and b) determining that the component has been compromised if the coating is displaced. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises a metallic coating. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the metallic coating comprises NiCoCrAlY. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the metallic coating comprises more than one layer. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the component comprises an turbine blade in a turbine engine. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the component comprises a high pressure turbine blade in a turbine engine. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of:
c) determining that the component should be serviced if it is determined at step (b) that the component has been compromised. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the displaced coating is rumpled. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the displaced coating exhibits evidence of having flowed. 10. The method of claim 2, wherein the metallic coating is at least partially covered by a thermal barrier coating. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the component includes at least one cooling hole formed therein and the displaced coating has flowed into at least one of the at least one cooling holes. 12. A method for determining if a component has been operated above a predetermined temperature, the method comprising the steps of:
a) applying a coating to the component; b) visually inspecting the coating; and c) determining that the component has been operated above the predetermined temperature if the coating is displaced. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein step (a) further comprises:
a) applying the coating in a pattern to the component. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein step (a) further comprises:
a) applying the coating in multiple layers. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the pattern comprises letters forming a message. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the message comprises “WARRANTY VOIDED”. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the component comprises a turbine blade in a turbine engine. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the component comprises a high pressure turbine blade in a turbine engine. 19. The method of claim 12, wherein the displaced coating is rumpled. 20. The method of claim 12, wherein the displaced coating exhibits evidence of having flowed. 21. The method of claim 12, wherein the coating comprises a metallic coating. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the metallic coating comprises NiCoCrAlY. 23. The method of claim 21, where in the metallic coating is applied using one of a low pressure plasma spray, an air plasma spray or high velocity oxy-fuel spraying. 24. The method of claim 12, wherein the component includes at least one cooling hole formed therein and the displaced coating has flowed into at least one of the at least one cooling holes. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein the coating is at least partially covered by a thermal barrier coating. | A method for providing visually detectable changes to a surface that has been subjected to a temperature in excess of a predetermined temperature. A coating is applied to the surface, wherein the coating will melt when the predetermined temperature has been reached. Centrifugal forces acting on the melted coating will cause it to be displaced such that the disturbed surface is visibly detectable upon inspection after solidifying.1. A method for determining if a component having a coating thereon has been compromised, the method comprising the steps of:
a) visually inspecting the coating; and b) determining that the component has been compromised if the coating is displaced. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises a metallic coating. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the metallic coating comprises NiCoCrAlY. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the metallic coating comprises more than one layer. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the component comprises an turbine blade in a turbine engine. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the component comprises a high pressure turbine blade in a turbine engine. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of:
c) determining that the component should be serviced if it is determined at step (b) that the component has been compromised. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the displaced coating is rumpled. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the displaced coating exhibits evidence of having flowed. 10. The method of claim 2, wherein the metallic coating is at least partially covered by a thermal barrier coating. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the component includes at least one cooling hole formed therein and the displaced coating has flowed into at least one of the at least one cooling holes. 12. A method for determining if a component has been operated above a predetermined temperature, the method comprising the steps of:
a) applying a coating to the component; b) visually inspecting the coating; and c) determining that the component has been operated above the predetermined temperature if the coating is displaced. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein step (a) further comprises:
a) applying the coating in a pattern to the component. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein step (a) further comprises:
a) applying the coating in multiple layers. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the pattern comprises letters forming a message. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the message comprises “WARRANTY VOIDED”. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the component comprises a turbine blade in a turbine engine. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the component comprises a high pressure turbine blade in a turbine engine. 19. The method of claim 12, wherein the displaced coating is rumpled. 20. The method of claim 12, wherein the displaced coating exhibits evidence of having flowed. 21. The method of claim 12, wherein the coating comprises a metallic coating. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the metallic coating comprises NiCoCrAlY. 23. The method of claim 21, where in the metallic coating is applied using one of a low pressure plasma spray, an air plasma spray or high velocity oxy-fuel spraying. 24. The method of claim 12, wherein the component includes at least one cooling hole formed therein and the displaced coating has flowed into at least one of the at least one cooling holes. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein the coating is at least partially covered by a thermal barrier coating. | 1,700 |
2,777 | 14,415,355 | 1,797 | A gas measurement system for measuring the concentration of gaseous and/or vaporous components of a gas mixture by means of the color change of at least one reaction substance on a reaction support unit in which the at least one reaction substance is arranged on the reaction support unit separately within at least two light permeable channels is provided in such a manner that data can be read out reliably at low technical expense. The data reading device can be designed as a digital camera and/or as a reading apparatus for an electronic data storage device. | 1. An apparatus comprising:
a housing defining a slot; a friction bearing within the slot configured to couple to a reaction support unit, the reaction support unit comprising at least two light permeable channels configured to receive at least one reaction substance, the at least one reaction substance changing color in presence of at least one particular gaseous or vaporous component; a gas conveyance device configured to convey a gas mixture through at least one of the channels; an optoelectronic detection device configured to detect a color change of the at least one reaction substance on the reaction support unit during and/or after the conveyance of the gas mixture, the color change being detected in the direction of flow of the gas mixture through the at least two channels in at least two separate positions; a data reading device configured to read data stored on the reaction support unit, the data reading device comprising at least one of a (i) a digital camera and (ii) a reading apparatus for an electronic data storage device; an evaluating device configured to evaluate the data detected by the optoelectronic detection device; and a sensory feedback device configured to provide sensory feedback characterizing the data evaluated by the evaluating device. 2. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the optoelectronic detecting device comprises a digital camera having an image converter or an imaging optics system. 3. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the reading apparatus comprising a receiver and transmitter. 4. An apparatus as in claim 3, wherein the receiver and the transmitter each comprise an antenna for wireless signals. 5. An apparatus as in claim 4, wherein the wireless signals comprise at least one of alternating magnetic fields and radio waves. 6. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the reading apparatus comprises electrical contact elements for hard-wired data transfer to and/or from the reaction support unit. 7. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the reading apparatus comprises at least a portion of a bus system for hard-wired data transfer to and/or from the reaction support unit. 8. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the reading apparatus forms at least a portion of the evaluating device. 9. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the data reading device comprises the digital camera, and wherein the digital camera comprises and imaging optics system and at least one of (i) an electronic image converter and (ii) image sensor. 10. An apparatus as in claim 9, wherein the imaging optics system comprises a lens system. 11. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the digital camera comprises as a camera chip. 12. An apparatus as in claim 11, wherein the camera chip is a CMOS camera chip. 13. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the data reading device comprises the digital camera and the optoelectronic detection device is formed by the digital camera. 14. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the friction bearing comprises a motor that is configured to be moved, via a driving roller, into an effective mechanical connection with the reaction support unit. 15. An apparatus as in claim 14, wherein the motor is an electric motor. 16. An apparatus as in claim 15, wherein the electric motor is a servomotor. 17. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the evaluating device comprises a processor and an evaluation data storage device/ 18. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the sensory feedback device comprises at least one device selected from a group consisting of: a monitor, a light emitter, a lamp, an LED, and a signal tone generator. 19. An apparatus as in claim 1, further comprising the reaction support unit. 20. An apparatus as in claim 19, wherein the reaction support unit comprises a supporting surface with a plurality of tubes disposed therein that delimit the channels, and wherein the at least one reaction substance is arranged within the tubes. 21. An apparatus as in claim 20, wherein the supporting surface comprises a chip or a plate. 22. An apparatus as in claim 20, wherein the tubes comprise glass tubes. 23. An apparatus as in claim 19, wherein the reaction support unit further comprises an optical coding. 24. An apparatus as in claim 23, wherein the coding is selected from a group consisting of a bar code, a matrix coding, and an RFID chip. 25. An apparatus an in claim 23, wherein the coding is a matrix coding comprises a printed matrix coding or as an LED arrangement. 26. An apparatus as in claim 19, wherein the reaction support further comprise an electronic data storage device. 27. An apparatus as in claim 26, wherein the electronic data storage device is selected from a group consisting of: an RFID chip, a RAM data storage device, an SRAM chip, an NVRAM chip, o a ROM data storage, a PROM chip, and an EPROM chip, 28. An apparatus as in claim 19, wherein the reaction support unit comprises a transmitter and a receiver. 29. An apparatus as in claim 28, wherein the transmitter comprises an antenna and the receiver comprises an antenna. 30. An apparatus as in claim 29, wherein the antennas transmit and receive magnetic alternating fields or radio waves. 31. An apparatus as in claim 19, wherein the reaction support unit comprises electrical contact elements and/or at least a portion of a bus system for hard-wired data transfer to and/or from the reaction support unit. 32. A method comprising:
moving a reaction support unit through a gas measurement system, the reaction support unit having a plurality of channels each with at least one reaction substance; conveying, using a gas conveyance device, a gas mixture through a single channel of the reaction support unit; reading, by a data reading device, data from either a coding or an electronic data storage device on the reaction support unit; detecting, using a digital camera of an optoelectronic detection device, a color change of the at least one reaction substance during and/or after the conveyance of the gas mixture through the channel, wherein the color change is detected in the direction of flow of the gas mixture through the channel in at least two separate positions; evaluating, using an evaluating device, data acquired by the optoelectronic detection device with regard to the color change; and providing, using a sensory feedback device, sensory feedback regarding the evaluated data. 33. A method as in claim 32, wherein the data reading device optically reads the data using a digital camera. 34. A method as in claim 32, wherein the data reading device reads the data using a hard-wired connection with the reaction support unit. 35. A method as in claim 32, wherein the data reading device wirelessly reads the data. 36. A method as in claim 32, wherein the data is transferred to the data reading device using radio waves or a modifiable magnetic field. 37. A method as in claim 32, further comprising:
transferring data characterizing components of the gas mixture to the electronic data storage unit reaction support unit. 38. A method as in claim 37, wherein reading device transfers the data to the electronic data storage unit. 39. A method as in claim 32, wherein the color change of the at least one reaction substance is detected solely using a digital camera. 40. A method as in claim 32, further comprising:
reading, by the data reading device, data characterizing an identification of a user operating a gas measurement system. 41. A method as in claim 32, further comprising:
reading, by the data reading device, data characterizing a type of the at least one reaction substance. 42. A method as in claim 32, further comprising:
reading, by the data reading device, data characterizing calibration for background gases other than air. 43. A method as in claim 32, further comprising:
reading, by the data reading device, data comprising a software update for the evaluating device. 44. A gas measurement system for measuring the concentration of gaseous and/or vaporous components of a gas mixture by means of a color change of at least one reaction substance on a reaction support unit, wherein the at least one reaction substance on the reaction support unit is arranged separately within at least two light permeable channels, the gas measurement system comprises
a gas conveyance device for conveying the gas mixture through a channel and to the at least one reaction substance; a mechanical bearing for the reaction support unit; a motor for moving the reaction support unit or another component so that the gas mixture can be conveyed separately through one of the at least two channels; an optoelectronic detection device for detecting a color change of the at least one reaction substance during and/or after the conveyance of the gas mixture through a channel, wherein the color change can be detected preferably in the direction of flow of the gas mixture through the channel in at least two separate positions; a data reading device for the readout of data stored on the reaction support unit; an evaluating device for evaluating the data detected by the optoelectronic detection device; an optical and/or acoustic display device for displaying the data evaluated by the evaluating device; wherein: the data reading device is designed as a digital camera and/or as a reading apparatus for an electronic data storage device. | A gas measurement system for measuring the concentration of gaseous and/or vaporous components of a gas mixture by means of the color change of at least one reaction substance on a reaction support unit in which the at least one reaction substance is arranged on the reaction support unit separately within at least two light permeable channels is provided in such a manner that data can be read out reliably at low technical expense. The data reading device can be designed as a digital camera and/or as a reading apparatus for an electronic data storage device.1. An apparatus comprising:
a housing defining a slot; a friction bearing within the slot configured to couple to a reaction support unit, the reaction support unit comprising at least two light permeable channels configured to receive at least one reaction substance, the at least one reaction substance changing color in presence of at least one particular gaseous or vaporous component; a gas conveyance device configured to convey a gas mixture through at least one of the channels; an optoelectronic detection device configured to detect a color change of the at least one reaction substance on the reaction support unit during and/or after the conveyance of the gas mixture, the color change being detected in the direction of flow of the gas mixture through the at least two channels in at least two separate positions; a data reading device configured to read data stored on the reaction support unit, the data reading device comprising at least one of a (i) a digital camera and (ii) a reading apparatus for an electronic data storage device; an evaluating device configured to evaluate the data detected by the optoelectronic detection device; and a sensory feedback device configured to provide sensory feedback characterizing the data evaluated by the evaluating device. 2. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the optoelectronic detecting device comprises a digital camera having an image converter or an imaging optics system. 3. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the reading apparatus comprising a receiver and transmitter. 4. An apparatus as in claim 3, wherein the receiver and the transmitter each comprise an antenna for wireless signals. 5. An apparatus as in claim 4, wherein the wireless signals comprise at least one of alternating magnetic fields and radio waves. 6. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the reading apparatus comprises electrical contact elements for hard-wired data transfer to and/or from the reaction support unit. 7. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the reading apparatus comprises at least a portion of a bus system for hard-wired data transfer to and/or from the reaction support unit. 8. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the reading apparatus forms at least a portion of the evaluating device. 9. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the data reading device comprises the digital camera, and wherein the digital camera comprises and imaging optics system and at least one of (i) an electronic image converter and (ii) image sensor. 10. An apparatus as in claim 9, wherein the imaging optics system comprises a lens system. 11. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the digital camera comprises as a camera chip. 12. An apparatus as in claim 11, wherein the camera chip is a CMOS camera chip. 13. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the data reading device comprises the digital camera and the optoelectronic detection device is formed by the digital camera. 14. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the friction bearing comprises a motor that is configured to be moved, via a driving roller, into an effective mechanical connection with the reaction support unit. 15. An apparatus as in claim 14, wherein the motor is an electric motor. 16. An apparatus as in claim 15, wherein the electric motor is a servomotor. 17. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the evaluating device comprises a processor and an evaluation data storage device/ 18. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the sensory feedback device comprises at least one device selected from a group consisting of: a monitor, a light emitter, a lamp, an LED, and a signal tone generator. 19. An apparatus as in claim 1, further comprising the reaction support unit. 20. An apparatus as in claim 19, wherein the reaction support unit comprises a supporting surface with a plurality of tubes disposed therein that delimit the channels, and wherein the at least one reaction substance is arranged within the tubes. 21. An apparatus as in claim 20, wherein the supporting surface comprises a chip or a plate. 22. An apparatus as in claim 20, wherein the tubes comprise glass tubes. 23. An apparatus as in claim 19, wherein the reaction support unit further comprises an optical coding. 24. An apparatus as in claim 23, wherein the coding is selected from a group consisting of a bar code, a matrix coding, and an RFID chip. 25. An apparatus an in claim 23, wherein the coding is a matrix coding comprises a printed matrix coding or as an LED arrangement. 26. An apparatus as in claim 19, wherein the reaction support further comprise an electronic data storage device. 27. An apparatus as in claim 26, wherein the electronic data storage device is selected from a group consisting of: an RFID chip, a RAM data storage device, an SRAM chip, an NVRAM chip, o a ROM data storage, a PROM chip, and an EPROM chip, 28. An apparatus as in claim 19, wherein the reaction support unit comprises a transmitter and a receiver. 29. An apparatus as in claim 28, wherein the transmitter comprises an antenna and the receiver comprises an antenna. 30. An apparatus as in claim 29, wherein the antennas transmit and receive magnetic alternating fields or radio waves. 31. An apparatus as in claim 19, wherein the reaction support unit comprises electrical contact elements and/or at least a portion of a bus system for hard-wired data transfer to and/or from the reaction support unit. 32. A method comprising:
moving a reaction support unit through a gas measurement system, the reaction support unit having a plurality of channels each with at least one reaction substance; conveying, using a gas conveyance device, a gas mixture through a single channel of the reaction support unit; reading, by a data reading device, data from either a coding or an electronic data storage device on the reaction support unit; detecting, using a digital camera of an optoelectronic detection device, a color change of the at least one reaction substance during and/or after the conveyance of the gas mixture through the channel, wherein the color change is detected in the direction of flow of the gas mixture through the channel in at least two separate positions; evaluating, using an evaluating device, data acquired by the optoelectronic detection device with regard to the color change; and providing, using a sensory feedback device, sensory feedback regarding the evaluated data. 33. A method as in claim 32, wherein the data reading device optically reads the data using a digital camera. 34. A method as in claim 32, wherein the data reading device reads the data using a hard-wired connection with the reaction support unit. 35. A method as in claim 32, wherein the data reading device wirelessly reads the data. 36. A method as in claim 32, wherein the data is transferred to the data reading device using radio waves or a modifiable magnetic field. 37. A method as in claim 32, further comprising:
transferring data characterizing components of the gas mixture to the electronic data storage unit reaction support unit. 38. A method as in claim 37, wherein reading device transfers the data to the electronic data storage unit. 39. A method as in claim 32, wherein the color change of the at least one reaction substance is detected solely using a digital camera. 40. A method as in claim 32, further comprising:
reading, by the data reading device, data characterizing an identification of a user operating a gas measurement system. 41. A method as in claim 32, further comprising:
reading, by the data reading device, data characterizing a type of the at least one reaction substance. 42. A method as in claim 32, further comprising:
reading, by the data reading device, data characterizing calibration for background gases other than air. 43. A method as in claim 32, further comprising:
reading, by the data reading device, data comprising a software update for the evaluating device. 44. A gas measurement system for measuring the concentration of gaseous and/or vaporous components of a gas mixture by means of a color change of at least one reaction substance on a reaction support unit, wherein the at least one reaction substance on the reaction support unit is arranged separately within at least two light permeable channels, the gas measurement system comprises
a gas conveyance device for conveying the gas mixture through a channel and to the at least one reaction substance; a mechanical bearing for the reaction support unit; a motor for moving the reaction support unit or another component so that the gas mixture can be conveyed separately through one of the at least two channels; an optoelectronic detection device for detecting a color change of the at least one reaction substance during and/or after the conveyance of the gas mixture through a channel, wherein the color change can be detected preferably in the direction of flow of the gas mixture through the channel in at least two separate positions; a data reading device for the readout of data stored on the reaction support unit; an evaluating device for evaluating the data detected by the optoelectronic detection device; an optical and/or acoustic display device for displaying the data evaluated by the evaluating device; wherein: the data reading device is designed as a digital camera and/or as a reading apparatus for an electronic data storage device. | 1,700 |
2,778 | 13,820,607 | 1,718 | Provided is a fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system capable of manufacturing a gravure plate-making roll more quickly as compared to a conventional case, achieving space saving, performing an unattended operation even in the nighttime, and reducing dust between individual processes. The fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system includes: a first industrial robot for chucking and handling an unprocessed plate-making roll; a second industrial robot for chucking and handling the unprocessed plate-making roll; a roll stock apparatus, a photosensitive film coating apparatus, a laser exposure apparatus, an ultrasonic cleaning apparatus with a drying function, a grinding wheel polishing apparatus, and a paper polishing apparatus, which serve as processing apparatus arranged in a handling area of the first industrial robot; and a degreasing apparatus, a copper plating apparatus, a developing apparatus, an etching apparatus, a resist removal apparatus, a surface hardening film forming apparatus, and an ultrasonic cleaning apparatus, which serve as processing apparatus arranged in a handling area of the second industrial robot, to thereby perform plate-making processing. | 1. A fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system, comprising:
a first industrial robot for chucking and handling an unprocessed plate-making roll; a second industrial robot for chucking and handling the unprocessed plate-making roll; a roll stock apparatus, a photosensitive film coating apparatus, a laser exposure apparatus, an ultrasonic cleaning apparatus with a drying function, a grinding wheel polishing apparatus, and a paper polishing apparatus, which serve as processing apparatus arranged in a handling area of the first industrial robot; and a degreasing apparatus, a copper plating apparatus, a developing apparatus, an etching apparatus, a resist removal apparatus, a surface hardening film forming apparatus, and an ultrasonic cleaning apparatus, which serve as processing apparatus arranged in a handling area of the second industrial robot, wherein the first industrial robot and the second industrial robot are configured to transfer the unprocessed plate-making roll therebetween, to thereby perform plate-making processing. 2. A fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system according to claim 1, further comprising:
a roll transfer placement table provided at a position at which the handling area of the first industrial robot overlaps with the handling area of the second industrial robot, wherein:
the ultrasonic cleaning apparatus with the drying function is provided in proximity to the roll transfer placement table;
in the handling area of the first industrial robot, the grinding wheel polishing apparatus and the paper polishing apparatus, the roll stock apparatus, and the photosensitive film coating apparatus and the laser exposure apparatus are arranged in this order clockwise with respect to a position of the ultrasonic cleaning apparatus with the drying function;
the developing apparatus is provided in proximity to the roll transfer placement table;
in the handling area of the second industrial robot, the etching apparatus and the resist removal apparatus, the surface hardening film forming apparatus and the ultrasonic cleaning apparatus, and the copper plating apparatus and the degreasing apparatus are arranged in this order clockwise with respect to a position of the developing apparatus; and
the first industrial robot and the second industrial robot are configured to transfer the unprocessed plate-making roll therebetween, to thereby perform the plate-making processing. 3. A fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system according to claim 1, wherein the surface hardening film forming apparatus comprises a chromium plating apparatus, a DLC film forming apparatus, or a silicon dioxide film forming apparatus. 4. A fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the processing apparatus arranged in said handling area of the first industrial robot and the processing apparatus arranged in said handling area of the second industrial robot comprise a two-stage processing apparatus including two processing apparatus arranged vertically. 5. A fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system according to claim 4, wherein one of the two processing apparatus which is arranged on a lower stage of the two-stage processing apparatus comprises a roll loading and unloading opening portion in a top surface of the one of the two processing apparatus so that a robotic arm is allowed to enter through the top surface of the one of the two processing apparatus. 6. A fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system according to claim 4, wherein one of the two processing apparatus which is arranged on an upper stage of the two-stage processing apparatus comprises a roll loading and unloading opening portion in a side surface facing corresponding one of the first industrial robot and the second industrial robot so that a robotic arm is allowed to enter through the side surface of the one of the two processing apparatus. 7. A fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system according to claim 2, wherein the surface hardening film forming apparatus comprises a chromium plating apparatus, a DLC film forming apparatus, or a silicon dioxide film forming apparatus. | Provided is a fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system capable of manufacturing a gravure plate-making roll more quickly as compared to a conventional case, achieving space saving, performing an unattended operation even in the nighttime, and reducing dust between individual processes. The fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system includes: a first industrial robot for chucking and handling an unprocessed plate-making roll; a second industrial robot for chucking and handling the unprocessed plate-making roll; a roll stock apparatus, a photosensitive film coating apparatus, a laser exposure apparatus, an ultrasonic cleaning apparatus with a drying function, a grinding wheel polishing apparatus, and a paper polishing apparatus, which serve as processing apparatus arranged in a handling area of the first industrial robot; and a degreasing apparatus, a copper plating apparatus, a developing apparatus, an etching apparatus, a resist removal apparatus, a surface hardening film forming apparatus, and an ultrasonic cleaning apparatus, which serve as processing apparatus arranged in a handling area of the second industrial robot, to thereby perform plate-making processing.1. A fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system, comprising:
a first industrial robot for chucking and handling an unprocessed plate-making roll; a second industrial robot for chucking and handling the unprocessed plate-making roll; a roll stock apparatus, a photosensitive film coating apparatus, a laser exposure apparatus, an ultrasonic cleaning apparatus with a drying function, a grinding wheel polishing apparatus, and a paper polishing apparatus, which serve as processing apparatus arranged in a handling area of the first industrial robot; and a degreasing apparatus, a copper plating apparatus, a developing apparatus, an etching apparatus, a resist removal apparatus, a surface hardening film forming apparatus, and an ultrasonic cleaning apparatus, which serve as processing apparatus arranged in a handling area of the second industrial robot, wherein the first industrial robot and the second industrial robot are configured to transfer the unprocessed plate-making roll therebetween, to thereby perform plate-making processing. 2. A fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system according to claim 1, further comprising:
a roll transfer placement table provided at a position at which the handling area of the first industrial robot overlaps with the handling area of the second industrial robot, wherein:
the ultrasonic cleaning apparatus with the drying function is provided in proximity to the roll transfer placement table;
in the handling area of the first industrial robot, the grinding wheel polishing apparatus and the paper polishing apparatus, the roll stock apparatus, and the photosensitive film coating apparatus and the laser exposure apparatus are arranged in this order clockwise with respect to a position of the ultrasonic cleaning apparatus with the drying function;
the developing apparatus is provided in proximity to the roll transfer placement table;
in the handling area of the second industrial robot, the etching apparatus and the resist removal apparatus, the surface hardening film forming apparatus and the ultrasonic cleaning apparatus, and the copper plating apparatus and the degreasing apparatus are arranged in this order clockwise with respect to a position of the developing apparatus; and
the first industrial robot and the second industrial robot are configured to transfer the unprocessed plate-making roll therebetween, to thereby perform the plate-making processing. 3. A fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system according to claim 1, wherein the surface hardening film forming apparatus comprises a chromium plating apparatus, a DLC film forming apparatus, or a silicon dioxide film forming apparatus. 4. A fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the processing apparatus arranged in said handling area of the first industrial robot and the processing apparatus arranged in said handling area of the second industrial robot comprise a two-stage processing apparatus including two processing apparatus arranged vertically. 5. A fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system according to claim 4, wherein one of the two processing apparatus which is arranged on a lower stage of the two-stage processing apparatus comprises a roll loading and unloading opening portion in a top surface of the one of the two processing apparatus so that a robotic arm is allowed to enter through the top surface of the one of the two processing apparatus. 6. A fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system according to claim 4, wherein one of the two processing apparatus which is arranged on an upper stage of the two-stage processing apparatus comprises a roll loading and unloading opening portion in a side surface facing corresponding one of the first industrial robot and the second industrial robot so that a robotic arm is allowed to enter through the side surface of the one of the two processing apparatus. 7. A fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system according to claim 2, wherein the surface hardening film forming apparatus comprises a chromium plating apparatus, a DLC film forming apparatus, or a silicon dioxide film forming apparatus. | 1,700 |
2,779 | 12,178,300 | 1,712 | Methods of depositing a silicon oxide film are disclosed. One embodiment is a plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) process that includes supplying a vapor phase silicon precursor, such as a diaminosilane compound, to a substrate, and supplying oxygen plasma to the substrate. Another embodiment is a pulsed hybrid method between atomic layer deposition (ALD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). In the other embodiment, a vapor phase silicon precursor, such as a diaminosilane compound, is supplied to a substrate while ozone gas is continuously or discontinuously supplied to the substrate. | 1. A method of depositing a silicon oxide film over a substrate, the method comprising one or more of deposition cycles, each of the cycles comprising:
supplying a plurality of pulses of silicon source gas of a compound represented by Formula 1 into a reactor in which a substrate is loaded,
wherein R is a straight or branched alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbons; and
providing an oxygen-containing gas over the substrate in the reactor. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound comprises N, N, N′, N′-tetraethyldiaminosilane (SiH2 [N(C2H5)2]2). 3. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the cycles comprises providing the oxygen-containing gas after supplying the silicon source gas. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the at least one of the cycles further comprises supplying a purge gas into the reactor after supplying the silicon source gas and before providing the oxygen-containing gas. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the at least one of the cycles further comprises providing a purge gas into the reactor after providing the oxygen-containing gas. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the oxygen-containing gas comprises providing oxygen plasma. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein providing the oxygen plasma comprises generating the oxygen plasma in-situ in the reactor. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein generating the oxygen plasma comprises supplying oxygen gas into the reactor, and applying plasma power to the reactor to activate the oxygen gas. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein applying the plasma power comprises applying plasma power between about 0.05 W/cm2 and about 2 W/cm2. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxygen-containing gas comprises ozone. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the cycles comprises, in sequence:
supplying the silicon source gas; and supplying a purge gas into the reactor to purge the silicon source gas from the reactor. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one of the cycles comprises providing the oxygen-containing gas substantially continuously throughout the at least one cycle. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one of the cycles comprises: providing the oxygen-containing gas during supplying the silicon source gas; and providing the oxygen-containing gas during supplying the purge gas. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the one or more of deposition cycles comprise a first cycle and a second cycle,
wherein the first cycle comprises flowing at least one of the silicon source gas or the oxygen-containing gas in a first direction relative to the orientation of the substrate, and wherein the second cycle comprises flowing at least one of the silicon source gas or the oxygen-containing gas in a second direction relative to the orientation of the substrate, the second direction being different from the first direction. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the cycles is conducted at a process temperature between room temperature and about 400° C. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the cycles is conducted at a process pressure between about 0.1 torr and about 10 torr. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the oxygen-containing gas comprises supplying the oxygen-containing gas at a gas flow rate between about 50 sccm and about 300 sccm. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the oxygen-containing gas comprises supplying the oxygen-containing gas at a gas flow rate between about 50 sccm and about 1000 sccm. 19. An apparatus comprising:
a silicon oxide film made by the method of claim 1, wherein the silieon oxide film has an atomic ratio of silicon to oxygen of about 1:1, and wherein the silicon oxide film has a refractive index between about 1.459 and about 1.483. 20. A method of forming a thin film over a substrate, the method comprising a first cycle which comprises:
supplying a vapor phase silicon precursor comprising diaminosilane over a substrate; purging the vapor phase silicon precursor from the substrate; and supplying ozone gas to the substrate during supplying the vapor phase silicon precursor and after purging and before a subsequent cycle. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein supplying ozone gas is conducted substantially continuously during the first cycle. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the silicon precursor is represented by Formula 1:
wherein R is a straight or branched alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbons. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the silicon precursor comprises N, N, N′,N′-tetraethyldiaminosilane (SiH2[N(C2H5)2]2). 24. The method of claim 20, wherein the first cycle comprises flowing the precursor and the ozone gas in a first direction relative to the orientation of the substrate. 25. The method of claim 20, further comprising a second cycle which comprises:
supplying the vapor phase silicon precursor over the substrate; purging the vapor phase silicon precursor from the substrate; and supplying ozone gas to the substrate during supplying the vapor phase silicon precursor, after purging and before a subsequent cycle, wherein the second cycle comprises flowing the precursor and the ozone gas in a second direction relative to the orientation of the substrate, the second direction being different from the first direction. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the first cycle comprises flowing purge gas in the first direction, and wherein the second cycle comprises flowing the purge gas in the second direction. 27. The method of claim 20, wherein the deposition rate of the silicon oxide film is more than about 1.1 Å/cycle. 28. A method of depositing a thin film over a substrate, the method comprising;
supplying a silicon source gas to a substrate; and supplying an excited oxygen species to the substrate to form a film, such that the film has an atomic ratio of Si to O of about 0.5:1 to about 1.1:1. | Methods of depositing a silicon oxide film are disclosed. One embodiment is a plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) process that includes supplying a vapor phase silicon precursor, such as a diaminosilane compound, to a substrate, and supplying oxygen plasma to the substrate. Another embodiment is a pulsed hybrid method between atomic layer deposition (ALD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). In the other embodiment, a vapor phase silicon precursor, such as a diaminosilane compound, is supplied to a substrate while ozone gas is continuously or discontinuously supplied to the substrate.1. A method of depositing a silicon oxide film over a substrate, the method comprising one or more of deposition cycles, each of the cycles comprising:
supplying a plurality of pulses of silicon source gas of a compound represented by Formula 1 into a reactor in which a substrate is loaded,
wherein R is a straight or branched alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbons; and
providing an oxygen-containing gas over the substrate in the reactor. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound comprises N, N, N′, N′-tetraethyldiaminosilane (SiH2 [N(C2H5)2]2). 3. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the cycles comprises providing the oxygen-containing gas after supplying the silicon source gas. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the at least one of the cycles further comprises supplying a purge gas into the reactor after supplying the silicon source gas and before providing the oxygen-containing gas. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the at least one of the cycles further comprises providing a purge gas into the reactor after providing the oxygen-containing gas. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the oxygen-containing gas comprises providing oxygen plasma. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein providing the oxygen plasma comprises generating the oxygen plasma in-situ in the reactor. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein generating the oxygen plasma comprises supplying oxygen gas into the reactor, and applying plasma power to the reactor to activate the oxygen gas. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein applying the plasma power comprises applying plasma power between about 0.05 W/cm2 and about 2 W/cm2. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxygen-containing gas comprises ozone. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the cycles comprises, in sequence:
supplying the silicon source gas; and supplying a purge gas into the reactor to purge the silicon source gas from the reactor. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one of the cycles comprises providing the oxygen-containing gas substantially continuously throughout the at least one cycle. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one of the cycles comprises: providing the oxygen-containing gas during supplying the silicon source gas; and providing the oxygen-containing gas during supplying the purge gas. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the one or more of deposition cycles comprise a first cycle and a second cycle,
wherein the first cycle comprises flowing at least one of the silicon source gas or the oxygen-containing gas in a first direction relative to the orientation of the substrate, and wherein the second cycle comprises flowing at least one of the silicon source gas or the oxygen-containing gas in a second direction relative to the orientation of the substrate, the second direction being different from the first direction. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the cycles is conducted at a process temperature between room temperature and about 400° C. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the cycles is conducted at a process pressure between about 0.1 torr and about 10 torr. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the oxygen-containing gas comprises supplying the oxygen-containing gas at a gas flow rate between about 50 sccm and about 300 sccm. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the oxygen-containing gas comprises supplying the oxygen-containing gas at a gas flow rate between about 50 sccm and about 1000 sccm. 19. An apparatus comprising:
a silicon oxide film made by the method of claim 1, wherein the silieon oxide film has an atomic ratio of silicon to oxygen of about 1:1, and wherein the silicon oxide film has a refractive index between about 1.459 and about 1.483. 20. A method of forming a thin film over a substrate, the method comprising a first cycle which comprises:
supplying a vapor phase silicon precursor comprising diaminosilane over a substrate; purging the vapor phase silicon precursor from the substrate; and supplying ozone gas to the substrate during supplying the vapor phase silicon precursor and after purging and before a subsequent cycle. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein supplying ozone gas is conducted substantially continuously during the first cycle. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the silicon precursor is represented by Formula 1:
wherein R is a straight or branched alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbons. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the silicon precursor comprises N, N, N′,N′-tetraethyldiaminosilane (SiH2[N(C2H5)2]2). 24. The method of claim 20, wherein the first cycle comprises flowing the precursor and the ozone gas in a first direction relative to the orientation of the substrate. 25. The method of claim 20, further comprising a second cycle which comprises:
supplying the vapor phase silicon precursor over the substrate; purging the vapor phase silicon precursor from the substrate; and supplying ozone gas to the substrate during supplying the vapor phase silicon precursor, after purging and before a subsequent cycle, wherein the second cycle comprises flowing the precursor and the ozone gas in a second direction relative to the orientation of the substrate, the second direction being different from the first direction. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the first cycle comprises flowing purge gas in the first direction, and wherein the second cycle comprises flowing the purge gas in the second direction. 27. The method of claim 20, wherein the deposition rate of the silicon oxide film is more than about 1.1 Å/cycle. 28. A method of depositing a thin film over a substrate, the method comprising;
supplying a silicon source gas to a substrate; and supplying an excited oxygen species to the substrate to form a film, such that the film has an atomic ratio of Si to O of about 0.5:1 to about 1.1:1. | 1,700 |
2,780 | 15,185,280 | 1,774 | Systems for sterilization of tissues, including acellular tissue matrices, comprising a package having a portion permeable to supercritical carbon dioxide and a portion impermeable to moisture are described. Methods of sterilizing acellular tissue matrices from soft tissues or demineralized bone are provided. | 1. A packaging system for a medical device, comprising an outer package, the outer package comprising a first portion and a second portion, wherein the first portion is permeable to supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) and a sterilant, and wherein when the second portion is sealed it is impermeable to moisture;
an inner structure configured to hold the second portion open during sterilization, wherein the inner structure is separate from the outer package; and an inner package that is permeable to SC-CO2 and a sterilant, wherein the inner package is positioned within the inner structure. 2. The packaging system of claim 1, wherein the first portion comprises flash spun high-density polyethylene fibers. 3. The packaging system of claim 1, wherein the second portion comprises foil. 4. The packaging system of claim 1, wherein the inner package comprises flash spun high-density polyethylene fibers. 5. The packaging system of claim 1, wherein the inner structure is permeable to supercritical carbon dioxide SC-CO2 and the sterilant. 6. The packaging system of claim 5, wherein the inner structure comprises a mesh cylinder. 7. A packaged medical device, comprising:
an outer package comprising a first portion and a second portion, wherein when the second portion is sealed it is impermeable to moisture; an inner structure configured to hold the second portion open during sterilization, wherein the inner structure is separate from the outer package; an inner package that is permeable to SC-CO2 and a sterilant and is positioned within the inner structure; and a medical device contained within the inner package. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein the outer package comprises foil. 9. The device of claim 7, wherein the inner structure comprises a mesh cylinder. 10. The device of claim 7, wherein the medical device is an acellular tissue matrix. | Systems for sterilization of tissues, including acellular tissue matrices, comprising a package having a portion permeable to supercritical carbon dioxide and a portion impermeable to moisture are described. Methods of sterilizing acellular tissue matrices from soft tissues or demineralized bone are provided.1. A packaging system for a medical device, comprising an outer package, the outer package comprising a first portion and a second portion, wherein the first portion is permeable to supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) and a sterilant, and wherein when the second portion is sealed it is impermeable to moisture;
an inner structure configured to hold the second portion open during sterilization, wherein the inner structure is separate from the outer package; and an inner package that is permeable to SC-CO2 and a sterilant, wherein the inner package is positioned within the inner structure. 2. The packaging system of claim 1, wherein the first portion comprises flash spun high-density polyethylene fibers. 3. The packaging system of claim 1, wherein the second portion comprises foil. 4. The packaging system of claim 1, wherein the inner package comprises flash spun high-density polyethylene fibers. 5. The packaging system of claim 1, wherein the inner structure is permeable to supercritical carbon dioxide SC-CO2 and the sterilant. 6. The packaging system of claim 5, wherein the inner structure comprises a mesh cylinder. 7. A packaged medical device, comprising:
an outer package comprising a first portion and a second portion, wherein when the second portion is sealed it is impermeable to moisture; an inner structure configured to hold the second portion open during sterilization, wherein the inner structure is separate from the outer package; an inner package that is permeable to SC-CO2 and a sterilant and is positioned within the inner structure; and a medical device contained within the inner package. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein the outer package comprises foil. 9. The device of claim 7, wherein the inner structure comprises a mesh cylinder. 10. The device of claim 7, wherein the medical device is an acellular tissue matrix. | 1,700 |
2,781 | 15,221,996 | 1,722 | Embodiments of the present invention involve three-layer printing members having a central layer that is non-conductive yet abalatable at commercially realistic fluence levels. In various embodiments, the central layer is polymeric with a dispersion of nonconductive carbon black particles therein at a loading level sufficient to provide at least partial layer ablatability and water compatibility of the resulting ablation debris. | 1.-26. (canceled) 27. A lithographic printing member comprising:
(a) a first layer presenting a hydrophilic or oleophobic lithographic affinity; (b) a second layer for ablating in response to an imaging pulse, the second layer consisting essentially of a polymeric matrix and, dispersed therein, nonconductive carbon black particles at a loading level sufficient to provide at least partial layer ablatability and water compatibility following ablation; and (c) a third layer presenting an oleophilic lithographic affinity, the second layer being disposed between the first and third layers. 28. The member of claim 27 wherein debris produced by ablation of the second layer is removable by contact with an aqueous liquid. 29. The member of claim 27 wherein the loading level is sufficient to confer at least partial ablatability at a fluence of 400 mJ/cm2 or less. 30. The member of claim 27 wherein the loading level is sufficient to confer at least partial ablatability at a fluence of 300 mJ/cm2 or less. 31. The member of claim 27 wherein the third layer is a polyester substrate. 32. The member of claim 27 wherein the third layer is polyester and further comprising a metal sheet to which the third layer is attached. 33. The member of claim 27 wherein the third layer is a metal sheet. 34. The member of claim 27 wherein the first layer comprises silicone. 35. The member of claim 27 wherein the first layer comprises polyvinyl alcohol. 36. The member of claim 27 wherein the loading level is at least 25 wt %. 37. The member of claim 27 wherein the loading level is at least 35 wt %. 38. The member of claim 27 wherein the loading level is at least 40 wt %. 39. The member of claim 27 wherein the second layer has a dry coating weight of at least 0.2 g/m2. 40. The member of claim 27 wherein the second layer has a dry coating weight of at least 0.8 g/m2. | Embodiments of the present invention involve three-layer printing members having a central layer that is non-conductive yet abalatable at commercially realistic fluence levels. In various embodiments, the central layer is polymeric with a dispersion of nonconductive carbon black particles therein at a loading level sufficient to provide at least partial layer ablatability and water compatibility of the resulting ablation debris.1.-26. (canceled) 27. A lithographic printing member comprising:
(a) a first layer presenting a hydrophilic or oleophobic lithographic affinity; (b) a second layer for ablating in response to an imaging pulse, the second layer consisting essentially of a polymeric matrix and, dispersed therein, nonconductive carbon black particles at a loading level sufficient to provide at least partial layer ablatability and water compatibility following ablation; and (c) a third layer presenting an oleophilic lithographic affinity, the second layer being disposed between the first and third layers. 28. The member of claim 27 wherein debris produced by ablation of the second layer is removable by contact with an aqueous liquid. 29. The member of claim 27 wherein the loading level is sufficient to confer at least partial ablatability at a fluence of 400 mJ/cm2 or less. 30. The member of claim 27 wherein the loading level is sufficient to confer at least partial ablatability at a fluence of 300 mJ/cm2 or less. 31. The member of claim 27 wherein the third layer is a polyester substrate. 32. The member of claim 27 wherein the third layer is polyester and further comprising a metal sheet to which the third layer is attached. 33. The member of claim 27 wherein the third layer is a metal sheet. 34. The member of claim 27 wherein the first layer comprises silicone. 35. The member of claim 27 wherein the first layer comprises polyvinyl alcohol. 36. The member of claim 27 wherein the loading level is at least 25 wt %. 37. The member of claim 27 wherein the loading level is at least 35 wt %. 38. The member of claim 27 wherein the loading level is at least 40 wt %. 39. The member of claim 27 wherein the second layer has a dry coating weight of at least 0.2 g/m2. 40. The member of claim 27 wherein the second layer has a dry coating weight of at least 0.8 g/m2. | 1,700 |
2,782 | 14,934,789 | 1,782 | A hot melt adhesive composition that includes at least 40% by weight of an unmodified, semi-crystalline propylene polymer that includes at least 50% by weight propylene, and at least 15% by weight wax. | 1. A hot melt adhesive composition comprising:
at least 40% by weight of an unmodified, semi-crystalline propylene polymer comprising at least 50% by weight propylene; at least 15% by weight non-functionalized wax, the non-functionalized wax comprising a first non-functionalized wax and a second non-functionalized wax different from the first non-functionalized wax; and no greater than 8% by weight of an ethylene-ethylenically unsaturated ester copolymer. 2. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1 further comprising an elastomeric block copolymer comprising styrene. 3. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 2, wherein the elastomeric block copolymer is selected from the group consisting of styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene block copolymer, styrene-ethylene/propylene-styrene block copolymer, and combinations thereof. 4. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1 comprising at least 45% by weight of the unmodified, semi-crystalline propylene polymer. 5. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1 comprising at least 50% by weight of the unmodified, semi-crystalline propylene polymer. 6. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1 comprising at least 55% by weight of the unmodified, semi-crystalline propylene polymer. 7. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the first non-functionalized wax comprises polyethylene wax, Fischer Tropsch wax or a combination thereof. 8. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the first non-functionalized wax has a melting point greater than 100° C. 9. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 8, wherein the second non-functionalized wax has a melting point greater than 115° C. 10. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1 further comprising a functionalized wax. 11. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 10, wherein the first non-functionalized wax comprises polyethylene wax, Fischer Tropsch wax or a combination thereof, and the functionalized wax comprises maleated polyethylene wax, maleated polypropylene wax, or a combination thereof. 12. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1 comprising greater than 20% by weight wax. 13. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the unmodified, semi-crystalline propylene polymer has a heat of fusion of from 15 J/g to no greater than 50 J/g. 14. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the composition exhibits a set time no greater than 2 seconds. 15. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the composition exhibits a heat stress resistance of greater than 60° C. and a set time no greater than 1 second. 16. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the composition exhibits a heat stress resistance of greater than 60° C., greater than 50% fiber tear at 4° C. and greater than 50% fiber tear at 60° C., and a set time of no greater than 1.5 seconds. 17. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the composition exhibits a heat stress resistance of greater than 71° C., greater than 50% fiber tear at 4° C. and greater than 50% fiber tear at 71° C., and a set time of no greater than 1.5 seconds. 18. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1 further comprising oil, polybutene, or a combination thereof. 19. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the composition exhibits a viscosity of no greater than 2000 centipoise at 177° C. 20. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1 comprising:
from 45% by weight to about 70% by weight unmodified, semi-crystalline propylene polymer;
from about 20% by weight to about 35% by weight non-functionalized wax; and
from about 1% by weight to about 10% by weight functionalized wax. 21. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 20, comprising from 50% by weight to about 65% by weight unmodified, semi-crystalline polypropylene polymer. 22. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 20, wherein the unmodified, semi-crystalline propylene polymer comprises an unmodified, metallocene-catalyzed semi-crystalline propylene copolymer, an unmodified, non-metallocene heteroaryl-catalyzed, semi-crystalline propylene copolymer, or a combination thereof. 23. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 20, wherein the unmodified, semi-crystalline propylene polymer exhibits a viscosity of no greater than 1200 cP at 190° C. 24. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 20, wherein the composition exhibits a heat stress resistance of greater than 60° C., greater than 50% fiber tear at −18° C., and greater than 50% fiber tear at 60° C. 25. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 20, wherein the composition exhibits a viscosity of no greater than 1500 centipoise at 149° C. 26. A package comprising:
the hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1; a first substrate comprising fibers; and a second substrate comprising fibers, the second substrate bonded to the first substrate through the adhesive composition. 27. A hot melt adhesive composition comprising:
at least 40% by weight of an unmodified, semi-crystalline propylene polymer comprising at least 50% by weight propylene; at least 15% by weight non-functionalized wax; from 0% by weight to no greater than 10% by weight functionalized wax; and from 1% by weight to 10% by weight elastomeric block copolymer comprising styrene. 28. A hot melt adhesive composition comprising:
at least 55% by weight of a semi-crystalline propylene polymer comprising at least 50% by weight propylene; and greater than 20% by weight wax, the wax comprising a first wax, a second wax different from the first wax, and from 0% by weight to no greater than 10% by weight, based on the weight of the hot melt adhesive composition, functionalized wax, the hot melt adhesive composition exhibiting a set time of no greater than 2 seconds. | A hot melt adhesive composition that includes at least 40% by weight of an unmodified, semi-crystalline propylene polymer that includes at least 50% by weight propylene, and at least 15% by weight wax.1. A hot melt adhesive composition comprising:
at least 40% by weight of an unmodified, semi-crystalline propylene polymer comprising at least 50% by weight propylene; at least 15% by weight non-functionalized wax, the non-functionalized wax comprising a first non-functionalized wax and a second non-functionalized wax different from the first non-functionalized wax; and no greater than 8% by weight of an ethylene-ethylenically unsaturated ester copolymer. 2. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1 further comprising an elastomeric block copolymer comprising styrene. 3. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 2, wherein the elastomeric block copolymer is selected from the group consisting of styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene block copolymer, styrene-ethylene/propylene-styrene block copolymer, and combinations thereof. 4. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1 comprising at least 45% by weight of the unmodified, semi-crystalline propylene polymer. 5. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1 comprising at least 50% by weight of the unmodified, semi-crystalline propylene polymer. 6. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1 comprising at least 55% by weight of the unmodified, semi-crystalline propylene polymer. 7. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the first non-functionalized wax comprises polyethylene wax, Fischer Tropsch wax or a combination thereof. 8. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the first non-functionalized wax has a melting point greater than 100° C. 9. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 8, wherein the second non-functionalized wax has a melting point greater than 115° C. 10. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1 further comprising a functionalized wax. 11. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 10, wherein the first non-functionalized wax comprises polyethylene wax, Fischer Tropsch wax or a combination thereof, and the functionalized wax comprises maleated polyethylene wax, maleated polypropylene wax, or a combination thereof. 12. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1 comprising greater than 20% by weight wax. 13. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the unmodified, semi-crystalline propylene polymer has a heat of fusion of from 15 J/g to no greater than 50 J/g. 14. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the composition exhibits a set time no greater than 2 seconds. 15. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the composition exhibits a heat stress resistance of greater than 60° C. and a set time no greater than 1 second. 16. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the composition exhibits a heat stress resistance of greater than 60° C., greater than 50% fiber tear at 4° C. and greater than 50% fiber tear at 60° C., and a set time of no greater than 1.5 seconds. 17. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the composition exhibits a heat stress resistance of greater than 71° C., greater than 50% fiber tear at 4° C. and greater than 50% fiber tear at 71° C., and a set time of no greater than 1.5 seconds. 18. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1 further comprising oil, polybutene, or a combination thereof. 19. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the composition exhibits a viscosity of no greater than 2000 centipoise at 177° C. 20. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1 comprising:
from 45% by weight to about 70% by weight unmodified, semi-crystalline propylene polymer;
from about 20% by weight to about 35% by weight non-functionalized wax; and
from about 1% by weight to about 10% by weight functionalized wax. 21. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 20, comprising from 50% by weight to about 65% by weight unmodified, semi-crystalline polypropylene polymer. 22. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 20, wherein the unmodified, semi-crystalline propylene polymer comprises an unmodified, metallocene-catalyzed semi-crystalline propylene copolymer, an unmodified, non-metallocene heteroaryl-catalyzed, semi-crystalline propylene copolymer, or a combination thereof. 23. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 20, wherein the unmodified, semi-crystalline propylene polymer exhibits a viscosity of no greater than 1200 cP at 190° C. 24. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 20, wherein the composition exhibits a heat stress resistance of greater than 60° C., greater than 50% fiber tear at −18° C., and greater than 50% fiber tear at 60° C. 25. The hot melt adhesive composition of claim 20, wherein the composition exhibits a viscosity of no greater than 1500 centipoise at 149° C. 26. A package comprising:
the hot melt adhesive composition of claim 1; a first substrate comprising fibers; and a second substrate comprising fibers, the second substrate bonded to the first substrate through the adhesive composition. 27. A hot melt adhesive composition comprising:
at least 40% by weight of an unmodified, semi-crystalline propylene polymer comprising at least 50% by weight propylene; at least 15% by weight non-functionalized wax; from 0% by weight to no greater than 10% by weight functionalized wax; and from 1% by weight to 10% by weight elastomeric block copolymer comprising styrene. 28. A hot melt adhesive composition comprising:
at least 55% by weight of a semi-crystalline propylene polymer comprising at least 50% by weight propylene; and greater than 20% by weight wax, the wax comprising a first wax, a second wax different from the first wax, and from 0% by weight to no greater than 10% by weight, based on the weight of the hot melt adhesive composition, functionalized wax, the hot melt adhesive composition exhibiting a set time of no greater than 2 seconds. | 1,700 |
2,783 | 14,010,076 | 1,783 | A structure at least one stripe of material having a length, wherein a first stripe has a varying width along the length. | 1. A structure, comprising:
at least one stripe of material having a length, wherein a first stripe has a varying width along the length. 2. The structure of claim 1, wherein the at least one stripe comprises two stripes, wherein the first stripe width varies complementary to a second stripe. 3. The structure of claim 2, wherein the first stripe and the second stripe are of a same material. 4. The structure of claim 2, wherein the first stripe and the second stripe are of different materials. 5. The structure of claim 1, wherein the stripe has a vertical thickness of 10 microns or greater. 6. The structure of claim 2, where the two stripes are arranged adjacent to each other laterally. 7. The structure of claim 2, where the two stripes are arranged adjacent to each other vertically. 8. The structure of claim 1, wherein the at least one stripe comprises three stripes 9. A method of forming an extruded structure, comprising:
dispensing at least a first material through an extrusion head; and varying a pressure applied during extrusion of the first material over time; and depositing the first material on a substrate, wherein a width of the first material varies with a pressure forming a modulated width stripe of the first material. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein varying a pressure comprises modulating a spool valve motor over time. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein varying a pressure comprises modulating a piston drive over time. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein modulating a piston drive comprises modulating a rotary motor over time. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein modulating a piston drive comprises modulating a linear, moving coil actuator. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein dispensing at least a first material through an extrusion head comprises dispensing a first material and a second material. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein dispensing the first and the second material comprises:
modulating pressure over time for the first material in a first pattern; and modulating pressure over time for the second material in a second pattern, wherein the second pattern is complementary to the first pattern. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising removing the second material. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the first pattern has wider and narrower portions and the second pattern has narrower portions that match the wider portions in the first pattern and the second pattern has wider portions that match the narrower portions of the first pattern. 18. The method of claim 9, wherein dispensing at least a first material through an extrusion head comprises dispensing the first material, a second material and a third material. 19. The method of claim 9, further comprising performing the dispensing, varying and depositing with the extrusion head at a first position and repeating the dispensing, varying and depositing with the extrusion head at a second position. 20. The method of claim 9, wherein the second position is adjacent the first position horizontally. 21. The method of claim 9, wherein the second position is adjacent the first position vertically. 22. A structure, comprising:
a first material on a substrate, the first material having a first pattern of wider and narrower portions; and a second material on a substrate, the second material have a second pattern of wider and narrower portions complementary to the first pattern. 23. The structure of claim 22, wherein the first material and the second material are a same material. 24. The structure of claim 23, wherein the first material and the second material are different materials. 25. The structure of claim 24, wherein the second material is air. 26. The structure of clam 22, further comprising a third material. | A structure at least one stripe of material having a length, wherein a first stripe has a varying width along the length.1. A structure, comprising:
at least one stripe of material having a length, wherein a first stripe has a varying width along the length. 2. The structure of claim 1, wherein the at least one stripe comprises two stripes, wherein the first stripe width varies complementary to a second stripe. 3. The structure of claim 2, wherein the first stripe and the second stripe are of a same material. 4. The structure of claim 2, wherein the first stripe and the second stripe are of different materials. 5. The structure of claim 1, wherein the stripe has a vertical thickness of 10 microns or greater. 6. The structure of claim 2, where the two stripes are arranged adjacent to each other laterally. 7. The structure of claim 2, where the two stripes are arranged adjacent to each other vertically. 8. The structure of claim 1, wherein the at least one stripe comprises three stripes 9. A method of forming an extruded structure, comprising:
dispensing at least a first material through an extrusion head; and varying a pressure applied during extrusion of the first material over time; and depositing the first material on a substrate, wherein a width of the first material varies with a pressure forming a modulated width stripe of the first material. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein varying a pressure comprises modulating a spool valve motor over time. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein varying a pressure comprises modulating a piston drive over time. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein modulating a piston drive comprises modulating a rotary motor over time. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein modulating a piston drive comprises modulating a linear, moving coil actuator. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein dispensing at least a first material through an extrusion head comprises dispensing a first material and a second material. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein dispensing the first and the second material comprises:
modulating pressure over time for the first material in a first pattern; and modulating pressure over time for the second material in a second pattern, wherein the second pattern is complementary to the first pattern. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising removing the second material. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the first pattern has wider and narrower portions and the second pattern has narrower portions that match the wider portions in the first pattern and the second pattern has wider portions that match the narrower portions of the first pattern. 18. The method of claim 9, wherein dispensing at least a first material through an extrusion head comprises dispensing the first material, a second material and a third material. 19. The method of claim 9, further comprising performing the dispensing, varying and depositing with the extrusion head at a first position and repeating the dispensing, varying and depositing with the extrusion head at a second position. 20. The method of claim 9, wherein the second position is adjacent the first position horizontally. 21. The method of claim 9, wherein the second position is adjacent the first position vertically. 22. A structure, comprising:
a first material on a substrate, the first material having a first pattern of wider and narrower portions; and a second material on a substrate, the second material have a second pattern of wider and narrower portions complementary to the first pattern. 23. The structure of claim 22, wherein the first material and the second material are a same material. 24. The structure of claim 23, wherein the first material and the second material are different materials. 25. The structure of claim 24, wherein the second material is air. 26. The structure of clam 22, further comprising a third material. | 1,700 |
2,784 | 13,917,902 | 1,796 | Disclosed herein is an improved anticaking product for use on cheese, especially in the pizza pie industry, wherein the product is economical and has superior functional properties of reducing sticking of chunked, diced or shredded cheeses. | 1. An anticaking agent composition comprising a starch loaded with a fat or fat replacement. 2. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 1, wherein said anticaking agent comprises
a. 60-95% starch; and b. 5-40% fat or fat replacement. 3. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 2, wherein said anticaking agent comprises
a. 70-90% starch; and b. 10-30% fat or fat replacement. 4. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 1, wherein said starch is an unmodified food starch. 5. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 1, wherein said starch is an unmodified corn starch. 6. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 1, wherein said starch is a plating starch. 7. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 1, wherein said starch is an unmodified high amylose corn starch. 8. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 1, wherein said starch is a modified starch. 9. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 1, wherein said starch is a modified corn starch. 10. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 9, wherein said starch is a highly cross-linked flash-dried starch. 11. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 1, wherein said fat is an oil. 12. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 11, wherein said oil is chosen from sunflower oil, canola oil, mineral oil, corn oil, and soy oil. 13. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 12, wherein said oil is sunflower oil. 14. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 1, wherein said fat replacement is maltodextrin. 15. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 1, wherein said fat is kosher approved mono-diglycerides made from edible, refined, fully hydrogenated vegetable fat. 16. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 1, wherein said agent is capable of modulating browning of cheese during baking. 17. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 1, wherein said anticaking agent further comprises a calcium compound. 18. The anticaking agent of claim 17, wherein the anticaking agent comprises:
a. 30.00-65.00% starch; and b. 30.00-65.00% calcium compound; and c. 0.10-40.00% fat by weight. 19. The anticaking agent of claim 18, wherein the anticaking agent comprises:
a. 40.00-60.00% starch; and b. 40.00-60.00% calcium compound; and c. 1.00-5.00% fat by weight. 20. The anticaking agent of claim 19, wherein the anticaking agent comprises:
a. 49.38% Distarch Phosphate; and b. 49.38% calcium sulfate; and c. 1.24% sunflower oil by weight. 21. The anticaking agent of claim 18, wherein the starch is obtained from corn, potato, wheat, rice, sago, tapioca, or sorghum. 22. The anticaking agent of claim 18, wherein the starch is a modified starch. 23. The anticaking agent of claim 18, wherein the fat is an oil. 24. The anticaking agent of claim 23, wherein the oil is sunflower oil, canola oil, palm oil, cottonseed oil, mineral oil, corn oil, or soybean oil. 25. The anticaking agent of claim 24, wherein the oil is sunflower oil. 26. The anticaking agent of claim 18, wherein the calcium compound is calcium carbonate, calcium citrate, calcium silicate, calcium stearate, or calcium sulfate. 27. The anticaking agent of claim 26, wherein the calcium compound is calcium sulfate. 28. The anticaking agent of claim 1, wherein said anticaking agent further comprises a processing aid or flow agent. 29. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 28, wherein said processing aid or flow agent is chosen from silicon dioxide and calcium phosphate. 30. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 28, wherein said processing aid or flow agent comprises less than 0.5% of the agent by weight. 31. A method of treating a divided or shredded food product for anticaking comprising applying to said food product an anticaking agent as described in claim 1. 32. A method of reducing browning of a divided or shredded food product comprising applying to said food product an anticaking agent as described in claim 1 prior to cooking. 33. The food product as recited in claim 31 or 32, wherein said food product is chosen from cheese, cheese analogue, cheese substitute, cheese extender, and processed cheese. | Disclosed herein is an improved anticaking product for use on cheese, especially in the pizza pie industry, wherein the product is economical and has superior functional properties of reducing sticking of chunked, diced or shredded cheeses.1. An anticaking agent composition comprising a starch loaded with a fat or fat replacement. 2. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 1, wherein said anticaking agent comprises
a. 60-95% starch; and b. 5-40% fat or fat replacement. 3. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 2, wherein said anticaking agent comprises
a. 70-90% starch; and b. 10-30% fat or fat replacement. 4. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 1, wherein said starch is an unmodified food starch. 5. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 1, wherein said starch is an unmodified corn starch. 6. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 1, wherein said starch is a plating starch. 7. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 1, wherein said starch is an unmodified high amylose corn starch. 8. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 1, wherein said starch is a modified starch. 9. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 1, wherein said starch is a modified corn starch. 10. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 9, wherein said starch is a highly cross-linked flash-dried starch. 11. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 1, wherein said fat is an oil. 12. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 11, wherein said oil is chosen from sunflower oil, canola oil, mineral oil, corn oil, and soy oil. 13. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 12, wherein said oil is sunflower oil. 14. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 1, wherein said fat replacement is maltodextrin. 15. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 1, wherein said fat is kosher approved mono-diglycerides made from edible, refined, fully hydrogenated vegetable fat. 16. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 1, wherein said agent is capable of modulating browning of cheese during baking. 17. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 1, wherein said anticaking agent further comprises a calcium compound. 18. The anticaking agent of claim 17, wherein the anticaking agent comprises:
a. 30.00-65.00% starch; and b. 30.00-65.00% calcium compound; and c. 0.10-40.00% fat by weight. 19. The anticaking agent of claim 18, wherein the anticaking agent comprises:
a. 40.00-60.00% starch; and b. 40.00-60.00% calcium compound; and c. 1.00-5.00% fat by weight. 20. The anticaking agent of claim 19, wherein the anticaking agent comprises:
a. 49.38% Distarch Phosphate; and b. 49.38% calcium sulfate; and c. 1.24% sunflower oil by weight. 21. The anticaking agent of claim 18, wherein the starch is obtained from corn, potato, wheat, rice, sago, tapioca, or sorghum. 22. The anticaking agent of claim 18, wherein the starch is a modified starch. 23. The anticaking agent of claim 18, wherein the fat is an oil. 24. The anticaking agent of claim 23, wherein the oil is sunflower oil, canola oil, palm oil, cottonseed oil, mineral oil, corn oil, or soybean oil. 25. The anticaking agent of claim 24, wherein the oil is sunflower oil. 26. The anticaking agent of claim 18, wherein the calcium compound is calcium carbonate, calcium citrate, calcium silicate, calcium stearate, or calcium sulfate. 27. The anticaking agent of claim 26, wherein the calcium compound is calcium sulfate. 28. The anticaking agent of claim 1, wherein said anticaking agent further comprises a processing aid or flow agent. 29. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 28, wherein said processing aid or flow agent is chosen from silicon dioxide and calcium phosphate. 30. The anticaking agent as recited in claim 28, wherein said processing aid or flow agent comprises less than 0.5% of the agent by weight. 31. A method of treating a divided or shredded food product for anticaking comprising applying to said food product an anticaking agent as described in claim 1. 32. A method of reducing browning of a divided or shredded food product comprising applying to said food product an anticaking agent as described in claim 1 prior to cooking. 33. The food product as recited in claim 31 or 32, wherein said food product is chosen from cheese, cheese analogue, cheese substitute, cheese extender, and processed cheese. | 1,700 |
2,785 | 14,993,582 | 1,718 | A plasma spray gun has: a plasma outlet having an axis; and a plurality of liquid feedstock outlets having a non-uniform distribution about said axis. | 1. A plasma spray gun comprising:
a plasma outlet having an axis; and a plurality of liquid feedstock outlets having a non-uniform distribution about said axis. 2. The plasma spray gun of claim 1 wherein:
the plurality of liquid feedstock outlets have a distribution that averages off the axis. 3. The plasma spray gun of claim 1 wherein:
the plurality of liquid feedstock outlets have a distribution that averages along the axis. 4. The plasma spray gun of claim 1 wherein:
the plurality of liquid feedstock outlets are each configured to dispense a suspension in a direction toward the axis. 5. The plasma spray gun of claim 1 wherein:
the plurality of liquid feedstock outlets comprises a pair of liquid feedstock outlets spaced by a nonzero angle of less than 45° about said axis. 6. The plasma spray gun of claim 5 wherein:
the pair of liquid feedstock outlets are formed by respective orifice pieces mounted in a shared body. 7. The plasma spray gun of claim 5 wherein:
the pair of liquid feedstock outlets have respective axes intersecting beyond the plasma outlet axis. 8. The plasma spray gun of claim 5 wherein:
the pair of liquid feedstock outlets have respective axes at an angle to each other smaller than said nonzero angle when viewed parallel to the axis. 9. The plasma spray gun of claim 5 wherein:
the pair of liquid feedstock outlets are at a single axial position relative to the plasma outlet. 10. The plasma spray gun of claim 5 wherein:
the pair is a first pair; and
the plasma spray gun further comprises a second pair of liquid feedstock outlets wherein each liquid feedstock outlet of the second pair is diametrically opposite a corresponding liquid feedstock outlet of the first pair. 11. The plasma spray gun of claim 10 wherein:
the only liquid feedstock outlets are the first pair and the second pair. 12. The plasma spray gun of claim 5 wherein:
the angle is 10° to 45°. 13. The plasma spray gun of claim 5 wherein:
the angle is 20° to 35°. 14. The plasma spray gun of claim 5 wherein:
the only liquid feedstock outlets are the pair. 15. The plasma spray gun of claim 5 further comprising a third liquid feedstock outlet a nonzero angle from the pair of liquid feedstock outlets. 16. A plasma spray apparatus including the plasma spray gun of claim 1 and further comprising:
a suspension or solution line coupled to the plasma spray gun;
a suspension or solution supply coupled to the suspension or solution supply line;
a carrier gas supply coupled to the plasma spray gun; and
a power line coupled to the plasma spray gun. 17. A method for using the plasma spray gun of claim 1, the method comprising:
discharging a plasma from the plasma spray gun; and discharging suspension or solution flows from the plurality of liquid feedstock outlets to intersect the plasma. 18. The method of claim 17 used to apply a coating to a part wherein:
the part comprises a nickel-based superalloy substrate. 19. The method of claim 17 used to apply a coating to a part wherein:
the part is a gas turbine engine component. 20. The method of claim 17 used to apply a coating to a part wherein:
the coating is a stabilized zirconia. 21. A plasma spray method using a plasma spray gun, the method comprising:
discharging a plasma from a plasma outlet; and discharging a pair of liquid feedstock streams from a pair of liquid feedstock outlets, the liquid feedstock streams having a non-uniform distribution about an axis of the plasma. | A plasma spray gun has: a plasma outlet having an axis; and a plurality of liquid feedstock outlets having a non-uniform distribution about said axis.1. A plasma spray gun comprising:
a plasma outlet having an axis; and a plurality of liquid feedstock outlets having a non-uniform distribution about said axis. 2. The plasma spray gun of claim 1 wherein:
the plurality of liquid feedstock outlets have a distribution that averages off the axis. 3. The plasma spray gun of claim 1 wherein:
the plurality of liquid feedstock outlets have a distribution that averages along the axis. 4. The plasma spray gun of claim 1 wherein:
the plurality of liquid feedstock outlets are each configured to dispense a suspension in a direction toward the axis. 5. The plasma spray gun of claim 1 wherein:
the plurality of liquid feedstock outlets comprises a pair of liquid feedstock outlets spaced by a nonzero angle of less than 45° about said axis. 6. The plasma spray gun of claim 5 wherein:
the pair of liquid feedstock outlets are formed by respective orifice pieces mounted in a shared body. 7. The plasma spray gun of claim 5 wherein:
the pair of liquid feedstock outlets have respective axes intersecting beyond the plasma outlet axis. 8. The plasma spray gun of claim 5 wherein:
the pair of liquid feedstock outlets have respective axes at an angle to each other smaller than said nonzero angle when viewed parallel to the axis. 9. The plasma spray gun of claim 5 wherein:
the pair of liquid feedstock outlets are at a single axial position relative to the plasma outlet. 10. The plasma spray gun of claim 5 wherein:
the pair is a first pair; and
the plasma spray gun further comprises a second pair of liquid feedstock outlets wherein each liquid feedstock outlet of the second pair is diametrically opposite a corresponding liquid feedstock outlet of the first pair. 11. The plasma spray gun of claim 10 wherein:
the only liquid feedstock outlets are the first pair and the second pair. 12. The plasma spray gun of claim 5 wherein:
the angle is 10° to 45°. 13. The plasma spray gun of claim 5 wherein:
the angle is 20° to 35°. 14. The plasma spray gun of claim 5 wherein:
the only liquid feedstock outlets are the pair. 15. The plasma spray gun of claim 5 further comprising a third liquid feedstock outlet a nonzero angle from the pair of liquid feedstock outlets. 16. A plasma spray apparatus including the plasma spray gun of claim 1 and further comprising:
a suspension or solution line coupled to the plasma spray gun;
a suspension or solution supply coupled to the suspension or solution supply line;
a carrier gas supply coupled to the plasma spray gun; and
a power line coupled to the plasma spray gun. 17. A method for using the plasma spray gun of claim 1, the method comprising:
discharging a plasma from the plasma spray gun; and discharging suspension or solution flows from the plurality of liquid feedstock outlets to intersect the plasma. 18. The method of claim 17 used to apply a coating to a part wherein:
the part comprises a nickel-based superalloy substrate. 19. The method of claim 17 used to apply a coating to a part wherein:
the part is a gas turbine engine component. 20. The method of claim 17 used to apply a coating to a part wherein:
the coating is a stabilized zirconia. 21. A plasma spray method using a plasma spray gun, the method comprising:
discharging a plasma from a plasma outlet; and discharging a pair of liquid feedstock streams from a pair of liquid feedstock outlets, the liquid feedstock streams having a non-uniform distribution about an axis of the plasma. | 1,700 |
2,786 | 14,938,023 | 1,787 | In an embodiment, a silicone coating composition, comprises a coating matrix, comprising the partial condensate of a silanol of the formula R n Si(OH) 4−n , where n equals 1 or 2, and wherein R is selected from a C 1-3 alkyl radical, a vinyl radical, a 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl radical, a gamma-glycidoxypropyl radical, and a gamma-methacryloxypropyl radical; colloidal silica; and ITO having a mean particle size of less than or equal to 60 nm as determined by dynamic light scattering. In another embodiment, a coated glazing, comprises a plastic substrate; and a cured silicone coating on the substrate; wherein the coated glazing has a haze of less than or equal to 3% as measured in accordance with ASTM D1003-11, procedure A with CIE standard illuminant C. | 1. A silicone coating composition, comprising:
a coating matrix, comprising a partial condensate of a silanol of the formula RnSi(OH)4−n, where n equals 1 or 2, and wherein R is selected from a C1-3 alkyl radical, a vinyl radical, a 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl radical, a gamma-glycidoxypropyl radical, and a gamma-methacryloxypropyl radical; colloidal silica; and ITO having a mean particle size of less than or equal to 60 nm as determined by dynamic light scattering. 2. The silicone coating composition of claim 1, wherein the colloidal silica comprises an ammonium-stabilized colloidal silica or an acid-stabilized colloidal silica. 3. The silicone coating composition of claim 1, wherein the coating composition comprises less than or equal to 0.05 parts by mass polymeric dispersant with respect to 1 part by mass ITO. 4. The silicone coating composition of claim 1, wherein the coating composition comprises 0 parts by mass polymeric dispersant. 5. The silicone coating composition of claim 1, wherein the ITO has a mean particle size of less than or equal to 45 nm as determined by dynamic light scattering. 6. The silicone coating composition of claim 1, wherein the ITO comprises particles and wherein greater than or equal to 90% of ITO particles have a diameter of less than 61 nm. 7. The silicone coating composition of claim 1, wherein the ITO comprises particles and wherein greater than or equal to 95% of ITO particles have a diameter of less than or equal to 71 nm. 8. The silicone coating composition of claim 1, further comprising a quaternary ammonium salt of a carboxylic acid. 9. The silicone coating composition of claim 1, further comprising a cure catalyst selected from tetra-n-butylammonium acetate (TBAA), tetra-n-butylammonium formate, tetra-n-butylammonium benzoate, tetra-n-butylammonium-2-ethylhexanoate, tetra-n-butylammonium-p-ethylbenzoate, tetra-n-butylammonium propionate, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing. 10. The silicone coating composition of claim 1, further comprising a cure catalyst is present in an amount of less than or equal to 2 wt % based upon a total weight of solids in the composition. 11. The silicone coating composition of claim 1, wherein the silanol comprises greater than or equal to 70 wt % of CH3Si(OH)3. 12. The silicone coating composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a UV absorber. 13. A coated glazing, comprising:
a plastic substrate; and a cured silicone coating on the substrate, wherein the cured silicone coating was formed from the silicone coating composition of claim 1; wherein the coated glazing has a haze of less than or equal to 3% as measured in accordance with ASTM D1003-11, procedure A with CIE standard illuminant C. 14. The coated glazing of claim 13, wherein the coated glazing has a Tvis of greater than or equal to 70% and a Tts of less than or equal to 60%. 15. The coated glazing of claim 13, wherein the plastic substrate comprises a material selected from polycarbonate resin, acrylic polymers, polyacrylate, polyester, polysulfone resins, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing. 16. The coated glazing of claim 13, wherein the haze is less than or equal to 1%. 17. The coated glazing of claim 13, further comprising a UV protective coating on both sides of the plastic substrate. 18. The coated glazing of claim 13, further comprising a UV protective coating on one side of the plastic substrate and an IR coating on an opposite side of the plastic substrate. 19. A coated glazing, comprising:
a plastic substrate; and a cured silicone coating on the substrate, wherein the cured silicone coating was formed from a composition consisting essentially of
a coating matrix, comprising the partial condensate of a silanol of the formula RnSi(OH)4−n, where n equals 1 or 2, and wherein R is selected from an alkyl radical of 1 to 3 inclusive carbon atoms, a vinyl radical, a 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl radical, a gamma-glycidoxypropyl radical, and a gamma-methacryloxypropyl radical;
colloidal silica;
ITO having a mean particle size of less than or equal to 60 nm as determined by dynamic light scattering; and
optionally an additive selected from the group consisting of a UV absorber, a surfactant, a plasticizer, IR absorber, cure catalyst, colorant, antistat, antibacterial a flow additive, an anti-oxidant, a dispersant, compatibilizer, and a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing additives;
wherein the coated glazing has a haze of less than or equal to 3% as measured in accordance with ASTM D1003-11, procedure A with CIE standard illuminant C. 20. The coated glazing of claim 19, wherein the silanol comprises greater than or equal to 70 wt % of CH3Si(OH)3. | In an embodiment, a silicone coating composition, comprises a coating matrix, comprising the partial condensate of a silanol of the formula R n Si(OH) 4−n , where n equals 1 or 2, and wherein R is selected from a C 1-3 alkyl radical, a vinyl radical, a 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl radical, a gamma-glycidoxypropyl radical, and a gamma-methacryloxypropyl radical; colloidal silica; and ITO having a mean particle size of less than or equal to 60 nm as determined by dynamic light scattering. In another embodiment, a coated glazing, comprises a plastic substrate; and a cured silicone coating on the substrate; wherein the coated glazing has a haze of less than or equal to 3% as measured in accordance with ASTM D1003-11, procedure A with CIE standard illuminant C.1. A silicone coating composition, comprising:
a coating matrix, comprising a partial condensate of a silanol of the formula RnSi(OH)4−n, where n equals 1 or 2, and wherein R is selected from a C1-3 alkyl radical, a vinyl radical, a 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl radical, a gamma-glycidoxypropyl radical, and a gamma-methacryloxypropyl radical; colloidal silica; and ITO having a mean particle size of less than or equal to 60 nm as determined by dynamic light scattering. 2. The silicone coating composition of claim 1, wherein the colloidal silica comprises an ammonium-stabilized colloidal silica or an acid-stabilized colloidal silica. 3. The silicone coating composition of claim 1, wherein the coating composition comprises less than or equal to 0.05 parts by mass polymeric dispersant with respect to 1 part by mass ITO. 4. The silicone coating composition of claim 1, wherein the coating composition comprises 0 parts by mass polymeric dispersant. 5. The silicone coating composition of claim 1, wherein the ITO has a mean particle size of less than or equal to 45 nm as determined by dynamic light scattering. 6. The silicone coating composition of claim 1, wherein the ITO comprises particles and wherein greater than or equal to 90% of ITO particles have a diameter of less than 61 nm. 7. The silicone coating composition of claim 1, wherein the ITO comprises particles and wherein greater than or equal to 95% of ITO particles have a diameter of less than or equal to 71 nm. 8. The silicone coating composition of claim 1, further comprising a quaternary ammonium salt of a carboxylic acid. 9. The silicone coating composition of claim 1, further comprising a cure catalyst selected from tetra-n-butylammonium acetate (TBAA), tetra-n-butylammonium formate, tetra-n-butylammonium benzoate, tetra-n-butylammonium-2-ethylhexanoate, tetra-n-butylammonium-p-ethylbenzoate, tetra-n-butylammonium propionate, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing. 10. The silicone coating composition of claim 1, further comprising a cure catalyst is present in an amount of less than or equal to 2 wt % based upon a total weight of solids in the composition. 11. The silicone coating composition of claim 1, wherein the silanol comprises greater than or equal to 70 wt % of CH3Si(OH)3. 12. The silicone coating composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a UV absorber. 13. A coated glazing, comprising:
a plastic substrate; and a cured silicone coating on the substrate, wherein the cured silicone coating was formed from the silicone coating composition of claim 1; wherein the coated glazing has a haze of less than or equal to 3% as measured in accordance with ASTM D1003-11, procedure A with CIE standard illuminant C. 14. The coated glazing of claim 13, wherein the coated glazing has a Tvis of greater than or equal to 70% and a Tts of less than or equal to 60%. 15. The coated glazing of claim 13, wherein the plastic substrate comprises a material selected from polycarbonate resin, acrylic polymers, polyacrylate, polyester, polysulfone resins, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing. 16. The coated glazing of claim 13, wherein the haze is less than or equal to 1%. 17. The coated glazing of claim 13, further comprising a UV protective coating on both sides of the plastic substrate. 18. The coated glazing of claim 13, further comprising a UV protective coating on one side of the plastic substrate and an IR coating on an opposite side of the plastic substrate. 19. A coated glazing, comprising:
a plastic substrate; and a cured silicone coating on the substrate, wherein the cured silicone coating was formed from a composition consisting essentially of
a coating matrix, comprising the partial condensate of a silanol of the formula RnSi(OH)4−n, where n equals 1 or 2, and wherein R is selected from an alkyl radical of 1 to 3 inclusive carbon atoms, a vinyl radical, a 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl radical, a gamma-glycidoxypropyl radical, and a gamma-methacryloxypropyl radical;
colloidal silica;
ITO having a mean particle size of less than or equal to 60 nm as determined by dynamic light scattering; and
optionally an additive selected from the group consisting of a UV absorber, a surfactant, a plasticizer, IR absorber, cure catalyst, colorant, antistat, antibacterial a flow additive, an anti-oxidant, a dispersant, compatibilizer, and a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing additives;
wherein the coated glazing has a haze of less than or equal to 3% as measured in accordance with ASTM D1003-11, procedure A with CIE standard illuminant C. 20. The coated glazing of claim 19, wherein the silanol comprises greater than or equal to 70 wt % of CH3Si(OH)3. | 1,700 |
2,787 | 13,775,202 | 1,796 | The present disclosure relates in part to an emulsion system comprising a waxy starch. The emulsion system is useful, in some embodiments, for incorporation into infant formulas comprising protein equivalent sources, such as formulas designed for individuals with certain protein allergies. Thus, in certain embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a nutritional composition comprising a protein equivalent source comprising a hydrolyzed protein, amino acids, or a mixture thereof, a fat source, a carbohydrate source, and an emulsifier system comprising a waxy starch. The emulsifier system may further include citric acid esters of mono- and di-glycerides or an octenyl succinic acid-modified starch, or both. | 1. A nutritional composition comprising:
a protein equivalent source comprising a hydrolyzed protein, amino acids, or a mixture thereof, a fat source, a carbohydrate source, and and an emulsifier system comprising a waxy starch. 2. The nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the waxy starch comprises waxy potato starch, waxy tapioca starch, waxy rice starch, or combinations thereof. 3. The nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the waxy starch comprises a native waxy starch, a pre-gelatinized waxy starch, or a combination thereof. 4. The nutritional composition of claim 1, further comprising citric acid esters of mono- and di-glycerides. 5. The nutritional composition of claim 4, wherein the amount of the citric acid esters of mono- and di-glycerides is about 0.1 to about 1% by weight of the composition. 6. The nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the total amount of starch in the composition is less than 18% by weight of the composition. 7. The nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the total protein content of the waxy starch is less than about 0.10% by weight of the waxy starch. 8. The nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the protein equivalent source comprises casein protein hydrolysate, soy protein hydrolysate, pea protein hydrolysate, amaranth protein hydrolysate, quinoa protein hydrolysate, algae protein hydrolysate, rice protein hydrolysate, potato protein hydrolysate, wheat protein hydrolysate, corn protein hydrolysate, whey protein hydrolysate, free amino acids, or a combination thereof. 9. The nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein in the protein equivalent source comprises extensively hydrolyzed casein protein or a combination of extensively hydrolyzed casein protein and free amino acids. 10. The nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the protein equivalent source comprises hydrolyzed rice protein or a combination of hydrolyzed rice protein and free amino acids. 11. The nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the protein equivalent source comprises free amino acids. 12. The nutritional composition of claim 1, further comprising an octenyl succinic anhydride-modified starch. 13. The nutritional composition of claim 12, wherein the octenyl succinic anhydride-modified starch is octenyl succinic anhydride-modified waxy tapioca starch. 14. The nutritional composition of claim 1, further comprising a source of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid. 15. The nutritional composition of claim 1, further comprising a prebiotic. 16. The composition of claim 15, wherein the prebiotic comprises polydextrose and galacto-oligosaccharide. 17. The nutritional composition of claim 1, further comprising one or more probiotics. 18. The nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the nutritional composition is an infant formula. 19. The nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is a powdered nutritional composition. 20. The nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the nutritional composition is a liquid nutritional composition. | The present disclosure relates in part to an emulsion system comprising a waxy starch. The emulsion system is useful, in some embodiments, for incorporation into infant formulas comprising protein equivalent sources, such as formulas designed for individuals with certain protein allergies. Thus, in certain embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a nutritional composition comprising a protein equivalent source comprising a hydrolyzed protein, amino acids, or a mixture thereof, a fat source, a carbohydrate source, and an emulsifier system comprising a waxy starch. The emulsifier system may further include citric acid esters of mono- and di-glycerides or an octenyl succinic acid-modified starch, or both.1. A nutritional composition comprising:
a protein equivalent source comprising a hydrolyzed protein, amino acids, or a mixture thereof, a fat source, a carbohydrate source, and and an emulsifier system comprising a waxy starch. 2. The nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the waxy starch comprises waxy potato starch, waxy tapioca starch, waxy rice starch, or combinations thereof. 3. The nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the waxy starch comprises a native waxy starch, a pre-gelatinized waxy starch, or a combination thereof. 4. The nutritional composition of claim 1, further comprising citric acid esters of mono- and di-glycerides. 5. The nutritional composition of claim 4, wherein the amount of the citric acid esters of mono- and di-glycerides is about 0.1 to about 1% by weight of the composition. 6. The nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the total amount of starch in the composition is less than 18% by weight of the composition. 7. The nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the total protein content of the waxy starch is less than about 0.10% by weight of the waxy starch. 8. The nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the protein equivalent source comprises casein protein hydrolysate, soy protein hydrolysate, pea protein hydrolysate, amaranth protein hydrolysate, quinoa protein hydrolysate, algae protein hydrolysate, rice protein hydrolysate, potato protein hydrolysate, wheat protein hydrolysate, corn protein hydrolysate, whey protein hydrolysate, free amino acids, or a combination thereof. 9. The nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein in the protein equivalent source comprises extensively hydrolyzed casein protein or a combination of extensively hydrolyzed casein protein and free amino acids. 10. The nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the protein equivalent source comprises hydrolyzed rice protein or a combination of hydrolyzed rice protein and free amino acids. 11. The nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the protein equivalent source comprises free amino acids. 12. The nutritional composition of claim 1, further comprising an octenyl succinic anhydride-modified starch. 13. The nutritional composition of claim 12, wherein the octenyl succinic anhydride-modified starch is octenyl succinic anhydride-modified waxy tapioca starch. 14. The nutritional composition of claim 1, further comprising a source of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid. 15. The nutritional composition of claim 1, further comprising a prebiotic. 16. The composition of claim 15, wherein the prebiotic comprises polydextrose and galacto-oligosaccharide. 17. The nutritional composition of claim 1, further comprising one or more probiotics. 18. The nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the nutritional composition is an infant formula. 19. The nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is a powdered nutritional composition. 20. The nutritional composition of claim 1, wherein the nutritional composition is a liquid nutritional composition. | 1,700 |
2,788 | 14,997,146 | 1,749 | A pneumatic vehicle tire for commercial vehicles includes a belt having five belt plies having respective sets of reinforcements. The five plies are identified as first, second, third, fourth and fifth plies. The third ply is a 0° ply and the second and fourth belt are working belt plies. The sets of reinforcements of the first and second plies lying adjacent one side of the 0° ply run upward at respective positive slopes and the sets of reinforcements of the fourth and fifth plies lying adjacent the other side of the 0° ply run upward at respective negative slopes. The reinforcements of the fifth ply and the peripheral direction (A-A) of the tire conjointly define an angle φ between 35°≦φ≦70°. The reinforcements in the second and fourth plies having an elongation of ≧0.2% at 10% breaking load. The elongation is measured using reinforcements taken from a fully vulcanized tire. | 1. A pneumatic vehicle tire of radial configuration for commercial vehicles, the pneumatic vehicle tire comprising:
a belt having five belt plies having respective sets of reinforcements with the reinforcements of each set being arranged so as to be parallel to each other; said five belt plies being disposed one atop the other and being successively identified as first, second, third, fourth and fifth belt plies; said third belt ply being a 0° ply having a predetermined width and said second and fourth belt plies being working belt plies each directly adjacent said third ply; said second and fourth belt plies having respective widths and said predetermined width of said third belt ply being less than each of said widths of said second and fourth belt plies; the respective sets of reinforcements of said first and second belt plies lying adjacent one side of said 0° ply running upward at respective positive slopes and the respective sets of reinforcements of said fourth and fifth belt plies lying adjacent the other side of said 0° ply running upward at respective negative slopes; said tire defining a peripheral direction (A-A); said set of reinforcements of said fifth belt ply and said peripheral direction (A-A) conjointly defining an angle φ lying in a range of 35°≦φ≦70°; the reinforcements of said sets of reinforcements in said second and fourth belt plies having an elongation of ≧0.2% at 10% breaking load; and, said elongation being measured using reinforcements taken from a fully vulcanized tire. 2. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein said third belt ply comprises several component plies in axial direction. 3. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein said angle φ is at least 43°. 4. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein the respective sets of reinforcements in said second and fourth belt plies and said peripheral direction (A-A) conjointly define respective angles (β, δ) which lie in a range of 14° to 30°. 5. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein the reinforcements of the set of reinforcements in said first belt ply and said peripheral direction (A-A) conjointly define an angle α lying in a range of 35° to 70°. 6. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 5, wherein said angle α is at least 43°. 7. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein the reinforcements of the reinforcement sets of said fourth and fifth belt plies run upward to the right. 8. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein the reinforcements of the reinforcement set of said first belt ply have an elongation of ≧0.2% at a 10% breaking load; and, said elongation of said reinforcements of said first belt ply is measured using reinforcements from the fully vulcanized tire. 9. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein the reinforcements of the reinforcement set of said fifth belt ply have an elongation of ≦0.2% at a breaking load of 10%; and, the elongation is measured using reinforcements from a fully vulcanized tire. 10. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein said fifth belt ply has a width of at least 60% and at most 140% of said predetermined width of said third belt ply. 11. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein said commercial vehicles include trucks, busses, and truck trailers. | A pneumatic vehicle tire for commercial vehicles includes a belt having five belt plies having respective sets of reinforcements. The five plies are identified as first, second, third, fourth and fifth plies. The third ply is a 0° ply and the second and fourth belt are working belt plies. The sets of reinforcements of the first and second plies lying adjacent one side of the 0° ply run upward at respective positive slopes and the sets of reinforcements of the fourth and fifth plies lying adjacent the other side of the 0° ply run upward at respective negative slopes. The reinforcements of the fifth ply and the peripheral direction (A-A) of the tire conjointly define an angle φ between 35°≦φ≦70°. The reinforcements in the second and fourth plies having an elongation of ≧0.2% at 10% breaking load. The elongation is measured using reinforcements taken from a fully vulcanized tire.1. A pneumatic vehicle tire of radial configuration for commercial vehicles, the pneumatic vehicle tire comprising:
a belt having five belt plies having respective sets of reinforcements with the reinforcements of each set being arranged so as to be parallel to each other; said five belt plies being disposed one atop the other and being successively identified as first, second, third, fourth and fifth belt plies; said third belt ply being a 0° ply having a predetermined width and said second and fourth belt plies being working belt plies each directly adjacent said third ply; said second and fourth belt plies having respective widths and said predetermined width of said third belt ply being less than each of said widths of said second and fourth belt plies; the respective sets of reinforcements of said first and second belt plies lying adjacent one side of said 0° ply running upward at respective positive slopes and the respective sets of reinforcements of said fourth and fifth belt plies lying adjacent the other side of said 0° ply running upward at respective negative slopes; said tire defining a peripheral direction (A-A); said set of reinforcements of said fifth belt ply and said peripheral direction (A-A) conjointly defining an angle φ lying in a range of 35°≦φ≦70°; the reinforcements of said sets of reinforcements in said second and fourth belt plies having an elongation of ≧0.2% at 10% breaking load; and, said elongation being measured using reinforcements taken from a fully vulcanized tire. 2. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein said third belt ply comprises several component plies in axial direction. 3. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein said angle φ is at least 43°. 4. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein the respective sets of reinforcements in said second and fourth belt plies and said peripheral direction (A-A) conjointly define respective angles (β, δ) which lie in a range of 14° to 30°. 5. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein the reinforcements of the set of reinforcements in said first belt ply and said peripheral direction (A-A) conjointly define an angle α lying in a range of 35° to 70°. 6. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 5, wherein said angle α is at least 43°. 7. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein the reinforcements of the reinforcement sets of said fourth and fifth belt plies run upward to the right. 8. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein the reinforcements of the reinforcement set of said first belt ply have an elongation of ≧0.2% at a 10% breaking load; and, said elongation of said reinforcements of said first belt ply is measured using reinforcements from the fully vulcanized tire. 9. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein the reinforcements of the reinforcement set of said fifth belt ply have an elongation of ≦0.2% at a breaking load of 10%; and, the elongation is measured using reinforcements from a fully vulcanized tire. 10. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein said fifth belt ply has a width of at least 60% and at most 140% of said predetermined width of said third belt ply. 11. The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein said commercial vehicles include trucks, busses, and truck trailers. | 1,700 |
2,789 | 14,350,733 | 1,791 | The invention relates to a method for producing reduced-fat foods such as meat products and sausage products, in particular raw, cooked, or boiled sausages, on the basis of a sausage meat made from a ground amount of meat, optionally a water addition, and the addition of salt, spices, auxiliary substances, and additives. According to the invention, animal tissue, in particular lean meat, treated with high pressure and/or skin treated with high pressure is fed to the mixture cut to produce the sausage meat as an at least partial fat substitute, whereby the protein content of the mixture is increased and the structure of the product is appealing and not similar to reduced-fat products. | 1. A method for the production of fat-reduced foodstuffs such as meat and sausage products, in particular raw, cooked or scalded sausages, the method comprising:
providing a sausage meat made from a minced amount of meat, if necessary added water, and the addition of salt, spices, auxiliary substances and additives; and adding high-pressure treated animal tissue, in particular lean meat and/or high-pressure treated skin and/or high-pressure treated vegetable protein as an at least partial fat substitute to the mixture bowl-cut to sausage meat, whereby the protein content in the mixture increases and the structure of the product is appealing and not similar to fat-reduced products. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein,
the high-pressure treatment of lean meat is carried out until the protein denaturates and the product becomes lighter. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein,
a mixture consisting of a high-pressure treated mixture of poultry fat and/or poultry skin as well as lean meat is added to the sausage meat. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein,
the lean meat is pretreated hydrolytically, enzymatically, chemically and/or physically prior to the high-pressure treatment. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein,
the bowl-cut sausage meat is subjected to a separate high-pressure treatment to reduce the use of salt. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein,
the amount of meat treated with hydrostatic pressure is cooled/frozen prior to introducing it into the bowl cutter. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein,
the mixture bowl-cut to sausage meat is largely free from vegetable fats or oils or oil-based fat substitute components. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein,
the high-pressure treatment is carried out in a pressure range of at least approximately 50 MPa to 600 MPa or more over a period of up to several minutes. 9. A method of producing foodstuffs, the method comprising:
providing raw material acidified by starter cultures and/or GDL with the addition of nitrite curing salt and/or cooking salt; subjecting the raw material to hydrostatic high pressure and/or a mechanical load for the accelerated water withdrawal; and wherein the obtained raw material can be used for the further production, for instance, of meat products. 10. A sausage product, produced according to the method of claim 9. 11. A snack in a geometrically designed form having a high protein content of animal or vegetable origin, produced according to the method of claim 9. 12. A snack according to claim 11 in a bar, stick, coil or similar shape. | The invention relates to a method for producing reduced-fat foods such as meat products and sausage products, in particular raw, cooked, or boiled sausages, on the basis of a sausage meat made from a ground amount of meat, optionally a water addition, and the addition of salt, spices, auxiliary substances, and additives. According to the invention, animal tissue, in particular lean meat, treated with high pressure and/or skin treated with high pressure is fed to the mixture cut to produce the sausage meat as an at least partial fat substitute, whereby the protein content of the mixture is increased and the structure of the product is appealing and not similar to reduced-fat products.1. A method for the production of fat-reduced foodstuffs such as meat and sausage products, in particular raw, cooked or scalded sausages, the method comprising:
providing a sausage meat made from a minced amount of meat, if necessary added water, and the addition of salt, spices, auxiliary substances and additives; and adding high-pressure treated animal tissue, in particular lean meat and/or high-pressure treated skin and/or high-pressure treated vegetable protein as an at least partial fat substitute to the mixture bowl-cut to sausage meat, whereby the protein content in the mixture increases and the structure of the product is appealing and not similar to fat-reduced products. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein,
the high-pressure treatment of lean meat is carried out until the protein denaturates and the product becomes lighter. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein,
a mixture consisting of a high-pressure treated mixture of poultry fat and/or poultry skin as well as lean meat is added to the sausage meat. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein,
the lean meat is pretreated hydrolytically, enzymatically, chemically and/or physically prior to the high-pressure treatment. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein,
the bowl-cut sausage meat is subjected to a separate high-pressure treatment to reduce the use of salt. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein,
the amount of meat treated with hydrostatic pressure is cooled/frozen prior to introducing it into the bowl cutter. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein,
the mixture bowl-cut to sausage meat is largely free from vegetable fats or oils or oil-based fat substitute components. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein,
the high-pressure treatment is carried out in a pressure range of at least approximately 50 MPa to 600 MPa or more over a period of up to several minutes. 9. A method of producing foodstuffs, the method comprising:
providing raw material acidified by starter cultures and/or GDL with the addition of nitrite curing salt and/or cooking salt; subjecting the raw material to hydrostatic high pressure and/or a mechanical load for the accelerated water withdrawal; and wherein the obtained raw material can be used for the further production, for instance, of meat products. 10. A sausage product, produced according to the method of claim 9. 11. A snack in a geometrically designed form having a high protein content of animal or vegetable origin, produced according to the method of claim 9. 12. A snack according to claim 11 in a bar, stick, coil or similar shape. | 1,700 |
2,790 | 12,532,317 | 1,732 | A process is disclosed for the preparation of an additive-containing anionic clay generally comprising the steps of: a) milling a physical mixture of a divalent metal compound and a trivalent metal compound, b) calcining the milled physical mixture at a temperature in the range of about 200 to about 8000 C, and c) rehydrating the calcined mixture in aqueous suspension to form the additive-containing anionic clay, wherein an additive is optionally present in the physical mixture of step (a) and present in the aqueous suspension of step (c), and the additive is essentially free of vanadium. | 1. A process for the preparation of an additive-containing anionic clay comprising the steps of:
a. milling a physical mixture of a divalent metal compound and a trivalent metal compound, b. calcining the milled physical mixture at a temperature in the range of about 200 to about 800° C., and c. rehydrating the calcined mixture in aqueous suspension to form the additive-containing anionic clay,
wherein an additive is optionally present in the physical mixture of step (a), an additive is present in the aqueous suspension of step (c), and the additive-containing anionic clay is essentially free of vanadium. 2. (canceled) 3. The process of claim 1 wherein the calcination temperature ranges from about 300 to about 700° C. 4. (canceled) 5. The process of claim 1 further comprising the step of aging the physical mixture of step a). 6. (canceled) 7. The process of claim 1 wherein the divalent metal is magnesium, zinc, nickel, copper, iron, cobalt, manganese, calcium, barium, strontium, and combinations thereof. 8. (canceled) 9. The process of claim 1 wherein the trivalent metal is aluminum, gallium, iron, chromium, vanadium, cobalt, manganese, nickel, indium, cerium, niobium, lanthanum, and combinations thereof. 10. (canceled) 11. The process of claim 1 wherein the additive is a compound comprising an element selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth metals, Group IIIB transition metals, group IVB transition metals, Group VB transition metals excluding vanadium, Group VIB transition metals, Group VIIB transition metals, Group VIII transition metals, Group IB transition metals, Group IIB transition metals, Group IIIA elements, Group IVA elements, Group VA elements, lanthanides, and mixtures thereof, provided that the element differs from the metals constituting the divalent and the trivalent metal compound of step a). 12. The process of claim 11 wherein the additive is a compound comprising an element selected from the group consisting of iron, zinc, zirconium, niobium, silver, manganese, copper, chromium, rhodium, and combinations thereof. 13. (canceled) 14. The process of claim 1 further comprising the step of a subsequent calcination of the formed additive-containing anionic clay. 15. The process of claim 14 further comprising the step of rehydrating the subsequently calcined additive-containing anionic clay. 16. The process of claim 1 wherein an anionic material is present during step (c). 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. The process of claim 1 wherein the divalent metal compound and/or the trivalent metal compound is a dopant-containing metal compound. 20-22. (canceled) 23. An anionic clay made by a process comprising the steps of:
a. milling a physical mixture of a divalent metal compound and a trivalent metal compound, b. calcining the milled physical mixture at a temperature in the range of about 200 to about 800° C., and c. rehydrating the calcined mixture in aqueous suspension to form the additive-containing anionic clay,
wherein an additive is optionally present in the physical mixture of step (a), an additive is present in the aqueous suspension of step (c), and the anionic clay is essentially free of vanadium. 24. The anionic clay of claim 23 further comprising the step of aging the physical mixture of step a). 25-33. (canceled) 34. A method for reducing SOx emissions from an FCC regenerator, the method comprising the step of adding to the FCC regenerator an anionic clay made by a process comprising the steps of milling a physical mixture of a divalent metal compound and a trivalent metal compound, calcining the milled physical mixture at a temperature in the range of about 200 to about 800° C., and rehydrating the calcined mixture in aqueous suspension to form the additive-containing anionic clay, wherein an additive is optionally present in the physical mixture, an additive is present in the aqueous suspension, and the anionic clay is essentially free of vanadium. 35. The method of claim 34 further comprising the step of aging the physical mixture from about 15 min to about 6 hours at a temperature ranging from about 20 to about 90° C. 36-43. (canceled) | A process is disclosed for the preparation of an additive-containing anionic clay generally comprising the steps of: a) milling a physical mixture of a divalent metal compound and a trivalent metal compound, b) calcining the milled physical mixture at a temperature in the range of about 200 to about 8000 C, and c) rehydrating the calcined mixture in aqueous suspension to form the additive-containing anionic clay, wherein an additive is optionally present in the physical mixture of step (a) and present in the aqueous suspension of step (c), and the additive is essentially free of vanadium.1. A process for the preparation of an additive-containing anionic clay comprising the steps of:
a. milling a physical mixture of a divalent metal compound and a trivalent metal compound, b. calcining the milled physical mixture at a temperature in the range of about 200 to about 800° C., and c. rehydrating the calcined mixture in aqueous suspension to form the additive-containing anionic clay,
wherein an additive is optionally present in the physical mixture of step (a), an additive is present in the aqueous suspension of step (c), and the additive-containing anionic clay is essentially free of vanadium. 2. (canceled) 3. The process of claim 1 wherein the calcination temperature ranges from about 300 to about 700° C. 4. (canceled) 5. The process of claim 1 further comprising the step of aging the physical mixture of step a). 6. (canceled) 7. The process of claim 1 wherein the divalent metal is magnesium, zinc, nickel, copper, iron, cobalt, manganese, calcium, barium, strontium, and combinations thereof. 8. (canceled) 9. The process of claim 1 wherein the trivalent metal is aluminum, gallium, iron, chromium, vanadium, cobalt, manganese, nickel, indium, cerium, niobium, lanthanum, and combinations thereof. 10. (canceled) 11. The process of claim 1 wherein the additive is a compound comprising an element selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth metals, Group IIIB transition metals, group IVB transition metals, Group VB transition metals excluding vanadium, Group VIB transition metals, Group VIIB transition metals, Group VIII transition metals, Group IB transition metals, Group IIB transition metals, Group IIIA elements, Group IVA elements, Group VA elements, lanthanides, and mixtures thereof, provided that the element differs from the metals constituting the divalent and the trivalent metal compound of step a). 12. The process of claim 11 wherein the additive is a compound comprising an element selected from the group consisting of iron, zinc, zirconium, niobium, silver, manganese, copper, chromium, rhodium, and combinations thereof. 13. (canceled) 14. The process of claim 1 further comprising the step of a subsequent calcination of the formed additive-containing anionic clay. 15. The process of claim 14 further comprising the step of rehydrating the subsequently calcined additive-containing anionic clay. 16. The process of claim 1 wherein an anionic material is present during step (c). 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. The process of claim 1 wherein the divalent metal compound and/or the trivalent metal compound is a dopant-containing metal compound. 20-22. (canceled) 23. An anionic clay made by a process comprising the steps of:
a. milling a physical mixture of a divalent metal compound and a trivalent metal compound, b. calcining the milled physical mixture at a temperature in the range of about 200 to about 800° C., and c. rehydrating the calcined mixture in aqueous suspension to form the additive-containing anionic clay,
wherein an additive is optionally present in the physical mixture of step (a), an additive is present in the aqueous suspension of step (c), and the anionic clay is essentially free of vanadium. 24. The anionic clay of claim 23 further comprising the step of aging the physical mixture of step a). 25-33. (canceled) 34. A method for reducing SOx emissions from an FCC regenerator, the method comprising the step of adding to the FCC regenerator an anionic clay made by a process comprising the steps of milling a physical mixture of a divalent metal compound and a trivalent metal compound, calcining the milled physical mixture at a temperature in the range of about 200 to about 800° C., and rehydrating the calcined mixture in aqueous suspension to form the additive-containing anionic clay, wherein an additive is optionally present in the physical mixture, an additive is present in the aqueous suspension, and the anionic clay is essentially free of vanadium. 35. The method of claim 34 further comprising the step of aging the physical mixture from about 15 min to about 6 hours at a temperature ranging from about 20 to about 90° C. 36-43. (canceled) | 1,700 |
2,791 | 14,836,712 | 1,742 | Manufacturing processes is provided for forming a thrust reverser cascade an aircraft propulsion system. The thrust reverser cascade may include an array of vanes connected to and extending laterally between longitudinally extending first and second strongback rails. In one of the processes, the forming of the thrust reverser cascade includes additive manufacturing the first strongback rail and/or at least one of the vanes. This first strongback rail may include a length of fiber which extends more than eighty-five percent of a longitudinal length of the first strongback rail. | 1. A manufacturing process, comprising:
forming a thrust reverser cascade for an aircraft propulsion system; the thrust reverser cascade including an array of vanes connected to and extending laterally between longitudinally extending first and second strongback rails; wherein the forming includes additive manufacturing the first strongback rail; and wherein the first strongback rail includes a length of fiber which extends more than eighty-five percent of a longitudinal length of the first strongback rail. 2. The manufacturing method of claim I, wherein the length of fiber is infused within a bead of additive manufacturing matrix material during the additive manufacturing. 3. The manufacturing method of claim 2, wherein the additive manufacturing matrix material comprises thermoplastic material. 4. The manufacturing process of claim 1, wherein the length of fiber extends substantially the entire longitudinal length of the first strongback rail. 5. The manufacturing process of claim 1, wherein the length of fiber includes a first portion and a second portion that is laterally next to and longitudinally overlaps the first portion. 6. The manufacturing process of claim 1, wherein
the forming further includes additive manufacturing at least one of the vanes; and the length of fiber further extends at least partially into the at least one of the vanes. 7. The manufacturing process of claim 1, wherein
the forming further includes additive manufacturing at least one of the vanes and the second strongback rail; and the length of fiber further extends through the at least one of the vanes and into the second strongback rail. 8. The manufacturing process of claim 1, wherein
the additive manufacturing comprises additive manufacturing a layer which includes respective portions of the vanes, the first strongback rail and the second strongback rail; and the layer is formed by dispensing a bead of additive manufacturing material which includes the length of fiber. 9. The manufacturing process of claim 1, wherein
the additive manufacturing comprises additive manufacturing a layer which includes respective portions of the vanes, the first strongback rail and the second strongback rail; and the layer is formed by a plurality of discrete beads of additive manufacturing material. 10. The manufacturing process of claim 9, wherein each of the beads of additive manufacturing material includes a length of fiber. 11, The manufacturing process of claim 1, further comprising bonding an attach flange to a longitudinal end of at least one of the strongback rails. 12. The manufacturing process of claim 1, wherein p1 the thrust reverser cascade further includes an attach flange disposed at a longitudinal end of the first strongback rail; and
the forming further includes additive manufacturing the attach flange along with the first strongback rail. 13. A manufacturing process, comprising:
forming a thermoplastic thrust reverser cascade; wherein the thrust reverser cascade includes a cascade structure disposed longitudinally between first and second attachments; wherein the cascade structure includes an array of vanes connected to and extending laterally between first and second strongback rails; and wherein the forming includes additively manufacturing the cascade structure using thermoplastic material and fiber reinforcement. 14. The manufacturing process of claim 13, wherein the fiber reinforcement includes a length of fiber which is infused within the thermoplastic material during the additive manufacturing. 15. The manufacturing process of claim 14, wherein the length of fiber extends along a longitudinal length of the cascade structure. 16. The manufacturing process of claim 14, wherein at least a portion of the length of fiber is within the first strongback rail and extends more than eighty-five percent of a longitudinal length of the first strongback rail. 17. The manufacturing process of claim 14, wherein the length of fiber includes a first portion and a second portion that is laterally next to and longitudinally overlaps the first portion. 18. The manufacturing process of claim 14, wherein the length of fiber extends within at least one of the vanes. 19. A manufacturing process, comprising:
forming a thrust reverser cascade for an aircraft propulsion system; the thrust reverser cascade including an array of vanes connected to and extending laterally between longitudinally extending first and second strongback rails; the forming including additive manufacturing a portion of the thrust reverser cascade comprising the first strongback rail and/or at least one of the vanes; the portion of the thrust reverser cascade including a length of fiber; and a first portion of the length of fiber longitudinally overlapping and laterally next to a second portion of the length of fiber. 20. The manufacturing process of claim 19, wherein at least a portion of the length of fiber is within the first strongback rail and extends more than eighty-five percent of a longitudinal length of the first strongback rail. 21. The manufacturing method of claim 19, wherein the additive manufacturing includes infusing the length of fiber into a bead of thermoplastic material. 22. The manufacturing process of claim 19, wherein the length of fiber extends along a transverse length of the cascade structure. 23. The manufacturing process of claim 19, wherein at least a portion of the length of fiber is within the first row of vanes and extends more than eighty-five percent of a transverse length of the first row of vanes. | Manufacturing processes is provided for forming a thrust reverser cascade an aircraft propulsion system. The thrust reverser cascade may include an array of vanes connected to and extending laterally between longitudinally extending first and second strongback rails. In one of the processes, the forming of the thrust reverser cascade includes additive manufacturing the first strongback rail and/or at least one of the vanes. This first strongback rail may include a length of fiber which extends more than eighty-five percent of a longitudinal length of the first strongback rail.1. A manufacturing process, comprising:
forming a thrust reverser cascade for an aircraft propulsion system; the thrust reverser cascade including an array of vanes connected to and extending laterally between longitudinally extending first and second strongback rails; wherein the forming includes additive manufacturing the first strongback rail; and wherein the first strongback rail includes a length of fiber which extends more than eighty-five percent of a longitudinal length of the first strongback rail. 2. The manufacturing method of claim I, wherein the length of fiber is infused within a bead of additive manufacturing matrix material during the additive manufacturing. 3. The manufacturing method of claim 2, wherein the additive manufacturing matrix material comprises thermoplastic material. 4. The manufacturing process of claim 1, wherein the length of fiber extends substantially the entire longitudinal length of the first strongback rail. 5. The manufacturing process of claim 1, wherein the length of fiber includes a first portion and a second portion that is laterally next to and longitudinally overlaps the first portion. 6. The manufacturing process of claim 1, wherein
the forming further includes additive manufacturing at least one of the vanes; and the length of fiber further extends at least partially into the at least one of the vanes. 7. The manufacturing process of claim 1, wherein
the forming further includes additive manufacturing at least one of the vanes and the second strongback rail; and the length of fiber further extends through the at least one of the vanes and into the second strongback rail. 8. The manufacturing process of claim 1, wherein
the additive manufacturing comprises additive manufacturing a layer which includes respective portions of the vanes, the first strongback rail and the second strongback rail; and the layer is formed by dispensing a bead of additive manufacturing material which includes the length of fiber. 9. The manufacturing process of claim 1, wherein
the additive manufacturing comprises additive manufacturing a layer which includes respective portions of the vanes, the first strongback rail and the second strongback rail; and the layer is formed by a plurality of discrete beads of additive manufacturing material. 10. The manufacturing process of claim 9, wherein each of the beads of additive manufacturing material includes a length of fiber. 11, The manufacturing process of claim 1, further comprising bonding an attach flange to a longitudinal end of at least one of the strongback rails. 12. The manufacturing process of claim 1, wherein p1 the thrust reverser cascade further includes an attach flange disposed at a longitudinal end of the first strongback rail; and
the forming further includes additive manufacturing the attach flange along with the first strongback rail. 13. A manufacturing process, comprising:
forming a thermoplastic thrust reverser cascade; wherein the thrust reverser cascade includes a cascade structure disposed longitudinally between first and second attachments; wherein the cascade structure includes an array of vanes connected to and extending laterally between first and second strongback rails; and wherein the forming includes additively manufacturing the cascade structure using thermoplastic material and fiber reinforcement. 14. The manufacturing process of claim 13, wherein the fiber reinforcement includes a length of fiber which is infused within the thermoplastic material during the additive manufacturing. 15. The manufacturing process of claim 14, wherein the length of fiber extends along a longitudinal length of the cascade structure. 16. The manufacturing process of claim 14, wherein at least a portion of the length of fiber is within the first strongback rail and extends more than eighty-five percent of a longitudinal length of the first strongback rail. 17. The manufacturing process of claim 14, wherein the length of fiber includes a first portion and a second portion that is laterally next to and longitudinally overlaps the first portion. 18. The manufacturing process of claim 14, wherein the length of fiber extends within at least one of the vanes. 19. A manufacturing process, comprising:
forming a thrust reverser cascade for an aircraft propulsion system; the thrust reverser cascade including an array of vanes connected to and extending laterally between longitudinally extending first and second strongback rails; the forming including additive manufacturing a portion of the thrust reverser cascade comprising the first strongback rail and/or at least one of the vanes; the portion of the thrust reverser cascade including a length of fiber; and a first portion of the length of fiber longitudinally overlapping and laterally next to a second portion of the length of fiber. 20. The manufacturing process of claim 19, wherein at least a portion of the length of fiber is within the first strongback rail and extends more than eighty-five percent of a longitudinal length of the first strongback rail. 21. The manufacturing method of claim 19, wherein the additive manufacturing includes infusing the length of fiber into a bead of thermoplastic material. 22. The manufacturing process of claim 19, wherein the length of fiber extends along a transverse length of the cascade structure. 23. The manufacturing process of claim 19, wherein at least a portion of the length of fiber is within the first row of vanes and extends more than eighty-five percent of a transverse length of the first row of vanes. | 1,700 |
2,792 | 14,119,737 | 1,791 | This invention relates to a process to produce a yeast-derived product as well as a yeast autolysate or yeast extract comprising at least 1% w/w reducing sugar based on the total dry matter weight of the yeast extract or yeast autolysate. The invention also relates to a process to produce a reaction flavour. The yeast extract or yeast autolysate is very suitable for the production of a reaction flavour. | 1. A process for producing a yeast-derived product comprising:
a. contacting a suspension comprising a yeast cell with an endoprotease to hydrolyze yeast protein to form a preparation; b. contacting the preparation with at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of α-α-trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28), glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.3), endo-glucanase and exo-glucanase. 2. A process according to claim 1, wherein said preparation is contacted with α-α-trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28) 3. A process according to claim 1, wherein said preparation is contacted with α-α-trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28) and glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.3). 4. A process according to claim 1, wherein said preparation is contacted with α-α-trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28) and at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of endo-glucanase and exo-glucanase. 5. A process according to claim 1, wherein said preparation is contacted with α-α-trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28) and glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.3) and at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of endo-glucanase and exo-glucanase. 6. A process according to claim 1, wherein the endo-glucanase is selected from the group consisting of endo-1,3-β-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.39), endo-1,6-β-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.75) and endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.6). 7. A process according to claim 1, wherein the exo-glucanase is selected from the group consisting of glucan 1,3-β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.58) and glucan 1,6-β-glucosidase. 8. A process according to claim 1, wherein said contacting the preparation with at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of α-α-trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28), glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.3), endo-glucanase and exo-glucanase forms a yeast derived product and further comprising subjecting said yeast derived product to solid-liquid separation and removing insoluble matter. 9. A process according to claim 1, wherein said yeast-derived product is a yeast autolysate. 10. A process according to claim 1, wherein said yeast-derived product is a yeast extract. 11. A process according to claim 8, further comprising drying said yeast-derived product. 12. A yeast derived product, obtainable by the process of claim 1, comprising at least 1% w/w and 30% or less reducing sugar based on total dry matter weight and whereby the-reducing sugar is derived from the oligo- and polysaccharides that are present in a yeast cell used for making said yeast-derived product. 13. A yeast derived product according to claim 10, wherein said reducing sugar is glucose. 14. A yeast derived product according claim 10, wherein said yeast derived product is a yeast autolysate and/or a yeast extract. 15. A process for producing a reaction flavour comprising incubating a yeast-derived product as defined in claim 12, under conditions of temperature and water content to in order to obtain a reaction flavour. 16. A process according to claim 15, comprising adding at least one additional component. 17. A process according to claim 16, wherein said at least one additional component is yeast-derived. 18. A process according to claim 16, wherein said at least one additional component is a reaction flavour. 19. A process according to claim 15, whereby the incubating is carried out in an extruder. 20. A reaction flavour obtainable by the process according to claim 15. | This invention relates to a process to produce a yeast-derived product as well as a yeast autolysate or yeast extract comprising at least 1% w/w reducing sugar based on the total dry matter weight of the yeast extract or yeast autolysate. The invention also relates to a process to produce a reaction flavour. The yeast extract or yeast autolysate is very suitable for the production of a reaction flavour.1. A process for producing a yeast-derived product comprising:
a. contacting a suspension comprising a yeast cell with an endoprotease to hydrolyze yeast protein to form a preparation; b. contacting the preparation with at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of α-α-trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28), glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.3), endo-glucanase and exo-glucanase. 2. A process according to claim 1, wherein said preparation is contacted with α-α-trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28) 3. A process according to claim 1, wherein said preparation is contacted with α-α-trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28) and glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.3). 4. A process according to claim 1, wherein said preparation is contacted with α-α-trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28) and at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of endo-glucanase and exo-glucanase. 5. A process according to claim 1, wherein said preparation is contacted with α-α-trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28) and glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.3) and at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of endo-glucanase and exo-glucanase. 6. A process according to claim 1, wherein the endo-glucanase is selected from the group consisting of endo-1,3-β-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.39), endo-1,6-β-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.75) and endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.6). 7. A process according to claim 1, wherein the exo-glucanase is selected from the group consisting of glucan 1,3-β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.58) and glucan 1,6-β-glucosidase. 8. A process according to claim 1, wherein said contacting the preparation with at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of α-α-trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28), glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.3), endo-glucanase and exo-glucanase forms a yeast derived product and further comprising subjecting said yeast derived product to solid-liquid separation and removing insoluble matter. 9. A process according to claim 1, wherein said yeast-derived product is a yeast autolysate. 10. A process according to claim 1, wherein said yeast-derived product is a yeast extract. 11. A process according to claim 8, further comprising drying said yeast-derived product. 12. A yeast derived product, obtainable by the process of claim 1, comprising at least 1% w/w and 30% or less reducing sugar based on total dry matter weight and whereby the-reducing sugar is derived from the oligo- and polysaccharides that are present in a yeast cell used for making said yeast-derived product. 13. A yeast derived product according to claim 10, wherein said reducing sugar is glucose. 14. A yeast derived product according claim 10, wherein said yeast derived product is a yeast autolysate and/or a yeast extract. 15. A process for producing a reaction flavour comprising incubating a yeast-derived product as defined in claim 12, under conditions of temperature and water content to in order to obtain a reaction flavour. 16. A process according to claim 15, comprising adding at least one additional component. 17. A process according to claim 16, wherein said at least one additional component is yeast-derived. 18. A process according to claim 16, wherein said at least one additional component is a reaction flavour. 19. A process according to claim 15, whereby the incubating is carried out in an extruder. 20. A reaction flavour obtainable by the process according to claim 15. | 1,700 |
2,793 | 14,246,451 | 1,764 | The present invention relates to a particulate superabsorbent polymer composition having fast absorption and a method of making the particulate superabsorbent polymer comprising a monomer solution comprising a foaming agent and a mixture of a lipophile surfactant and a polyethoxylated hydrophilic surfactant wherein the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition has a mean particle size distribution of from 300 to 500 μm and a vortex time of 30 to 60 seconds. The present invention further includes particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions surface treated with other components. The present invention further includes absorbent cores and articles including the particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions. | 1. A process for making a particulate superabsorbent polymer having fast water absorption comprising the steps of
a) preparing an aqueous monomer solution of a mixture of a of polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer and an internal crosslinking agent monomer wherein the aqueous monomer solution comprises dissolved oxygen; b) sparging the aqueous monomer solution of step a) including adding an inert gas to the aqueous monomer solution of step a) to replace the dissolved oxygen of the aqueous monomer solution; c) polymerizing the aqueous monomer solution of step b) including the steps of c1) adding to the aqueous monomer solution of step a): i) an aqueous solution comprising from about 0.05 to about 2.0 wt. % based on the total amount of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer solution of a foaming agent; and ii) an aqueous solution comprising from about 0.001 to about 1.0 wt. % based on the total amount of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer solution of a mixture of a lipophile surfactant and a polyethoxylated hydrophilic surfactant; c2) treating the monomer solution of step c1) to high speed shear mixing to form a treated monomer solution, wherein the components i) an aqueous solution comprising from about 0.1 to about 1.0 wt. % of a foaming agent; and ii) an aqueous solution comprising from about 0.001 to about 1.0 wt. % of a mixture of a lipophile surfactant and a polyethoxylated hydrophilic surfactant are added to the aqueous monomer solution after step b) of sparging the aqueous monomer solution and before step c2) of high speed shear mixing of the aqueous monomer solution; c3) forming a hydrogel by adding a polymerization initiator to the treated monomer solution of step c2) wherein the initiator is added to the treated monomer solution after the foaming agent and the mixture of surfactants, wherein the polymer is formed to include bubbles of the foaming agent into the polymer structure; d) drying and grinding the hydrogel of step c) to form particulate superabsorbent polymer; and e) surface crosslinking the particulate superabsorbent polymer of step d) with a surface crosslinking agent wherein the surface crosslinked superabsorbent polymer has a vortex of from about 30 sec to about 60 sec. 2. The process for making the particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 1 wherein the lipophile surfactant is nonionic and has a HLB of from 4 to 9 and the polyethoxylated hydrophilic surfactant is nonionic and has a HLB of from 12 to 18. 3. The process for making the particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 1 wherein the mixture of a lipophile surfactant and a polyethoxylated hydrophilic surfactant has a HLB of from 8 to 14. 4. The process for making the particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 1 wherein the lipophile surfactant is a sorbitan ester and the polyethoxylated hydrophilic surfactant is a polyethoxylated sorbitan ester. 5. The process for making the particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 1 wherein the foaming agent is selected from an alkali metal carbonate or alkali metal bicarbonate. 6. The process for making the particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 1 wherein the superabsorbent polymer has a Pressure Absorbency Index of from about 120 to about 150. 7. The process for making the particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 1 comprising from about 0.05 to about 1.0 wt. % based on the total amount of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer solution of the polymerization initiator. 8. The process for making the particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 1 wherein said particulate superabsorbent polymer composition has particles having a particle diameters of smaller than 600 μm and larger than 150 μm in an amount of not less than about 85 wt % of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition and as specified by standard sieve classification and the particles having a weight average particle diameter (D50) specified by standard sieve classification of from 300 to 400 μm. 9. The process for making the particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 1 further comprising the step of
e) mixing the surface crosslinked superabsorbent polymer with a chelating agent, wherein an amount of the chelating agent is from about 0.001 to about 10 weight parts per 100 weight parts of the particulate superabsorbent polymer. 10. The process for making the particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 9 wherein the chelating agent is selected from aminocarboxylic acids with at least three carboxyl groups and their salts. 11. The process for making the particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 1 comprising the step of adding from about 0.01 to 0.5% weight of a thermoplastic polymer based on dry polymer powder weight is applied on the particle surface wherein the thermoplastic polymer is either added to the particulate superabsorbent polymer with the surface crosslinking agent or applied to the particulate superabsorbent polymer before the surface crosslinking agent is added to the particulate superabsorbent polymer, and heat treating the coated superabsorbent polymer particle at a temperature between 150° C. and 250° C. for from about 0.5 to about 60 minutes to effectuate the surface crosslinking of the superabsorbent polymer particle. 12. The process for making the particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 11 wherein the thermoplastic polymer is selected from polyethylene, polyesters, polyurethanes, linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), ethylene acrylic acid copolymer (EAA), styrene copolymers, ethylene alkyl methacrylate copolymer (EMA), polypropylene (PP), ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) or blends thereof, or copolymers thereof. 13. The process for making the particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 11 wherein the thermoplastic polymer is added to the particulate superabsorbent polymer with the surface crosslinking agent. 14. The process for making the particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 11 wherein the thermoplastic polymer is added to the particulate superabsorbent polymer before the surface crosslinking agent c) is added to the particulate superabsorbent polymer. 15. A particulate superabsorbent polymer comprising an internal crosslinking structure, produced using from about 0.1 to about 1.0 wt. % based on the total amount of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer solution of a foaming agent, and from about 0.001 to about 1.0 wt. % based on the total amount of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer solution of a mixture of a lipophile nonionic surfactant and a polyethoxylated hydrophilic nonionic surfactant in an inside of the particle, the particle having a surface which has been subjected to a cross-linking treatment for cross-linking the surface, the particulate superabsorbent polymer having a Vortex time of from 30 to 60 seconds. 16. The particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 15 wherein the lipophile nonionic surfactant has a HLB of from 4 to 9 and the polyethoxylated hydrophilic nonionic surfactant has a HLB of from 12 to 18. 17. The particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 15 wherein the mixture of a lipophile nonionic surfactant and a polyethoxylated hydrophilic nonionic surfactant has a HLB of from 8 to 14. 18. The particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 17 wherein the lipophile nonionic surfactant is a sorbitan ester and the polyethoxylated hydrophilic nonionic surfactant is a polyethoxylated sorbitan ester. 19. The particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 15 wherein said particulate superabsorbent polymer composition has particles having a particle diameters of smaller than 600 μm and larger than 150 μm in an amount of not less than about 85 wt % of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition and as specified by standard sieve classification and the particles having a weight average particle diameter (D50) specified by standard sieve classification of from 300 to 400 μm. 20. An absorbent article comprising:
a topsheet; backsheet;
an absorbent core disposed between the topsheet and backsheet, the absorbent core comprising a particulate superabsorbent polymer composition comprising an internal crosslinking structure, produced using from about 0.1 to about 1.0 wt. % based on the total amount of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer solution of a foaming agent, and from about 0.001 to about 1.0 wt. % of a mixture of a lipophile nonionic surfactant and a polyethoxylated hydrophilic nonionic surfactant in an inside of the particle, the particle having a surface which has been subjected to a cross-linking treatment for cross-linking the surface, the particulate superabsorbent polymer having a Vortex time of from 30 to 60 seconds. | The present invention relates to a particulate superabsorbent polymer composition having fast absorption and a method of making the particulate superabsorbent polymer comprising a monomer solution comprising a foaming agent and a mixture of a lipophile surfactant and a polyethoxylated hydrophilic surfactant wherein the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition has a mean particle size distribution of from 300 to 500 μm and a vortex time of 30 to 60 seconds. The present invention further includes particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions surface treated with other components. The present invention further includes absorbent cores and articles including the particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions.1. A process for making a particulate superabsorbent polymer having fast water absorption comprising the steps of
a) preparing an aqueous monomer solution of a mixture of a of polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer and an internal crosslinking agent monomer wherein the aqueous monomer solution comprises dissolved oxygen; b) sparging the aqueous monomer solution of step a) including adding an inert gas to the aqueous monomer solution of step a) to replace the dissolved oxygen of the aqueous monomer solution; c) polymerizing the aqueous monomer solution of step b) including the steps of c1) adding to the aqueous monomer solution of step a): i) an aqueous solution comprising from about 0.05 to about 2.0 wt. % based on the total amount of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer solution of a foaming agent; and ii) an aqueous solution comprising from about 0.001 to about 1.0 wt. % based on the total amount of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer solution of a mixture of a lipophile surfactant and a polyethoxylated hydrophilic surfactant; c2) treating the monomer solution of step c1) to high speed shear mixing to form a treated monomer solution, wherein the components i) an aqueous solution comprising from about 0.1 to about 1.0 wt. % of a foaming agent; and ii) an aqueous solution comprising from about 0.001 to about 1.0 wt. % of a mixture of a lipophile surfactant and a polyethoxylated hydrophilic surfactant are added to the aqueous monomer solution after step b) of sparging the aqueous monomer solution and before step c2) of high speed shear mixing of the aqueous monomer solution; c3) forming a hydrogel by adding a polymerization initiator to the treated monomer solution of step c2) wherein the initiator is added to the treated monomer solution after the foaming agent and the mixture of surfactants, wherein the polymer is formed to include bubbles of the foaming agent into the polymer structure; d) drying and grinding the hydrogel of step c) to form particulate superabsorbent polymer; and e) surface crosslinking the particulate superabsorbent polymer of step d) with a surface crosslinking agent wherein the surface crosslinked superabsorbent polymer has a vortex of from about 30 sec to about 60 sec. 2. The process for making the particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 1 wherein the lipophile surfactant is nonionic and has a HLB of from 4 to 9 and the polyethoxylated hydrophilic surfactant is nonionic and has a HLB of from 12 to 18. 3. The process for making the particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 1 wherein the mixture of a lipophile surfactant and a polyethoxylated hydrophilic surfactant has a HLB of from 8 to 14. 4. The process for making the particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 1 wherein the lipophile surfactant is a sorbitan ester and the polyethoxylated hydrophilic surfactant is a polyethoxylated sorbitan ester. 5. The process for making the particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 1 wherein the foaming agent is selected from an alkali metal carbonate or alkali metal bicarbonate. 6. The process for making the particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 1 wherein the superabsorbent polymer has a Pressure Absorbency Index of from about 120 to about 150. 7. The process for making the particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 1 comprising from about 0.05 to about 1.0 wt. % based on the total amount of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer solution of the polymerization initiator. 8. The process for making the particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 1 wherein said particulate superabsorbent polymer composition has particles having a particle diameters of smaller than 600 μm and larger than 150 μm in an amount of not less than about 85 wt % of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition and as specified by standard sieve classification and the particles having a weight average particle diameter (D50) specified by standard sieve classification of from 300 to 400 μm. 9. The process for making the particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 1 further comprising the step of
e) mixing the surface crosslinked superabsorbent polymer with a chelating agent, wherein an amount of the chelating agent is from about 0.001 to about 10 weight parts per 100 weight parts of the particulate superabsorbent polymer. 10. The process for making the particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 9 wherein the chelating agent is selected from aminocarboxylic acids with at least three carboxyl groups and their salts. 11. The process for making the particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 1 comprising the step of adding from about 0.01 to 0.5% weight of a thermoplastic polymer based on dry polymer powder weight is applied on the particle surface wherein the thermoplastic polymer is either added to the particulate superabsorbent polymer with the surface crosslinking agent or applied to the particulate superabsorbent polymer before the surface crosslinking agent is added to the particulate superabsorbent polymer, and heat treating the coated superabsorbent polymer particle at a temperature between 150° C. and 250° C. for from about 0.5 to about 60 minutes to effectuate the surface crosslinking of the superabsorbent polymer particle. 12. The process for making the particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 11 wherein the thermoplastic polymer is selected from polyethylene, polyesters, polyurethanes, linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), ethylene acrylic acid copolymer (EAA), styrene copolymers, ethylene alkyl methacrylate copolymer (EMA), polypropylene (PP), ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) or blends thereof, or copolymers thereof. 13. The process for making the particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 11 wherein the thermoplastic polymer is added to the particulate superabsorbent polymer with the surface crosslinking agent. 14. The process for making the particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 11 wherein the thermoplastic polymer is added to the particulate superabsorbent polymer before the surface crosslinking agent c) is added to the particulate superabsorbent polymer. 15. A particulate superabsorbent polymer comprising an internal crosslinking structure, produced using from about 0.1 to about 1.0 wt. % based on the total amount of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer solution of a foaming agent, and from about 0.001 to about 1.0 wt. % based on the total amount of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer solution of a mixture of a lipophile nonionic surfactant and a polyethoxylated hydrophilic nonionic surfactant in an inside of the particle, the particle having a surface which has been subjected to a cross-linking treatment for cross-linking the surface, the particulate superabsorbent polymer having a Vortex time of from 30 to 60 seconds. 16. The particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 15 wherein the lipophile nonionic surfactant has a HLB of from 4 to 9 and the polyethoxylated hydrophilic nonionic surfactant has a HLB of from 12 to 18. 17. The particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 15 wherein the mixture of a lipophile nonionic surfactant and a polyethoxylated hydrophilic nonionic surfactant has a HLB of from 8 to 14. 18. The particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 17 wherein the lipophile nonionic surfactant is a sorbitan ester and the polyethoxylated hydrophilic nonionic surfactant is a polyethoxylated sorbitan ester. 19. The particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 15 wherein said particulate superabsorbent polymer composition has particles having a particle diameters of smaller than 600 μm and larger than 150 μm in an amount of not less than about 85 wt % of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition and as specified by standard sieve classification and the particles having a weight average particle diameter (D50) specified by standard sieve classification of from 300 to 400 μm. 20. An absorbent article comprising:
a topsheet; backsheet;
an absorbent core disposed between the topsheet and backsheet, the absorbent core comprising a particulate superabsorbent polymer composition comprising an internal crosslinking structure, produced using from about 0.1 to about 1.0 wt. % based on the total amount of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer solution of a foaming agent, and from about 0.001 to about 1.0 wt. % of a mixture of a lipophile nonionic surfactant and a polyethoxylated hydrophilic nonionic surfactant in an inside of the particle, the particle having a surface which has been subjected to a cross-linking treatment for cross-linking the surface, the particulate superabsorbent polymer having a Vortex time of from 30 to 60 seconds. | 1,700 |
2,794 | 14,537,181 | 1,743 | Treated plant seeds are provided, which have one or more modifying ingredients associated therewith. Such modifying ingredients can include compositions comprising water, flavorants, pH adjusters, buffering agents, humectants, antioxidants, oral care ingredients, preservatives, additives derived from herbal or botanical sources, and mixtures thereof that can be provided or diluted form. The treated plant seeds can be incorporated within tobacco products, including smoking articles, to alter the properties thereof (e.g., by releasing the one or more modifying ingredients into the mainstream smoke of a smoking article). | 1. A tobacco product comprising a tobacco formulation and at least one treated plant seed or portion thereof carrying one or more modifying ingredients. 2. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the treated plant seed or portion thereof comprises a seed or portion thereof from the Nicotiana species. 3. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the treated plant seed or portion thereof comprises an edible seed or portion thereof. 4. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the treated plant seed or portion thereof comprises a seed selected from the group consisting of tobacco seeds, poppy seeds, sesame seeds, sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, chia seeds, flax seeds, hemp seeds, papaya seeds, cocoa seeds, and soybean seeds. 5. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the one or more modifying ingredients are selected from the group consisting of water, flavorants, sweeteners, colorants, pH adjusters, buffering agents, oral care additives, humectants, antioxidants, preservatives, additives derived from herbal or botanical sources, and mixtures thereof. 6. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the one or more modifying ingredients comprise a flavorant. 7. The tobacco product of claim 6, wherein the flavorant imparts a flavor selected from the group consisting of vanilla, coffee, chocolate, cream, mint, spearmint, eucalyptus, menthol, peppermint, wintergreen, lavender, cardamom, nutmeg, cinnamon, clove, cascarilla, sandalwood, honey, jasmine, ginger, anise, sage, licorice, lemon, orange, apple, peach, lime, cherry, strawberry, and combinations thereof. 8. The tobacco product of claim 6, wherein the flavorant comprises menthol. 9. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the tobacco product is in the form of a smoking article, wherein the one or more modifying ingredients are adapted for release into mainstream smoke generated by the smoking article. 10. The tobacco product of claim 9, wherein the smoking article comprises a filter element comprising the at least one treated plant seed or portion thereof. 11. The tobacco product of claim 10, wherein the at least one treated plant seed or portion thereof is positioned within a cavity within the filter element or dispersed within a fibrous tow segment. 12. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the tobacco product is in the form of a smokeless tobacco composition, wherein the one or more modifying ingredients are adapted for release in the oral cavity. 13. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the treated plant seed or portion further comprises one or more diluting agents associated therewith. 14. The tobacco product of claim 13, wherein the one or more diluting agents comprise triglycerides. 15. A method for modifying the properties of a tobacco product, comprising:
i) receiving a treated plant seed or portion thereof carrying one or more modifying ingredients; and ii) adding the treated plant seed to the tobacco product. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the treated plant seed or portion thereof comprises a seed or portion thereof from the Nicotiana species. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the treated plant seed or portion thereof comprises an edible seed or portion thereof. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the treated plant seed or portion thereof comprises a seed selected from the group consisting of tobacco seeds, poppy seeds, sesame seeds, sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, chia seeds, flax seeds, hemp seeds, papaya seeds, cocoa seeds, and soybean seeds. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the one or more modifying ingredients are selected from the group consisting of water, flavorants, sweeteners, colorants, pH adjusters, buffering agents, oral care additives, humectants, antioxidants, preservatives, additives derived from herbal or botanical sources, and mixtures thereof. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the one or more modifying ingredients comprise a flavorant. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the flavorant imparts a flavor selected from the group consisting of vanilla, coffee, chocolate, cream, mint, spearmint, eucalyptus, menthol, peppermint, wintergreen, lavender, cardamom, nutmeg, cinnamon, clove, cascarilla, sandalwood, honey, jasmine, ginger, anise, sage, licorice, lemon, orange, apple, peach, lime, cherry, strawberry, and combinations thereof. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the flavorant comprises menthol. 23. The method of claim 15, wherein the tobacco product is in the form of a smoking article comprising a filter element and the adding step comprises incorporating the treated plant seed or portion thereof within the filter element. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the filter element comprises at least one cavity or at least one segment of fibrous tow, and the adding step comprises incorporating the treated plant seed or portion thereof within the at least one cavity or the at least one segment of fibrous tow. 25. The method of claim 15, further comprising treating a harvested plant seed or portion thereof by contacting the plant seed or portion thereof with a modifying ingredient to give a treated plant seed or portion thereof. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the treating step comprises immersing the harvested plant seed or portion thereof in a liquid comprising the modifying ingredient. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the liquid further comprises one or more solvents. 28. The method of claim 25, wherein the treating step is conducted at one or both of elevated temperature and elevated pressure. 29. A method for modifying the properties of a tobacco product, comprising:
i) treating a harvested plant seed or portion thereof by contacting the plant seed or portion thereof with a modifying ingredient to give a treated plant seed or portion thereof; and ii) adding the treated plant seed or portion thereof to a tobacco product. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the treated plant seed or portion thereof comprises a seed or portion thereof from the Nicotiana species. 31. The method of claim 29, wherein the treating step comprises immersing the harvested plant seed or portion thereof in a liquid comprising the modifying ingredient. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the liquid further comprises one or more solvents. 33. The method of claim 29, wherein the treating step is conducted at one or both of elevated temperature and elevated pressure. 34. The method of claim 29, wherein the tobacco product is in the form of a smoking article comprising a filter element and the adding step comprises incorporating the treated plant seed or portion thereof within the filter element. 35. The method of claim 29, further comprising the step of pre-treating the harvested plant seed or portion thereof having a seed coat to soften the seed coat or to create microfractures in the seed coat in order to enhance penetration of the modifying ingredient therethrough. 36. A tobacco product in the form of a seed or portion thereof from the Nicotiana species carrying a modifying ingredient infused therein. 37. The tobacco product of claim 36, wherein the modifying ingredient is a flavorant. | Treated plant seeds are provided, which have one or more modifying ingredients associated therewith. Such modifying ingredients can include compositions comprising water, flavorants, pH adjusters, buffering agents, humectants, antioxidants, oral care ingredients, preservatives, additives derived from herbal or botanical sources, and mixtures thereof that can be provided or diluted form. The treated plant seeds can be incorporated within tobacco products, including smoking articles, to alter the properties thereof (e.g., by releasing the one or more modifying ingredients into the mainstream smoke of a smoking article).1. A tobacco product comprising a tobacco formulation and at least one treated plant seed or portion thereof carrying one or more modifying ingredients. 2. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the treated plant seed or portion thereof comprises a seed or portion thereof from the Nicotiana species. 3. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the treated plant seed or portion thereof comprises an edible seed or portion thereof. 4. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the treated plant seed or portion thereof comprises a seed selected from the group consisting of tobacco seeds, poppy seeds, sesame seeds, sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, chia seeds, flax seeds, hemp seeds, papaya seeds, cocoa seeds, and soybean seeds. 5. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the one or more modifying ingredients are selected from the group consisting of water, flavorants, sweeteners, colorants, pH adjusters, buffering agents, oral care additives, humectants, antioxidants, preservatives, additives derived from herbal or botanical sources, and mixtures thereof. 6. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the one or more modifying ingredients comprise a flavorant. 7. The tobacco product of claim 6, wherein the flavorant imparts a flavor selected from the group consisting of vanilla, coffee, chocolate, cream, mint, spearmint, eucalyptus, menthol, peppermint, wintergreen, lavender, cardamom, nutmeg, cinnamon, clove, cascarilla, sandalwood, honey, jasmine, ginger, anise, sage, licorice, lemon, orange, apple, peach, lime, cherry, strawberry, and combinations thereof. 8. The tobacco product of claim 6, wherein the flavorant comprises menthol. 9. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the tobacco product is in the form of a smoking article, wherein the one or more modifying ingredients are adapted for release into mainstream smoke generated by the smoking article. 10. The tobacco product of claim 9, wherein the smoking article comprises a filter element comprising the at least one treated plant seed or portion thereof. 11. The tobacco product of claim 10, wherein the at least one treated plant seed or portion thereof is positioned within a cavity within the filter element or dispersed within a fibrous tow segment. 12. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the tobacco product is in the form of a smokeless tobacco composition, wherein the one or more modifying ingredients are adapted for release in the oral cavity. 13. The tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the treated plant seed or portion further comprises one or more diluting agents associated therewith. 14. The tobacco product of claim 13, wherein the one or more diluting agents comprise triglycerides. 15. A method for modifying the properties of a tobacco product, comprising:
i) receiving a treated plant seed or portion thereof carrying one or more modifying ingredients; and ii) adding the treated plant seed to the tobacco product. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the treated plant seed or portion thereof comprises a seed or portion thereof from the Nicotiana species. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the treated plant seed or portion thereof comprises an edible seed or portion thereof. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the treated plant seed or portion thereof comprises a seed selected from the group consisting of tobacco seeds, poppy seeds, sesame seeds, sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, chia seeds, flax seeds, hemp seeds, papaya seeds, cocoa seeds, and soybean seeds. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the one or more modifying ingredients are selected from the group consisting of water, flavorants, sweeteners, colorants, pH adjusters, buffering agents, oral care additives, humectants, antioxidants, preservatives, additives derived from herbal or botanical sources, and mixtures thereof. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the one or more modifying ingredients comprise a flavorant. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the flavorant imparts a flavor selected from the group consisting of vanilla, coffee, chocolate, cream, mint, spearmint, eucalyptus, menthol, peppermint, wintergreen, lavender, cardamom, nutmeg, cinnamon, clove, cascarilla, sandalwood, honey, jasmine, ginger, anise, sage, licorice, lemon, orange, apple, peach, lime, cherry, strawberry, and combinations thereof. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the flavorant comprises menthol. 23. The method of claim 15, wherein the tobacco product is in the form of a smoking article comprising a filter element and the adding step comprises incorporating the treated plant seed or portion thereof within the filter element. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the filter element comprises at least one cavity or at least one segment of fibrous tow, and the adding step comprises incorporating the treated plant seed or portion thereof within the at least one cavity or the at least one segment of fibrous tow. 25. The method of claim 15, further comprising treating a harvested plant seed or portion thereof by contacting the plant seed or portion thereof with a modifying ingredient to give a treated plant seed or portion thereof. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the treating step comprises immersing the harvested plant seed or portion thereof in a liquid comprising the modifying ingredient. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the liquid further comprises one or more solvents. 28. The method of claim 25, wherein the treating step is conducted at one or both of elevated temperature and elevated pressure. 29. A method for modifying the properties of a tobacco product, comprising:
i) treating a harvested plant seed or portion thereof by contacting the plant seed or portion thereof with a modifying ingredient to give a treated plant seed or portion thereof; and ii) adding the treated plant seed or portion thereof to a tobacco product. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the treated plant seed or portion thereof comprises a seed or portion thereof from the Nicotiana species. 31. The method of claim 29, wherein the treating step comprises immersing the harvested plant seed or portion thereof in a liquid comprising the modifying ingredient. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the liquid further comprises one or more solvents. 33. The method of claim 29, wherein the treating step is conducted at one or both of elevated temperature and elevated pressure. 34. The method of claim 29, wherein the tobacco product is in the form of a smoking article comprising a filter element and the adding step comprises incorporating the treated plant seed or portion thereof within the filter element. 35. The method of claim 29, further comprising the step of pre-treating the harvested plant seed or portion thereof having a seed coat to soften the seed coat or to create microfractures in the seed coat in order to enhance penetration of the modifying ingredient therethrough. 36. A tobacco product in the form of a seed or portion thereof from the Nicotiana species carrying a modifying ingredient infused therein. 37. The tobacco product of claim 36, wherein the modifying ingredient is a flavorant. | 1,700 |
2,795 | 14,580,325 | 1,749 | This invention relates to tacky finishes and to the textile materials and articles treated with the tacky finishes. The tacky finishes provide improved processing features for end-use articles that contain such finishes. The tacky finish may be combined with other adhesion promotion finishes in the treatment of textile materials. The textile materials and articles may be used as rubber reinforcing materials, such as automotive tire cap ply, single end tire cord, carcass reinforcement and side wall reinforcement. End-use articles that contain the treated textile materials include rubber-containing materials such as automobile tires, belts, and hoses. This invention also relates to the methods for manufacturing the treated textile materials and articles. | 1. A coated textile material comprising:
(1) a textile substrate; (2) disposed on at least one surface of the textile substrate, at first layer of a composition (a) comprising a resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex; and (3) disposed on the first layer, a second layer of a tacky finish (b) comprised of
(i) at least one tacky resin selected from phenol-containing resins, aromatic resins, hydrocarbon resins, terpene resins, indene resins, coumarone resins, rosin-based resins, and mixtures thereof;
(ii) at least one unvulcanized rubber selected from polybutadiene, polyisoprene, synthetic trans-rich polyisoprene or cis-rich polyisoprene, natural rubber, poly(styrene-co-butadiene), poly(acrylonitrile-cobutadiene), chloroprene, hydrogenated styrene-butadiene rubber, hydrogenated nitrile-butadiene rubber, butyl rubber, polyisobutylene copolymer rubber, halo-butyl rubber, and mixtures thereof, and
(iii) at least one adhesion promoter selected from formaldehyde-resorcinol condensate and/or resin, formaldehyde-phenol condensate, novolac resins, resole resins, multifunctional epoxy resin, novolac modified epoxy resin, isocyanate compounds, blocked isocyanate resin or compounds, halogenated resorcinol-formaldehyde resin, phenolic resins, halogenated phenolic resins, melamine-formaldehyde resins, vinyl pyridine rubber latex, methylene donors, organofunctional silanes, and mixtures thereof. 2. The coated textile material of claim 1, wherein the tacky finish (b) further includes at least one solvent. 3. The coated textile material of claim 2, wherein the at least one solvent is selected from toluene/hydrocarbon solvents, xylene, ethyl acetate, alcohols, ethers, and mixtures thereof. 4. The coated textile material of claim 1, wherein the at least one adhesion promoter (iii) includes silica. 5. The coated textile material of claim 1, wherein the at least one tacky resin (i) is a rosin ester resin. 6. The coated textile material of claim 1, wherein the tacky finish (b) further includes at least one antioxidant. 7. The coated textile material of claim 6, wherein the at least one antioxidant is selected from hindered phenol compounds, acylphenylenediamine compounds, diphenylamine compounds, mercaptan compounds, thioester compounds, thioether compounds, hydroquinoline compounds, and mixtures thereof. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one tacky resin (i) of the tacky finish (b) is a rosin ester resin and the at least one adhesion promoter (iii) is a resorcinol-formaldehyde resin. 9. The coated textile material of claim 1, wherein the composition (a) further comprises at least one tacky resin. 10. The coated textile material of claim 1, wherein the material exhibits a tack level of at least 5 N after aging in a 70° C. oven for 24 h. 11. The coated textile material of claim 1, wherein the material exhibits a tack level of 5-30 N. 12. A tire comprising:
(a) at least one layer of the coated textile material of claim 1, and (b) at least one layer of vulcanized rubber, wherein the vulcanization of the vulcanized rubber occurred at least partially after inclusion in the tire. 13. A cap ply comprising the coated textile material of claim 1. 14. The cap ply of claim 13, wherein the cap ply further comprises a resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex layer disposed between the textile substrate and the tacky finish. 15. A tire comprising the cap ply of claim 14 wound over a steel belt ply. | This invention relates to tacky finishes and to the textile materials and articles treated with the tacky finishes. The tacky finishes provide improved processing features for end-use articles that contain such finishes. The tacky finish may be combined with other adhesion promotion finishes in the treatment of textile materials. The textile materials and articles may be used as rubber reinforcing materials, such as automotive tire cap ply, single end tire cord, carcass reinforcement and side wall reinforcement. End-use articles that contain the treated textile materials include rubber-containing materials such as automobile tires, belts, and hoses. This invention also relates to the methods for manufacturing the treated textile materials and articles.1. A coated textile material comprising:
(1) a textile substrate; (2) disposed on at least one surface of the textile substrate, at first layer of a composition (a) comprising a resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex; and (3) disposed on the first layer, a second layer of a tacky finish (b) comprised of
(i) at least one tacky resin selected from phenol-containing resins, aromatic resins, hydrocarbon resins, terpene resins, indene resins, coumarone resins, rosin-based resins, and mixtures thereof;
(ii) at least one unvulcanized rubber selected from polybutadiene, polyisoprene, synthetic trans-rich polyisoprene or cis-rich polyisoprene, natural rubber, poly(styrene-co-butadiene), poly(acrylonitrile-cobutadiene), chloroprene, hydrogenated styrene-butadiene rubber, hydrogenated nitrile-butadiene rubber, butyl rubber, polyisobutylene copolymer rubber, halo-butyl rubber, and mixtures thereof, and
(iii) at least one adhesion promoter selected from formaldehyde-resorcinol condensate and/or resin, formaldehyde-phenol condensate, novolac resins, resole resins, multifunctional epoxy resin, novolac modified epoxy resin, isocyanate compounds, blocked isocyanate resin or compounds, halogenated resorcinol-formaldehyde resin, phenolic resins, halogenated phenolic resins, melamine-formaldehyde resins, vinyl pyridine rubber latex, methylene donors, organofunctional silanes, and mixtures thereof. 2. The coated textile material of claim 1, wherein the tacky finish (b) further includes at least one solvent. 3. The coated textile material of claim 2, wherein the at least one solvent is selected from toluene/hydrocarbon solvents, xylene, ethyl acetate, alcohols, ethers, and mixtures thereof. 4. The coated textile material of claim 1, wherein the at least one adhesion promoter (iii) includes silica. 5. The coated textile material of claim 1, wherein the at least one tacky resin (i) is a rosin ester resin. 6. The coated textile material of claim 1, wherein the tacky finish (b) further includes at least one antioxidant. 7. The coated textile material of claim 6, wherein the at least one antioxidant is selected from hindered phenol compounds, acylphenylenediamine compounds, diphenylamine compounds, mercaptan compounds, thioester compounds, thioether compounds, hydroquinoline compounds, and mixtures thereof. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one tacky resin (i) of the tacky finish (b) is a rosin ester resin and the at least one adhesion promoter (iii) is a resorcinol-formaldehyde resin. 9. The coated textile material of claim 1, wherein the composition (a) further comprises at least one tacky resin. 10. The coated textile material of claim 1, wherein the material exhibits a tack level of at least 5 N after aging in a 70° C. oven for 24 h. 11. The coated textile material of claim 1, wherein the material exhibits a tack level of 5-30 N. 12. A tire comprising:
(a) at least one layer of the coated textile material of claim 1, and (b) at least one layer of vulcanized rubber, wherein the vulcanization of the vulcanized rubber occurred at least partially after inclusion in the tire. 13. A cap ply comprising the coated textile material of claim 1. 14. The cap ply of claim 13, wherein the cap ply further comprises a resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex layer disposed between the textile substrate and the tacky finish. 15. A tire comprising the cap ply of claim 14 wound over a steel belt ply. | 1,700 |
2,796 | 15,038,958 | 1,784 | The invention relates to a metallic foam body, comprising (a) a metallic foam body substrate made of at least one metal or metal alloy A; and (b) a layer of a metal or metal alloy B present on at least a part of the surface of the metallic foam body substrate (a), wherein A and B differ in their chemical composition and/or in the grain size of the metal or metal alloy, and wherein the metal or metal alloy A and B is selected from a group consisting of Ni, Cr, Co, Cu, Ag, and any alloy thereof; obtainable by a process comprising the steps (i) provision of a porous organic polymer foam; (ii) deposition of at least one metal or metal alloy A on the porous organic polymer foam; (iii) burning off of the porous organic polymer foam to obtain the metallic foam body substrate (a); and (iv) deposition by electroplating of the metallic layer (b) of a metal or metal alloy B at least on a part of the surface of the metallic foam body (a). The invention moreover relates to a process for the production of the metallic foam body and a use of the metallic foam body. | 1-15. (canceled) 16. A metallic foam body, comprising
(a) a metallic foam body substrate made of at least one metal or metal alloy A; and (b) a layer of a metal or metal alloy B present on at least a part of the surface of the metallic foam body substrate (a), wherein A and B differ in their chemical composition and/or in the grain size of the metal or metal alloy, and wherein the metal or metal alloy A and B is selected from a group consisting of Ni, Cr, Co, Cu, Ag, and any alloy thereof; obtainable by a process comprising the steps (i) provision of a porous organic polymer foam; (ii) deposition of at least one metal or metal alloy A on the porous organic polymer foam; (iii) burning off of the porous organic polymer foam to obtain the metallic foam body substrate (a); and (iv) deposition by electroplating of the metallic layer (b) of a metal or metal alloy B at least on a part of the surface of the metallic foam body (a). 17. A metallic foam body according to claim 16, wherein step (ii) comprises the steps
(ii1) deposition of a first metallic layer containing a metal or metal alloy A1 by a chemical or physical vapor deposition method; and (ii2) deposition of a second metallic layer containing a metal or metal alloy A2 by electroplating; wherein the metal or metal alloy A1 and A2 is selected from a group consisting of Ni, Cr, Co, Cu, Ag, and any alloy thereof, and wherein A1 and A2 are identical or different. 18. A metallic foam body according to claim 17, wherein the average thickness of the first metallic layer is up to 0.1 μm and the average thickness of the second metallic layer is from 5 to 50 μm. 19. A metallic foam body according to claim 16, wherein the porous organic polymer foam is selected from the group consisting of polyurethane (PU) foam, poly ethylene foam and polypropylene foam. 20. A metallic foam body according to claim 16, wherein the thickness of struts in the metallic foam body substrate (a) is in the range of from 5 to 100 μm. 21. A metallic foam body according to claim 16, wherein the average thickness of the layer (b) of the metal or metal alloy B is from 5 to 200 μm. 22. A metallic foam body according to claim 16, wherein A2 and B are silver. 23. A metallic foam body according to claim 22, wherein the contents of silver is at least 99.999 atom % and the contents of the elements Al, Bi, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn is not more than 0.001 atom %. 24. A metallic foam body according to claim 16 having a pore size of from 100 and 5000 μm, a strut thickness in the range of from 5 to 100 μm, an apparent density in the range of from 300 to 1200 kg/m3, a specific geometric surface area in the range of from 100 to 20000 m2/m3 and a porosity in the range of from 0.50 to 0.95. 25. A metallic foam body according to claim 16, wherein the layer (b) of the metal or metal alloy B is present on the entire surface of the metallic foam body substrate (a). 26. A process for the production of a metallic foam body, wherein the metallic foam body comprises
(a) a metallic foam body substrate made of at least one metal or metal alloy A; and (b) a layer of a metal or metal alloy B present on at least a part of the surface of the metallic foam body substrate (a), wherein A and B differ in their chemical composition and/or in the grain size of the metal or metal alloy, and wherein the metal or metal alloy A and B is selected from a group consisting of Ni, Cr, Co, Cu, Ag, and any alloy thereof; comprising the steps (i) provision of a porous organic polymer foam; (ii) deposition of at least one first metal or metal alloy A on the porous organic polymer foam; (iii) burning off of the porous organic polymer foam to obtain the metallic foam body substrate (a); and (iv) deposition by electroplating of the metallic layer (b) of a metal or metal alloy B at least on a part of the surface of the metallic foam body substrate (a). 27. A process according to claim 26, comprising the steps
(i1) provision of a porous polyurethane foam; (ii3) deposition of Ag in a thickness of 5 to 50 μm onto the polyurethane foam; and (iii1) burning off the polyurethane foam at a temperature in the range of from 300 to 850° C. to obtain the metallic foam body substrate (a); and (iv1) deposition of Ag in a thickness of 1 to 200 μm by electroplating onto the metallic foam body substrate (a) obtained in step (ii1). 28. Use of the metallic foam body of claim 16 in a physical adsorption or absorption process or in a chemical process. 29. Use according to claim 28, wherein the metallic foam body of claim 1 is used as a precursor for a catalyst or as a catalyst in a process for the production of formaldehyde by oxidation of methanol. 30. Use according to claim 29, wherein the metallic foam body contains at least 99.999 atom % silver and not more than 0.001 atom % of the elements Al, Bi, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn. | The invention relates to a metallic foam body, comprising (a) a metallic foam body substrate made of at least one metal or metal alloy A; and (b) a layer of a metal or metal alloy B present on at least a part of the surface of the metallic foam body substrate (a), wherein A and B differ in their chemical composition and/or in the grain size of the metal or metal alloy, and wherein the metal or metal alloy A and B is selected from a group consisting of Ni, Cr, Co, Cu, Ag, and any alloy thereof; obtainable by a process comprising the steps (i) provision of a porous organic polymer foam; (ii) deposition of at least one metal or metal alloy A on the porous organic polymer foam; (iii) burning off of the porous organic polymer foam to obtain the metallic foam body substrate (a); and (iv) deposition by electroplating of the metallic layer (b) of a metal or metal alloy B at least on a part of the surface of the metallic foam body (a). The invention moreover relates to a process for the production of the metallic foam body and a use of the metallic foam body.1-15. (canceled) 16. A metallic foam body, comprising
(a) a metallic foam body substrate made of at least one metal or metal alloy A; and (b) a layer of a metal or metal alloy B present on at least a part of the surface of the metallic foam body substrate (a), wherein A and B differ in their chemical composition and/or in the grain size of the metal or metal alloy, and wherein the metal or metal alloy A and B is selected from a group consisting of Ni, Cr, Co, Cu, Ag, and any alloy thereof; obtainable by a process comprising the steps (i) provision of a porous organic polymer foam; (ii) deposition of at least one metal or metal alloy A on the porous organic polymer foam; (iii) burning off of the porous organic polymer foam to obtain the metallic foam body substrate (a); and (iv) deposition by electroplating of the metallic layer (b) of a metal or metal alloy B at least on a part of the surface of the metallic foam body (a). 17. A metallic foam body according to claim 16, wherein step (ii) comprises the steps
(ii1) deposition of a first metallic layer containing a metal or metal alloy A1 by a chemical or physical vapor deposition method; and (ii2) deposition of a second metallic layer containing a metal or metal alloy A2 by electroplating; wherein the metal or metal alloy A1 and A2 is selected from a group consisting of Ni, Cr, Co, Cu, Ag, and any alloy thereof, and wherein A1 and A2 are identical or different. 18. A metallic foam body according to claim 17, wherein the average thickness of the first metallic layer is up to 0.1 μm and the average thickness of the second metallic layer is from 5 to 50 μm. 19. A metallic foam body according to claim 16, wherein the porous organic polymer foam is selected from the group consisting of polyurethane (PU) foam, poly ethylene foam and polypropylene foam. 20. A metallic foam body according to claim 16, wherein the thickness of struts in the metallic foam body substrate (a) is in the range of from 5 to 100 μm. 21. A metallic foam body according to claim 16, wherein the average thickness of the layer (b) of the metal or metal alloy B is from 5 to 200 μm. 22. A metallic foam body according to claim 16, wherein A2 and B are silver. 23. A metallic foam body according to claim 22, wherein the contents of silver is at least 99.999 atom % and the contents of the elements Al, Bi, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn is not more than 0.001 atom %. 24. A metallic foam body according to claim 16 having a pore size of from 100 and 5000 μm, a strut thickness in the range of from 5 to 100 μm, an apparent density in the range of from 300 to 1200 kg/m3, a specific geometric surface area in the range of from 100 to 20000 m2/m3 and a porosity in the range of from 0.50 to 0.95. 25. A metallic foam body according to claim 16, wherein the layer (b) of the metal or metal alloy B is present on the entire surface of the metallic foam body substrate (a). 26. A process for the production of a metallic foam body, wherein the metallic foam body comprises
(a) a metallic foam body substrate made of at least one metal or metal alloy A; and (b) a layer of a metal or metal alloy B present on at least a part of the surface of the metallic foam body substrate (a), wherein A and B differ in their chemical composition and/or in the grain size of the metal or metal alloy, and wherein the metal or metal alloy A and B is selected from a group consisting of Ni, Cr, Co, Cu, Ag, and any alloy thereof; comprising the steps (i) provision of a porous organic polymer foam; (ii) deposition of at least one first metal or metal alloy A on the porous organic polymer foam; (iii) burning off of the porous organic polymer foam to obtain the metallic foam body substrate (a); and (iv) deposition by electroplating of the metallic layer (b) of a metal or metal alloy B at least on a part of the surface of the metallic foam body substrate (a). 27. A process according to claim 26, comprising the steps
(i1) provision of a porous polyurethane foam; (ii3) deposition of Ag in a thickness of 5 to 50 μm onto the polyurethane foam; and (iii1) burning off the polyurethane foam at a temperature in the range of from 300 to 850° C. to obtain the metallic foam body substrate (a); and (iv1) deposition of Ag in a thickness of 1 to 200 μm by electroplating onto the metallic foam body substrate (a) obtained in step (ii1). 28. Use of the metallic foam body of claim 16 in a physical adsorption or absorption process or in a chemical process. 29. Use according to claim 28, wherein the metallic foam body of claim 1 is used as a precursor for a catalyst or as a catalyst in a process for the production of formaldehyde by oxidation of methanol. 30. Use according to claim 29, wherein the metallic foam body contains at least 99.999 atom % silver and not more than 0.001 atom % of the elements Al, Bi, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn. | 1,700 |
2,797 | 14,855,414 | 1,749 | A pneumatic tire includes a tread base comprised of a first material, a tread cap comprised of a second material, and a plurality of plugs comprised of a third material. The tread cap is disposed radially outward of the tread base and in operational contact with a ground surface. The plurality of plugs are disposed at least partially within the tread cap. The plurality of plugs yield a tread stiffness in one direction greater than stiffness in at least one other direction. | 1. A pneumatic tire comprising:
a tread base comprised of a first material; a tread cap comprised of a second material, the tread cap being disposed radially outward of the tread base and in operational contact with a ground surface; and a plurality of plugs comprised of a third material, the plurality of plugs being disposed at least partially within at least one of the tread base and the tread cap, the plurality of plugs yielding a tread stiffness in a first direction greater than stiffness in at least one other direction, the plurality of plugs being temporarily secured to a green tire such that the tread cap, the tread base, and the plurality of plugs are cured simultaneously. 2. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the third material is a metal. 3. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the third material is nylon. 4. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the plurality of plugs is finally secured to the tread cap and tread base by the simultaneous curing. 5. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the plurality of plugs are inserted into the tread cap subsequent to the tread cap and tread base being cured. 6. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 5 wherein an adhesive further secures the plurality of plugs to the tread cap. 7. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 6 wherein the adhesive further secures the plurality of plugs to the tread base. | A pneumatic tire includes a tread base comprised of a first material, a tread cap comprised of a second material, and a plurality of plugs comprised of a third material. The tread cap is disposed radially outward of the tread base and in operational contact with a ground surface. The plurality of plugs are disposed at least partially within the tread cap. The plurality of plugs yield a tread stiffness in one direction greater than stiffness in at least one other direction.1. A pneumatic tire comprising:
a tread base comprised of a first material; a tread cap comprised of a second material, the tread cap being disposed radially outward of the tread base and in operational contact with a ground surface; and a plurality of plugs comprised of a third material, the plurality of plugs being disposed at least partially within at least one of the tread base and the tread cap, the plurality of plugs yielding a tread stiffness in a first direction greater than stiffness in at least one other direction, the plurality of plugs being temporarily secured to a green tire such that the tread cap, the tread base, and the plurality of plugs are cured simultaneously. 2. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the third material is a metal. 3. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the third material is nylon. 4. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the plurality of plugs is finally secured to the tread cap and tread base by the simultaneous curing. 5. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the plurality of plugs are inserted into the tread cap subsequent to the tread cap and tread base being cured. 6. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 5 wherein an adhesive further secures the plurality of plugs to the tread cap. 7. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 6 wherein the adhesive further secures the plurality of plugs to the tread base. | 1,700 |
2,798 | 13,790,382 | 1,745 | An additive manufacturing system comprising a transfer medium configured to receive the layers from a imaging engine, a heater configured to heat the layers on the transfer medium, and a layer transfusion assembly that includes a build platform, and is configured to transfuse the heated layers onto the build platform in a layer-by-layer manner to print a three-dimensional part. | 1. An additive manufacturing system for printing a three-dimensional part, the additive manufacturing system comprising:
an imaging engine configured to develop an imaged layer of a thermoplastic-based powder; a movable build platform; a transfer medium configured to receive the imaged layer from the imaging engine, and to convey the received imaged layer; a first heater configured to heat the imaged layer on the transfer medium; a transfusion element configured to transfer the heated imaged layer conveyed by the transfer medium onto the movable build platform by pressing the heated imaged layer between the transfer medium and the moveable build platform; and a cooling unit configured to actively cool the transferred layer. 2. The additive manufacturing system of claim 1, wherein the transfusion element is configured to press the heated imaged layer between the transfer medium and the moveable build platform a duration that is at least an average time for polymer molecules of the heated imaged layer to diffuse one molecular radius of gyration. 3. The additive manufacturing system of claim 1, and further comprising a second heater configured to pre-heat at least a portion of the thermoplastic part being printed on the moveable build platform. 4. The additive manufacturing system of claim 1, and further comprising a second heater configured to post-heat the transferred layer. 5. The additive manufacturing system of claim 1, wherein the transfusion element comprises a nip roller. 6. The additive manufacturing system of claim 1, wherein the transfer medium comprises a rotatable belt. 7. The additive manufacturing system of claim 6, wherein the moveable build platform is configured to move in a reciprocating rectangular pattern that is synchronized with a rotation of the rotatable belt. 8. The additive manufacturing system of claim 6, wherein the rotatable belt has an average thermal inertia of at least about 400 joules/(meter2-Kelvin-second0.5). 9. The additive manufacturing system of claim 1, wherein thermoplastic-based powder comprises an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, and wherein the wherein the first heater is configured to heat the imaged layer on the transfer medium to a temperature ranging from about 180° C. to about 220° C. 10. An additive manufacturing system for printing a three-dimensional part, the additive manufacturing system comprising:
an imaging engine configured to develop imaged layers of a thermoplastic-based powder; a movable build platform; a rotatable belt having a transfer surface and an opposing contact surface, wherein the transfer surface is configured to receive the imaged layers from the imaging engine in a successive manner, and to convey the received image layers to the build platform in a successive manner; a first heater configured to heat the imaged layers on the transfer surface in a successive manner; a nip roller configured to transfuse the heated imaged layers conveyed by the transfer medium in a successive manner onto the movable build platform by engaging and rolling across the contact surface of the rotatable belt; a cooling unit configured to actively cool the transfused layers in a successive manner. 11. The additive manufacturing system of claim 10, and further comprising a second heater configured to pre-heat at least a portion of the thermoplastic part being printed on the moveable build platform. 12. The additive manufacturing system of claim 10, and further comprising a second heater configured to post-heat the transfused layer. 13. The additive manufacturing system of claim 10, wherein the moveable build platform is configured to move in a reciprocating rectangular pattern that is synchronized with a rotation of the rotatable belt. 14. The additive manufacturing system of claim 10, wherein the first heater comprises a non-contact radiant heater. 15. A method for printing a three-dimensional part with an additive manufacturing system, the method comprising:
imaging a layer of the three-dimensional part from a thermoplastic-based powder; transferring the imaged layer to a transfer medium; heating the imaged layer to while the imaged layer is retained on the transfer medium; transfusing the heated layer to a top surface of the three-dimensional part such that the heated layer releases from the transfer medium and defines a new top surface of the three-dimensional part; and cooling the three-dimensional part with the new top surface. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein imaging the layer comprises developing the layer with an electrophotography engine. 17. The method of claim 15, and further comprising heating the top surface of the three-dimensional part prior to transfusing the heated layer to the top surface. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein, after the transfusing step and prior to the cooling step, the method further comprises post-heating the three-dimensional part with the new top surface. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein cooling the three-dimensional part maintains the three-dimensional part at about an average part temperature that is below a deformation temperature of the three-dimensional part while it is being printed. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the transfer medium comprises a rotatable belt, and wherein the method further comprises:
rotating the rotatable belt at a rotational rate; and moving a build platform on which the three-dimensional part is being printed in a reciprocating rectangular pattern that is synchronized with the rotation of the rotatable belt. | An additive manufacturing system comprising a transfer medium configured to receive the layers from a imaging engine, a heater configured to heat the layers on the transfer medium, and a layer transfusion assembly that includes a build platform, and is configured to transfuse the heated layers onto the build platform in a layer-by-layer manner to print a three-dimensional part.1. An additive manufacturing system for printing a three-dimensional part, the additive manufacturing system comprising:
an imaging engine configured to develop an imaged layer of a thermoplastic-based powder; a movable build platform; a transfer medium configured to receive the imaged layer from the imaging engine, and to convey the received imaged layer; a first heater configured to heat the imaged layer on the transfer medium; a transfusion element configured to transfer the heated imaged layer conveyed by the transfer medium onto the movable build platform by pressing the heated imaged layer between the transfer medium and the moveable build platform; and a cooling unit configured to actively cool the transferred layer. 2. The additive manufacturing system of claim 1, wherein the transfusion element is configured to press the heated imaged layer between the transfer medium and the moveable build platform a duration that is at least an average time for polymer molecules of the heated imaged layer to diffuse one molecular radius of gyration. 3. The additive manufacturing system of claim 1, and further comprising a second heater configured to pre-heat at least a portion of the thermoplastic part being printed on the moveable build platform. 4. The additive manufacturing system of claim 1, and further comprising a second heater configured to post-heat the transferred layer. 5. The additive manufacturing system of claim 1, wherein the transfusion element comprises a nip roller. 6. The additive manufacturing system of claim 1, wherein the transfer medium comprises a rotatable belt. 7. The additive manufacturing system of claim 6, wherein the moveable build platform is configured to move in a reciprocating rectangular pattern that is synchronized with a rotation of the rotatable belt. 8. The additive manufacturing system of claim 6, wherein the rotatable belt has an average thermal inertia of at least about 400 joules/(meter2-Kelvin-second0.5). 9. The additive manufacturing system of claim 1, wherein thermoplastic-based powder comprises an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, and wherein the wherein the first heater is configured to heat the imaged layer on the transfer medium to a temperature ranging from about 180° C. to about 220° C. 10. An additive manufacturing system for printing a three-dimensional part, the additive manufacturing system comprising:
an imaging engine configured to develop imaged layers of a thermoplastic-based powder; a movable build platform; a rotatable belt having a transfer surface and an opposing contact surface, wherein the transfer surface is configured to receive the imaged layers from the imaging engine in a successive manner, and to convey the received image layers to the build platform in a successive manner; a first heater configured to heat the imaged layers on the transfer surface in a successive manner; a nip roller configured to transfuse the heated imaged layers conveyed by the transfer medium in a successive manner onto the movable build platform by engaging and rolling across the contact surface of the rotatable belt; a cooling unit configured to actively cool the transfused layers in a successive manner. 11. The additive manufacturing system of claim 10, and further comprising a second heater configured to pre-heat at least a portion of the thermoplastic part being printed on the moveable build platform. 12. The additive manufacturing system of claim 10, and further comprising a second heater configured to post-heat the transfused layer. 13. The additive manufacturing system of claim 10, wherein the moveable build platform is configured to move in a reciprocating rectangular pattern that is synchronized with a rotation of the rotatable belt. 14. The additive manufacturing system of claim 10, wherein the first heater comprises a non-contact radiant heater. 15. A method for printing a three-dimensional part with an additive manufacturing system, the method comprising:
imaging a layer of the three-dimensional part from a thermoplastic-based powder; transferring the imaged layer to a transfer medium; heating the imaged layer to while the imaged layer is retained on the transfer medium; transfusing the heated layer to a top surface of the three-dimensional part such that the heated layer releases from the transfer medium and defines a new top surface of the three-dimensional part; and cooling the three-dimensional part with the new top surface. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein imaging the layer comprises developing the layer with an electrophotography engine. 17. The method of claim 15, and further comprising heating the top surface of the three-dimensional part prior to transfusing the heated layer to the top surface. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein, after the transfusing step and prior to the cooling step, the method further comprises post-heating the three-dimensional part with the new top surface. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein cooling the three-dimensional part maintains the three-dimensional part at about an average part temperature that is below a deformation temperature of the three-dimensional part while it is being printed. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the transfer medium comprises a rotatable belt, and wherein the method further comprises:
rotating the rotatable belt at a rotational rate; and moving a build platform on which the three-dimensional part is being printed in a reciprocating rectangular pattern that is synchronized with the rotation of the rotatable belt. | 1,700 |
2,799 | 14,401,340 | 1,777 | The present invention provides a chromatographic stationary phase material various different types of chromatography. One example chromatographic stationary phase is represented by Formula 1 [X](W) a (Q) b (T) c (Formula 1). X can be a high purity chromatographic core composition. W can be absent and/or can include hydrogen and/or can include hydroxyl on the surface of X. Q can be bound directly to X and can include a first hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, and/or charged functional group that chromatographically interacts with the analyte. T can be bound directly to X and can include a second hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, and/or charged functional group that chromatographically interacts with the analyte. Additionally, Q and T can essentially eliminate chromatographic interaction between the analyte, and X and W, thereby minimizing retention variation over time (drift or change) under chromatographic conditions utilizing low water concentrations. | 1. A chromatographic stationary phase material for normal phase chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, solvated gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, sub-critical fluid chromatography, carbon dioxide based chromatography, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography or hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography represented by Formula 1:
[X](W)a(Q)b(T)c Formula 1
wherein: X is a high purity chromatographic core composition having a surface comprising a silica core material, metal oxide core material, an inorganic-organic hybrid material or a group of block copolymers thereof; W is absent and/or includes hydrogen and/or includes hydroxyl on the surface of X; Q is bound directly to X and comprises a first hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, and/or charged functional group that chromatographically interacts with the analyte; T is bound directly to X and comprises a second hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, and/or charged functional group that chromatographically interacts with the analyte; and Q and T essentially eliminate chromatographic interaction between the analyte, and X and W, thereby minimizing retention variation over time (drift) under chromatographic conditions utilizing low water concentrations. 2. A chromatographic stationary phase represented by Formula 1:
[X](W)a(Q)b(T)c Formula 1
wherein: X is a chromatographic core material comprising a silica based, metal oxide based, or inorganic-organic hybrid based core surface; W is absent and/or includes hydrogen and/or includes hydroxyl on the surface of X; Q is bound directly to X and comprises a first hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, and/or charged functional group that chromatographically interacts with an analyte; T is bound directly to X and comprises a second hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, and/or charged functional group that chromatographically interacts with the analyte; and Q and T essentially eliminate chromatographic interaction between the analyte, and X and W. 3. A chromatographic stationary phase material represented by Formula 1:
[X](W)a(Q)b(T)c Formula 1
wherein: X is a chromatographic core material comprising a silica based, metal oxide based, or inorganic-organic hybrid based core surface; W is absent and/or includes hydrogen and/or includes hydroxyl on the surface of X; Q and T are each independently bound directly to X; Q comprises a hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, and/or charged functional group that chromatographically interacts with an analyte and X comprises a non-polar group, or X comprises a hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, and/or charged functional group that chromatographically interacts with an analyte and Q comprises a non-polar group; and Q and T essentially eliminate chromatographic interaction between the analyte, and X and W. 4. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein Q is represented by:
wherein:
n1 an integer from 0-30;
n2 an integer from 0-30;
n3=0 or 1, provided that when n3=0, n1 is not 0;
each occurrence of R1, R2, R3 and R4 independently represents hydrogen, fluoro, methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, i-propyl, lower alkyl, a protected or deprotected alcohol, a zwitterion, or a group Z;
Z represents:
a) a surface attachment group having the formula
(B1)x(R5)y(R6)zSi—
wherein x is an integer from 1-3,
y is an integer from 0-2,
z is an integer from 0-2,
and x+y+z=3,
each occurrence of R5 and R6 independently represents methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, iso-propyl, thexyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, cyclic alkyl, branched alkyl, lower alkyl, a protected or deprotected alcohol, or a zwitterion group, and
B1 represents a siloxane bond;
b) an attachment to a surface organofunctional hybrid group through a direct carbon-carbon bond formation or through a heteroatom, ester, ether, thioether, amine, amide, imide, urea, carbonate, carbamate, heterocycle, triazole, or urethane linkage; or
c) an adsorbed, surface group that is not covalently attached to the surface of the material;
Y is an embedded polar functionality; and
A represents
i.) a hydrophilic terminal group;
ii.) hydrogen, fluoro, methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, i-propyl, lower alkyl, or group Z; or
iii.) a functionalizable group. 5. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein T is represented by:
wherein:
n1 an integer from 0-5;
n2 an integer from 0-5;
n3=0 or 1, provided that when n3=0, n1 is not 0;
each occurrence of R1, R2, R3 and R4 independently represents hydrogen, fluoro, methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, i-propyl, lower alkyl, a protected or deprotected alcohol, a zwitterion, or a group Z;
Z represents:
a) a surface attachment group having the formula
(B1)x(R5)y(R6)zSi—
wherein x is an integer from 1-3,
y is an integer from 0-2,
z is an integer from 0-2,
and x+y+z=3
each occurrence of R5 and R6 independently represents methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, iso-propyl, thexyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, cyclic alkyl, branched alkyl, lower alkyl, a protected or deprotected alcohol, or a zwitterion group;
B1 represents a siloxane bond
b) an attachment to a surface organofunctional hybrid group through a direct carbon-carbon bond formation or through a heteroatom, ester, ether, thioether, amine, amide, imide, urea, carbonate, carbamate, heterocycle, triazole, or urethane linkage;
c) an adsorbed, surface group that is not covalently attached to the surface of the material; or
d) a silyl ether bond
Y is an embedded polar functionality; and
A represents
i.) a hydrophilic or ionizable terminal group; or
ii.) hydrogen, fluoro, methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, i-propyl, lower alkyl, or group Z. 6. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein T comprises one of the following structures:
wherein R5 and R6 independently represent methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, iso-propyl, thexyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, cyclic alkyl, branched alkyl, lower alkyl, a protected or deprotected alcohol, or a zwitterion group, and
wherein A, A1, and A2 are (1) independently selected from one of the following groups hydrophilic/ionizable groups, including cyano, hydroxyl, fluoro, trifluoro, substituted aryl, ester, ether, amide, carbamate, urea, sulfoxide, nitro, nitroso, boronic acid, boronic ester, urea, thioether, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, thiourea, thiocarbonate, thiocarbamate, ethylene glycol, heterocyclic, methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, iso-propyl, thexyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, cyclic alkyl, branched alkyl, lower alkyl, a protected or deprotected alcohol, or a zwitterion group, or triazole functionalities, (2) independently selected from non-polar groups—including methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, iso-propyl, thexyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, cyclic alkyl, branched alkyl, or lower alkyl, and/or (3) independently selected from a hydrophilic/ionizable group, and A1 is independently selected from a non-polar group and A2 is independently selected from either a hydrophilic/ionizable group or from a non-polar group. 7. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein Q and T are different. 8. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein Q and T are the same. 9. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the first functional group comprises a diol, trimethoxysilyl ethyl pyridine, diethylaminotrimethoxysilane, a sulfur, nitrogen or oxygen based polar silanes carbonate, carbamate, amide, urea, ether, thioether, sulfinyl, sulfoxide, sulfonyl, thiourea, thiocarbonate, thiocarbarnate, ethylene glycol, heterocycle, or triazole. 10. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the functional group comprised by T is an amine, trimethoxysilyl ethyl pyridine, diethylaminotrimethoxysilane, a sulfur, nitrogen or oxygen based polar silanes carbonate, carbamate, amide, urea, ether, thioether, sulfinyl, sulfoxide, sulfonyl, thiourea, thiocarbonate, thiocarbamate, ethylene glycol, heterocycle, or triazole. 11. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein T, Q, or both Q and T comprise a chiral functional group adapted for a chiral separation. 12. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein Q comprises one of the following structures:
wherein Z comprises:
a) a surface attachment group having the formula (B1)x(R5)y(R6)zSi— wherein x is an integer from 1-3,
y is an integer from 0-2,
z is an integer from 0-2,
and x+y+z=3
each occurrence of R5 and R6 independently represents methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, iso-propyl, thexyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, cyclic alkyl, branched alkyl, lower alkyl, a protected or deprotected alcohol, or a zwitterion group; and
B1 represents a siloxane bond;
b) an attachment to a surface organofunctional hybrid group through a direct carbon-carbon bond formation or through a heteroatom, ester, ether, thioether, amine, amide, imide, urea, carbonate, carbamate, heterocycle, triazole, or urethane linkage; or
c) an adsorbed, surface group that is not covalently attached to the surface of the material. 13. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein b/c is about 0.05-75, 0.05-50, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90; or
b=c; or b=0 and c>0; or b>0 and c=0. 14. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein a is ≧0. 15. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the combined surface coverage is greater than about 1, 2, 3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 μmol/m2. 16. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the combined surface coverage is greater than about 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 μmol/m2. 17. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the chromatographic stationary phase exhibits a retention change or drift of ≦5% over 30 days, ≦4% over 30 days, ≦3% over 30 days, ≦2% over 30 days, ≦1% over 30 days, ≦5% over 10 days, ≦4% over 10 days, ≦3% over 10 days, ≦2% over 10 days, ≦1% over 10 days, ≦5% over 3 days, ≦4% over 3 days, ≦3% over 3 days, ≦2% over 3 days, ≦1% over 3 days, ≦5% over 30 runs, ≦4% over 30 runs, ≦3% over 30 runs, ≦2% over 30 runs, ≦1% over 30 runs, ≦5% over 10 runs, ≦4% over 10 runs, ≦3% over 10 runs, ≦2% over 10 runs, ≦1% over 10 runs, ≦5% over 3 runs, ≦4% over 3 runs, ≦3% over 3 runs, ≦2% over 3 runs, or ≦1% over 3 runs. 18. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the core material consists essentially of a silica material. 19. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the core material consists essentially of an organic-inorganic hybrid material. 20. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the core material comprises a superficially porous material. 21. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the core material consists essentially of an inorganic material with a hybrid surface layer, a hybrid material with an inorganic surface layer, a surrounded hybrid layer, or a hybrid material with a different hybrid surface layer. 22. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the stationary phase material is in the form of a plurality of particles. 23. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the stationary phase material is in the form of a monolith. 24. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the stationary phase material is in the form of a superficially porous material. 25. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the stationary phase material does not have chromatographically enhancing pore geometry. 26. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the stationary phase material has chromatographically enhancing pore geometry. 27. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25 or 26, wherein the stationary phase material has a surface area of about 25 to 1100 m2/g. 28. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25 or 26, wherein the stationary phase material has a surface area of about 150 to 750 m2/g. 29. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25 or 26, wherein the stationary phase material has a surface area of about 300 to 500 m2/g. 30. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25 or 26, wherein the stationary phase material has a pore volume of about 0.2 to 2.0 cm3/g. 31. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25 or 26, wherein the stationary phase material has a pore volume of about 0.7 to 1.5 cm3/g. 32. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25 or 26, wherein the stationary phase material has a micropore surface area of less than about 105 m2/g. 33. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25 or 26, wherein the stationary phase material has a micropore surface area of less than about 80 m2/g. 34. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25 or 26, wherein the stationary phase material has a micropore surface area of less than about 50 m2/g. 35. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25 or 26, wherein the stationary phase material has an average pore diameter of about 20 to 1500 Å. 36. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25 or 26, wherein the stationary phase material has an average pore diameter of about 50 to 1000 Å. 37. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25 or 26, wherein the stationary phase material has an average pore diameter of about 60 to 750 Å. 38. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25 or 26, wherein the stationary phase material has an average pore diameter of about 65 to 200 Å. 39. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25, wherein the plurality of particles have sizes between about 0.2 and 100 microns. 40. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25, wherein the plurality of particles have sizes between about 0.5 and 10 microns. 41. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25, wherein the plurality of particles have sizes between about 1.5 and 5 microns. 42. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein X comprises a silica core or a silica-organic hybrid core and wherein (a) T is polar and Q and T have a combined surface coverage of ≧1.5 μmol/m2; (b) T is non-polar and Q and T have a combined surface coverage of ≧2.0 μmol/m2; (c) T is non-polar and Q and T have a combined surface coverage of ≧2.0 μmol/m2; (d) T is polar and Q and T have a combined surface coverage of ≧1.5 μmol/m2. 43. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the chromatographic stationary phase comprises radially adjusted pores, non-radially adjusted pores, ordered pores, non-ordered pores, monodispersed pores, non-monodispersed pores, smooth surfaces, rough surfaces or combinations thereof. 44. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the chromatographic stationary phase is adapted for supercritical fluid chromatography. 45. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the chromatographic stationary phase is adapted for carbon dioxide based chromatography. 46. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the chromatographic stationary phase is adapted for normal phase chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, solvated gas chromatography, sub-critical fluid chromatography, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography or hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography, or a combination thereof. 47. A chromatographic stationary phase material represented by Formula 1:
[X](W)a(Q)b(T)c Formula 1
wherein: X is a chromatographic core material that is subject to retention drift or change under normal phase chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, solvated gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, sub-critical fluid chromatography, carbon dioxide based chromatography, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography or hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography conditions; W is absent and/or includes hydrogen and/or includes hydroxyl on the surface of X; Q is bound directly to X and comprises a functional group that essentially prevents chromatographic interaction between an analyte, and X and W; T is bound directly to X, and comprises a functional group that essentially prevents chromatographic interaction between an analyte, and X and W; Q chromatographically interact with the analyte, T chromatographically interact with the analyte, or both Q and T chromatographically interact with the analyte; and Q and T, together, essentially eliminate chromatographic interaction between the analyte, and X and W. 48. The chromatographic stationary phase material of claim 47, wherein Q is hydrophobic, T is hydrophobic, or Q and T are hydrophobic. 49. A chromatographic stationary phase material for normal phase chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, solvated gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, sub-critical fluid chromatography, carbon dioxide based chromatography, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography or hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography represented by Formula 1:
[X](W)a(Q)b(T)c Formula 1
wherein: X is a high purity chromatographic core composition having a surface comprising a silica core material, metal oxide core material, an inorganic-organic hybrid material or a group of block copolymers thereof; W is absent and/or includes hydrogen and/or includes hydroxyl on the surface of X; Q is bound directly to X and comprises a first hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, charged and/or hydrophobic functional group that chromatographically interacts with the analyte; T is bound directly to X and comprises a second hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, charged and/or hydrophobic functional group that chromatographically interacts with the analyte; and Q and T essentially eliminate chromatographic interaction between the analyte, and X and W, thereby minimizing retention variation over time (drift) under chromatographic conditions utilizing low water concentrations. 50. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 2, 3, or 47, wherein the chromatographic stationary phase material is adapted for normal phase chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, solvated gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, sub-critical fluid chromatography, carbon dioxide based chromatography, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography or hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography, or a combination thereof. 51. A column or apparatus for normal phase chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, solvated gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, sub-critical fluid chromatography, carbon dioxide based chromatography, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography, or a combination thereof comprising:
a housing having at least one wall defining a chamber having an entrance and an exit, and a stationary phase according to any of claims 1-48 disposed therein, wherein the housing and stationary phase are adapted for normal phase chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, carbon dioxide based chromatography, or hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography. 52. A kit for normal phase chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, solvated gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, sub-critical fluid chromatography, carbon dioxide based chromatography, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography, or a combination thereof comprising:
a housing having at least one wall defining a chamber having an entrance and an exit, and a stationary phase according to any of claims 1-48 disposed therein, wherein the housing and stationary phase are adapted for normal phase chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, carbon dioxide based chromatography, or hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography; and instructions for performing normal phase chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, carbon dioxide based chromatography, or hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography with the housing and stationary phase. 53. A method for preparing a stationary phase according to any of claims 1-48 comprising:
(1) reacting a first chemical agent comprising one or more hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, and/or charged functional groups with a chromatographic core material; and reacting a second chemical agent comprising one or more hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, and/or charged functional groups with the chromatographic core material;
(2) reacting a first chemical agent comprising one or more hydrophobic groups with a chromatographic core material; and reacting a second chemical agent comprising one or more hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, and/or charged functional groups with the chromatographic core material; or
(3) reacting a first chemical agent comprising one or more hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, and/or charged functional groups with a chromatographic core material; and reacting a second chemical agent comprising one or more hydrophobic functional groups with the chromatographic core material,
thereby producing a stationary phase material in accordance with any one of claims 1-48. 54. The method of claim 53, wherein Q is derived from a reagent having one of the following structures: 55. The method of claim 53, wherein T is derived from a reagent having one of the following structures: 56. A method for mitigating or preventing retention drift or change in normal phase chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, solvated gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, sub-critical fluid chromatography, carbon dioxide based chromatography, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography, or a combination thereof comprising:
chromatographically separating a sample using a chromatographic device comprising a chromatographic stationary phase according to any one of claims 1-48, thereby mitigating or preventing retention drift or change. 57. The method of claim 56, wherein mitigating or preventing retention drift or change comprises a retention drift or change of ≦5% over 30 days, ≦4% over 30 days, ≦3% over 30 days, ≦2% over 30 days, ≦1% over 30 days, ≦5% over 10 days, ≦4% over 10 days, ≦3% over 10 days, ≦2% over 10 days, ≦1% over 10 days, ≦5% over 3 days, ≦4% over 3 days, ≦3% over 3 days, ≦2% over 3 days, ≦1% over 3 days, ≦5% over 30 runs, ≦4% over 30 runs, ≦3% over 30 runs, ≦2% over 30 runs, ≦1% over 30 runs, ≦5% over 10 runs, ≦4% over 10 runs, ≦3% over 10 runs, ≦2% over 10 runs, ≦1% over 10 runs, ≦5% over 3 runs, ≦4% over 3 runs, ≦3% over 3 runs, ≦2% over 3 runs, or ≦1% over 3 runs. 58. The method of claim 56, wherein mitigating or preventing retention drift or change comprises substantially eliminating the effect of alkoxylation and/or dealkoxylation of the chromatographic material on retention. 59. A method of making a chromatographic stationary phase material for normal phase chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, solvated gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, sub-critical fluid chromatography, carbon dioxide based chromatography, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography, or a combination thereof comprising:
(a) selecting a high purity chromatographic core material having a surface comprising a silica core material, metal oxide core material, an inorganic-organic hybrid material or a group of block copolymers thereof; (b) reacting said core material with a first reagent, said first reagent comprising a first hydrophilic, polar, ionizable charged and/or hydrophilic functional group that chromatographically interacts with the analyte; (c) reacting said core material with a second reagent, said second reagent comprising a second hydrophilic, polar, ionizable charged and/or hydrophilic functional group that chromatographically interacts with the analyte; wherein said first and said second reagents eliminate chromatographic interactions between the analyte and the core material, thereby minimizing retention variation over time (drift) under chromatographic conditions utilizing low water concentrations. 60. The method of claim 59, wherein the stationary phase material is in accordance with any one of claims 1-48. | The present invention provides a chromatographic stationary phase material various different types of chromatography. One example chromatographic stationary phase is represented by Formula 1 [X](W) a (Q) b (T) c (Formula 1). X can be a high purity chromatographic core composition. W can be absent and/or can include hydrogen and/or can include hydroxyl on the surface of X. Q can be bound directly to X and can include a first hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, and/or charged functional group that chromatographically interacts with the analyte. T can be bound directly to X and can include a second hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, and/or charged functional group that chromatographically interacts with the analyte. Additionally, Q and T can essentially eliminate chromatographic interaction between the analyte, and X and W, thereby minimizing retention variation over time (drift or change) under chromatographic conditions utilizing low water concentrations.1. A chromatographic stationary phase material for normal phase chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, solvated gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, sub-critical fluid chromatography, carbon dioxide based chromatography, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography or hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography represented by Formula 1:
[X](W)a(Q)b(T)c Formula 1
wherein: X is a high purity chromatographic core composition having a surface comprising a silica core material, metal oxide core material, an inorganic-organic hybrid material or a group of block copolymers thereof; W is absent and/or includes hydrogen and/or includes hydroxyl on the surface of X; Q is bound directly to X and comprises a first hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, and/or charged functional group that chromatographically interacts with the analyte; T is bound directly to X and comprises a second hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, and/or charged functional group that chromatographically interacts with the analyte; and Q and T essentially eliminate chromatographic interaction between the analyte, and X and W, thereby minimizing retention variation over time (drift) under chromatographic conditions utilizing low water concentrations. 2. A chromatographic stationary phase represented by Formula 1:
[X](W)a(Q)b(T)c Formula 1
wherein: X is a chromatographic core material comprising a silica based, metal oxide based, or inorganic-organic hybrid based core surface; W is absent and/or includes hydrogen and/or includes hydroxyl on the surface of X; Q is bound directly to X and comprises a first hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, and/or charged functional group that chromatographically interacts with an analyte; T is bound directly to X and comprises a second hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, and/or charged functional group that chromatographically interacts with the analyte; and Q and T essentially eliminate chromatographic interaction between the analyte, and X and W. 3. A chromatographic stationary phase material represented by Formula 1:
[X](W)a(Q)b(T)c Formula 1
wherein: X is a chromatographic core material comprising a silica based, metal oxide based, or inorganic-organic hybrid based core surface; W is absent and/or includes hydrogen and/or includes hydroxyl on the surface of X; Q and T are each independently bound directly to X; Q comprises a hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, and/or charged functional group that chromatographically interacts with an analyte and X comprises a non-polar group, or X comprises a hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, and/or charged functional group that chromatographically interacts with an analyte and Q comprises a non-polar group; and Q and T essentially eliminate chromatographic interaction between the analyte, and X and W. 4. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein Q is represented by:
wherein:
n1 an integer from 0-30;
n2 an integer from 0-30;
n3=0 or 1, provided that when n3=0, n1 is not 0;
each occurrence of R1, R2, R3 and R4 independently represents hydrogen, fluoro, methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, i-propyl, lower alkyl, a protected or deprotected alcohol, a zwitterion, or a group Z;
Z represents:
a) a surface attachment group having the formula
(B1)x(R5)y(R6)zSi—
wherein x is an integer from 1-3,
y is an integer from 0-2,
z is an integer from 0-2,
and x+y+z=3,
each occurrence of R5 and R6 independently represents methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, iso-propyl, thexyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, cyclic alkyl, branched alkyl, lower alkyl, a protected or deprotected alcohol, or a zwitterion group, and
B1 represents a siloxane bond;
b) an attachment to a surface organofunctional hybrid group through a direct carbon-carbon bond formation or through a heteroatom, ester, ether, thioether, amine, amide, imide, urea, carbonate, carbamate, heterocycle, triazole, or urethane linkage; or
c) an adsorbed, surface group that is not covalently attached to the surface of the material;
Y is an embedded polar functionality; and
A represents
i.) a hydrophilic terminal group;
ii.) hydrogen, fluoro, methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, i-propyl, lower alkyl, or group Z; or
iii.) a functionalizable group. 5. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein T is represented by:
wherein:
n1 an integer from 0-5;
n2 an integer from 0-5;
n3=0 or 1, provided that when n3=0, n1 is not 0;
each occurrence of R1, R2, R3 and R4 independently represents hydrogen, fluoro, methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, i-propyl, lower alkyl, a protected or deprotected alcohol, a zwitterion, or a group Z;
Z represents:
a) a surface attachment group having the formula
(B1)x(R5)y(R6)zSi—
wherein x is an integer from 1-3,
y is an integer from 0-2,
z is an integer from 0-2,
and x+y+z=3
each occurrence of R5 and R6 independently represents methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, iso-propyl, thexyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, cyclic alkyl, branched alkyl, lower alkyl, a protected or deprotected alcohol, or a zwitterion group;
B1 represents a siloxane bond
b) an attachment to a surface organofunctional hybrid group through a direct carbon-carbon bond formation or through a heteroatom, ester, ether, thioether, amine, amide, imide, urea, carbonate, carbamate, heterocycle, triazole, or urethane linkage;
c) an adsorbed, surface group that is not covalently attached to the surface of the material; or
d) a silyl ether bond
Y is an embedded polar functionality; and
A represents
i.) a hydrophilic or ionizable terminal group; or
ii.) hydrogen, fluoro, methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, i-propyl, lower alkyl, or group Z. 6. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein T comprises one of the following structures:
wherein R5 and R6 independently represent methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, iso-propyl, thexyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, cyclic alkyl, branched alkyl, lower alkyl, a protected or deprotected alcohol, or a zwitterion group, and
wherein A, A1, and A2 are (1) independently selected from one of the following groups hydrophilic/ionizable groups, including cyano, hydroxyl, fluoro, trifluoro, substituted aryl, ester, ether, amide, carbamate, urea, sulfoxide, nitro, nitroso, boronic acid, boronic ester, urea, thioether, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, thiourea, thiocarbonate, thiocarbamate, ethylene glycol, heterocyclic, methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, iso-propyl, thexyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, cyclic alkyl, branched alkyl, lower alkyl, a protected or deprotected alcohol, or a zwitterion group, or triazole functionalities, (2) independently selected from non-polar groups—including methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, iso-propyl, thexyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, cyclic alkyl, branched alkyl, or lower alkyl, and/or (3) independently selected from a hydrophilic/ionizable group, and A1 is independently selected from a non-polar group and A2 is independently selected from either a hydrophilic/ionizable group or from a non-polar group. 7. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein Q and T are different. 8. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein Q and T are the same. 9. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the first functional group comprises a diol, trimethoxysilyl ethyl pyridine, diethylaminotrimethoxysilane, a sulfur, nitrogen or oxygen based polar silanes carbonate, carbamate, amide, urea, ether, thioether, sulfinyl, sulfoxide, sulfonyl, thiourea, thiocarbonate, thiocarbarnate, ethylene glycol, heterocycle, or triazole. 10. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the functional group comprised by T is an amine, trimethoxysilyl ethyl pyridine, diethylaminotrimethoxysilane, a sulfur, nitrogen or oxygen based polar silanes carbonate, carbamate, amide, urea, ether, thioether, sulfinyl, sulfoxide, sulfonyl, thiourea, thiocarbonate, thiocarbamate, ethylene glycol, heterocycle, or triazole. 11. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein T, Q, or both Q and T comprise a chiral functional group adapted for a chiral separation. 12. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein Q comprises one of the following structures:
wherein Z comprises:
a) a surface attachment group having the formula (B1)x(R5)y(R6)zSi— wherein x is an integer from 1-3,
y is an integer from 0-2,
z is an integer from 0-2,
and x+y+z=3
each occurrence of R5 and R6 independently represents methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, iso-propyl, thexyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, cyclic alkyl, branched alkyl, lower alkyl, a protected or deprotected alcohol, or a zwitterion group; and
B1 represents a siloxane bond;
b) an attachment to a surface organofunctional hybrid group through a direct carbon-carbon bond formation or through a heteroatom, ester, ether, thioether, amine, amide, imide, urea, carbonate, carbamate, heterocycle, triazole, or urethane linkage; or
c) an adsorbed, surface group that is not covalently attached to the surface of the material. 13. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein b/c is about 0.05-75, 0.05-50, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90; or
b=c; or b=0 and c>0; or b>0 and c=0. 14. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein a is ≧0. 15. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the combined surface coverage is greater than about 1, 2, 3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 μmol/m2. 16. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the combined surface coverage is greater than about 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 μmol/m2. 17. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the chromatographic stationary phase exhibits a retention change or drift of ≦5% over 30 days, ≦4% over 30 days, ≦3% over 30 days, ≦2% over 30 days, ≦1% over 30 days, ≦5% over 10 days, ≦4% over 10 days, ≦3% over 10 days, ≦2% over 10 days, ≦1% over 10 days, ≦5% over 3 days, ≦4% over 3 days, ≦3% over 3 days, ≦2% over 3 days, ≦1% over 3 days, ≦5% over 30 runs, ≦4% over 30 runs, ≦3% over 30 runs, ≦2% over 30 runs, ≦1% over 30 runs, ≦5% over 10 runs, ≦4% over 10 runs, ≦3% over 10 runs, ≦2% over 10 runs, ≦1% over 10 runs, ≦5% over 3 runs, ≦4% over 3 runs, ≦3% over 3 runs, ≦2% over 3 runs, or ≦1% over 3 runs. 18. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the core material consists essentially of a silica material. 19. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the core material consists essentially of an organic-inorganic hybrid material. 20. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the core material comprises a superficially porous material. 21. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the core material consists essentially of an inorganic material with a hybrid surface layer, a hybrid material with an inorganic surface layer, a surrounded hybrid layer, or a hybrid material with a different hybrid surface layer. 22. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the stationary phase material is in the form of a plurality of particles. 23. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the stationary phase material is in the form of a monolith. 24. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the stationary phase material is in the form of a superficially porous material. 25. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the stationary phase material does not have chromatographically enhancing pore geometry. 26. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the stationary phase material has chromatographically enhancing pore geometry. 27. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25 or 26, wherein the stationary phase material has a surface area of about 25 to 1100 m2/g. 28. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25 or 26, wherein the stationary phase material has a surface area of about 150 to 750 m2/g. 29. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25 or 26, wherein the stationary phase material has a surface area of about 300 to 500 m2/g. 30. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25 or 26, wherein the stationary phase material has a pore volume of about 0.2 to 2.0 cm3/g. 31. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25 or 26, wherein the stationary phase material has a pore volume of about 0.7 to 1.5 cm3/g. 32. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25 or 26, wherein the stationary phase material has a micropore surface area of less than about 105 m2/g. 33. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25 or 26, wherein the stationary phase material has a micropore surface area of less than about 80 m2/g. 34. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25 or 26, wherein the stationary phase material has a micropore surface area of less than about 50 m2/g. 35. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25 or 26, wherein the stationary phase material has an average pore diameter of about 20 to 1500 Å. 36. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25 or 26, wherein the stationary phase material has an average pore diameter of about 50 to 1000 Å. 37. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25 or 26, wherein the stationary phase material has an average pore diameter of about 60 to 750 Å. 38. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25 or 26, wherein the stationary phase material has an average pore diameter of about 65 to 200 Å. 39. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25, wherein the plurality of particles have sizes between about 0.2 and 100 microns. 40. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25, wherein the plurality of particles have sizes between about 0.5 and 10 microns. 41. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 25, wherein the plurality of particles have sizes between about 1.5 and 5 microns. 42. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein X comprises a silica core or a silica-organic hybrid core and wherein (a) T is polar and Q and T have a combined surface coverage of ≧1.5 μmol/m2; (b) T is non-polar and Q and T have a combined surface coverage of ≧2.0 μmol/m2; (c) T is non-polar and Q and T have a combined surface coverage of ≧2.0 μmol/m2; (d) T is polar and Q and T have a combined surface coverage of ≧1.5 μmol/m2. 43. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the chromatographic stationary phase comprises radially adjusted pores, non-radially adjusted pores, ordered pores, non-ordered pores, monodispersed pores, non-monodispersed pores, smooth surfaces, rough surfaces or combinations thereof. 44. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the chromatographic stationary phase is adapted for supercritical fluid chromatography. 45. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the chromatographic stationary phase is adapted for carbon dioxide based chromatography. 46. The chromatographic stationary phase material of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the chromatographic stationary phase is adapted for normal phase chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, solvated gas chromatography, sub-critical fluid chromatography, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography or hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography, or a combination thereof. 47. A chromatographic stationary phase material represented by Formula 1:
[X](W)a(Q)b(T)c Formula 1
wherein: X is a chromatographic core material that is subject to retention drift or change under normal phase chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, solvated gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, sub-critical fluid chromatography, carbon dioxide based chromatography, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography or hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography conditions; W is absent and/or includes hydrogen and/or includes hydroxyl on the surface of X; Q is bound directly to X and comprises a functional group that essentially prevents chromatographic interaction between an analyte, and X and W; T is bound directly to X, and comprises a functional group that essentially prevents chromatographic interaction between an analyte, and X and W; Q chromatographically interact with the analyte, T chromatographically interact with the analyte, or both Q and T chromatographically interact with the analyte; and Q and T, together, essentially eliminate chromatographic interaction between the analyte, and X and W. 48. The chromatographic stationary phase material of claim 47, wherein Q is hydrophobic, T is hydrophobic, or Q and T are hydrophobic. 49. A chromatographic stationary phase material for normal phase chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, solvated gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, sub-critical fluid chromatography, carbon dioxide based chromatography, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography or hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography represented by Formula 1:
[X](W)a(Q)b(T)c Formula 1
wherein: X is a high purity chromatographic core composition having a surface comprising a silica core material, metal oxide core material, an inorganic-organic hybrid material or a group of block copolymers thereof; W is absent and/or includes hydrogen and/or includes hydroxyl on the surface of X; Q is bound directly to X and comprises a first hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, charged and/or hydrophobic functional group that chromatographically interacts with the analyte; T is bound directly to X and comprises a second hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, charged and/or hydrophobic functional group that chromatographically interacts with the analyte; and Q and T essentially eliminate chromatographic interaction between the analyte, and X and W, thereby minimizing retention variation over time (drift) under chromatographic conditions utilizing low water concentrations. 50. The chromatographic stationary phase of claim 2, 3, or 47, wherein the chromatographic stationary phase material is adapted for normal phase chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, solvated gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, sub-critical fluid chromatography, carbon dioxide based chromatography, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography or hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography, or a combination thereof. 51. A column or apparatus for normal phase chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, solvated gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, sub-critical fluid chromatography, carbon dioxide based chromatography, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography, or a combination thereof comprising:
a housing having at least one wall defining a chamber having an entrance and an exit, and a stationary phase according to any of claims 1-48 disposed therein, wherein the housing and stationary phase are adapted for normal phase chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, carbon dioxide based chromatography, or hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography. 52. A kit for normal phase chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, solvated gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, sub-critical fluid chromatography, carbon dioxide based chromatography, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography, or a combination thereof comprising:
a housing having at least one wall defining a chamber having an entrance and an exit, and a stationary phase according to any of claims 1-48 disposed therein, wherein the housing and stationary phase are adapted for normal phase chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, carbon dioxide based chromatography, or hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography; and instructions for performing normal phase chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, carbon dioxide based chromatography, or hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography with the housing and stationary phase. 53. A method for preparing a stationary phase according to any of claims 1-48 comprising:
(1) reacting a first chemical agent comprising one or more hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, and/or charged functional groups with a chromatographic core material; and reacting a second chemical agent comprising one or more hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, and/or charged functional groups with the chromatographic core material;
(2) reacting a first chemical agent comprising one or more hydrophobic groups with a chromatographic core material; and reacting a second chemical agent comprising one or more hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, and/or charged functional groups with the chromatographic core material; or
(3) reacting a first chemical agent comprising one or more hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, and/or charged functional groups with a chromatographic core material; and reacting a second chemical agent comprising one or more hydrophobic functional groups with the chromatographic core material,
thereby producing a stationary phase material in accordance with any one of claims 1-48. 54. The method of claim 53, wherein Q is derived from a reagent having one of the following structures: 55. The method of claim 53, wherein T is derived from a reagent having one of the following structures: 56. A method for mitigating or preventing retention drift or change in normal phase chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, solvated gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, sub-critical fluid chromatography, carbon dioxide based chromatography, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography, or a combination thereof comprising:
chromatographically separating a sample using a chromatographic device comprising a chromatographic stationary phase according to any one of claims 1-48, thereby mitigating or preventing retention drift or change. 57. The method of claim 56, wherein mitigating or preventing retention drift or change comprises a retention drift or change of ≦5% over 30 days, ≦4% over 30 days, ≦3% over 30 days, ≦2% over 30 days, ≦1% over 30 days, ≦5% over 10 days, ≦4% over 10 days, ≦3% over 10 days, ≦2% over 10 days, ≦1% over 10 days, ≦5% over 3 days, ≦4% over 3 days, ≦3% over 3 days, ≦2% over 3 days, ≦1% over 3 days, ≦5% over 30 runs, ≦4% over 30 runs, ≦3% over 30 runs, ≦2% over 30 runs, ≦1% over 30 runs, ≦5% over 10 runs, ≦4% over 10 runs, ≦3% over 10 runs, ≦2% over 10 runs, ≦1% over 10 runs, ≦5% over 3 runs, ≦4% over 3 runs, ≦3% over 3 runs, ≦2% over 3 runs, or ≦1% over 3 runs. 58. The method of claim 56, wherein mitigating or preventing retention drift or change comprises substantially eliminating the effect of alkoxylation and/or dealkoxylation of the chromatographic material on retention. 59. A method of making a chromatographic stationary phase material for normal phase chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, solvated gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, sub-critical fluid chromatography, carbon dioxide based chromatography, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography, or a combination thereof comprising:
(a) selecting a high purity chromatographic core material having a surface comprising a silica core material, metal oxide core material, an inorganic-organic hybrid material or a group of block copolymers thereof; (b) reacting said core material with a first reagent, said first reagent comprising a first hydrophilic, polar, ionizable charged and/or hydrophilic functional group that chromatographically interacts with the analyte; (c) reacting said core material with a second reagent, said second reagent comprising a second hydrophilic, polar, ionizable charged and/or hydrophilic functional group that chromatographically interacts with the analyte; wherein said first and said second reagents eliminate chromatographic interactions between the analyte and the core material, thereby minimizing retention variation over time (drift) under chromatographic conditions utilizing low water concentrations. 60. The method of claim 59, wherein the stationary phase material is in accordance with any one of claims 1-48. | 1,700 |
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