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2,900 | 15,469,663 | 1,795 | A method of coating a metal article is disclosed that includes immersing a metal article having an exterior anodized layer in a bath containing a chemically active corrosion inhibitor, and applying a voltage to the article during the immersing, the voltage driving the chemically active corrosion inhibitor from the bath into the exterior anodized layer. An article is also disclosed that has a substrate comprising a metal, and a porous anodized layer formed on an exterior surface of the substrate that is infiltrated with a chemically active corrosion inhibitor, the anodized layer having an inward-facing region and an outward-facing region, the anodized layer having a greater concentration of chemically active corrosion inhibitors in the inward-facing region than in the outward-facing region. | 1. A method of coating a metal article, comprising:
exposing a metal article having an exterior anodized layer to a plurality of chemically active corrosion inhibitors through immersion in at least one bath; and applying a voltage to the article during the immersion using pulse rectification of an alternating current (AC) waveform, the voltage driving the plurality of chemically active corrosion inhibitors from the at least one bath into the exterior anodized layer; the voltage driving a first one of the plurality of chemically active corrosion inhibitors to a greater depth into the metal article than a second one of the plurality of chemically active corrosion inhibitors; and wherein the chemically active corrosion inhibitors are different from each other and are selected from the group consisting of permanganate ions, vanadate ions, tungstate ions, ZrF6 2−, CrF6 3−, citrate ions, Ce2(MoO4)3, ZnMoO4, CaMoO4, cerium citrate, MgSiO3, ZnSiO3, CaSiO3, Cr(OH)3, ZrO2, NbOx, ZnO2, CoOx, PO4 3−, SiO3 2−, B2O4 2−, Ce3+, Y3+, La3+, Pr3+/Pr2+, VO4 3−, and WO4 2−. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein after the exposing and applying steps are complete, a concentration of the chemically active corrosion inhibitor is greater in an inward-facing region of the anodized layer than in an outward-facing region of the anodized layer. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of chemically active corrosion inhibitors comprise anions, and the voltage is a positive bias on the article. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of chemically active corrosion inhibitors comprise cations, and the voltage is a negative bias on the article. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of chemically active corrosion inhibitors comprise both anions and cations in a single bath, and said applying a voltage to the article comprises alternating between application of a positive voltage to drive the anions into the exterior anodized layer and a negative voltage to drive the cations into the exterior anodized layer during the immersion. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the positive voltage and negative voltage are part of an alternating current (AC) voltage waveform. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein a duration of the applying step is approximately 2-5 minutes, and the voltage is between approximately 3 volts-60 volts. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the voltage is between approximately 10 volts-15 volts. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said exposing and applying are performed for a first bath containing a first type of chemically active corrosion inhibitor, and are separately performed for a second bath containing a second type of chemically active corrosion inhibitor, such that both types of chemically active corrosion inhibitors are driven into the exterior anodized layer. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein a duration of the applying step in each bath is approximately the same, and the voltages used during each applying step are approximately the same. 11-12. (canceled) 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the chemically active corrosion inhibitor comprises a nanoparticle pigment, and the at least one bath comprises a colloidal solution in which the nanoparticle pigment is suspended. 14. (canceled) 15. An article, comprising
a substrate comprising a metal; and a porous anodized layer formed on an exterior surface of the substrate that is infiltrated with a first chemically active corrosion inhibitor and a second chemically active corrosion inhibitor, the anodized layer having an inward-facing region and an outward-facing region, the anodized layer having a greater concentration of chemically active corrosion inhibitors in the inward-facing region than in the outward-facing region, and the first chemically active corrosion inhibitor having a greater depth in the anodized layer than the second chemically active corrosion inhibitor; wherein the first and second chemically active corrosion inhibitors are selected from the group consisting of permanganate ions, vanadate ions, tungstate ions, ZrF6 2−, CrF6 3−, citrate ions, Ce2(MoO4)3, ZnMoO4, CaMoO4, cerium citrate, MgSiO3, ZnSiO3, CaSiO3, Cr(OH)3, ZrO2, NbOx, ZnO2, CoOx, PO4 3−, SiO3 2−, B2O4 2−, Ce3+, Y3+, La3+, Pr3+/Pr2+, VO4 3−, and WO4 2−. 16-17. (canceled) 18. The article of claim 16, wherein the chemically active corrosion inhibitor infiltrates to a depth of at least 50% of the porous anodized layer. 19. (canceled) 20. The article of claim 15, wherein the metal comprises of at least one of aluminum, magnesium, titanium or an alloy of aluminum, magnesium, or titanium. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the chemically active corrosion inhibitors is selected from the group consisting of Ce2(MoO4)3, ZnMoO4, CaMoO4, CaSiO3 and Cr(OH)3. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the chemically active corrosion inhibitors is selected from the group consisting of MgSiO3, ZnSiO3, CaSiO3, and SiO3 2−. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein:
one of the first and second chemically active corrosion inhibitors is selected from the group consisting of Ce2(MoO4)3, ZnMoO4, CaMoO4, CaSiO3 and Cr(OH)3; and the other of the first and second chemically active corrosion inhibitors is selected from the group consisting of MgSiO3, ZnSiO3, CaSiO3, and SiO3 2−. 24. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the chemically active corrosion inhibitors is selected from the group consisting of B2O4 2−, La3+, Pr3+/Pr2+, and VO4 3−. 25. The method, wherein:
one of the first and second chemically active corrosion inhibitors is selected from the group consisting of Ce2(MoO4)3, ZnMoO4, CaMoO4, CaSiO3 and Cr(OH)3; and the other of the first and second chemically active corrosion inhibitors is selected from the group consisting of B2O4 2−, La3+, Pr3+/Pr2+, and VO4 3−. 26. The method, wherein:
one of the first and second chemically active corrosion inhibitors is selected from the group consisting of MgSiO3, ZnSiO3, CaSiO3, and SiO3 2−; and the other of the first and second chemically active corrosion inhibitors is selected from the group consisting of B2O4 2−, La3+, Pr3+/Pr2+, and VO4 3−. | A method of coating a metal article is disclosed that includes immersing a metal article having an exterior anodized layer in a bath containing a chemically active corrosion inhibitor, and applying a voltage to the article during the immersing, the voltage driving the chemically active corrosion inhibitor from the bath into the exterior anodized layer. An article is also disclosed that has a substrate comprising a metal, and a porous anodized layer formed on an exterior surface of the substrate that is infiltrated with a chemically active corrosion inhibitor, the anodized layer having an inward-facing region and an outward-facing region, the anodized layer having a greater concentration of chemically active corrosion inhibitors in the inward-facing region than in the outward-facing region.1. A method of coating a metal article, comprising:
exposing a metal article having an exterior anodized layer to a plurality of chemically active corrosion inhibitors through immersion in at least one bath; and applying a voltage to the article during the immersion using pulse rectification of an alternating current (AC) waveform, the voltage driving the plurality of chemically active corrosion inhibitors from the at least one bath into the exterior anodized layer; the voltage driving a first one of the plurality of chemically active corrosion inhibitors to a greater depth into the metal article than a second one of the plurality of chemically active corrosion inhibitors; and wherein the chemically active corrosion inhibitors are different from each other and are selected from the group consisting of permanganate ions, vanadate ions, tungstate ions, ZrF6 2−, CrF6 3−, citrate ions, Ce2(MoO4)3, ZnMoO4, CaMoO4, cerium citrate, MgSiO3, ZnSiO3, CaSiO3, Cr(OH)3, ZrO2, NbOx, ZnO2, CoOx, PO4 3−, SiO3 2−, B2O4 2−, Ce3+, Y3+, La3+, Pr3+/Pr2+, VO4 3−, and WO4 2−. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein after the exposing and applying steps are complete, a concentration of the chemically active corrosion inhibitor is greater in an inward-facing region of the anodized layer than in an outward-facing region of the anodized layer. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of chemically active corrosion inhibitors comprise anions, and the voltage is a positive bias on the article. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of chemically active corrosion inhibitors comprise cations, and the voltage is a negative bias on the article. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of chemically active corrosion inhibitors comprise both anions and cations in a single bath, and said applying a voltage to the article comprises alternating between application of a positive voltage to drive the anions into the exterior anodized layer and a negative voltage to drive the cations into the exterior anodized layer during the immersion. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the positive voltage and negative voltage are part of an alternating current (AC) voltage waveform. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein a duration of the applying step is approximately 2-5 minutes, and the voltage is between approximately 3 volts-60 volts. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the voltage is between approximately 10 volts-15 volts. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said exposing and applying are performed for a first bath containing a first type of chemically active corrosion inhibitor, and are separately performed for a second bath containing a second type of chemically active corrosion inhibitor, such that both types of chemically active corrosion inhibitors are driven into the exterior anodized layer. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein a duration of the applying step in each bath is approximately the same, and the voltages used during each applying step are approximately the same. 11-12. (canceled) 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the chemically active corrosion inhibitor comprises a nanoparticle pigment, and the at least one bath comprises a colloidal solution in which the nanoparticle pigment is suspended. 14. (canceled) 15. An article, comprising
a substrate comprising a metal; and a porous anodized layer formed on an exterior surface of the substrate that is infiltrated with a first chemically active corrosion inhibitor and a second chemically active corrosion inhibitor, the anodized layer having an inward-facing region and an outward-facing region, the anodized layer having a greater concentration of chemically active corrosion inhibitors in the inward-facing region than in the outward-facing region, and the first chemically active corrosion inhibitor having a greater depth in the anodized layer than the second chemically active corrosion inhibitor; wherein the first and second chemically active corrosion inhibitors are selected from the group consisting of permanganate ions, vanadate ions, tungstate ions, ZrF6 2−, CrF6 3−, citrate ions, Ce2(MoO4)3, ZnMoO4, CaMoO4, cerium citrate, MgSiO3, ZnSiO3, CaSiO3, Cr(OH)3, ZrO2, NbOx, ZnO2, CoOx, PO4 3−, SiO3 2−, B2O4 2−, Ce3+, Y3+, La3+, Pr3+/Pr2+, VO4 3−, and WO4 2−. 16-17. (canceled) 18. The article of claim 16, wherein the chemically active corrosion inhibitor infiltrates to a depth of at least 50% of the porous anodized layer. 19. (canceled) 20. The article of claim 15, wherein the metal comprises of at least one of aluminum, magnesium, titanium or an alloy of aluminum, magnesium, or titanium. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the chemically active corrosion inhibitors is selected from the group consisting of Ce2(MoO4)3, ZnMoO4, CaMoO4, CaSiO3 and Cr(OH)3. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the chemically active corrosion inhibitors is selected from the group consisting of MgSiO3, ZnSiO3, CaSiO3, and SiO3 2−. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein:
one of the first and second chemically active corrosion inhibitors is selected from the group consisting of Ce2(MoO4)3, ZnMoO4, CaMoO4, CaSiO3 and Cr(OH)3; and the other of the first and second chemically active corrosion inhibitors is selected from the group consisting of MgSiO3, ZnSiO3, CaSiO3, and SiO3 2−. 24. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the chemically active corrosion inhibitors is selected from the group consisting of B2O4 2−, La3+, Pr3+/Pr2+, and VO4 3−. 25. The method, wherein:
one of the first and second chemically active corrosion inhibitors is selected from the group consisting of Ce2(MoO4)3, ZnMoO4, CaMoO4, CaSiO3 and Cr(OH)3; and the other of the first and second chemically active corrosion inhibitors is selected from the group consisting of B2O4 2−, La3+, Pr3+/Pr2+, and VO4 3−. 26. The method, wherein:
one of the first and second chemically active corrosion inhibitors is selected from the group consisting of MgSiO3, ZnSiO3, CaSiO3, and SiO3 2−; and the other of the first and second chemically active corrosion inhibitors is selected from the group consisting of B2O4 2−, La3+, Pr3+/Pr2+, and VO4 3−. | 1,700 |
2,901 | 15,437,696 | 1,735 | A method and device for retaining position of a consumable core during composite article manufacturing is taught herein by inserting a consumable core having a consumable core body and a plurality of retention artifacts into a composite precursor hollow feature of a composite precursor structure. Then positioning the consumable core such that the plurality of retention artifacts projecting from the consumable core exterior surface at least partially engage with a substantially spatially replicate surface geometry in the composite precursor hollow feature. The consumable core is then consumed as a soluble infiltrant to form a composite article. | 1. A method of retaining position of a consumable core during composite article manufacturing, comprising:
inserting a consumable core comprising a consumable core body and a plurality of retention artifacts into a composite precursor hollow feature of a composite precursor structure; positioning the consumable core such that the plurality of retention artifacts projecting from the consumable core exterior surface at least partially engage with a substantially spatially replicate surface geometry in the composite precursor hollow feature; connecting an external feed to the composite precursor structure to form a composite article manufacturing system; adjusting at least one environmental condition surrounding the composite article manufacturing system to infiltrate the composite precursor structure with infiltrant material from the consumable core; consuming the consumable core to form a composite article; and readjusting the environmental condition. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of consuming the consumable core further comprises integrating the pre-consumed material interface between the consumable core and the composite precursor. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of retention artifacts comprises at least one of cylindrical projections, triangular projections, square projections, bump projections, or spiral projections. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the consumable core body radial dimension is less than the composite precursor hollow feature radial dimension in at least a portion of the composite precursor hollow feature. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of retention artifacts project from the consumable core exterior surface at least one of radially or circumferentially. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising connecting a reservoir to the consumable core to drain excess infiltrant material from the consumable core. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of adjusting at least one environmental condition comprises, increasing a temperature of the environment, or increasing a pressure of the environment. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the consumable core comprises at least one of silicon, boron, molybdenum, tungsten, chromium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, aluminum, niobium, or tantalum. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the consumable core comprises a sintered particulate of about 95% silicon and about 5% boron. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising disposing a set of external blocks substantially proximate the composite precursor structure, the external blocks adapted to supply a flow of airborne infiltrant material to the composite precursor. 11. A consumable core for hollow featured composite article manufacturing, comprising;
a consumable core body positioned within a hollow feature of a composite precursor, the consumable core body comprising a plurality of retention artifacts projecting from the exterior surface and adapted to at least partially engage with a substantially spatially replicate surface geometry in the composite precursor; and wherein the core body comprises an infiltrant material having finite solubility in molten silicon. 12. The consumable core of claim 11, wherein the infiltrant material comprises silicon, boron, molybdenum, tungsten, chromium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, aluminum, niobium, tantalum and mixtures thereof. 13. The consumable core of claim 11, wherein the consumable core comprises a sintered particulate of about 95% silicon and about 5% boron. 14. The consumable core of claim 11, wherein the plurality of retention artifacts comprises cylindrical projections, triangular projections, square projections, bump projections, spiral projections and mixtures thereof. 15. The consumable core of claim 11, wherein the consumable core body radial dimension is less than the composite precursor hollow feature radial dimension in at least a portion of the composite precursor hollow feature. 16. The consumable core of claim 11, wherein the plurality of retention artifacts project from the consumable core exterior surface radially, circumferentially, and mixtures thereof. | A method and device for retaining position of a consumable core during composite article manufacturing is taught herein by inserting a consumable core having a consumable core body and a plurality of retention artifacts into a composite precursor hollow feature of a composite precursor structure. Then positioning the consumable core such that the plurality of retention artifacts projecting from the consumable core exterior surface at least partially engage with a substantially spatially replicate surface geometry in the composite precursor hollow feature. The consumable core is then consumed as a soluble infiltrant to form a composite article.1. A method of retaining position of a consumable core during composite article manufacturing, comprising:
inserting a consumable core comprising a consumable core body and a plurality of retention artifacts into a composite precursor hollow feature of a composite precursor structure; positioning the consumable core such that the plurality of retention artifacts projecting from the consumable core exterior surface at least partially engage with a substantially spatially replicate surface geometry in the composite precursor hollow feature; connecting an external feed to the composite precursor structure to form a composite article manufacturing system; adjusting at least one environmental condition surrounding the composite article manufacturing system to infiltrate the composite precursor structure with infiltrant material from the consumable core; consuming the consumable core to form a composite article; and readjusting the environmental condition. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of consuming the consumable core further comprises integrating the pre-consumed material interface between the consumable core and the composite precursor. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of retention artifacts comprises at least one of cylindrical projections, triangular projections, square projections, bump projections, or spiral projections. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the consumable core body radial dimension is less than the composite precursor hollow feature radial dimension in at least a portion of the composite precursor hollow feature. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of retention artifacts project from the consumable core exterior surface at least one of radially or circumferentially. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising connecting a reservoir to the consumable core to drain excess infiltrant material from the consumable core. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of adjusting at least one environmental condition comprises, increasing a temperature of the environment, or increasing a pressure of the environment. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the consumable core comprises at least one of silicon, boron, molybdenum, tungsten, chromium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, aluminum, niobium, or tantalum. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the consumable core comprises a sintered particulate of about 95% silicon and about 5% boron. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising disposing a set of external blocks substantially proximate the composite precursor structure, the external blocks adapted to supply a flow of airborne infiltrant material to the composite precursor. 11. A consumable core for hollow featured composite article manufacturing, comprising;
a consumable core body positioned within a hollow feature of a composite precursor, the consumable core body comprising a plurality of retention artifacts projecting from the exterior surface and adapted to at least partially engage with a substantially spatially replicate surface geometry in the composite precursor; and wherein the core body comprises an infiltrant material having finite solubility in molten silicon. 12. The consumable core of claim 11, wherein the infiltrant material comprises silicon, boron, molybdenum, tungsten, chromium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, aluminum, niobium, tantalum and mixtures thereof. 13. The consumable core of claim 11, wherein the consumable core comprises a sintered particulate of about 95% silicon and about 5% boron. 14. The consumable core of claim 11, wherein the plurality of retention artifacts comprises cylindrical projections, triangular projections, square projections, bump projections, spiral projections and mixtures thereof. 15. The consumable core of claim 11, wherein the consumable core body radial dimension is less than the composite precursor hollow feature radial dimension in at least a portion of the composite precursor hollow feature. 16. The consumable core of claim 11, wherein the plurality of retention artifacts project from the consumable core exterior surface radially, circumferentially, and mixtures thereof. | 1,700 |
2,902 | 14,724,228 | 1,792 | A process is proposed for production of low microbial count whole milk products, in which
(a1) optionally, the milk product that is to be reduced in microbial count is subjected to a first heat pretreatment in a heat exchanger, and heated to temperatures in the range from 25 to 30° C., (a2) the optionally pretreated milk product is heated to temperatures of 50 to 75° C. by direct injection of superheated steam (“direct steam injection”, DSI) and pasteurized in the course of this, and (a3) the pasteurized product is cooled by flash cooling.
A similar process for production of low microbial count skimmed milk products is likewise disclosed, which, as the most important intermediate step, additionally comprises separating off the cream. | 1-10. (canceled) 11. Process for production of low microbial count milk products, comprising the following steps:
(a1) subjecting the milk product that is to be reduced in microbial count to a first heat pretreatment in a heat exchanger to a temperature in the range from 25 to 30° C., (a2) heating the pretreated product of step (a1) to a temperature of 50 to 75° C. by direct injection of supertreated steam to pasteurize the product in the course of this, and (a3) cooling the pasteurized product of step (a2) by flash cooling. 12. The process of claim 11 which is carried out continuously. 13. The process of claim 11 which is carried out batchwise. 14. The process of claim 11 wherein the milk product is heated in a heat exchanger (step a1) for a period of about 10 to about 30 seconds. 15. The process of claim 11 wherein superheated steam is injected into the heat-pretreated product (step a2), which superheated steam has a temperature in the range from 100 to 250° C. 16. The process of claim 11 wherein superheated steam is injected into the heat-pretreated product (step a2) for a period of 1 to about 5 seconds. 17. The process of claim 11 wherein the pasteurized product (step a3) is cooled for a period of about 1 to 5 seconds. 18. The process of claim 11 wherein the pasteurized product (step a3) is cooled to a temperature of about 25 to about 30° C. 19. The process of claim 11 wherein the cooled product is finally cooled in a heat exchanger to a temperature of about 5 to about 10° C. 20. Process for production of low microbial count milk products, comprising the following steps:
(b1) subjecting the milk product that is to be reduced in microbial count to a first heat pretreatment in a heat exchanger to a temperature in the range from 2 to 30° C., (b2) heating the pretreated product of step (b1) to a temperature of 50 to 60° C. by direct injection of superheated steam, (b3) separating off the cream from the product obtained in step (b2) to produce a skimmed milk, (b4) heating the skimmed milk product of step (b3) to a temperature of 50 to 75° C. by a second direct injection of superheated steam to pasteurize the product in the course of this, and (b5) cooling the pasteurized product of step (b4) by flash cooling. 21. The process of claim 20 which is carried of continuously. 22. The process of claim 20 which is carried out batchwise. 23. The process of claim 20 wherein the milk product is heated in a heat exchanger (step b1) for a period of about 10 to about 30 seconds. 24. The process of claim 20 wherein superheated steam is injected into the heat-pretreated products (steps b2, b4), which superheated steam has a temperature in the range from 100 to 250° C. 25. The process of claim 20 wherein superheated steam is injected into the heat-pretreated products (steps b2, b4) for a period of 1 to about 5 seconds. 26. The process of claim 20 wherein the pasteurized product (step b5) is cooled for a period of about 1 to 5 seconds. 27. The process of claim 20 wherein the pasteurized product (step b5) is cooled to a temperature of about 25 to about 30° C. 28. The process of claim 20 wherein the cooled product is finally cooled in a heat exchanger to a temperature of about 5 to about 10° C. | A process is proposed for production of low microbial count whole milk products, in which
(a1) optionally, the milk product that is to be reduced in microbial count is subjected to a first heat pretreatment in a heat exchanger, and heated to temperatures in the range from 25 to 30° C., (a2) the optionally pretreated milk product is heated to temperatures of 50 to 75° C. by direct injection of superheated steam (“direct steam injection”, DSI) and pasteurized in the course of this, and (a3) the pasteurized product is cooled by flash cooling.
A similar process for production of low microbial count skimmed milk products is likewise disclosed, which, as the most important intermediate step, additionally comprises separating off the cream.1-10. (canceled) 11. Process for production of low microbial count milk products, comprising the following steps:
(a1) subjecting the milk product that is to be reduced in microbial count to a first heat pretreatment in a heat exchanger to a temperature in the range from 25 to 30° C., (a2) heating the pretreated product of step (a1) to a temperature of 50 to 75° C. by direct injection of supertreated steam to pasteurize the product in the course of this, and (a3) cooling the pasteurized product of step (a2) by flash cooling. 12. The process of claim 11 which is carried out continuously. 13. The process of claim 11 which is carried out batchwise. 14. The process of claim 11 wherein the milk product is heated in a heat exchanger (step a1) for a period of about 10 to about 30 seconds. 15. The process of claim 11 wherein superheated steam is injected into the heat-pretreated product (step a2), which superheated steam has a temperature in the range from 100 to 250° C. 16. The process of claim 11 wherein superheated steam is injected into the heat-pretreated product (step a2) for a period of 1 to about 5 seconds. 17. The process of claim 11 wherein the pasteurized product (step a3) is cooled for a period of about 1 to 5 seconds. 18. The process of claim 11 wherein the pasteurized product (step a3) is cooled to a temperature of about 25 to about 30° C. 19. The process of claim 11 wherein the cooled product is finally cooled in a heat exchanger to a temperature of about 5 to about 10° C. 20. Process for production of low microbial count milk products, comprising the following steps:
(b1) subjecting the milk product that is to be reduced in microbial count to a first heat pretreatment in a heat exchanger to a temperature in the range from 2 to 30° C., (b2) heating the pretreated product of step (b1) to a temperature of 50 to 60° C. by direct injection of superheated steam, (b3) separating off the cream from the product obtained in step (b2) to produce a skimmed milk, (b4) heating the skimmed milk product of step (b3) to a temperature of 50 to 75° C. by a second direct injection of superheated steam to pasteurize the product in the course of this, and (b5) cooling the pasteurized product of step (b4) by flash cooling. 21. The process of claim 20 which is carried of continuously. 22. The process of claim 20 which is carried out batchwise. 23. The process of claim 20 wherein the milk product is heated in a heat exchanger (step b1) for a period of about 10 to about 30 seconds. 24. The process of claim 20 wherein superheated steam is injected into the heat-pretreated products (steps b2, b4), which superheated steam has a temperature in the range from 100 to 250° C. 25. The process of claim 20 wherein superheated steam is injected into the heat-pretreated products (steps b2, b4) for a period of 1 to about 5 seconds. 26. The process of claim 20 wherein the pasteurized product (step b5) is cooled for a period of about 1 to 5 seconds. 27. The process of claim 20 wherein the pasteurized product (step b5) is cooled to a temperature of about 25 to about 30° C. 28. The process of claim 20 wherein the cooled product is finally cooled in a heat exchanger to a temperature of about 5 to about 10° C. | 1,700 |
2,903 | 15,343,367 | 1,792 | The invention provides for compositions and methods for the preservation of meat tissues, including fish, beef, poultry and pork us phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) enzymes. | 1. A method of reducing lipid oxidation in intact muscle tissue comprising contacting said tissue with no more than about 1 mg active phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzyme per 1 kg of muscle tissue. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said PLA2 enzyme is contacted at a concentration of no more than about 0.7 mg/kg, no more than about 0.5 mg/kg, more than about 0.25 mg/kg, no more than about 0.1 mg/kg, no more than about 0.05 mg/kg of PLA2, no more than about 0.01 mg/kg of PLA2, or no more than about 0.005 mg/kg of PLA2, or between about 0.05 mg/kg about and 1 mg/kg, or between about 0.1 mg/kg and about 1 mg/kg. 3-10. (canceled) 11. The method of claim 1, wherein said muscle tissue is avian tissue, fish or shellfish tissue, amphibian tissue, mammalian tissue, pork, mutton, or red meat, such as beef or bison meat. 12-18. (canceled) 19. The method of claim 1, wherein said muscle tissue is cooked or cured muscle tissue. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein said muscle tissue is uncooked and uncured. 21. The method of claim 1, further comprising freezing said muscle tissue. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein said muscle tissue is treated at 0 to 6° C. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein said muscle is treated substantially in the absence of exogenous calcium. 24. The method of claim 1, wherein said muscle contains hemoglobin at levels that are 80% of fresh unstored tissue for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 days following treatment with PLA2. 25. The method of claim 1, wherein said muscle remains palatable at 0.6° C. for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 days beyond the date upon which untreated muscle cell would no longer be palatable. 26. A storage-stable muscle tissue comprising exogenous active phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzyme at no more than about 1 mg of PLA2 per 1 kg of muscle tissue. 27. The muscle tissue of claim 26, wherein said tissue comprises no more than about 0.7 mg/kg of PLA2 enzyme, no more than about 0.5 mg/kg of PLA2 enzyme, no more than about 0.25 mg/kg of PLA2 enzyme, no more than about 0.1 mg/kg of PLA2 enzyme, no more than about 0.05 mg/kg of PLA2, no more than about 0.01 mg/kg of PLA2, or no more than about 0.005 mg/kg of PLA2, or between about 0.05 mg/kg and about 1 mg/kg, or between about 0.1 mg/kg and about 1 mg/kg. 28-38. (canceled) 39. The muscle tissue of claim 26, wherein said muscle tissue is selected from avian tissue, fish tissue, shellfish tissue, pork tissue, beef tissue, bison tissue, mutton tissue, pork tissue, elk tissue, deer tissue, rabbit tissue, reptile tissue or amphibian tissue. 40. A method of processing meat comprising:
(a) preparing a raw meat product from an animal, fish or fowl carcass; (b) treating said raw meat product with active phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzyme) at no more than about 1 mg PLA2 per 1 kg of raw meat product; and (c) packaging said meat product for sale. 41. The method of claim 40, further comprising contacting said raw meat product with at least one additional preservation agent prior to step (c). 42. The method of claim 40, further comprising washing said raw meat product before, after or both before and after step (b). 43. The method of claim 40, wherein step (b) comprises treatment at −20 to 6° C. 44. The method of claim 40, wherein the meat product of step (c) comprises no more than about 5 mg/kg exogenous PLA2 enzyme. 45. The method of claim 40, wherein said meat product comprises muscle tissue is selected from avian tissue, fish tissue, shellfish tissue, pork tissue, beef tissue, bison tissue, mutton tissue, pork tissue, elk tissue, deer tissue, rabbit tissue, reptile tissue or amphibian tissue. | The invention provides for compositions and methods for the preservation of meat tissues, including fish, beef, poultry and pork us phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) enzymes.1. A method of reducing lipid oxidation in intact muscle tissue comprising contacting said tissue with no more than about 1 mg active phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzyme per 1 kg of muscle tissue. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said PLA2 enzyme is contacted at a concentration of no more than about 0.7 mg/kg, no more than about 0.5 mg/kg, more than about 0.25 mg/kg, no more than about 0.1 mg/kg, no more than about 0.05 mg/kg of PLA2, no more than about 0.01 mg/kg of PLA2, or no more than about 0.005 mg/kg of PLA2, or between about 0.05 mg/kg about and 1 mg/kg, or between about 0.1 mg/kg and about 1 mg/kg. 3-10. (canceled) 11. The method of claim 1, wherein said muscle tissue is avian tissue, fish or shellfish tissue, amphibian tissue, mammalian tissue, pork, mutton, or red meat, such as beef or bison meat. 12-18. (canceled) 19. The method of claim 1, wherein said muscle tissue is cooked or cured muscle tissue. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein said muscle tissue is uncooked and uncured. 21. The method of claim 1, further comprising freezing said muscle tissue. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein said muscle tissue is treated at 0 to 6° C. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein said muscle is treated substantially in the absence of exogenous calcium. 24. The method of claim 1, wherein said muscle contains hemoglobin at levels that are 80% of fresh unstored tissue for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 days following treatment with PLA2. 25. The method of claim 1, wherein said muscle remains palatable at 0.6° C. for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 days beyond the date upon which untreated muscle cell would no longer be palatable. 26. A storage-stable muscle tissue comprising exogenous active phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzyme at no more than about 1 mg of PLA2 per 1 kg of muscle tissue. 27. The muscle tissue of claim 26, wherein said tissue comprises no more than about 0.7 mg/kg of PLA2 enzyme, no more than about 0.5 mg/kg of PLA2 enzyme, no more than about 0.25 mg/kg of PLA2 enzyme, no more than about 0.1 mg/kg of PLA2 enzyme, no more than about 0.05 mg/kg of PLA2, no more than about 0.01 mg/kg of PLA2, or no more than about 0.005 mg/kg of PLA2, or between about 0.05 mg/kg and about 1 mg/kg, or between about 0.1 mg/kg and about 1 mg/kg. 28-38. (canceled) 39. The muscle tissue of claim 26, wherein said muscle tissue is selected from avian tissue, fish tissue, shellfish tissue, pork tissue, beef tissue, bison tissue, mutton tissue, pork tissue, elk tissue, deer tissue, rabbit tissue, reptile tissue or amphibian tissue. 40. A method of processing meat comprising:
(a) preparing a raw meat product from an animal, fish or fowl carcass; (b) treating said raw meat product with active phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzyme) at no more than about 1 mg PLA2 per 1 kg of raw meat product; and (c) packaging said meat product for sale. 41. The method of claim 40, further comprising contacting said raw meat product with at least one additional preservation agent prior to step (c). 42. The method of claim 40, further comprising washing said raw meat product before, after or both before and after step (b). 43. The method of claim 40, wherein step (b) comprises treatment at −20 to 6° C. 44. The method of claim 40, wherein the meat product of step (c) comprises no more than about 5 mg/kg exogenous PLA2 enzyme. 45. The method of claim 40, wherein said meat product comprises muscle tissue is selected from avian tissue, fish tissue, shellfish tissue, pork tissue, beef tissue, bison tissue, mutton tissue, pork tissue, elk tissue, deer tissue, rabbit tissue, reptile tissue or amphibian tissue. | 1,700 |
2,904 | 14,346,558 | 1,776 | The present invention relates to an apparatus for separation of high volume flows of mixtures provided with at least two immiscible phases, especially for the first separation steps of flows of water/oil/gas/sand mixture that enter the apparatus as a wellstream mixture. The invention also relates to a method for separation of high volume flows of mixtures provided with at least immiscible phases. | 1. An apparatus for separation of high volume flows of mixtures provided with at least two immiscible phases, especially for the first separation steps of flows of water/oil/gas/sand mixture that enter the apparatus as a wellstream mixture, comprising:
a vessel provided with:
an inlet for the mixture provided with the at least two immiscible phases;
a separation interior;
at least one heavy phase outlet for the pre-separated heavy phase fraction located on a lower side of the vessel;
a light phase outlet for the pre-separated light phase fraction located above the heavy phase outlet;
wherein the vessel comprises at least one substantially spherical shaped casing to be designed for use under a substantially higher external pressure than 1 atmosphere, and that the apparatus also comprises at least one subsequent and/or preceding compact separator that connects to at least one of the heavy phase outlet, the light phase outlet and/or the inlet for the mixture. 2. The separation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the subsequent and/or preceding compact separator is an inline separator. 3. The separation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at the lower side of the vessel a solid particle outlet is provided. 4. The separation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the apparatus is designed for use wherein the external pressure is higher than the internal pressure. 5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the separation interior comprises flow guiding plates. 6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the vessel comprises plural interconnected spherical shaped casings. 7. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the vessel comprises at least two stacked and interconnected spherical shaped casings. 8. A method for separation of high volume flows of mixtures provided with at least two immiscible phases, especially for the first separation steps of flows of water/oil/gas/sand mixture that enter the apparatus as a wellstream mixture, comprising the steps of:
A) feeding a high volume flow of the wellstream mixture to a pre-separation vessel provided with at least one substantially spherical shaped casing; B) pre-separating the wellstream mixture in the vessel; C) feeding the pre-separated heavy phase fraction leaving the vessel to a subsequent separator, D) feeding the pre-separated light phase fraction leaving the vessel to a subsequent separator, E) subsequent separation of the pre-separated heavy phase fraction and the pre-separated light phase fraction in the subsequent separators,
wherein at least one of the subsequent separation processes and/or a preceding separation process takes place by through flow through a subsequent and/or preceding compact separator. 9. The separation method according to claim 8, wherein the subsequent separation processes of the pre-separated heavy phase fraction and the pre-separated light phase fraction both take place by through flow of the fractions through the subsequent separators. 10. The separation method according to claim 8, wherein the wellstream mixture is pre-separated in the vessel according step B) providing two different pre-separated wellstream fractions. 11. The separation method according to claim 8, wherein the pre-separated light phase fraction is pre-separated to a level of containing less than 40 volume % of liquid. 12. The separation method according to claim 11, wherein the pre-separated substantial light phase fraction is pre-separated to a level of containing less than 30 volume % of liquid. 13. The separation method according to claim 12, wherein the pre-separated light phase fraction is pre-separated to a level of containing less than 20 volume % of liquid. | The present invention relates to an apparatus for separation of high volume flows of mixtures provided with at least two immiscible phases, especially for the first separation steps of flows of water/oil/gas/sand mixture that enter the apparatus as a wellstream mixture. The invention also relates to a method for separation of high volume flows of mixtures provided with at least immiscible phases.1. An apparatus for separation of high volume flows of mixtures provided with at least two immiscible phases, especially for the first separation steps of flows of water/oil/gas/sand mixture that enter the apparatus as a wellstream mixture, comprising:
a vessel provided with:
an inlet for the mixture provided with the at least two immiscible phases;
a separation interior;
at least one heavy phase outlet for the pre-separated heavy phase fraction located on a lower side of the vessel;
a light phase outlet for the pre-separated light phase fraction located above the heavy phase outlet;
wherein the vessel comprises at least one substantially spherical shaped casing to be designed for use under a substantially higher external pressure than 1 atmosphere, and that the apparatus also comprises at least one subsequent and/or preceding compact separator that connects to at least one of the heavy phase outlet, the light phase outlet and/or the inlet for the mixture. 2. The separation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the subsequent and/or preceding compact separator is an inline separator. 3. The separation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at the lower side of the vessel a solid particle outlet is provided. 4. The separation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the apparatus is designed for use wherein the external pressure is higher than the internal pressure. 5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the separation interior comprises flow guiding plates. 6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the vessel comprises plural interconnected spherical shaped casings. 7. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the vessel comprises at least two stacked and interconnected spherical shaped casings. 8. A method for separation of high volume flows of mixtures provided with at least two immiscible phases, especially for the first separation steps of flows of water/oil/gas/sand mixture that enter the apparatus as a wellstream mixture, comprising the steps of:
A) feeding a high volume flow of the wellstream mixture to a pre-separation vessel provided with at least one substantially spherical shaped casing; B) pre-separating the wellstream mixture in the vessel; C) feeding the pre-separated heavy phase fraction leaving the vessel to a subsequent separator, D) feeding the pre-separated light phase fraction leaving the vessel to a subsequent separator, E) subsequent separation of the pre-separated heavy phase fraction and the pre-separated light phase fraction in the subsequent separators,
wherein at least one of the subsequent separation processes and/or a preceding separation process takes place by through flow through a subsequent and/or preceding compact separator. 9. The separation method according to claim 8, wherein the subsequent separation processes of the pre-separated heavy phase fraction and the pre-separated light phase fraction both take place by through flow of the fractions through the subsequent separators. 10. The separation method according to claim 8, wherein the wellstream mixture is pre-separated in the vessel according step B) providing two different pre-separated wellstream fractions. 11. The separation method according to claim 8, wherein the pre-separated light phase fraction is pre-separated to a level of containing less than 40 volume % of liquid. 12. The separation method according to claim 11, wherein the pre-separated substantial light phase fraction is pre-separated to a level of containing less than 30 volume % of liquid. 13. The separation method according to claim 12, wherein the pre-separated light phase fraction is pre-separated to a level of containing less than 20 volume % of liquid. | 1,700 |
2,905 | 14,819,519 | 1,792 | A baking drawer includes an oven cavity and a drawer assembly movable relative to the oven cavity between an extended position, where the drawer assembly is accessible by a user, and a retracted position, where the drawer assembly is located within the oven cavity. The drawer assembly has a bottom wall, two opposing sidewalls and a rear wall. A first vent is formed in the bottom wall, and a second vent is formed in the rear wall. The vents allow air to flow into and out of a ventilated region delineated by the bottom wall, the two sidewalls and the rear wall. | 1. A baking drawer comprising:
an oven cavity; and a drawer assembly movable relative to the oven cavity between an extended position, where the drawer assembly is accessible by a user, and a retracted position, where the drawer assembly is located within the oven cavity, the drawer assembly including:
a bottom wall;
two opposing sidewalls;
a rear wall; and
at least one directional vent formed in the bottom wall, the at least one vent allowing air to flow into a ventilated region delineated by the bottom wall, the two sidewalls and the rear wall. 2. The baking drawer of claim 1, wherein the at least one vent is configured to direct air entering the ventilated region toward a center of the drawer assembly. 3. The baking drawer of claim 2, wherein the at least one vent is a louver. 4. The baking drawer of claim 1, wherein:
the at least one vent constitutes a first vent and a second vent; the first vent is formed in the bottom wall proximate to a first one of the two sidewalls; and the second vent is formed in the bottom wall proximate to a second one of the two sidewalls. 5. The baking drawer of claim 4, wherein:
the first vent is configured to direct air entering the ventilated region toward the second one of the two sidewalls; and the second vent is configured to direct air entering the ventilated region toward the first one of the two sidewalls. 6. The baking drawer of claim 1, wherein the at least one vent constitutes a first vent, said baking drawer further comprising at least one second vent formed in the rear wall. 7. The baking drawer of claim 6, wherein the drawer assembly is configured such that air enters the ventilated region through the first vent and exits the ventilated region through the at least one second vent. 8. The baking drawer of claim 6, wherein the at least one second vent is at least 50% as large as the first vent. 9. The baking drawer of claim 1, wherein the drawer assembly is formed from a single material. 10. The baking drawer of claim 9, wherein the single material is aluminized steel. 11. The baking drawer of claim 1, further comprising a heating element arranged below the bottom wall, wherein the baking drawer does not comprise a second heating element. 12. A method of circulating air within a baking drawer, the baking drawer including an oven cavity and a drawer assembly movable relative to the oven cavity between an extended position, where the drawer assembly is accessible by a user, and a retracted position, where the drawer assembly is located within the oven cavity, the drawer assembling including a bottom wall, two opposing sidewalls and a rear wall, the method comprising:
forming a directional vent in the bottom wall; and causing air to flow into a ventilated region delineated by the bottom wall, the two sidewalls and the rear wall via the vent. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising:
directing air entering the ventilated region toward a center of the drawing assembly with the vent. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the vent constitutes a first vent and forming the first vent in the bottom wall includes forming the first vent in the bottom wall proximate to a first one of the two sidewalls, the method further comprising:
forming a second vent in the bottom wall proximate to a second one of the two sidewalls. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
directing air entering the ventilated region toward the second one of the two sidewalls with the first vent; and directing air entering the ventilated region toward the first one of the two sidewalls with the second vent. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the vent constitutes a first vent, the method further comprising:
forming a second vent in the rear wall. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
causing air to enter the ventilated region through the first vent and exit the ventilated region through the second vent. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein forming the second vent in the rear wall includes forming the second vent such that the second vent is at least 50% as large as the first vent. 19. The method of claim 12, further comprising:
forming the drawer assembly from a single material. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein forming the drawer assembly from a single material including forming the drawer assembly from aluminized steel. | A baking drawer includes an oven cavity and a drawer assembly movable relative to the oven cavity between an extended position, where the drawer assembly is accessible by a user, and a retracted position, where the drawer assembly is located within the oven cavity. The drawer assembly has a bottom wall, two opposing sidewalls and a rear wall. A first vent is formed in the bottom wall, and a second vent is formed in the rear wall. The vents allow air to flow into and out of a ventilated region delineated by the bottom wall, the two sidewalls and the rear wall.1. A baking drawer comprising:
an oven cavity; and a drawer assembly movable relative to the oven cavity between an extended position, where the drawer assembly is accessible by a user, and a retracted position, where the drawer assembly is located within the oven cavity, the drawer assembly including:
a bottom wall;
two opposing sidewalls;
a rear wall; and
at least one directional vent formed in the bottom wall, the at least one vent allowing air to flow into a ventilated region delineated by the bottom wall, the two sidewalls and the rear wall. 2. The baking drawer of claim 1, wherein the at least one vent is configured to direct air entering the ventilated region toward a center of the drawer assembly. 3. The baking drawer of claim 2, wherein the at least one vent is a louver. 4. The baking drawer of claim 1, wherein:
the at least one vent constitutes a first vent and a second vent; the first vent is formed in the bottom wall proximate to a first one of the two sidewalls; and the second vent is formed in the bottom wall proximate to a second one of the two sidewalls. 5. The baking drawer of claim 4, wherein:
the first vent is configured to direct air entering the ventilated region toward the second one of the two sidewalls; and the second vent is configured to direct air entering the ventilated region toward the first one of the two sidewalls. 6. The baking drawer of claim 1, wherein the at least one vent constitutes a first vent, said baking drawer further comprising at least one second vent formed in the rear wall. 7. The baking drawer of claim 6, wherein the drawer assembly is configured such that air enters the ventilated region through the first vent and exits the ventilated region through the at least one second vent. 8. The baking drawer of claim 6, wherein the at least one second vent is at least 50% as large as the first vent. 9. The baking drawer of claim 1, wherein the drawer assembly is formed from a single material. 10. The baking drawer of claim 9, wherein the single material is aluminized steel. 11. The baking drawer of claim 1, further comprising a heating element arranged below the bottom wall, wherein the baking drawer does not comprise a second heating element. 12. A method of circulating air within a baking drawer, the baking drawer including an oven cavity and a drawer assembly movable relative to the oven cavity between an extended position, where the drawer assembly is accessible by a user, and a retracted position, where the drawer assembly is located within the oven cavity, the drawer assembling including a bottom wall, two opposing sidewalls and a rear wall, the method comprising:
forming a directional vent in the bottom wall; and causing air to flow into a ventilated region delineated by the bottom wall, the two sidewalls and the rear wall via the vent. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising:
directing air entering the ventilated region toward a center of the drawing assembly with the vent. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the vent constitutes a first vent and forming the first vent in the bottom wall includes forming the first vent in the bottom wall proximate to a first one of the two sidewalls, the method further comprising:
forming a second vent in the bottom wall proximate to a second one of the two sidewalls. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
directing air entering the ventilated region toward the second one of the two sidewalls with the first vent; and directing air entering the ventilated region toward the first one of the two sidewalls with the second vent. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the vent constitutes a first vent, the method further comprising:
forming a second vent in the rear wall. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
causing air to enter the ventilated region through the first vent and exit the ventilated region through the second vent. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein forming the second vent in the rear wall includes forming the second vent such that the second vent is at least 50% as large as the first vent. 19. The method of claim 12, further comprising:
forming the drawer assembly from a single material. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein forming the drawer assembly from a single material including forming the drawer assembly from aluminized steel. | 1,700 |
2,906 | 13,030,170 | 1,736 | A nitrided steel product or thin cast steel strip comprising, by weight, less than 0.25% carbon, between 0.20 and 2.0% manganese, between 0.05 and 0.50% silicon, less than 0.01% aluminum, niobium between 0.01 and about 0.20%, and between 0.01 and 0.075% nitrogen, and having a majority of the microstructure comprised of bainite and acicular ferrite, having more than 70% niobium in solid solution prior to nitriding and having yield strength between 650 MPa and 800 MPa and tensile strength between 750 MPa and 900 MPa. | 1. A nitrided steel product comprising, by weight, less than 0.25% carbon, between 0.20 and 2.0% manganese, between 0.05 and 0.50% silicon, less than 0.01% aluminum, niobium between 0.01 and about 0.20%, and between 0.01 and 0.075% nitrogen, and having a majority of the microstructure comprised of bainite and acicular ferrite, having more than 70% niobium in solid solution prior to nitriding and having yield strength between 650 MPa and 800 MPa and tensile strength between 750 MPa and 900 MPa. 2. The nitrided steel product as claimed in claim 1 where the niobium is less than 0.1%. 3. The nitrided steel product as claimed in claim 1 where the nitrided steel product has yield strength of at least 40% greater than a similar steel composition without nitriding. 4. The nitrided steel product as claimed in claim 1 where the nitrided steel product has tensile strength of at least 30% greater than a similar steel composition without nitriding. 5. The nitrided steel product as claimed in claim 1 where the nitrogen is between 0.035 and 0.065%. 6. The nitrided steel product as claimed in claim 1 where the nitrogen is between 0.045 and 0.065%. 7. The nitrided steel product as claimed in claim 1 where the nitrided steel product has yield strength between 650 MPa and 750 MPa and tensile strength between 750 MPa and 850 MPa. 8. The nitrided steel product as claimed in claim 1 where the nitrided steel product has a total elongation of less than 25% than a similar steel composition without nitriding. 9. The nitrided steel product as claimed in claim 1 where the nitrided steel product has a total elongation of at least 1%. 10. The nitrided steel product as claimed in claim 1 where the steel product has a total elongation of at least 6%. 11. The nitrided steel product as claimed in claim 1 where the steel product has a total elongation of at least 10%. 12. The nitrided steel product as claimed in claim 1 where the steel product is a thin cast steel strip of less than 3 millimeters in thickness. 13. The nitrided steel product as claimed in claim 12 where the thin cast steel strip is hot rolled. 14. The nitrided steel product as claimed in claim 12 where the thin cast steel strip is cold rolled. 15. A method of preparing nitrided thin cast steel strip comprising the steps of:
assembling internally a cooled roll caster having laterally positioned casting rolls forming a nip between them, and forming a casting pool of molten steel supported on the casting rolls above the nip and confined adjacent the ends of the casting rolls by side dams, counter rotating the casting rolls to solidify metal shells on the casting rolls as the casting rolls move through the casting pool, and forming from the metal shells downwardly through the nip between the casting rolls a steel strip, and cooling the steel strip at a rate of at least 10° C. per second, coiling the cast strip and nitriding the steel strip to provide a composition comprising by weight, less than 0.25% carbon, between 0.20 and 2.0% manganese, between 0.05 and 0.50% silicon, less than 0.01% aluminum, between 0.01% and 0.20% niobium, and between 0.01 and 0.075% nitrogen, and having a majority of the microstructure comprised of bainite and acicular ferrite, having more than 70% niobium in solid solution prior to nitriding and having yield strength between 650 MPa and 800 MPa and tensile strength between 750 MPa and 900 MPa. 16. The method of preparing nitrided thin cast steel strip as claimed in claim 16 where the steel strip as coiled may have fine oxide particles of silicon and iron distributed through the steel microstructure having an average particle size less than 50 nanometers. 17. The method of preparing nitrided thin cast steel strip as claimed in claim 16 further comprising the steps of:
hot rolling the steel strip; and
coiling the hot rolled steel strip at a temperature between about 450 and 700° C. 18. The method of preparing nitrided thin cast steel strip as claimed in claim 16 further comprising the steps of:
hot rolling the steel strip; and
coiling the hot rolled steel strip at a temperature less than 650° C. 19. The method of preparing a nitrided thin cast steel strip as claimed in claim 16 where the nitriding process is selected from the group consisting of salt bath nitriding, gas nitriding, and plasma nitriding. | A nitrided steel product or thin cast steel strip comprising, by weight, less than 0.25% carbon, between 0.20 and 2.0% manganese, between 0.05 and 0.50% silicon, less than 0.01% aluminum, niobium between 0.01 and about 0.20%, and between 0.01 and 0.075% nitrogen, and having a majority of the microstructure comprised of bainite and acicular ferrite, having more than 70% niobium in solid solution prior to nitriding and having yield strength between 650 MPa and 800 MPa and tensile strength between 750 MPa and 900 MPa.1. A nitrided steel product comprising, by weight, less than 0.25% carbon, between 0.20 and 2.0% manganese, between 0.05 and 0.50% silicon, less than 0.01% aluminum, niobium between 0.01 and about 0.20%, and between 0.01 and 0.075% nitrogen, and having a majority of the microstructure comprised of bainite and acicular ferrite, having more than 70% niobium in solid solution prior to nitriding and having yield strength between 650 MPa and 800 MPa and tensile strength between 750 MPa and 900 MPa. 2. The nitrided steel product as claimed in claim 1 where the niobium is less than 0.1%. 3. The nitrided steel product as claimed in claim 1 where the nitrided steel product has yield strength of at least 40% greater than a similar steel composition without nitriding. 4. The nitrided steel product as claimed in claim 1 where the nitrided steel product has tensile strength of at least 30% greater than a similar steel composition without nitriding. 5. The nitrided steel product as claimed in claim 1 where the nitrogen is between 0.035 and 0.065%. 6. The nitrided steel product as claimed in claim 1 where the nitrogen is between 0.045 and 0.065%. 7. The nitrided steel product as claimed in claim 1 where the nitrided steel product has yield strength between 650 MPa and 750 MPa and tensile strength between 750 MPa and 850 MPa. 8. The nitrided steel product as claimed in claim 1 where the nitrided steel product has a total elongation of less than 25% than a similar steel composition without nitriding. 9. The nitrided steel product as claimed in claim 1 where the nitrided steel product has a total elongation of at least 1%. 10. The nitrided steel product as claimed in claim 1 where the steel product has a total elongation of at least 6%. 11. The nitrided steel product as claimed in claim 1 where the steel product has a total elongation of at least 10%. 12. The nitrided steel product as claimed in claim 1 where the steel product is a thin cast steel strip of less than 3 millimeters in thickness. 13. The nitrided steel product as claimed in claim 12 where the thin cast steel strip is hot rolled. 14. The nitrided steel product as claimed in claim 12 where the thin cast steel strip is cold rolled. 15. A method of preparing nitrided thin cast steel strip comprising the steps of:
assembling internally a cooled roll caster having laterally positioned casting rolls forming a nip between them, and forming a casting pool of molten steel supported on the casting rolls above the nip and confined adjacent the ends of the casting rolls by side dams, counter rotating the casting rolls to solidify metal shells on the casting rolls as the casting rolls move through the casting pool, and forming from the metal shells downwardly through the nip between the casting rolls a steel strip, and cooling the steel strip at a rate of at least 10° C. per second, coiling the cast strip and nitriding the steel strip to provide a composition comprising by weight, less than 0.25% carbon, between 0.20 and 2.0% manganese, between 0.05 and 0.50% silicon, less than 0.01% aluminum, between 0.01% and 0.20% niobium, and between 0.01 and 0.075% nitrogen, and having a majority of the microstructure comprised of bainite and acicular ferrite, having more than 70% niobium in solid solution prior to nitriding and having yield strength between 650 MPa and 800 MPa and tensile strength between 750 MPa and 900 MPa. 16. The method of preparing nitrided thin cast steel strip as claimed in claim 16 where the steel strip as coiled may have fine oxide particles of silicon and iron distributed through the steel microstructure having an average particle size less than 50 nanometers. 17. The method of preparing nitrided thin cast steel strip as claimed in claim 16 further comprising the steps of:
hot rolling the steel strip; and
coiling the hot rolled steel strip at a temperature between about 450 and 700° C. 18. The method of preparing nitrided thin cast steel strip as claimed in claim 16 further comprising the steps of:
hot rolling the steel strip; and
coiling the hot rolled steel strip at a temperature less than 650° C. 19. The method of preparing a nitrided thin cast steel strip as claimed in claim 16 where the nitriding process is selected from the group consisting of salt bath nitriding, gas nitriding, and plasma nitriding. | 1,700 |
2,907 | 12,418,014 | 1,718 | For the coating and for the surface treatment of substrates by means of a plasma beam a working chamber ( 2 ) with a plasma torch ( 4 ) is made available, a plasma beam ( 5 ) is produced in that a plasma gas is directed through the plasma torch ( 4 ) and is heated in the same by means of electrical gas discharge, electromagnetic induction or microwaves, and the plasma beam ( 5 ) is directed onto a substrate ( 3 ) introduced into the working chamber, wherein the plasma torch ( 4 ) which is made available has a power for the thermal plasma spraying of solid material particles. During the coating and/or the surface treatment, the pressure in the working chamber ( 2 ) amounts to between 0.01 and 10 mbar, and at least one reactive component in liquid or gaseous form is injected into the plasma beam ( 5 ) in order to coat the surface of a substrate ( 3 ) or to treat it. | 1. A method for the coating and/or for the surface treatment of substrates by means of a plasma beam wherein
a working chamber (2) with a plasma torch (4) is made available, a plasma beam (5) is produced in that a plasma gas is directed through the plasma torch (4) and is heated in the same by means of electrical gas discharge and/or electromagnetic induction and/or microwaves, and the plasma beam (5) is directed onto a substrate (3) introduced into the working chamber,
characterized in that
the plasma torch (4) which is made available has a power for the thermal plasma spraying of solid material particles,
the pressure in the working chamber (2) during the method amounts to between 0.01 and 10 mbar,
at least one reactive component in liquid or gaseous form is injected into the plasma beam (5) in order to coat the surface of the substrate (3) and/or to treat it; and
a layer (11, 11′) or coating (10) is manufactured and/or a substrate surface is treated and the layer ir coating manufactured in this manner or the surface treated in this manner each have a thickness of 0.01 μm to 10 μm. 2. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the plasma torch (4) has a maximum power which amounts to at least 30 kW or at least 50 kW or at least 70 kW and/or lies between 20 kW and 150 kW. 3. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the pressure in the working chamber (2) during the method amounts to between 0.02 mbar and 5 mbar, in particular to between 0.05 mbar and 2 mbar. 4. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the reactive component is injected in the plasma torch into the plasma beam and/or wherein the reactive component is injected into the free plasma beam (5). 5. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein additional coating material in the form of powder-like solid material particles or in the form of a suspension is introduced into the plasma beam (5). 6. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the so manufactured layer (11, 11′) or coating (10) or the so treated substrate surface has a porosity of 0.01% to 5%, in particular of 0.02% to 2%. 7. A method for the manufacture of coatings (10) having at least two layers (11, 11′, 12) of different structure, characterized in that at least one of the layers (11, 11′) is manufactured using a method in accordance with any one of the preceding claims and in that at least one further layer (12) is applied by means of thermal plasma spraying of solid material particles, with both layers being applied with the same plasma torch (4). 8. A method in accordance with claim 7, wherein the pressure in the working chamber (2) during the thermal plasma spraying amounts to between 0.3 mbar to 1 bar, in particular to between 0.5 mbar to 500 mbar or 1 mbar to 200 mbar. 9. A method in accordance with claim 7, wherein the at least one layer (12) which is applied by means of thermal plasma spraying has a thickness of 2 μm to 2000 μm, in particular of 10 μm to 1000 μm. 10. A substrate or workpiece having at least one layer (11, 11′) manufactured in accordance with a method in accordance with claim 1. 11. A substrate or workpiece in accordance with claim 10, having at least two layers (11, 11′, 12) of different structure including at least one layer (12) which was applied by means of thermal plasma spraying of solid material particles and at least one layer (11) manufactured in accordance with a method in accordance with claim 1 as a cover layer. 12. A substrate or workpiece in accordance with claim 11, wherein the layer (12) applied by means of thermal plasma spraying of solid material particles contains one or more oxide ceramic components or consists of one or more oxide ceramic components and wherein the layer (11) consists essentially of SiOx. 13. A plasma coating apparatus for the coating and/or surface treatment of substrates comprising a working chamber (2) having a plasma torch (4) for the generation of a plasma beam (5), a controlled pump apparatus which is connected to the working chamber and a substrate holder (8) for the holding of the substrate (3), characterized in that the plasma torch (4) has a power for the thermal plasma spraying of solid material particles, in that the pressure in the working chamber (2) is adjustable by means of the controlled pump apparatus to a value between 0.01 mbar and 1 bar, in particular to between 0.02 mbar und 0.2 bar and in that the plasma coating apparatus (1) additionally has an injection device (6.1-6.3) in order to inject at least one reactive component in the liquid or gaseous form into the plasma beam (5). 14. A plasma coating apparatus in accordance with claim 13 additionally including a controlled setting device for the plasma torch (4) in order to control the direction of the plasma beam (5) and/or the spacing of the plasma torch (4) from the substrate in a range from 0.2 m to 2 m, in particular in a range from 0.3 m to 1 m. 15. A plasma coating apparatus in accordance with claim 13, wherein the plasma torch (4) is made as a DC plasma torch. 16. A substrate or workpiece having at least two layers (11, 11′, 12) of a different structured manufactured in accordance with a method in accordance with claim 7. | For the coating and for the surface treatment of substrates by means of a plasma beam a working chamber ( 2 ) with a plasma torch ( 4 ) is made available, a plasma beam ( 5 ) is produced in that a plasma gas is directed through the plasma torch ( 4 ) and is heated in the same by means of electrical gas discharge, electromagnetic induction or microwaves, and the plasma beam ( 5 ) is directed onto a substrate ( 3 ) introduced into the working chamber, wherein the plasma torch ( 4 ) which is made available has a power for the thermal plasma spraying of solid material particles. During the coating and/or the surface treatment, the pressure in the working chamber ( 2 ) amounts to between 0.01 and 10 mbar, and at least one reactive component in liquid or gaseous form is injected into the plasma beam ( 5 ) in order to coat the surface of a substrate ( 3 ) or to treat it.1. A method for the coating and/or for the surface treatment of substrates by means of a plasma beam wherein
a working chamber (2) with a plasma torch (4) is made available, a plasma beam (5) is produced in that a plasma gas is directed through the plasma torch (4) and is heated in the same by means of electrical gas discharge and/or electromagnetic induction and/or microwaves, and the plasma beam (5) is directed onto a substrate (3) introduced into the working chamber,
characterized in that
the plasma torch (4) which is made available has a power for the thermal plasma spraying of solid material particles,
the pressure in the working chamber (2) during the method amounts to between 0.01 and 10 mbar,
at least one reactive component in liquid or gaseous form is injected into the plasma beam (5) in order to coat the surface of the substrate (3) and/or to treat it; and
a layer (11, 11′) or coating (10) is manufactured and/or a substrate surface is treated and the layer ir coating manufactured in this manner or the surface treated in this manner each have a thickness of 0.01 μm to 10 μm. 2. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the plasma torch (4) has a maximum power which amounts to at least 30 kW or at least 50 kW or at least 70 kW and/or lies between 20 kW and 150 kW. 3. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the pressure in the working chamber (2) during the method amounts to between 0.02 mbar and 5 mbar, in particular to between 0.05 mbar and 2 mbar. 4. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the reactive component is injected in the plasma torch into the plasma beam and/or wherein the reactive component is injected into the free plasma beam (5). 5. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein additional coating material in the form of powder-like solid material particles or in the form of a suspension is introduced into the plasma beam (5). 6. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the so manufactured layer (11, 11′) or coating (10) or the so treated substrate surface has a porosity of 0.01% to 5%, in particular of 0.02% to 2%. 7. A method for the manufacture of coatings (10) having at least two layers (11, 11′, 12) of different structure, characterized in that at least one of the layers (11, 11′) is manufactured using a method in accordance with any one of the preceding claims and in that at least one further layer (12) is applied by means of thermal plasma spraying of solid material particles, with both layers being applied with the same plasma torch (4). 8. A method in accordance with claim 7, wherein the pressure in the working chamber (2) during the thermal plasma spraying amounts to between 0.3 mbar to 1 bar, in particular to between 0.5 mbar to 500 mbar or 1 mbar to 200 mbar. 9. A method in accordance with claim 7, wherein the at least one layer (12) which is applied by means of thermal plasma spraying has a thickness of 2 μm to 2000 μm, in particular of 10 μm to 1000 μm. 10. A substrate or workpiece having at least one layer (11, 11′) manufactured in accordance with a method in accordance with claim 1. 11. A substrate or workpiece in accordance with claim 10, having at least two layers (11, 11′, 12) of different structure including at least one layer (12) which was applied by means of thermal plasma spraying of solid material particles and at least one layer (11) manufactured in accordance with a method in accordance with claim 1 as a cover layer. 12. A substrate or workpiece in accordance with claim 11, wherein the layer (12) applied by means of thermal plasma spraying of solid material particles contains one or more oxide ceramic components or consists of one or more oxide ceramic components and wherein the layer (11) consists essentially of SiOx. 13. A plasma coating apparatus for the coating and/or surface treatment of substrates comprising a working chamber (2) having a plasma torch (4) for the generation of a plasma beam (5), a controlled pump apparatus which is connected to the working chamber and a substrate holder (8) for the holding of the substrate (3), characterized in that the plasma torch (4) has a power for the thermal plasma spraying of solid material particles, in that the pressure in the working chamber (2) is adjustable by means of the controlled pump apparatus to a value between 0.01 mbar and 1 bar, in particular to between 0.02 mbar und 0.2 bar and in that the plasma coating apparatus (1) additionally has an injection device (6.1-6.3) in order to inject at least one reactive component in the liquid or gaseous form into the plasma beam (5). 14. A plasma coating apparatus in accordance with claim 13 additionally including a controlled setting device for the plasma torch (4) in order to control the direction of the plasma beam (5) and/or the spacing of the plasma torch (4) from the substrate in a range from 0.2 m to 2 m, in particular in a range from 0.3 m to 1 m. 15. A plasma coating apparatus in accordance with claim 13, wherein the plasma torch (4) is made as a DC plasma torch. 16. A substrate or workpiece having at least two layers (11, 11′, 12) of a different structured manufactured in accordance with a method in accordance with claim 7. | 1,700 |
2,908 | 15,655,728 | 1,776 | Dialysis systems and methods are described which can include a number of features. The dialysis systems described can be to provide dialysis therapy to a patient in the comfort of their own home. The dialysis system can be configured to prepare purified water from a tap water source in real-time that is used for creating a dialysate solution. The dialysis systems described also include features that make it easy for a patient to self-administer therapy. For example, the dialysis systems include disposable cartridge and patient tubing sets that are easily installed on the dialysis system and automatically align the tubing set, sensors, venous drip chamber, and other features with the corresponding components on the dialysis system. Methods of use are also provided, including automated priming sequences, blood return sequences, and dynamic balancing methods for controlling a rate of fluid transfer during different types of dialysis, including hemodialysis, ultrafiltration, and hemodiafiltration. | 1. A method of priming a tubing set and a dialyzer of a dialysis system, comprising the steps of:
operating a blood pump of the dialysis system to flow saline from a saline source into the tubing set and into a blood-side of the dialyzer; and periodically actuating one or more valves of the dialysis system with an electronic controller to open and close the tubing set to create a pulsing effect that dislodges air bubbles from the tubing set and dialyzer. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
monitoring a fluid level of the saline in a venous drip chamber of the tubing set; and stopping operation of the blood pump when the fluid level in the venous drip chamber stabilizes. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
monitoring the tubing set for the presence of air; and stopping operation of the blood pump when air no longer circulates through the tubing set. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising operating a dialysate pump to flow dialysate from a dialysate source into a dialysate-side of the dialyzer to remove air from the dialysate-side of the dialyzer. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein air is removed from the dialysate-side of the dialyzer without physically manipulating an orientation of the dialyzer. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein air is removed from the dialysate-side of the dialyzer without physically adjusting an orientation of the dialyzer. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising, during the operating step, opening one or more valves of the dialysis system with the electronic controller to allow the saline to flow from the saline source into the tubing set. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the operating steps further comprise operating the blood pump with an electronic controller of the dialysis system. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the saline flows out of the tubing set through a union joint that attaches a venous line of the tubing set to an arterial line of the tubing set. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein a predetermined volume of saline flows through the union joint before the dialysis therapy can begin. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the operating step comprises operating the blood pump of the dialysis system in a first direction, the method further comprising:
connecting the tubing set to a patient; and operating the blood pump of the dialysis system in a second direction opposite to the first direction to flow saline from the tubing set into the patient. 12. The method of claim 2, wherein saline flows into the venous drip chamber and out of the venous drip through connections located at a bottom of the venous drip chamber. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising removing the air bubbles from the tubing set and dialyzer. 14. A dialysis system, comprising:
a housing; a plurality of valves disposed on the housing; a pump disposed on the housing; a tubing set configured to be mounted on the housing to place the tubing set in contact with the plurality of valves and the pump; a dialyzer connected to the tubing set; a saline source in fluid communication with the tubing set; and an electronic controller operatively coupled to the plurality of valves and the pump, the electronic controller being configured to operate the pump to flow saline from the saline source into the tubing set and into a blood-side of the dialyzer, the controller being also configured to periodically actuate one or more of the plurality of valves to open and close the tubing set to create a pulsing effect that dislodges air bubbles from the tubing set and dialyzer. | Dialysis systems and methods are described which can include a number of features. The dialysis systems described can be to provide dialysis therapy to a patient in the comfort of their own home. The dialysis system can be configured to prepare purified water from a tap water source in real-time that is used for creating a dialysate solution. The dialysis systems described also include features that make it easy for a patient to self-administer therapy. For example, the dialysis systems include disposable cartridge and patient tubing sets that are easily installed on the dialysis system and automatically align the tubing set, sensors, venous drip chamber, and other features with the corresponding components on the dialysis system. Methods of use are also provided, including automated priming sequences, blood return sequences, and dynamic balancing methods for controlling a rate of fluid transfer during different types of dialysis, including hemodialysis, ultrafiltration, and hemodiafiltration.1. A method of priming a tubing set and a dialyzer of a dialysis system, comprising the steps of:
operating a blood pump of the dialysis system to flow saline from a saline source into the tubing set and into a blood-side of the dialyzer; and periodically actuating one or more valves of the dialysis system with an electronic controller to open and close the tubing set to create a pulsing effect that dislodges air bubbles from the tubing set and dialyzer. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
monitoring a fluid level of the saline in a venous drip chamber of the tubing set; and stopping operation of the blood pump when the fluid level in the venous drip chamber stabilizes. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
monitoring the tubing set for the presence of air; and stopping operation of the blood pump when air no longer circulates through the tubing set. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising operating a dialysate pump to flow dialysate from a dialysate source into a dialysate-side of the dialyzer to remove air from the dialysate-side of the dialyzer. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein air is removed from the dialysate-side of the dialyzer without physically manipulating an orientation of the dialyzer. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein air is removed from the dialysate-side of the dialyzer without physically adjusting an orientation of the dialyzer. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising, during the operating step, opening one or more valves of the dialysis system with the electronic controller to allow the saline to flow from the saline source into the tubing set. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the operating steps further comprise operating the blood pump with an electronic controller of the dialysis system. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the saline flows out of the tubing set through a union joint that attaches a venous line of the tubing set to an arterial line of the tubing set. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein a predetermined volume of saline flows through the union joint before the dialysis therapy can begin. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the operating step comprises operating the blood pump of the dialysis system in a first direction, the method further comprising:
connecting the tubing set to a patient; and operating the blood pump of the dialysis system in a second direction opposite to the first direction to flow saline from the tubing set into the patient. 12. The method of claim 2, wherein saline flows into the venous drip chamber and out of the venous drip through connections located at a bottom of the venous drip chamber. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising removing the air bubbles from the tubing set and dialyzer. 14. A dialysis system, comprising:
a housing; a plurality of valves disposed on the housing; a pump disposed on the housing; a tubing set configured to be mounted on the housing to place the tubing set in contact with the plurality of valves and the pump; a dialyzer connected to the tubing set; a saline source in fluid communication with the tubing set; and an electronic controller operatively coupled to the plurality of valves and the pump, the electronic controller being configured to operate the pump to flow saline from the saline source into the tubing set and into a blood-side of the dialyzer, the controller being also configured to periodically actuate one or more of the plurality of valves to open and close the tubing set to create a pulsing effect that dislodges air bubbles from the tubing set and dialyzer. | 1,700 |
2,909 | 14,398,682 | 1,723 | The embodiment relates to the field of electrolyte selection in lithium ion cells which may employ Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 compounds as negative electrode material and LiPF 6 as the ionic salt component in the cell electrolyte solution. The embodiment further relates to improvements in lithium ion cell performance as a result of selection of specific formulation of electrolyte for lithium ion cells. | 1. An electrolyte for a lithium ion battery comprising at least one cyclic ester and at least one linear ester and a lithium salt wherein the lithium salt concentration exceeds the lithium salt concentration corresponding to maximum electrolyte ionic conductivity. 2. The electrolyte of claim 1 wherein the cyclic ester is ethylene carbonate and the linear ester is ethylmethyl carbonate. 3. The electrolyte of claim 2 wherein the lithium salt is LiPF6. 4. The electrolyte of claim 3 wherein the concentration of LiPF6 is from about 1.2 M to about 2.0 M. 5. The electrolyte of claim 3 wherein the concentration of LiPF6 is from about 1.3 M to about 1.9 M. 6. The electrolyte of claim 3 wherein the concentration of LiPF6 is from about 1.3 M to about 1.8 M. 7. The electrolyte of claim 4 further comprising an additive. 8. The electrolyte of claim 7 wherein the additive is selected from the group consisting of organic sultones and organic anhydrides. 9. The electrolyte of claim 8 wherein the additive is 1,3 propanesultone. 10. The electrolyte of claim 8 wherein the additive is succinic anhydride. 11. A lithium ion cell comprising at least one Li4Ti5O12 compound as a negative electrode and at least one lithiated transition metal oxide or lithiated transition metal phosphate as positive electrode, a separator and a non-aqueous electrolyte comprising a LiPF6 salt dissolved in a mixture of ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate solvents wherein the concentration of the said LiPF6 salt is equal or higher than 1.4 M. 12. A lithium ion cell according to claim 11 wherein the concentration of the said LiPF6 salt is equal or higher than 1.6 M. 13. A lithium ion cell comprising at least Li4Ti5O12 compound as a negative electrode and at least one lithiated transition metal oxide or lithiated transition metal phosphate as positive electrode, a separator and a non-aqueous electrolyte including LiPF6 salt dissolved in a mixture of organic carbonate cyclic esters and organic carbonate linear esters wherein the ethylene carbonate is at least 50% of the total amount of cyclic esters and ethyl methyl carbonate is at least 50% of the total amount of organic carbonate linear esters and the concentration of the said LiPF6 salt is equal or higher than 1.4 M. 14. A lithium ion cell according to claim 13 wherein the concentration of the said LiPF6 salt is equal or higher than 1.6 M. 15. A lithium ion cell comprising at least Li4Ti5O12 compound as a negative electrode and at least one lithiated transition metal oxide or lithiated transition metal phosphate as positive electrode, a separator and a non-aqueous electrolyte including LiPF6 salt dissolved in a mixture of ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate solvents and electrolyte additives wherein the concentration of the said LiPF6 salt is equal or higher than 1.4 M and at least one of the said additives is from the family of the organic sultones. 16. A lithium ion cell according to claim 15 wherein the concentration of the said LiPF6 salt is equal or higher than 1.6 M 17. A lithium ion cell according to claim 15 wherein the said organic sultone is propylene sultone. 18. A lithium ion cell comprising at least Li4Ti5O12 compound as a negative electrode and at least one lithiated transition metal oxide or lithiated transition metal phosphate as positive electrode, a separator and a non-aqueous electrolyte including LiPF6 salt dissolved in a mixture of organic carbonate cyclic esters and organic carbonate linear esters and electrolyte additives wherein the ethylene carbonate is at least 50% of the total amount of cyclic esters and ethyl methyl carbonate is at least 50% of the total amount of organic carbonate linear esters and the concentration of the said LiPF6 salt is equal or higher than 1.4 M and at least one of the said electrolyte additives is from the family of the organic sultones. 19. A lithium ion cell according to claim 18 wherein the concentration of the said LiPF6 salt is equal or higher than 1.6 M. 20. A lithium ion cell according to claim 18 wherein the said organic sultone is 1,3-Propanesultone. 21. A lithium ion cell comprising at least Li4Ti5O12 compound as a negative electrode and lithiated transition metal oxide or lithiated transition metal phosphate as positive electrode, a separator and a non-aqueous electrolyte including LiPF6 salt dissolved in a mixture of ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate solvents and electrolyte additives wherein the concentration of the said LiPF6 salt is equal or higher than 1.4 M and at least one of the said additives is from the family of the organic anhydrides. 22. A lithium ion cell according to claim 21 wherein the concentration of the said LiPF6 salt is equal or higher than 1.6 M. 23. A lithium ion cell comprising at least Li4Ti5O12 compound as a negative electrode and at least one lithiated transition metal oxide or lithiated transition metal phosphate as positive electrode, a separator and a non-aqueous electrolyte including LiPF6 salt dissolved in a mixture of organic carbonate cyclic esters and organic carbonate linear esters and electrolyte additives wherein the ethylene carbonate is at least 50% of the total amount of cyclic esters and ethyl methyl carbonate is at least 50% of the total amount of organic carbonate linear esters and the concentration of the said LiPF6 salt is equal or higher than 1.4 M and at least one of the said electrolyte additives is from the family of the organic anhydrides. 24. A lithium ion cell according to claim 23 wherein the concentration of the said LiPF6 salt is equal or higher than 1.6 M. 25. A lithium ion cell according to claim 23 wherein the said organic anhydride is succinic anhydride. 26. A lithium ion cell according to claim 1 wherein the said Li4Ti5O12 electrode is composed by Li4Ti5O12material having BET in the range of 4 m2/g to 12 m2/g. 27. A lithium ion cell according to claim 1 wherein the said Li4Ti5O12 electrode is composed by Li4Ti5O12material having mean particle size between 4 and 20 microns. 28. A lithium ion cell according to claim 1 wherein the said Li4Ti5O12 electrode is composed by Li4Ti5O12material having tap density in the range between 0.9 and 1.7 g/cc. | The embodiment relates to the field of electrolyte selection in lithium ion cells which may employ Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 compounds as negative electrode material and LiPF 6 as the ionic salt component in the cell electrolyte solution. The embodiment further relates to improvements in lithium ion cell performance as a result of selection of specific formulation of electrolyte for lithium ion cells.1. An electrolyte for a lithium ion battery comprising at least one cyclic ester and at least one linear ester and a lithium salt wherein the lithium salt concentration exceeds the lithium salt concentration corresponding to maximum electrolyte ionic conductivity. 2. The electrolyte of claim 1 wherein the cyclic ester is ethylene carbonate and the linear ester is ethylmethyl carbonate. 3. The electrolyte of claim 2 wherein the lithium salt is LiPF6. 4. The electrolyte of claim 3 wherein the concentration of LiPF6 is from about 1.2 M to about 2.0 M. 5. The electrolyte of claim 3 wherein the concentration of LiPF6 is from about 1.3 M to about 1.9 M. 6. The electrolyte of claim 3 wherein the concentration of LiPF6 is from about 1.3 M to about 1.8 M. 7. The electrolyte of claim 4 further comprising an additive. 8. The electrolyte of claim 7 wherein the additive is selected from the group consisting of organic sultones and organic anhydrides. 9. The electrolyte of claim 8 wherein the additive is 1,3 propanesultone. 10. The electrolyte of claim 8 wherein the additive is succinic anhydride. 11. A lithium ion cell comprising at least one Li4Ti5O12 compound as a negative electrode and at least one lithiated transition metal oxide or lithiated transition metal phosphate as positive electrode, a separator and a non-aqueous electrolyte comprising a LiPF6 salt dissolved in a mixture of ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate solvents wherein the concentration of the said LiPF6 salt is equal or higher than 1.4 M. 12. A lithium ion cell according to claim 11 wherein the concentration of the said LiPF6 salt is equal or higher than 1.6 M. 13. A lithium ion cell comprising at least Li4Ti5O12 compound as a negative electrode and at least one lithiated transition metal oxide or lithiated transition metal phosphate as positive electrode, a separator and a non-aqueous electrolyte including LiPF6 salt dissolved in a mixture of organic carbonate cyclic esters and organic carbonate linear esters wherein the ethylene carbonate is at least 50% of the total amount of cyclic esters and ethyl methyl carbonate is at least 50% of the total amount of organic carbonate linear esters and the concentration of the said LiPF6 salt is equal or higher than 1.4 M. 14. A lithium ion cell according to claim 13 wherein the concentration of the said LiPF6 salt is equal or higher than 1.6 M. 15. A lithium ion cell comprising at least Li4Ti5O12 compound as a negative electrode and at least one lithiated transition metal oxide or lithiated transition metal phosphate as positive electrode, a separator and a non-aqueous electrolyte including LiPF6 salt dissolved in a mixture of ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate solvents and electrolyte additives wherein the concentration of the said LiPF6 salt is equal or higher than 1.4 M and at least one of the said additives is from the family of the organic sultones. 16. A lithium ion cell according to claim 15 wherein the concentration of the said LiPF6 salt is equal or higher than 1.6 M 17. A lithium ion cell according to claim 15 wherein the said organic sultone is propylene sultone. 18. A lithium ion cell comprising at least Li4Ti5O12 compound as a negative electrode and at least one lithiated transition metal oxide or lithiated transition metal phosphate as positive electrode, a separator and a non-aqueous electrolyte including LiPF6 salt dissolved in a mixture of organic carbonate cyclic esters and organic carbonate linear esters and electrolyte additives wherein the ethylene carbonate is at least 50% of the total amount of cyclic esters and ethyl methyl carbonate is at least 50% of the total amount of organic carbonate linear esters and the concentration of the said LiPF6 salt is equal or higher than 1.4 M and at least one of the said electrolyte additives is from the family of the organic sultones. 19. A lithium ion cell according to claim 18 wherein the concentration of the said LiPF6 salt is equal or higher than 1.6 M. 20. A lithium ion cell according to claim 18 wherein the said organic sultone is 1,3-Propanesultone. 21. A lithium ion cell comprising at least Li4Ti5O12 compound as a negative electrode and lithiated transition metal oxide or lithiated transition metal phosphate as positive electrode, a separator and a non-aqueous electrolyte including LiPF6 salt dissolved in a mixture of ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate solvents and electrolyte additives wherein the concentration of the said LiPF6 salt is equal or higher than 1.4 M and at least one of the said additives is from the family of the organic anhydrides. 22. A lithium ion cell according to claim 21 wherein the concentration of the said LiPF6 salt is equal or higher than 1.6 M. 23. A lithium ion cell comprising at least Li4Ti5O12 compound as a negative electrode and at least one lithiated transition metal oxide or lithiated transition metal phosphate as positive electrode, a separator and a non-aqueous electrolyte including LiPF6 salt dissolved in a mixture of organic carbonate cyclic esters and organic carbonate linear esters and electrolyte additives wherein the ethylene carbonate is at least 50% of the total amount of cyclic esters and ethyl methyl carbonate is at least 50% of the total amount of organic carbonate linear esters and the concentration of the said LiPF6 salt is equal or higher than 1.4 M and at least one of the said electrolyte additives is from the family of the organic anhydrides. 24. A lithium ion cell according to claim 23 wherein the concentration of the said LiPF6 salt is equal or higher than 1.6 M. 25. A lithium ion cell according to claim 23 wherein the said organic anhydride is succinic anhydride. 26. A lithium ion cell according to claim 1 wherein the said Li4Ti5O12 electrode is composed by Li4Ti5O12material having BET in the range of 4 m2/g to 12 m2/g. 27. A lithium ion cell according to claim 1 wherein the said Li4Ti5O12 electrode is composed by Li4Ti5O12material having mean particle size between 4 and 20 microns. 28. A lithium ion cell according to claim 1 wherein the said Li4Ti5O12 electrode is composed by Li4Ti5O12material having tap density in the range between 0.9 and 1.7 g/cc. | 1,700 |
2,910 | 14,194,420 | 1,782 | Composite products and related methods are disclosed. In some examples, methods of filament winding composite components and products, such as a sleeve and/or a mandrel for use in down-hole applications, are disclosed. The winding of components can involve using a percentage of fiber roving strands that are blown during manufacture such that they have fiber loops that when wound as layers forms bridges across the discrete layers to enhance the inter-laminar strength of the composite product. | 1. A mandrel made of a composite material comprising:
fiber bands forming filament wound layers defining an elongated body; a plurality of the fiber bands comprising strand loops surrounding a core bridging between the filament wound layers of the elongated body to enhance interlaminar shear strength; and resin for binding the filament wound layers. 2. The mandrel of claim 1, wherein the fiber bands comprise a plurality of standard roving strands and a plurality of blown roving strands with the plurality of blown roving strands each comprising the strand loops. 3. The mandrel of claim 2, wherein a first layer of fiber band is wound at 86 degree angle relative to a lengthwise axis of the elongate body to within +/−5 degrees. 4. The mandrel of claim 3, wherein a second layer of fiber band is wound at −45 degree angle relative to a lengthwise axis of the elongate body. 5. The mandrel of claim 1, wherein the mandrel is part of a frac or bridge plug down-hole tool. 6. The mandrel of claim 1, further comprising a resin matrix that binds the different bands together. 7. The mandrel of claim 1, further comprising a sleeve wound to the mandrel and wherein the sleeve comprises strand loops bridging between filament wound layers for forming the sleeve. 8. A tubular sleeve made of a composite material comprising:
fiber bands forming filament wound layers defining an elongated body comprising an exterior surface and an interior surface defining a bore; a plurality of the fiber bands comprising strand loops surrounding a core bridging between the filament wound layers of the elongated body to enhance interlaminar shear strength; said strand loops surrounding a core formed by strands of unequal lengths; and resin for binding the filament wound layers. 9. The tubular sleeve of claim 8, wherein the sleeve is formed with a mandrel and wherein both the sleeve and the mandrel are wound with fiber bands comprising a percentage of blown roving strands in combination with standard roving stands. 10. The tubular sleeve of claim 8, wherein the sleeve is part of a frac or bridge plug down-hole tool. 11. The tubular sleeve of claim 9, wherein the ratio of blown roving strands to standard roving strands is 5% to 95% blown roving strands with standard roving strands making up the balance. 12. The tubular sleeve of claim 8, wherein the elongated body has a thickness of 0.25 inches to 1.5 inches. 13. The tubular sleeve of claim 8, wherein a first layer of the filament wound layers is formed at a +/−45 degree layer relative to a lengthwise axis of the elongate body. 14. The tubular sleeve of claim 8, wherein a first layer of the filament wound layers is formed at 86 degree angle relative to a lengthwise axis of the elongate body to within +/−5 degrees. 15. A method of filament winding a down-hole product comprising:
using blown glass fiber roving strands comprising strand loops with standard roving strands as fiber bands for winding filament wound layers to form a body, and winding the fiber bands to form the down-hole product having enhanced interlaminar shear strength. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising forming an enlarged sleeve at an end of the down-hole product, the enlarged sleeve comprising a composite layer having blown glass fiber roving strands comprising strand loops with standard roving strands. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the down-hole product is a mandrel comprising an elongated body comprising a bore. 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising a final over-layer wound at a different angle around the filament wound layers. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the final over-layer is wound at around a 3 to 10 degree angle relative to a lengthwise axis of the body. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the down-hole product is a sleeve comprising the body with a bore. | Composite products and related methods are disclosed. In some examples, methods of filament winding composite components and products, such as a sleeve and/or a mandrel for use in down-hole applications, are disclosed. The winding of components can involve using a percentage of fiber roving strands that are blown during manufacture such that they have fiber loops that when wound as layers forms bridges across the discrete layers to enhance the inter-laminar strength of the composite product.1. A mandrel made of a composite material comprising:
fiber bands forming filament wound layers defining an elongated body; a plurality of the fiber bands comprising strand loops surrounding a core bridging between the filament wound layers of the elongated body to enhance interlaminar shear strength; and resin for binding the filament wound layers. 2. The mandrel of claim 1, wherein the fiber bands comprise a plurality of standard roving strands and a plurality of blown roving strands with the plurality of blown roving strands each comprising the strand loops. 3. The mandrel of claim 2, wherein a first layer of fiber band is wound at 86 degree angle relative to a lengthwise axis of the elongate body to within +/−5 degrees. 4. The mandrel of claim 3, wherein a second layer of fiber band is wound at −45 degree angle relative to a lengthwise axis of the elongate body. 5. The mandrel of claim 1, wherein the mandrel is part of a frac or bridge plug down-hole tool. 6. The mandrel of claim 1, further comprising a resin matrix that binds the different bands together. 7. The mandrel of claim 1, further comprising a sleeve wound to the mandrel and wherein the sleeve comprises strand loops bridging between filament wound layers for forming the sleeve. 8. A tubular sleeve made of a composite material comprising:
fiber bands forming filament wound layers defining an elongated body comprising an exterior surface and an interior surface defining a bore; a plurality of the fiber bands comprising strand loops surrounding a core bridging between the filament wound layers of the elongated body to enhance interlaminar shear strength; said strand loops surrounding a core formed by strands of unequal lengths; and resin for binding the filament wound layers. 9. The tubular sleeve of claim 8, wherein the sleeve is formed with a mandrel and wherein both the sleeve and the mandrel are wound with fiber bands comprising a percentage of blown roving strands in combination with standard roving stands. 10. The tubular sleeve of claim 8, wherein the sleeve is part of a frac or bridge plug down-hole tool. 11. The tubular sleeve of claim 9, wherein the ratio of blown roving strands to standard roving strands is 5% to 95% blown roving strands with standard roving strands making up the balance. 12. The tubular sleeve of claim 8, wherein the elongated body has a thickness of 0.25 inches to 1.5 inches. 13. The tubular sleeve of claim 8, wherein a first layer of the filament wound layers is formed at a +/−45 degree layer relative to a lengthwise axis of the elongate body. 14. The tubular sleeve of claim 8, wherein a first layer of the filament wound layers is formed at 86 degree angle relative to a lengthwise axis of the elongate body to within +/−5 degrees. 15. A method of filament winding a down-hole product comprising:
using blown glass fiber roving strands comprising strand loops with standard roving strands as fiber bands for winding filament wound layers to form a body, and winding the fiber bands to form the down-hole product having enhanced interlaminar shear strength. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising forming an enlarged sleeve at an end of the down-hole product, the enlarged sleeve comprising a composite layer having blown glass fiber roving strands comprising strand loops with standard roving strands. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the down-hole product is a mandrel comprising an elongated body comprising a bore. 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising a final over-layer wound at a different angle around the filament wound layers. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the final over-layer is wound at around a 3 to 10 degree angle relative to a lengthwise axis of the body. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the down-hole product is a sleeve comprising the body with a bore. | 1,700 |
2,911 | 13,430,040 | 1,721 | A method of producing a nanograin material wherein a hole-transporting surfactant is injected into an InP/ZnS dispersion solution, and the surface of an InP/ZnS quantum dot is covered with the hole-transporting surfactant to prepare an InP/ZnS dispersion solution with a hole-transporting surfactant. The InP/ZnS dispersion solution with a hole-transporting surfactant is then applied to a substrate using a spin coating process of the like to form a quantum dot layer with a hole-transporting surfactant having one or more layers. Then, a dispersion solution (replacement solution) containing an electron-transporting surfactant is prepared. The substrate having the quantum dot layer with a hole-transporting surfactant is immersed in the replacement solution for a predetermined time, and part of the hole-transporting surfactant is replaced with the electron-transporting surfactant to form a quantum dot layer having one or more layer. | 1. A method of producing a nanograin material, the method comprising:
forming an ultrafine grain film covered with a first surfactant having a first transporting characteristic; and immersing the ultrafine grain film covered with the first surfactant in a dispersion solution containing a second surfactant having a second transporting characteristic different from the first transporting characteristic so as to form an ultrafine grain film covered with both the first and second surfactants, wherein the first transporting characteristic is one of a hole-transporting characteristic and an electron-transporting characteristic. 2. The method of producing a nanograin material according to claim 1, wherein the first transporting characteristic is the hole-transporting characteristic and the second transporting characteristic the electron-transporting characteristic. 3. The method of producing a nanograin material according to claim 1, wherein the first transporting characteristic is the electron-transporting characteristic and the second transporting characteristic the hole-transporting characteristic. 4. The method of producing a nanograin material according to claim 1, wherein, when immersing the ultrafine grain film covered with the first surfactant in the dispersion solution containing the second surfactant, part of the first surfactant is replaced with the second surfactant so that the first surfactant having the first transporting characteristic and the second surfactant having the second transporting characteristic are concurrently present. 5. The method of producing a nanograin material according to claim 1, wherein the ultrafine grain film contains an oxide, a compound semiconductor and an element semiconductor. 6. The method of producing a nanograin material according to claim 1, wherein one of the first surfactant and the second surfactant includes a material having a ligand introduced into a low-molecular material for a hole transport layer. 7. The method of producing a nanograin material according to claim 6, wherein the low-molecular material is selected from the group consisting of N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine, 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenyl-amino]biphenyl, 4,4′,4″-tris(2-naphthylphenylamino)triphenylamine, N,N′-7-di(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl), and 4,4′,4″-tris(3-methylphenylphenylamino)triphenylamine. 8. The method of producing a nanograin material according to claim 1, wherein one of the first surfactant and the second surfactant includes a material having a ligand introduced into an electron transport layer material. 9. The method of producing a nanograin material according to claim 8, the an electron transport layer material is selected from the group consisting of 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-t-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, 2,2′,2″-(1,3,5-benzylnitrile)-tris(1-phenyl-1-H-benzoimidazole, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 3-(benzothiazole-2-yl)-7-(diethylamino)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one, bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolate)-4-(phenylphenolate aluminum, and 4,4′-bis(9-carbazolyl)-2,2′-dimethylbiphenyl. 10. A nanograin material prepared by the method according to claim 1. 11. The nanograin material according to claim 10, wherein the first surfactant has a HOMO level which tunneling-resonates with a valence band of a quantum dot. 12. The nanograin material according to claim 11, wherein the second surfactant has a LUMO level which tunneling-resonates with a transfer band of the quantum dot. 13. The nanograin material according to claim 10, wherein the first surfactant has a LUMO level which tunneling-resonates with a transfer band of a quantum dot. 14. The nanograin material according to claim 13, wherein the second surfactant has a HOMO level which tunneling-resonates with a valence band of the quantum dot. 15. A photoelectric conversion device having a quantum dot layer interposed between a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein the quantum dot layer comprises the nanograin material according to claim 10. 16. The photoelectric conversion device according to claim 15, wherein an electron transport layer is located between one of (1) the first electrode and the quantum dot layer and (2) the second electrode and the quantum dot layer. 17. The photoelectric conversion device according to claim 16, wherein the electron transport layer is located between the first electrode and the quantum dot layer, and a hole transport layer is located between the second electrode and the quantum dot layer. 18. The photoelectric conversion device according to claim 16, wherein the electron transport layer is located between the second electrode and the quantum dot layer, and a hole transport layer is located between the first electrode and the quantum dot layer. | A method of producing a nanograin material wherein a hole-transporting surfactant is injected into an InP/ZnS dispersion solution, and the surface of an InP/ZnS quantum dot is covered with the hole-transporting surfactant to prepare an InP/ZnS dispersion solution with a hole-transporting surfactant. The InP/ZnS dispersion solution with a hole-transporting surfactant is then applied to a substrate using a spin coating process of the like to form a quantum dot layer with a hole-transporting surfactant having one or more layers. Then, a dispersion solution (replacement solution) containing an electron-transporting surfactant is prepared. The substrate having the quantum dot layer with a hole-transporting surfactant is immersed in the replacement solution for a predetermined time, and part of the hole-transporting surfactant is replaced with the electron-transporting surfactant to form a quantum dot layer having one or more layer.1. A method of producing a nanograin material, the method comprising:
forming an ultrafine grain film covered with a first surfactant having a first transporting characteristic; and immersing the ultrafine grain film covered with the first surfactant in a dispersion solution containing a second surfactant having a second transporting characteristic different from the first transporting characteristic so as to form an ultrafine grain film covered with both the first and second surfactants, wherein the first transporting characteristic is one of a hole-transporting characteristic and an electron-transporting characteristic. 2. The method of producing a nanograin material according to claim 1, wherein the first transporting characteristic is the hole-transporting characteristic and the second transporting characteristic the electron-transporting characteristic. 3. The method of producing a nanograin material according to claim 1, wherein the first transporting characteristic is the electron-transporting characteristic and the second transporting characteristic the hole-transporting characteristic. 4. The method of producing a nanograin material according to claim 1, wherein, when immersing the ultrafine grain film covered with the first surfactant in the dispersion solution containing the second surfactant, part of the first surfactant is replaced with the second surfactant so that the first surfactant having the first transporting characteristic and the second surfactant having the second transporting characteristic are concurrently present. 5. The method of producing a nanograin material according to claim 1, wherein the ultrafine grain film contains an oxide, a compound semiconductor and an element semiconductor. 6. The method of producing a nanograin material according to claim 1, wherein one of the first surfactant and the second surfactant includes a material having a ligand introduced into a low-molecular material for a hole transport layer. 7. The method of producing a nanograin material according to claim 6, wherein the low-molecular material is selected from the group consisting of N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine, 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenyl-amino]biphenyl, 4,4′,4″-tris(2-naphthylphenylamino)triphenylamine, N,N′-7-di(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl), and 4,4′,4″-tris(3-methylphenylphenylamino)triphenylamine. 8. The method of producing a nanograin material according to claim 1, wherein one of the first surfactant and the second surfactant includes a material having a ligand introduced into an electron transport layer material. 9. The method of producing a nanograin material according to claim 8, the an electron transport layer material is selected from the group consisting of 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-t-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, 2,2′,2″-(1,3,5-benzylnitrile)-tris(1-phenyl-1-H-benzoimidazole, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 3-(benzothiazole-2-yl)-7-(diethylamino)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one, bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolate)-4-(phenylphenolate aluminum, and 4,4′-bis(9-carbazolyl)-2,2′-dimethylbiphenyl. 10. A nanograin material prepared by the method according to claim 1. 11. The nanograin material according to claim 10, wherein the first surfactant has a HOMO level which tunneling-resonates with a valence band of a quantum dot. 12. The nanograin material according to claim 11, wherein the second surfactant has a LUMO level which tunneling-resonates with a transfer band of the quantum dot. 13. The nanograin material according to claim 10, wherein the first surfactant has a LUMO level which tunneling-resonates with a transfer band of a quantum dot. 14. The nanograin material according to claim 13, wherein the second surfactant has a HOMO level which tunneling-resonates with a valence band of the quantum dot. 15. A photoelectric conversion device having a quantum dot layer interposed between a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein the quantum dot layer comprises the nanograin material according to claim 10. 16. The photoelectric conversion device according to claim 15, wherein an electron transport layer is located between one of (1) the first electrode and the quantum dot layer and (2) the second electrode and the quantum dot layer. 17. The photoelectric conversion device according to claim 16, wherein the electron transport layer is located between the first electrode and the quantum dot layer, and a hole transport layer is located between the second electrode and the quantum dot layer. 18. The photoelectric conversion device according to claim 16, wherein the electron transport layer is located between the second electrode and the quantum dot layer, and a hole transport layer is located between the first electrode and the quantum dot layer. | 1,700 |
2,912 | 12,698,876 | 1,716 | A method of processing a substrate in a substrate processing apparatus that is arranged adjacent to an exposure device and includes first, second and third processing units, includes the steps of forming a film made of a photosensitive material on the substrate by said first processing unit before exposure processing by said exposure device. The method also includes applying drying processing to the substrate by said second processing unit after the exposure processing by said exposure device and applying development processing to the substrate by said third processing unit after the drying processing by said second processing unit | 1. A method of processing a substrate in a substrate processing apparatus that is arranged adjacent to an exposure device and includes first, second and third processing units, comprising the steps of:
forming a film made of a photosensitive material on the substrate by said first processing unit before exposure processing by said exposure device; applying drying processing to the substrate by said second processing unit after the exposure processing by said exposure device; and applying development processing to the substrate by said third processing unit after the drying processing by said second processing unit. 2. The substrate processing method according to claim 1, wherein
said step of applying the drying processing to the substrate includes the step of supplying an inert gas onto the substrate. 3. The substrate processing method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of applying cleaning processing to the substrate in said second processing unit after the exposure processing by said exposure device and before the drying processing by said second processing unit. 4. The substrate processing method according to claim 3, wherein
said step of applying the cleaning processing to the substrate includes the step of supplying a cleaning liquid onto the substrate, and said step of applying the drying processing to the substrate includes the steps of: rotating the substrate, onto which the cleaning liquid is supplied, about an axis vertical to the substrate while holding the substrate substantially horizontally, and supplying an inert gas onto the substrate being rotated. 5. The substrate processing method according to claim 4, wherein
said step of supplying the inert gas includes the step of supplying the inert gas so that the cleaning liquid supplied onto the substrate is removed from the substrate as the cleaning liquid moves outwardly from the center of the substrate. 6. The substrate processing method according to claim 4, wherein
said step of applying the drying processing to the substrate further includes the step of supplying a rinse liquid onto the substrate after the supply of the cleaning liquid and before the supply of the inert gas. 7. The substrate processing method according to claim 6, wherein
said step of supplying the inert gas includes the step of supplying the inert gas so that the rinse liquid supplied onto the substrate is removed from the substrate as the rinse liquid moves outwardly frame the center of the substrate. 8. The substrate processing method according to claim 1, further comprising the steps of:
transporting the substrate after the formation of said photosensitive film to said exposure device, and transporting the substrate from said exposure device. 9. The substrate processing method according to claim 8, wherein
said substrate processing apparatus further comprises a first transport unit including first and second holders, said step of transporting the substrate to said exposure device includes the step of holding and transporting the substrate to said exposure device with said first holder of said first transport unit, and said step of transporting the substrate from said exposure device includes the step of holding and transporting the substrate from said exposure device to said second processing unit with said second holder of said first transport unit. 10. The substrate processing method according to claim 9, wherein
said step of transporting the substrate from said exposure device to said second processing unit includes the step of holding and transporting the substrate with said second holder that is provided below said first holder. 11. The substrate processing method according to claim 9, wherein
said substrate processing apparatus further includes a second transport unit and a platform, said method further comprises the step of transporting the substrate after the formation of said photosensitive film and before the exposure processing by said exposure device to said platform by said second transport unit, and said step of transporting the substrate to said exposure device includes the step of holding and transporting the substrate before the exposure processing, mounted on said platform to said exposure device, with said first holder of said first transport unit. 12. The substrate processing method according to claim 11, further comprising the steps of:
holding and transporting the substrate after the drying processing by said second processing unit from said second processing unit to said platform, with said first holder of said first transport unit, and transporting the substrate, after the exposure processing, mounted on said platform, by said second transport unit. 13. The substrate processing method according to claim 11, wherein
said substrate processing apparatus further includes a fourth processing unit, and said step of transporting the substrate to said platform by said second transport unit includes the steps of: transporting the substrate to said fourth processing unit by said second transport unit, applying given processing to the substrate transported by said second transport unit, by said fourth processing unit, and transporting the substrate from said fourth processing unit to said platform by said second transport unit. 14. The substrate processing method according to claim 13, wherein
said step of applying the given processing by said fourth processing unit includes the step of subjecting a peripheral portion of the substrate to exposure by said fourth processing unit. 15. The substrate processing method according to claim 1, wherein
said substrate processing apparatus further includes a fifth processing unit, and said method further comprises the step of forming an anti-reflection film by said fifth processing unit on the substrate before the formation of said photosensitive film by said first processing unit. 16. A method of processing a substrate in a substrate processing apparatus that is arranged adjacent to an exposure device and includes first, second and third processing units, comprising the steps of:
forming a photosensitive film made of a photosensitive material on the substrate by said first processing unit before exposure processing by said exposure device; applying cleaning processing to the substrate by supplying a fluid mixture containing a liquid and a gas from a fluid nozzle to the substrate in said second processing unit after the exposure processing by said exposure device; and applying development processing to the substrate by said third processing unit after the cleaning processing by said second processing unit. 17. The substrate processing method according to claim 16, further comprising the step of applying drying processing to the substrate by said second processing unit after the cleaning processing by said second processing unit. 18. The substrate processing method according to claim 17, wherein
said step of applying the drying processing to the substrate includes the step of supplying an inert gas onto the substrate. 19. The substrate processing method according to claim 18, wherein
said step of supplying the inert gas onto the substrate includes the step of supplying the inert gas from said fluid nozzle onto the substrate. 20. The substrate processing method according to claim 17, wherein
said step of applying the drying processing to the substrate includes the steps of: rotating the substrate, onto which the fluid mixture is supplied, about an axis vertical to the substrate while holding the substrate substantially horizontally, and supplying an inert gas onto the substrate being rotated. 21. The substrate processing method according to claim 20, wherein
said step of supplying the inert gas includes the step of supplying the inert gas so that the fluid mixture supplied onto the substrate is removed from the substrate as the fluid mixture moves outwardly from the center of the substrate. 22. The substrate processing method according to claim 20, wherein
said step of applying the drying processing to the substrate further includes the step of supplying a rinse liquid onto the substrate after the supply of the fluid mixture and before the supply of the inert gas. 23. The substrate processing method according to claim 22, wherein
said step of supplying the rinse liquid onto the substrate includes the step of supplying the rinse liquid from said fluid nozzle onto the substrate. 24. The substrate processing method according to claim 23, wherein
said step of supplying the inert gas includes the step of supplying the inert gas so that the rinse liquid supplied onto the substrate is removed from the substrate as the rinse liquid moves outwardly from the center of the substrate. | A method of processing a substrate in a substrate processing apparatus that is arranged adjacent to an exposure device and includes first, second and third processing units, includes the steps of forming a film made of a photosensitive material on the substrate by said first processing unit before exposure processing by said exposure device. The method also includes applying drying processing to the substrate by said second processing unit after the exposure processing by said exposure device and applying development processing to the substrate by said third processing unit after the drying processing by said second processing unit1. A method of processing a substrate in a substrate processing apparatus that is arranged adjacent to an exposure device and includes first, second and third processing units, comprising the steps of:
forming a film made of a photosensitive material on the substrate by said first processing unit before exposure processing by said exposure device; applying drying processing to the substrate by said second processing unit after the exposure processing by said exposure device; and applying development processing to the substrate by said third processing unit after the drying processing by said second processing unit. 2. The substrate processing method according to claim 1, wherein
said step of applying the drying processing to the substrate includes the step of supplying an inert gas onto the substrate. 3. The substrate processing method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of applying cleaning processing to the substrate in said second processing unit after the exposure processing by said exposure device and before the drying processing by said second processing unit. 4. The substrate processing method according to claim 3, wherein
said step of applying the cleaning processing to the substrate includes the step of supplying a cleaning liquid onto the substrate, and said step of applying the drying processing to the substrate includes the steps of: rotating the substrate, onto which the cleaning liquid is supplied, about an axis vertical to the substrate while holding the substrate substantially horizontally, and supplying an inert gas onto the substrate being rotated. 5. The substrate processing method according to claim 4, wherein
said step of supplying the inert gas includes the step of supplying the inert gas so that the cleaning liquid supplied onto the substrate is removed from the substrate as the cleaning liquid moves outwardly from the center of the substrate. 6. The substrate processing method according to claim 4, wherein
said step of applying the drying processing to the substrate further includes the step of supplying a rinse liquid onto the substrate after the supply of the cleaning liquid and before the supply of the inert gas. 7. The substrate processing method according to claim 6, wherein
said step of supplying the inert gas includes the step of supplying the inert gas so that the rinse liquid supplied onto the substrate is removed from the substrate as the rinse liquid moves outwardly frame the center of the substrate. 8. The substrate processing method according to claim 1, further comprising the steps of:
transporting the substrate after the formation of said photosensitive film to said exposure device, and transporting the substrate from said exposure device. 9. The substrate processing method according to claim 8, wherein
said substrate processing apparatus further comprises a first transport unit including first and second holders, said step of transporting the substrate to said exposure device includes the step of holding and transporting the substrate to said exposure device with said first holder of said first transport unit, and said step of transporting the substrate from said exposure device includes the step of holding and transporting the substrate from said exposure device to said second processing unit with said second holder of said first transport unit. 10. The substrate processing method according to claim 9, wherein
said step of transporting the substrate from said exposure device to said second processing unit includes the step of holding and transporting the substrate with said second holder that is provided below said first holder. 11. The substrate processing method according to claim 9, wherein
said substrate processing apparatus further includes a second transport unit and a platform, said method further comprises the step of transporting the substrate after the formation of said photosensitive film and before the exposure processing by said exposure device to said platform by said second transport unit, and said step of transporting the substrate to said exposure device includes the step of holding and transporting the substrate before the exposure processing, mounted on said platform to said exposure device, with said first holder of said first transport unit. 12. The substrate processing method according to claim 11, further comprising the steps of:
holding and transporting the substrate after the drying processing by said second processing unit from said second processing unit to said platform, with said first holder of said first transport unit, and transporting the substrate, after the exposure processing, mounted on said platform, by said second transport unit. 13. The substrate processing method according to claim 11, wherein
said substrate processing apparatus further includes a fourth processing unit, and said step of transporting the substrate to said platform by said second transport unit includes the steps of: transporting the substrate to said fourth processing unit by said second transport unit, applying given processing to the substrate transported by said second transport unit, by said fourth processing unit, and transporting the substrate from said fourth processing unit to said platform by said second transport unit. 14. The substrate processing method according to claim 13, wherein
said step of applying the given processing by said fourth processing unit includes the step of subjecting a peripheral portion of the substrate to exposure by said fourth processing unit. 15. The substrate processing method according to claim 1, wherein
said substrate processing apparatus further includes a fifth processing unit, and said method further comprises the step of forming an anti-reflection film by said fifth processing unit on the substrate before the formation of said photosensitive film by said first processing unit. 16. A method of processing a substrate in a substrate processing apparatus that is arranged adjacent to an exposure device and includes first, second and third processing units, comprising the steps of:
forming a photosensitive film made of a photosensitive material on the substrate by said first processing unit before exposure processing by said exposure device; applying cleaning processing to the substrate by supplying a fluid mixture containing a liquid and a gas from a fluid nozzle to the substrate in said second processing unit after the exposure processing by said exposure device; and applying development processing to the substrate by said third processing unit after the cleaning processing by said second processing unit. 17. The substrate processing method according to claim 16, further comprising the step of applying drying processing to the substrate by said second processing unit after the cleaning processing by said second processing unit. 18. The substrate processing method according to claim 17, wherein
said step of applying the drying processing to the substrate includes the step of supplying an inert gas onto the substrate. 19. The substrate processing method according to claim 18, wherein
said step of supplying the inert gas onto the substrate includes the step of supplying the inert gas from said fluid nozzle onto the substrate. 20. The substrate processing method according to claim 17, wherein
said step of applying the drying processing to the substrate includes the steps of: rotating the substrate, onto which the fluid mixture is supplied, about an axis vertical to the substrate while holding the substrate substantially horizontally, and supplying an inert gas onto the substrate being rotated. 21. The substrate processing method according to claim 20, wherein
said step of supplying the inert gas includes the step of supplying the inert gas so that the fluid mixture supplied onto the substrate is removed from the substrate as the fluid mixture moves outwardly from the center of the substrate. 22. The substrate processing method according to claim 20, wherein
said step of applying the drying processing to the substrate further includes the step of supplying a rinse liquid onto the substrate after the supply of the fluid mixture and before the supply of the inert gas. 23. The substrate processing method according to claim 22, wherein
said step of supplying the rinse liquid onto the substrate includes the step of supplying the rinse liquid from said fluid nozzle onto the substrate. 24. The substrate processing method according to claim 23, wherein
said step of supplying the inert gas includes the step of supplying the inert gas so that the rinse liquid supplied onto the substrate is removed from the substrate as the rinse liquid moves outwardly from the center of the substrate. | 1,700 |
2,913 | 12,170,095 | 1,792 | The present invention relates to the use of multilayered pigments based on platelet-shaped substrates for colouring food and pharmaceutical products. | 1. (canceled) 2. A food or pharmaceutical product according to claim 12, wherein the platelet-shaped substrate is a mica, talc, kaolin, aluminium, Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, glass or SiO2 platelet. 3. A food or pharmaceutical product according to claim 12, wherein the multilayered pigment has alternating high- and low-refractive-index metal-oxide layers. 4. A food or pharmaceutical product according to one of claim 12, wherein the multilayered pigment based on multicoated platelet-shaped substrates comprises at least one layer sequence (A) (B), where
(A) is a high-refractive-index coating consisting of titanium dioxide and/or iron oxide, and (B) is a colorless coating having a refractive index of n≦1.8. 5. A food or pharmaceutical product according to claim 3, wherein the high-refractive-index layer is TiO2, Fe2O3 and/or Fe3O4. 6. A food or pharmaceutical product according to claim 3, wherein the low-refractive-index layer is SiO2, Al2O3, AlO(OH), B2O3, MgF2, MgSiO3 or a mixture of the said metal oxides. 7. A food or pharmaceutical product according to claim 3, wherein the multilayered pigment has the following layer structure:
substrate + TiO2 + SiO2 + TiO2
substrate + TiO2 + SiO2 + Fe2O3
substrate + TiO2 + SiO2 + Fe3O4
substrate + TiO2 + Al2O3 + TiO2
substrate + TiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3
substrate + TiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3
substrate + Fe2O3 + SiO2 + TiO2
substrate + Fe3O4 + SiO2 + TiO2
substrate + Fe2O3 + Al2O3 + TiO2
substrate + Fe3O4 + Al2O3 + TiO2 8. A food or pharmaceutical product according to claim 12, wherein the proportion of multilayered pigment in the food or pharmaceutical product is from 0.005 to 15% by weight. 9. A food or pharmaceutical product according to claim 12, wherein the multilayered pigment is employed in combination with one or more pearlescent pigments, coated or uncoated TiO2 platelets, SiO2 platelets, natural or nature-identical dyes, coloured pigments or natural colouring plant or fruit extracts. 10. The food or pharmaceutical product according to claim 12, having a coating of cellulose derivatives, shellac, oils, waxes, gum arabic, cellulose products, polymethacrylates, starches, albumens, or icing comprising the multilayered pigment and, optionally, further pigments and/or colorants. 11. A process for the production of a food and pharmaceutical products colored with multilayered pigments, comprising adding the multilayered pigment to the product to be colored, alone or in combination with further pigments or colorants, directly or in the presence of water and/or an organic solvent in the desired mixing ratios, at the same time or successively, during or after production of the food or pharmaceutical product. 12. A food or pharmaceutical product comprising a colorant which is at least one multilayered pigment based on a platelet-shaped substrate, and a food or pharmaceutical. | The present invention relates to the use of multilayered pigments based on platelet-shaped substrates for colouring food and pharmaceutical products.1. (canceled) 2. A food or pharmaceutical product according to claim 12, wherein the platelet-shaped substrate is a mica, talc, kaolin, aluminium, Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, glass or SiO2 platelet. 3. A food or pharmaceutical product according to claim 12, wherein the multilayered pigment has alternating high- and low-refractive-index metal-oxide layers. 4. A food or pharmaceutical product according to one of claim 12, wherein the multilayered pigment based on multicoated platelet-shaped substrates comprises at least one layer sequence (A) (B), where
(A) is a high-refractive-index coating consisting of titanium dioxide and/or iron oxide, and (B) is a colorless coating having a refractive index of n≦1.8. 5. A food or pharmaceutical product according to claim 3, wherein the high-refractive-index layer is TiO2, Fe2O3 and/or Fe3O4. 6. A food or pharmaceutical product according to claim 3, wherein the low-refractive-index layer is SiO2, Al2O3, AlO(OH), B2O3, MgF2, MgSiO3 or a mixture of the said metal oxides. 7. A food or pharmaceutical product according to claim 3, wherein the multilayered pigment has the following layer structure:
substrate + TiO2 + SiO2 + TiO2
substrate + TiO2 + SiO2 + Fe2O3
substrate + TiO2 + SiO2 + Fe3O4
substrate + TiO2 + Al2O3 + TiO2
substrate + TiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3
substrate + TiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3
substrate + Fe2O3 + SiO2 + TiO2
substrate + Fe3O4 + SiO2 + TiO2
substrate + Fe2O3 + Al2O3 + TiO2
substrate + Fe3O4 + Al2O3 + TiO2 8. A food or pharmaceutical product according to claim 12, wherein the proportion of multilayered pigment in the food or pharmaceutical product is from 0.005 to 15% by weight. 9. A food or pharmaceutical product according to claim 12, wherein the multilayered pigment is employed in combination with one or more pearlescent pigments, coated or uncoated TiO2 platelets, SiO2 platelets, natural or nature-identical dyes, coloured pigments or natural colouring plant or fruit extracts. 10. The food or pharmaceutical product according to claim 12, having a coating of cellulose derivatives, shellac, oils, waxes, gum arabic, cellulose products, polymethacrylates, starches, albumens, or icing comprising the multilayered pigment and, optionally, further pigments and/or colorants. 11. A process for the production of a food and pharmaceutical products colored with multilayered pigments, comprising adding the multilayered pigment to the product to be colored, alone or in combination with further pigments or colorants, directly or in the presence of water and/or an organic solvent in the desired mixing ratios, at the same time or successively, during or after production of the food or pharmaceutical product. 12. A food or pharmaceutical product comprising a colorant which is at least one multilayered pigment based on a platelet-shaped substrate, and a food or pharmaceutical. | 1,700 |
2,914 | 15,665,886 | 1,766 | Described are dissolvable, porous solid structures formed using certain vinyl acetate-vinyl alcohol copolymers. The copolymer and the porosity of the structure allow for liquid flow during use such that the structure readily dissolves to provide a desired consumer experience. Also described are processes for making open cell foam and fibrous dissolvable solid structures. | 1. A fibrous dissolvable solid Structure comprising a plurality of fibers, the Structure comprising:
(a) from about 1 wt % to about 95 wt % surfactant; and (b) from about 5 wt % to about 50 wt % of a copolymer comprising vinyl acetate and vinyl alcohol units, wherein the copolymer comprises not more than about 84% alcohol units. 2. The fibrous Structure of claim 1 wherein the copolymer comprises not more than about 82.5% alcohol units. 3. The fibrous Structure of claim 2 wherein the copolymer comprises not more than about 81% alcohol units. 4. The fibrous Structure of claim 1, wherein the copolymer has weight average molecular weight (MW) of from about 20,000 to about 500,000. 5. The fibrous Structure of claim 4, wherein the copolymer has weight average molecular weight (MW) of from about 70,000 to about 200,000. 6. The fibrous Structure of claim 1 wherein the copolymer comprises from about 65% to about 82.5% alcohol units. 7. The fibrous Structure of claim 6 wherein the copolymer comprises from about 70% to about 81% alcohol units. 8. The fibrous Structure of claim 1 comprising from about 5 wt % to about 65 wt % surfactant. 9. The fibrous Structure of claim 1 comprising at least one additional copolymer comprising vinyl acetate and vinyl alcohol units, wherein the at least one additional copolymer comprises not more than about 84% alcohol units and has a weight average molecular weight of from about 60,000 to about 300,000. 10. The fibrous Structure of claim 1 having a porosity of from about 50% to about 98%. 11. The fibrous Structure of claim 1 wherein the Structure is in the form of a pad, a strip, or tape having a Distance to Maximum Force value of from about 6 mm to about 30 mm 12. The fibrous Structure of claim 1 having a hand dissolution value of from about 1 stroke to about 15 strokes. 13. The fibrous Structure of claim 1 wherein at least 25% of the fibers have an average diameter less than about 1 micron. 14. A fibrous dissolvable solid Structure comprising a plurality of fibers, the Structure comprising:
(a) from about from about 5 wt % to about 65 wt % of at least one anionic surfactant; (b) from about 5 wt % to about 50 wt % of a copolymer comprising vinyl acetate and vinyl alcohol units, wherein the copolymer comprises not more than about 84% alcohol units; and (c) a conditioning agent selected from the group consisting of high melting point fatty compounds, silicone conditioning agents and cationic conditioning polymers. 15. The fibrous Structure of claim 14 wherein at least 25% of the fibers have an average diameter less than about 1 micron. 16. The fibrous Structure of claim 14 having a porosity of from about 50% to about 98%. 17. The fibrous Structure of claim 14 having a hand dissolution value of from about 1 stroke to about 15 strokes. 18. A fibrous dissolvable solid Structure comprising a plurality of fibers, the Structure comprising:
(a) from about from about 23 wt % to about 75 wt % surfactant, wherein the Structure comprises at least one anionic surfactant; (b) from about 10 wt % to about 50 wt % of a copolymer comprising vinyl acetate and vinyl alcohol units, wherein the copolymer comprises not more than about 84% alcohol units and has weight average molecular weight (MW) of from about 20,000 to about 500,000; and (c) a conditioning agent selected from the group consisting of high melting point fatty compounds, silicone conditioning agents and cationic conditioning polymers; and wherein the Structure has a porosity of at least about 50%. 19. The fibrous Structure of claim 18 having a porosity of at least about 70%. 20. The fibrous Structure of claim 18 wherein at least 25% of the fibers have an average diameter less than about 1 micron. 21. The fibrous Structure of claim 20 wherein at least 50% of the fibers have an average diameter less than about 1 micron. | Described are dissolvable, porous solid structures formed using certain vinyl acetate-vinyl alcohol copolymers. The copolymer and the porosity of the structure allow for liquid flow during use such that the structure readily dissolves to provide a desired consumer experience. Also described are processes for making open cell foam and fibrous dissolvable solid structures.1. A fibrous dissolvable solid Structure comprising a plurality of fibers, the Structure comprising:
(a) from about 1 wt % to about 95 wt % surfactant; and (b) from about 5 wt % to about 50 wt % of a copolymer comprising vinyl acetate and vinyl alcohol units, wherein the copolymer comprises not more than about 84% alcohol units. 2. The fibrous Structure of claim 1 wherein the copolymer comprises not more than about 82.5% alcohol units. 3. The fibrous Structure of claim 2 wherein the copolymer comprises not more than about 81% alcohol units. 4. The fibrous Structure of claim 1, wherein the copolymer has weight average molecular weight (MW) of from about 20,000 to about 500,000. 5. The fibrous Structure of claim 4, wherein the copolymer has weight average molecular weight (MW) of from about 70,000 to about 200,000. 6. The fibrous Structure of claim 1 wherein the copolymer comprises from about 65% to about 82.5% alcohol units. 7. The fibrous Structure of claim 6 wherein the copolymer comprises from about 70% to about 81% alcohol units. 8. The fibrous Structure of claim 1 comprising from about 5 wt % to about 65 wt % surfactant. 9. The fibrous Structure of claim 1 comprising at least one additional copolymer comprising vinyl acetate and vinyl alcohol units, wherein the at least one additional copolymer comprises not more than about 84% alcohol units and has a weight average molecular weight of from about 60,000 to about 300,000. 10. The fibrous Structure of claim 1 having a porosity of from about 50% to about 98%. 11. The fibrous Structure of claim 1 wherein the Structure is in the form of a pad, a strip, or tape having a Distance to Maximum Force value of from about 6 mm to about 30 mm 12. The fibrous Structure of claim 1 having a hand dissolution value of from about 1 stroke to about 15 strokes. 13. The fibrous Structure of claim 1 wherein at least 25% of the fibers have an average diameter less than about 1 micron. 14. A fibrous dissolvable solid Structure comprising a plurality of fibers, the Structure comprising:
(a) from about from about 5 wt % to about 65 wt % of at least one anionic surfactant; (b) from about 5 wt % to about 50 wt % of a copolymer comprising vinyl acetate and vinyl alcohol units, wherein the copolymer comprises not more than about 84% alcohol units; and (c) a conditioning agent selected from the group consisting of high melting point fatty compounds, silicone conditioning agents and cationic conditioning polymers. 15. The fibrous Structure of claim 14 wherein at least 25% of the fibers have an average diameter less than about 1 micron. 16. The fibrous Structure of claim 14 having a porosity of from about 50% to about 98%. 17. The fibrous Structure of claim 14 having a hand dissolution value of from about 1 stroke to about 15 strokes. 18. A fibrous dissolvable solid Structure comprising a plurality of fibers, the Structure comprising:
(a) from about from about 23 wt % to about 75 wt % surfactant, wherein the Structure comprises at least one anionic surfactant; (b) from about 10 wt % to about 50 wt % of a copolymer comprising vinyl acetate and vinyl alcohol units, wherein the copolymer comprises not more than about 84% alcohol units and has weight average molecular weight (MW) of from about 20,000 to about 500,000; and (c) a conditioning agent selected from the group consisting of high melting point fatty compounds, silicone conditioning agents and cationic conditioning polymers; and wherein the Structure has a porosity of at least about 50%. 19. The fibrous Structure of claim 18 having a porosity of at least about 70%. 20. The fibrous Structure of claim 18 wherein at least 25% of the fibers have an average diameter less than about 1 micron. 21. The fibrous Structure of claim 20 wherein at least 50% of the fibers have an average diameter less than about 1 micron. | 1,700 |
2,915 | 14,750,047 | 1,781 | Provided herein are methods for forming one or more silicon nanostructures, such as silicon nanotubes, and a silica-containing glass substrate. As a result of the process used to prepare the silicon nanostructures, the silica-containing glass substrate comprises one or more nanopillars and the one or more silicon nanostructures extend from the nanopillars of the silica-containing glass substrate. The silicon nanostructures include nanotubes and optionally nanowires. A further aspect is a method for preparing silicon nanostructures on a silica-containing glass substrate. The method includes providing one or more metal nanoparticles on a silica-containing glass substrate and then performing reactive ion etching of the silica-containing glass substrate under conditions that are suitable for the formation of one or more silicon nanostructures. | 1. A composition comprising
one or more silicon nanostructures; and a silica-containing glass substrate, the silica-containing glass substrate comprising one or more nanopillars; wherein the silicon nanostructures extend from the nanopillars of the silica-containing glass substrate; and wherein the silicon nanostructures comprise one or more nanotubes. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the silica-containing glass substrate is fused silica glass. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the silicon nanostructures have external diameters between about 30 nm and about 200 nm. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the silicon nanostructures have lengths between about 50 nm and about 2000 nm. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the silicon nanostructures have a surface density on the silica-containing glass substrate of at least 1010 cm−2. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the silicon nanostructures also comprise nanowires. 7. A method for preparing the composition of claim 1, the method comprising the steps of:
providing one or more metal nanoparticles on the silica-containing glass substrate; and performing reactive ion etching of the silica-containing glass substrate under conditions suitable for the formation of the one or more silicon nanostructures. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the metal nanoparticles are metal dewetted particles. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the metal nanoparticles have an average lateral cross-section between about 30 nm and about 200 nm. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the reactive ion etching is performed at a temperature less than 300° C. 11. The method of claim 7, wherein the reactive ion etching is performed at a temperature less than 100° C. 12. A composition comprising:
one or more silica nano structures; and a silica-containing glass substrate, the silica-containing glass substrate comprising one or more nanopillars; wherein the silica nanostructures extend from the nanopillars of the silica-containing glass substrate; and wherein the silica nanostructures comprise one or more nanotubes. 13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the silica nanostructures also comprise nanowires. 14. The composition of claim 12, wherein the silica nanostructures are substantially transparent. 15. The composition of claim 12, wherein the silica nanostructures have external diameters between about 30 nm and about 200 nm. 16. The composition of claim 12, wherein the silica nanostructures have lengths between about 50 nm and about 2000 nm. 17. A method for preparing the composition of claim 12, the method comprising the steps of:
providing one or more metal nanoparticles on a silica-containing glass substrate; performing reactive ion etching of the silica-containing glass substrate under conditions suitable for the formation of silicon nanostructures comprising silicon nanotubes; and oxidizing the silicon nanostructures to form the one or more silica nanostructures. 18. A method for preparing a silica nanotube comprising the steps of:
providing one or more metal nanoparticles on a silica-containing glass substrate; performing reactive ion etching of the silica-containing glass substrate under conditions suitable for the formation of a silicon nanotube; and oxidizing the silicon nanotube to form a silica nanotube. 19. The method of claim 18 further comprising the step of removing the silicon nanotube from the silica-containing glass substrate prior to oxidation. 20. A silica nanotube prepared by the method of claim 19. | Provided herein are methods for forming one or more silicon nanostructures, such as silicon nanotubes, and a silica-containing glass substrate. As a result of the process used to prepare the silicon nanostructures, the silica-containing glass substrate comprises one or more nanopillars and the one or more silicon nanostructures extend from the nanopillars of the silica-containing glass substrate. The silicon nanostructures include nanotubes and optionally nanowires. A further aspect is a method for preparing silicon nanostructures on a silica-containing glass substrate. The method includes providing one or more metal nanoparticles on a silica-containing glass substrate and then performing reactive ion etching of the silica-containing glass substrate under conditions that are suitable for the formation of one or more silicon nanostructures.1. A composition comprising
one or more silicon nanostructures; and a silica-containing glass substrate, the silica-containing glass substrate comprising one or more nanopillars; wherein the silicon nanostructures extend from the nanopillars of the silica-containing glass substrate; and wherein the silicon nanostructures comprise one or more nanotubes. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the silica-containing glass substrate is fused silica glass. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the silicon nanostructures have external diameters between about 30 nm and about 200 nm. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the silicon nanostructures have lengths between about 50 nm and about 2000 nm. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the silicon nanostructures have a surface density on the silica-containing glass substrate of at least 1010 cm−2. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the silicon nanostructures also comprise nanowires. 7. A method for preparing the composition of claim 1, the method comprising the steps of:
providing one or more metal nanoparticles on the silica-containing glass substrate; and performing reactive ion etching of the silica-containing glass substrate under conditions suitable for the formation of the one or more silicon nanostructures. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the metal nanoparticles are metal dewetted particles. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the metal nanoparticles have an average lateral cross-section between about 30 nm and about 200 nm. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the reactive ion etching is performed at a temperature less than 300° C. 11. The method of claim 7, wherein the reactive ion etching is performed at a temperature less than 100° C. 12. A composition comprising:
one or more silica nano structures; and a silica-containing glass substrate, the silica-containing glass substrate comprising one or more nanopillars; wherein the silica nanostructures extend from the nanopillars of the silica-containing glass substrate; and wherein the silica nanostructures comprise one or more nanotubes. 13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the silica nanostructures also comprise nanowires. 14. The composition of claim 12, wherein the silica nanostructures are substantially transparent. 15. The composition of claim 12, wherein the silica nanostructures have external diameters between about 30 nm and about 200 nm. 16. The composition of claim 12, wherein the silica nanostructures have lengths between about 50 nm and about 2000 nm. 17. A method for preparing the composition of claim 12, the method comprising the steps of:
providing one or more metal nanoparticles on a silica-containing glass substrate; performing reactive ion etching of the silica-containing glass substrate under conditions suitable for the formation of silicon nanostructures comprising silicon nanotubes; and oxidizing the silicon nanostructures to form the one or more silica nanostructures. 18. A method for preparing a silica nanotube comprising the steps of:
providing one or more metal nanoparticles on a silica-containing glass substrate; performing reactive ion etching of the silica-containing glass substrate under conditions suitable for the formation of a silicon nanotube; and oxidizing the silicon nanotube to form a silica nanotube. 19. The method of claim 18 further comprising the step of removing the silicon nanotube from the silica-containing glass substrate prior to oxidation. 20. A silica nanotube prepared by the method of claim 19. | 1,700 |
2,916 | 14,640,888 | 1,749 | A self-sealing pneumatic vehicle tire defines a tire circumference. The self-sealing pneumatic vehicle tire includes a belt assembly having a first width and defining a projection. A tread is arranged radially above the belt assembly and an airtight inner layer is arranged radially inwardly. A sealant layer applied radially internally after the pneumatic vehicle tire has been vulcanized has a second width approximately equal to the first width. The sealant layer is arranged approximately within the projection and defines an area radially above the sealant layer around the tire circumference. The inner layer is configured as a two part layer such that the inner layer does not lie approximately radially above the sealant layer in this area. | 1. A self-sealing pneumatic vehicle tire defining a tire circumference, the self-sealing pneumatic vehicle tire comprising:
a belt assembly having a first width and defining a projection; a tread arranged radially above said belt assembly; an airtight inner layer arranged radially inwardly; a sealant layer applied radially internally after the pneumatic vehicle tire has been vulcanized; said sealant layer having a second width approximately equal to said first width; said sealant layer being arranged approximately within said projection and defining an area radially above said sealant layer around said tire circumference; and, said inner layer being configured as a two part layer so as to cause said area to be devoid of said inner layer approximately radially above said sealant layer. 2. The self-sealing pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein:
said two part layer is made up of first and second layer parts; said sealant layer has edges facing corresponding ones of said first and second layer parts; and, said first and second layer parts are arranged to overlap with corresponding ones of said edges of said sealant layer to define respective overlap regions. 3. The self-sealing pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 2, wherein each of said overlap regions has a width lying in a range of approximately 2 mm to 30 mm. 4. The self-sealing pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 2, wherein each of said overlap regions has a width of approximately 10 mm. | A self-sealing pneumatic vehicle tire defines a tire circumference. The self-sealing pneumatic vehicle tire includes a belt assembly having a first width and defining a projection. A tread is arranged radially above the belt assembly and an airtight inner layer is arranged radially inwardly. A sealant layer applied radially internally after the pneumatic vehicle tire has been vulcanized has a second width approximately equal to the first width. The sealant layer is arranged approximately within the projection and defines an area radially above the sealant layer around the tire circumference. The inner layer is configured as a two part layer such that the inner layer does not lie approximately radially above the sealant layer in this area.1. A self-sealing pneumatic vehicle tire defining a tire circumference, the self-sealing pneumatic vehicle tire comprising:
a belt assembly having a first width and defining a projection; a tread arranged radially above said belt assembly; an airtight inner layer arranged radially inwardly; a sealant layer applied radially internally after the pneumatic vehicle tire has been vulcanized; said sealant layer having a second width approximately equal to said first width; said sealant layer being arranged approximately within said projection and defining an area radially above said sealant layer around said tire circumference; and, said inner layer being configured as a two part layer so as to cause said area to be devoid of said inner layer approximately radially above said sealant layer. 2. The self-sealing pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein:
said two part layer is made up of first and second layer parts; said sealant layer has edges facing corresponding ones of said first and second layer parts; and, said first and second layer parts are arranged to overlap with corresponding ones of said edges of said sealant layer to define respective overlap regions. 3. The self-sealing pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 2, wherein each of said overlap regions has a width lying in a range of approximately 2 mm to 30 mm. 4. The self-sealing pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 2, wherein each of said overlap regions has a width of approximately 10 mm. | 1,700 |
2,917 | 14,982,057 | 1,764 | A curable composition containing more than 80% by weight of a blend of benzoxazines, wherein the blend includes (A) one or more multifunctional benzoxazines and (B) a liquid, non-halogenated monofunctional benzoxazine. This composition has been found to be stable at high temperatures, e.g. 180° C.-250° C., and suitable for making composite materials using conventional techniques such as prepregging and liquid resin infusion. | 1. A curable composition comprising more than 80% by mass of a benzoxazine blend, said benzoxazine blend comprising:
(A) a non-halogenated, benzoxazine compound in liquid form at temperature range of 20° C.-30° C. and selected from the following Structure 1
and
(B) a multifunctional benzoxazine component comprising one or more benzoxazine compounds with functionality of 2 or greater. 2. The curable composition of claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of (A) to (B) is from about 50:50 to about 10:90. 3. The curable composition of claim 1, wherein the composition exhibits an uncured Tg of room temperature (20° C.-30° C.) or lower as measured by Differential Scanning calorimetry (DSC). 4. The curable composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has viscosity of 5 Pa·s or less, preferably 1 Pa·s or less, at processing temperature in the range of 100° C.-150° C. 5. The curable composition of claim 1, wherein the multifunctional benzoxazine component (B) is a di-functional benzoxazine, and the weight ratio of monofunctional benzoxazine to difunctional benzoxazine is about 30:70. 6. The curable composition of claim 1, wherein the benzoxazine blend comprises the liquid benzoxazine compound of Structure 1 and a trifunctional benzoxazine compound, and the mass ratio of liquid benzoxazine to trifunctional benzoxazine is from about 50:50 to about 10:90. 7. The curable composition of claim 1, wherein the multifunctional benzoxazine component (B) comprises a combination of a difunctional benzoxazine compound and a trifunctional benzoxazine compound, and the tri-functional benzoxazine compound is present in an amount of no more than 25% by weight based on the total weight of the benzoxazine blend. 8. The curable composition of claim 5, wherein the difunctional benzoxazine compound is selected from: 9. The curable composition of claim 6, wherein the trifunctional benzoxazine compound is selected from: 10. The curable composition of claim 1, wherein the multifunctional benzoxazine component (B) comprises a combination of m-substituted difunctional benzoxazine compound and m-substituted trifunctional benzoxazine trifunctional benzoxazine compound, and the trifunctional benzoxazine is at maximum 15% by weight based on the total weight of the benzoxazine blend. 11. The curable composition of claim 1, wherein the curable composition is void of or contains less than 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of any thermosettable resin selected from epoxy, cyanate ester, bismaleimide, and phenol-formaldehyde. 12. The curable composition of claim 1, wherein the curable composition is void of any organic solvent. 13. The curable composition of claim 1, wherein the curable composition is thermally stable a temperature in the range of about 180° C. to about 250° C. 14. A continuous resin film formed from the curable composition of claim 1. 15. A composite material comprising reinforcement fibers impregnated or infused with the curable composition of claim 1. 16. The composite material of claim 15, wherein the reinforcement fibers are selected from carbon fibers, glass fibers, and aramid fibers. 17. The composite material of claim 1, wherein the reinforcement fibers are in the form of unidirectional fibers, a fabric, or a preform comprised of an assembly of fibers or fabric plies. 18. A method for forming a prepreg comprising:
(i) forming at least one continuous resin film from the curable composition of claim 1; and (ii) pressing the continuous resin film onto a layer of reinforcement fibers with application of heat so as to impregnate the layer of reinforcement fibers. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the layer of reinforcement fibers is in the form of unidirectional fibers. 20. A prepreg produced by the method of claim 18. 21. A method for fabricating a composite part comprising:
(i) providing a preform comprising an assembly of fibers or fabric plies on a mold surface; (ii) infusing the preform with the curable composition of claim 4; and (iii) curing the infused preform. 22. A curable composite part produced by infusing a fibrous preform with the curable composition of claim 4. | A curable composition containing more than 80% by weight of a blend of benzoxazines, wherein the blend includes (A) one or more multifunctional benzoxazines and (B) a liquid, non-halogenated monofunctional benzoxazine. This composition has been found to be stable at high temperatures, e.g. 180° C.-250° C., and suitable for making composite materials using conventional techniques such as prepregging and liquid resin infusion.1. A curable composition comprising more than 80% by mass of a benzoxazine blend, said benzoxazine blend comprising:
(A) a non-halogenated, benzoxazine compound in liquid form at temperature range of 20° C.-30° C. and selected from the following Structure 1
and
(B) a multifunctional benzoxazine component comprising one or more benzoxazine compounds with functionality of 2 or greater. 2. The curable composition of claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of (A) to (B) is from about 50:50 to about 10:90. 3. The curable composition of claim 1, wherein the composition exhibits an uncured Tg of room temperature (20° C.-30° C.) or lower as measured by Differential Scanning calorimetry (DSC). 4. The curable composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has viscosity of 5 Pa·s or less, preferably 1 Pa·s or less, at processing temperature in the range of 100° C.-150° C. 5. The curable composition of claim 1, wherein the multifunctional benzoxazine component (B) is a di-functional benzoxazine, and the weight ratio of monofunctional benzoxazine to difunctional benzoxazine is about 30:70. 6. The curable composition of claim 1, wherein the benzoxazine blend comprises the liquid benzoxazine compound of Structure 1 and a trifunctional benzoxazine compound, and the mass ratio of liquid benzoxazine to trifunctional benzoxazine is from about 50:50 to about 10:90. 7. The curable composition of claim 1, wherein the multifunctional benzoxazine component (B) comprises a combination of a difunctional benzoxazine compound and a trifunctional benzoxazine compound, and the tri-functional benzoxazine compound is present in an amount of no more than 25% by weight based on the total weight of the benzoxazine blend. 8. The curable composition of claim 5, wherein the difunctional benzoxazine compound is selected from: 9. The curable composition of claim 6, wherein the trifunctional benzoxazine compound is selected from: 10. The curable composition of claim 1, wherein the multifunctional benzoxazine component (B) comprises a combination of m-substituted difunctional benzoxazine compound and m-substituted trifunctional benzoxazine trifunctional benzoxazine compound, and the trifunctional benzoxazine is at maximum 15% by weight based on the total weight of the benzoxazine blend. 11. The curable composition of claim 1, wherein the curable composition is void of or contains less than 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of any thermosettable resin selected from epoxy, cyanate ester, bismaleimide, and phenol-formaldehyde. 12. The curable composition of claim 1, wherein the curable composition is void of any organic solvent. 13. The curable composition of claim 1, wherein the curable composition is thermally stable a temperature in the range of about 180° C. to about 250° C. 14. A continuous resin film formed from the curable composition of claim 1. 15. A composite material comprising reinforcement fibers impregnated or infused with the curable composition of claim 1. 16. The composite material of claim 15, wherein the reinforcement fibers are selected from carbon fibers, glass fibers, and aramid fibers. 17. The composite material of claim 1, wherein the reinforcement fibers are in the form of unidirectional fibers, a fabric, or a preform comprised of an assembly of fibers or fabric plies. 18. A method for forming a prepreg comprising:
(i) forming at least one continuous resin film from the curable composition of claim 1; and (ii) pressing the continuous resin film onto a layer of reinforcement fibers with application of heat so as to impregnate the layer of reinforcement fibers. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the layer of reinforcement fibers is in the form of unidirectional fibers. 20. A prepreg produced by the method of claim 18. 21. A method for fabricating a composite part comprising:
(i) providing a preform comprising an assembly of fibers or fabric plies on a mold surface; (ii) infusing the preform with the curable composition of claim 4; and (iii) curing the infused preform. 22. A curable composite part produced by infusing a fibrous preform with the curable composition of claim 4. | 1,700 |
2,918 | 15,588,763 | 1,764 | Methods for making compositions for making thermoplastic aliphatic urethane/urea elastomers, which are in turn used to make molding compositions used in forming molded articles, particularly, shells for automotive applications. The molding compositions comprise an aliphatic thermoplastic urethane/urea elastomer and a polyolefin-based modifier. These compositions may be used to form a powder, pellets, microspheres or minibeads which may then be cast to form air bag door and instrument panel cover skins which may meet automotive deployment and weathering requirements. | 1. A method for making an aliphatic thermoplastic urethane/urea elastomer, the method comprising reacting together the following components of a composition:
(i) a polyol component comprising at least one polyether polyol having a molecular weight of from 1000 to 10,000 Da and an unsaturation level less than or equal to 0.04 meq/g; (ii) an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic diamine having a molecular weight of up to 4000, in an amount of up to about 5% of the composition; (iii) an isocyanate component comprising at least one aliphatic organic diisocyanate; (iv) a chain extender which is not within the scope of (ii), in an amount of 4% to 15% of the composition; (v) optionally, a UV stabilizing agent; (vi) optionally, an antioxidant; (vii) optionally, a pigment; (viii) a catalyst which promotes urethane formation; and (ix) optionally, a mold release agent, wherein each component is reacted together by continuous processing or by a one-shot batch process. 2. The method of claim 1 in which (ii) is has a molecular weight of from 100 to 1000. 3. The method of claim 1 in which (ii) has a molecular weight of from 200-500. 4. The method of claim 1 in which the aliphatic diisocyanate is selected from the group consisting of hexamethylene diisocyanate, hydrogenated diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and isophorone diisocyanate. 5. The method of claim 1 in which (iv) is selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,4-butane diol, pentane diol, 3-methylpentane-1,5-diol, 1,6-hexane diol, hydroquinone bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ether, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, neopentyl glycol, and hydrogenated bisphenol A. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of melt blending. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of preblending at least a portion of components (i), (ii), (v), (vi) and (viii), before each component is reacted together by continuous processing or by a one-shot batch process. 8. A method for making a molding composition, the method comprising:
a) reacting together the following components of an aliphatic thermoplastic urethane/urea composition by continuous processing or by a one-shot batch process:
(i) a polyol component comprising at least one polyether polyol having a molecular weight of from 1000 to 10,000 Da and an unsaturation level less than or equal to 0.04 meq/g;
(ii) an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic diamine having a molecular weight of up to 4000, in an amount of up to about 5% of the composition;
(iii) an isocyanate component comprising at least one aliphatic organic diisocyanate;
(iv) a chain extender which is not within the scope of (ii), in an amount of 4% to 15% of the composition;
(v) optionally, a UV stabilizing agent;
(vi) optionally, an antioxidant;
(vii) optionally, a pigment;
(viii) a catalyst which promotes urethane formation; and
(ix) optionally, a mold release agent,
b) adding a polyolefin-based modifier, c) optionally, adding a UV stabilizing agent, d) optionally, adding an antioxidant, e) optionally, adding a pigment, f) optionally, adding a mold release agent, and g) optionally, adding an ionomer, provided that no external compatibilizing agent is added to the molding composition. 9. The method of claim 8 in which the modifier b) has a shear viscosity of approximately 900 at a shear rate of 250 sec−1 which drops to approximately 150 at 2100 sec−1. 10. The method of claim 8 in which the modifier b) is a thermoplastic vulcanizate. 11. The method of claim 8 in which the modifier b) is a block copolymer based on styrene and ethylene and/or butylene. 12. The method of claim 8 wherein the molding composition comprises 45-90 wt. % of a), 5-45 wt. % of c), and 5-10 wt. % of e). 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the molding composition further comprises up to 10 wt. % of g). 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the weight of a) in the composition is greater than or equal to a weight of b) in the composition. 15. The method of claim 8 in which b) is selected from linear triblock copolymers of styrene, ethylene and butylene, hydrogenated styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene, hydrogenated styrene-ethylene-propylene-styrene, styrene co-polymerized in midblock, or unsaturated styrene copolymerized in midblock. | Methods for making compositions for making thermoplastic aliphatic urethane/urea elastomers, which are in turn used to make molding compositions used in forming molded articles, particularly, shells for automotive applications. The molding compositions comprise an aliphatic thermoplastic urethane/urea elastomer and a polyolefin-based modifier. These compositions may be used to form a powder, pellets, microspheres or minibeads which may then be cast to form air bag door and instrument panel cover skins which may meet automotive deployment and weathering requirements.1. A method for making an aliphatic thermoplastic urethane/urea elastomer, the method comprising reacting together the following components of a composition:
(i) a polyol component comprising at least one polyether polyol having a molecular weight of from 1000 to 10,000 Da and an unsaturation level less than or equal to 0.04 meq/g; (ii) an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic diamine having a molecular weight of up to 4000, in an amount of up to about 5% of the composition; (iii) an isocyanate component comprising at least one aliphatic organic diisocyanate; (iv) a chain extender which is not within the scope of (ii), in an amount of 4% to 15% of the composition; (v) optionally, a UV stabilizing agent; (vi) optionally, an antioxidant; (vii) optionally, a pigment; (viii) a catalyst which promotes urethane formation; and (ix) optionally, a mold release agent, wherein each component is reacted together by continuous processing or by a one-shot batch process. 2. The method of claim 1 in which (ii) is has a molecular weight of from 100 to 1000. 3. The method of claim 1 in which (ii) has a molecular weight of from 200-500. 4. The method of claim 1 in which the aliphatic diisocyanate is selected from the group consisting of hexamethylene diisocyanate, hydrogenated diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and isophorone diisocyanate. 5. The method of claim 1 in which (iv) is selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,4-butane diol, pentane diol, 3-methylpentane-1,5-diol, 1,6-hexane diol, hydroquinone bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ether, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, neopentyl glycol, and hydrogenated bisphenol A. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of melt blending. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of preblending at least a portion of components (i), (ii), (v), (vi) and (viii), before each component is reacted together by continuous processing or by a one-shot batch process. 8. A method for making a molding composition, the method comprising:
a) reacting together the following components of an aliphatic thermoplastic urethane/urea composition by continuous processing or by a one-shot batch process:
(i) a polyol component comprising at least one polyether polyol having a molecular weight of from 1000 to 10,000 Da and an unsaturation level less than or equal to 0.04 meq/g;
(ii) an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic diamine having a molecular weight of up to 4000, in an amount of up to about 5% of the composition;
(iii) an isocyanate component comprising at least one aliphatic organic diisocyanate;
(iv) a chain extender which is not within the scope of (ii), in an amount of 4% to 15% of the composition;
(v) optionally, a UV stabilizing agent;
(vi) optionally, an antioxidant;
(vii) optionally, a pigment;
(viii) a catalyst which promotes urethane formation; and
(ix) optionally, a mold release agent,
b) adding a polyolefin-based modifier, c) optionally, adding a UV stabilizing agent, d) optionally, adding an antioxidant, e) optionally, adding a pigment, f) optionally, adding a mold release agent, and g) optionally, adding an ionomer, provided that no external compatibilizing agent is added to the molding composition. 9. The method of claim 8 in which the modifier b) has a shear viscosity of approximately 900 at a shear rate of 250 sec−1 which drops to approximately 150 at 2100 sec−1. 10. The method of claim 8 in which the modifier b) is a thermoplastic vulcanizate. 11. The method of claim 8 in which the modifier b) is a block copolymer based on styrene and ethylene and/or butylene. 12. The method of claim 8 wherein the molding composition comprises 45-90 wt. % of a), 5-45 wt. % of c), and 5-10 wt. % of e). 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the molding composition further comprises up to 10 wt. % of g). 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the weight of a) in the composition is greater than or equal to a weight of b) in the composition. 15. The method of claim 8 in which b) is selected from linear triblock copolymers of styrene, ethylene and butylene, hydrogenated styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene, hydrogenated styrene-ethylene-propylene-styrene, styrene co-polymerized in midblock, or unsaturated styrene copolymerized in midblock. | 1,700 |
2,919 | 14,557,676 | 1,764 | Soft hydrophobic acrylic materials with improved resistance to fluid diffusion and suitable mechanical properties that allow deformation upon application of force are disclosed. The acrylic materials are particularly suitable for use in fluid-based accommodating intraocular lenses and comprises combination of a perfluoro-substituted alkyl (meth)acrylate and an alkyl (meth)acrylate, and a cross-linking agent. | 1. A soft hydrophobic acrylic material,
being characterized by having a storage modulus of from about 0.5 MPa to about 3.0 MPa measured by dynamic mechanical analysis under compression mode at about 35° C. and a silicone uptake of less than about 2.0% by weight after accelerated aging in a silicone fluid for 32 days at 70° C., wherein the acrylic material is obtained from a polymerizable composition comprising:
a) from about 55% to about 90% by weight of at least one perfluoro-substituted-C2-C12 alkyl (meth)acrylate;
b) from about 10% to about 45% by weight of at least one C2-C12 alkyl (meth)acrylate; and
c) at least one cross-linking agent, provided that the polymerizable composition is substantially free (i.e., less than about 2% by weight) of any aryl acrylic monomer. 2. The acrylic material of claim 1, wherein the acrylic material is characterized by having a storage modulus of from about 0.75 MPa to about 2.5 MPa measured by dynamic mechanical analysis under compression mode at about 35° C. and a silicone uptake of less than about 1.5% by weight after accelerated aging in a silicone fluid for 32 days at 70° C. 3. The acrylic material of claim 1, wherein the acrylic material is characterized by having a storage modulus of from about 1.0 MPa to about 2.0 MPa measured by dynamic mechanical analysis under compression mode at about 35° C. and a silicone uptake of less than about 1.0% by weight or less after accelerated aging in a silicone fluid for 32 days at 70° C. 4. The acrylic material of claim 1, wherein the polymerizable composition comprises:
a) from about 60% to about 85% by weight (preferably from about 65% to about 80% by weight) of at least one perfluoro-substituted-C2-C12 alkyl (meth)acrylate; b) from about 15% to about 40% by weight (preferably from about 20% to about 35% by weight) of at least one C2-C12 alkyl (meth)acrylate; and c) a cross-linking agent, provided that the polymerizable composition is less than about 1% by weight (preferably about 0.5% by weight or less, more preferably about 0.1% by weight or less, even more preferably totally free) of any aryl acrylic monomer. 5. The acrylic material of claim 4, wherein said at least one perfluoro-substituted-C2-C12 alkyl (meth)acrylate is selected from the group consisting of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acrylate, tetrafluoropropyl methacrylate, tetrafluoropropyl acrylate, hexafluoro-iso-propyl methacrylate, hexafluoro-iso-propyl acrylate, hexafluorobutyl methacrylate, hexafluorobutyl acrylate, heptafluorobutyl methacrylate, heptafluorobutyl acrylate, octafluoropentyl methacrylate, octafluoropentyl acrylate, dodecafluoropheptyl methacrylate, heptadecafluorodecyl acrylate, heptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate, pentafluorophenyl acrylate, and pentafluorophenyl methacrylate, and combinations thereof. 6. The acrylic material of claim 5, wherein said at least one C2-C12 alkyl (meth)acrylate is selected from the group consisting of ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-propyl acrylate, n-propyl methacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, n-pentyl acrylate, n-pentyl methacrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, n-hexyl methacrylate, n-heptyl acrylate, n-heptyl methacryate, n-octyl acrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, n-nonyl acrylate, n-nonyl methacrylate, n-decyl acrylate, n-decyl methacrylate, n-undecyl acrylate, n-undecyl methacrylate, lauryl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, 2,2-dimethylpropyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethylpropyl methacrylate, trimethylcyclohexyl acrylate, trimethylcyclohexyl methacrylate, isobutyl acrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, isopentyl acrylate, isopentyl methacrylate, and mixtures thereof. 7. The acrylic material of claim 6, wherein said at least one cross-linking agent is selected from the group consisting of: ethylene glycol dimethacrylate; diethylene glycol dimethacrylate; triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate, allyl methacrylate; 1,3-propanediol dimethacrylate; 2,3-propanediol dimethacrylate; 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate; 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate;
where p=1-50; and
where t=3-20; their corresponding acrylates; and combinations thereof. 8. The acrylic material of claim 7, wherein the amount of said at least one cross-linking agent in the polymerizable composition is 1-5% if the molecular weight of the crosslinking agent is less than 500 Daltons, or is 5-17% if the molecular weight of the crosslinking agent is greater than 500 Daltons. 9. The acrylic material of claim 8, wherein the polymerizable composition further comprises one or more polymerizable components selected from the group consisting of a polymerizable UV-absorber, a polymerizable colored dye, a siloxane monomer, and combinations thereof. 10. The acrylic material of claim 1, wherein polymerizable composition comprises heptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. 11. The acrylic material of claim 2, wherein the polymerizable composition comprises:
a) from about 60% to about 85% by weight (preferably from about 65% to about 80% by weight) of at least one perfluoro-substituted-C2-C12 alkyl (meth)acrylate; b) from about 15% to about 40% by weight (preferably from about 20% to about 35% by weight) of at least one C2-C12 alkyl (meth)acrylate; and c) a cross-linking agent, provided that the polymerizable composition is less than about 1% by weight (preferably about 0.5% by weight or less, more preferably about 0.1% by weight or less, even more preferably totally free) of any aryl acrylic monomer. 12. The acrylic material of claim 11, wherein said at least one perfluoro-substituted-C2-C12 alkyl (meth)acrylate is selected from the group consisting of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acrylate, tetrafluoropropyl methacrylate, tetrafluoropropyl acrylate, hexafluoro-iso-propyl methacrylate, hexafluoro-iso-propyl acrylate, hexafluorobutyl methacrylate, hexafluorobutyl acrylate, heptafluorobutyl methacrylate, heptafluorobutyl acrylate, octafluoropentyl methacrylate, octafluoropentyl acrylate, dodecafluoropheptyl methacrylate, heptadecafluorodecyl acrylate, heptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate, pentafluorophenyl acrylate, and pentafluorophenyl methacrylate, and combinations thereof. 13. The acrylic material of claim 12, wherein said at least one C2-C12 alkyl (meth)acrylate is selected from the group consisting of ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-propyl acrylate, n-propyl methacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, n-pentyl acrylate, n-pentyl methacrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, n-hexyl methacrylate, n-heptyl acrylate, n-heptyl methacryate, n-octyl acrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, n-nonyl acrylate, n-nonyl methacrylate, n-decyl acrylate, n-decyl methacrylate, n-undecyl acrylate, n-undecyl methacrylate, lauryl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, 2,2-dimethylpropyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethylpropyl methacrylate, trimethylcyclohexyl acrylate, trimethylcyclohexyl methacrylate, isobutyl acrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, isopentyl acrylate, isopentyl methacrylate, and mixtures thereof. 14. The acrylic material of claim 13, wherein said at least one cross-linking agent is selected from the group consisting of: ethylene glycol dimethacrylate; diethylene glycol dimethacrylate; triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate, allyl methacrylate; 1,3-propanediol dimethacrylate; 2,3-propanediol dimethacrylate; 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate; 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate;
where p=1-50; and
where t=3-20; their corresponding acrylates; and combinations thereof. 15. The acrylic material of claim 14, wherein the amount of said at least one cross-linking agent in the polymerizable composition is 1-5% if the molecular weight of the crosslinking agent is less than 500 Daltons, or is 5-17% if the molecular weight of the crosslinking agent is greater than 500 Daltons. 16. The acrylic material of claim 15, wherein the polymerizable composition further comprises one or more polymerizable components selected from the group consisting of a polymerizable UV-absorber, a polymerizable colored dye, a siloxane monomer, and combinations thereof. 17. The acrylic material of claim 2, wherein polymerizable composition comprises heptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. 18. The acrylic material of claim 4, wherein polymerizable composition comprises heptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. 19. An accommodating intraocular lens comprising a soft hydrophobic acrylic material of claim 1. 20. An accommodating intraocular lens comprising a soft hydrophobic acrylic material of claim 4. | Soft hydrophobic acrylic materials with improved resistance to fluid diffusion and suitable mechanical properties that allow deformation upon application of force are disclosed. The acrylic materials are particularly suitable for use in fluid-based accommodating intraocular lenses and comprises combination of a perfluoro-substituted alkyl (meth)acrylate and an alkyl (meth)acrylate, and a cross-linking agent.1. A soft hydrophobic acrylic material,
being characterized by having a storage modulus of from about 0.5 MPa to about 3.0 MPa measured by dynamic mechanical analysis under compression mode at about 35° C. and a silicone uptake of less than about 2.0% by weight after accelerated aging in a silicone fluid for 32 days at 70° C., wherein the acrylic material is obtained from a polymerizable composition comprising:
a) from about 55% to about 90% by weight of at least one perfluoro-substituted-C2-C12 alkyl (meth)acrylate;
b) from about 10% to about 45% by weight of at least one C2-C12 alkyl (meth)acrylate; and
c) at least one cross-linking agent, provided that the polymerizable composition is substantially free (i.e., less than about 2% by weight) of any aryl acrylic monomer. 2. The acrylic material of claim 1, wherein the acrylic material is characterized by having a storage modulus of from about 0.75 MPa to about 2.5 MPa measured by dynamic mechanical analysis under compression mode at about 35° C. and a silicone uptake of less than about 1.5% by weight after accelerated aging in a silicone fluid for 32 days at 70° C. 3. The acrylic material of claim 1, wherein the acrylic material is characterized by having a storage modulus of from about 1.0 MPa to about 2.0 MPa measured by dynamic mechanical analysis under compression mode at about 35° C. and a silicone uptake of less than about 1.0% by weight or less after accelerated aging in a silicone fluid for 32 days at 70° C. 4. The acrylic material of claim 1, wherein the polymerizable composition comprises:
a) from about 60% to about 85% by weight (preferably from about 65% to about 80% by weight) of at least one perfluoro-substituted-C2-C12 alkyl (meth)acrylate; b) from about 15% to about 40% by weight (preferably from about 20% to about 35% by weight) of at least one C2-C12 alkyl (meth)acrylate; and c) a cross-linking agent, provided that the polymerizable composition is less than about 1% by weight (preferably about 0.5% by weight or less, more preferably about 0.1% by weight or less, even more preferably totally free) of any aryl acrylic monomer. 5. The acrylic material of claim 4, wherein said at least one perfluoro-substituted-C2-C12 alkyl (meth)acrylate is selected from the group consisting of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acrylate, tetrafluoropropyl methacrylate, tetrafluoropropyl acrylate, hexafluoro-iso-propyl methacrylate, hexafluoro-iso-propyl acrylate, hexafluorobutyl methacrylate, hexafluorobutyl acrylate, heptafluorobutyl methacrylate, heptafluorobutyl acrylate, octafluoropentyl methacrylate, octafluoropentyl acrylate, dodecafluoropheptyl methacrylate, heptadecafluorodecyl acrylate, heptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate, pentafluorophenyl acrylate, and pentafluorophenyl methacrylate, and combinations thereof. 6. The acrylic material of claim 5, wherein said at least one C2-C12 alkyl (meth)acrylate is selected from the group consisting of ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-propyl acrylate, n-propyl methacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, n-pentyl acrylate, n-pentyl methacrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, n-hexyl methacrylate, n-heptyl acrylate, n-heptyl methacryate, n-octyl acrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, n-nonyl acrylate, n-nonyl methacrylate, n-decyl acrylate, n-decyl methacrylate, n-undecyl acrylate, n-undecyl methacrylate, lauryl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, 2,2-dimethylpropyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethylpropyl methacrylate, trimethylcyclohexyl acrylate, trimethylcyclohexyl methacrylate, isobutyl acrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, isopentyl acrylate, isopentyl methacrylate, and mixtures thereof. 7. The acrylic material of claim 6, wherein said at least one cross-linking agent is selected from the group consisting of: ethylene glycol dimethacrylate; diethylene glycol dimethacrylate; triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate, allyl methacrylate; 1,3-propanediol dimethacrylate; 2,3-propanediol dimethacrylate; 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate; 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate;
where p=1-50; and
where t=3-20; their corresponding acrylates; and combinations thereof. 8. The acrylic material of claim 7, wherein the amount of said at least one cross-linking agent in the polymerizable composition is 1-5% if the molecular weight of the crosslinking agent is less than 500 Daltons, or is 5-17% if the molecular weight of the crosslinking agent is greater than 500 Daltons. 9. The acrylic material of claim 8, wherein the polymerizable composition further comprises one or more polymerizable components selected from the group consisting of a polymerizable UV-absorber, a polymerizable colored dye, a siloxane monomer, and combinations thereof. 10. The acrylic material of claim 1, wherein polymerizable composition comprises heptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. 11. The acrylic material of claim 2, wherein the polymerizable composition comprises:
a) from about 60% to about 85% by weight (preferably from about 65% to about 80% by weight) of at least one perfluoro-substituted-C2-C12 alkyl (meth)acrylate; b) from about 15% to about 40% by weight (preferably from about 20% to about 35% by weight) of at least one C2-C12 alkyl (meth)acrylate; and c) a cross-linking agent, provided that the polymerizable composition is less than about 1% by weight (preferably about 0.5% by weight or less, more preferably about 0.1% by weight or less, even more preferably totally free) of any aryl acrylic monomer. 12. The acrylic material of claim 11, wherein said at least one perfluoro-substituted-C2-C12 alkyl (meth)acrylate is selected from the group consisting of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acrylate, tetrafluoropropyl methacrylate, tetrafluoropropyl acrylate, hexafluoro-iso-propyl methacrylate, hexafluoro-iso-propyl acrylate, hexafluorobutyl methacrylate, hexafluorobutyl acrylate, heptafluorobutyl methacrylate, heptafluorobutyl acrylate, octafluoropentyl methacrylate, octafluoropentyl acrylate, dodecafluoropheptyl methacrylate, heptadecafluorodecyl acrylate, heptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate, pentafluorophenyl acrylate, and pentafluorophenyl methacrylate, and combinations thereof. 13. The acrylic material of claim 12, wherein said at least one C2-C12 alkyl (meth)acrylate is selected from the group consisting of ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-propyl acrylate, n-propyl methacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, n-pentyl acrylate, n-pentyl methacrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, n-hexyl methacrylate, n-heptyl acrylate, n-heptyl methacryate, n-octyl acrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, n-nonyl acrylate, n-nonyl methacrylate, n-decyl acrylate, n-decyl methacrylate, n-undecyl acrylate, n-undecyl methacrylate, lauryl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, 2,2-dimethylpropyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethylpropyl methacrylate, trimethylcyclohexyl acrylate, trimethylcyclohexyl methacrylate, isobutyl acrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, isopentyl acrylate, isopentyl methacrylate, and mixtures thereof. 14. The acrylic material of claim 13, wherein said at least one cross-linking agent is selected from the group consisting of: ethylene glycol dimethacrylate; diethylene glycol dimethacrylate; triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate, allyl methacrylate; 1,3-propanediol dimethacrylate; 2,3-propanediol dimethacrylate; 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate; 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate;
where p=1-50; and
where t=3-20; their corresponding acrylates; and combinations thereof. 15. The acrylic material of claim 14, wherein the amount of said at least one cross-linking agent in the polymerizable composition is 1-5% if the molecular weight of the crosslinking agent is less than 500 Daltons, or is 5-17% if the molecular weight of the crosslinking agent is greater than 500 Daltons. 16. The acrylic material of claim 15, wherein the polymerizable composition further comprises one or more polymerizable components selected from the group consisting of a polymerizable UV-absorber, a polymerizable colored dye, a siloxane monomer, and combinations thereof. 17. The acrylic material of claim 2, wherein polymerizable composition comprises heptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. 18. The acrylic material of claim 4, wherein polymerizable composition comprises heptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. 19. An accommodating intraocular lens comprising a soft hydrophobic acrylic material of claim 1. 20. An accommodating intraocular lens comprising a soft hydrophobic acrylic material of claim 4. | 1,700 |
2,920 | 14,280,341 | 1,725 | An apparatus for an in-vivo power generation comprises a fuel convertor for converting glucose in a fluid to a hydrogen rich, low carbon fuel such as ethanol or methanol by the action of a bioenzyme on the glucose in the CSF. The fluid can be any one of cerebro spinal fluid, urine and glucose solution. The apparatus further comprises a biofuel cell comprising a cathode chamber and an anode chamber with a membrane assembly sandwiched between them. The membrane assembly comprises a cathode, an anode and a proton exchange membrane. The cathode is coated with an enzyme laccase, which enables extraction of oxygen when the fluid is passed through the cathode chamber. The oxygen from the cathode chamber and the hydrogen in the hydrogen rich fuel from the anode chamber diffuses through the proton exchange membrane and reacts at an ionic level to result in water and electrical power. | 1. An apparatus for in-vivo power generation comprising:
a fuel generator arranged to produce a hydrogen rich fuel from a fluid flowing through the fuel generator; and a biofuel cell comprising a first chamber and a second chamber separated by a membrane assembly, wherein a first electrode in the membrane assembly comprises a catalyst for enabling extracting oxygen from the fluid, the fluid being configured to flow through the first chamber and wherein the second chamber is arranged to receive the hydrogen rich fuel from the fuel generator, wherein, when in use, electrical power is generated when the oxygen from the first chamber and hydrogen in the hydrogen rich fuel from the second chamber respectively combine reactively. 2. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fuel generator is a low carbon fuel convertor which is configured to receive the fluid and produce the hydrogen rich fuel by the action of a bioenzyme on glucose in the fluid. 3. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 2, wherein the fluid is one of cerebro spinal fluid, glucose solution and urine. 4. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 3, further comprising a transdermal glucose reservoir implanted on an epidermal layer of a user of the apparatus, wherein the transdermal glucose reservoir comprises a plurality of micro needles for delivery of glucose solution to the fuel generator and the biofuel cell. 5. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 3, wherein in the hydrogen rich fuel, a quantity of hydrogen is greater than a quantity of carbon. 6. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first electrode is a cathode. 7. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 6, wherein the catalyst is laccase. 8. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 1, wherein the hydrogen rich fuel is one of ethanol and methanol. 9. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 2, wherein the bioenzyme is one of pectine methyl esterase and zymase. 10. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bio fuel cell is a nano scale device. 11. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 1, wherein the membrane is nafion. 12. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 11, wherein a thickness of the membrane is 100 nm. 13. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a packaging for the bio fuel cell, the packaging composed of bio compatible material. 14. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 13, wherein the bio compatible material comprises bio glass, the bio glass coated with polydimethylsiloxane. 15. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a conditioning unit interfacing the biofuel cell and a body implant to condition the power generated by the biofuel cell to be supplied to the body implant. 16. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 15, wherein the conditioning unit comprises a step-up unit, a boost convertor unit and a control unit. 17. A method for in-vivo power generation using an in-vivo power generation apparatus comprising a fuel generator and a bio fuel cell, wherein the biofuel cell comprises a first chamber and a second chamber and a membrane assembly disposed between the first chamber and the second chamber, the method comprising:
generating a hydrogen rich fuel from a fluid by passing the fluid through the fuel generator; extracting oxygen from the fluid by passing the fluid through the first chamber of the bio fuel cell, wherein a catalyst in a first electrode in the membrane assembly enables extracting oxygen from the fluid; passing the hydrogen rich fuel through the second chamber in the bio fuel cell; and generating electrical power by a reaction occurring across the membrane assembly in the bio fuel cell, the reaction occurring between the oxygen and hydrogen in the hydrogen rich fuel, from the first chamber and the second chamber respectively. 18. The method for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 17, wherein generating the hydrogen rich fuel from the fluid by passing the fluid through the fuel generator comprises generating the hydrogen rich fuel from the fluid by passing the fluid through a low carbon fuel convertor. 19. The method for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 17, wherein the fluid is one of cerebro spinal fluid, glucose solution and urine. 20. The method for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 19, wherein generating the hydrogen rich fuel from the fluid by passing the fluid through the low carbon fuel convertor comprises utilizing a bioenzyme in the low carbon fuel convertor to act on glucose in the fluid to generate the hydrogen rich fuel. 21. The method for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 20, wherein the bioenzyme is one of pectine methyl esterase and zymase. 22. The method for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 20, wherein in the hydrogen rich fuel, a quantity of hydrogen is greater than a quantity of carbon. 23. The method for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 22, wherein the hydrogen rich fuel is one of ethanol and methanol. 24. The method for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 17, wherein the catalyst is laccase. 25. The method for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 17, wherein the membrane is nafion. 26. The method for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 25, wherein the thickness of the membrane is 100 nm. | An apparatus for an in-vivo power generation comprises a fuel convertor for converting glucose in a fluid to a hydrogen rich, low carbon fuel such as ethanol or methanol by the action of a bioenzyme on the glucose in the CSF. The fluid can be any one of cerebro spinal fluid, urine and glucose solution. The apparatus further comprises a biofuel cell comprising a cathode chamber and an anode chamber with a membrane assembly sandwiched between them. The membrane assembly comprises a cathode, an anode and a proton exchange membrane. The cathode is coated with an enzyme laccase, which enables extraction of oxygen when the fluid is passed through the cathode chamber. The oxygen from the cathode chamber and the hydrogen in the hydrogen rich fuel from the anode chamber diffuses through the proton exchange membrane and reacts at an ionic level to result in water and electrical power.1. An apparatus for in-vivo power generation comprising:
a fuel generator arranged to produce a hydrogen rich fuel from a fluid flowing through the fuel generator; and a biofuel cell comprising a first chamber and a second chamber separated by a membrane assembly, wherein a first electrode in the membrane assembly comprises a catalyst for enabling extracting oxygen from the fluid, the fluid being configured to flow through the first chamber and wherein the second chamber is arranged to receive the hydrogen rich fuel from the fuel generator, wherein, when in use, electrical power is generated when the oxygen from the first chamber and hydrogen in the hydrogen rich fuel from the second chamber respectively combine reactively. 2. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fuel generator is a low carbon fuel convertor which is configured to receive the fluid and produce the hydrogen rich fuel by the action of a bioenzyme on glucose in the fluid. 3. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 2, wherein the fluid is one of cerebro spinal fluid, glucose solution and urine. 4. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 3, further comprising a transdermal glucose reservoir implanted on an epidermal layer of a user of the apparatus, wherein the transdermal glucose reservoir comprises a plurality of micro needles for delivery of glucose solution to the fuel generator and the biofuel cell. 5. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 3, wherein in the hydrogen rich fuel, a quantity of hydrogen is greater than a quantity of carbon. 6. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first electrode is a cathode. 7. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 6, wherein the catalyst is laccase. 8. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 1, wherein the hydrogen rich fuel is one of ethanol and methanol. 9. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 2, wherein the bioenzyme is one of pectine methyl esterase and zymase. 10. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bio fuel cell is a nano scale device. 11. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 1, wherein the membrane is nafion. 12. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 11, wherein a thickness of the membrane is 100 nm. 13. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a packaging for the bio fuel cell, the packaging composed of bio compatible material. 14. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 13, wherein the bio compatible material comprises bio glass, the bio glass coated with polydimethylsiloxane. 15. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a conditioning unit interfacing the biofuel cell and a body implant to condition the power generated by the biofuel cell to be supplied to the body implant. 16. The apparatus for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 15, wherein the conditioning unit comprises a step-up unit, a boost convertor unit and a control unit. 17. A method for in-vivo power generation using an in-vivo power generation apparatus comprising a fuel generator and a bio fuel cell, wherein the biofuel cell comprises a first chamber and a second chamber and a membrane assembly disposed between the first chamber and the second chamber, the method comprising:
generating a hydrogen rich fuel from a fluid by passing the fluid through the fuel generator; extracting oxygen from the fluid by passing the fluid through the first chamber of the bio fuel cell, wherein a catalyst in a first electrode in the membrane assembly enables extracting oxygen from the fluid; passing the hydrogen rich fuel through the second chamber in the bio fuel cell; and generating electrical power by a reaction occurring across the membrane assembly in the bio fuel cell, the reaction occurring between the oxygen and hydrogen in the hydrogen rich fuel, from the first chamber and the second chamber respectively. 18. The method for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 17, wherein generating the hydrogen rich fuel from the fluid by passing the fluid through the fuel generator comprises generating the hydrogen rich fuel from the fluid by passing the fluid through a low carbon fuel convertor. 19. The method for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 17, wherein the fluid is one of cerebro spinal fluid, glucose solution and urine. 20. The method for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 19, wherein generating the hydrogen rich fuel from the fluid by passing the fluid through the low carbon fuel convertor comprises utilizing a bioenzyme in the low carbon fuel convertor to act on glucose in the fluid to generate the hydrogen rich fuel. 21. The method for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 20, wherein the bioenzyme is one of pectine methyl esterase and zymase. 22. The method for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 20, wherein in the hydrogen rich fuel, a quantity of hydrogen is greater than a quantity of carbon. 23. The method for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 22, wherein the hydrogen rich fuel is one of ethanol and methanol. 24. The method for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 17, wherein the catalyst is laccase. 25. The method for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 17, wherein the membrane is nafion. 26. The method for in-vivo power generation as claimed in claim 25, wherein the thickness of the membrane is 100 nm. | 1,700 |
2,921 | 15,063,919 | 1,722 | Disclosed are a liquid-crystalline medium which contains at least one compound of formula IA,
and in addition at least one compound of formula CC-n-V and/or CC-V-V1,
where the percentage proportion of the compound(s) of formula IA is greater than or equal to the percentage proportion of CC-n-V, and/or the percentage proportion of the compound(s) of formula IA is greater than the percentage proportion of CC-V-V1, where the percentage proportion is based on the liquid-crystalline medium,
and the use thereof in active-matrix displays, in particular based on the VA, PSA, PVA, PS-VA, SS-VA, SA-VA, PA-VA, PALC, FFS, PS-FFS, PS-IPS or IPS effect. | 1. A liquid-crystalline medium, comprising a compound of formula IA,
in which
Z1 denotes a single bond, —CH2CH2—, —CH═CH—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —COO—, —OCO—, —C2F4—, —C≡C—, —CF═CF—, —CH═CHCHO— or —CH2CF2O—,
and at least one compound of formula CC-n-V and/or CC-V-V1,
where n denotes 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6,
with the provisos that
the percentage proportion of the compounds of formula IA is greater than or equal to the percentage proportion of the compounds of formula CC-n-V,
and/or
the percentage proportion of the compounds of formula IA is greater than the percentage proportion of the compounds of formula CC-V-V1,
where the percentage proportion is in each case based on the liquid-crystalline medium. 2. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, comprising at least one compound of formulae IA-1 to IA-5, 3. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, wherein the proportion of the compound(s) of the formula IA in the mixture as a whole is 1-50% by weight, based on the mixture. 4. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, additionally comprising one or more compounds of formulae IIA, IIB and/or IIC,
in which
R2A, R2B and R2C each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl or alkenyl radical having up to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, in which one or more CH2 groups are optionally replaced by —O—, —S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
L1-4 each, independently of one another, denote F, CF3, CHF2 or Cl,
Z2 and Z2′ each, independently of one another, denote a single bond, —CH2CH2—, —CH═CH—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —COO—, —OCO—, —C2F4—, —CF═CF—, —C≡C— or —CH═CHCH2O—,
p denotes 0, 1 or 2,
q denotes 0 or 1,
v denotes 1 to 6, and
(O) denotes a single bond or —O—. 5. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, additionally comprising one or more compounds of formula III,
in which
R31 and R32 each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl or alkenyloxy radical having up to 12 C atoms,
denotes
and
Z3 denotes a single bond, —CH2CH2—, —CH═CH—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH2O —, —OCH2—, —COO—, —OCO—, —C2F4—, —C4H9—, —C≡C— or —CF═CF—. 6. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, additionally comprising one or more compounds of formulae L-1 to L-11,
in which
R, R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl or alkenyl radical having up to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, in which one or more CH2 groups are optionally replaced by —O—, —S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, and
alkyl denotes an alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms,
(O)-alkyl denotes alkyl or O-alkyl, and
s denotes 1 or 2. 7. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, additionally comprising one or more terphenyls of formulae T-1 to T-22,
in which
R denotes a straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1-7 C atoms,
m denotes 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6,
n denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and
(O)CmH2m+1 denotes CmH2m+1 or (O)CmH2m+1. 8. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, additionally comprising one or more compounds of formulae O-1 to O-17,
in which
R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl or alkenyl radical having up to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, in which one or more CH2 groups are optionally replaced by —O—, —S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another. 9. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, additionally comprising one or more compounds of formulae BC, CR, PH-1, PH-2, BF-1, BF-2, BF-3 and/or BF-4,
in which
RB1, RB2, RCR1, RCR2, R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl or alkenyl radical having up to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, in which one or more CH2 groups are optionally replaced by —O—, —S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
c denotes 0, 1 or 2 and
d denotes 1 or 2. 10. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, additionally comprising one or more compounds of the following formulae 11. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, which comprises 5-45% of the compound of formula CC-3-V 12. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, additionally comprising one or more compounds of formulae P-1 to P-4,
in which
R denotes straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy having 1 to 6 C atoms or alkenyl having 2 to 6 C atoms, and
X denotes F, Cl, CF3, OCF3, OCHFCF3 or OCF2CHFCF3. 13. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, additionally comprising one or more compounds of the following formulae
in which
R, n and m in the compounds of formulae T-20 and T-21 have the following meanings,
R denotes a straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1-7 C atoms,
m denotes 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, and
n denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4,
R1 and R2 in formulae BF-1 and BF-2 each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl or alkenyl radical having up to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, in which one or more CH2 groups are optionally replaced by —O—, —S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, and
c denotes 0, 1 or 2, and
d denotes 1 or 2,
R and R10 in the compounds V-10 and L-4 each, each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl or alkenyl radical having up to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted b CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, in which one or more CH2 groups are optionally replaced by —O—, —S—
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms, alkenyl and alkenyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms, x denotes 1 to 6, and (O) denotes a single bond or —O—. 14. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, comprising at least one polymerisable compound. 15. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, comprising one or more additives. 16. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 15, wherein the additive is a free-radical scavenger, antioxidant or UV stabiliser. 17. A process for preparing a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, comprising mixing together at least one compound of formula IA with at least one further mesogenic compound, and optionally one or more additives and optionally at least one polymerisable compound. 18. (canceled) 19. An electro-optical display having active-matrix addressing, containing, as dielectric, a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1. 20. The electro-optical display according to claim 19, which is a VA, PSA, PA-VA, PS-VA, PVA, SA-VA, SS-VA, PALC, IPS, PS-IPS, FFS or PS-FFS display. 21. The electro-optical display according to claim 20, which is an IPS, PS-IPS, FFS or PS-FFS display which has a planar alignment layer. | Disclosed are a liquid-crystalline medium which contains at least one compound of formula IA,
and in addition at least one compound of formula CC-n-V and/or CC-V-V1,
where the percentage proportion of the compound(s) of formula IA is greater than or equal to the percentage proportion of CC-n-V, and/or the percentage proportion of the compound(s) of formula IA is greater than the percentage proportion of CC-V-V1, where the percentage proportion is based on the liquid-crystalline medium,
and the use thereof in active-matrix displays, in particular based on the VA, PSA, PVA, PS-VA, SS-VA, SA-VA, PA-VA, PALC, FFS, PS-FFS, PS-IPS or IPS effect.1. A liquid-crystalline medium, comprising a compound of formula IA,
in which
Z1 denotes a single bond, —CH2CH2—, —CH═CH—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —COO—, —OCO—, —C2F4—, —C≡C—, —CF═CF—, —CH═CHCHO— or —CH2CF2O—,
and at least one compound of formula CC-n-V and/or CC-V-V1,
where n denotes 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6,
with the provisos that
the percentage proportion of the compounds of formula IA is greater than or equal to the percentage proportion of the compounds of formula CC-n-V,
and/or
the percentage proportion of the compounds of formula IA is greater than the percentage proportion of the compounds of formula CC-V-V1,
where the percentage proportion is in each case based on the liquid-crystalline medium. 2. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, comprising at least one compound of formulae IA-1 to IA-5, 3. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, wherein the proportion of the compound(s) of the formula IA in the mixture as a whole is 1-50% by weight, based on the mixture. 4. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, additionally comprising one or more compounds of formulae IIA, IIB and/or IIC,
in which
R2A, R2B and R2C each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl or alkenyl radical having up to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, in which one or more CH2 groups are optionally replaced by —O—, —S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
L1-4 each, independently of one another, denote F, CF3, CHF2 or Cl,
Z2 and Z2′ each, independently of one another, denote a single bond, —CH2CH2—, —CH═CH—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —COO—, —OCO—, —C2F4—, —CF═CF—, —C≡C— or —CH═CHCH2O—,
p denotes 0, 1 or 2,
q denotes 0 or 1,
v denotes 1 to 6, and
(O) denotes a single bond or —O—. 5. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, additionally comprising one or more compounds of formula III,
in which
R31 and R32 each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl or alkenyloxy radical having up to 12 C atoms,
denotes
and
Z3 denotes a single bond, —CH2CH2—, —CH═CH—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH2O —, —OCH2—, —COO—, —OCO—, —C2F4—, —C4H9—, —C≡C— or —CF═CF—. 6. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, additionally comprising one or more compounds of formulae L-1 to L-11,
in which
R, R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl or alkenyl radical having up to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, in which one or more CH2 groups are optionally replaced by —O—, —S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, and
alkyl denotes an alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms,
(O)-alkyl denotes alkyl or O-alkyl, and
s denotes 1 or 2. 7. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, additionally comprising one or more terphenyls of formulae T-1 to T-22,
in which
R denotes a straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1-7 C atoms,
m denotes 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6,
n denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and
(O)CmH2m+1 denotes CmH2m+1 or (O)CmH2m+1. 8. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, additionally comprising one or more compounds of formulae O-1 to O-17,
in which
R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl or alkenyl radical having up to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, in which one or more CH2 groups are optionally replaced by —O—, —S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another. 9. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, additionally comprising one or more compounds of formulae BC, CR, PH-1, PH-2, BF-1, BF-2, BF-3 and/or BF-4,
in which
RB1, RB2, RCR1, RCR2, R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl or alkenyl radical having up to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, in which one or more CH2 groups are optionally replaced by —O—, —S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
c denotes 0, 1 or 2 and
d denotes 1 or 2. 10. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, additionally comprising one or more compounds of the following formulae 11. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, which comprises 5-45% of the compound of formula CC-3-V 12. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, additionally comprising one or more compounds of formulae P-1 to P-4,
in which
R denotes straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy having 1 to 6 C atoms or alkenyl having 2 to 6 C atoms, and
X denotes F, Cl, CF3, OCF3, OCHFCF3 or OCF2CHFCF3. 13. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, additionally comprising one or more compounds of the following formulae
in which
R, n and m in the compounds of formulae T-20 and T-21 have the following meanings,
R denotes a straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1-7 C atoms,
m denotes 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, and
n denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4,
R1 and R2 in formulae BF-1 and BF-2 each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl or alkenyl radical having up to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, in which one or more CH2 groups are optionally replaced by —O—, —S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, and
c denotes 0, 1 or 2, and
d denotes 1 or 2,
R and R10 in the compounds V-10 and L-4 each, each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl or alkenyl radical having up to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted b CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, in which one or more CH2 groups are optionally replaced by —O—, —S—
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms, alkenyl and alkenyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms, x denotes 1 to 6, and (O) denotes a single bond or —O—. 14. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, comprising at least one polymerisable compound. 15. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, comprising one or more additives. 16. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 15, wherein the additive is a free-radical scavenger, antioxidant or UV stabiliser. 17. A process for preparing a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, comprising mixing together at least one compound of formula IA with at least one further mesogenic compound, and optionally one or more additives and optionally at least one polymerisable compound. 18. (canceled) 19. An electro-optical display having active-matrix addressing, containing, as dielectric, a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1. 20. The electro-optical display according to claim 19, which is a VA, PSA, PA-VA, PS-VA, PVA, SA-VA, SS-VA, PALC, IPS, PS-IPS, FFS or PS-FFS display. 21. The electro-optical display according to claim 20, which is an IPS, PS-IPS, FFS or PS-FFS display which has a planar alignment layer. | 1,700 |
2,922 | 15,065,490 | 1,781 | A decorative structural plastic part is provided. That part includes an integral body having a structural plastic layer, a decorative face formed from an in-mold-decoration or IMD and an IMD-compatible plastic layer bridging between the structural plastic layer and the IMD. A mechanical bond locks the structural plastic layer with the IMD-compatible plastic layer. A method for making the part is also disclosed. | 1. A decorative structural plastic part, comprising:
a structural plastic layer; an IMD-compatible plastic layer; a mechanical bond between said structural plastic layer and said IMD-compatible plastic layer; and an IMD bonded to said IMD-compatible plastic layer. 2. The decorative structural plastic part of claim 1, wherein said mechanical bond includes interdigitating sections of said structural plastic layer and said IMD-compatible plastic layer. 3. The decorative structural plastic part of claim 2, wherein said mechanical bond forms a dovetail connection. 4. The decorative structural plastic part of claim 1, wherein said decorative structural plastic part is an air register louver for a motor vehicle. 5. The decorative structural plastic part of claim 4, wherein said structural plastic layer is made from a material selected from a group consisting of 50% glass-filled polyamide 6, 60% glass-filled polyamide 6, 50% glass-filled polyamide 66, 60% glass-filled polyamide 66, 55% glass-filled polybutylene terephthalate or mixtures thereof. 6. The decorative structural plastic part of claim 5, wherein said IMD-compatible plastic layer is made from a material selected from a group consisting of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polycarbonate and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, acrylonitrile styrene acrylate or mixtures thereof. 7. The decorative structural plastic part of claim 6, wherein said IMD is a decorative foil or decorative film. 8. An air register louver for a motor vehicle, comprising:
an integral body including a structural plastic layer, an IMD and an IMD-compatible plastic layer bridging between said structural plastic layer and said IMD. 9. A method of producing a decorative structural plastic part in a mold, comprising:
two-shot molding a structural plastic layer and an IMD-compatible plastic layer with an IMD in a mold; and removing a finished decorative structural plastic part from said mold. 10. The method of claim 9 including forming a mechanical bond between said structural plastic layer and said IMD-compatible plastic layer in said mold. 11. The method of claim 9, including injecting a structural plastic resin into said mold to form said structural plastic layer. 12. The method of claim 11, including positioning an IMD into said mold. 13. The method of claim 12, including injecting an IMD-compatible plastic resin into said mold between said structural plastic layer and said IMD and transferring said IMD to said IMD-compatible plastic layer. 14. The method of claim 13, including mechanically bonding said structural plastic layer with said IMD-compatible plastic layer. 15. The method of claim 14, including forming channels in said structural plastic layer by injecting said structural plastic resin against a first mold section of said mold. 16. The method of claim 15, including replacing said first mold section of said mold with a third mold section while maintaining said structural plastic layer in said second mold section. 17. The method of claim 16, including positioning said IMD into said mold while said mold is open. 18. The method of claim 17, including injecting said IMD-compatible plastic resin into said mold between said structural plastic layer and said IMD, pushing said IMD against said third mold section and adhering said IMD to a surface of said IMD-compatible layer. 19. The method of claim 18, including curing a portion of said IMD-compatible layer in said channels formed in said structural plastic layer thereby forming a mechanical lock feature. 20. The method of claim 19, including providing a mechanical lock feature that comprises interdigitating portions of said structural plastic layer and said IMD-compatible layer. | A decorative structural plastic part is provided. That part includes an integral body having a structural plastic layer, a decorative face formed from an in-mold-decoration or IMD and an IMD-compatible plastic layer bridging between the structural plastic layer and the IMD. A mechanical bond locks the structural plastic layer with the IMD-compatible plastic layer. A method for making the part is also disclosed.1. A decorative structural plastic part, comprising:
a structural plastic layer; an IMD-compatible plastic layer; a mechanical bond between said structural plastic layer and said IMD-compatible plastic layer; and an IMD bonded to said IMD-compatible plastic layer. 2. The decorative structural plastic part of claim 1, wherein said mechanical bond includes interdigitating sections of said structural plastic layer and said IMD-compatible plastic layer. 3. The decorative structural plastic part of claim 2, wherein said mechanical bond forms a dovetail connection. 4. The decorative structural plastic part of claim 1, wherein said decorative structural plastic part is an air register louver for a motor vehicle. 5. The decorative structural plastic part of claim 4, wherein said structural plastic layer is made from a material selected from a group consisting of 50% glass-filled polyamide 6, 60% glass-filled polyamide 6, 50% glass-filled polyamide 66, 60% glass-filled polyamide 66, 55% glass-filled polybutylene terephthalate or mixtures thereof. 6. The decorative structural plastic part of claim 5, wherein said IMD-compatible plastic layer is made from a material selected from a group consisting of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polycarbonate and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, acrylonitrile styrene acrylate or mixtures thereof. 7. The decorative structural plastic part of claim 6, wherein said IMD is a decorative foil or decorative film. 8. An air register louver for a motor vehicle, comprising:
an integral body including a structural plastic layer, an IMD and an IMD-compatible plastic layer bridging between said structural plastic layer and said IMD. 9. A method of producing a decorative structural plastic part in a mold, comprising:
two-shot molding a structural plastic layer and an IMD-compatible plastic layer with an IMD in a mold; and removing a finished decorative structural plastic part from said mold. 10. The method of claim 9 including forming a mechanical bond between said structural plastic layer and said IMD-compatible plastic layer in said mold. 11. The method of claim 9, including injecting a structural plastic resin into said mold to form said structural plastic layer. 12. The method of claim 11, including positioning an IMD into said mold. 13. The method of claim 12, including injecting an IMD-compatible plastic resin into said mold between said structural plastic layer and said IMD and transferring said IMD to said IMD-compatible plastic layer. 14. The method of claim 13, including mechanically bonding said structural plastic layer with said IMD-compatible plastic layer. 15. The method of claim 14, including forming channels in said structural plastic layer by injecting said structural plastic resin against a first mold section of said mold. 16. The method of claim 15, including replacing said first mold section of said mold with a third mold section while maintaining said structural plastic layer in said second mold section. 17. The method of claim 16, including positioning said IMD into said mold while said mold is open. 18. The method of claim 17, including injecting said IMD-compatible plastic resin into said mold between said structural plastic layer and said IMD, pushing said IMD against said third mold section and adhering said IMD to a surface of said IMD-compatible layer. 19. The method of claim 18, including curing a portion of said IMD-compatible layer in said channels formed in said structural plastic layer thereby forming a mechanical lock feature. 20. The method of claim 19, including providing a mechanical lock feature that comprises interdigitating portions of said structural plastic layer and said IMD-compatible layer. | 1,700 |
2,923 | 14,820,849 | 1,747 | A method and associated system are provided for forming a biodegradable filter material for a filter element of a smoking article, wherein the method involves combining cellulose acetate fibers with regenerated cellulose fibers, drawing the combined cellulose acetate fibers and regenerated cellulose fibers to form drawn combined fibers, and crimping the drawn combined fibers to form a mixed fiber tow. An associated filter material for the filter element of a smoking article is also provided. | 1.-23. (canceled) 24. A filter element suitable for use in a smoking article, the filter element comprising a mixed fiber tow comprising a blend of a first plurality of drawn and crimped cellulose acetate fibers and a second plurality of drawn and crimped fibers comprising a degradable polymeric material different from the first plurality of fibers, the mixed fiber tow having a total denier in the range of from about 20,000 denier to about 80,000 denier. 25. The filter element according to claim 24, wherein the mixed fiber tow has a total denier in the range of from about 30,000 denier to about 60,000 denier. 26. The filter element according to claim 24, wherein the degradable polymeric material is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic polyesters, cellulose, regenerated cellulose, cellulose acetate with imbedded starch particles, cellulose coated with acetyl groups, polyvinyl alcohol, starch, aliphatic polyurethanes, polyesteramides, cis-polyisoprene, cis-polybutadiene, polyanhydrides, polybutylene succinate, proteins, alginate, and copolymers and blends thereof. 27. The filter element according to claim 24, wherein the weight ratio of the first plurality of cellulose acetate fibers to the second plurality of fibers is about 25:75 to about 75:25. 28. The filter element according to claim 24, wherein the filter element exhibits a degradation rate that is at least about 50% faster than that of a traditional cellulose acetate filter element. 29. The filter element according to claim 24, wherein the second plurality of fibers comprises regenerated cellulose fibers, polylactic acid fibers, or polyhydroxyalkanoate fibers. 30. The filter element according to claim 24, wherein the fibers of the mixed fiber tow are arranged such that the fibers of the first plurality of cellulose acetate fibers and the fibers of the second plurality of fibers are one of alternatingly disposed and substantially uniformly interspersed with respect to each other, over a cross-section of the mixed fiber tow. 31. The filter element according to claim 24, wherein the fibers of the mixed fiber tow are arranged such that one of the first plurality of cellulose acetate fibers and the second plurality of fibers is arranged to form a central core and the other of the first plurality of cellulose acetate fibers and the second plurality of fibers is arranged perimetrically about the central core, with respect to a cross-section of the mixed fiber tow. 32. The filter element according to claim 24, wherein the hardness of the filter element is at least about 90%. 33. The filter element according to claim 24, wherein the mixed fiber tow comprises at least about 50% by weight of the first plurality of cellulose acetate fibers. 34. A cigarette comprising a rod of smokable material and a filter element according to claim 24 attached thereto. 35. A system for forming a filter material for a filter element of a smoking article, comprising:
a combining unit configured to combine a first plurality of cellulose acetate fibers with a second plurality of fibers comprising a polymeric material different from the first plurality of fibers to form a mixed fiber blend; a drawing unit configured to receive and draw the mixed fiber blend to form a drawn fiber blend; and a crimping unit configured to receive and crimp the drawn fiber blend to form a mixed fiber tow. 36. The system according to claim 35, wherein the second plurality of fibers comprises a degradable polymeric material. 37. The system according to claim 35, wherein the degradable polymeric material is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic polyesters, cellulose, regenerated cellulose, cellulose acetate with imbedded starch particles, cellulose coated with acetyl groups, polyvinyl alcohol, starch, aliphatic polyurethanes, polyesteramides, cis-polyisoprene, cis-polybutadiene, polyanhydrides, polybutylene succinate, proteins, alginate, and copolymers and blends thereof. 38. The system according to claim 35, wherein the second plurality of fibers comprises regenerated cellulose fibers, polylactic acid fibers, or polyhydroxyalkanoate fibers. 39. The system according to claim 35, wherein the combining unit is configured to combine cellulose acetate fibers with regenerated cellulose fibers, such that longitudinal axes thereof are disposed substantially parallel to each other in forming a mixed fiber blend. 40. The system according to claim 35, wherein the combining unit is configured to combine cellulose acetate fibers with regenerated cellulose fibers such that the cellulose acetate fibers and regenerated cellulose fibers are one of alternatingly disposed and substantially uniformly interspersed with respect to each other, over a cross-section of the mixed fiber blend. 41. The system according to claim 35, wherein the combining unit is configured to combine cellulose acetate fibers with regenerated cellulose fibers such that one of the cellulose acetate fibers and regenerated cellulose fibers is arranged to form a central core and the other of the cellulose acetate fibers and regenerated cellulose fibers is arranged perimetrically about the central core, with respect to a cross-section of the mixed fiber blend. 42. The system according to claim 35, wherein the drawing unit is configured to draw the mixed fiber blend such that the drawn fiber blend has a dpf in the range of about 3 to about 5. 43. The system according to claim 35, further comprising a blooming unit configured to bloom the mixed fiber tow. | A method and associated system are provided for forming a biodegradable filter material for a filter element of a smoking article, wherein the method involves combining cellulose acetate fibers with regenerated cellulose fibers, drawing the combined cellulose acetate fibers and regenerated cellulose fibers to form drawn combined fibers, and crimping the drawn combined fibers to form a mixed fiber tow. An associated filter material for the filter element of a smoking article is also provided.1.-23. (canceled) 24. A filter element suitable for use in a smoking article, the filter element comprising a mixed fiber tow comprising a blend of a first plurality of drawn and crimped cellulose acetate fibers and a second plurality of drawn and crimped fibers comprising a degradable polymeric material different from the first plurality of fibers, the mixed fiber tow having a total denier in the range of from about 20,000 denier to about 80,000 denier. 25. The filter element according to claim 24, wherein the mixed fiber tow has a total denier in the range of from about 30,000 denier to about 60,000 denier. 26. The filter element according to claim 24, wherein the degradable polymeric material is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic polyesters, cellulose, regenerated cellulose, cellulose acetate with imbedded starch particles, cellulose coated with acetyl groups, polyvinyl alcohol, starch, aliphatic polyurethanes, polyesteramides, cis-polyisoprene, cis-polybutadiene, polyanhydrides, polybutylene succinate, proteins, alginate, and copolymers and blends thereof. 27. The filter element according to claim 24, wherein the weight ratio of the first plurality of cellulose acetate fibers to the second plurality of fibers is about 25:75 to about 75:25. 28. The filter element according to claim 24, wherein the filter element exhibits a degradation rate that is at least about 50% faster than that of a traditional cellulose acetate filter element. 29. The filter element according to claim 24, wherein the second plurality of fibers comprises regenerated cellulose fibers, polylactic acid fibers, or polyhydroxyalkanoate fibers. 30. The filter element according to claim 24, wherein the fibers of the mixed fiber tow are arranged such that the fibers of the first plurality of cellulose acetate fibers and the fibers of the second plurality of fibers are one of alternatingly disposed and substantially uniformly interspersed with respect to each other, over a cross-section of the mixed fiber tow. 31. The filter element according to claim 24, wherein the fibers of the mixed fiber tow are arranged such that one of the first plurality of cellulose acetate fibers and the second plurality of fibers is arranged to form a central core and the other of the first plurality of cellulose acetate fibers and the second plurality of fibers is arranged perimetrically about the central core, with respect to a cross-section of the mixed fiber tow. 32. The filter element according to claim 24, wherein the hardness of the filter element is at least about 90%. 33. The filter element according to claim 24, wherein the mixed fiber tow comprises at least about 50% by weight of the first plurality of cellulose acetate fibers. 34. A cigarette comprising a rod of smokable material and a filter element according to claim 24 attached thereto. 35. A system for forming a filter material for a filter element of a smoking article, comprising:
a combining unit configured to combine a first plurality of cellulose acetate fibers with a second plurality of fibers comprising a polymeric material different from the first plurality of fibers to form a mixed fiber blend; a drawing unit configured to receive and draw the mixed fiber blend to form a drawn fiber blend; and a crimping unit configured to receive and crimp the drawn fiber blend to form a mixed fiber tow. 36. The system according to claim 35, wherein the second plurality of fibers comprises a degradable polymeric material. 37. The system according to claim 35, wherein the degradable polymeric material is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic polyesters, cellulose, regenerated cellulose, cellulose acetate with imbedded starch particles, cellulose coated with acetyl groups, polyvinyl alcohol, starch, aliphatic polyurethanes, polyesteramides, cis-polyisoprene, cis-polybutadiene, polyanhydrides, polybutylene succinate, proteins, alginate, and copolymers and blends thereof. 38. The system according to claim 35, wherein the second plurality of fibers comprises regenerated cellulose fibers, polylactic acid fibers, or polyhydroxyalkanoate fibers. 39. The system according to claim 35, wherein the combining unit is configured to combine cellulose acetate fibers with regenerated cellulose fibers, such that longitudinal axes thereof are disposed substantially parallel to each other in forming a mixed fiber blend. 40. The system according to claim 35, wherein the combining unit is configured to combine cellulose acetate fibers with regenerated cellulose fibers such that the cellulose acetate fibers and regenerated cellulose fibers are one of alternatingly disposed and substantially uniformly interspersed with respect to each other, over a cross-section of the mixed fiber blend. 41. The system according to claim 35, wherein the combining unit is configured to combine cellulose acetate fibers with regenerated cellulose fibers such that one of the cellulose acetate fibers and regenerated cellulose fibers is arranged to form a central core and the other of the cellulose acetate fibers and regenerated cellulose fibers is arranged perimetrically about the central core, with respect to a cross-section of the mixed fiber blend. 42. The system according to claim 35, wherein the drawing unit is configured to draw the mixed fiber blend such that the drawn fiber blend has a dpf in the range of about 3 to about 5. 43. The system according to claim 35, further comprising a blooming unit configured to bloom the mixed fiber tow. | 1,700 |
2,924 | 14,403,588 | 1,788 | Provided is a winding core which has a cylindrical shape and on which an adhesive tape, formed by an adhesive layer formed on an elongated base film in the longitudinal direction of the base film, is wound as multiple layers, wherein the outer diameter of the winding core is a dimension in which a deviation amount of the adhesive layer in the circumferential direction of the winding core between adjacent inner and outer tape portions of the adhesive tape in the radial direction of the winding core becomes 55 mm or less when the adhesive tape is wound on the winding core. | 1. A winding core which has a cylindrical shape and on which an adhesive tape, formed by an adhesive layer formed on an elongated base film in the longitudinal direction of the base film, is wound as multiple layers,
wherein the outer diameter of the winding core is a dimension in which a deviation amount of the adhesive layer in the circumferential direction of the winding core between adjacent inner and outer tape portions of the adhesive tape in the radial direction of the winding core becomes 55 mm or less when the adhesive tape is wound on the winding core. 2. The winding core according to claim 1,
wherein the outer diameter of the winding core is a dimension in which the deviation amount of the adhesive layer in the circumferential direction of the winding core between the inner tape portion and the outer tape portion up to at least ten layers of the adhesive tape wound on the winding core becomes 55 mm or less. 3. The winding core according to claim 1,
wherein when the pitch of the adhesive layer formed on the adhesive tape is indicated by P, the outer circumferential length of the winding core is in the range of (P−55) mm to (P+55) mm. 4. The winding core according claim 1,
wherein the adhesive layer of the adhesive tape includes a first adhesive layer formed on the base film and a second adhesive layer formed on the base film so as to cover the first adhesive layer while having an area larger than the first adhesive layer, and wherein the outer diameter of the winding core is a dimension in which the peripheral edge of the first adhesive layer does not overlap the peripheral edge of the second adhesive layer between the inner tape portion and the outer tape portion when the adhesive tape is wound on the winding core. 5. The winding core according to claim 1,
wherein the adhesive layer of the adhesive tape includes a second adhesive layer formed on the base film and a first adhesive layer formed on the second adhesive layer so that the second adhesive layer is exposed from the outer periphery thereof while having an area smaller than the second adhesive layer, and wherein the outer diameter of the winding core is a dimension in which the peripheral edge of the first adhesive layer does not overlap the peripheral edge of the second adhesive layer between the inner tape portion and the outer tape portion when the adhesive tape is wound on the winding core. 6. The winding core according to claim 5,
wherein the outer diameter of the winding core is a dimension in which the peripheral edge of the first adhesive layer does not overlap the peripheral edge of the second adhesive layer between the inner tape portion and the outer tape portion up to at least ten layers of the adhesive tape wound on the winding core. 7. The winding core according to claim 1,
wherein the outer diameter of the winding core is 100 mm or more. 8. A roll in which an adhesive tape formed by a plurality of adhesive layers formed on an elongated base film in the longitudinal direction of the base film is wound as multiple layers on a cylindrical winding core,
wherein the outer diameter of the winding core is a dimension in which the overlapping length of the adhesive layer in the circumferential direction of the winding core between adjacent inner and outer tape portions of the adhesive tape in the radial direction of the winding core becomes 55 mm or less when the adhesive tape is wound on the winding core. 9. The winding core according to claim 5,
wherein the outer diameter of the winding core is a dimension in which the peripheral edge of the first adhesive layer does not overlap the peripheral edge of the second adhesive layer between the inner tape portion and the outer tape portion up to at least ten layers of the adhesive tape wound on the winding core. 10. The winding core according claim 2,
wherein the adhesive layer of the adhesive tape includes a first adhesive layer formed on the base film and a second adhesive layer formed on the base film so as to cover the first adhesive layer while having an area larger than the first adhesive layer, and wherein the outer diameter of the winding core is a dimension in which the peripheral edge of the first adhesive layer does not overlap the peripheral edge of the second adhesive layer between the inner tape portion and the outer tape portion when the adhesive tape is wound on the winding core. 11. The winding core according claim 3,
wherein the adhesive layer of the adhesive tape includes a first adhesive layer formed on the base film and a second adhesive layer formed on the base film so as to cover the first adhesive layer while having an area larger than the first adhesive layer, and wherein the outer diameter of the winding core is a dimension in which the peripheral edge of the first adhesive layer does not overlap the peripheral edge of the second adhesive layer between the inner tape portion and the outer tape portion when the adhesive tape is wound on the winding core. | Provided is a winding core which has a cylindrical shape and on which an adhesive tape, formed by an adhesive layer formed on an elongated base film in the longitudinal direction of the base film, is wound as multiple layers, wherein the outer diameter of the winding core is a dimension in which a deviation amount of the adhesive layer in the circumferential direction of the winding core between adjacent inner and outer tape portions of the adhesive tape in the radial direction of the winding core becomes 55 mm or less when the adhesive tape is wound on the winding core.1. A winding core which has a cylindrical shape and on which an adhesive tape, formed by an adhesive layer formed on an elongated base film in the longitudinal direction of the base film, is wound as multiple layers,
wherein the outer diameter of the winding core is a dimension in which a deviation amount of the adhesive layer in the circumferential direction of the winding core between adjacent inner and outer tape portions of the adhesive tape in the radial direction of the winding core becomes 55 mm or less when the adhesive tape is wound on the winding core. 2. The winding core according to claim 1,
wherein the outer diameter of the winding core is a dimension in which the deviation amount of the adhesive layer in the circumferential direction of the winding core between the inner tape portion and the outer tape portion up to at least ten layers of the adhesive tape wound on the winding core becomes 55 mm or less. 3. The winding core according to claim 1,
wherein when the pitch of the adhesive layer formed on the adhesive tape is indicated by P, the outer circumferential length of the winding core is in the range of (P−55) mm to (P+55) mm. 4. The winding core according claim 1,
wherein the adhesive layer of the adhesive tape includes a first adhesive layer formed on the base film and a second adhesive layer formed on the base film so as to cover the first adhesive layer while having an area larger than the first adhesive layer, and wherein the outer diameter of the winding core is a dimension in which the peripheral edge of the first adhesive layer does not overlap the peripheral edge of the second adhesive layer between the inner tape portion and the outer tape portion when the adhesive tape is wound on the winding core. 5. The winding core according to claim 1,
wherein the adhesive layer of the adhesive tape includes a second adhesive layer formed on the base film and a first adhesive layer formed on the second adhesive layer so that the second adhesive layer is exposed from the outer periphery thereof while having an area smaller than the second adhesive layer, and wherein the outer diameter of the winding core is a dimension in which the peripheral edge of the first adhesive layer does not overlap the peripheral edge of the second adhesive layer between the inner tape portion and the outer tape portion when the adhesive tape is wound on the winding core. 6. The winding core according to claim 5,
wherein the outer diameter of the winding core is a dimension in which the peripheral edge of the first adhesive layer does not overlap the peripheral edge of the second adhesive layer between the inner tape portion and the outer tape portion up to at least ten layers of the adhesive tape wound on the winding core. 7. The winding core according to claim 1,
wherein the outer diameter of the winding core is 100 mm or more. 8. A roll in which an adhesive tape formed by a plurality of adhesive layers formed on an elongated base film in the longitudinal direction of the base film is wound as multiple layers on a cylindrical winding core,
wherein the outer diameter of the winding core is a dimension in which the overlapping length of the adhesive layer in the circumferential direction of the winding core between adjacent inner and outer tape portions of the adhesive tape in the radial direction of the winding core becomes 55 mm or less when the adhesive tape is wound on the winding core. 9. The winding core according to claim 5,
wherein the outer diameter of the winding core is a dimension in which the peripheral edge of the first adhesive layer does not overlap the peripheral edge of the second adhesive layer between the inner tape portion and the outer tape portion up to at least ten layers of the adhesive tape wound on the winding core. 10. The winding core according claim 2,
wherein the adhesive layer of the adhesive tape includes a first adhesive layer formed on the base film and a second adhesive layer formed on the base film so as to cover the first adhesive layer while having an area larger than the first adhesive layer, and wherein the outer diameter of the winding core is a dimension in which the peripheral edge of the first adhesive layer does not overlap the peripheral edge of the second adhesive layer between the inner tape portion and the outer tape portion when the adhesive tape is wound on the winding core. 11. The winding core according claim 3,
wherein the adhesive layer of the adhesive tape includes a first adhesive layer formed on the base film and a second adhesive layer formed on the base film so as to cover the first adhesive layer while having an area larger than the first adhesive layer, and wherein the outer diameter of the winding core is a dimension in which the peripheral edge of the first adhesive layer does not overlap the peripheral edge of the second adhesive layer between the inner tape portion and the outer tape portion when the adhesive tape is wound on the winding core. | 1,700 |
2,925 | 14,647,812 | 1,764 | An austenitic-ferritic stainless steel welding material, comprising in weight %: C: <0.02 Si: <0.45 Mn: 1.60-2.05 P: <0.03 S: <0.03 Cr: 18.5-25 Ni: 8.5-10.5 Mo: <0.75 10 Co: <0.2 Cu: <0.75 N: 0.12-0.3 the balance being Fe and incidental impurities. | 1. An austenitic-ferritic stainless steel welding material for producing a weld metal, containing in weight %:
C: <0.02 Si: <0.45 Mn: 1.60-2.0 P: <0.03 S: <0.03 Cr: 18.5-25 Ni: 8.5-10.5 Mo: <0.75 Co: <0.2 Cu: <0.75 N: 0.12-0.3
the balance being Fe and incidental impurities. 2. The welding material according to claim 1, wherein the amount of Cr is 18.5-21.5 weight %. 3. The welding material according to claim 2, wherein the amount of Cr is 20-21 weight %. 4. The welding material according to claim 1, wherein the amount of Ni is 9-10 weight %. 5. The welding material according to claim 1, wherein the amount of N is 0.12-0.14 weight %. 6. The welding material according to claim 1, wherein the alloy elements of said welding material are balanced such that 5-15 vol % of ferrite is obtained in weld metal produced from said welding material. 7. The welding material according to claim 1, wherein the alloy elements of said welding material are balanced such that 5-15 vol % of ferrite is achieved in the welding material. 8. A welded article comprising a base material and a weld metal, characterized in that the weld metal is an austenitic-ferritic stainless steel which comprises in weight %:
C: <0.02 Si: <0.75 Mn: 0.6-1.2 P: <0.034 S: <0.032 Cr: 18.5-25 Ni: 8.5-10.5 Mo: <0.75 Co: <0.2 Cu: <0.75 N: 0.14-0.32
the balance being Fe and incidental impurities, wherein the weld metal comprises 5-15 vol % ferrite and 85-95 vol % austenite. 9. The welded article according to claim 8, wherein the weld metal comprises 8-12 vol % ferrite and 88-92 vol % austenite. 10. The welded article according to claim 8, wherein the amount of N is 0.14-0.18 weight %. 11. The welded article according to claim 8, wherein the amount of Cr is 18.5-21.5 weight %. 12. The welded article according to claim 8, wherein the amount of Ni 9-10 wt % weight %. 13. The welded article according to claim 8, wherein the weld metal, in as welded condition, has a tensile strength of 563-575 MPa. 14. A method for manufacturing a welded article comprising the steps of:
providing a base material; providing an austenitic-ferritic stainless steel welding material the stainless steel welding material containing in weight %: C: <0.02 Si: <0.45 Mn: 1.60-2.0 P: <0.03 S: <0.03 Cr: 18.5-25 Ni: 8.5-10.5 Mo: <0.75 Co: <0.2 Cu: <0.75 N: 0.12-0.3 the balance being Fe and incidental impurities; and applying weld metal onto the base material by melting said austenitic-ferritic stainless steel welding material under a bath of molten flux material. | An austenitic-ferritic stainless steel welding material, comprising in weight %: C: <0.02 Si: <0.45 Mn: 1.60-2.05 P: <0.03 S: <0.03 Cr: 18.5-25 Ni: 8.5-10.5 Mo: <0.75 10 Co: <0.2 Cu: <0.75 N: 0.12-0.3 the balance being Fe and incidental impurities.1. An austenitic-ferritic stainless steel welding material for producing a weld metal, containing in weight %:
C: <0.02 Si: <0.45 Mn: 1.60-2.0 P: <0.03 S: <0.03 Cr: 18.5-25 Ni: 8.5-10.5 Mo: <0.75 Co: <0.2 Cu: <0.75 N: 0.12-0.3
the balance being Fe and incidental impurities. 2. The welding material according to claim 1, wherein the amount of Cr is 18.5-21.5 weight %. 3. The welding material according to claim 2, wherein the amount of Cr is 20-21 weight %. 4. The welding material according to claim 1, wherein the amount of Ni is 9-10 weight %. 5. The welding material according to claim 1, wherein the amount of N is 0.12-0.14 weight %. 6. The welding material according to claim 1, wherein the alloy elements of said welding material are balanced such that 5-15 vol % of ferrite is obtained in weld metal produced from said welding material. 7. The welding material according to claim 1, wherein the alloy elements of said welding material are balanced such that 5-15 vol % of ferrite is achieved in the welding material. 8. A welded article comprising a base material and a weld metal, characterized in that the weld metal is an austenitic-ferritic stainless steel which comprises in weight %:
C: <0.02 Si: <0.75 Mn: 0.6-1.2 P: <0.034 S: <0.032 Cr: 18.5-25 Ni: 8.5-10.5 Mo: <0.75 Co: <0.2 Cu: <0.75 N: 0.14-0.32
the balance being Fe and incidental impurities, wherein the weld metal comprises 5-15 vol % ferrite and 85-95 vol % austenite. 9. The welded article according to claim 8, wherein the weld metal comprises 8-12 vol % ferrite and 88-92 vol % austenite. 10. The welded article according to claim 8, wherein the amount of N is 0.14-0.18 weight %. 11. The welded article according to claim 8, wherein the amount of Cr is 18.5-21.5 weight %. 12. The welded article according to claim 8, wherein the amount of Ni 9-10 wt % weight %. 13. The welded article according to claim 8, wherein the weld metal, in as welded condition, has a tensile strength of 563-575 MPa. 14. A method for manufacturing a welded article comprising the steps of:
providing a base material; providing an austenitic-ferritic stainless steel welding material the stainless steel welding material containing in weight %: C: <0.02 Si: <0.45 Mn: 1.60-2.0 P: <0.03 S: <0.03 Cr: 18.5-25 Ni: 8.5-10.5 Mo: <0.75 Co: <0.2 Cu: <0.75 N: 0.12-0.3 the balance being Fe and incidental impurities; and applying weld metal onto the base material by melting said austenitic-ferritic stainless steel welding material under a bath of molten flux material. | 1,700 |
2,926 | 14,161,962 | 1,736 | The present invention relates to a particulate superabsorbent polymer comprising a monomer and an internal crosslinker agent wherein the particulate superabsorbent polymer has a Centrifuge Retention Capacity Increase of 2 g/g or more as set forth herein in the Centrifuge Retention Capacity Increase Test. The present invention further relates to a superabsorbent polymer comprising an internal crosslinker agent comprising a silane compound comprising at least one vinyl group or one allyl group attached to a silicon atom, and at least one Si—O bond. The present invention further relates to an absorbent article that includes such particulate superabsorbent polymers. | 1-56. (canceled) 57. A superabsorbent polymer comprising a polymerized monomer selected from an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid anhydride, salts or derivatives thereof, and an internal crosslinker agent comprising a silane compound comprising at least one vinyl group or allyl group and at least one Si—O bond, wherein the vinyl group or allyl group is directly attached to a silicon atom, wherein the superabsorbent polymer composition is a particulate superabsorbent composition and having a Vortex time of from about 20 to about 180 sec. 58. The particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 57, wherein the particulate superabsorbent polymer has a Centrifuge Retention Capacity of from about 25 g/g to about 55 g/g as set forth herein in the Centrifuge Retention Capacity Test and having a Vortex time of from about 20 to about 60 sec. 59. The particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 57, wherein the particulate superabsorbent polymer has a Absorbency Under Load at 0.9 psi of about 15 g/g to about 25 g/g as set forth herein in the Absorbency Under Load at 0.9 psi Test. 60. The particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 57 having a Gel Bed Permeability of from about 10×10−8 cm2 to about 300×10−8 cm2 as set forth herein in the Gel Bed Permeability Test. 61. The particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 57, wherein said silane compound is selected from one of the following
wherein
R1 represents C2 to C3 alkenyl,
R2 represents H, C1 to C4 alkyl, C2 to C5 alkenyl, C6 to C8 aryl, C2 to C5 carbonyl,
R3 represents H, C1 to C4 alkyl, C6 to C8 aryl,
R4 and R5 independently represent H, C1 to C4 alkyl, C6 to C8 aryl,
m represents an integer of from 1 to 2,
n represents an integer of from 2 to 3,
l represents an integer of from 0 to 1,
m+n+1=4,
x represents an integer larger than 1, and
y represents an integer of 0 or larger than 0. 62. The particulate superabsorbent polymer according to claim 61, wherein said silane compound is selected from vinyltriisopropenoxy silane, vinyltriacetoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, diethoxymethylvinyl silane, and polysiloxane comprising at least two vinyl groups. 63. A particulate superabsorbent polymer composition comprising a superabsorbent polymer comprising:
a) at least one monomer selected from an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid anhydride, salts or derivatives thereof based on the superabsorbent polymer; b) from about 0.001% by weight to about 5% by weight of a first internal crosslinking agent and second internal crosslinking agent, based on the monomer of a) wherein the first internal crosslinking agent comprises a silane compound comprising at least one vinyl group or allyl group and at least one Si—O bond wherein the vinyl group or allyl group is directly attached to a silicon atom; and c) a salt forming cation wherein the superabsorbent polymer has a degree of neutralization of greater than about 25%;
wherein elements a), b) and c) are polymerized into a crosslinked hydrogel, which is then prepared into superabsorbent polymer particles; and the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition further comprises a surface coating comprising ethylene carbonate, aluminum sulfate and maleated polypropylene, wherein said particulate superabsorbent polymer composition has a Centrifuge Retention Capacity of from 25 g/g to about 55 g/g as set forth herein in the Centrifuge Retention Capacity Test and having a Vortex time of from about 20 to about 180 sec. 64. The particulate superabsorbent polymer composition of claim 63, wherein said silane compound is selected from one of the following
wherein
R1 represents C2 to C3 alkenyl,
R2 represents H, C1 to C4 alkyl, C2 to C5 alkenyl, C6 to C8 aryl, C2 to C5 carbonyl,
R3 represents H, C1 to C4 alkyl, C6 to C8 aryl,
R4 and R5 independently represent H, C1 to C4 alkyl, C6 to C8 aryl,
m represents an integer of from 1 to 2,
n represents an integer of from 2 to 3,
l represents an integer of from 0 to 1,
m+n+1=4,
x represents an integer larger than 1, and
y represents an integer of 0 or larger than 0. 65. The particulate superabsorbent polymer composition according to claim 64, wherein said silane compound is selected from vinyltriisopropenoxy silane, vinyltriacetoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, diethoxymethylvinyl silane, and polysiloxane comprising at least two vinyl groups. 66. The particulate superabsorbent polymer composition of claim 63, having a Gel Bed Permeability of from about 50×10−8 cm2 to about 300×10−8 cm2 as set forth herein in the Gel Bed Permeability Test. 67. A particulate superabsorbent polymer comprising a polymerized monomer selected from an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid anhydride, salts or derivatives thereof, and an internal crosslinker agent comprising a silane compound comprising at least one or allyl group and at least one Si—O bond, wherein the vinyl group or allyl group is directly attached to a silicon atom, wherein the superabsorbent polymer composition is a particulate superabsorbent composition and the particulate superabsorbent polymer surface treated with an inorganic salt. 68. The particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 67, wherein the particulate superabsorbent polymer has a Centrifuge Retention Capacity of from about 25 g/g to about 55 g/g as set forth herein in the Centrifuge Retention Capacity Test and having a Vortex time of from about 20 to about 60 sec. 69. The particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 67, wherein the particulate superabsorbent polymer has a Absorbency Under Load at 0.9 psi of about 15 g/g to about 25 g/g as set forth herein in the Absorbency Under Load at 0.9 psi Test. 70. The particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 67 having a Gel Bed Permeability of from about 10×10−8 cm2 to about 300×10−8 cm2 as set forth herein in the Gel Bed Permeability Test. 71. The particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 67, wherein said silane compound is selected from one of the following
wherein
R1 represents C2 to C3 alkenyl,
R2 represents H, C1 to C4 alkyl, C2 to C5 alkenyl, C6 to C8 aryl, C2 to C5 carbonyl,
R3 represents H, C1 to C4 alkyl, C6 to C8 aryl,
R4 and R5 independently represent H, C1 to C4 alkyl, C6 to C8 aryl,
m represents an integer of from 1 to 2,
n represents an integer of from 2 to 3,
l represents an integer of from 0 to 1,
m+n+1=4,
x represents an integer larger than 1, and
y represents an integer of 0 or larger than 0. 72. The particulate superabsorbent polymer according to claim 71 wherein said silane compound is selected from vinyltriisopropenoxy silane, vinyltriacetoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, diethoxymethylvinyl silane, and polysiloxane comprising at least two vinyl groups. 73. A particulate superabsorbent polymer composition comprising a superabsorbent polymer comprising:
a) at least one monomer selected from an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid anhydride, salts or derivatives thereof based on the superabsorbent polymer; b) from about 0.001% by weight to about 5% by weight of a first internal crosslinking agent and second internal crosslinking agent, based on the monomer of a) wherein the first internal crosslinking agent comprises a silane compound comprising at least one vinyl group or allyl group and at least one Si—O bond wherein the vinyl group or allyl group is directly attached to a silicon atom; and c) a salt forming cation wherein the superabsorbent polymer has a degree of neutralization of greater than about 25%;
wherein elements a), b) and c) are polymerized into a crosslinked hydrogel, which is then prepared into superabsorbent polymer particles; and the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition further comprises a surface coating comprising ethylene carbonate, aluminum sulfate and maleated polypropylene, wherein said particulate superabsorbent polymer composition has a Centrifuge Retention Capacity of from 25 g/g to about 55 g/g as set forth herein in the Centrifuge Retention Capacity Test and having a Vortex time of from about 20 to about 180 sec. 74. The particulate superabsorbent polymer composition of claim 63, wherein said silane compound is selected from one of the following
wherein
R1 represents C2 to C3 alkenyl,
R2 represents H, C1 to C4 alkyl, C2 to C5 alkenyl, C6 to C8 aryl, C2 to C5 carbonyl,
R3 represents H, C1 to C4 alkyl, C6 to C8 aryl,
R4 and R5 independently represent H, C1 to C4 alkyl, C6 to C8 aryl,
m represents an integer of from 1 to 2,
n represents an integer of from 2 to 3,
l represents an integer of from 0 to 1,
m+n+1=4,
x represents an integer larger than 1, and
y represents an integer of 0 or larger than 0. 75. The particulate superabsorbent polymer composition according to claim 64, wherein said silane compound is selected from vinyltriisopropenoxy silane, vinyltriacetoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, diethoxymethylvinyl silane, and polysiloxane comprising at least two vinyl groups. 76. The particulate superabsorbent polymer composition of claim 63 having a Gel Bed Permeability of from about 50×10−8 cm2 to about 300×10−8 cm2 as set forth herein in the Gel Bed Permeability Test and having a Vortex time of from about 20 to about 180 sec. | The present invention relates to a particulate superabsorbent polymer comprising a monomer and an internal crosslinker agent wherein the particulate superabsorbent polymer has a Centrifuge Retention Capacity Increase of 2 g/g or more as set forth herein in the Centrifuge Retention Capacity Increase Test. The present invention further relates to a superabsorbent polymer comprising an internal crosslinker agent comprising a silane compound comprising at least one vinyl group or one allyl group attached to a silicon atom, and at least one Si—O bond. The present invention further relates to an absorbent article that includes such particulate superabsorbent polymers.1-56. (canceled) 57. A superabsorbent polymer comprising a polymerized monomer selected from an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid anhydride, salts or derivatives thereof, and an internal crosslinker agent comprising a silane compound comprising at least one vinyl group or allyl group and at least one Si—O bond, wherein the vinyl group or allyl group is directly attached to a silicon atom, wherein the superabsorbent polymer composition is a particulate superabsorbent composition and having a Vortex time of from about 20 to about 180 sec. 58. The particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 57, wherein the particulate superabsorbent polymer has a Centrifuge Retention Capacity of from about 25 g/g to about 55 g/g as set forth herein in the Centrifuge Retention Capacity Test and having a Vortex time of from about 20 to about 60 sec. 59. The particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 57, wherein the particulate superabsorbent polymer has a Absorbency Under Load at 0.9 psi of about 15 g/g to about 25 g/g as set forth herein in the Absorbency Under Load at 0.9 psi Test. 60. The particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 57 having a Gel Bed Permeability of from about 10×10−8 cm2 to about 300×10−8 cm2 as set forth herein in the Gel Bed Permeability Test. 61. The particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 57, wherein said silane compound is selected from one of the following
wherein
R1 represents C2 to C3 alkenyl,
R2 represents H, C1 to C4 alkyl, C2 to C5 alkenyl, C6 to C8 aryl, C2 to C5 carbonyl,
R3 represents H, C1 to C4 alkyl, C6 to C8 aryl,
R4 and R5 independently represent H, C1 to C4 alkyl, C6 to C8 aryl,
m represents an integer of from 1 to 2,
n represents an integer of from 2 to 3,
l represents an integer of from 0 to 1,
m+n+1=4,
x represents an integer larger than 1, and
y represents an integer of 0 or larger than 0. 62. The particulate superabsorbent polymer according to claim 61, wherein said silane compound is selected from vinyltriisopropenoxy silane, vinyltriacetoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, diethoxymethylvinyl silane, and polysiloxane comprising at least two vinyl groups. 63. A particulate superabsorbent polymer composition comprising a superabsorbent polymer comprising:
a) at least one monomer selected from an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid anhydride, salts or derivatives thereof based on the superabsorbent polymer; b) from about 0.001% by weight to about 5% by weight of a first internal crosslinking agent and second internal crosslinking agent, based on the monomer of a) wherein the first internal crosslinking agent comprises a silane compound comprising at least one vinyl group or allyl group and at least one Si—O bond wherein the vinyl group or allyl group is directly attached to a silicon atom; and c) a salt forming cation wherein the superabsorbent polymer has a degree of neutralization of greater than about 25%;
wherein elements a), b) and c) are polymerized into a crosslinked hydrogel, which is then prepared into superabsorbent polymer particles; and the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition further comprises a surface coating comprising ethylene carbonate, aluminum sulfate and maleated polypropylene, wherein said particulate superabsorbent polymer composition has a Centrifuge Retention Capacity of from 25 g/g to about 55 g/g as set forth herein in the Centrifuge Retention Capacity Test and having a Vortex time of from about 20 to about 180 sec. 64. The particulate superabsorbent polymer composition of claim 63, wherein said silane compound is selected from one of the following
wherein
R1 represents C2 to C3 alkenyl,
R2 represents H, C1 to C4 alkyl, C2 to C5 alkenyl, C6 to C8 aryl, C2 to C5 carbonyl,
R3 represents H, C1 to C4 alkyl, C6 to C8 aryl,
R4 and R5 independently represent H, C1 to C4 alkyl, C6 to C8 aryl,
m represents an integer of from 1 to 2,
n represents an integer of from 2 to 3,
l represents an integer of from 0 to 1,
m+n+1=4,
x represents an integer larger than 1, and
y represents an integer of 0 or larger than 0. 65. The particulate superabsorbent polymer composition according to claim 64, wherein said silane compound is selected from vinyltriisopropenoxy silane, vinyltriacetoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, diethoxymethylvinyl silane, and polysiloxane comprising at least two vinyl groups. 66. The particulate superabsorbent polymer composition of claim 63, having a Gel Bed Permeability of from about 50×10−8 cm2 to about 300×10−8 cm2 as set forth herein in the Gel Bed Permeability Test. 67. A particulate superabsorbent polymer comprising a polymerized monomer selected from an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid anhydride, salts or derivatives thereof, and an internal crosslinker agent comprising a silane compound comprising at least one or allyl group and at least one Si—O bond, wherein the vinyl group or allyl group is directly attached to a silicon atom, wherein the superabsorbent polymer composition is a particulate superabsorbent composition and the particulate superabsorbent polymer surface treated with an inorganic salt. 68. The particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 67, wherein the particulate superabsorbent polymer has a Centrifuge Retention Capacity of from about 25 g/g to about 55 g/g as set forth herein in the Centrifuge Retention Capacity Test and having a Vortex time of from about 20 to about 60 sec. 69. The particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 67, wherein the particulate superabsorbent polymer has a Absorbency Under Load at 0.9 psi of about 15 g/g to about 25 g/g as set forth herein in the Absorbency Under Load at 0.9 psi Test. 70. The particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 67 having a Gel Bed Permeability of from about 10×10−8 cm2 to about 300×10−8 cm2 as set forth herein in the Gel Bed Permeability Test. 71. The particulate superabsorbent polymer of claim 67, wherein said silane compound is selected from one of the following
wherein
R1 represents C2 to C3 alkenyl,
R2 represents H, C1 to C4 alkyl, C2 to C5 alkenyl, C6 to C8 aryl, C2 to C5 carbonyl,
R3 represents H, C1 to C4 alkyl, C6 to C8 aryl,
R4 and R5 independently represent H, C1 to C4 alkyl, C6 to C8 aryl,
m represents an integer of from 1 to 2,
n represents an integer of from 2 to 3,
l represents an integer of from 0 to 1,
m+n+1=4,
x represents an integer larger than 1, and
y represents an integer of 0 or larger than 0. 72. The particulate superabsorbent polymer according to claim 71 wherein said silane compound is selected from vinyltriisopropenoxy silane, vinyltriacetoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, diethoxymethylvinyl silane, and polysiloxane comprising at least two vinyl groups. 73. A particulate superabsorbent polymer composition comprising a superabsorbent polymer comprising:
a) at least one monomer selected from an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid anhydride, salts or derivatives thereof based on the superabsorbent polymer; b) from about 0.001% by weight to about 5% by weight of a first internal crosslinking agent and second internal crosslinking agent, based on the monomer of a) wherein the first internal crosslinking agent comprises a silane compound comprising at least one vinyl group or allyl group and at least one Si—O bond wherein the vinyl group or allyl group is directly attached to a silicon atom; and c) a salt forming cation wherein the superabsorbent polymer has a degree of neutralization of greater than about 25%;
wherein elements a), b) and c) are polymerized into a crosslinked hydrogel, which is then prepared into superabsorbent polymer particles; and the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition further comprises a surface coating comprising ethylene carbonate, aluminum sulfate and maleated polypropylene, wherein said particulate superabsorbent polymer composition has a Centrifuge Retention Capacity of from 25 g/g to about 55 g/g as set forth herein in the Centrifuge Retention Capacity Test and having a Vortex time of from about 20 to about 180 sec. 74. The particulate superabsorbent polymer composition of claim 63, wherein said silane compound is selected from one of the following
wherein
R1 represents C2 to C3 alkenyl,
R2 represents H, C1 to C4 alkyl, C2 to C5 alkenyl, C6 to C8 aryl, C2 to C5 carbonyl,
R3 represents H, C1 to C4 alkyl, C6 to C8 aryl,
R4 and R5 independently represent H, C1 to C4 alkyl, C6 to C8 aryl,
m represents an integer of from 1 to 2,
n represents an integer of from 2 to 3,
l represents an integer of from 0 to 1,
m+n+1=4,
x represents an integer larger than 1, and
y represents an integer of 0 or larger than 0. 75. The particulate superabsorbent polymer composition according to claim 64, wherein said silane compound is selected from vinyltriisopropenoxy silane, vinyltriacetoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, diethoxymethylvinyl silane, and polysiloxane comprising at least two vinyl groups. 76. The particulate superabsorbent polymer composition of claim 63 having a Gel Bed Permeability of from about 50×10−8 cm2 to about 300×10−8 cm2 as set forth herein in the Gel Bed Permeability Test and having a Vortex time of from about 20 to about 180 sec. | 1,700 |
2,927 | 14,348,696 | 1,794 | Provided is a tantalum sputtering target having a (200)-plane orientation ratio of 70% or less and a (222)-plane orientation ratio of 10% or more at the sputtering surface of the tantalum sputtering target. The sputter rate can be increased by controlling the crystalline orientation of the target, and thereby a film having an intended thickness can be formed in a short time to improve the throughput. | 1. A tantalum sputtering target having a (200)-plane orientation ratio of 70% or less and a (222)-plane orientation ratio of 10% or more at the sputtering surface of the tantalum sputtering target. 2. The tantalum sputtering target according to claim 1, having a (200)-plane orientation ratio of 60% or less and a (222)-plane orientation ratio of 20% or more at the sputtering surface of the tantalum sputtering target. 3. The tantalum sputtering target according to claim 1, having a (200) plane orientation ratio of 50% or less and a (222)-plane orientation ratio of 30% or more at the sputtering surface of the tantalum sputtering target. 4. A thin film for a diffusion barrier layer formed by sputtering the sputtering target according to claim 1. 5. A semiconductor device comprising the thin film for a diffusion barrier layer according to claim 4. 6. A method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target, the method comprising forging and recrystallization annealing a tantalum ingot obtained through melting and casting, and rolling and heat-treating the annealed ingot to form a crystal structure having a (200)-plane orientation ratio of 70% or less and a (222)-plane orientation ratio of 10% or more at the sputtering surface of the target. 7. The method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target according to claim 6, the method comprising forging and recrystallization annealing a tantalum ingot obtained through melting and casting, and rolling and heat-treating the annealed ingot to form a crystal structure having a (200)-plane orientation ratio of 60% or less and a (222)-plane orientation ratio of 20% or more at the sputtering surface of the target. 8. The method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target according to claim 6, the method comprising forging and recrystallization annealing a tantalum ingot obtained through melting and casting, and rolling and heat-treating the annealed ingot to form a crystal structure having a (200)-plane orientation ratio of 50% or less and a (222)-plane orientation ratio of 30% or more at the sputtering surface of the target. 9. The method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target according to claim 8, wherein the rolling is performed by cold rolling using a rolling roll having a diameter of 500 mm or more at a rolling speed of 10 m/min or more and a rolling ratio exceeding 80%. 10. The method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target according to claim 8, wherein the rolling and the heat treatment are repeated at least twice, and the rolling is performed by cold rolling using a rolling roll having a diameter of 500 mm or more at a rolling speed of 10 m/min or more and a rolling ratio of 60% or more. 11. The method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target according to claim 10, wherein the heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 900° C. to 1400° C. 12. The method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target according to claim 11, wherein the forging and recrystallization annealing are repeated at least twice. 13. The method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target according to claim 12, the method further comprising surface finishing by cutting and polishing after the rolling and heat treatment. 14. The method according to claim 9, wherein the heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 900° C. to 1400° C. 15. The method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target according to claim 14, wherein the forging and recrystallization annealing are repeated at least twice. 16. The method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target according to claim 6, wherein the rolling is performed by cold rolling using a rolling roll having a diameter of 500 mm or more at a rolling speed of 10 m/min or more and a rolling ratio exceeding 80%. 17. The method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target according to claim 6, wherein the rolling and the heat treatment are repeated at least twice, and the rolling is performed by cold rolling using a rolling roll having a diameter of 500 mm or more at a rolling speed of 10 m/min or more and a rolling ratio of 60% or more. 18. The method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target according to claim 6, wherein the heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 900° C. to 1400° C. 19. The method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target according to claim 6, wherein the forging and recrystallization annealing are repeated at least twice. 20. The method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target according to claim 6, further comprising the step of surface finishing by cutting and polishing after the rolling and heat treatment. | Provided is a tantalum sputtering target having a (200)-plane orientation ratio of 70% or less and a (222)-plane orientation ratio of 10% or more at the sputtering surface of the tantalum sputtering target. The sputter rate can be increased by controlling the crystalline orientation of the target, and thereby a film having an intended thickness can be formed in a short time to improve the throughput.1. A tantalum sputtering target having a (200)-plane orientation ratio of 70% or less and a (222)-plane orientation ratio of 10% or more at the sputtering surface of the tantalum sputtering target. 2. The tantalum sputtering target according to claim 1, having a (200)-plane orientation ratio of 60% or less and a (222)-plane orientation ratio of 20% or more at the sputtering surface of the tantalum sputtering target. 3. The tantalum sputtering target according to claim 1, having a (200) plane orientation ratio of 50% or less and a (222)-plane orientation ratio of 30% or more at the sputtering surface of the tantalum sputtering target. 4. A thin film for a diffusion barrier layer formed by sputtering the sputtering target according to claim 1. 5. A semiconductor device comprising the thin film for a diffusion barrier layer according to claim 4. 6. A method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target, the method comprising forging and recrystallization annealing a tantalum ingot obtained through melting and casting, and rolling and heat-treating the annealed ingot to form a crystal structure having a (200)-plane orientation ratio of 70% or less and a (222)-plane orientation ratio of 10% or more at the sputtering surface of the target. 7. The method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target according to claim 6, the method comprising forging and recrystallization annealing a tantalum ingot obtained through melting and casting, and rolling and heat-treating the annealed ingot to form a crystal structure having a (200)-plane orientation ratio of 60% or less and a (222)-plane orientation ratio of 20% or more at the sputtering surface of the target. 8. The method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target according to claim 6, the method comprising forging and recrystallization annealing a tantalum ingot obtained through melting and casting, and rolling and heat-treating the annealed ingot to form a crystal structure having a (200)-plane orientation ratio of 50% or less and a (222)-plane orientation ratio of 30% or more at the sputtering surface of the target. 9. The method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target according to claim 8, wherein the rolling is performed by cold rolling using a rolling roll having a diameter of 500 mm or more at a rolling speed of 10 m/min or more and a rolling ratio exceeding 80%. 10. The method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target according to claim 8, wherein the rolling and the heat treatment are repeated at least twice, and the rolling is performed by cold rolling using a rolling roll having a diameter of 500 mm or more at a rolling speed of 10 m/min or more and a rolling ratio of 60% or more. 11. The method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target according to claim 10, wherein the heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 900° C. to 1400° C. 12. The method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target according to claim 11, wherein the forging and recrystallization annealing are repeated at least twice. 13. The method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target according to claim 12, the method further comprising surface finishing by cutting and polishing after the rolling and heat treatment. 14. The method according to claim 9, wherein the heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 900° C. to 1400° C. 15. The method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target according to claim 14, wherein the forging and recrystallization annealing are repeated at least twice. 16. The method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target according to claim 6, wherein the rolling is performed by cold rolling using a rolling roll having a diameter of 500 mm or more at a rolling speed of 10 m/min or more and a rolling ratio exceeding 80%. 17. The method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target according to claim 6, wherein the rolling and the heat treatment are repeated at least twice, and the rolling is performed by cold rolling using a rolling roll having a diameter of 500 mm or more at a rolling speed of 10 m/min or more and a rolling ratio of 60% or more. 18. The method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target according to claim 6, wherein the heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 900° C. to 1400° C. 19. The method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target according to claim 6, wherein the forging and recrystallization annealing are repeated at least twice. 20. The method for manufacturing a tantalum sputtering target according to claim 6, further comprising the step of surface finishing by cutting and polishing after the rolling and heat treatment. | 1,700 |
2,928 | 14,098,915 | 1,792 | A container is provided with a body defining an interior space having an opening. A filter is disposed in the body to define an ingredients chamber. Ingredients are disposed in the ingredients chamber and a cover is disposed over the opening to seal the interior space. The container is adapted to allow cover and filter with ingredients contained in ingredients chamber to be separated from the remainder of body. | 1. A container comprising:
a body defining an interior space having an opening; a filter disposed in said interior space to define an ingredients chamber, said filter being bonded to said body with a first bond, said first bond being a peelable bond; ingredients disposed in said ingredients chamber; a cover disposed over said opening for covering said interior space, said cover being bonded to said filter at a periphery to said opening with a second bond;
wherein said cover is adapted to be removed together with said filter upon the application of sufficient force by hand following use of the container. 2. A container as claimed in claim 1, further including a tab adapted for providing a grip to remove said cover with said filter and said ingredients chamber from said body. 3. A container as claimed in claim 1, wherein a notch is defined in the interior surface of said body, said notch providing a predicted point of weakness in said body. 4. A container as claimed in claim 3 wherein said notch extends substantially about the periphery of said opening. 5. A container as claimed in claim 3 wherein said body is formed of a multilayered material that includes a barrier layer disposed between a sealing layer and an outer layer, and wherein said notch is defined in said sealing layer. 6. A container as claimed in claim 1, wherein said filter has a basis weight in the range of 8 to 400 gsm. 7. A container as claimed in claim 2, wherein said tab is formed from said cover. 8. A container as claimed in claim 2, wherein said tab is formed from a portion of said body defined by a separation point at a location where said filter is bonded to said body. 9. A container as claimed in claim 8, wherein said separation point is defined in said flange of said body to define said tab. 10. A container as claimed in claim 1 wherein said first bond is formed with a first bonding material disposed between a first surface of said filter and a first surface of said body. 11. A container as claimed in claim 1, wherein said body is formed of a multilayered material that includes a barrier layer disposed between a sealing layer and an outer layer, and wherein said first bond between said filter and said body is formed with said sealing layer. 12. A container comprising:
a body defining an interior space having an opening, said body having a flange surrounding said opening; a filter disposed in said body to define an ingredients chamber, said filter being bonded to a first surface of said flange with a first bond, said first bond being a peelable bond; a separation point defined in said flange, said separation point defining a tab that is adapted to be separated from the remainder of said flange upon the application of sufficient force by hand; ingredients disposed in said ingredients chamber; a cover disposed over said opening for covering said interior space, said cover being bonded to said filter with a second bond, wherein said tab and said cover is adapted to be removed together with said filter and said ingredients chamber containing said ingredients following use of the container by the application of force by hand. 13. A container as claimed in claim 12, wherein said flange has a uniform width. 14. A container as claimed in claim 12, further comprising a tab indicator disposed on the exterior of said body to indicate the location of said tab. 15. A container as claimed in claim 12, wherein a notch is defined in the interior surface of said body, said notch providing a predicted point of weakness in said body. 16. A container as claimed in claim 15 wherein said notch extends substantially about the periphery of said opening. 17. A container as claimed in claim 15 wherein said body is formed of a multilayered material that includes a barrier layer disposed between a sealing layer and an outer layer, and wherein said notch is defined in said sealing layer. 18. A container as claimed in claim 12, wherein said body is formed of a multilayered material that includes a barrier layer disposed between a sealing layer and an outer layer, and wherein said first bond between said filter and said body is formed with said sealing layer. 19. A container comprising:
a body defining an interior space having an opening, said body having a flange surrounding said opening; a separation point defined in said flange, said separation point defining a tab that is adapted to be separated from the remainder of said flange upon the application of sufficient force by hand; ingredients disposed in said ingredients chamber; a cover disposed over said opening for sealing said interior space, said cover being bonded to said flange with a peelable bond; wherein said cover is adapted to be removed by the application of sufficient force by hand to separate said tab and peel said cover from the remainder of said flange. 20. A container as claimed in claim 19, wherein said flange has a uniform width. 21. A container as claimed in claim 19, further comprising a tab indicator disposed on the exterior of said body to indicate the location of said tab. 22. A container as claimed in claim 19, wherein a notch is defined in the interior surface of said body, said notch providing a predicted point of weakness in said body. 23. A container as claimed in claim 22 wherein said notch extends substantially about the periphery of said opening. 24. A container as claimed in claim 22 wherein said body is formed of a multilayered material that includes a barrier layer disposed between a sealing layer and an outer layer, and wherein said notch is defined in said sealing layer. 25. A container as claimed in claim 19, wherein said body is formed of a multilayered material that includes a barrier layer disposed between a sealing layer and an outer layer, and wherein said first bond between said filter and said body is formed with said sealing layer. 26. A container comprising:
a body defining an interior space having an opening, said body having a flange surrounding said opening; a separation point defined in said body around its circumference at a desired location for separating one portion of said body from the remainder of said body, ingredients disposed in said ingredients chamber; a cover disposed over said opening for covering said interior space; wherein said separation point is adapted to provide a point of separation under the application of sufficient force to separate a portion of said body, including said flange with said cover, from the remainder of said body. 27. A container as claimed in claim 6, wherein said force is an opposing twisting force applied to said flange and the remainder of said body. | A container is provided with a body defining an interior space having an opening. A filter is disposed in the body to define an ingredients chamber. Ingredients are disposed in the ingredients chamber and a cover is disposed over the opening to seal the interior space. The container is adapted to allow cover and filter with ingredients contained in ingredients chamber to be separated from the remainder of body.1. A container comprising:
a body defining an interior space having an opening; a filter disposed in said interior space to define an ingredients chamber, said filter being bonded to said body with a first bond, said first bond being a peelable bond; ingredients disposed in said ingredients chamber; a cover disposed over said opening for covering said interior space, said cover being bonded to said filter at a periphery to said opening with a second bond;
wherein said cover is adapted to be removed together with said filter upon the application of sufficient force by hand following use of the container. 2. A container as claimed in claim 1, further including a tab adapted for providing a grip to remove said cover with said filter and said ingredients chamber from said body. 3. A container as claimed in claim 1, wherein a notch is defined in the interior surface of said body, said notch providing a predicted point of weakness in said body. 4. A container as claimed in claim 3 wherein said notch extends substantially about the periphery of said opening. 5. A container as claimed in claim 3 wherein said body is formed of a multilayered material that includes a barrier layer disposed between a sealing layer and an outer layer, and wherein said notch is defined in said sealing layer. 6. A container as claimed in claim 1, wherein said filter has a basis weight in the range of 8 to 400 gsm. 7. A container as claimed in claim 2, wherein said tab is formed from said cover. 8. A container as claimed in claim 2, wherein said tab is formed from a portion of said body defined by a separation point at a location where said filter is bonded to said body. 9. A container as claimed in claim 8, wherein said separation point is defined in said flange of said body to define said tab. 10. A container as claimed in claim 1 wherein said first bond is formed with a first bonding material disposed between a first surface of said filter and a first surface of said body. 11. A container as claimed in claim 1, wherein said body is formed of a multilayered material that includes a barrier layer disposed between a sealing layer and an outer layer, and wherein said first bond between said filter and said body is formed with said sealing layer. 12. A container comprising:
a body defining an interior space having an opening, said body having a flange surrounding said opening; a filter disposed in said body to define an ingredients chamber, said filter being bonded to a first surface of said flange with a first bond, said first bond being a peelable bond; a separation point defined in said flange, said separation point defining a tab that is adapted to be separated from the remainder of said flange upon the application of sufficient force by hand; ingredients disposed in said ingredients chamber; a cover disposed over said opening for covering said interior space, said cover being bonded to said filter with a second bond, wherein said tab and said cover is adapted to be removed together with said filter and said ingredients chamber containing said ingredients following use of the container by the application of force by hand. 13. A container as claimed in claim 12, wherein said flange has a uniform width. 14. A container as claimed in claim 12, further comprising a tab indicator disposed on the exterior of said body to indicate the location of said tab. 15. A container as claimed in claim 12, wherein a notch is defined in the interior surface of said body, said notch providing a predicted point of weakness in said body. 16. A container as claimed in claim 15 wherein said notch extends substantially about the periphery of said opening. 17. A container as claimed in claim 15 wherein said body is formed of a multilayered material that includes a barrier layer disposed between a sealing layer and an outer layer, and wherein said notch is defined in said sealing layer. 18. A container as claimed in claim 12, wherein said body is formed of a multilayered material that includes a barrier layer disposed between a sealing layer and an outer layer, and wherein said first bond between said filter and said body is formed with said sealing layer. 19. A container comprising:
a body defining an interior space having an opening, said body having a flange surrounding said opening; a separation point defined in said flange, said separation point defining a tab that is adapted to be separated from the remainder of said flange upon the application of sufficient force by hand; ingredients disposed in said ingredients chamber; a cover disposed over said opening for sealing said interior space, said cover being bonded to said flange with a peelable bond; wherein said cover is adapted to be removed by the application of sufficient force by hand to separate said tab and peel said cover from the remainder of said flange. 20. A container as claimed in claim 19, wherein said flange has a uniform width. 21. A container as claimed in claim 19, further comprising a tab indicator disposed on the exterior of said body to indicate the location of said tab. 22. A container as claimed in claim 19, wherein a notch is defined in the interior surface of said body, said notch providing a predicted point of weakness in said body. 23. A container as claimed in claim 22 wherein said notch extends substantially about the periphery of said opening. 24. A container as claimed in claim 22 wherein said body is formed of a multilayered material that includes a barrier layer disposed between a sealing layer and an outer layer, and wherein said notch is defined in said sealing layer. 25. A container as claimed in claim 19, wherein said body is formed of a multilayered material that includes a barrier layer disposed between a sealing layer and an outer layer, and wherein said first bond between said filter and said body is formed with said sealing layer. 26. A container comprising:
a body defining an interior space having an opening, said body having a flange surrounding said opening; a separation point defined in said body around its circumference at a desired location for separating one portion of said body from the remainder of said body, ingredients disposed in said ingredients chamber; a cover disposed over said opening for covering said interior space; wherein said separation point is adapted to provide a point of separation under the application of sufficient force to separate a portion of said body, including said flange with said cover, from the remainder of said body. 27. A container as claimed in claim 6, wherein said force is an opposing twisting force applied to said flange and the remainder of said body. | 1,700 |
2,929 | 12,764,621 | 1,711 | The present invention is related to methods, apparatuses, and compositions for controlling water hardness. The methods, apparatuses and compositions also reduce scale formation. The present invention includes substantially water insoluble resin materials. The resin materials may be loaded with a plurality of cations. | 1. An apparatus for treating a water source comprising:
(a) an inlet for providing the water to a first treatment reservoir; (b) a water treatment composition comprising a substantially water insoluble resin material loaded with a plurality of one or more multivalent cations, wherein the composition is contained within the treatment reservoir; (c) an outlet fluidly connected to the first treatment reservoir, wherein the outlet provides treated water from the treatment reservoir. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the resin material comprises a weak acid cation resin. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the resin material is selected from the group consisting of a gel type resin structure, a macroporous type resin structure, and combinations thereof. 4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the weak acid cation resin is selected from the group consisting of a crosslinked acrylic acid polymer, a crosslinked methacrylic acid polymer, and mixtures thereof. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the resin material has a surface comprising functional groups comprising carboxyl groups 6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein resin polymers have additional copolymers added selected from the group consisting of butadiene, ethylene, propylene, acrylonitrile, styrene, vinylidene chloride, vinyl chloride, and derivatives and mixtures thereof. 7. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the acrylic acid polymer is crosslinked with a polyvinyl aromatic. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the polyvinyl aromatic is selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl aromatics such as divinyl benzene, trivinyl benzene, divinyl toluene, divinyl xylene, polyvinyl anthracene, and derivatives and mixtures thereof. 9. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the resin provides a polymer material having a molecular weight of about 150 to about 100,000 to the water source. 10. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the crosslinked acrylic acid polymer is about 0.5% to about 25% crosslinked. 11. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the crosslinked acrylic acid polymer is crosslinked at less than 8%. 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the multivalent cations comprise a mixture of calcium and magnesium ions. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the mixture comprises a ratio of about 1:10 to about 10:1 of calcium ions to magnesium ions. 14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the mixtures comprises a 2:1 ratio of calcium to magnesium ions. 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the resin comprises an exhausted ion exchange resin. 16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the composition does not precipitate water hardness ions out of a source of water when contacted with the water. 17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the composition is agitated in the treatment reservoir. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the composition is agitated by a method selected from the group consisting of the flow of water through the column, by fluidization, mechanical agitation, air sparge, eductor flow, baffles, flow obstructers, static mixers, high flow backwash, recirculation, and combinations thereof. 19. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the inlet is located at the bottom of the reservoir, and the outlet is located at the top of the reservoir. 20. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the inlet further comprises a pressurized spray nozzle. 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the spray nozzle provides the water to the treatment reservoir at a rate of about 5 feet per minute to about 200 feet per min. 22. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the bed depth of the composition in the treatment reservoir is less than 1.5 feet. 23. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the treatment reservoir further comprises a head space above the composition. 24. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the treatment reservoir further comprises an oxidant. 25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the oxidant is selected from the group consisting of chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, and mixtures thereof. 26. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising at least one additional treatment reservoir, wherein said additional treatment reservoir comprises:
(a) an inlet; (b) a water treatment composition comprising a substantially water insoluble resin material loaded with a plurality of one or more multivalent cations; and (c) an outlet. 27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the at least one additional treatment reservoir is provided in series with the first reservoir. 28. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the at least one additional treatment reservoir is provided in parallel with the first reservoir. 29. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first treatment reservoir comprises a portable, removable cartridge. 30. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the additional treatment reservoir comprises a portable, removable cartridge. 31. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein there is not a filter connected to the outlet. 32. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is located in an automatic washing system. 33. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein the automatic washing machine is selected from the group consisting of an automatic ware washing machine, vehicle washing system, instrument washer, clean in place system, food processing cleaning system, bottle washer, and an automatic laundry washing machine. 34. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is located upstream from an automatic washing machine. 35. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein the automatic washing machine is selected from the group consisting of an automatic ware washing machine, vehicle washing system, instrument washer, clean in place system, food processing cleaning system, bottle washer, and an automatic laundry washing machine. 36. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is located upstream from a water treatment device selected from the group consisting of a reverse osmosis water treatment device, a heat exchange water treatment device, a carbon filter, and mixtures thereof. 37. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus provides treated water to a device selected from the group consisting of a coffee machine, an espresso machine, an ice machine, a steam table, a booster heater, a grocery mister, a humidifier, and combinations thereof. 38. A method for treating water comprising contacting a water source with a water treatment composition comprising a substantially water insoluble resin material loaded with a plurality of one or more multivalent cations, such that the water is treated. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the resin material comprises a weak acid cation resin. 40. The method of claim 38, wherein the resin material is selected from the group consisting of a gel type resin structure, a macroporous type resin structure, and combinations thereof. 41. The method of claim 38, wherein the weak acid cation resin is selected from the consisting of a crosslinked acrylic acid polymer, a crosslinked methacrylic acid polymer, and mixtures thereof. 42. The method of claim 39, wherein the resin material has a surface comprising functional groups comprising carboxyl groups 43. The method of claim 41, wherein resin polymers have additional copolymers added selected from the group consisting of butadiene, ethylene, propylene, acrylonitrile, styrene, vinylidene chloride, vinyl chloride, and derivatives and mixtures thereof. 44. The method of claim 41, wherein the acrylic acid polymer is crosslinked with a polyvinyl aromatic composition. 45. The method of claim 44, wherein the polyvinyl aromatic is selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl aromatics such as divinyl benzene, trivinyl benzene, divinyl toluene, divinyl xylene, polyvinyl anthracene, and derivatives and mixtures thereof. 46. The method of claim 41, wherein the crosslinked acrylic acid polymer provides a polymer material having a molecular weight of about 150 to about 100,000 to a water source, when contacted with the water source. 47. The method of claim 41, wherein the crosslinked acrylic acid polymer is about 0.5% to about 25% crosslinked. 48. The method of claim 38, wherein the multivalent cations comprise a mixture of calcium and magnesium ions. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the mixture comprises a ratio of about 1:10 to about 10:1 of calcium ions to magnesium ions. 50. The method of claim 48, wherein the mixtures comprises a 2:1 ratio of calcium to magnesium ions. 51. The method of claim 38, wherein the resin comprises an exhausted ion exchange resin. 52. The method of claim 38, wherein the composition does not precipitate water hardness ions out of the source of water when contacted with the water. 53. The method of claim 38, wherein the step of contacting comprises passing the water through a treatment reservoir containing the composition. 54. The method of claim 38, further comprising agitating the composition during the contacting step. 55. The method of claim 54, wherein the composition is agitated by a method selected from the group consisting of the flow of water through the column, by fluidization, mechanical agitation, air sparge, eductor flow, baffles, flow obstructers, static mixers, high flow backwash, recirculation, and combinations thereof. 56. The method of claim 38, further comprising heating the water source prior to the step of contacting the composition. 57. The method of claim 56, wherein the water is heated to a temperature of about 30° C. to about 90° C. 58. The method of claim 38, further comprising the step of increasing the pH of the water source prior to or during the step of contacting the composition. 59. The method of claim 58, wherein the pH of the water source is increased to a pH of about 8 to about 10. 60. The method of claim 58, wherein the step of increasing the pH of the water source comprises adding a source of calcite to the water or to the apparatus. 61. The method of claim 38, wherein the composition provides about 10 to about 1000 parts per billion of a substantially water insoluble resin material to the water source during the step of contacting. 62. The method of claim 38, wherein the composition provides about 10 to about 1000 parts per billion of a water soluble polymer material to the water source during the step of contacting. 63. The method of claim 62, wherein the polymer material comprises a polyacrylate material. 64. The method of claim 63, wherein the polyacrylate material comprises a low molecular weight polyacrylate material. 65. The method of claim 38, wherein the treated water reduces scale formation on a surface contacted by the treated water. 66. A method of using a treated water source to clean an article said method comprising:
(a) treating a water source, wherein the step of treating the water source comprises contacting a water treatment composition comprising a substantially water insoluble resin material loaded with a plurality of one or more multivalent cations, with a water source to form a treated water source; (b) forming a use solution with the treated water and a detergent; and (c) contacting the article with the use solution such that the article is cleaned. 67. A method for reducing scale formation in an aqueous system comprising contacting the aqueous system with a composition consisting essentially of a substantially water insoluble resin material loaded with a plurality of multivalent cations, such that scale formation in the aqueous system is reduced. 68. A method for manufacturing a water treatment device comprising:
(a) loading a composition comprising a substantially water insoluble resin material into a treatment reservoir, wherein said treatment reservoir comprises an inlet and an outlet; and (b) exhausting the resin material, wherein said step of exhausting the resin material comprises loading a surface of the resin material with a plurality of multivalent cations. 69. The method of claim 68, wherein the multivalent cations comprise a mixture of calcium and magnesium ions. 70. The method of claim 69, wherein the mixture comprises a ratio of about 1:10 to about 10:1 of calcium ions to magnesium ions. 71. The method of claim 69, wherein the mixture comprises a 1:1 ratio of calcium to magnesium ions. 72. A method for reducing scale formation, comprising:
(a) providing about 10 to about 1000 parts per billion of a substantially water insoluble resin material to a water source, such that scale formation is reduced. 73. A method for reducing scale formation, comprising:
(a) providing about 10 to about 1000 parts per billion of a water soluble polymer material obtained from a substantially water insoluble resin material. 74. The method of claim 73, wherein the polymer material comprises a polyacrylate material. 75. The method of claim 74, wherein the polyacrylate material comprises a low molecular weight polyacrylate material. 76. A water treatment composition consisting essentially of a source of substantially water insoluble resin material, wherein said resin material is loaded with a plurality of cations selected from the group consisting of a source of column 1a, 2a or 3a elements from the Periodic Table, wherein said cations do not include calcium. 77. The composition of claim 76, wherein said cations are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, titanium ions, and mixtures thereof. | The present invention is related to methods, apparatuses, and compositions for controlling water hardness. The methods, apparatuses and compositions also reduce scale formation. The present invention includes substantially water insoluble resin materials. The resin materials may be loaded with a plurality of cations.1. An apparatus for treating a water source comprising:
(a) an inlet for providing the water to a first treatment reservoir; (b) a water treatment composition comprising a substantially water insoluble resin material loaded with a plurality of one or more multivalent cations, wherein the composition is contained within the treatment reservoir; (c) an outlet fluidly connected to the first treatment reservoir, wherein the outlet provides treated water from the treatment reservoir. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the resin material comprises a weak acid cation resin. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the resin material is selected from the group consisting of a gel type resin structure, a macroporous type resin structure, and combinations thereof. 4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the weak acid cation resin is selected from the group consisting of a crosslinked acrylic acid polymer, a crosslinked methacrylic acid polymer, and mixtures thereof. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the resin material has a surface comprising functional groups comprising carboxyl groups 6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein resin polymers have additional copolymers added selected from the group consisting of butadiene, ethylene, propylene, acrylonitrile, styrene, vinylidene chloride, vinyl chloride, and derivatives and mixtures thereof. 7. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the acrylic acid polymer is crosslinked with a polyvinyl aromatic. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the polyvinyl aromatic is selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl aromatics such as divinyl benzene, trivinyl benzene, divinyl toluene, divinyl xylene, polyvinyl anthracene, and derivatives and mixtures thereof. 9. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the resin provides a polymer material having a molecular weight of about 150 to about 100,000 to the water source. 10. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the crosslinked acrylic acid polymer is about 0.5% to about 25% crosslinked. 11. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the crosslinked acrylic acid polymer is crosslinked at less than 8%. 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the multivalent cations comprise a mixture of calcium and magnesium ions. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the mixture comprises a ratio of about 1:10 to about 10:1 of calcium ions to magnesium ions. 14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the mixtures comprises a 2:1 ratio of calcium to magnesium ions. 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the resin comprises an exhausted ion exchange resin. 16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the composition does not precipitate water hardness ions out of a source of water when contacted with the water. 17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the composition is agitated in the treatment reservoir. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the composition is agitated by a method selected from the group consisting of the flow of water through the column, by fluidization, mechanical agitation, air sparge, eductor flow, baffles, flow obstructers, static mixers, high flow backwash, recirculation, and combinations thereof. 19. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the inlet is located at the bottom of the reservoir, and the outlet is located at the top of the reservoir. 20. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the inlet further comprises a pressurized spray nozzle. 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the spray nozzle provides the water to the treatment reservoir at a rate of about 5 feet per minute to about 200 feet per min. 22. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the bed depth of the composition in the treatment reservoir is less than 1.5 feet. 23. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the treatment reservoir further comprises a head space above the composition. 24. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the treatment reservoir further comprises an oxidant. 25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the oxidant is selected from the group consisting of chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, and mixtures thereof. 26. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising at least one additional treatment reservoir, wherein said additional treatment reservoir comprises:
(a) an inlet; (b) a water treatment composition comprising a substantially water insoluble resin material loaded with a plurality of one or more multivalent cations; and (c) an outlet. 27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the at least one additional treatment reservoir is provided in series with the first reservoir. 28. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the at least one additional treatment reservoir is provided in parallel with the first reservoir. 29. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first treatment reservoir comprises a portable, removable cartridge. 30. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the additional treatment reservoir comprises a portable, removable cartridge. 31. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein there is not a filter connected to the outlet. 32. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is located in an automatic washing system. 33. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein the automatic washing machine is selected from the group consisting of an automatic ware washing machine, vehicle washing system, instrument washer, clean in place system, food processing cleaning system, bottle washer, and an automatic laundry washing machine. 34. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is located upstream from an automatic washing machine. 35. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein the automatic washing machine is selected from the group consisting of an automatic ware washing machine, vehicle washing system, instrument washer, clean in place system, food processing cleaning system, bottle washer, and an automatic laundry washing machine. 36. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is located upstream from a water treatment device selected from the group consisting of a reverse osmosis water treatment device, a heat exchange water treatment device, a carbon filter, and mixtures thereof. 37. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus provides treated water to a device selected from the group consisting of a coffee machine, an espresso machine, an ice machine, a steam table, a booster heater, a grocery mister, a humidifier, and combinations thereof. 38. A method for treating water comprising contacting a water source with a water treatment composition comprising a substantially water insoluble resin material loaded with a plurality of one or more multivalent cations, such that the water is treated. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the resin material comprises a weak acid cation resin. 40. The method of claim 38, wherein the resin material is selected from the group consisting of a gel type resin structure, a macroporous type resin structure, and combinations thereof. 41. The method of claim 38, wherein the weak acid cation resin is selected from the consisting of a crosslinked acrylic acid polymer, a crosslinked methacrylic acid polymer, and mixtures thereof. 42. The method of claim 39, wherein the resin material has a surface comprising functional groups comprising carboxyl groups 43. The method of claim 41, wherein resin polymers have additional copolymers added selected from the group consisting of butadiene, ethylene, propylene, acrylonitrile, styrene, vinylidene chloride, vinyl chloride, and derivatives and mixtures thereof. 44. The method of claim 41, wherein the acrylic acid polymer is crosslinked with a polyvinyl aromatic composition. 45. The method of claim 44, wherein the polyvinyl aromatic is selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl aromatics such as divinyl benzene, trivinyl benzene, divinyl toluene, divinyl xylene, polyvinyl anthracene, and derivatives and mixtures thereof. 46. The method of claim 41, wherein the crosslinked acrylic acid polymer provides a polymer material having a molecular weight of about 150 to about 100,000 to a water source, when contacted with the water source. 47. The method of claim 41, wherein the crosslinked acrylic acid polymer is about 0.5% to about 25% crosslinked. 48. The method of claim 38, wherein the multivalent cations comprise a mixture of calcium and magnesium ions. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the mixture comprises a ratio of about 1:10 to about 10:1 of calcium ions to magnesium ions. 50. The method of claim 48, wherein the mixtures comprises a 2:1 ratio of calcium to magnesium ions. 51. The method of claim 38, wherein the resin comprises an exhausted ion exchange resin. 52. The method of claim 38, wherein the composition does not precipitate water hardness ions out of the source of water when contacted with the water. 53. The method of claim 38, wherein the step of contacting comprises passing the water through a treatment reservoir containing the composition. 54. The method of claim 38, further comprising agitating the composition during the contacting step. 55. The method of claim 54, wherein the composition is agitated by a method selected from the group consisting of the flow of water through the column, by fluidization, mechanical agitation, air sparge, eductor flow, baffles, flow obstructers, static mixers, high flow backwash, recirculation, and combinations thereof. 56. The method of claim 38, further comprising heating the water source prior to the step of contacting the composition. 57. The method of claim 56, wherein the water is heated to a temperature of about 30° C. to about 90° C. 58. The method of claim 38, further comprising the step of increasing the pH of the water source prior to or during the step of contacting the composition. 59. The method of claim 58, wherein the pH of the water source is increased to a pH of about 8 to about 10. 60. The method of claim 58, wherein the step of increasing the pH of the water source comprises adding a source of calcite to the water or to the apparatus. 61. The method of claim 38, wherein the composition provides about 10 to about 1000 parts per billion of a substantially water insoluble resin material to the water source during the step of contacting. 62. The method of claim 38, wherein the composition provides about 10 to about 1000 parts per billion of a water soluble polymer material to the water source during the step of contacting. 63. The method of claim 62, wherein the polymer material comprises a polyacrylate material. 64. The method of claim 63, wherein the polyacrylate material comprises a low molecular weight polyacrylate material. 65. The method of claim 38, wherein the treated water reduces scale formation on a surface contacted by the treated water. 66. A method of using a treated water source to clean an article said method comprising:
(a) treating a water source, wherein the step of treating the water source comprises contacting a water treatment composition comprising a substantially water insoluble resin material loaded with a plurality of one or more multivalent cations, with a water source to form a treated water source; (b) forming a use solution with the treated water and a detergent; and (c) contacting the article with the use solution such that the article is cleaned. 67. A method for reducing scale formation in an aqueous system comprising contacting the aqueous system with a composition consisting essentially of a substantially water insoluble resin material loaded with a plurality of multivalent cations, such that scale formation in the aqueous system is reduced. 68. A method for manufacturing a water treatment device comprising:
(a) loading a composition comprising a substantially water insoluble resin material into a treatment reservoir, wherein said treatment reservoir comprises an inlet and an outlet; and (b) exhausting the resin material, wherein said step of exhausting the resin material comprises loading a surface of the resin material with a plurality of multivalent cations. 69. The method of claim 68, wherein the multivalent cations comprise a mixture of calcium and magnesium ions. 70. The method of claim 69, wherein the mixture comprises a ratio of about 1:10 to about 10:1 of calcium ions to magnesium ions. 71. The method of claim 69, wherein the mixture comprises a 1:1 ratio of calcium to magnesium ions. 72. A method for reducing scale formation, comprising:
(a) providing about 10 to about 1000 parts per billion of a substantially water insoluble resin material to a water source, such that scale formation is reduced. 73. A method for reducing scale formation, comprising:
(a) providing about 10 to about 1000 parts per billion of a water soluble polymer material obtained from a substantially water insoluble resin material. 74. The method of claim 73, wherein the polymer material comprises a polyacrylate material. 75. The method of claim 74, wherein the polyacrylate material comprises a low molecular weight polyacrylate material. 76. A water treatment composition consisting essentially of a source of substantially water insoluble resin material, wherein said resin material is loaded with a plurality of cations selected from the group consisting of a source of column 1a, 2a or 3a elements from the Periodic Table, wherein said cations do not include calcium. 77. The composition of claim 76, wherein said cations are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, titanium ions, and mixtures thereof. | 1,700 |
2,930 | 13,568,710 | 1,789 | Some embodiments herein are directed to a thermoplastic composite structure having at least one structural layer of fiber-reinforced thermoplastic resin and at least one toughening layer adjacent to a surface of the structural layer. The toughening layer is configured to create an interlaminar region in a composite laminate and may take the form of a polymer film, a woven or non-woven fibrous material free particles, a polymer layer or non-woven veil with toughening particles dispersed therein, metal mesh or toll. | 1. A thermoplastic composite laminate comprising:
a plurality of structural layers in a stacking arrangement, each structural layer comprising reinforcing fibers impregnated with a thermoplastic matrix resin; and a plurality of interlaminar regions, each being formed between two adjacent structural layers, wherein each interlaminar region comprises a toughening material selected from: (a) nonwoven mat or woven fabric comprising glass fibers, carbon fibers, or aramid fibers; (b) thermoplastic polymer film having toughening particles dispersed therein, wherein the particles are made of a material selected from: PAEK polymers, polyimide, glass, ceramic, and combination thereof; (c) nonwoven veil comprised of randomly-arranged thermoplastic fibers, and toughening particles dispersed in the veil, wherein the particles are made of a material selected from: PAEK polymers, polyimide, glass, ceramic, and combination thereof; (d) toughening particles comprised of a material selected from: PAEK polymers, polyimide, glass, ceramic, and combination thereof; (e) metallic foil, mesh, flakes, fibers, or particles made of a metallic material selected from: aluminum, copper, titanium, nickel, stainless steel, and combination thereof. 2. The thermoplastic composite laminate of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic matrix resin in the structural layer comprises PPS, polyetherether ketone (PEEK), polyetherketoneketone (PEKK). 3. The thermoplastic composite laminate of claim 1, wherein the reinforcing fibers are made of a material selected from the group consisting of carbon, graphite, aramid, and glass. 4. The thermoplastic composite laminate of claim 1, wherein the reinforcing fibers in the structural layers are unidirectionally aligned fibers. 5. The thermoplastic composite laminate of claim 1, wherein the PAEK polymers are selected from: polyether ketone (PEK), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyether ketone ketone (PEKK) and polyetherketone etherketoneketone (PEKEKK). 6. The thermoplastic composite laminate of claim 1, wherein the toughening material is a thermoplastic polymer film (b) or nonwoven veil (c) comprising toughening particles made of different PAEK polymers or toughening particles made of a blend of glass and PAEK polymer. 7. The thermoplastic composite laminate of claim 1, wherein the toughening material is a PAEK polymer film containing PAEK particles dispersed therein, wherein the polymer film and the particles are made of different PAEK polymers. 8. The thermoplastic composite laminate of claim 1, wherein the content of the toughening material is up to 20% by weight based on the total weight of the matrix resin in the laminate. 9. The thermoplastic composite laminate of claim 1, wherein the toughening material is a fiberglass cloth. 10. A composite structure produced by consolidating the thermoplastic composite laminate of claim 1, wherein the compression after impact (CAI) strength of the composite structure upon consolidation is greater than 53 ksi. 11. A composite structure comprising:
a structural layer comprising reinforcing fibers impregnated with a thermoplastic matrix resin; and two toughening layers positioned on opposing surfaces of the structural layer, each of said toughening layers comprising a toughening material selected from: (a) nonwoven mat or woven fabric comprising glass fibers, carbon fibers, or aramid fibers; (b) thermoplastic polymer film having toughening particles dispersed therein, wherein the particles are made of a material selected from: PAEK polymers, polyimide, glass, ceramic, and combination thereof; (c) nonwoven veil comprised of randomly-arranged thermoplastic fibers, and toughening particles dispersed in the veil wherein the particles are made of a material selected from: PAEK polymers, polyimide, glass, ceramic, and combination thereof; (d) toughening particles comprised of a material selected from: PAEK polymers, polyimide, glass, ceramic, and combination thereof. 12. The composite structure of claim 11, wherein the thermoplastic matrix resin in the structural layer comprises PPS, PEEK, or PEKK. 13. The composite structure of claim 11, wherein the toughening material is a thermoplastic polymer film or nonwoven veil containing toughening particles dispersed therein, wherein the particles are made of different PAEK polymers or a mixture of glass and PAEK polymer. 14. The composite structure of claim 11, wherein the toughening material is a fiberglass cloth. 15. The composite structure of claim 11, wherein the reinforcing fibers in the structural layer has a tensile strength of greater than 3500 MPa. 16. The composite structure of claim 11, wherein the content of the reinforcing fibers in the structural layer is at least 55 % by weight based on the total weight of the structural layer. 17. The composite structure of claim 11, wherein the reinforcing fibers are unidirectionally aligned fibers. 18. A composite laminate produced by laying up a plurality of composite structures of claim 11 such that an interlaminar region is formed between two adjacent structural layers, and said interlaminar region comprises the toughening material. 19. A method of forming a composite laminate comprising:
forming a plurality of structural layers, each structural layer comprising reinforcing fibers impregnated with a thermoplastic matrix resin; applying a toughening material on at least one surface of each structural layer, said toughening material being selected from: (a) nonwoven mat or woven labile comprising glass fibers, carbon fibers, or aramid fibers; (b) thermoplastic polymer film containing toughening particles dispersed therein wherein the particles are made of a material selected from: PAEK polymers, polyimide, glass, ceramic, and combination thereof; (c) nonwoven veil comprised of randomly-arranged thermoplastic fibers, and toughening particles dispersed in the veil, wherein the particles are made of a material selected from; PAEK polymers, polyimide, glass, ceramic, and combination thereof; (d) toughening particles comprised of a material selected from: PAEK polymers, polyimide, glass, ceramic, and combination thereof; and laying up the structural layers such that the toughening material is located in an interlaminar region formed between adjacent structural layers, wherein the reinforcing fibers in the structural layers have a tensile strength of greater than 3500 MPa 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the content of the reinforcing fibers in the structural layer is at least 55 % by weight based on the total weight of the structural layer. | Some embodiments herein are directed to a thermoplastic composite structure having at least one structural layer of fiber-reinforced thermoplastic resin and at least one toughening layer adjacent to a surface of the structural layer. The toughening layer is configured to create an interlaminar region in a composite laminate and may take the form of a polymer film, a woven or non-woven fibrous material free particles, a polymer layer or non-woven veil with toughening particles dispersed therein, metal mesh or toll.1. A thermoplastic composite laminate comprising:
a plurality of structural layers in a stacking arrangement, each structural layer comprising reinforcing fibers impregnated with a thermoplastic matrix resin; and a plurality of interlaminar regions, each being formed between two adjacent structural layers, wherein each interlaminar region comprises a toughening material selected from: (a) nonwoven mat or woven fabric comprising glass fibers, carbon fibers, or aramid fibers; (b) thermoplastic polymer film having toughening particles dispersed therein, wherein the particles are made of a material selected from: PAEK polymers, polyimide, glass, ceramic, and combination thereof; (c) nonwoven veil comprised of randomly-arranged thermoplastic fibers, and toughening particles dispersed in the veil, wherein the particles are made of a material selected from: PAEK polymers, polyimide, glass, ceramic, and combination thereof; (d) toughening particles comprised of a material selected from: PAEK polymers, polyimide, glass, ceramic, and combination thereof; (e) metallic foil, mesh, flakes, fibers, or particles made of a metallic material selected from: aluminum, copper, titanium, nickel, stainless steel, and combination thereof. 2. The thermoplastic composite laminate of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic matrix resin in the structural layer comprises PPS, polyetherether ketone (PEEK), polyetherketoneketone (PEKK). 3. The thermoplastic composite laminate of claim 1, wherein the reinforcing fibers are made of a material selected from the group consisting of carbon, graphite, aramid, and glass. 4. The thermoplastic composite laminate of claim 1, wherein the reinforcing fibers in the structural layers are unidirectionally aligned fibers. 5. The thermoplastic composite laminate of claim 1, wherein the PAEK polymers are selected from: polyether ketone (PEK), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyether ketone ketone (PEKK) and polyetherketone etherketoneketone (PEKEKK). 6. The thermoplastic composite laminate of claim 1, wherein the toughening material is a thermoplastic polymer film (b) or nonwoven veil (c) comprising toughening particles made of different PAEK polymers or toughening particles made of a blend of glass and PAEK polymer. 7. The thermoplastic composite laminate of claim 1, wherein the toughening material is a PAEK polymer film containing PAEK particles dispersed therein, wherein the polymer film and the particles are made of different PAEK polymers. 8. The thermoplastic composite laminate of claim 1, wherein the content of the toughening material is up to 20% by weight based on the total weight of the matrix resin in the laminate. 9. The thermoplastic composite laminate of claim 1, wherein the toughening material is a fiberglass cloth. 10. A composite structure produced by consolidating the thermoplastic composite laminate of claim 1, wherein the compression after impact (CAI) strength of the composite structure upon consolidation is greater than 53 ksi. 11. A composite structure comprising:
a structural layer comprising reinforcing fibers impregnated with a thermoplastic matrix resin; and two toughening layers positioned on opposing surfaces of the structural layer, each of said toughening layers comprising a toughening material selected from: (a) nonwoven mat or woven fabric comprising glass fibers, carbon fibers, or aramid fibers; (b) thermoplastic polymer film having toughening particles dispersed therein, wherein the particles are made of a material selected from: PAEK polymers, polyimide, glass, ceramic, and combination thereof; (c) nonwoven veil comprised of randomly-arranged thermoplastic fibers, and toughening particles dispersed in the veil wherein the particles are made of a material selected from: PAEK polymers, polyimide, glass, ceramic, and combination thereof; (d) toughening particles comprised of a material selected from: PAEK polymers, polyimide, glass, ceramic, and combination thereof. 12. The composite structure of claim 11, wherein the thermoplastic matrix resin in the structural layer comprises PPS, PEEK, or PEKK. 13. The composite structure of claim 11, wherein the toughening material is a thermoplastic polymer film or nonwoven veil containing toughening particles dispersed therein, wherein the particles are made of different PAEK polymers or a mixture of glass and PAEK polymer. 14. The composite structure of claim 11, wherein the toughening material is a fiberglass cloth. 15. The composite structure of claim 11, wherein the reinforcing fibers in the structural layer has a tensile strength of greater than 3500 MPa. 16. The composite structure of claim 11, wherein the content of the reinforcing fibers in the structural layer is at least 55 % by weight based on the total weight of the structural layer. 17. The composite structure of claim 11, wherein the reinforcing fibers are unidirectionally aligned fibers. 18. A composite laminate produced by laying up a plurality of composite structures of claim 11 such that an interlaminar region is formed between two adjacent structural layers, and said interlaminar region comprises the toughening material. 19. A method of forming a composite laminate comprising:
forming a plurality of structural layers, each structural layer comprising reinforcing fibers impregnated with a thermoplastic matrix resin; applying a toughening material on at least one surface of each structural layer, said toughening material being selected from: (a) nonwoven mat or woven labile comprising glass fibers, carbon fibers, or aramid fibers; (b) thermoplastic polymer film containing toughening particles dispersed therein wherein the particles are made of a material selected from: PAEK polymers, polyimide, glass, ceramic, and combination thereof; (c) nonwoven veil comprised of randomly-arranged thermoplastic fibers, and toughening particles dispersed in the veil, wherein the particles are made of a material selected from; PAEK polymers, polyimide, glass, ceramic, and combination thereof; (d) toughening particles comprised of a material selected from: PAEK polymers, polyimide, glass, ceramic, and combination thereof; and laying up the structural layers such that the toughening material is located in an interlaminar region formed between adjacent structural layers, wherein the reinforcing fibers in the structural layers have a tensile strength of greater than 3500 MPa 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the content of the reinforcing fibers in the structural layer is at least 55 % by weight based on the total weight of the structural layer. | 1,700 |
2,931 | 13,965,317 | 1,767 | A process comprising polymerizing at least one fluorinated monomer in an aqueous medium containing initiator and polymerization agent to form an aqueous dispersion of particles of fluoropolymer, the polymerization agent comprising:
fluoropolyether acid or salt thereof having a number average molecular weight of at least about 800 g/mol; and fluorosurfactant having the formula:
[R 1 —O n -L-A − ]Y +
wherein:
R 1 is a linear or branched partially or fully fluorinated aliphatic group which may contain ether linkages; n is 0 or 1; L is a linear or branched alkylene group which may be nonfluorinated, partially fluorinated or fully fluorinated and which may contain ether linkages; A − is an anionic group selected from the group consisting of carboxylate, sulfonate, sulfonamide anion, and phosphonate; and Y + is hydrogen, ammonium or alkali metal cation; with the proviso that the chain length of R 1 —O n -L- is not greater than 6 atoms. | 1. A process comprising polymerizing at least one fluorinated monomer in an aqueous medium containing initiator and polymerization agent to form an aqueous dispersion of particles of fluoropolymer, said polymerization agent comprising:
fluoropolyether acid or salt thereof having a number average molecular weight of at least about 800 g/mol; and fluorosurfactant having the formula:
[R1—On-L-A−]Y+
wherein:
R1 is a linear or branched partially or fully fluorinated aliphatic group which may contain ether linkages;
n is 0 or 1;
L is a linear or branched alkylene group which may be nonfluorinated, partially fluorinated or fully fluorinated and which may contain ether linkages;
A− is an anionic group selected from the group consisting of carboxylate, sulfonate, and sulfonamide anion; and
Y+ is hydrogen, ammonium or alkali metal cation;
with the proviso that the chain length of R1—On-L- is not greater than 6 atoms,
wherein said polymerization agent comprises a minor amount of said fluoropolyether acid or salt thereof and a major amount of said fluorosurfactant; and wherein said polymerizing produces less than about 10 wt % undispersed fluoropolymer based on the total weight of fluoropolymer produced. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein said chain length of R1—On-L- is 3 to 6 atoms. 3. The process of claim 1 wherein said chain length of R1—On-L- is 4 to 6 atoms. 4. The process of claim 1 wherein said chain length of R1—On-L- is 3 to 5 atoms. 5. The process of claim 1 wherein said chain length of R1—On-L- is 4 to 5 atoms. 6. The process of claim 1 wherein when said polymerization agent comprises a fluorosurfactant to fluoropolyether weight ratio of 5:1, said polymerization agent has a surface tension in water at a concentration of 6000 ppm at 23° C. of at least about 30% less than the surface tension of the fluorosurfactant alone in water at 23° C. at a concentration of 6000 ppm. 7. The process of claim 1 wherein n is 1. 8. The process of claim 7 wherein:
R1 is a linear or branched partially or fully fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms which may contain ether linkages; and
L is an alkylene group selected from —CX(R2)—, wherein R2 is fluorine or perfluoromethyl and X is hydrogen or fluorine, and —CZ1Z2CZ3Z4—, wherein Z1, Z2, Z3, and Z4 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and fluorine. 9. The process of claim 8 wherein:
L is an alkylene group selected from the group consisting of —CF(CF3)—, —CF2—, —CF2CF2—, —CHFCF2—, and —CF2CHF—. 10. The process of claim 7 wherein R1 is a linear partially or fully fluorinated alkyl group having 2 to 3 carbon atoms. 11. The process of claim 1 wherein R1 is fully fluorinated. 12. The process of claim 7 wherein:
R1 is CF3CF2CF2—;
L is —CF(CF3)—; and
A− is carboxylate; and
Y+ is hydrogen or ammonium. 13. The process of claim 1 wherein:
n is 0 and R1 and L collectively comprise a perfluoroalkyl group having 4-6 carbons; and
A− is sulfonate or sulfonamide anion. 14. The process of claim 1 wherein said aqueous medium contains less than about 300 ppm of perfluoroalkane carboxylic acid or salt fluorosurfactant having 8 or more carbon atoms based on the weight of water in said aqueous medium. 15. The process of claim 1 wherein said fluoropolyether acid or salt thereof having a number average molecular weight of at least about 800 g/mol comprises acid groups selected from carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, sulfonamide, phosphonic acid. 16. The process of claim 1 wherein said fluoropolyether acid or salt thereof has a number average molecular weight of about 800 to about 3500 g/mol. 17. The process of claim 1 wherein said fluoropolyether acid or salt thereof has a number average molecular weight of about 1000 to about 2500 g/mol. 18. The process of claim 1 wherein said polymerization agent is present in said aqueous medium in an amount of about 5 ppm to about 10000 ppm based on the weight of water in said aqueous medium. 19. The process of claim 1 wherein said polymerization agent is present in said aqueous medium in an amount of about 5 ppm to about 3000 ppm based on the weight of water in said aqueous medium. 20. The process of claim 1 wherein said aqueous dispersion of particles of fluoropolymer formed by said process has a fluoropolymer solids content of at least about 10 wt %. 21. The process of claim 1 wherein said aqueous dispersion of particles of fluoropolymer formed by said process has a fluoropolymer solids content of about 20 wt % to about 65 wt %. 22. The process of claim 1 wherein said at least one fluorinated monomer is selected from the group consisting of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), hexafluoropropylene (HFP), chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), trifluoroethylene, hexafluoroisobutylene, perfluoroalkyl ethylenes, fluorovinyl ethers, vinyl fluoride (VF), vinylidene fluoride (VF2), perfluoro-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole (PDD), perfluoro-2-methylene-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane (PMD), perfluoro(allyl vinyl ether) and perfluoro(butenyl vinyl ether). 23. The process of claim 1 wherein said particles of fluoropolymer produced comprise PTFE or modified PTFE having a comonomer content of no greater than about 1 wt %. 24. The process of claim 23 wherein said PTFE or modified PTFE has a melt creep viscosity of at least about 108 Pa·s. 25. The process of claim 1 wherein said fluorosurfactant comprises at least about 55 wt % of said polymerization agent. 26. The process of claim 1 wherein said fluorosurfactant comprises at least about 65 wt % of said polymerization agent. 27. The process of claim 1 wherein said particles of fluoropolymer produced comprise a melt-processible copolymer comprising at least about 60-98 wt % tetrafluoroethylene units and about 2-40 wt % of at least one other monomer. 28. The process of claim 1 wherein said aqueous medium is substantially free of perfluoropolyether oil. 29. The process of claim 1 wherein said polymerization medium is substantially free of fluoropolymer seed at polymerization kick-off. 30. The process of claim 1 wherein said polymerizing produces less than about 10 wt % undispersed fluoropolymer based on the total weight of fluoropolymer produced. 31. The process of claim 1 wherein said polymerizing produces less than about 3 wt % undispersed fluoropolymer based on the total weight of fluoropolymer produced. | A process comprising polymerizing at least one fluorinated monomer in an aqueous medium containing initiator and polymerization agent to form an aqueous dispersion of particles of fluoropolymer, the polymerization agent comprising:
fluoropolyether acid or salt thereof having a number average molecular weight of at least about 800 g/mol; and fluorosurfactant having the formula:
[R 1 —O n -L-A − ]Y +
wherein:
R 1 is a linear or branched partially or fully fluorinated aliphatic group which may contain ether linkages; n is 0 or 1; L is a linear or branched alkylene group which may be nonfluorinated, partially fluorinated or fully fluorinated and which may contain ether linkages; A − is an anionic group selected from the group consisting of carboxylate, sulfonate, sulfonamide anion, and phosphonate; and Y + is hydrogen, ammonium or alkali metal cation; with the proviso that the chain length of R 1 —O n -L- is not greater than 6 atoms.1. A process comprising polymerizing at least one fluorinated monomer in an aqueous medium containing initiator and polymerization agent to form an aqueous dispersion of particles of fluoropolymer, said polymerization agent comprising:
fluoropolyether acid or salt thereof having a number average molecular weight of at least about 800 g/mol; and fluorosurfactant having the formula:
[R1—On-L-A−]Y+
wherein:
R1 is a linear or branched partially or fully fluorinated aliphatic group which may contain ether linkages;
n is 0 or 1;
L is a linear or branched alkylene group which may be nonfluorinated, partially fluorinated or fully fluorinated and which may contain ether linkages;
A− is an anionic group selected from the group consisting of carboxylate, sulfonate, and sulfonamide anion; and
Y+ is hydrogen, ammonium or alkali metal cation;
with the proviso that the chain length of R1—On-L- is not greater than 6 atoms,
wherein said polymerization agent comprises a minor amount of said fluoropolyether acid or salt thereof and a major amount of said fluorosurfactant; and wherein said polymerizing produces less than about 10 wt % undispersed fluoropolymer based on the total weight of fluoropolymer produced. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein said chain length of R1—On-L- is 3 to 6 atoms. 3. The process of claim 1 wherein said chain length of R1—On-L- is 4 to 6 atoms. 4. The process of claim 1 wherein said chain length of R1—On-L- is 3 to 5 atoms. 5. The process of claim 1 wherein said chain length of R1—On-L- is 4 to 5 atoms. 6. The process of claim 1 wherein when said polymerization agent comprises a fluorosurfactant to fluoropolyether weight ratio of 5:1, said polymerization agent has a surface tension in water at a concentration of 6000 ppm at 23° C. of at least about 30% less than the surface tension of the fluorosurfactant alone in water at 23° C. at a concentration of 6000 ppm. 7. The process of claim 1 wherein n is 1. 8. The process of claim 7 wherein:
R1 is a linear or branched partially or fully fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms which may contain ether linkages; and
L is an alkylene group selected from —CX(R2)—, wherein R2 is fluorine or perfluoromethyl and X is hydrogen or fluorine, and —CZ1Z2CZ3Z4—, wherein Z1, Z2, Z3, and Z4 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and fluorine. 9. The process of claim 8 wherein:
L is an alkylene group selected from the group consisting of —CF(CF3)—, —CF2—, —CF2CF2—, —CHFCF2—, and —CF2CHF—. 10. The process of claim 7 wherein R1 is a linear partially or fully fluorinated alkyl group having 2 to 3 carbon atoms. 11. The process of claim 1 wherein R1 is fully fluorinated. 12. The process of claim 7 wherein:
R1 is CF3CF2CF2—;
L is —CF(CF3)—; and
A− is carboxylate; and
Y+ is hydrogen or ammonium. 13. The process of claim 1 wherein:
n is 0 and R1 and L collectively comprise a perfluoroalkyl group having 4-6 carbons; and
A− is sulfonate or sulfonamide anion. 14. The process of claim 1 wherein said aqueous medium contains less than about 300 ppm of perfluoroalkane carboxylic acid or salt fluorosurfactant having 8 or more carbon atoms based on the weight of water in said aqueous medium. 15. The process of claim 1 wherein said fluoropolyether acid or salt thereof having a number average molecular weight of at least about 800 g/mol comprises acid groups selected from carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, sulfonamide, phosphonic acid. 16. The process of claim 1 wherein said fluoropolyether acid or salt thereof has a number average molecular weight of about 800 to about 3500 g/mol. 17. The process of claim 1 wherein said fluoropolyether acid or salt thereof has a number average molecular weight of about 1000 to about 2500 g/mol. 18. The process of claim 1 wherein said polymerization agent is present in said aqueous medium in an amount of about 5 ppm to about 10000 ppm based on the weight of water in said aqueous medium. 19. The process of claim 1 wherein said polymerization agent is present in said aqueous medium in an amount of about 5 ppm to about 3000 ppm based on the weight of water in said aqueous medium. 20. The process of claim 1 wherein said aqueous dispersion of particles of fluoropolymer formed by said process has a fluoropolymer solids content of at least about 10 wt %. 21. The process of claim 1 wherein said aqueous dispersion of particles of fluoropolymer formed by said process has a fluoropolymer solids content of about 20 wt % to about 65 wt %. 22. The process of claim 1 wherein said at least one fluorinated monomer is selected from the group consisting of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), hexafluoropropylene (HFP), chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), trifluoroethylene, hexafluoroisobutylene, perfluoroalkyl ethylenes, fluorovinyl ethers, vinyl fluoride (VF), vinylidene fluoride (VF2), perfluoro-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole (PDD), perfluoro-2-methylene-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane (PMD), perfluoro(allyl vinyl ether) and perfluoro(butenyl vinyl ether). 23. The process of claim 1 wherein said particles of fluoropolymer produced comprise PTFE or modified PTFE having a comonomer content of no greater than about 1 wt %. 24. The process of claim 23 wherein said PTFE or modified PTFE has a melt creep viscosity of at least about 108 Pa·s. 25. The process of claim 1 wherein said fluorosurfactant comprises at least about 55 wt % of said polymerization agent. 26. The process of claim 1 wherein said fluorosurfactant comprises at least about 65 wt % of said polymerization agent. 27. The process of claim 1 wherein said particles of fluoropolymer produced comprise a melt-processible copolymer comprising at least about 60-98 wt % tetrafluoroethylene units and about 2-40 wt % of at least one other monomer. 28. The process of claim 1 wherein said aqueous medium is substantially free of perfluoropolyether oil. 29. The process of claim 1 wherein said polymerization medium is substantially free of fluoropolymer seed at polymerization kick-off. 30. The process of claim 1 wherein said polymerizing produces less than about 10 wt % undispersed fluoropolymer based on the total weight of fluoropolymer produced. 31. The process of claim 1 wherein said polymerizing produces less than about 3 wt % undispersed fluoropolymer based on the total weight of fluoropolymer produced. | 1,700 |
2,932 | 15,024,500 | 1,733 | A copper alloy according to the present invention includes 17 mass % to 34 mass % of Zn, 0.02 mass % to 2.0 mass % of Sn, 1.5 mass % to 5 mass % of Ni, and a balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, in which relationships of 12≦f1=[Zn]+5×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦30, 10≦[Zn]−0.3×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦28, 10≦f3={f1×(32−f1)×[Ni]} 1/2 ≦33, 1.2≦0.7×[Ni]+[Sn]≦4, and 1.4≦[Ni]/[Sn]≦90 are satisfied, conductivity is 13% IACS to 25% IACS, a ratio of an α phase is 99.5% or more by area ratio or an area ratio of a γ phase (γ)% and an area ratio of a β phase (β)% in an α phase matrix satisfy a relationship of 0≦2×(γ)+(β)≦0.7. | 1. A copper alloy comprising:
17 mass % to 34 mass % of Zn; 0.02 mass % to 2.0 mass % of Sn; 1.5 mass % to 5 mass % of Ni; and a balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, wherein a Zn content [Zn] (mass %), a Sn content [Sn] (mass %), and a Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
12≦f1=[Zn]+5×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦30,
10≦f2=[Zn]−0.3×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦28, and
10≦f3={f1×(32−f1)×[Ni]}1/2≦33,
the Sn content [Sn] (mass %) and the Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
1.2≦0.7×[Ni]+[Sn]≦4, and
1.4≦[Ni]/[Sn]≦90,
conductivity is 13% IACS or more and 25% IACS or less, and in a metallographic structure, a ratio of an α phase in a constituent phase of the metallographic structure is 99.5% or more by area ratio or an area ratio of a γ phase (γ)% and an area ratio of a β phase (β)% of an α phase matrix satisfy a relationship of 0≦2×(γ)+(β)≦0.7, and the γ phase having an area ratio of 0% to 0.3% and the β phase having an area ratio of 0% to 0.5% are dispersed in the α phase matrix. 2. A copper alloy comprising:
18 mass % to 33 mass % of Zn; 0.2 mass % to 1.5 mass % of Sn; 1.5 mass % to 4 mass % of Ni; and a balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, wherein a Zn content [Zn] (mass %), a Sn content [Sn] (mass %), and a Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
15≦f1=[Zn]+5×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦30,
12≦f2=[Zn]−0.3×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦28, and
10≦f3={f1×(32−f1)×[Ni]}1/2≦30,
the Sn content [Sn] (mass %) and the Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
1.4≦0.7×[Ni]+[Sn]≦3.6, and
1.6≦[Ni]/[Sn]≦12,
conductivity is 14% IACS or more and 25% IACS or less, and a metallographic structure is composed of an α single phase. 3. A copper alloy comprising:
17 mass % to 34 mass % of Zn; 0.02 mass % to 2.0 mass % of Sn; 1.5 mass % to 5 mass % of Ni; at least one or more selected from 0.003 mass % to 0.09 mass % of P, 0.005 mass % to 0.5 mass % of Al, 0.01 mass % to 0.09 mass % of Sb, 0.01 mass % to 0.09 mass % of As, and 0.0005 mass % to 0.03 mass % of Pb; and a balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, wherein a Zn content [Zn] (mass %), a Sn content [Sn] (mass %), and a Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
12≦f1=[Zn]+5×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦30,
10≦f2=[Zn]−0.3×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦28, and
10≦f3={f1×(32−f1)×[Ni]}1/2≦33,
the Sn content [Sn] (mass %) and the Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
1.2≦0.7×[Ni]+[Sn]≦4, and
1.4≦[Ni]/[Sn]≦90,
conductivity is 13% IACS or more and 25% IACS or less, and in a metallographic structure, a ratio of an α phase in a constituent phase of the metallographic structure is 99.5% or more by area ratio or an area ratio of a γ phase (γ)% and an area ratio of a β phase (β)% of an α phase matrix satisfy a relationship of 0≦2×(γ)+(β)≦0.7, and the γ phase having an area ratio of 0% to 0.3% and the β phase having an area ratio of 0% to 0.5% are dispersed in the α phase matrix. 4. A copper alloy comprising:
18 mass % to 33 mass % of Zn; 0.2 mass % to 1.5 mass % of Sn; 1.5 mass % to 4 mass % of Ni; 0.003 mass % to 0.08 mass % of P; and a balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, wherein a Zn content [Zn] (mass %), a Sn content [Sn] (mass %), and a Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
15≦f1=[Zn]+5×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦30,
12≦f2=[Zn]−0.3×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦28, and
10≦f3={f1×(32−f1)×[Ni]}1/2≦30,
the Sn content [Sn] (mass %) and the Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
1.4≦0.7×[Ni]+[Sn]≦3.6, and
1.6≦[Ni]/[Sn]≦12,
the Ni content [Ni] (mass %) and the P content [P] (mass %) satisfy a relationship of
25≦[Ni]/[P]≦750,
conductivity is 14% IACS or more and 25% IACS or less, and a metallographic structure is composed of an α single phase. 5. A copper alloy comprising:
17 mass % to 34 mass % of Zn; 0.02 mass % to 2.0 mass % of Sn; 1.5 mass % to 5 mass % of Ni; 0.0005 mass % or more and 0.2 mass % or less in total of at least one or more selected from Fe, Co, Mg, Mn, Ti, Zr, Cr, Si and rare earth metal elements, each contained in an amount of 0.0005 mass % or more and 0.05 mass % or less; and a balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, wherein a Zn content [Zn] (mass %), a Sn content [Sn] (mass %), and a Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
12≦f1=[Zn]+5×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦30,
10≦f2=[Zn]−0.3×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦28, and
10≦f3={f1×(32−f1)×[Ni]}1/2≦33,
the Sn content [Sn] (mass %) and the Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
1.2≦0.7×[Ni]+[Sn]≦4, and
1.4≦[Ni]/[Sn]≦90,
conductivity is 13% IACS or more and 25% IACS or less, and in a metallographic structure, a ratio of an α phase in a constituent phase of the metallographic structure is 99.5% or more by area ratio or an area ratio of a γ phase (γ)% and an area ratio of a β phase (β)% of an α phase matrix satisfy a relationship of 0≦2×(γ)+(β)≦0.7, and the γ phase having an area ratio of 0% to 0.3% and the β phase having an area ratio of 0% to 0.5% are dispersed in the α phase matrix. 6. A copper alloy comprising:
17 mass % to 34 mass % of Zn; 0.02 mass % to 2.0 mass % of Sn; 1.5 mass % to 5 mass % of Ni; at least one or more selected from 0.003 mass % to 0.09 mass % of P, 0.005 mass % to 0.5 mass % of Al, 0.01 mass % to 0.09 mass % of Sb, 0.01 mass % to 0.09 mass % of As, and 0.0005 mass % to 0.03 mass % of Pb; 0.0005 mass % or more and 0.2 mass % or less in total of at least one or more selected from Fe, Co, Mg, Mn, Ti, Zr, Cr, Si and rare earth metal elements, each contained in an amount of 0.0005 mass % or more and 0.05 mass % or less; and a balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, wherein a Zn content [Zn] (mass %), a Sn content [Sn] (mass %), and a Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
12≦f1=[Zn]+5×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦30,
10≦f2=[Zn]−0.3×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦28, and
10≦f3={f1×(32−f1)×[Ni]}1/2≦33,
the Sn content [Sn] (mass %) and the Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
1.2≦0.7×[Ni]+[Sn]≦4, and
1.4≦[Ni]/[Sn]≦90,
conductivity is 13% IACS or more and 25% IACS or less, and in a metallographic structure, a ratio of an α phase in a constituent phase of the metallographic structure is 99.5% or more by area ratio or an area ratio of a γ phase (γ)% and an area ratio of a β phase (β)% of an α phase matrix satisfy a relationship of 0≦2×(γ)+(β)≦0.7, and the γ phase having an area ratio of 0% to 0.3% and the β phase having an area ratio of 0% to 0.5% are dispersed in the α phase matrix. 7. A copper alloy comprising:
18 mass % to 33 mass % of Zn; 0.2 mass % to 1.5 mass % of Sn; 1.5 mass % to 4 mass % of Ni; 0.003 mass % to 0.08 mass % of P; 0.0005 mass % or more and 0.2 mass % or less in total of at least one or more selected from Fe, Co, Mg, Mn, Ti, Zr, Cr, Si and rare earth elements, each contained in an amount of 0.0005 mass % or more and 0.05 mass % or less; and a balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, wherein a Zn content [Zn] (mass %), a Sn content [Sn] (mass %), and a Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
15≦f1=[Zn]+5×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦30,
12≦f2=[Zn]−0.3×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦28, and
10≦f3={f1×(32−f1)×[Ni]}1/2≦30,
the Sn content [Sn] (mass %) and the Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
1.4≦0.7×[Ni]+[Sn]≦3.6, and
1.6≦[Ni]/[Sn]≦12,
the Ni content [Ni] (mass %) and the P content [P] (mass %) satisfy a relationship of
25≦[Ni]/[P]≦750,
conductivity is 14% IACS or more and 25% IACS or less, and a metallographic structure is composed of an α single phase. 8. The copper alloy according to claim 1,
wherein the copper alloy is applicable to medical appliances, handrails, door handles, and water supply and drain sanitary facilities, apparatuses and containers. 9. The copper alloy according to claim 1,
wherein the copper alloy is used for electronic and electrical components and automobile components of connectors, terminals, relays, and switches. 10-12. (canceled) 13. The copper alloy according to claim 2,
wherein the copper alloy is applicable to medical appliances, handrails, door handles, and water supply and drain sanitary facilities, apparatuses and containers. 14. The copper alloy according to claim 3,
wherein the copper alloy is applicable to medical appliances, handrails, door handles, and water supply and drain sanitary facilities, apparatuses and containers. 15. The copper alloy according to claim 4,
wherein the copper alloy is applicable to medical appliances, handrails, door handles, and water supply and drain sanitary facilities, apparatuses and containers. 16. The copper alloy according to claim 5,
wherein the copper alloy is applicable to medical appliances, handrails, door handles, and water supply and drain sanitary facilities, apparatuses and containers. 17. The copper alloy according to claim 6,
wherein the copper alloy is applicable to medical appliances, handrails, door handles, and water supply and drain sanitary facilities, apparatuses and containers. 18. The copper alloy according to claim 7,
wherein the copper alloy is applicable to medical appliances, handrails, door handles, and water supply and drain sanitary facilities, apparatuses and containers. 19. The copper alloy according to claim 2,
wherein the copper alloy is used for electronic and electrical components and automobile components of connectors, terminals, relays, and switches. 20. The copper alloy according to claim 3,
wherein the copper alloy is used for electronic and electrical components and automobile components of connectors, terminals, relays, and switches. 21. The copper alloy according to claim 4,
wherein the copper alloy is used for electronic and electrical components and automobile components of connectors, terminals, relays, and switches. 22. The copper alloy according to claim 5,
wherein the copper alloy is used for electronic and electrical components and automobile components of connectors, terminals, relays, and switches. 23. The copper alloy according to claim 6,
wherein the copper alloy is used for electronic and electrical components and automobile components of connectors, terminals, relays, and switches. 24. The copper alloy according to claim 7,
wherein the copper alloy is used for electronic and electrical components and automobile components of connectors, terminals, relays, and switches. | A copper alloy according to the present invention includes 17 mass % to 34 mass % of Zn, 0.02 mass % to 2.0 mass % of Sn, 1.5 mass % to 5 mass % of Ni, and a balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, in which relationships of 12≦f1=[Zn]+5×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦30, 10≦[Zn]−0.3×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦28, 10≦f3={f1×(32−f1)×[Ni]} 1/2 ≦33, 1.2≦0.7×[Ni]+[Sn]≦4, and 1.4≦[Ni]/[Sn]≦90 are satisfied, conductivity is 13% IACS to 25% IACS, a ratio of an α phase is 99.5% or more by area ratio or an area ratio of a γ phase (γ)% and an area ratio of a β phase (β)% in an α phase matrix satisfy a relationship of 0≦2×(γ)+(β)≦0.7.1. A copper alloy comprising:
17 mass % to 34 mass % of Zn; 0.02 mass % to 2.0 mass % of Sn; 1.5 mass % to 5 mass % of Ni; and a balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, wherein a Zn content [Zn] (mass %), a Sn content [Sn] (mass %), and a Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
12≦f1=[Zn]+5×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦30,
10≦f2=[Zn]−0.3×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦28, and
10≦f3={f1×(32−f1)×[Ni]}1/2≦33,
the Sn content [Sn] (mass %) and the Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
1.2≦0.7×[Ni]+[Sn]≦4, and
1.4≦[Ni]/[Sn]≦90,
conductivity is 13% IACS or more and 25% IACS or less, and in a metallographic structure, a ratio of an α phase in a constituent phase of the metallographic structure is 99.5% or more by area ratio or an area ratio of a γ phase (γ)% and an area ratio of a β phase (β)% of an α phase matrix satisfy a relationship of 0≦2×(γ)+(β)≦0.7, and the γ phase having an area ratio of 0% to 0.3% and the β phase having an area ratio of 0% to 0.5% are dispersed in the α phase matrix. 2. A copper alloy comprising:
18 mass % to 33 mass % of Zn; 0.2 mass % to 1.5 mass % of Sn; 1.5 mass % to 4 mass % of Ni; and a balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, wherein a Zn content [Zn] (mass %), a Sn content [Sn] (mass %), and a Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
15≦f1=[Zn]+5×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦30,
12≦f2=[Zn]−0.3×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦28, and
10≦f3={f1×(32−f1)×[Ni]}1/2≦30,
the Sn content [Sn] (mass %) and the Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
1.4≦0.7×[Ni]+[Sn]≦3.6, and
1.6≦[Ni]/[Sn]≦12,
conductivity is 14% IACS or more and 25% IACS or less, and a metallographic structure is composed of an α single phase. 3. A copper alloy comprising:
17 mass % to 34 mass % of Zn; 0.02 mass % to 2.0 mass % of Sn; 1.5 mass % to 5 mass % of Ni; at least one or more selected from 0.003 mass % to 0.09 mass % of P, 0.005 mass % to 0.5 mass % of Al, 0.01 mass % to 0.09 mass % of Sb, 0.01 mass % to 0.09 mass % of As, and 0.0005 mass % to 0.03 mass % of Pb; and a balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, wherein a Zn content [Zn] (mass %), a Sn content [Sn] (mass %), and a Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
12≦f1=[Zn]+5×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦30,
10≦f2=[Zn]−0.3×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦28, and
10≦f3={f1×(32−f1)×[Ni]}1/2≦33,
the Sn content [Sn] (mass %) and the Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
1.2≦0.7×[Ni]+[Sn]≦4, and
1.4≦[Ni]/[Sn]≦90,
conductivity is 13% IACS or more and 25% IACS or less, and in a metallographic structure, a ratio of an α phase in a constituent phase of the metallographic structure is 99.5% or more by area ratio or an area ratio of a γ phase (γ)% and an area ratio of a β phase (β)% of an α phase matrix satisfy a relationship of 0≦2×(γ)+(β)≦0.7, and the γ phase having an area ratio of 0% to 0.3% and the β phase having an area ratio of 0% to 0.5% are dispersed in the α phase matrix. 4. A copper alloy comprising:
18 mass % to 33 mass % of Zn; 0.2 mass % to 1.5 mass % of Sn; 1.5 mass % to 4 mass % of Ni; 0.003 mass % to 0.08 mass % of P; and a balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, wherein a Zn content [Zn] (mass %), a Sn content [Sn] (mass %), and a Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
15≦f1=[Zn]+5×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦30,
12≦f2=[Zn]−0.3×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦28, and
10≦f3={f1×(32−f1)×[Ni]}1/2≦30,
the Sn content [Sn] (mass %) and the Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
1.4≦0.7×[Ni]+[Sn]≦3.6, and
1.6≦[Ni]/[Sn]≦12,
the Ni content [Ni] (mass %) and the P content [P] (mass %) satisfy a relationship of
25≦[Ni]/[P]≦750,
conductivity is 14% IACS or more and 25% IACS or less, and a metallographic structure is composed of an α single phase. 5. A copper alloy comprising:
17 mass % to 34 mass % of Zn; 0.02 mass % to 2.0 mass % of Sn; 1.5 mass % to 5 mass % of Ni; 0.0005 mass % or more and 0.2 mass % or less in total of at least one or more selected from Fe, Co, Mg, Mn, Ti, Zr, Cr, Si and rare earth metal elements, each contained in an amount of 0.0005 mass % or more and 0.05 mass % or less; and a balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, wherein a Zn content [Zn] (mass %), a Sn content [Sn] (mass %), and a Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
12≦f1=[Zn]+5×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦30,
10≦f2=[Zn]−0.3×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦28, and
10≦f3={f1×(32−f1)×[Ni]}1/2≦33,
the Sn content [Sn] (mass %) and the Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
1.2≦0.7×[Ni]+[Sn]≦4, and
1.4≦[Ni]/[Sn]≦90,
conductivity is 13% IACS or more and 25% IACS or less, and in a metallographic structure, a ratio of an α phase in a constituent phase of the metallographic structure is 99.5% or more by area ratio or an area ratio of a γ phase (γ)% and an area ratio of a β phase (β)% of an α phase matrix satisfy a relationship of 0≦2×(γ)+(β)≦0.7, and the γ phase having an area ratio of 0% to 0.3% and the β phase having an area ratio of 0% to 0.5% are dispersed in the α phase matrix. 6. A copper alloy comprising:
17 mass % to 34 mass % of Zn; 0.02 mass % to 2.0 mass % of Sn; 1.5 mass % to 5 mass % of Ni; at least one or more selected from 0.003 mass % to 0.09 mass % of P, 0.005 mass % to 0.5 mass % of Al, 0.01 mass % to 0.09 mass % of Sb, 0.01 mass % to 0.09 mass % of As, and 0.0005 mass % to 0.03 mass % of Pb; 0.0005 mass % or more and 0.2 mass % or less in total of at least one or more selected from Fe, Co, Mg, Mn, Ti, Zr, Cr, Si and rare earth metal elements, each contained in an amount of 0.0005 mass % or more and 0.05 mass % or less; and a balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, wherein a Zn content [Zn] (mass %), a Sn content [Sn] (mass %), and a Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
12≦f1=[Zn]+5×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦30,
10≦f2=[Zn]−0.3×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦28, and
10≦f3={f1×(32−f1)×[Ni]}1/2≦33,
the Sn content [Sn] (mass %) and the Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
1.2≦0.7×[Ni]+[Sn]≦4, and
1.4≦[Ni]/[Sn]≦90,
conductivity is 13% IACS or more and 25% IACS or less, and in a metallographic structure, a ratio of an α phase in a constituent phase of the metallographic structure is 99.5% or more by area ratio or an area ratio of a γ phase (γ)% and an area ratio of a β phase (β)% of an α phase matrix satisfy a relationship of 0≦2×(γ)+(β)≦0.7, and the γ phase having an area ratio of 0% to 0.3% and the β phase having an area ratio of 0% to 0.5% are dispersed in the α phase matrix. 7. A copper alloy comprising:
18 mass % to 33 mass % of Zn; 0.2 mass % to 1.5 mass % of Sn; 1.5 mass % to 4 mass % of Ni; 0.003 mass % to 0.08 mass % of P; 0.0005 mass % or more and 0.2 mass % or less in total of at least one or more selected from Fe, Co, Mg, Mn, Ti, Zr, Cr, Si and rare earth elements, each contained in an amount of 0.0005 mass % or more and 0.05 mass % or less; and a balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, wherein a Zn content [Zn] (mass %), a Sn content [Sn] (mass %), and a Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
15≦f1=[Zn]+5×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦30,
12≦f2=[Zn]−0.3×[Sn]−2×[Ni]≦28, and
10≦f3={f1×(32−f1)×[Ni]}1/2≦30,
the Sn content [Sn] (mass %) and the Ni content [Ni] (mass %) satisfy relationships of
1.4≦0.7×[Ni]+[Sn]≦3.6, and
1.6≦[Ni]/[Sn]≦12,
the Ni content [Ni] (mass %) and the P content [P] (mass %) satisfy a relationship of
25≦[Ni]/[P]≦750,
conductivity is 14% IACS or more and 25% IACS or less, and a metallographic structure is composed of an α single phase. 8. The copper alloy according to claim 1,
wherein the copper alloy is applicable to medical appliances, handrails, door handles, and water supply and drain sanitary facilities, apparatuses and containers. 9. The copper alloy according to claim 1,
wherein the copper alloy is used for electronic and electrical components and automobile components of connectors, terminals, relays, and switches. 10-12. (canceled) 13. The copper alloy according to claim 2,
wherein the copper alloy is applicable to medical appliances, handrails, door handles, and water supply and drain sanitary facilities, apparatuses and containers. 14. The copper alloy according to claim 3,
wherein the copper alloy is applicable to medical appliances, handrails, door handles, and water supply and drain sanitary facilities, apparatuses and containers. 15. The copper alloy according to claim 4,
wherein the copper alloy is applicable to medical appliances, handrails, door handles, and water supply and drain sanitary facilities, apparatuses and containers. 16. The copper alloy according to claim 5,
wherein the copper alloy is applicable to medical appliances, handrails, door handles, and water supply and drain sanitary facilities, apparatuses and containers. 17. The copper alloy according to claim 6,
wherein the copper alloy is applicable to medical appliances, handrails, door handles, and water supply and drain sanitary facilities, apparatuses and containers. 18. The copper alloy according to claim 7,
wherein the copper alloy is applicable to medical appliances, handrails, door handles, and water supply and drain sanitary facilities, apparatuses and containers. 19. The copper alloy according to claim 2,
wherein the copper alloy is used for electronic and electrical components and automobile components of connectors, terminals, relays, and switches. 20. The copper alloy according to claim 3,
wherein the copper alloy is used for electronic and electrical components and automobile components of connectors, terminals, relays, and switches. 21. The copper alloy according to claim 4,
wherein the copper alloy is used for electronic and electrical components and automobile components of connectors, terminals, relays, and switches. 22. The copper alloy according to claim 5,
wherein the copper alloy is used for electronic and electrical components and automobile components of connectors, terminals, relays, and switches. 23. The copper alloy according to claim 6,
wherein the copper alloy is used for electronic and electrical components and automobile components of connectors, terminals, relays, and switches. 24. The copper alloy according to claim 7,
wherein the copper alloy is used for electronic and electrical components and automobile components of connectors, terminals, relays, and switches. | 1,700 |
2,933 | 15,029,877 | 1,792 | Capsule for beverages includes a casing with a base and side wall defining a cavity suitable for containing an initial product for combining a fluid to obtain a final product, and a flange rim extending from the side wall. The base wall has an opening bounded by a base rim extending up to the side wall; the capsule includes a cover element, fixed to the flange rim to seal hermetically the cavity which is perforable by an extracting or injecting arrangement of a dispensing machine having a usable capsule, and a closing element fixed to the base rim to seal hermetically the capsule, which is respectively perforable by an injecting or extracting arrangement of the dispensing machine; wherein the closing element has greater dimensions than the base wall and is fixed to the side wall remaining joined to the capsule in the presence of a pressure increase inside the capsule. | 1-9. (canceled) 10. A capsule for beverages comprising a casing in turn comprising: a base wall and a side wall defining a cavity that is suitable for containing an initial product to be combined with a fluid to obtain a final product, and further a flange rim extending from said side wall, said base wall having an opening bounded by a base rim extending up to said side wall; wherein said capsule further comprises a cover element, fixed to said flange rim to seal hermetically said cavity which is perforable by an extracting arrangement or an injecting arrangement of a dispensing machine in which said capsule is usable, and a closing element fixed to said base rim to seal hermetically said opening, which closing element is respectively perforable by an injecting arrangement or an extracting arrangement of said dispensing machine; wherein said closing element is of greater dimensions than said base wall and is also fixed to said side wall to remain joined to said capsule even in the presence of a pressure increase inside said capsule. 11. The capsule according to claim 10, wherein said base rim defines a base edge with said side wall, said closing element extending beyond said base edge and being superimposed on said side wall along the entire said base edge. 12. The capsule according to claim 10, wherein said closing element is superimposed and fixed to said side wall for at least one strip of 2 mm measured from said base edge, in particular for a strip of 2.5 mm. 13. The capsule according to claim 10, wherein said closing element is superimposed and fixed to said side wall for the entire side wall. 14. The capsule according to claim 11, wherein said closing element is disk-shaped and has a diameter that is greater than a diameter of said base wall. 15. The capsule according to claim 14, wherein said side wall comprises a first portion connected to said base edge and a second portion defining with said first portion a side edge, said closing element being fixed to said first portion of said side wall. 16. The capsule according to claim 15, wherein said first portion is of frustoconical shape and has a first tilt that is greater than a second tilt of said second portion, which is also of frustoconical shape, said first and said second tilt being measured with respect to a symmetry axis of said capsule. 17. The capsule according to claim 10, wherein said closing element is fixed to said base rim of said capsule and to said side wall by thermowelding at a joining portion. 18. The capsule according to claim 17, wherein said base rim defines a base edge with said side wall, said closing element extending beyond said base edge and being superimposed on said side wall along the entire said base edge, said side wall comprising a first portion connected to said base edge and a second portion defining with said first portion a side edge, said closing element being fixed to said first portion of said side wall and wherein said joining portion extends in said base rim and in said first portion through said base edge up to said side edge. | Capsule for beverages includes a casing with a base and side wall defining a cavity suitable for containing an initial product for combining a fluid to obtain a final product, and a flange rim extending from the side wall. The base wall has an opening bounded by a base rim extending up to the side wall; the capsule includes a cover element, fixed to the flange rim to seal hermetically the cavity which is perforable by an extracting or injecting arrangement of a dispensing machine having a usable capsule, and a closing element fixed to the base rim to seal hermetically the capsule, which is respectively perforable by an injecting or extracting arrangement of the dispensing machine; wherein the closing element has greater dimensions than the base wall and is fixed to the side wall remaining joined to the capsule in the presence of a pressure increase inside the capsule.1-9. (canceled) 10. A capsule for beverages comprising a casing in turn comprising: a base wall and a side wall defining a cavity that is suitable for containing an initial product to be combined with a fluid to obtain a final product, and further a flange rim extending from said side wall, said base wall having an opening bounded by a base rim extending up to said side wall; wherein said capsule further comprises a cover element, fixed to said flange rim to seal hermetically said cavity which is perforable by an extracting arrangement or an injecting arrangement of a dispensing machine in which said capsule is usable, and a closing element fixed to said base rim to seal hermetically said opening, which closing element is respectively perforable by an injecting arrangement or an extracting arrangement of said dispensing machine; wherein said closing element is of greater dimensions than said base wall and is also fixed to said side wall to remain joined to said capsule even in the presence of a pressure increase inside said capsule. 11. The capsule according to claim 10, wherein said base rim defines a base edge with said side wall, said closing element extending beyond said base edge and being superimposed on said side wall along the entire said base edge. 12. The capsule according to claim 10, wherein said closing element is superimposed and fixed to said side wall for at least one strip of 2 mm measured from said base edge, in particular for a strip of 2.5 mm. 13. The capsule according to claim 10, wherein said closing element is superimposed and fixed to said side wall for the entire side wall. 14. The capsule according to claim 11, wherein said closing element is disk-shaped and has a diameter that is greater than a diameter of said base wall. 15. The capsule according to claim 14, wherein said side wall comprises a first portion connected to said base edge and a second portion defining with said first portion a side edge, said closing element being fixed to said first portion of said side wall. 16. The capsule according to claim 15, wherein said first portion is of frustoconical shape and has a first tilt that is greater than a second tilt of said second portion, which is also of frustoconical shape, said first and said second tilt being measured with respect to a symmetry axis of said capsule. 17. The capsule according to claim 10, wherein said closing element is fixed to said base rim of said capsule and to said side wall by thermowelding at a joining portion. 18. The capsule according to claim 17, wherein said base rim defines a base edge with said side wall, said closing element extending beyond said base edge and being superimposed on said side wall along the entire said base edge, said side wall comprising a first portion connected to said base edge and a second portion defining with said first portion a side edge, said closing element being fixed to said first portion of said side wall and wherein said joining portion extends in said base rim and in said first portion through said base edge up to said side edge. | 1,700 |
2,934 | 14,855,937 | 1,785 | The magnetic recording medium of the present invention comprises: a non-magnetic substrate; a non-magnetic layer formed on one of principal surfaces of the non-magnetic substrate; and a magnetic layer formed on a principal surface of the non-magnetic layer opposite to the non-magnetic substrate. Mr and t satisfy 0.0020 μT·m≦Mr·t≦0.0150 μT·m, where Mr is the residual magnetic flux density of the magnetic layer, and t is the average thickness of the magnetic layer, L1 satisfies 2 nm≦L1≦6 nm, where L1 is the average thickness of a first mixed layer that is formed on the surface of the magnetic layer opposite to the non-magnetic layer, and L2 satisfies 0.1≦L2/t≦0.45, where L2 is the average thickness of a second mixed layer that is formed on the surface of the magnetic layer facing the non-magnetic layer. | 1. A magnetic recording medium comprising: a non-magnetic substrate; a non-magnetic layer formed on one of principal surfaces of the non-magnetic substrate; and a magnetic layer formed on a principal surface of the non-magnetic layer opposite to the non-magnetic substrate,
wherein the magnetic layer contains a magnetic powder, the magnetic powder is one selected from the group consisting of a hexagonal ferrite magnetic powder and a ferromagnetic metallic iron magnetic powder, Mr and t satisfy 0.0020 μT·m≦Mr·t≦0.0150 μT·m, where Mr is the residual magnetic flux density of the magnetic layer, and t is the average thickness of the magnetic layer, L1 satisfies 2 nm≦L1≦6 nm, where L1 is the average thickness of a first mixed layer that is formed on the surface of the magnetic layer opposite to the non-magnetic layer, and the magnetic layer has the average thickness of 20 to 100 nm. 2. The magnetic recording medium according to claim 1, wherein L1 as the average thickness of the first mixed layer satisfies 2 nm≦L1≦4 nm, and L2 as the average thickness of the second mixed layer satisfies 0.1≦L2/t≦0.40. 3. The magnetic recording medium according to claim 1, wherein L2 satisfies 0.1≦L2/t≦0.45, where L2 is the average thickness of a second mixed layer that is formed on the surface of the magnetic layer facing the non-magnetic layer. 4. The magnetic recording medium according to claim 1, wherein the magnetic powder has an average particle size of 10 to 35 nm. 5. The magnetic recording medium according to claim 1, wherein the magnetic layer has a thickness of 30 to 70 nm. 6. The magnetic recording medium according to claim 1, wherein the magnetic layer has Ra of 1.0 nm or more and less than 2.0 nm, where Ra is centerline average roughness defined in JIS B0601. 7. The magnetic recording medium according to claim 1, wherein the non-magnetic layer has a thickness of 0.1 to 3 μm. | The magnetic recording medium of the present invention comprises: a non-magnetic substrate; a non-magnetic layer formed on one of principal surfaces of the non-magnetic substrate; and a magnetic layer formed on a principal surface of the non-magnetic layer opposite to the non-magnetic substrate. Mr and t satisfy 0.0020 μT·m≦Mr·t≦0.0150 μT·m, where Mr is the residual magnetic flux density of the magnetic layer, and t is the average thickness of the magnetic layer, L1 satisfies 2 nm≦L1≦6 nm, where L1 is the average thickness of a first mixed layer that is formed on the surface of the magnetic layer opposite to the non-magnetic layer, and L2 satisfies 0.1≦L2/t≦0.45, where L2 is the average thickness of a second mixed layer that is formed on the surface of the magnetic layer facing the non-magnetic layer.1. A magnetic recording medium comprising: a non-magnetic substrate; a non-magnetic layer formed on one of principal surfaces of the non-magnetic substrate; and a magnetic layer formed on a principal surface of the non-magnetic layer opposite to the non-magnetic substrate,
wherein the magnetic layer contains a magnetic powder, the magnetic powder is one selected from the group consisting of a hexagonal ferrite magnetic powder and a ferromagnetic metallic iron magnetic powder, Mr and t satisfy 0.0020 μT·m≦Mr·t≦0.0150 μT·m, where Mr is the residual magnetic flux density of the magnetic layer, and t is the average thickness of the magnetic layer, L1 satisfies 2 nm≦L1≦6 nm, where L1 is the average thickness of a first mixed layer that is formed on the surface of the magnetic layer opposite to the non-magnetic layer, and the magnetic layer has the average thickness of 20 to 100 nm. 2. The magnetic recording medium according to claim 1, wherein L1 as the average thickness of the first mixed layer satisfies 2 nm≦L1≦4 nm, and L2 as the average thickness of the second mixed layer satisfies 0.1≦L2/t≦0.40. 3. The magnetic recording medium according to claim 1, wherein L2 satisfies 0.1≦L2/t≦0.45, where L2 is the average thickness of a second mixed layer that is formed on the surface of the magnetic layer facing the non-magnetic layer. 4. The magnetic recording medium according to claim 1, wherein the magnetic powder has an average particle size of 10 to 35 nm. 5. The magnetic recording medium according to claim 1, wherein the magnetic layer has a thickness of 30 to 70 nm. 6. The magnetic recording medium according to claim 1, wherein the magnetic layer has Ra of 1.0 nm or more and less than 2.0 nm, where Ra is centerline average roughness defined in JIS B0601. 7. The magnetic recording medium according to claim 1, wherein the non-magnetic layer has a thickness of 0.1 to 3 μm. | 1,700 |
2,935 | 13,989,270 | 1,744 | The invention relates to a method for the layered manufacturing of a structural component from powder, comprising the following steps: establishing at least one parameter (t) of a depression ( 1 ) in a produced layer ( 2 ) of the structural component; smoothing out the depression ( 1 ) if the at least one parameter (t) exceeds a predetermined value; and filling the smoothed-out depression ( 1 ) with powder ( 13 ). | 1-10. (canceled) 11. A method for the layered manufacturing of a structural component from powder, wherein the method comprises:
detecting at least one parameter of a depression in a formed layer of the structural component; smoothing the depression if the at least one parameter exceeds a predetermined value; and filling the smoothed depression with powder. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one parameter represents a depth of the depression. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one parameter is determined in dependence on a return radiation of a laser beam or an electron beam that scans the depression. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the at least one parameter is determined in dependence on a peripheral radiation of the return radiation. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the depression is smoothed by a laser beam. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the depression is smoothed by an electron beam. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein smoothing is performed by repeatedly melting the depression. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein an input of energy for melting the powder filling the depression is greater than an input of energy in regions adjoining the depression. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one parameter is detected concurrently with forming the layer. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the method further comprises forming the layer by melting a first layer of powder and/or providing the powder for filling the depression as part of a second layer of powder that covers the first layer of powder. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the first layer of powder is melted by at least one of a laser beam and an electron beam. 22. A device for the layered manufacturing of a structural component from powder, wherein the device comprises:
a first element for detecting at least one parameter of a depression in a formed layer of the structural component; a second element for smoothing the depression if the at least one parameter exceeds a predetermined value; and a third element for filling the smoothed depression with powder. 23. The device of claim 22, wherein the first element comprises a laser beam. 24. The device of claim 22, wherein the first element comprises an electron beam. 25. The device of claim 22, wherein the second element comprises a laser beam. 26. The device of claim 22, wherein the second element comprises an electron beam. | The invention relates to a method for the layered manufacturing of a structural component from powder, comprising the following steps: establishing at least one parameter (t) of a depression ( 1 ) in a produced layer ( 2 ) of the structural component; smoothing out the depression ( 1 ) if the at least one parameter (t) exceeds a predetermined value; and filling the smoothed-out depression ( 1 ) with powder ( 13 ).1-10. (canceled) 11. A method for the layered manufacturing of a structural component from powder, wherein the method comprises:
detecting at least one parameter of a depression in a formed layer of the structural component; smoothing the depression if the at least one parameter exceeds a predetermined value; and filling the smoothed depression with powder. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one parameter represents a depth of the depression. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one parameter is determined in dependence on a return radiation of a laser beam or an electron beam that scans the depression. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the at least one parameter is determined in dependence on a peripheral radiation of the return radiation. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the depression is smoothed by a laser beam. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the depression is smoothed by an electron beam. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein smoothing is performed by repeatedly melting the depression. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein an input of energy for melting the powder filling the depression is greater than an input of energy in regions adjoining the depression. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one parameter is detected concurrently with forming the layer. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the method further comprises forming the layer by melting a first layer of powder and/or providing the powder for filling the depression as part of a second layer of powder that covers the first layer of powder. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the first layer of powder is melted by at least one of a laser beam and an electron beam. 22. A device for the layered manufacturing of a structural component from powder, wherein the device comprises:
a first element for detecting at least one parameter of a depression in a formed layer of the structural component; a second element for smoothing the depression if the at least one parameter exceeds a predetermined value; and a third element for filling the smoothed depression with powder. 23. The device of claim 22, wherein the first element comprises a laser beam. 24. The device of claim 22, wherein the first element comprises an electron beam. 25. The device of claim 22, wherein the second element comprises a laser beam. 26. The device of claim 22, wherein the second element comprises an electron beam. | 1,700 |
2,936 | 14,236,777 | 1,786 | A cable includes at least one electrical conductor and at least one electrically insulating layer surrounding the electrical conductor, wherein the at least one electrically insulating layer includes: (a) a thermoplastic polymer material selected from: at least one copolymer (I) of propylene with at least one olefin comonomer selected from ethylene and an ∝-olefin other than propylene, the copolymer having a melting point greater than or equal to 130° C. and a melting enthalpy of from 20 J/g to 90 J/g; a blend of at least one copolymer (i) with at least one copolymer (ii) of ethylene with at least one α-olefin, the copolymer (ii) having a melting enthalpy of from 0 J/g to 120 J/g; a blend of at least one propylene homopolymer with at least one copolymer (i) or copolymer (ii); at least one of copolymer (i) and copolymer (ii) being a heterophasic copolymer; (b) at least one dielectric fluid intimately admixed with the thermoplastic polymer material; and (c) at least one nucleating agent. | 1. A cable comprising at least one electrical conductor and at least one electrically insulating layer surrounding said electrical conductor, wherein the at least one electrically insulating layer comprises:
(a) a thermoplastic polymer material selected from: at least one copolymer (i) of propylene with at least one olefin comonomer selected from ethylene and an ∝-olefin other than propylene, said copolymer having a melting point greater than or equal to 130° C. and a melting enthalpy of from 20 J/g to 90 J/g; a blend of at least one copolymer (i) with at least one copolymer (ii) of ethylene with at least one cc-olefin, said copolymer (ii) having a melting enthalpy of from 0 J/g to 120 J/g; and a blend of at least one propylene homopolymer with at least one copolymer (i) or copolymer (ii); at least one of copolymer (i) and copolymer (ii) being a heterophasic copolymer; (b) at least one dielectric fluid intimately admixed with the thermoplastic polymer material; and (c) at least one nucleating agent. 2. The cable according to claim 1, wherein the at least one nucleating agent is selected from organic nucleating agents. 3. The cable according to claim 2, wherein the at least one nucleating agent is selected from sorbitol derivatives. 4. The cable according to claim 1, wherein the copolymer (i) is a propylene/ethylene copolymer. 5. The cable according to claim 1, wherein at least one copolymer (ii) is a linear low density polyethylene copolymer. 6. The cable according to claim 1, wherein, in the copolymer (i) or copolymer (ii) or both, when heterophasic, an elastomeric phase is present in an amount equal to or greater than 45 wt % with respect to the total weight of the copolymer. 7. The cable according to claim 1, wherein copolymer (i) has a melting enthalpy of from 25 J/g to 80 J/g. 8. The cable according to claim 1, wherein copolymer (ii) has a melting enthalpy of from 10 J/g to 90 J/g when heterophasic, and from 50 J/g to 100 J/g when homophasic. 9. The cable according to claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic material of the insulating layer comprises a blend of a propylene homopolymer with one copolymer (i) and two copolymers (ii). 10. The cable according to claim 1, wherein the at least one dielectric fluid (b) has a ratio of number of aromatic carbon atoms to total number of carbon atoms (Car/Ctot) greater than or equal to 0.3. 11. The cable according to claim 1, wherein the at least one the nucleating agent (c) is selected from aromatic sorbitol acetals of formula (III):
wherein:
R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5, equal or different from each other, are selected from: hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkenyl, or R1 and R2 or R3 and R4 together form a carbocyclic ring containing up to 6 carbon atoms. 12. The cable according to claim 11, wherein the at least one -nucleating agent (c) is selected from aromatic sorbitol acetals of formula (III) herein;
R1═R3=methyl, R2═R4=methyl, R5=hydrogen; R1═R3=methyl, R2═R4=hydrogen, R5=hydrogen; R1═R3=ethyl, R2═R4=hydrogen, R5=hydrogen; R1═R3=iso-propyl, R2═R4=hydrogen, R5=hydrogen; R1═R3 l =iso-butyl, R 2═R4=hydrogen, R5=hydrogen; R1 and R2 condensed cyclohexyl group, R3 and R4=condensed cyclohexyl group, R5=hydrogen; R1═R3=n-propyl, R2═R4=hydrogen, R5=allyl; R1=n-propyloxy, R3=n-propyl, R2═R4=hydrogen, R5=allyl; R1 is n-propyloxy, R3=n-propyl, R2═R4=hydrogen, R5=n-propyl; and R1═R3=n-propyl, R2═R4=hydrogen, R5=n-propyl. 13. The cable according to claim 12, wherein the at least one nucleating agent (c) is selected from:
1,3:2,4-bis(3,4-dimethylbenzylidene)sorbitol, bis(4-propylbenzylidene)propylsorbitol; and mixtures thereof. 14. The cable according to claim 1, wherein the at least one nucleating agent (c) is present in an amount of from 0.05 to 10% by weight, with respect to the total weight of the insulating layer. 15. The cable according to claim 1, wherein the at least one nucleating agent (c) is present in an amount of from 0.1 to 5% by weight, with respect to the total weight of the insulating layer. | A cable includes at least one electrical conductor and at least one electrically insulating layer surrounding the electrical conductor, wherein the at least one electrically insulating layer includes: (a) a thermoplastic polymer material selected from: at least one copolymer (I) of propylene with at least one olefin comonomer selected from ethylene and an ∝-olefin other than propylene, the copolymer having a melting point greater than or equal to 130° C. and a melting enthalpy of from 20 J/g to 90 J/g; a blend of at least one copolymer (i) with at least one copolymer (ii) of ethylene with at least one α-olefin, the copolymer (ii) having a melting enthalpy of from 0 J/g to 120 J/g; a blend of at least one propylene homopolymer with at least one copolymer (i) or copolymer (ii); at least one of copolymer (i) and copolymer (ii) being a heterophasic copolymer; (b) at least one dielectric fluid intimately admixed with the thermoplastic polymer material; and (c) at least one nucleating agent.1. A cable comprising at least one electrical conductor and at least one electrically insulating layer surrounding said electrical conductor, wherein the at least one electrically insulating layer comprises:
(a) a thermoplastic polymer material selected from: at least one copolymer (i) of propylene with at least one olefin comonomer selected from ethylene and an ∝-olefin other than propylene, said copolymer having a melting point greater than or equal to 130° C. and a melting enthalpy of from 20 J/g to 90 J/g; a blend of at least one copolymer (i) with at least one copolymer (ii) of ethylene with at least one cc-olefin, said copolymer (ii) having a melting enthalpy of from 0 J/g to 120 J/g; and a blend of at least one propylene homopolymer with at least one copolymer (i) or copolymer (ii); at least one of copolymer (i) and copolymer (ii) being a heterophasic copolymer; (b) at least one dielectric fluid intimately admixed with the thermoplastic polymer material; and (c) at least one nucleating agent. 2. The cable according to claim 1, wherein the at least one nucleating agent is selected from organic nucleating agents. 3. The cable according to claim 2, wherein the at least one nucleating agent is selected from sorbitol derivatives. 4. The cable according to claim 1, wherein the copolymer (i) is a propylene/ethylene copolymer. 5. The cable according to claim 1, wherein at least one copolymer (ii) is a linear low density polyethylene copolymer. 6. The cable according to claim 1, wherein, in the copolymer (i) or copolymer (ii) or both, when heterophasic, an elastomeric phase is present in an amount equal to or greater than 45 wt % with respect to the total weight of the copolymer. 7. The cable according to claim 1, wherein copolymer (i) has a melting enthalpy of from 25 J/g to 80 J/g. 8. The cable according to claim 1, wherein copolymer (ii) has a melting enthalpy of from 10 J/g to 90 J/g when heterophasic, and from 50 J/g to 100 J/g when homophasic. 9. The cable according to claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic material of the insulating layer comprises a blend of a propylene homopolymer with one copolymer (i) and two copolymers (ii). 10. The cable according to claim 1, wherein the at least one dielectric fluid (b) has a ratio of number of aromatic carbon atoms to total number of carbon atoms (Car/Ctot) greater than or equal to 0.3. 11. The cable according to claim 1, wherein the at least one the nucleating agent (c) is selected from aromatic sorbitol acetals of formula (III):
wherein:
R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5, equal or different from each other, are selected from: hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkenyl, or R1 and R2 or R3 and R4 together form a carbocyclic ring containing up to 6 carbon atoms. 12. The cable according to claim 11, wherein the at least one -nucleating agent (c) is selected from aromatic sorbitol acetals of formula (III) herein;
R1═R3=methyl, R2═R4=methyl, R5=hydrogen; R1═R3=methyl, R2═R4=hydrogen, R5=hydrogen; R1═R3=ethyl, R2═R4=hydrogen, R5=hydrogen; R1═R3=iso-propyl, R2═R4=hydrogen, R5=hydrogen; R1═R3 l =iso-butyl, R 2═R4=hydrogen, R5=hydrogen; R1 and R2 condensed cyclohexyl group, R3 and R4=condensed cyclohexyl group, R5=hydrogen; R1═R3=n-propyl, R2═R4=hydrogen, R5=allyl; R1=n-propyloxy, R3=n-propyl, R2═R4=hydrogen, R5=allyl; R1 is n-propyloxy, R3=n-propyl, R2═R4=hydrogen, R5=n-propyl; and R1═R3=n-propyl, R2═R4=hydrogen, R5=n-propyl. 13. The cable according to claim 12, wherein the at least one nucleating agent (c) is selected from:
1,3:2,4-bis(3,4-dimethylbenzylidene)sorbitol, bis(4-propylbenzylidene)propylsorbitol; and mixtures thereof. 14. The cable according to claim 1, wherein the at least one nucleating agent (c) is present in an amount of from 0.05 to 10% by weight, with respect to the total weight of the insulating layer. 15. The cable according to claim 1, wherein the at least one nucleating agent (c) is present in an amount of from 0.1 to 5% by weight, with respect to the total weight of the insulating layer. | 1,700 |
2,937 | 13,616,050 | 1,795 | A plating apparatus has an ashing unit ( 300 ) configured to perform an ashing process on a resist ( 502 ) applied on a surface of a seed layer ( 500 ) formed on a substrate (W), and a pre-wetting section ( 26 ) configured to provide hydrophilicity to a surface of the substrate after the ashing process. The plating apparatus includes a pre-soaking section ( 28 ) configured to bring the surface of the substrate into contact with a treatment solution to clean or activate a surface of the seed layer formed on the substrate. The plating apparatus also includes a plating unit ( 34 ) configured to bring the surface of the substrate into a plating solution in a plating tank while the resist is used as a mask so as to form a plated film ( 504 ) on the surface of the seed layer formed on the substrate. | 1-60. (canceled) 61. A plating method comprising:
ashing a resist on a surface of a seed layer on a substrate by applying at least one of plasma, light, and an electromagnetic wave to the resist to reform a hydrophobic surface of the resist into a hydrophilic surface; and bringing the substrate into contact with a plating solution in which an anode is disposed using the resist as a mask so as to form a plated film on the surface of the seed layer in a predetermined position where interconnect is formed. 62. The plating method as recited in claim 61, further comprising:
after said ashing, holding the substrate by a substrate holder while sealing a peripheral portion of the substrate with its surface exposed. 63. The plating method as recited in claim 62, further comprising:
performing a hydrophilic process on the surface of the substrate held by said substrate holder after said ashing. 64. The plating method as recited in claim 63, wherein said hydrophilic process is performed by immersing the substrate in pure water or ejecting pure water onto the surface of the substrate. 65. The plating method as recited in claim 64, wherein the pure water is deaerated by a deaeration device. 66. The plating method as recited in claim 63, wherein said hydrophilic process is performed substantially under vacuum or performed under a pressure lower than an atmospheric pressure. 67. The plating method as recited in claim 63, wherein said hydrophilic process comprises continuously performing two or more types of hydrophilic processes. 68. The plating method as recited in claim 3, further comprising:
after said hydrophilic process, bringing the surface of the substrate, held by said substrate holder, into contact with a treatment solution to clean or activate the surface of the seed layer. 69. The plating method as recited in claim 68, wherein the treatment solution comprises at least one of ozone water, an acid solution, an alkali solution, an acid degreasing agent, a solution containing a developer, a solution containing a resist stripping solution, and reduced water of an electrolytic solution. 70. The plating method as recited in claim 68, wherein the treatment solution comprises an acid solution or an acid degreasing agent so as to perform an electrolytic process on the substrate in the treatment solution with the substrate serving as a cathode. 71. A plating apparatus comprising:
an ashing unit configured to perform an ashing process on a resist on a surface of a seed layer on a substrate by applying at least one of plasma, light, and an electromagnetic wave to the resist to reform a hydrophobic surface of the resist into a hydrophilic surface; and a plating unit configured to bring the substrate into contact with a plating solution in which an anode is disposed using the resist as a mask so as to form a plated film on the surface of the seed layer in a predetermined position where interconnect is formed. 72. The plating apparatus as recited in claim 71, further comprising:
a substrate holder configured to detachably hold the substrate in a substrate loading/unloading unit after the ashing process while sealing a peripheral portion of the substrate with its surface exposed. 73. The plating apparatus as recited in claim 72, further comprising:
a substrate transfer device configured to transfer the substrate between said ashing unit and said substrate loading/unloading unit. 74. The plating apparatus as recited in claim 72, further comprising:
a pre-wetting section configured to perform a hydrophilic process on the surface of the substrate held by said substrate holder after the ashing process. 75. The plating apparatus as recited in claim 74, wherein said pre-wetting section is configured to perform the hydrophilic process by immersing the substrate in pure water or ejecting pure water onto the surface of the substrate. 76. The plating apparatus as recited in claim 75, further comprising:
a deaeration device configured to deaerate the pure water. 77. The plating apparatus as recited in claim 74, wherein said pre-wetting section is substantially under vacuum or under a pressure lower than an atmospheric pressure. 78. The plating apparatus as recited in claim 74, wherein said pre-wetting section is comprises a plurality of pre-wetting portions having different functions. 79. The plating apparatus as recited in claim 74, further comprising:
a pre-soaking section configured to bring the surface of the substrate, held by said substrate holder, into contact with a treatment solution after said hydrophilic process to clean or activate the surface of the seed layer. 80. The plating apparatus as recited in claim 79, further comprising:
a substrate holder transfer device configured to transfer said substrate holder with the substrate held thereon between said substrate loading/unloading unit, said pre-wetting section, said pre-soaking section, and said plating unit. | A plating apparatus has an ashing unit ( 300 ) configured to perform an ashing process on a resist ( 502 ) applied on a surface of a seed layer ( 500 ) formed on a substrate (W), and a pre-wetting section ( 26 ) configured to provide hydrophilicity to a surface of the substrate after the ashing process. The plating apparatus includes a pre-soaking section ( 28 ) configured to bring the surface of the substrate into contact with a treatment solution to clean or activate a surface of the seed layer formed on the substrate. The plating apparatus also includes a plating unit ( 34 ) configured to bring the surface of the substrate into a plating solution in a plating tank while the resist is used as a mask so as to form a plated film ( 504 ) on the surface of the seed layer formed on the substrate.1-60. (canceled) 61. A plating method comprising:
ashing a resist on a surface of a seed layer on a substrate by applying at least one of plasma, light, and an electromagnetic wave to the resist to reform a hydrophobic surface of the resist into a hydrophilic surface; and bringing the substrate into contact with a plating solution in which an anode is disposed using the resist as a mask so as to form a plated film on the surface of the seed layer in a predetermined position where interconnect is formed. 62. The plating method as recited in claim 61, further comprising:
after said ashing, holding the substrate by a substrate holder while sealing a peripheral portion of the substrate with its surface exposed. 63. The plating method as recited in claim 62, further comprising:
performing a hydrophilic process on the surface of the substrate held by said substrate holder after said ashing. 64. The plating method as recited in claim 63, wherein said hydrophilic process is performed by immersing the substrate in pure water or ejecting pure water onto the surface of the substrate. 65. The plating method as recited in claim 64, wherein the pure water is deaerated by a deaeration device. 66. The plating method as recited in claim 63, wherein said hydrophilic process is performed substantially under vacuum or performed under a pressure lower than an atmospheric pressure. 67. The plating method as recited in claim 63, wherein said hydrophilic process comprises continuously performing two or more types of hydrophilic processes. 68. The plating method as recited in claim 3, further comprising:
after said hydrophilic process, bringing the surface of the substrate, held by said substrate holder, into contact with a treatment solution to clean or activate the surface of the seed layer. 69. The plating method as recited in claim 68, wherein the treatment solution comprises at least one of ozone water, an acid solution, an alkali solution, an acid degreasing agent, a solution containing a developer, a solution containing a resist stripping solution, and reduced water of an electrolytic solution. 70. The plating method as recited in claim 68, wherein the treatment solution comprises an acid solution or an acid degreasing agent so as to perform an electrolytic process on the substrate in the treatment solution with the substrate serving as a cathode. 71. A plating apparatus comprising:
an ashing unit configured to perform an ashing process on a resist on a surface of a seed layer on a substrate by applying at least one of plasma, light, and an electromagnetic wave to the resist to reform a hydrophobic surface of the resist into a hydrophilic surface; and a plating unit configured to bring the substrate into contact with a plating solution in which an anode is disposed using the resist as a mask so as to form a plated film on the surface of the seed layer in a predetermined position where interconnect is formed. 72. The plating apparatus as recited in claim 71, further comprising:
a substrate holder configured to detachably hold the substrate in a substrate loading/unloading unit after the ashing process while sealing a peripheral portion of the substrate with its surface exposed. 73. The plating apparatus as recited in claim 72, further comprising:
a substrate transfer device configured to transfer the substrate between said ashing unit and said substrate loading/unloading unit. 74. The plating apparatus as recited in claim 72, further comprising:
a pre-wetting section configured to perform a hydrophilic process on the surface of the substrate held by said substrate holder after the ashing process. 75. The plating apparatus as recited in claim 74, wherein said pre-wetting section is configured to perform the hydrophilic process by immersing the substrate in pure water or ejecting pure water onto the surface of the substrate. 76. The plating apparatus as recited in claim 75, further comprising:
a deaeration device configured to deaerate the pure water. 77. The plating apparatus as recited in claim 74, wherein said pre-wetting section is substantially under vacuum or under a pressure lower than an atmospheric pressure. 78. The plating apparatus as recited in claim 74, wherein said pre-wetting section is comprises a plurality of pre-wetting portions having different functions. 79. The plating apparatus as recited in claim 74, further comprising:
a pre-soaking section configured to bring the surface of the substrate, held by said substrate holder, into contact with a treatment solution after said hydrophilic process to clean or activate the surface of the seed layer. 80. The plating apparatus as recited in claim 79, further comprising:
a substrate holder transfer device configured to transfer said substrate holder with the substrate held thereon between said substrate loading/unloading unit, said pre-wetting section, said pre-soaking section, and said plating unit. | 1,700 |
2,938 | 14,180,954 | 1,716 | A transfer chamber for semiconductor device manufacturing includes (1) a plurality of sides that define a region configured to maintain a vacuum level and allow transport of substrates between processing chambers, the plurality of sides defining a first portion and a second portion of the transfer chamber and including (a) a first side that couples to two twinned processing chambers; and (b) a second side that couples to a single processing chamber; (2) a first substrate handler located in the first portion of the transfer chamber; (3) a second substrate handler located in the second portion of the transfer chamber; and (4) a hand-off location configured to allow substrates to be passed between the first portion and the second portion of the transfer chamber using the first and second substrate handlers. Method aspects are also provided. | 1. A transfer chamber configured for use during semiconductor device manufacturing comprising:
a plurality of sides that define a region configured to maintain a vacuum level and allow transport of substrates between a plurality of processing chambers, the plurality of sides defining a first portion of the transfer chamber and a second portion of the transfer chamber and including:
a first side that couples to two twinned processing chambers, and
a second side that couples to a single processing chamber; and
a first substrate handler located in the first portion of the transfer chamber; a second substrate handler located in the second portion of the transfer chamber; and a hand-off location configured to allow substrates to be passed between the first portion of the transfer chamber and the second portion of the transfer chamber using the first substrate handler and the second substrate handler. 2. The transfer chamber of claim 1 wherein the plurality of sides from a closed polygon shape. 3. The transfer chamber of claim 1 further comprising a third side opposite the first side that couples to two twinned processing chambers. 4. The transfer chamber of claim 1 wherein the hand-off location further comprises a processing region configured to perform a process on a substrate within the processing region. 5. The transfer chamber of claim 4 wherein the hand-off location is configured to allow substrates to be passed between the first and second portions of the transfer chamber at a first elevation and wherein the processing region of the hand-off location is located at a second elevation that is different than the first elevation. 6. The transfer chamber of claim 5 wherein the second elevation is above the first elevation. 7. The transfer chamber of claim 4 wherein the processing region of the hand-off location is configured to perform at least one of pre-processing for one or more processing chambers coupled to the transfer chamber and post-processing for one or more processing chambers coupled to the transfer chamber. 8. The transfer chamber of claim 1 further comprising a plurality of hand-off locations configured to allow substrates to be passed between the first portion of the transfer chamber and the second portion of the transfer chamber using the first substrate handler and the second substrate handler. 9. The transfer chamber of claim 8 wherein each hand-off location includes a processing region configured to perform a process on a substrate within the processing region. 10. The transfer chamber of claim 1 further comprising:
a first set of twinned processing chambers coupled to the first side of the transfer chamber;
a first, single processing chamber coupled to the second side of the transfer chamber;
a second set of twinned processing chambers coupled to a third side of the transfer chamber; and
a second, single processing chamber coupled to a fourth side of the transfer chamber. 11. The transfer chamber of claim 10 further comprising:
a first load lock chamber coupled to a fifth side of the transfer chamber; and
a second load lock chamber coupled to a sixth side of the transfer chamber. 12. The transfer chamber of claim 10 further comprising a controller that controls at least a portion of operations performed by the transfer chamber. 13. A method comprising:
(a) providing a transfer chamber having a plurality of sides that define a region configured to maintain a vacuum level and allow transport of substrates between a plurality of processing chambers, the plurality of sides defining a first portion of the transfer chamber and a second portion of the transfer chamber and including:
a first side coupled to two twinned processing chambers; and
a second side coupled to a single processing chamber; and
a first substrate handler located in the first portion of the transfer chamber;
a second substrate handler located in the second portion of the transfer chamber; and
a hand-off location configured to allow substrates to be passed between the first portion of the transfer chamber and the second portion of the transfer chamber using the first substrate handler and the second substrate handler;
(b) loading a first substrate into the transfer chamber employing the first substrate handler; (c) transferring the first substrate to the hand-off location; (d) retrieving the first substrate from the hand-off location with the second substrate handler; (e) loading a second substrate into the transfer chamber employing the first substrate handler; and (f) simultaneously loading the first and second substrates into the twinned processing chambers coupled to the first side of the transfer chamber using the first and second substrate handlers. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein at least a portion of (d) and (e) occur at the same time. 15. The method of claim 13 further comprising pre-processing the first substrate within the hand-off location prior to retrieving the first substrate from the hand-off location with the second substrate handler. 16. The method of claim 13 further comprising pre-processing the second substrate within the hand-off location. 17. The method of claim 13 further comprising post-processing the first substrate within the hand-off location prior to transferring the first substrate to a single processing chamber. 18. The method of claim 13 further comprising post-processing the second substrate within the hand-off location. 19. A transfer chamber configured for use during semiconductor device manufacturing comprising:
a plurality of sides that define a region configured to maintain a vacuum level and allow transport of substrates between a plurality of processing chambers, the plurality of sides including:
a first, elongated side that couples to two twinned processing chambers;
a second side that couples to a single processing chamber; and
a third side that couples to a load lock chamber;
an extended-reach substrate handler located in the transfer chamber and configured to transport substrates between the load lock chamber, twinned processing chambers and single processing chamber; and a hand-off location configured to provide on or more of a transfer location, substrate storage, chuck cover storage, cool-down, substrate heating, pre-processing and post-processing. 20. The transfer chamber of claim 19 further comprising:
a first set of twinned processing chambers coupled to the first side of the transfer chamber;
a first, single processing chamber coupled to the second side of the transfer chamber;
a load lock chamber coupled to the third side of the transfer chamber;
a second set of twinned processing chambers coupled to a fourth side of the transfer chamber; and
a second, single processing chamber coupled to a fifth side of the transfer chamber. | A transfer chamber for semiconductor device manufacturing includes (1) a plurality of sides that define a region configured to maintain a vacuum level and allow transport of substrates between processing chambers, the plurality of sides defining a first portion and a second portion of the transfer chamber and including (a) a first side that couples to two twinned processing chambers; and (b) a second side that couples to a single processing chamber; (2) a first substrate handler located in the first portion of the transfer chamber; (3) a second substrate handler located in the second portion of the transfer chamber; and (4) a hand-off location configured to allow substrates to be passed between the first portion and the second portion of the transfer chamber using the first and second substrate handlers. Method aspects are also provided.1. A transfer chamber configured for use during semiconductor device manufacturing comprising:
a plurality of sides that define a region configured to maintain a vacuum level and allow transport of substrates between a plurality of processing chambers, the plurality of sides defining a first portion of the transfer chamber and a second portion of the transfer chamber and including:
a first side that couples to two twinned processing chambers, and
a second side that couples to a single processing chamber; and
a first substrate handler located in the first portion of the transfer chamber; a second substrate handler located in the second portion of the transfer chamber; and a hand-off location configured to allow substrates to be passed between the first portion of the transfer chamber and the second portion of the transfer chamber using the first substrate handler and the second substrate handler. 2. The transfer chamber of claim 1 wherein the plurality of sides from a closed polygon shape. 3. The transfer chamber of claim 1 further comprising a third side opposite the first side that couples to two twinned processing chambers. 4. The transfer chamber of claim 1 wherein the hand-off location further comprises a processing region configured to perform a process on a substrate within the processing region. 5. The transfer chamber of claim 4 wherein the hand-off location is configured to allow substrates to be passed between the first and second portions of the transfer chamber at a first elevation and wherein the processing region of the hand-off location is located at a second elevation that is different than the first elevation. 6. The transfer chamber of claim 5 wherein the second elevation is above the first elevation. 7. The transfer chamber of claim 4 wherein the processing region of the hand-off location is configured to perform at least one of pre-processing for one or more processing chambers coupled to the transfer chamber and post-processing for one or more processing chambers coupled to the transfer chamber. 8. The transfer chamber of claim 1 further comprising a plurality of hand-off locations configured to allow substrates to be passed between the first portion of the transfer chamber and the second portion of the transfer chamber using the first substrate handler and the second substrate handler. 9. The transfer chamber of claim 8 wherein each hand-off location includes a processing region configured to perform a process on a substrate within the processing region. 10. The transfer chamber of claim 1 further comprising:
a first set of twinned processing chambers coupled to the first side of the transfer chamber;
a first, single processing chamber coupled to the second side of the transfer chamber;
a second set of twinned processing chambers coupled to a third side of the transfer chamber; and
a second, single processing chamber coupled to a fourth side of the transfer chamber. 11. The transfer chamber of claim 10 further comprising:
a first load lock chamber coupled to a fifth side of the transfer chamber; and
a second load lock chamber coupled to a sixth side of the transfer chamber. 12. The transfer chamber of claim 10 further comprising a controller that controls at least a portion of operations performed by the transfer chamber. 13. A method comprising:
(a) providing a transfer chamber having a plurality of sides that define a region configured to maintain a vacuum level and allow transport of substrates between a plurality of processing chambers, the plurality of sides defining a first portion of the transfer chamber and a second portion of the transfer chamber and including:
a first side coupled to two twinned processing chambers; and
a second side coupled to a single processing chamber; and
a first substrate handler located in the first portion of the transfer chamber;
a second substrate handler located in the second portion of the transfer chamber; and
a hand-off location configured to allow substrates to be passed between the first portion of the transfer chamber and the second portion of the transfer chamber using the first substrate handler and the second substrate handler;
(b) loading a first substrate into the transfer chamber employing the first substrate handler; (c) transferring the first substrate to the hand-off location; (d) retrieving the first substrate from the hand-off location with the second substrate handler; (e) loading a second substrate into the transfer chamber employing the first substrate handler; and (f) simultaneously loading the first and second substrates into the twinned processing chambers coupled to the first side of the transfer chamber using the first and second substrate handlers. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein at least a portion of (d) and (e) occur at the same time. 15. The method of claim 13 further comprising pre-processing the first substrate within the hand-off location prior to retrieving the first substrate from the hand-off location with the second substrate handler. 16. The method of claim 13 further comprising pre-processing the second substrate within the hand-off location. 17. The method of claim 13 further comprising post-processing the first substrate within the hand-off location prior to transferring the first substrate to a single processing chamber. 18. The method of claim 13 further comprising post-processing the second substrate within the hand-off location. 19. A transfer chamber configured for use during semiconductor device manufacturing comprising:
a plurality of sides that define a region configured to maintain a vacuum level and allow transport of substrates between a plurality of processing chambers, the plurality of sides including:
a first, elongated side that couples to two twinned processing chambers;
a second side that couples to a single processing chamber; and
a third side that couples to a load lock chamber;
an extended-reach substrate handler located in the transfer chamber and configured to transport substrates between the load lock chamber, twinned processing chambers and single processing chamber; and a hand-off location configured to provide on or more of a transfer location, substrate storage, chuck cover storage, cool-down, substrate heating, pre-processing and post-processing. 20. The transfer chamber of claim 19 further comprising:
a first set of twinned processing chambers coupled to the first side of the transfer chamber;
a first, single processing chamber coupled to the second side of the transfer chamber;
a load lock chamber coupled to the third side of the transfer chamber;
a second set of twinned processing chambers coupled to a fourth side of the transfer chamber; and
a second, single processing chamber coupled to a fifth side of the transfer chamber. | 1,700 |
2,939 | 14,683,238 | 1,766 | A process for the preparation of expandable polystyrene including the following steps: i°) heating an aqueous suspension including styrene monomer and at least one organic peroxide initiator of formula (I) 1-alkoxy-1-t-alkylperoxycyclohexane in which the alkoxy group contains 1 to 4 carbon atoms, the t-alkyl group contains 4 to 12 carbon atoms, and the cyclohexane ring may optionally be substituted with 1 to 3 alkyl groups each, independently having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, at a temperature ranging from 100° C. to 120° C.), ii°) adding a blowing agent selected from the group of alkanes having from 4 to 6 carbon atoms and mixtures thereof. Also, an expandable polystyrene obtainable according to such a process and to insulation parts and packaging including such an expandable polystyrene. | 1. Process for the preparation of expandable polystyrene comprising the following steps:
I°)a) preparing an aqueous suspension comprising styrene monomer; I°)b) heating the suspension at a polymerization temperature ranging from 100° C. to 120° C.; I°)c) adding continuously, during and/or after step I°)b) at least one organic peroxide initiator of formula (I) 1-alkoxy-1-t-alkylperoxycyclohexane in which the alkoxy group contains 1 to 4 carbon atoms, the t-alkyl group contains 4 to 12 carbon atoms, and the cyclohexane ring may optionally be substituted with 1 to 3 alkyl groups, each independently having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, at most 40% by weight (% w/w) of the organic peroxide based on the total weight of the peroxide used during the polymerization, is present before step I°)b), while the remainder is added continuously over a period of at least 1 hour during or after step I°)b); and ii°) adding a blowing agent selected from the group consisting of alkanes having from 4 to 6 carbon atoms and mixtures thereof. 2. Process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one organic peroxide initiator is 1-methoxy-1-tamylperoxycyclohexane (TAPMC). 3. Process according to claim 1, wherein said blowing agent is selected from the group consisting of butane, 2-methylbutane, pentane, cyclohexane and mixtures thereof. 4. Process according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of step i°) ranges from 105° C. to 115° C. 5. Process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous suspension of step i°) further comprises at least one additional organic peroxide initiator, different from said organic peroxide initiator of formula (I). 6. Process according to claim 5, wherein said additional peroxide initiator is of formula (II) OO-t-alkyl-O-alkyl monoperoxycarbonate, wherein t-alkyl contains from 4 to 12 carbon atoms and alkyl contains from 3 to 12 carbon atoms and their mixtures. 7. Process according to claim 1, wherein said organic peroxide initiator of formula (I) is used in the aqueous suspension of step i°) in amounts from 4 to 25 milli equivalents of initiator per liter of styrene. 8. Process according to claim 1, wherein the styrene monomer to be polymerized also contains up to 15 weight %, with respect to the total weight of styrene, of copolymerizable monomers other than styrene monomers. 9. Process according to claim 1, wherein hexabromocyclododecane is added to the aqueous suspension at step i°) or at step ii°). 10. Process according to claim 5, wherein the aqueous suspension of step i°) comprises the organic peroxide initiator of formula (I) as a first stage initiator and the at least one additional other organic peroxide initiator different from said organic peroxide initiator of formula (I) as a second stage initiator, step i°) comprises a stage I°)b′), during which said suspension is heated at the temperature ranging from 100° C. to 120° C., and a second stage I°)c′) during which said suspension is heated at a temperature corresponding to the one hour half-life temperature of the at least additional other organic peroxide different from said organic peroxide initiator of formula (I). 11. Process according to claim 1, wherein 20 to 30% by weight of the organic peroxide is added continuously during step —I°)c)—. 12. Process according to claim 1, wherein, at most, 5% by weight of the organic peroxide is added continuously during step —I°)c)—. 13. Process according to claim 1, wherein the organic peroxide is added continuously over a period of at least 2 hours. 14. Process according to claim 1, wherein the organic peroxide is added continuously over a period of 2-4 hours. 15. Process according to claim 4, wherein the wherein the temperature of step i°) is 110° C. 16. Process according to claim 6, wherein the t-alkyl contains from 4-5 carbon atoms and the alkyl contains 8 carbon atoms. 17. Process according to claim 7, wherein the organic peroxide initiator of formula (I) is used in the aqueous suspension of step i°) in amounts from 12 to 20 milli equivalents of initiator per liter of styrene. 18. Process according to claim 10, wherein the suspension is heated at a temperature ranging from 105° C. to 115° C. 19. Process according to claim 10, wherein the suspension is heated to a temperature of 110° C. | A process for the preparation of expandable polystyrene including the following steps: i°) heating an aqueous suspension including styrene monomer and at least one organic peroxide initiator of formula (I) 1-alkoxy-1-t-alkylperoxycyclohexane in which the alkoxy group contains 1 to 4 carbon atoms, the t-alkyl group contains 4 to 12 carbon atoms, and the cyclohexane ring may optionally be substituted with 1 to 3 alkyl groups each, independently having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, at a temperature ranging from 100° C. to 120° C.), ii°) adding a blowing agent selected from the group of alkanes having from 4 to 6 carbon atoms and mixtures thereof. Also, an expandable polystyrene obtainable according to such a process and to insulation parts and packaging including such an expandable polystyrene.1. Process for the preparation of expandable polystyrene comprising the following steps:
I°)a) preparing an aqueous suspension comprising styrene monomer; I°)b) heating the suspension at a polymerization temperature ranging from 100° C. to 120° C.; I°)c) adding continuously, during and/or after step I°)b) at least one organic peroxide initiator of formula (I) 1-alkoxy-1-t-alkylperoxycyclohexane in which the alkoxy group contains 1 to 4 carbon atoms, the t-alkyl group contains 4 to 12 carbon atoms, and the cyclohexane ring may optionally be substituted with 1 to 3 alkyl groups, each independently having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, at most 40% by weight (% w/w) of the organic peroxide based on the total weight of the peroxide used during the polymerization, is present before step I°)b), while the remainder is added continuously over a period of at least 1 hour during or after step I°)b); and ii°) adding a blowing agent selected from the group consisting of alkanes having from 4 to 6 carbon atoms and mixtures thereof. 2. Process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one organic peroxide initiator is 1-methoxy-1-tamylperoxycyclohexane (TAPMC). 3. Process according to claim 1, wherein said blowing agent is selected from the group consisting of butane, 2-methylbutane, pentane, cyclohexane and mixtures thereof. 4. Process according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of step i°) ranges from 105° C. to 115° C. 5. Process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous suspension of step i°) further comprises at least one additional organic peroxide initiator, different from said organic peroxide initiator of formula (I). 6. Process according to claim 5, wherein said additional peroxide initiator is of formula (II) OO-t-alkyl-O-alkyl monoperoxycarbonate, wherein t-alkyl contains from 4 to 12 carbon atoms and alkyl contains from 3 to 12 carbon atoms and their mixtures. 7. Process according to claim 1, wherein said organic peroxide initiator of formula (I) is used in the aqueous suspension of step i°) in amounts from 4 to 25 milli equivalents of initiator per liter of styrene. 8. Process according to claim 1, wherein the styrene monomer to be polymerized also contains up to 15 weight %, with respect to the total weight of styrene, of copolymerizable monomers other than styrene monomers. 9. Process according to claim 1, wherein hexabromocyclododecane is added to the aqueous suspension at step i°) or at step ii°). 10. Process according to claim 5, wherein the aqueous suspension of step i°) comprises the organic peroxide initiator of formula (I) as a first stage initiator and the at least one additional other organic peroxide initiator different from said organic peroxide initiator of formula (I) as a second stage initiator, step i°) comprises a stage I°)b′), during which said suspension is heated at the temperature ranging from 100° C. to 120° C., and a second stage I°)c′) during which said suspension is heated at a temperature corresponding to the one hour half-life temperature of the at least additional other organic peroxide different from said organic peroxide initiator of formula (I). 11. Process according to claim 1, wherein 20 to 30% by weight of the organic peroxide is added continuously during step —I°)c)—. 12. Process according to claim 1, wherein, at most, 5% by weight of the organic peroxide is added continuously during step —I°)c)—. 13. Process according to claim 1, wherein the organic peroxide is added continuously over a period of at least 2 hours. 14. Process according to claim 1, wherein the organic peroxide is added continuously over a period of 2-4 hours. 15. Process according to claim 4, wherein the wherein the temperature of step i°) is 110° C. 16. Process according to claim 6, wherein the t-alkyl contains from 4-5 carbon atoms and the alkyl contains 8 carbon atoms. 17. Process according to claim 7, wherein the organic peroxide initiator of formula (I) is used in the aqueous suspension of step i°) in amounts from 12 to 20 milli equivalents of initiator per liter of styrene. 18. Process according to claim 10, wherein the suspension is heated at a temperature ranging from 105° C. to 115° C. 19. Process according to claim 10, wherein the suspension is heated to a temperature of 110° C. | 1,700 |
2,940 | 14,776,712 | 1,791 | A process for improving the organoleptic properties of sorbitol-based sugar-free chewing gums, such as the initial bite, the sweet-taste perception and the flavor intensity. | 1. The use of a sorbitol powder for improving the organoleptic properties of a chewing gum, wherein the sorbitol powder has a particle size distribution, determined by particle size analysis using Retsch equipment, as follows:
from 0 to 1% by weight of particles >400 microns, from 40% to 45% by weight of particles between 250 and 400 microns, from 48% to 53% by weight of particles between 100 and 250 microns, from 3.5% to 8% by weight of particles between 75 and 100 microns, and from 0 to 2.5% by weight of particles <75 microns, the sum of the various fractions of which being 100% by weight. 2. The use as claimed in claim 1, wherein said organoleptic properties are chosen from initial bite, texture, sweet taste and/or flavor intensity. 3. The use as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sorbitol powder has a particle size distribution as follows:
from 0 to 1% by weight of particles >400 microns, from 41% to 44% by weight of particles between 250 and 400 microns, from 49% to 52% by weight of particles between 100 and 250 microns, from 4% to 6% by weight of particles between 75 and 100 microns, and from 0 to 1.5% by weight of particles <75 microns, the sum of the various fractions of which being 100% by weight. 4. The use as claimed in claim 1, wherein said sorbitol powder is obtained by milling and/or screening crystalline sorbitol material. 5. A method for improving organoleptic properties and/or for reducing the content of flavoring of a chewing gum, comprising the steps consisting of:
adding to a chewing gum composition at least one sorbitol powder with a particle size distribution, determined by particle size analysis using Retsch equipment, as follows: from 0 to 1% by weight of particles >400 microns, from 40% to 45% by weight of particles between 250 and 400 microns, from 48% to 53% by weight of particles between 100 and 250 microns, from 3.5% to 8% by weight of particles between 75 and 100 microns, and from 0 to 2.5% by weight of particles <75 microns, the sum of the various fractions of which being 100% by weight, and obtaining chewing gum. 6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the sorbitol powder added represents 5-85% by weight of the chewing gum. 7. A method for producing a chewing gum, comprising the following steps consisting of:
mixing a base gum with a sorbitol powder having a particle size distribution, determined by particle size analysis using Retsch equipment, as follows: from 0 to 1% by weight of particles >400 microns, from 40% to 45% by weight of particles between 250 and 400 microns, from 48% to 53% by weight of particles between 100 and 250 microns, from 3.5% to 8% by weight of particles between 75 and 100 microns, and from 0 to 2.5% by weight of particles <75 microns, the sum of the various fractions of which being 100% by weight, optionally, adding a plasticizer and/or a flavoring. 8. The chewing gum obtained by performing the method as claimed in claim 7. 9. The chewing gum as claimed in claim 8, wherein it comprises 2% to 85% (w/w) of said sorbitol powder. 10. A sorbitol powder with a particle size distribution, determined by particle size analysis using Retsch equipment, as follows:
from 0 to 1% by weight of particles >400 microns, from 40% to 45% by weight of particles between 250 and 400 microns, from 48% to 53% by weight of particles between 100 and 250 microns, from 3.5% to 8% by weight of particles between 75 and 100 microns, and from 0 to 2.5% by weight of particles <75 microns, the sum of the various fractions of which being 100% by weight. | A process for improving the organoleptic properties of sorbitol-based sugar-free chewing gums, such as the initial bite, the sweet-taste perception and the flavor intensity.1. The use of a sorbitol powder for improving the organoleptic properties of a chewing gum, wherein the sorbitol powder has a particle size distribution, determined by particle size analysis using Retsch equipment, as follows:
from 0 to 1% by weight of particles >400 microns, from 40% to 45% by weight of particles between 250 and 400 microns, from 48% to 53% by weight of particles between 100 and 250 microns, from 3.5% to 8% by weight of particles between 75 and 100 microns, and from 0 to 2.5% by weight of particles <75 microns, the sum of the various fractions of which being 100% by weight. 2. The use as claimed in claim 1, wherein said organoleptic properties are chosen from initial bite, texture, sweet taste and/or flavor intensity. 3. The use as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sorbitol powder has a particle size distribution as follows:
from 0 to 1% by weight of particles >400 microns, from 41% to 44% by weight of particles between 250 and 400 microns, from 49% to 52% by weight of particles between 100 and 250 microns, from 4% to 6% by weight of particles between 75 and 100 microns, and from 0 to 1.5% by weight of particles <75 microns, the sum of the various fractions of which being 100% by weight. 4. The use as claimed in claim 1, wherein said sorbitol powder is obtained by milling and/or screening crystalline sorbitol material. 5. A method for improving organoleptic properties and/or for reducing the content of flavoring of a chewing gum, comprising the steps consisting of:
adding to a chewing gum composition at least one sorbitol powder with a particle size distribution, determined by particle size analysis using Retsch equipment, as follows: from 0 to 1% by weight of particles >400 microns, from 40% to 45% by weight of particles between 250 and 400 microns, from 48% to 53% by weight of particles between 100 and 250 microns, from 3.5% to 8% by weight of particles between 75 and 100 microns, and from 0 to 2.5% by weight of particles <75 microns, the sum of the various fractions of which being 100% by weight, and obtaining chewing gum. 6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the sorbitol powder added represents 5-85% by weight of the chewing gum. 7. A method for producing a chewing gum, comprising the following steps consisting of:
mixing a base gum with a sorbitol powder having a particle size distribution, determined by particle size analysis using Retsch equipment, as follows: from 0 to 1% by weight of particles >400 microns, from 40% to 45% by weight of particles between 250 and 400 microns, from 48% to 53% by weight of particles between 100 and 250 microns, from 3.5% to 8% by weight of particles between 75 and 100 microns, and from 0 to 2.5% by weight of particles <75 microns, the sum of the various fractions of which being 100% by weight, optionally, adding a plasticizer and/or a flavoring. 8. The chewing gum obtained by performing the method as claimed in claim 7. 9. The chewing gum as claimed in claim 8, wherein it comprises 2% to 85% (w/w) of said sorbitol powder. 10. A sorbitol powder with a particle size distribution, determined by particle size analysis using Retsch equipment, as follows:
from 0 to 1% by weight of particles >400 microns, from 40% to 45% by weight of particles between 250 and 400 microns, from 48% to 53% by weight of particles between 100 and 250 microns, from 3.5% to 8% by weight of particles between 75 and 100 microns, and from 0 to 2.5% by weight of particles <75 microns, the sum of the various fractions of which being 100% by weight. | 1,700 |
2,941 | 12,596,961 | 1,793 | The present invention relates to a method for making cheese of the continental type or the cheddar type, especially reduced-fat or low-fat cheese. | 1-10. (canceled) 11. A process for producing cheese, which comprises:
adding to milk
a starter culture, such as culture comprising a strain belonging to a genus selected from the group consisting of: Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus; and
a culture of a Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies lactis strain being able of degrading at least 25% of the alpha S1 casein, e.g. assessed in the assay “Assay for assessment of Proteolytic activity/Degradation of alpha s1-casein” (cf. the specification); and
a coagulant, such as a milk-clotting enzyme (e.g. chymosin); and
heating the mixture to a temperature in the range of 20 to 45 degrees C. 12. A process according to claim 11, wherein the culture of a Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies lactis strain being able of degrading at least 40% of the alpha 51 casein. 13. A process according to claim 11, wherein the culture of a Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies lactis strain being able of degrading at least 60% of the alpha 51 casein. 14. A process for improving the texture and/or taste of cheese, comprising
adding to milk
a starter culture; and
a culture of a Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies lactis strain being able of degrading at least 25% of the alpha 51 casein, e.g. assessed in the assay “Assay for assessment of Proteolytic activity/Degradation of alpha s1-casein” (cf. the specification); and
a coagulant;
heating the mixture to a temperature in the range of 20 to 45 degrees C. 15. A process according to claim 14, wherein the culture of a Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies lactis strain being able of degrading at least 40% of the alpha 51 casein. 16. A process according to claim 14, wherein the culture of a Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies lactis strain being able of degrading at least 60% of the alpha 51 casein. 17. A process according to claim 11, wherein the Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies lactis strain is able to degrade galactose. 18. A process according to claim 11, wherein the starter culture is added in an amount of at least 10e4 CFU per ml milk, and/or the culture of a Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies lactis strain is added in amount of at least 10e4 CFU per ml milk. 19. A process according to claim 11, wherein the temperature is kept within the specified range for a period of 10 minutes to 4 hours, followed by one or more of the steps: draining the whey from curd; cutting the curd; or pressing the curd. 20. A process according to claim 11, wherein bacteria belonging to the genus Propionibacterium are added to the milk in a concentration below 10e2 CFU per ml, preferably no Propionibacterium is added. 21. A process according to claim 11, which contains the further step of pressing the mixture obtained in the heating step, either before or after salting, wherein the pressed and salted cheese is kept at a temperature in the range of 1 to 20 degrees C. 22. A bacterial strain belonging to Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies lactis being able of degrading at least 25% of the alpha S1 casein in the assay “Assay for assessment of Proteolytic activity/Degradation of alpha s1-casein” (see the specification). 23. A bacterial strain according to claim 22, being able of degrading at least 40% of the alpha S1 casein. 24. A bacterial strain according to claim 22, being able of degrading at least 60% of the alpha S1 casein. 25. A bacterial strain belonging to Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies lactis, the strain belonging to the group consisting of: the strains A (DSM 18885), B (DSM 19279) and C (DSM 19278), and mutants or variants of these strains which have an alpha-s1 casein degrading activity, e.g. being able of degrading at least 25% of the alpha S1 casein, e.g. as assessed in the assay “Assay for assessment of Proteolytic activity/Degradation of alpha s1-casein” (see the specification). 26. A bacterial strain according to claim 25, being able of degrading at least 40% of the alpha S1 casein. 27. A bacterial strain according to claim 25, being able of degrading at least 60% of the alpha S1 casein. 28. The bacterial strain according to claim 25, which belongs to the group consisting of:
the strains A (DSM 18885) and B (DSM 19279), and mutants of these strains being able of degrading at least 25% of the alpha S1 casein, e.g. as assessed in the assay “Assay for assessment of Proteolytic activity/Degradation of alpha s1-casein” (see the specification). 29. A cheese obtainable by a process of claim 11. | The present invention relates to a method for making cheese of the continental type or the cheddar type, especially reduced-fat or low-fat cheese.1-10. (canceled) 11. A process for producing cheese, which comprises:
adding to milk
a starter culture, such as culture comprising a strain belonging to a genus selected from the group consisting of: Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus; and
a culture of a Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies lactis strain being able of degrading at least 25% of the alpha S1 casein, e.g. assessed in the assay “Assay for assessment of Proteolytic activity/Degradation of alpha s1-casein” (cf. the specification); and
a coagulant, such as a milk-clotting enzyme (e.g. chymosin); and
heating the mixture to a temperature in the range of 20 to 45 degrees C. 12. A process according to claim 11, wherein the culture of a Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies lactis strain being able of degrading at least 40% of the alpha 51 casein. 13. A process according to claim 11, wherein the culture of a Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies lactis strain being able of degrading at least 60% of the alpha 51 casein. 14. A process for improving the texture and/or taste of cheese, comprising
adding to milk
a starter culture; and
a culture of a Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies lactis strain being able of degrading at least 25% of the alpha 51 casein, e.g. assessed in the assay “Assay for assessment of Proteolytic activity/Degradation of alpha s1-casein” (cf. the specification); and
a coagulant;
heating the mixture to a temperature in the range of 20 to 45 degrees C. 15. A process according to claim 14, wherein the culture of a Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies lactis strain being able of degrading at least 40% of the alpha 51 casein. 16. A process according to claim 14, wherein the culture of a Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies lactis strain being able of degrading at least 60% of the alpha 51 casein. 17. A process according to claim 11, wherein the Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies lactis strain is able to degrade galactose. 18. A process according to claim 11, wherein the starter culture is added in an amount of at least 10e4 CFU per ml milk, and/or the culture of a Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies lactis strain is added in amount of at least 10e4 CFU per ml milk. 19. A process according to claim 11, wherein the temperature is kept within the specified range for a period of 10 minutes to 4 hours, followed by one or more of the steps: draining the whey from curd; cutting the curd; or pressing the curd. 20. A process according to claim 11, wherein bacteria belonging to the genus Propionibacterium are added to the milk in a concentration below 10e2 CFU per ml, preferably no Propionibacterium is added. 21. A process according to claim 11, which contains the further step of pressing the mixture obtained in the heating step, either before or after salting, wherein the pressed and salted cheese is kept at a temperature in the range of 1 to 20 degrees C. 22. A bacterial strain belonging to Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies lactis being able of degrading at least 25% of the alpha S1 casein in the assay “Assay for assessment of Proteolytic activity/Degradation of alpha s1-casein” (see the specification). 23. A bacterial strain according to claim 22, being able of degrading at least 40% of the alpha S1 casein. 24. A bacterial strain according to claim 22, being able of degrading at least 60% of the alpha S1 casein. 25. A bacterial strain belonging to Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies lactis, the strain belonging to the group consisting of: the strains A (DSM 18885), B (DSM 19279) and C (DSM 19278), and mutants or variants of these strains which have an alpha-s1 casein degrading activity, e.g. being able of degrading at least 25% of the alpha S1 casein, e.g. as assessed in the assay “Assay for assessment of Proteolytic activity/Degradation of alpha s1-casein” (see the specification). 26. A bacterial strain according to claim 25, being able of degrading at least 40% of the alpha S1 casein. 27. A bacterial strain according to claim 25, being able of degrading at least 60% of the alpha S1 casein. 28. The bacterial strain according to claim 25, which belongs to the group consisting of:
the strains A (DSM 18885) and B (DSM 19279), and mutants of these strains being able of degrading at least 25% of the alpha S1 casein, e.g. as assessed in the assay “Assay for assessment of Proteolytic activity/Degradation of alpha s1-casein” (see the specification). 29. A cheese obtainable by a process of claim 11. | 1,700 |
2,942 | 13,541,181 | 1,788 | Composite particles comprising core particles completely or partially coated with a precipitated polymer, where the d 50 median diameter of the core particles is from 3 to 100 μm and wherein the glass core particle material is at least one selected from the group consisting of a solid glass bead, a hollow glass bead, a porous glass bead, and a foamed glass particle. A method to prepare the particles includes dissolution of a polymer in a solvent and precipitation of the polymer in the presence of a suspension of the core glass particles. Further provided is a layer by layer moulding process employing the composite particles and mouldings obtained therefrom. | 1. A powder, comprising composite particles:
wherein the composite particles, comprise: a core glass particle having a d50 median diameter of 3 to 100 μm; and at least a partial coating of a polymer on the core; wherein a ratio of the d50 median diameter of the composite particles to the d50 median diameter of the core glass particles is from 1.01 to 5.0, and a melting point of the coating polymer is obtainable when the polymer is exposed to an electromagnetic energy. 2. The powder according to claim 1, wherein
the core glass particle is at least one selected from the group consisting of a solid glass bead, a hollow glass bead, a porous glass bead, and a foamed glass particle, and the core glass particle is optionally sized in the composite particle. 3. The powder according to claim 1, wherein the polymer of the coating comprises at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of a polyolefin, a polyethylene, a polypropylene, a polyvinyl chloride, a polyacetal, a polystyrene, a polyimide, a polysulphone, a poly(N-methylmethacrylimide) (PMMI), a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), an ionomer, a polyether ketone, a polyaryl ether ketone, a polyamide, and a copolyamide. 4. The powder according to claim 2, wherein the d50 median diameter of the core glass particles is from 3 to 80 μm. 5. The powder according to claim 1, wherein a d50 median diameter of the composite particles is from 20 to 150 μm. 6. The powder according to claim 1, wherein a number average weight ratio of the polymer coating to the core glass particle, is from 0.1 to 30. 7. The powder according to claim 1, wherein a ratio of the d50 median diameter of the composite particles to the d50 median diameter of the core glass particles is from 1.05 to 5.0. 8. The powder according to claim 1, wherein a number average weight ratio of the polymer coating to the core particle, is from 0.1 to 30. 9. The powder according to claim 1, wherein an aspect ratio of the core glass particle is 20 or less. 10. The powder according to claim 1, wherein a density of the core glass particles is from 0.1 to 6.6 g/cm3. 11. The powder according to claim 1, wherein the coating polymer is a polyamide having at least 8 carbons per carbonamide group. 12. The powder according to claim 11, wherein the polyamide is at least one selected from the group consisting of nylon-6,12, nylon-11 and nylon-12. 13. The powder according to claim 1, wherein the melting point of the polymer in a first heating procedure is greater by at least 3% than in a second heating procedure, as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). 14. The powder according to claim 13, wherein an enthalpy of fusion of the polymer in the first heating procedure is at least 50% greater than in the second heating procedure, as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). 15. The powder according to claim 1, which further comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a powder-flow aid, an organic pigment, an inorganic pigment, and a sterically hindered phenol. 16. The powder according to claim 15, wherein a content of the composite particles in the powder is at least 50% by weight. 17. A process for producing the composite particles according to claim 1, the process comprising:
at least partially dissolving a polymer for the coating in a medium comprising a solvent which at least partially dissolves the polymer; adding the core glass particles to the medium, before, during or after at least partially dissolving the polymer; suspending the core glass particles in the medium; and then precipitating the polymer from the at least partial solution onto the core glass particles to obtain the composite particles; wherein a ratio of the d50 median diameter of the composite particles to the d50 median diameter of the core glass particles is from 1.01 to 5.0. 18. The process according to claim 17, wherein a density of the core particles is greater or not more than 20% smaller than the density of the solvent used for the precipitation of the polymer. 19. The process according to claim 17, wherein the solvent for the polymer is ethanol and a density of the core particles is greater or not more than 20% smaller than the density of ethanol. 20. A process for producing a moulded article, the process comprising:
applying a layer of the composite powder according to claim 1; selectively melting at least one region of the layer by introduction of electromagnetic energy; allowing the melted region to solidify; applying another layer of composite powder and repeating the melting and solidification to perform a layer-by-layer process in which a molding having a structure according to the selective treatment is obtained; wherein the melting selectivity is achieved by applying susceptors, inhibitors, or absorbers to each applied layer or by applying a mask to the applied layer. 21. A moulded article obtained according to the process of claim 20. | Composite particles comprising core particles completely or partially coated with a precipitated polymer, where the d 50 median diameter of the core particles is from 3 to 100 μm and wherein the glass core particle material is at least one selected from the group consisting of a solid glass bead, a hollow glass bead, a porous glass bead, and a foamed glass particle. A method to prepare the particles includes dissolution of a polymer in a solvent and precipitation of the polymer in the presence of a suspension of the core glass particles. Further provided is a layer by layer moulding process employing the composite particles and mouldings obtained therefrom.1. A powder, comprising composite particles:
wherein the composite particles, comprise: a core glass particle having a d50 median diameter of 3 to 100 μm; and at least a partial coating of a polymer on the core; wherein a ratio of the d50 median diameter of the composite particles to the d50 median diameter of the core glass particles is from 1.01 to 5.0, and a melting point of the coating polymer is obtainable when the polymer is exposed to an electromagnetic energy. 2. The powder according to claim 1, wherein
the core glass particle is at least one selected from the group consisting of a solid glass bead, a hollow glass bead, a porous glass bead, and a foamed glass particle, and the core glass particle is optionally sized in the composite particle. 3. The powder according to claim 1, wherein the polymer of the coating comprises at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of a polyolefin, a polyethylene, a polypropylene, a polyvinyl chloride, a polyacetal, a polystyrene, a polyimide, a polysulphone, a poly(N-methylmethacrylimide) (PMMI), a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), an ionomer, a polyether ketone, a polyaryl ether ketone, a polyamide, and a copolyamide. 4. The powder according to claim 2, wherein the d50 median diameter of the core glass particles is from 3 to 80 μm. 5. The powder according to claim 1, wherein a d50 median diameter of the composite particles is from 20 to 150 μm. 6. The powder according to claim 1, wherein a number average weight ratio of the polymer coating to the core glass particle, is from 0.1 to 30. 7. The powder according to claim 1, wherein a ratio of the d50 median diameter of the composite particles to the d50 median diameter of the core glass particles is from 1.05 to 5.0. 8. The powder according to claim 1, wherein a number average weight ratio of the polymer coating to the core particle, is from 0.1 to 30. 9. The powder according to claim 1, wherein an aspect ratio of the core glass particle is 20 or less. 10. The powder according to claim 1, wherein a density of the core glass particles is from 0.1 to 6.6 g/cm3. 11. The powder according to claim 1, wherein the coating polymer is a polyamide having at least 8 carbons per carbonamide group. 12. The powder according to claim 11, wherein the polyamide is at least one selected from the group consisting of nylon-6,12, nylon-11 and nylon-12. 13. The powder according to claim 1, wherein the melting point of the polymer in a first heating procedure is greater by at least 3% than in a second heating procedure, as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). 14. The powder according to claim 13, wherein an enthalpy of fusion of the polymer in the first heating procedure is at least 50% greater than in the second heating procedure, as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). 15. The powder according to claim 1, which further comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a powder-flow aid, an organic pigment, an inorganic pigment, and a sterically hindered phenol. 16. The powder according to claim 15, wherein a content of the composite particles in the powder is at least 50% by weight. 17. A process for producing the composite particles according to claim 1, the process comprising:
at least partially dissolving a polymer for the coating in a medium comprising a solvent which at least partially dissolves the polymer; adding the core glass particles to the medium, before, during or after at least partially dissolving the polymer; suspending the core glass particles in the medium; and then precipitating the polymer from the at least partial solution onto the core glass particles to obtain the composite particles; wherein a ratio of the d50 median diameter of the composite particles to the d50 median diameter of the core glass particles is from 1.01 to 5.0. 18. The process according to claim 17, wherein a density of the core particles is greater or not more than 20% smaller than the density of the solvent used for the precipitation of the polymer. 19. The process according to claim 17, wherein the solvent for the polymer is ethanol and a density of the core particles is greater or not more than 20% smaller than the density of ethanol. 20. A process for producing a moulded article, the process comprising:
applying a layer of the composite powder according to claim 1; selectively melting at least one region of the layer by introduction of electromagnetic energy; allowing the melted region to solidify; applying another layer of composite powder and repeating the melting and solidification to perform a layer-by-layer process in which a molding having a structure according to the selective treatment is obtained; wherein the melting selectivity is achieved by applying susceptors, inhibitors, or absorbers to each applied layer or by applying a mask to the applied layer. 21. A moulded article obtained according to the process of claim 20. | 1,700 |
2,943 | 15,545,764 | 1,766 | A foamed material includes specific amounts of a polystyrene, an organophosphate ester, and a poly(phenylene ether) or a poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer or a combination thereof. The material is foamed with a C 3 -C 5 alkane blowing agent. The foamed material is useful as insulation in the construction of walls and ceilings. | 1. A foamed material comprising, based on the total weight of the foamed material:
45 to 82 weight percent of a poly(phenylene ether), a poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or a combination thereof; 10 to 47 weight percent of a polystyrene; and 8 to 20 weight percent of an organophosphate ester; wherein the foamed material has a density of 30 to 100 kilograms per cubic meter, measured at 23° C.; wherein the foamed material is the product of a process comprising
melt blending in an extruder
the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof,
the polystyrene, and
the organophosphate ester
to form a molten thermoplastic composition,
adding a blowing agent to the extruder at a rate of 2 to 10 weight percent based on the weight of the molten thermoplastic composition to form a pre-foamed molten thermoplastic composition, wherein the blowing agent is selected from the group consisting of propane, 2-methylpropane, n-butane, 2-methylbutane, n-pentane, neopentane, and combinations thereof, and
extruding the pre-foamed molten thermoplastic composition from the extruder to form the foamed material. 2. The foamed material of claim 1, wherein the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof has an intrinsic viscosity of 0.29 to 0.45 deciliter per gram, measured at 25° C. in chloroform. 3. The foamed material of claim 1, wherein the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof consists of the poly(phenylene ether). 4. The foamed material of claim 1, wherein the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof consists of the combination of the poly(phenylene ether) and the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer. 5. The foamed material of claim 1, wherein the polystyrene comprises an atactic homopolystyrene having a melt flow index of 1.5 to 15 grams per 10 minutes, measured at 200° C. and 5 kilogram load according to ASTM D1238-13. 6. The foamed material of claim 1, wherein the organophosphate ester comprises resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate). 7. The foamed material claim 1, comprising less than or equal to 1,500 parts per million by weight total of chlorine, bromine, and iodine, based on the total weight of the foamed material. 8. The foamed material of claim 1,
wherein the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof consists of the poly(phenylene ether); wherein the polystyrene comprises an atactic homopolystyrene having a melt flow index of 1.5 to 15 grams per 10 minutes, measured at 200° C. and 5 kilogram load according to ASTM D1238-13; wherein the organophosphate ester comprises resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate); wherein the foamed material comprises less than or equal to 1,500 parts per million by weight total of chlorine, bromine, and iodine, based on the total weight of the foamed material; and wherein the foamed material comprises, based on the total weight of the foamed material,
48 to 75 weight percent of the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof,
10 to 35 weight percent of the polystyrene, and
15 to 20 weight percent of the organophosphate ester. 9. The foamed material of claim 1,
wherein the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof consists of the combination of the poly(phenylene ether) and the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer; wherein the polystyrene comprises an atactic homopolystyrene having a melt flow index of 1.5 to 15 grams per 10 minutes, measured at 200° C. and 5 kilogram load according to ASTM D1238-13; wherein the organophosphate ester comprises resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate); wherein the foamed material comprises less than or equal to 1,500 parts per million by weight total of chlorine, bromine, and iodine, based on the total weight of the foamed material; and wherein the foamed material comprises, based on the total weight of the foamed material,
48 to 75 weight percent of the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof,
10 to 35 weight percent of the polystyrene, and
15 to 20 weight percent of the organophosphate ester. 10. A method of making a foamed material, the method comprising
melt blending in an extruder components comprising, based on the total weight of the foamed material,
45 to 82 weight percent of a poly(phenylene ether), a poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or a combination thereof,
10 to 47 weight percent of a polystyrene, and
8 to 20 weight percent of an organophosphate ester to form a molten thermoplastic composition;
adding a blowing agent to the extruder at a rate of 2 to 10 weight percent based on the weight of the molten thermoplastic composition to form a pre-foamed molten thermoplastic composition; wherein the blowing agent is selected from the group consisting of propane, 2-methylpropane, n-butane, 2-methylbutane, n-pentane, neopentane, and combinations thereof; and extruding the pre-foamed molten thermoplastic composition from the extruder to form the foamed material; wherein the foamed material has a density of 30 to 100 kilograms per cubic meter, measured at 23° C.; and wherein weight percent values are based on the total weight of the foamed material. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof has an intrinsic viscosity of 0.29 to 0.45 deciliter per gram, measured at 25° C. in chloroform. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof consists of the poly(phenylene ether). 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof consists of the combination of the poly(phenylene ether) and the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the polystyrene comprises an atactic homopolystyrene having a melt flow index of 1.5 to 15 grams per 10 minutes, measured at 200° C. and 5 kilogram load according to ASTM D1238-13. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the organophosphate ester comprises resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate). 16. The method of claim 10, comprising less than or equal to 1,500 parts per million by weight total of chlorine, bromine, and iodine, based on the total weight of the foamed material. 17. The method of claim 10,
wherein the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof consists of the poly(phenylene ether); wherein the polystyrene comprises an atactic homopolystyrene having a melt flow index of 1.5 to 15 grams per 10 minutes, measured at 200° C. and 5 kilogram load according to ASTM D1238-13; wherein the organophosphate ester comprises resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate); wherein the foamed material comprises less than or equal to 1,500 parts per million by weight total of chlorine, bromine, and iodine, based on the total weight of the foamed material; and wherein the foamed material comprises, based on the total weight of the foamed material,
48 to 75 weight percent of the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof,
10 to 35 weight percent of the polystyrene, and
15 to 20 weight percent of the organophosphate ester. 18. The method of claim 10,
wherein the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof consists of the combination of the poly(phenylene ether) and the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer; wherein the polystyrene comprises an atactic homopolystyrene having a melt flow index of 1.5 to 15 grams per 10 minutes, measured at 200° C. and 5 kilogram load according to ASTM D1238-13; wherein the organophosphate ester comprises resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate); wherein the foamed material comprises less than or equal to 1,500 parts per million by weight total of chlorine, bromine, and iodine, based on the total weight of the foamed material; and wherein the foamed material comprises, based on the total weight of the foamed material,
48 to 75 weight percent of the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof,
10 to 35 weight percent of the polystyrene, and
15 to 20 weight percent of the organophosphate ester. 19. An article comprising the foamed material of claim 1. 20. The article of claim 19, selected from the group consisting of wall insulation, ceiling insulation, insulation for attics and crawl spaces, backing for exterior siding, interior trim, interior signs, plenums, refrigerator insulation, and freezer insulation. | A foamed material includes specific amounts of a polystyrene, an organophosphate ester, and a poly(phenylene ether) or a poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer or a combination thereof. The material is foamed with a C 3 -C 5 alkane blowing agent. The foamed material is useful as insulation in the construction of walls and ceilings.1. A foamed material comprising, based on the total weight of the foamed material:
45 to 82 weight percent of a poly(phenylene ether), a poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or a combination thereof; 10 to 47 weight percent of a polystyrene; and 8 to 20 weight percent of an organophosphate ester; wherein the foamed material has a density of 30 to 100 kilograms per cubic meter, measured at 23° C.; wherein the foamed material is the product of a process comprising
melt blending in an extruder
the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof,
the polystyrene, and
the organophosphate ester
to form a molten thermoplastic composition,
adding a blowing agent to the extruder at a rate of 2 to 10 weight percent based on the weight of the molten thermoplastic composition to form a pre-foamed molten thermoplastic composition, wherein the blowing agent is selected from the group consisting of propane, 2-methylpropane, n-butane, 2-methylbutane, n-pentane, neopentane, and combinations thereof, and
extruding the pre-foamed molten thermoplastic composition from the extruder to form the foamed material. 2. The foamed material of claim 1, wherein the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof has an intrinsic viscosity of 0.29 to 0.45 deciliter per gram, measured at 25° C. in chloroform. 3. The foamed material of claim 1, wherein the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof consists of the poly(phenylene ether). 4. The foamed material of claim 1, wherein the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof consists of the combination of the poly(phenylene ether) and the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer. 5. The foamed material of claim 1, wherein the polystyrene comprises an atactic homopolystyrene having a melt flow index of 1.5 to 15 grams per 10 minutes, measured at 200° C. and 5 kilogram load according to ASTM D1238-13. 6. The foamed material of claim 1, wherein the organophosphate ester comprises resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate). 7. The foamed material claim 1, comprising less than or equal to 1,500 parts per million by weight total of chlorine, bromine, and iodine, based on the total weight of the foamed material. 8. The foamed material of claim 1,
wherein the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof consists of the poly(phenylene ether); wherein the polystyrene comprises an atactic homopolystyrene having a melt flow index of 1.5 to 15 grams per 10 minutes, measured at 200° C. and 5 kilogram load according to ASTM D1238-13; wherein the organophosphate ester comprises resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate); wherein the foamed material comprises less than or equal to 1,500 parts per million by weight total of chlorine, bromine, and iodine, based on the total weight of the foamed material; and wherein the foamed material comprises, based on the total weight of the foamed material,
48 to 75 weight percent of the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof,
10 to 35 weight percent of the polystyrene, and
15 to 20 weight percent of the organophosphate ester. 9. The foamed material of claim 1,
wherein the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof consists of the combination of the poly(phenylene ether) and the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer; wherein the polystyrene comprises an atactic homopolystyrene having a melt flow index of 1.5 to 15 grams per 10 minutes, measured at 200° C. and 5 kilogram load according to ASTM D1238-13; wherein the organophosphate ester comprises resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate); wherein the foamed material comprises less than or equal to 1,500 parts per million by weight total of chlorine, bromine, and iodine, based on the total weight of the foamed material; and wherein the foamed material comprises, based on the total weight of the foamed material,
48 to 75 weight percent of the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof,
10 to 35 weight percent of the polystyrene, and
15 to 20 weight percent of the organophosphate ester. 10. A method of making a foamed material, the method comprising
melt blending in an extruder components comprising, based on the total weight of the foamed material,
45 to 82 weight percent of a poly(phenylene ether), a poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or a combination thereof,
10 to 47 weight percent of a polystyrene, and
8 to 20 weight percent of an organophosphate ester to form a molten thermoplastic composition;
adding a blowing agent to the extruder at a rate of 2 to 10 weight percent based on the weight of the molten thermoplastic composition to form a pre-foamed molten thermoplastic composition; wherein the blowing agent is selected from the group consisting of propane, 2-methylpropane, n-butane, 2-methylbutane, n-pentane, neopentane, and combinations thereof; and extruding the pre-foamed molten thermoplastic composition from the extruder to form the foamed material; wherein the foamed material has a density of 30 to 100 kilograms per cubic meter, measured at 23° C.; and wherein weight percent values are based on the total weight of the foamed material. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof has an intrinsic viscosity of 0.29 to 0.45 deciliter per gram, measured at 25° C. in chloroform. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof consists of the poly(phenylene ether). 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof consists of the combination of the poly(phenylene ether) and the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the polystyrene comprises an atactic homopolystyrene having a melt flow index of 1.5 to 15 grams per 10 minutes, measured at 200° C. and 5 kilogram load according to ASTM D1238-13. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the organophosphate ester comprises resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate). 16. The method of claim 10, comprising less than or equal to 1,500 parts per million by weight total of chlorine, bromine, and iodine, based on the total weight of the foamed material. 17. The method of claim 10,
wherein the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof consists of the poly(phenylene ether); wherein the polystyrene comprises an atactic homopolystyrene having a melt flow index of 1.5 to 15 grams per 10 minutes, measured at 200° C. and 5 kilogram load according to ASTM D1238-13; wherein the organophosphate ester comprises resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate); wherein the foamed material comprises less than or equal to 1,500 parts per million by weight total of chlorine, bromine, and iodine, based on the total weight of the foamed material; and wherein the foamed material comprises, based on the total weight of the foamed material,
48 to 75 weight percent of the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof,
10 to 35 weight percent of the polystyrene, and
15 to 20 weight percent of the organophosphate ester. 18. The method of claim 10,
wherein the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof consists of the combination of the poly(phenylene ether) and the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer; wherein the polystyrene comprises an atactic homopolystyrene having a melt flow index of 1.5 to 15 grams per 10 minutes, measured at 200° C. and 5 kilogram load according to ASTM D1238-13; wherein the organophosphate ester comprises resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate); wherein the foamed material comprises less than or equal to 1,500 parts per million by weight total of chlorine, bromine, and iodine, based on the total weight of the foamed material; and wherein the foamed material comprises, based on the total weight of the foamed material,
48 to 75 weight percent of the poly(phenylene ether), the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer, or the combination thereof,
10 to 35 weight percent of the polystyrene, and
15 to 20 weight percent of the organophosphate ester. 19. An article comprising the foamed material of claim 1. 20. The article of claim 19, selected from the group consisting of wall insulation, ceiling insulation, insulation for attics and crawl spaces, backing for exterior siding, interior trim, interior signs, plenums, refrigerator insulation, and freezer insulation. | 1,700 |
2,944 | 14,901,225 | 1,795 | A fluid conducting system with cathodic corrosion protection is provided for at least one device that influences and/or acts upon a flow rate, such as a pump and/or valve. The device includes at least one connection device such as a device connection flange. At least one flow rate guiding device such as a pipe includes a connection means such as a pipe connection flange. The system includes annular anodes arranged between the connection devices and connection means, where anodes are electrically connected by electrical conducting lines to a monitoring device. The internal diameter of the anodes is preferably equal to the internal diameter of the flow rate guiding device and/or the inner diameter of the inlet and/or outlet of flow influencing device. | 1-9. (canceled) 10. A fluid-conducting system with cathodic corrosion protection, comprising:
at least one of a pump and a valve device configured to at least one of convey and influence a flow rate and having at least two connection devices; at least two flow rate guiding devices having connection means configured to be connected to the at least two connection devices; annular anodes configured to be arranged between a first connection device of the at least two connection devices and a first connection means of the at least two connection means and between a second connection device of the at least two connection devices and a second connection means of the at least two connection means; and a monitoring arrangement electrically connected to the annular anodes by lines having one or more conductors, wherein an inner diameter of the annular anodes is equal to an inner diameter of an adjacent one of the at least two flow rate guiding devices. 11. The fluid-conducting system as claimed in claim 10, wherein
the at least two flow rate guiding devices are pipe elements. 12. The fluid-conducting system as claimed in claim 10, wherein
the inner diameter of the annular anodes corresponds to an inner diameter of an adjacent one of an inflow or outflow opening of the at least one of the pump and the valve device. 13. The fluid-conducting system as claimed in claim 10, further comprising:
at least two reference electrodes, wherein
the at least one of the pump and the valve device includes a casing with at least two threaded bores, and
each of the at least two threaded bores is configured to receive in an electrically conductive manner one of the at least two reference electrodes. 14. The fluid-conducting system as claimed in claim 13, wherein
the at least two reference electrodes are arranged relative to one another to maximize the electrical potential balance of an inner surface of the casing. 15. The fluid-conducting system as claimed in claim 10, wherein
the monitoring arrangement includes a control unit, a first rectifier, a second rectifier, and a measuring module. 16. The fluid-conducting system as claimed in claim 15, wherein
the monitoring arrangement includes a control unit, a first rectifier, a second rectifier, and a measuring module, and the at least two reference electrodes are electrically connected to the monitoring arrangement. 17. The fluid-conducting system as claimed in claim 16, further comprising:
an annular and electrically insulating first insulation washer arranged between at least one of the at least two anodes and the adjacent one of the at first and second connection devices; and an annular and electrically insulating second insulation washer arranged between the at least one of the at least two anodes and the adjacent one of the first and second connection means. 18. The fluid-conducting system as claimed in claim 17, further comprising:
at least one electrically insulating sleeve configured to be located within co-axial bores of the at least one of the first and second connecting devices and the adjacent one of the first and second connection means. 19. The fluid-conducting system as claimed in claim 18, wherein
the at least one electrically insulating sleeve includes a collar at a free end. | A fluid conducting system with cathodic corrosion protection is provided for at least one device that influences and/or acts upon a flow rate, such as a pump and/or valve. The device includes at least one connection device such as a device connection flange. At least one flow rate guiding device such as a pipe includes a connection means such as a pipe connection flange. The system includes annular anodes arranged between the connection devices and connection means, where anodes are electrically connected by electrical conducting lines to a monitoring device. The internal diameter of the anodes is preferably equal to the internal diameter of the flow rate guiding device and/or the inner diameter of the inlet and/or outlet of flow influencing device.1-9. (canceled) 10. A fluid-conducting system with cathodic corrosion protection, comprising:
at least one of a pump and a valve device configured to at least one of convey and influence a flow rate and having at least two connection devices; at least two flow rate guiding devices having connection means configured to be connected to the at least two connection devices; annular anodes configured to be arranged between a first connection device of the at least two connection devices and a first connection means of the at least two connection means and between a second connection device of the at least two connection devices and a second connection means of the at least two connection means; and a monitoring arrangement electrically connected to the annular anodes by lines having one or more conductors, wherein an inner diameter of the annular anodes is equal to an inner diameter of an adjacent one of the at least two flow rate guiding devices. 11. The fluid-conducting system as claimed in claim 10, wherein
the at least two flow rate guiding devices are pipe elements. 12. The fluid-conducting system as claimed in claim 10, wherein
the inner diameter of the annular anodes corresponds to an inner diameter of an adjacent one of an inflow or outflow opening of the at least one of the pump and the valve device. 13. The fluid-conducting system as claimed in claim 10, further comprising:
at least two reference electrodes, wherein
the at least one of the pump and the valve device includes a casing with at least two threaded bores, and
each of the at least two threaded bores is configured to receive in an electrically conductive manner one of the at least two reference electrodes. 14. The fluid-conducting system as claimed in claim 13, wherein
the at least two reference electrodes are arranged relative to one another to maximize the electrical potential balance of an inner surface of the casing. 15. The fluid-conducting system as claimed in claim 10, wherein
the monitoring arrangement includes a control unit, a first rectifier, a second rectifier, and a measuring module. 16. The fluid-conducting system as claimed in claim 15, wherein
the monitoring arrangement includes a control unit, a first rectifier, a second rectifier, and a measuring module, and the at least two reference electrodes are electrically connected to the monitoring arrangement. 17. The fluid-conducting system as claimed in claim 16, further comprising:
an annular and electrically insulating first insulation washer arranged between at least one of the at least two anodes and the adjacent one of the at first and second connection devices; and an annular and electrically insulating second insulation washer arranged between the at least one of the at least two anodes and the adjacent one of the first and second connection means. 18. The fluid-conducting system as claimed in claim 17, further comprising:
at least one electrically insulating sleeve configured to be located within co-axial bores of the at least one of the first and second connecting devices and the adjacent one of the first and second connection means. 19. The fluid-conducting system as claimed in claim 18, wherein
the at least one electrically insulating sleeve includes a collar at a free end. | 1,700 |
2,945 | 13,885,151 | 1,792 | The invention relates to olive processing, and includes methods for producing olives, as well as the olives produced thereby. In one aspect, the invention provides compositions directed towards packaged olive preparations having novel and beneficial characteristics, for example, olive preparations that are free of packing liquids such as brine solutions. In other aspects, the packaged olive preparations of the invention can have other beneficial properties, such as extended shelf life and flavored stuffings or flavor infusions. In other aspects, the invention provides methods for producing such olives. The invention relates particularly, but not exclusively, to black-ripe olives. | 1-39. (canceled) 40. A packaged olive preparation comprising a plurality of olives or olive segments whose pH is not greater than about pH 4.6, where (i) the preparation is substantially free of liquid, and (ii) the plurality of olives or olive segments are packaged in a sealed container. 41. The preparation of claim 40, wherein the olive preparation and sealed container are heated by retort after the olives are packaged in the sealed container. 42. The preparation of claim 40, wherein the oxygen concentration inside of the sealed container containing the olive preparation is not more than about 1.0%, not more than about 0.5%, not more than about 0.1% or not more than about 0.05%. 43. The preparation of claim 40, wherein the sealed container provides an oxygen ingress barrier. 44. The preparation of claim 40, wherein the preparation has a shelf life of at least 12 months. 45. The preparation of claim 40, wherein the olive preparation further comprises an oil coating on the surface of the olives or olive segments. 46. The preparation of claim 40, wherein the olives are pitted. 47. The preparation of claim 40, wherein the olives are unpitted. 48. The preparation of claim 40, wherein the olives or olive segments are selected from (i) California black ripe olives or olive segments, (ii) California style green olives or olive segments, or (iii) Spanish style green olives. 49. The preparation of claim 40, wherein the preparation comprises a plurality of olive varietals. 50. The preparation of claim 40, wherein the preparation further comprises one or more additional non-olive food item. 51. The preparation of claim 40, wherein the olives or olive segments further comprise an infused flavoring. 52. The preparation of claim 40, wherein the olives are pitted, comprise a pit cavity and further comprise a stuffing contained within the pit cavity. 53. The preparation of claim 52, wherein the stuffing is a flavored stuffing. 54. The preparation of claim 52, wherein the stuffing comprises sodium alginate. 55. A heat-treated and packaged olive preparation comprising a plurality of olives or olive segments in a sealed container, wherein:
a) the preparation is substantially free of liquid; b) the sealed container is substantially impervious to oxygen; c) the preparation has a shelf-life of at least 12 months; d) the meat of the olives or olive segments has a pH not greater than about pH 4.6; and e) the olives or olive segments further comprise:
(i) an infused flavoring, or
(ii) where the preparation comprises pitted olives comprising a pit cavity, said olives comprising a flavored stuffing contained within the pit cavity, or
(iii) the combination of both (i) and (ii). 56. The preparation of claim 55, wherein the olives or olive segments are selected from (i) California black ripe olives or olive segments, (ii) California style green olives or olive segments, or (iii) Spanish style green olives or olive segments. 57. The preparation of claim 55, wherein the oxygen concentration inside of the sealed container is not more than about 1.0%, not more than about 0.5%, not more than about 0.1% or not more than about 0.05%. 58. The preparation of claim 55, wherein the sealed container provides an oxygen ingress barrier. 59. The preparation of claim 55, wherein the olives or olive segments further comprise an oil coating. 60. The preparation of claim 55, wherein the preparation further comprises one or more non-olive food item. 61. A method for producing a heat treated, packaged, acidified and substantially liquid-free olive preparation, the method comprising:
(a) providing:
(i) a plurality of olives, and
(ii) a container substantially impervious to oxygen when sealed;
(b) treating said olives with an alkali, thereby producing olives whose fruit is alkaline; (c) acidifying said olives by exposure to an acid selected from the group consisting of lactic acid, gluco-delta-lactone (GDL), citric acid, malic acid, adipic acid, or any combination of two or more of said acids, thereby producing acidified, blackened olives having a pH of not more than about pH 4.6; (f) packaging said acidified olives in the absence of any free liquid, where the packaging comprises:
(i) distributing said acidified olives into said container, and
(ii) sealing said container; and
(g) heat treating the sealed container. 62. The method of claim 61, further comprising, following step (b) and prior to step (c), reducing the pH of said alkali-treated olives to within a range of about pH 8.6 to pH 8.9; and blackening said reduced-pH-olives by treating them with a ferrous oxidizing agent. 63. The method of claim 61, wherein heat treating of step (g) comprises subjecting the sealed container to a retort process. 64. The method of claim 61, wherein the sealing of said container of step (f)(ii) is under conditions that produce a reduced oxygen environment within the sealed container. 65. The method of claim 61, wherein the sealing of said container of step (f)(ii) comprises pulling a vacuum and flushing with nitrogen. 66. A method for producing stuffed acidified olives, the method comprising:
(a) providing:
(i) olives with a pit cavity formed by removal of a pit, the olives having a pH in the range of 7.5 to 8.5;
(ii) a flavored stuffing paste comprising sodium-alginate in a concentration range of 1% to 5%;
(b) injecting the olive pit cavity with a quantity of the flavored stuffing paste to produce an injected olive, (c) exposing the injected olive to a solution comprising 3% to 10% calcium; and (d) acidifying the injected olives by exposure to a solution comprising:
(i) at least one acid selected from the group consisting of lactic acid, glucono-delta-lactone (GDL), citric acid, malic acid and adipic acid, and any combinations thereof, and (ii) calcium,
thereby producing stuffed acidified olives having a pH of not more than about 4.6. 67. A system for preparing brineless, acidified stuffed olives, the system comprising:
(a) a paste mixer assembly, wherein an olive stuffing paste comprising a gelling agent is prepared in the paste mixer assembly; (b) a paste feeder assembly, wherein the olive stuffing paste prepared in the paste mixer assembly is delivered to the paste feeder assembly; (c) an olive pitter and stuffer assembly, wherein the pitter and stuffer assembly:
(i) receives unpitted olives,
(ii) receives olive stuffing paste from the paste feeder assembly through a paste transfer conduit,
(iii) removes the pits from the unpitted olives, thereby creating a cavity in each of the olives,
(iv) injects said olive stuffing paste into said cavities in the olives, thereby creating stuffed olives,
(v) washes said stuffed olives,
(d) a calcium dwell assembly comprising a hollow calcium dwell coil, wherein (i) the calcium dwell coil comprises a gravity flow of a calcium chloride solution, (ii) the calcium dwell coil receives the stuffed olives from the olive pitter and stuffer assembly, (iii) the stuffed olives traverse the length of the coil by gravity, thereby being exposed to the calcium chloride solution; and (e) an acidification brining tank, wherein (i) the stuffed olives are deposited in the acidification brining tank following their exposure to the calcium chloride solution in the calcium dwell coil, (ii) the stuffed olives are immersed in an acidification brining solution in the brining tank for a period of time sufficient for acidification of the stuffed olives, (iii) the acidification brining solution is drained from the brining tank, thereby generating brineless, acidified stuffed olives. 68. The system of claim 67, further comprising (f) sealable containers, wherein the brineless, acidified olives in the brining tank are distributed into the containers and then sealed within the containers. | The invention relates to olive processing, and includes methods for producing olives, as well as the olives produced thereby. In one aspect, the invention provides compositions directed towards packaged olive preparations having novel and beneficial characteristics, for example, olive preparations that are free of packing liquids such as brine solutions. In other aspects, the packaged olive preparations of the invention can have other beneficial properties, such as extended shelf life and flavored stuffings or flavor infusions. In other aspects, the invention provides methods for producing such olives. The invention relates particularly, but not exclusively, to black-ripe olives.1-39. (canceled) 40. A packaged olive preparation comprising a plurality of olives or olive segments whose pH is not greater than about pH 4.6, where (i) the preparation is substantially free of liquid, and (ii) the plurality of olives or olive segments are packaged in a sealed container. 41. The preparation of claim 40, wherein the olive preparation and sealed container are heated by retort after the olives are packaged in the sealed container. 42. The preparation of claim 40, wherein the oxygen concentration inside of the sealed container containing the olive preparation is not more than about 1.0%, not more than about 0.5%, not more than about 0.1% or not more than about 0.05%. 43. The preparation of claim 40, wherein the sealed container provides an oxygen ingress barrier. 44. The preparation of claim 40, wherein the preparation has a shelf life of at least 12 months. 45. The preparation of claim 40, wherein the olive preparation further comprises an oil coating on the surface of the olives or olive segments. 46. The preparation of claim 40, wherein the olives are pitted. 47. The preparation of claim 40, wherein the olives are unpitted. 48. The preparation of claim 40, wherein the olives or olive segments are selected from (i) California black ripe olives or olive segments, (ii) California style green olives or olive segments, or (iii) Spanish style green olives. 49. The preparation of claim 40, wherein the preparation comprises a plurality of olive varietals. 50. The preparation of claim 40, wherein the preparation further comprises one or more additional non-olive food item. 51. The preparation of claim 40, wherein the olives or olive segments further comprise an infused flavoring. 52. The preparation of claim 40, wherein the olives are pitted, comprise a pit cavity and further comprise a stuffing contained within the pit cavity. 53. The preparation of claim 52, wherein the stuffing is a flavored stuffing. 54. The preparation of claim 52, wherein the stuffing comprises sodium alginate. 55. A heat-treated and packaged olive preparation comprising a plurality of olives or olive segments in a sealed container, wherein:
a) the preparation is substantially free of liquid; b) the sealed container is substantially impervious to oxygen; c) the preparation has a shelf-life of at least 12 months; d) the meat of the olives or olive segments has a pH not greater than about pH 4.6; and e) the olives or olive segments further comprise:
(i) an infused flavoring, or
(ii) where the preparation comprises pitted olives comprising a pit cavity, said olives comprising a flavored stuffing contained within the pit cavity, or
(iii) the combination of both (i) and (ii). 56. The preparation of claim 55, wherein the olives or olive segments are selected from (i) California black ripe olives or olive segments, (ii) California style green olives or olive segments, or (iii) Spanish style green olives or olive segments. 57. The preparation of claim 55, wherein the oxygen concentration inside of the sealed container is not more than about 1.0%, not more than about 0.5%, not more than about 0.1% or not more than about 0.05%. 58. The preparation of claim 55, wherein the sealed container provides an oxygen ingress barrier. 59. The preparation of claim 55, wherein the olives or olive segments further comprise an oil coating. 60. The preparation of claim 55, wherein the preparation further comprises one or more non-olive food item. 61. A method for producing a heat treated, packaged, acidified and substantially liquid-free olive preparation, the method comprising:
(a) providing:
(i) a plurality of olives, and
(ii) a container substantially impervious to oxygen when sealed;
(b) treating said olives with an alkali, thereby producing olives whose fruit is alkaline; (c) acidifying said olives by exposure to an acid selected from the group consisting of lactic acid, gluco-delta-lactone (GDL), citric acid, malic acid, adipic acid, or any combination of two or more of said acids, thereby producing acidified, blackened olives having a pH of not more than about pH 4.6; (f) packaging said acidified olives in the absence of any free liquid, where the packaging comprises:
(i) distributing said acidified olives into said container, and
(ii) sealing said container; and
(g) heat treating the sealed container. 62. The method of claim 61, further comprising, following step (b) and prior to step (c), reducing the pH of said alkali-treated olives to within a range of about pH 8.6 to pH 8.9; and blackening said reduced-pH-olives by treating them with a ferrous oxidizing agent. 63. The method of claim 61, wherein heat treating of step (g) comprises subjecting the sealed container to a retort process. 64. The method of claim 61, wherein the sealing of said container of step (f)(ii) is under conditions that produce a reduced oxygen environment within the sealed container. 65. The method of claim 61, wherein the sealing of said container of step (f)(ii) comprises pulling a vacuum and flushing with nitrogen. 66. A method for producing stuffed acidified olives, the method comprising:
(a) providing:
(i) olives with a pit cavity formed by removal of a pit, the olives having a pH in the range of 7.5 to 8.5;
(ii) a flavored stuffing paste comprising sodium-alginate in a concentration range of 1% to 5%;
(b) injecting the olive pit cavity with a quantity of the flavored stuffing paste to produce an injected olive, (c) exposing the injected olive to a solution comprising 3% to 10% calcium; and (d) acidifying the injected olives by exposure to a solution comprising:
(i) at least one acid selected from the group consisting of lactic acid, glucono-delta-lactone (GDL), citric acid, malic acid and adipic acid, and any combinations thereof, and (ii) calcium,
thereby producing stuffed acidified olives having a pH of not more than about 4.6. 67. A system for preparing brineless, acidified stuffed olives, the system comprising:
(a) a paste mixer assembly, wherein an olive stuffing paste comprising a gelling agent is prepared in the paste mixer assembly; (b) a paste feeder assembly, wherein the olive stuffing paste prepared in the paste mixer assembly is delivered to the paste feeder assembly; (c) an olive pitter and stuffer assembly, wherein the pitter and stuffer assembly:
(i) receives unpitted olives,
(ii) receives olive stuffing paste from the paste feeder assembly through a paste transfer conduit,
(iii) removes the pits from the unpitted olives, thereby creating a cavity in each of the olives,
(iv) injects said olive stuffing paste into said cavities in the olives, thereby creating stuffed olives,
(v) washes said stuffed olives,
(d) a calcium dwell assembly comprising a hollow calcium dwell coil, wherein (i) the calcium dwell coil comprises a gravity flow of a calcium chloride solution, (ii) the calcium dwell coil receives the stuffed olives from the olive pitter and stuffer assembly, (iii) the stuffed olives traverse the length of the coil by gravity, thereby being exposed to the calcium chloride solution; and (e) an acidification brining tank, wherein (i) the stuffed olives are deposited in the acidification brining tank following their exposure to the calcium chloride solution in the calcium dwell coil, (ii) the stuffed olives are immersed in an acidification brining solution in the brining tank for a period of time sufficient for acidification of the stuffed olives, (iii) the acidification brining solution is drained from the brining tank, thereby generating brineless, acidified stuffed olives. 68. The system of claim 67, further comprising (f) sealable containers, wherein the brineless, acidified olives in the brining tank are distributed into the containers and then sealed within the containers. | 1,700 |
2,946 | 14,336,818 | 1,788 | An electrical device including a cellulose based electrically insulating composite material in the form of a paper or pressboard, the composite material having cellulose fibres; and an electrically insulating thermoplastic polymer material; wherein the polymer material is arranged around and between the cellulose fibres, and binds the fibres to each other. | 1. An oil impregnated electrical transformer comprising a cellulose based electrically insulating composite material in the form of a paper or pressboard, the composite material comprising:
cellulose fibres; and an electrically insulating thermoplastic polymer material; wherein the polymer material is arranged around and between the cellulose fibres, and binds said fibres to each other, and wherein the composite material is at least partly impregnated with oil. 2. The electrical transformer of claim 1, wherein the composite material is in the form of a spacer, barrier, strip or press ring for insulation in the electrical transformer. 3. The electrical transformer of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer material has a melting point of between 140° C. and 200° C. 4. The electrical transformer of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer material has a glass transition temperature of between 50° C. and 120° C. 5. The electrical transformer of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer material comprises polylactic acid. 6. The electrical transformer of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer material is present in the composite material in an amount of 1 to 30 wt %. 7. The electrical transformer of claim 1, wherein the composite material has an open foam structure. 8. The electrical transformer of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer material is air, water and/or oil permeable. 9. A method of producing a cellulose based electrically insulating composite material for an oil impregnated electrical transformer, the method comprising:
providing a pulp comprising cellulose fibres; providing an electrically insulating thermoplastic polymer material; mixing the pulp with the polymer material to form a mixture; pressing the mixture in a paper press to form a pressboard, wherein the pressing comprises: heating the mixture such that the thermoplastic polymer material melts to lay around and between the cellulose fibres, drying the mixture to remove moisture from the mixture, pressing the mixture into a board, and cooling the board such that the melted polymer solidifies such that the polymer material is arranged around and between the cellulose fibres to coat said fibres and bind said fibres to each other; and impregnating the composite material at least partly with oil. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the mixing comprises adding and mixing the thermoplastic polymer material with the cellulose fibres in a solvent process e.g. where the cellulose fibres are coated with the polymer material, as fibres of the polymer material or as a powder of the polymer material. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the mixing comprises adding the thermoplastic polymer material to the pulp comprising the cellulose fibres, before or after grinding of the pulp. 12. The electrical transformer of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer material comprises poly-L-lactide. 13. The electrical transformer of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer material comprises polyester. 14. The electrical transformer of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer material comprises polyethylene terephthalate. 15. The electrical transformer of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer material is present in the composite material in an amount of 1 to 15 wt %. 16. The electrical transformer of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer material is present in the composite material in an amount of 5 to 10 wt %. | An electrical device including a cellulose based electrically insulating composite material in the form of a paper or pressboard, the composite material having cellulose fibres; and an electrically insulating thermoplastic polymer material; wherein the polymer material is arranged around and between the cellulose fibres, and binds the fibres to each other.1. An oil impregnated electrical transformer comprising a cellulose based electrically insulating composite material in the form of a paper or pressboard, the composite material comprising:
cellulose fibres; and an electrically insulating thermoplastic polymer material; wherein the polymer material is arranged around and between the cellulose fibres, and binds said fibres to each other, and wherein the composite material is at least partly impregnated with oil. 2. The electrical transformer of claim 1, wherein the composite material is in the form of a spacer, barrier, strip or press ring for insulation in the electrical transformer. 3. The electrical transformer of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer material has a melting point of between 140° C. and 200° C. 4. The electrical transformer of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer material has a glass transition temperature of between 50° C. and 120° C. 5. The electrical transformer of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer material comprises polylactic acid. 6. The electrical transformer of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer material is present in the composite material in an amount of 1 to 30 wt %. 7. The electrical transformer of claim 1, wherein the composite material has an open foam structure. 8. The electrical transformer of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer material is air, water and/or oil permeable. 9. A method of producing a cellulose based electrically insulating composite material for an oil impregnated electrical transformer, the method comprising:
providing a pulp comprising cellulose fibres; providing an electrically insulating thermoplastic polymer material; mixing the pulp with the polymer material to form a mixture; pressing the mixture in a paper press to form a pressboard, wherein the pressing comprises: heating the mixture such that the thermoplastic polymer material melts to lay around and between the cellulose fibres, drying the mixture to remove moisture from the mixture, pressing the mixture into a board, and cooling the board such that the melted polymer solidifies such that the polymer material is arranged around and between the cellulose fibres to coat said fibres and bind said fibres to each other; and impregnating the composite material at least partly with oil. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the mixing comprises adding and mixing the thermoplastic polymer material with the cellulose fibres in a solvent process e.g. where the cellulose fibres are coated with the polymer material, as fibres of the polymer material or as a powder of the polymer material. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the mixing comprises adding the thermoplastic polymer material to the pulp comprising the cellulose fibres, before or after grinding of the pulp. 12. The electrical transformer of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer material comprises poly-L-lactide. 13. The electrical transformer of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer material comprises polyester. 14. The electrical transformer of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer material comprises polyethylene terephthalate. 15. The electrical transformer of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer material is present in the composite material in an amount of 1 to 15 wt %. 16. The electrical transformer of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer material is present in the composite material in an amount of 5 to 10 wt %. | 1,700 |
2,947 | 15,399,149 | 1,789 | The present invention relates to epoxy/nanotube composites. The composites have at least one epoxy resin. The composites also have a plurality of discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes. The nanotubes have an aspect ratio of from about 25 to about 250. The epoxy/nanotube composite may be bonded or adhered to a substrate. | 1. An epoxy/nanotube composite comprising a plurality of discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes having an aspect ratio of from about 25 to about 250, and at least one epoxy resin. 2. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1 wherein the plurality of discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes have an oxidation level of from about 3 wt % to about 15 wt %. 3. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1 wherein the plurality of discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes have an average diameter of 6-12 nm and a length from about 400 nm to about 1,200 nm. 4. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1 wherein the plurality of discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes comprise a derivative carbonyl species selected from the group consisting of a ketone, quaternary amine, amide, ester, acyl halogen, and metal salts. 5. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1 wherein the plurality of discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes comprise an oxidation species select from the group consisting of carboxylic acid and derivative carboxylate groups. 6. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1 wherein the plurality of discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes comprise a residual metal concentration of less than about 1000 ppm. 7. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1 wherein the plurality of discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes comprise a residual metal concentration of less than about 100 ppm. 8. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1 wherein the plurality of discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes are open ended. 9. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1 wherein the plurality of discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes are at least partially surface modified or coated with at least one surfactant or at least one modifier. 10. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1 wherein the plurality of discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes are completely surface modified or coated with at least one surfactant or at least one modifier. 11. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 9, wherein the surfactant or modifier is hydrogen bonded, covalently bonded, or ionically bonded to the discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes. 12. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 9, wherein said modifier or surfactant is chemically bonded to said epoxy, said nanotube fiber, or both. 13. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1, wherein said composite has a fatigue crack failure resistance of at least 2 to about 20 times the fatigue crack failure resistance of the epoxy tested without carbon nanotubes. 14. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1, wherein said composite has a coefficient of expansion in at least one dimension of at least ⅔ to ⅓ that of the epoxy tested without carbon nanotubes in the same dimension. 15. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1 wherein the composite is bonded to a substrate. 16. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 15, wherein said composite has an adhesive or cohesive strength of at least two times greater that of the material bonded to the substrate without carbon nanotubes. 17. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1 bonded to a substrate, wherein said composite has an adhesive or cohesive strength of at least two times greater that of the epoxy without carbon nanotubes tested similarly. 18. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1 wherein the plurality of discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes comprise multi-wall discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes. 19. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 10, wherein the surfactant or modifier is covalently bonded to the carbon nanotubes. 20. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1 wherein the composite is attached to a substrate. | The present invention relates to epoxy/nanotube composites. The composites have at least one epoxy resin. The composites also have a plurality of discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes. The nanotubes have an aspect ratio of from about 25 to about 250. The epoxy/nanotube composite may be bonded or adhered to a substrate.1. An epoxy/nanotube composite comprising a plurality of discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes having an aspect ratio of from about 25 to about 250, and at least one epoxy resin. 2. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1 wherein the plurality of discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes have an oxidation level of from about 3 wt % to about 15 wt %. 3. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1 wherein the plurality of discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes have an average diameter of 6-12 nm and a length from about 400 nm to about 1,200 nm. 4. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1 wherein the plurality of discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes comprise a derivative carbonyl species selected from the group consisting of a ketone, quaternary amine, amide, ester, acyl halogen, and metal salts. 5. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1 wherein the plurality of discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes comprise an oxidation species select from the group consisting of carboxylic acid and derivative carboxylate groups. 6. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1 wherein the plurality of discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes comprise a residual metal concentration of less than about 1000 ppm. 7. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1 wherein the plurality of discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes comprise a residual metal concentration of less than about 100 ppm. 8. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1 wherein the plurality of discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes are open ended. 9. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1 wherein the plurality of discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes are at least partially surface modified or coated with at least one surfactant or at least one modifier. 10. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1 wherein the plurality of discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes are completely surface modified or coated with at least one surfactant or at least one modifier. 11. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 9, wherein the surfactant or modifier is hydrogen bonded, covalently bonded, or ionically bonded to the discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes. 12. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 9, wherein said modifier or surfactant is chemically bonded to said epoxy, said nanotube fiber, or both. 13. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1, wherein said composite has a fatigue crack failure resistance of at least 2 to about 20 times the fatigue crack failure resistance of the epoxy tested without carbon nanotubes. 14. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1, wherein said composite has a coefficient of expansion in at least one dimension of at least ⅔ to ⅓ that of the epoxy tested without carbon nanotubes in the same dimension. 15. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1 wherein the composite is bonded to a substrate. 16. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 15, wherein said composite has an adhesive or cohesive strength of at least two times greater that of the material bonded to the substrate without carbon nanotubes. 17. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1 bonded to a substrate, wherein said composite has an adhesive or cohesive strength of at least two times greater that of the epoxy without carbon nanotubes tested similarly. 18. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1 wherein the plurality of discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes comprise multi-wall discrete oxidized carbon nanotubes. 19. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 10, wherein the surfactant or modifier is covalently bonded to the carbon nanotubes. 20. The epoxy/nanotube composite of claim 1 wherein the composite is attached to a substrate. | 1,700 |
2,948 | 14,589,191 | 1,715 | Methods, systems, and apparatus for removing flash from contact lens mold members are described. Flash is removed from contact lens mold members by cutting the flash from the mold member. The flash is removed by rotating a deflashing element or rotating a mold member, or both. After the flash is removed, the unfinished contact lens attached to the mold member can be further processed, which may include cutting an optical surface onto the contact lens. | 1. Apparatus for removal of flash from a contact lens mold member following manufacture of an unfinished polymerized contact lens body in a mold assembly, the contact lens mold member comprising a mold surface for carrying an unfinished polymerized contact lens body and a peripheral surface, the apparatus comprising:
a support for supporting the mold member during de-flashing; a de-flashing element for separating flash from the peripheral surface of the mold member, the de-flashing element comprising a cutting edge; an axial driver arranged to bring together the de-flashing element and the mold member supported on the support such that at least a portion of the cutting edge is in a position proximal to the peripheral surface of the mold member; and a rotary driver arranged to rotate the de-flashing element and/or the mold member supported on the support relative to each other when at least a portion of the cutting edge is proximal to the peripheral surface of the mold member, thereby separating flash from the peripheral surface of the mold member. 2. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising the contact lens mold member in contact with the support, wherein the mold member comprises a cylindrical base region and a lens surface-forming region, wherein the cylindrical base region comprises said peripheral surface and the lens surface-forming region comprises said mold surface for carrying the unfinished polymerized contact lens body. 3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2, in which the de-flashing element is sized and configured to at least partially surround the cylindrical base region of the mold member and the rotary driver is arranged to rotate the cutting edge around an outer circumference of the cylindrical base region thereby separating flash from the peripheral surface of the mold member. 4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 3, in which the de-flashing element comprises a tube comprising said cutting edge. 5. Apparatus as claimed in claim 4, in which the cutting edge is defined by a notch in said tube. 6. Apparatus as claimed in claim 4, in which the cylindrical base region has a circumference and the tube has a circumference of a size equal to or slightly greater than the circumference of the base region. 7. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2, in which the rotary driver is configured to rotate the de-flashing element and/or the mold member relative to each other for at least two complete consecutive rotations around an outer circumference of the cylindrical base region. 8. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which the apparatus comprises a flash collector arranged to remove the flash separated from the mold member by the rotation of the de-flashing element and/or the mold member. 9. Apparatus as claimed in claim 8, in which the flash collector comprises a vacuum head connected to a vacuum pump. 10. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which the support for supporting the mold member carrying the unfinished polymerized contact lens body during de-flashing comprises a rotary table for transporting said mold member to and from a vicinity of the de-flashing element by rotation of the rotary table, and wherein the rotary table comprises at least one indentation for receiving said mold member. 11. Apparatus as claimed in claim 10, in which the rotary table includes a stationary plate positioned below a rotary plate, the rotary plate comprising one or more apertures of corresponding shape to the mold member and wherein said apertures and the stationary plate form the one or more indentations of the rotary table. 12. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which the support for supporting the mold member includes a vacuum head for retaining the mold member on the support by suction. 13. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which the apparatus comprises a contact lens mold assembly demolder for separating a mold assembly into two or more mold members. 14. Apparatus as claimed in claim 13, in which the demolder is a punch demolder comprising a punch head and a punch driver. 15. Apparatus as claimed in claim 13, in which the mold assembly comprises a male and a female mold member, and wherein the demolder is arranged such that the punch head applies a deforming force to the female mold member to separate the mold assembly such that the contact lens remains on the male mold member. 16. Apparatus as claimed in claim 13, in which the apparatus comprises a vacuum head for retaining a male or female mold member in position during demolding. 17. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which the apparatus comprises an analyser configured to detect one or more of an unfinished polymerized contact lens body, a mold member, flash remaining on a mold member, or flash on a support after de-flashing. 18. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which the apparatus comprises a lathing apparatus for lathing an optic surface of an unfinished polymerized contact lens body coupled to the mold member to provide a custom optic on the unfinished polymerized contact lens body, thereby forming a lathed contact lens body. 19. A system for manufacturing a contact lens, comprising an apparatus as in claim 1. 20. A method of manufacturing a contact lens comprising:
receiving at least one unfinished polymerised contact lens body in at least one contact lens mold assembly, wherein each contact lens mold assembly comprises a first mold member and a second mold member assembled together, and the first mold member comprises a mold surface and a peripheral surface; demolding the mold assembly so that the first mold member is separated from the second mold member and the unfinished polymerized contact lens body remains on the first mold member; bringing together a de-flashing element, comprising a cutting edge, and the first mold member such that at least a portion of the cutting edge is in a position proximal to the peripheral surface of the first mold member; and rotating the de-flashing element and/or the first mold member relative to each other thereby separating flash from the peripheral surface of the first mold member. 21. The method of claim 20, in which the method comprises removing separated flash from the first mold member following the separation of the flash by the de-flashing element. 22. The method of claim 20, in which the method comprises inspecting the de-flashed first mold member to check that
(a) the unfinished polymerized contact lens body remains on the first mold member; and (b) no flash remains on the first mold member; and either (i) transferring the de-flashed first mold member into a receptacle for storage and/or transport if the unfinished polymerised contact lens body remains on the first mold member and no flash remains on the first mold member; or (ii) disposing of the de-flashed first mold member if the unfinished polymerised contact lens body does not remain on the first mold member or if flash remains on the de-flashed first mold member. 23. The method of claim 20, in which the demolding is achieved by placing the mold assembly under a puncher, said puncher comprising a punch head and a punch driver, and using the punch driver to move the punch head onto the surface of the second mold member with sufficient force that the mold assembly is separated into the first mold member with the unfinished polymerised contact lens body attached, and the second mold member. 24. The method of claim 20, in which the method comprises, after removal of the flash, the step of lathing at least a portion of a surface of the unfinished polymerised contact lens body to provide a lathed lens surface having a custom optic, forming a lathed contact lens body. 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising the steps of delensing the lathed contact lens body from the first mold member; optionally washing, extracting, hydrating, or any combination thereof, the delensed lathed contact lens body; optionally inspecting the delensed lathed contact lens body; placing the delensed lathed contact lens body in a contact lens package; sealing the filled contact lens package; and sterilizing the sealed contact lens package, producing a finished contact lens product. 26. A system for manufacturing contact lenses, comprising:
a contact lens mold assembly receiver configured to receive contact lens mold assemblies containing polymerized unfinished contact lens products disposed between first and second contact lens mold members; a contact lens assembly demolder configured to receive at least one contact lens mold assembly from the contact lens mold assembly receiver and to separate the first and second contact lens mold members; and
a de-flashing apparatus configured to remove flash from the demolded contact lens mold member to which the polymerized unfinished contact lens product is attached, wherein the de-flashing apparatus comprises
a support for supporting the mold member during de-flashing;
a de-flashing element for separating flash from the peripheral surface of the mold member, the de-flashing element comprising a cutting edge;
an axial driver arranged to bring together the de-flashing element and the mold member supported on the support such that at least a portion of the cutting edge is in a position proximal to the peripheral surface of the mold member; and
a rotary driver arranged to rotate the de-flashing element and/or the mold member supported on the support relative to each other when at least a portion of the cutting edge is proximal to the peripheral surface of the mold member, thereby separating flash from the peripheral surface of the mold member. 27. The system of claim 26, further comprising a lens imaging apparatus configured to image the contact lens on or off of the de-flashed contact lens mold member. 28. The system of claim 26, further comprising a lens arrangement to group and arrange de-flashed lenses, attached to contact lens mold members for delivery to a contact lathing apparatus. | Methods, systems, and apparatus for removing flash from contact lens mold members are described. Flash is removed from contact lens mold members by cutting the flash from the mold member. The flash is removed by rotating a deflashing element or rotating a mold member, or both. After the flash is removed, the unfinished contact lens attached to the mold member can be further processed, which may include cutting an optical surface onto the contact lens.1. Apparatus for removal of flash from a contact lens mold member following manufacture of an unfinished polymerized contact lens body in a mold assembly, the contact lens mold member comprising a mold surface for carrying an unfinished polymerized contact lens body and a peripheral surface, the apparatus comprising:
a support for supporting the mold member during de-flashing; a de-flashing element for separating flash from the peripheral surface of the mold member, the de-flashing element comprising a cutting edge; an axial driver arranged to bring together the de-flashing element and the mold member supported on the support such that at least a portion of the cutting edge is in a position proximal to the peripheral surface of the mold member; and a rotary driver arranged to rotate the de-flashing element and/or the mold member supported on the support relative to each other when at least a portion of the cutting edge is proximal to the peripheral surface of the mold member, thereby separating flash from the peripheral surface of the mold member. 2. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising the contact lens mold member in contact with the support, wherein the mold member comprises a cylindrical base region and a lens surface-forming region, wherein the cylindrical base region comprises said peripheral surface and the lens surface-forming region comprises said mold surface for carrying the unfinished polymerized contact lens body. 3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2, in which the de-flashing element is sized and configured to at least partially surround the cylindrical base region of the mold member and the rotary driver is arranged to rotate the cutting edge around an outer circumference of the cylindrical base region thereby separating flash from the peripheral surface of the mold member. 4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 3, in which the de-flashing element comprises a tube comprising said cutting edge. 5. Apparatus as claimed in claim 4, in which the cutting edge is defined by a notch in said tube. 6. Apparatus as claimed in claim 4, in which the cylindrical base region has a circumference and the tube has a circumference of a size equal to or slightly greater than the circumference of the base region. 7. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2, in which the rotary driver is configured to rotate the de-flashing element and/or the mold member relative to each other for at least two complete consecutive rotations around an outer circumference of the cylindrical base region. 8. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which the apparatus comprises a flash collector arranged to remove the flash separated from the mold member by the rotation of the de-flashing element and/or the mold member. 9. Apparatus as claimed in claim 8, in which the flash collector comprises a vacuum head connected to a vacuum pump. 10. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which the support for supporting the mold member carrying the unfinished polymerized contact lens body during de-flashing comprises a rotary table for transporting said mold member to and from a vicinity of the de-flashing element by rotation of the rotary table, and wherein the rotary table comprises at least one indentation for receiving said mold member. 11. Apparatus as claimed in claim 10, in which the rotary table includes a stationary plate positioned below a rotary plate, the rotary plate comprising one or more apertures of corresponding shape to the mold member and wherein said apertures and the stationary plate form the one or more indentations of the rotary table. 12. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which the support for supporting the mold member includes a vacuum head for retaining the mold member on the support by suction. 13. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which the apparatus comprises a contact lens mold assembly demolder for separating a mold assembly into two or more mold members. 14. Apparatus as claimed in claim 13, in which the demolder is a punch demolder comprising a punch head and a punch driver. 15. Apparatus as claimed in claim 13, in which the mold assembly comprises a male and a female mold member, and wherein the demolder is arranged such that the punch head applies a deforming force to the female mold member to separate the mold assembly such that the contact lens remains on the male mold member. 16. Apparatus as claimed in claim 13, in which the apparatus comprises a vacuum head for retaining a male or female mold member in position during demolding. 17. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which the apparatus comprises an analyser configured to detect one or more of an unfinished polymerized contact lens body, a mold member, flash remaining on a mold member, or flash on a support after de-flashing. 18. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which the apparatus comprises a lathing apparatus for lathing an optic surface of an unfinished polymerized contact lens body coupled to the mold member to provide a custom optic on the unfinished polymerized contact lens body, thereby forming a lathed contact lens body. 19. A system for manufacturing a contact lens, comprising an apparatus as in claim 1. 20. A method of manufacturing a contact lens comprising:
receiving at least one unfinished polymerised contact lens body in at least one contact lens mold assembly, wherein each contact lens mold assembly comprises a first mold member and a second mold member assembled together, and the first mold member comprises a mold surface and a peripheral surface; demolding the mold assembly so that the first mold member is separated from the second mold member and the unfinished polymerized contact lens body remains on the first mold member; bringing together a de-flashing element, comprising a cutting edge, and the first mold member such that at least a portion of the cutting edge is in a position proximal to the peripheral surface of the first mold member; and rotating the de-flashing element and/or the first mold member relative to each other thereby separating flash from the peripheral surface of the first mold member. 21. The method of claim 20, in which the method comprises removing separated flash from the first mold member following the separation of the flash by the de-flashing element. 22. The method of claim 20, in which the method comprises inspecting the de-flashed first mold member to check that
(a) the unfinished polymerized contact lens body remains on the first mold member; and (b) no flash remains on the first mold member; and either (i) transferring the de-flashed first mold member into a receptacle for storage and/or transport if the unfinished polymerised contact lens body remains on the first mold member and no flash remains on the first mold member; or (ii) disposing of the de-flashed first mold member if the unfinished polymerised contact lens body does not remain on the first mold member or if flash remains on the de-flashed first mold member. 23. The method of claim 20, in which the demolding is achieved by placing the mold assembly under a puncher, said puncher comprising a punch head and a punch driver, and using the punch driver to move the punch head onto the surface of the second mold member with sufficient force that the mold assembly is separated into the first mold member with the unfinished polymerised contact lens body attached, and the second mold member. 24. The method of claim 20, in which the method comprises, after removal of the flash, the step of lathing at least a portion of a surface of the unfinished polymerised contact lens body to provide a lathed lens surface having a custom optic, forming a lathed contact lens body. 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising the steps of delensing the lathed contact lens body from the first mold member; optionally washing, extracting, hydrating, or any combination thereof, the delensed lathed contact lens body; optionally inspecting the delensed lathed contact lens body; placing the delensed lathed contact lens body in a contact lens package; sealing the filled contact lens package; and sterilizing the sealed contact lens package, producing a finished contact lens product. 26. A system for manufacturing contact lenses, comprising:
a contact lens mold assembly receiver configured to receive contact lens mold assemblies containing polymerized unfinished contact lens products disposed between first and second contact lens mold members; a contact lens assembly demolder configured to receive at least one contact lens mold assembly from the contact lens mold assembly receiver and to separate the first and second contact lens mold members; and
a de-flashing apparatus configured to remove flash from the demolded contact lens mold member to which the polymerized unfinished contact lens product is attached, wherein the de-flashing apparatus comprises
a support for supporting the mold member during de-flashing;
a de-flashing element for separating flash from the peripheral surface of the mold member, the de-flashing element comprising a cutting edge;
an axial driver arranged to bring together the de-flashing element and the mold member supported on the support such that at least a portion of the cutting edge is in a position proximal to the peripheral surface of the mold member; and
a rotary driver arranged to rotate the de-flashing element and/or the mold member supported on the support relative to each other when at least a portion of the cutting edge is proximal to the peripheral surface of the mold member, thereby separating flash from the peripheral surface of the mold member. 27. The system of claim 26, further comprising a lens imaging apparatus configured to image the contact lens on or off of the de-flashed contact lens mold member. 28. The system of claim 26, further comprising a lens arrangement to group and arrange de-flashed lenses, attached to contact lens mold members for delivery to a contact lathing apparatus. | 1,700 |
2,949 | 13,784,108 | 1,783 | Certain example embodiments relate to techniques for sealing insulating glass (IG) units via an adhesive. The adhesives of certain example embodiments may be applied to the inner surface(s) of the substrates that form the IG unit and/or an outer surface of the spacer, without first priming and/or cleaning the surface(s). These adhesives may be silanol-inclusive moisture-cured adhesives. In certain example instances, the adhesive may be moisture-cured at ambient or other conditions such that the component and the substrate are adapted to survive large temperature fluctuations and vibrational shocks. | 1. A window for a transportation vehicle, comprising:
first and second glass substrates in substantially parallel spaced apart relation to one another; a spacer system provided at peripheral edges of the first and/or second substrates, a gap being defined by the first and second substrates and the spacer system; and a seal provided around the spacer system and adhering to the spacer system and the first and second substrates, the seal being formed from a moisture-cured adhesive including silanol termination groups, the seal being structured to survive thermal cycling and thermal shocks associated with alternating and repeated placement of the window in (a) a first environment at 80 degrees C. at 80% relative humidity for 4-5 days, and (b) in a second environment at 0 degrees F. for 1-2 days, for at least 4 weeks. 2. The window of claim 1, wherein the adhesive includes first and second parts, the first part including a urethane backbone and the silanol termination groups, the second part including hydroxyl groups and/or water. 3. The window of claim 1, wherein the seal is structured to survive thermal cycling and thermal shocks associated with alternating and repeated placement of the window in (a) a first environment at 80 degrees C. at 80% relative humidity for 5 days, and (b) in a second environment at 0 degrees F. for 2 days. 4. The window of claim 3, wherein the seal is structured to survive the thermal cycling and thermal shocks associated with the alternating and repeated placement of the window in the first environment and the second environment, for 6 weeks. 5. The window of claim 1, wherein the seal is structured to survive the thermal cycling and thermal shocks associated with the alternating and repeated placement of the window in the first environment and the second environment, for 6 weeks. 6. The window of claim 1, wherein the seal is structured to exhibit a cohesive failure mode, as opposed to an adhesive failure mode, upon the window being broken apart. 7. The window of claim 1, wherein failure of the seal is evidenced by the presence of moisture and/or condensation in the gap. 8. An insulated glass (IG) unit, comprising:
first and second glass substrates in substantially parallel spaced apart relation to one another; a spacer provided at peripheral edges of the first and/or second substrates, a gap being defined by the first and second substrates and the spacer, the spacer being formed from a material of or including aluminum; and a seal provided around the spacer and adhering to the spacer and the first and second substrates, the seal being formed from a moisture-cured adhesive including silanol termination groups, wherein the seal is structured so that if the spacer were bonded to either the first or second glass substrate via the adhesive to form a direct bond therebetween, the seal would be sufficiently strong so that the seal would remain intact upon application of forces at least as high as 440 N at pull rates of 0.1-6 inches per minute in ambient conditions and after heating the adhesive to a temperature of 100 degrees C., both before and after prolonged exposure to temperatures and relative humidities above said ambient conditions. 9. The IG unit of claim 8, wherein the seal is structured so that if the spacer were bonded to either the first or second glass substrate via the adhesive to form a direct bond therebetween, the seal would be sufficiently strong so that the seal would remain intact upon application of forces at least as high as 700 lbf. at a pull rate of 1 inch per minute in ambient conditions and at least as high as 350 lbf. at a pull rate of 1 inch per minute after heating the adhesive to a temperature of 100 degrees C., both before and after prolonged exposure to temperatures and relative humidities above said ambient conditions. 10. The IG unit of claim 8, wherein the seal is structured to fail as a cohesive unit. 11. The IG unit of claim 8, wherein the adhesive includes first and second parts, the first part including a urethane backbone and the silanol termination groups, the second part including hydroxyl groups and/or water. 12. The IG unit of claim 8, wherein the seal is structured to survive thermal cycling and thermal shocks associated with alternating and repeated placement of the IG unit in (a) a first environment at 80 degrees C. at 80% relative humidity for 4-5 days, and (b) in a second environment at 0 degrees F. for 1-2 days, for 4-6 weeks. 13. A method of making an insulating glass (IG) unit, the method comprising:
orienting a spacer system around a peripheral edge of a first substrate; locating a second substrate on the spacer system so that the first and second substrates are substantially parallel to and spaced apart from one another; applying an adhesive to one or more mating areas of the spacer system, the first substrate, and the second substrate, the adhesive being moisture curable and including silanol termination groups; either allowing the adhesive to moisture-cure, or promoting moisture-curing of the adhesive, to form a seal that bonds the spacer system, the first substrate, and the second substrate to one another, in making the IG unit, wherein the seal is structured to survive thermal cycling and thermal shocks associated with alternating and repeated placement of the IG unit in (a) a first environment at 80 degrees C. at 80% relative humidity for 4-5 days, and (b) in a second environment at 0 degrees F. for 1-2 days, for at least 4 weeks. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the spacer system is formed from a material of or including aluminum. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein formation of the seal is accomplished without using a primer. 16. The method of claim 13, further comprising cleaning at least some of the mating areas prior to said applying of the adhesive. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein moisture-curing is accomplished at a rate of 2-3 mm ingress per day. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein moisture-curing is practiced in connection with a curing chamber operating at temperature and relative humidity levels higher than corresponding ambient conditions. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein at least some of the mating areas are hydrolyzed and at a low energy level. 20. The method of claim 13, wherein the adhesive includes first and second parts, the first part including a urethane backbone and the silanol termination groups, the second part including hydroxyl groups and/or water. 21. The method of claim 13, wherein the seal is structured to survive thermal cycling and thermal shocks associated with alternating and repeated placement of the IG unit in (a) a first environment at 80 degrees C. at 80% relative humidity for 5 days, and (b) in a second environment at 0 degrees F. for 2 days. 22. The method of claim 13, wherein the seal is structured to survive the thermal cycling and thermal shocks associated with the alternating and repeated placement of the IG unit in the first environment and the second environment, for 6 weeks. 23. The method of claim 13, wherein:
survival of the thermal cycling and thermal shocks is defined as an absence of moisture and/or condensation being observable on inner surfaces of the first and second substrates immediately after removal from the second environment, and the seal is structured to exhibit a cohesive failure mode upon the IG unit being broken apart. 24. A method of making a window for a commercial transportation vehicle, the method comprising:
making an IG unit in accordance with the method of claim 13; and providing framing for the IG unit suitable for the commercial transportation vehicle. | Certain example embodiments relate to techniques for sealing insulating glass (IG) units via an adhesive. The adhesives of certain example embodiments may be applied to the inner surface(s) of the substrates that form the IG unit and/or an outer surface of the spacer, without first priming and/or cleaning the surface(s). These adhesives may be silanol-inclusive moisture-cured adhesives. In certain example instances, the adhesive may be moisture-cured at ambient or other conditions such that the component and the substrate are adapted to survive large temperature fluctuations and vibrational shocks.1. A window for a transportation vehicle, comprising:
first and second glass substrates in substantially parallel spaced apart relation to one another; a spacer system provided at peripheral edges of the first and/or second substrates, a gap being defined by the first and second substrates and the spacer system; and a seal provided around the spacer system and adhering to the spacer system and the first and second substrates, the seal being formed from a moisture-cured adhesive including silanol termination groups, the seal being structured to survive thermal cycling and thermal shocks associated with alternating and repeated placement of the window in (a) a first environment at 80 degrees C. at 80% relative humidity for 4-5 days, and (b) in a second environment at 0 degrees F. for 1-2 days, for at least 4 weeks. 2. The window of claim 1, wherein the adhesive includes first and second parts, the first part including a urethane backbone and the silanol termination groups, the second part including hydroxyl groups and/or water. 3. The window of claim 1, wherein the seal is structured to survive thermal cycling and thermal shocks associated with alternating and repeated placement of the window in (a) a first environment at 80 degrees C. at 80% relative humidity for 5 days, and (b) in a second environment at 0 degrees F. for 2 days. 4. The window of claim 3, wherein the seal is structured to survive the thermal cycling and thermal shocks associated with the alternating and repeated placement of the window in the first environment and the second environment, for 6 weeks. 5. The window of claim 1, wherein the seal is structured to survive the thermal cycling and thermal shocks associated with the alternating and repeated placement of the window in the first environment and the second environment, for 6 weeks. 6. The window of claim 1, wherein the seal is structured to exhibit a cohesive failure mode, as opposed to an adhesive failure mode, upon the window being broken apart. 7. The window of claim 1, wherein failure of the seal is evidenced by the presence of moisture and/or condensation in the gap. 8. An insulated glass (IG) unit, comprising:
first and second glass substrates in substantially parallel spaced apart relation to one another; a spacer provided at peripheral edges of the first and/or second substrates, a gap being defined by the first and second substrates and the spacer, the spacer being formed from a material of or including aluminum; and a seal provided around the spacer and adhering to the spacer and the first and second substrates, the seal being formed from a moisture-cured adhesive including silanol termination groups, wherein the seal is structured so that if the spacer were bonded to either the first or second glass substrate via the adhesive to form a direct bond therebetween, the seal would be sufficiently strong so that the seal would remain intact upon application of forces at least as high as 440 N at pull rates of 0.1-6 inches per minute in ambient conditions and after heating the adhesive to a temperature of 100 degrees C., both before and after prolonged exposure to temperatures and relative humidities above said ambient conditions. 9. The IG unit of claim 8, wherein the seal is structured so that if the spacer were bonded to either the first or second glass substrate via the adhesive to form a direct bond therebetween, the seal would be sufficiently strong so that the seal would remain intact upon application of forces at least as high as 700 lbf. at a pull rate of 1 inch per minute in ambient conditions and at least as high as 350 lbf. at a pull rate of 1 inch per minute after heating the adhesive to a temperature of 100 degrees C., both before and after prolonged exposure to temperatures and relative humidities above said ambient conditions. 10. The IG unit of claim 8, wherein the seal is structured to fail as a cohesive unit. 11. The IG unit of claim 8, wherein the adhesive includes first and second parts, the first part including a urethane backbone and the silanol termination groups, the second part including hydroxyl groups and/or water. 12. The IG unit of claim 8, wherein the seal is structured to survive thermal cycling and thermal shocks associated with alternating and repeated placement of the IG unit in (a) a first environment at 80 degrees C. at 80% relative humidity for 4-5 days, and (b) in a second environment at 0 degrees F. for 1-2 days, for 4-6 weeks. 13. A method of making an insulating glass (IG) unit, the method comprising:
orienting a spacer system around a peripheral edge of a first substrate; locating a second substrate on the spacer system so that the first and second substrates are substantially parallel to and spaced apart from one another; applying an adhesive to one or more mating areas of the spacer system, the first substrate, and the second substrate, the adhesive being moisture curable and including silanol termination groups; either allowing the adhesive to moisture-cure, or promoting moisture-curing of the adhesive, to form a seal that bonds the spacer system, the first substrate, and the second substrate to one another, in making the IG unit, wherein the seal is structured to survive thermal cycling and thermal shocks associated with alternating and repeated placement of the IG unit in (a) a first environment at 80 degrees C. at 80% relative humidity for 4-5 days, and (b) in a second environment at 0 degrees F. for 1-2 days, for at least 4 weeks. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the spacer system is formed from a material of or including aluminum. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein formation of the seal is accomplished without using a primer. 16. The method of claim 13, further comprising cleaning at least some of the mating areas prior to said applying of the adhesive. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein moisture-curing is accomplished at a rate of 2-3 mm ingress per day. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein moisture-curing is practiced in connection with a curing chamber operating at temperature and relative humidity levels higher than corresponding ambient conditions. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein at least some of the mating areas are hydrolyzed and at a low energy level. 20. The method of claim 13, wherein the adhesive includes first and second parts, the first part including a urethane backbone and the silanol termination groups, the second part including hydroxyl groups and/or water. 21. The method of claim 13, wherein the seal is structured to survive thermal cycling and thermal shocks associated with alternating and repeated placement of the IG unit in (a) a first environment at 80 degrees C. at 80% relative humidity for 5 days, and (b) in a second environment at 0 degrees F. for 2 days. 22. The method of claim 13, wherein the seal is structured to survive the thermal cycling and thermal shocks associated with the alternating and repeated placement of the IG unit in the first environment and the second environment, for 6 weeks. 23. The method of claim 13, wherein:
survival of the thermal cycling and thermal shocks is defined as an absence of moisture and/or condensation being observable on inner surfaces of the first and second substrates immediately after removal from the second environment, and the seal is structured to exhibit a cohesive failure mode upon the IG unit being broken apart. 24. A method of making a window for a commercial transportation vehicle, the method comprising:
making an IG unit in accordance with the method of claim 13; and providing framing for the IG unit suitable for the commercial transportation vehicle. | 1,700 |
2,950 | 13,474,850 | 1,741 | A method for making a vacuum insulated glass window assembly is provided in which an amount of wet frit material is applied to a lower portion of a pump-out tube prior to insertion of the tube into a hole formed in a glass substrate of the VIG window assembly. The tube is then inserted into the hole, frit paste end first. An amount of frit may overflow the hole and form a bump/shoulder of frit material proximate the area of the hole on an outer surface of the glass substrate. Applying the fit to the tube prior to insertion and at a lower portion thereof reduces the amount of and/or avoids residual frit being deposited in an area of the tube that might significantly interfere with subsequent sealing processes, such as, for example, laser sealing of the pump-out tube. | 1. A method of making a vacuum insulated glass window unit, the method comprising:
providing a first substrate having a hole defined therein; applying a frit inclusive paste to at least a lower portion of a pump-out tube; and inserting an end of the pump-out tube on which the frit inclusive paste has been applied into the hole defined in the first substrate. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
evacuating a cavity formed between the first substrate and a second substrate to a pressure less than atmospheric pressure using the pump-out tube. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
drying the frit inclusive paste after the pump-out tube has been inserted in the hole in the first substrate. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
firing at least part of the first substrate with the pump-out tube inserted therein to form a hermetic seal between the pump-out tube and the substrate. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said first substrate comprises glass. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming the hole in said substrate by drilling. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming the hole in said first substrate by at least drilling a first portion of the hole using a first drill bit from a first side of the first substrate and drilling a second portion of the hole using a second drill bit from a second side of the first substrate opposite the first side. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the first portion of the hole and the second portion of the hole have the same diameter. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the first portion of the hole and the second portion of the hole have different diameters. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
forming a bump comprising frit inclusive material forced out of the hole during the step of inserting, said bump being disposed proximate a top of the hole and substantially surrounding a portion of the pump-out tube extending outside the hole. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein said step of applying the frit inclusive paste comprises:
applying the frit inclusive paste to the lower portion of the pump-out tube in a rotational manner. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said rotational manner comprises:
rotating the pump-out tube while the frit paste is applied. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein said rotational manner comprises:
rotating a fit paste applicator about the pump-out tube. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein said lower portion comprises at least a lower one-third of the pump-out tube. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein said frit inclusive paste substantially covers at least a portion of an inner sidewall of said hole. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein said frit inclusive paste covers substantially all of an inner sidewall of said hole. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein said frit inclusive paste covers at least one-half of an inner sidewall of said hole. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the frit inclusive paste comprises vanadium, barium, and zinc. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the frit inclusive paste comprises solder glass paste. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein a volume of frit inclusive paste applied to the pump-out tube is sufficient to fill at least a substantial portion of a gap formed between the pump-out tube and the side of the hole in the substrate when the pump-out tube is inserted into the hole. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein a volume of frit inclusive paste applied to a lower portion of the pump-out tube is sufficient to fill at least a substantial portion of a gap formed between the pump-out tube and the side of the hole in the substrate when the pump-out tube is inserted in the hole and to form a bump of frit material that is substantially continuous with the frit material in the hole at a top portion of the hole and substantially surrounding the pump-out tube. 22. The method of claim 1, further comprising evacuating a cavity formed between the first substrate and a second substrate to a pressure less than atmospheric pressure using the pump-out tube, and then sealing a tip portion of the pump-out tube. 23. A method of making a vacuum insulated glass window unit, the method comprising:
inserting a pump-out tube having frit material applied to a lower portion thereof into a hole formed in a glass substrate; and evacuating a cavity between the substrate and another substrate to a pressure lower than atmospheric pressure using the inserted pump-out tube. | A method for making a vacuum insulated glass window assembly is provided in which an amount of wet frit material is applied to a lower portion of a pump-out tube prior to insertion of the tube into a hole formed in a glass substrate of the VIG window assembly. The tube is then inserted into the hole, frit paste end first. An amount of frit may overflow the hole and form a bump/shoulder of frit material proximate the area of the hole on an outer surface of the glass substrate. Applying the fit to the tube prior to insertion and at a lower portion thereof reduces the amount of and/or avoids residual frit being deposited in an area of the tube that might significantly interfere with subsequent sealing processes, such as, for example, laser sealing of the pump-out tube.1. A method of making a vacuum insulated glass window unit, the method comprising:
providing a first substrate having a hole defined therein; applying a frit inclusive paste to at least a lower portion of a pump-out tube; and inserting an end of the pump-out tube on which the frit inclusive paste has been applied into the hole defined in the first substrate. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
evacuating a cavity formed between the first substrate and a second substrate to a pressure less than atmospheric pressure using the pump-out tube. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
drying the frit inclusive paste after the pump-out tube has been inserted in the hole in the first substrate. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
firing at least part of the first substrate with the pump-out tube inserted therein to form a hermetic seal between the pump-out tube and the substrate. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said first substrate comprises glass. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming the hole in said substrate by drilling. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming the hole in said first substrate by at least drilling a first portion of the hole using a first drill bit from a first side of the first substrate and drilling a second portion of the hole using a second drill bit from a second side of the first substrate opposite the first side. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the first portion of the hole and the second portion of the hole have the same diameter. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the first portion of the hole and the second portion of the hole have different diameters. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
forming a bump comprising frit inclusive material forced out of the hole during the step of inserting, said bump being disposed proximate a top of the hole and substantially surrounding a portion of the pump-out tube extending outside the hole. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein said step of applying the frit inclusive paste comprises:
applying the frit inclusive paste to the lower portion of the pump-out tube in a rotational manner. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said rotational manner comprises:
rotating the pump-out tube while the frit paste is applied. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein said rotational manner comprises:
rotating a fit paste applicator about the pump-out tube. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein said lower portion comprises at least a lower one-third of the pump-out tube. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein said frit inclusive paste substantially covers at least a portion of an inner sidewall of said hole. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein said frit inclusive paste covers substantially all of an inner sidewall of said hole. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein said frit inclusive paste covers at least one-half of an inner sidewall of said hole. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the frit inclusive paste comprises vanadium, barium, and zinc. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the frit inclusive paste comprises solder glass paste. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein a volume of frit inclusive paste applied to the pump-out tube is sufficient to fill at least a substantial portion of a gap formed between the pump-out tube and the side of the hole in the substrate when the pump-out tube is inserted into the hole. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein a volume of frit inclusive paste applied to a lower portion of the pump-out tube is sufficient to fill at least a substantial portion of a gap formed between the pump-out tube and the side of the hole in the substrate when the pump-out tube is inserted in the hole and to form a bump of frit material that is substantially continuous with the frit material in the hole at a top portion of the hole and substantially surrounding the pump-out tube. 22. The method of claim 1, further comprising evacuating a cavity formed between the first substrate and a second substrate to a pressure less than atmospheric pressure using the pump-out tube, and then sealing a tip portion of the pump-out tube. 23. A method of making a vacuum insulated glass window unit, the method comprising:
inserting a pump-out tube having frit material applied to a lower portion thereof into a hole formed in a glass substrate; and evacuating a cavity between the substrate and another substrate to a pressure lower than atmospheric pressure using the inserted pump-out tube. | 1,700 |
2,951 | 13,982,080 | 1,715 | Improvements in the extrusion of thermohardenable materials are achieved by cooling the material in the initial zone ( 2 ) of the extruder ( 1 ) and reducing residence time by use of a prescribed length to diameter ratio and screw speed, particularly useful for intermittent application during robotically controlled mass production. | 1. A process for the provision of thermally activatable materials on a substrate comprising extruding the material onto the substrate at a temperature below the activation temperature wherein the material is fed to an extruder, the material is coded within the initial zone of the barrel of the extruder, heating the material to a temperature above the melting point and below the activation temperature of the material in a subsequent zone of the barrel of the extruder and extruding the molten material onto the substrate where it bonds to the substrate and cools to provide thermally activatable material on the substrate. 2. A process according to claim 1, wherein the initial zone of the barrel of the extruder is cooled by passing a cooling fluid around the initial zone of the barrel of the extruder and the temperature of the fluid is controlled so that as it leaves the initial zone of the barrel of the extruder zone its temperature is no greater than 15° C. 3. A process according to claim 1, wherein the extrusion is intermittent. 4. A process according to claim 1, wherein the thermally activatable material is a thermohardenable material. 5. A process according to claim 1, wherein the thermally activatable material is a thermally foamable material. 6. A process according to claim 1 wherein the material that is fed to the extruder is dry to touch. 7. A process according to Claim 6, wherein the material is in pellet form. 8. A process according to claim 1 wherein the compression ratio of the extruder is from 1.5 to 2. 9. A process according to claim 1, wherein the length to diameter ratio of the extruder is 24 or lower, preferably between 24 and 16, more preferably between 20 and 16. 10. A process according to claim 1, wherein the extruder operates at between 10 and 50 revolutions of the extruder screw per minute. 11. A process according to claim 1, wherein the length of the initial zone of the barrel of the extruder is from two times to five times the diameter of the extruder barrel. 12. A process according to claim 1, wherein the material is extruded at a temperature In the range of 60° C. to 120° C. 13. A process according to claim 3, wherein the direction of rotation of the screw of the extruder is reversible and it is reversed when if is desired to stop extrusion. 14. A process according to Claim 13 wherein the screw is reversed and reactivated one or more times during the extrusion of material onto a single component. 15. A process according to claim 1, wherein the extruder is moved in a predetermined manner relative to the surface of the substrate. 16. A process according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is moved relative to the die of the extruder. 17. A process according to claim 15, wherein the process is robotically controlled and the robot supports and moves the extruder while the substrate is static or the robot moves the substrate while the extruder is static. 18. A process according to claim 1, wherein the extruder is programmed to stop and start extruding several times on a single substrate. 19. A process according to claim 1, wherein the residence time of the material in the extruder is less than 10 minutes. 20. A process according to claim 1 comprising sequential operations wherein a substrate is placed on a table beneath the extruder die extrusion commenced and the substrate and/or the die are moved relative to each other to provide the desired pattern or array of the extrudate on the substrate which may be continuous or discontinuous; once the pattern or array is complete the extruder screw is automatically reversed to stop extrusion; the substrate carrying the extrudate is removed and replaced with the next substrate and extrusion recommenced to form a deposit of the thermoactivatable material on the new substrate. 21-34. (canceled) | Improvements in the extrusion of thermohardenable materials are achieved by cooling the material in the initial zone ( 2 ) of the extruder ( 1 ) and reducing residence time by use of a prescribed length to diameter ratio and screw speed, particularly useful for intermittent application during robotically controlled mass production.1. A process for the provision of thermally activatable materials on a substrate comprising extruding the material onto the substrate at a temperature below the activation temperature wherein the material is fed to an extruder, the material is coded within the initial zone of the barrel of the extruder, heating the material to a temperature above the melting point and below the activation temperature of the material in a subsequent zone of the barrel of the extruder and extruding the molten material onto the substrate where it bonds to the substrate and cools to provide thermally activatable material on the substrate. 2. A process according to claim 1, wherein the initial zone of the barrel of the extruder is cooled by passing a cooling fluid around the initial zone of the barrel of the extruder and the temperature of the fluid is controlled so that as it leaves the initial zone of the barrel of the extruder zone its temperature is no greater than 15° C. 3. A process according to claim 1, wherein the extrusion is intermittent. 4. A process according to claim 1, wherein the thermally activatable material is a thermohardenable material. 5. A process according to claim 1, wherein the thermally activatable material is a thermally foamable material. 6. A process according to claim 1 wherein the material that is fed to the extruder is dry to touch. 7. A process according to Claim 6, wherein the material is in pellet form. 8. A process according to claim 1 wherein the compression ratio of the extruder is from 1.5 to 2. 9. A process according to claim 1, wherein the length to diameter ratio of the extruder is 24 or lower, preferably between 24 and 16, more preferably between 20 and 16. 10. A process according to claim 1, wherein the extruder operates at between 10 and 50 revolutions of the extruder screw per minute. 11. A process according to claim 1, wherein the length of the initial zone of the barrel of the extruder is from two times to five times the diameter of the extruder barrel. 12. A process according to claim 1, wherein the material is extruded at a temperature In the range of 60° C. to 120° C. 13. A process according to claim 3, wherein the direction of rotation of the screw of the extruder is reversible and it is reversed when if is desired to stop extrusion. 14. A process according to Claim 13 wherein the screw is reversed and reactivated one or more times during the extrusion of material onto a single component. 15. A process according to claim 1, wherein the extruder is moved in a predetermined manner relative to the surface of the substrate. 16. A process according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is moved relative to the die of the extruder. 17. A process according to claim 15, wherein the process is robotically controlled and the robot supports and moves the extruder while the substrate is static or the robot moves the substrate while the extruder is static. 18. A process according to claim 1, wherein the extruder is programmed to stop and start extruding several times on a single substrate. 19. A process according to claim 1, wherein the residence time of the material in the extruder is less than 10 minutes. 20. A process according to claim 1 comprising sequential operations wherein a substrate is placed on a table beneath the extruder die extrusion commenced and the substrate and/or the die are moved relative to each other to provide the desired pattern or array of the extrudate on the substrate which may be continuous or discontinuous; once the pattern or array is complete the extruder screw is automatically reversed to stop extrusion; the substrate carrying the extrudate is removed and replaced with the next substrate and extrusion recommenced to form a deposit of the thermoactivatable material on the new substrate. 21-34. (canceled) | 1,700 |
2,952 | 13,206,004 | 1,741 | One embodiment of the disclosure relates to a method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot, the method comprising the step of treating silica-based soot or the article made of silica-based soot with at least one of the following compounds: (i) a mixture of CO and Cl 2 in a carrier gas such that the total concentration of CO and Cl 2 in the mixture is greater than 10% (by volume, in carrier gas) and the ratio of CO:Cl 2 is between 0.25 and 5; (ii) CCl 4 in a carrier gas, such that concentration CCl 4 is greater than 1% (by volume, in carrier gas). Preferably, the treatment by CCl 4 is performed at temperatures between 600° C., and 850° C. Preferably, the treatment with the CO and Cl mixture is performed at temperatures between 900° C. and 1200° C. The carrier gas may be, for example, He, Ar, N 2 , or the combination thereof. | 1. A method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot, said method comprising:
treating said silica-based soot or said article made of silica-based soot with at least one of the following compounds: (i) a mixture of CO and Cl2 in a carrier gas such that the total concentration of CO and Cl2 in said mixture is greater than 10%, by volume and the ratio of CO:Cl2 is between 0.25 and 5; (ii) CCl4, in a carrier gas, such that the concentration of CCl4 is greater than 1%, by volume. 2. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of CO:Cl2 is between 0.5 and 2. 3. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of CO:Cl2 is between 0.75 and 1.5. 4. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 1, wherein the treatment with a mixture of CO and Cl2 is performed between 900° C. and 1200° C. 5. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 4, wherein the treatment with a mixture of CO and Cl2 is performed between 1000° C. and 1200° C. 6. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 4, wherein the treatment with a mixture of CO and Cl2 is performed between 1100° C. and 1200° C. 7. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 1, wherein the treatment with CCl4 is performed between 600° C. and 850° C. 8. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 7, wherein the treatment with CCl4 is performed between 750° C. and 850° C. 9. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 2, wherein the treatment with a mixture of CO and Cl2 is performed for at least 120 min. 10. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 9, wherein the treatment with a mixture of CO and Cl2 is performed for at least 100 min. 11. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 9, wherein the treatment with a mixture of CO and Cl2 is performed for at least 200 min. 12. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 11, wherein the treatment with a mixture of CO and Cl2 is performed for at least 600 min. 13. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 2, wherein the treatment time with the CO/Cl2 mixture is at least:
t treatment,Cr2O3 (in mm)>t diffusion +t reaction,Cr2O3
where the diffusion reaction time is a function of soot layer thickness L (in cm) and diffusion rate of the CO/Cl2 mixture Deff (in cm2/sec) through the porous soot preform, or loose silica soot and
t
diffusion
(
in
min
)
=
L
2
60
D
eff
;
and the reaction time is
t
reaction
,
Cr
2
O
3
(
in
min
)
=
4.3
×
10
-
4
(
d
p
(
in
μm
)
)
Exp
[
12000
/
T
(
in
K
)
]
y
Cl
2
x
Cl
2
(
1
-
1.35
x
Cl
2
+
0.372
x
Cl
2
2
)
where xCl2 is (yCl2)/(yCl2+yCO), and ycl2 and yco are the partial pressure of chlorine and carbon monoxide respectively 14. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 7, wherein the treatment time with CCl4 is at least:
t treatment,ZrO2 (in min)>t diffusion +t reaction,ZrO2
where the diffusion reaction time is a function of soot layer thickness L (in cm) and diffusion rate of the CCl4 Deff,CCl4 (in cm2/sec) through the porous soot preform and is
t
diffusion
(
in
min
)
=
L
2
60
D
eff
,
CCl
4
and the reaction time is given as:
t
reaction
,
ZrO
2
(
in
min
)
=
5.75
×
10
-
6
d
p
(
in
μm
)
Exp
[
12000
/
T
]
y
CCl
4
(
in
atm
)
. 15. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 7, wherein the treatment time with CCl4 is at least 20 min. 16. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 15, wherein the treatment time with CCl4 is at least 50 min. 17. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 15, wherein the treatment with CCl4 is at least 90 min. 18. A method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot, said method comprising the following steps:
treating said silica-based soot or said article made of silica-based soot with (i) CCl4 in a carrier gas, such that the concentration of CCl4 is greater than 1%, by volume; and (ii) a mixture of CO and Cl2 such that the total concentration of CO and Cl2 in said mixture is greater than 10%, by volume and the ratio of CO:Cl2 is between 0.25 and 5;
wherein said treatment with CCl4 is performed either before, or after the treatment with the mixture of CO and Cl2. 19. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or the article made of silica-based soot according to claim 18, wherein said treatment with CCl4 is performed at temperatures between 600° C. and 850° C., and said treatment with a mixture of CO and Cl2 is performed at temperatures between 900° C. and 1200° C. 20. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or the article made of silica-based soot according to claim 18, wherein said treatment with CCl4 is performed for at least 2 min, and said treatment with a mixture of CO and Cl2 is performed for at least 5 min. | One embodiment of the disclosure relates to a method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot, the method comprising the step of treating silica-based soot or the article made of silica-based soot with at least one of the following compounds: (i) a mixture of CO and Cl 2 in a carrier gas such that the total concentration of CO and Cl 2 in the mixture is greater than 10% (by volume, in carrier gas) and the ratio of CO:Cl 2 is between 0.25 and 5; (ii) CCl 4 in a carrier gas, such that concentration CCl 4 is greater than 1% (by volume, in carrier gas). Preferably, the treatment by CCl 4 is performed at temperatures between 600° C., and 850° C. Preferably, the treatment with the CO and Cl mixture is performed at temperatures between 900° C. and 1200° C. The carrier gas may be, for example, He, Ar, N 2 , or the combination thereof.1. A method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot, said method comprising:
treating said silica-based soot or said article made of silica-based soot with at least one of the following compounds: (i) a mixture of CO and Cl2 in a carrier gas such that the total concentration of CO and Cl2 in said mixture is greater than 10%, by volume and the ratio of CO:Cl2 is between 0.25 and 5; (ii) CCl4, in a carrier gas, such that the concentration of CCl4 is greater than 1%, by volume. 2. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of CO:Cl2 is between 0.5 and 2. 3. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of CO:Cl2 is between 0.75 and 1.5. 4. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 1, wherein the treatment with a mixture of CO and Cl2 is performed between 900° C. and 1200° C. 5. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 4, wherein the treatment with a mixture of CO and Cl2 is performed between 1000° C. and 1200° C. 6. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 4, wherein the treatment with a mixture of CO and Cl2 is performed between 1100° C. and 1200° C. 7. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 1, wherein the treatment with CCl4 is performed between 600° C. and 850° C. 8. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 7, wherein the treatment with CCl4 is performed between 750° C. and 850° C. 9. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 2, wherein the treatment with a mixture of CO and Cl2 is performed for at least 120 min. 10. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 9, wherein the treatment with a mixture of CO and Cl2 is performed for at least 100 min. 11. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 9, wherein the treatment with a mixture of CO and Cl2 is performed for at least 200 min. 12. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 11, wherein the treatment with a mixture of CO and Cl2 is performed for at least 600 min. 13. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 2, wherein the treatment time with the CO/Cl2 mixture is at least:
t treatment,Cr2O3 (in mm)>t diffusion +t reaction,Cr2O3
where the diffusion reaction time is a function of soot layer thickness L (in cm) and diffusion rate of the CO/Cl2 mixture Deff (in cm2/sec) through the porous soot preform, or loose silica soot and
t
diffusion
(
in
min
)
=
L
2
60
D
eff
;
and the reaction time is
t
reaction
,
Cr
2
O
3
(
in
min
)
=
4.3
×
10
-
4
(
d
p
(
in
μm
)
)
Exp
[
12000
/
T
(
in
K
)
]
y
Cl
2
x
Cl
2
(
1
-
1.35
x
Cl
2
+
0.372
x
Cl
2
2
)
where xCl2 is (yCl2)/(yCl2+yCO), and ycl2 and yco are the partial pressure of chlorine and carbon monoxide respectively 14. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 7, wherein the treatment time with CCl4 is at least:
t treatment,ZrO2 (in min)>t diffusion +t reaction,ZrO2
where the diffusion reaction time is a function of soot layer thickness L (in cm) and diffusion rate of the CCl4 Deff,CCl4 (in cm2/sec) through the porous soot preform and is
t
diffusion
(
in
min
)
=
L
2
60
D
eff
,
CCl
4
and the reaction time is given as:
t
reaction
,
ZrO
2
(
in
min
)
=
5.75
×
10
-
6
d
p
(
in
μm
)
Exp
[
12000
/
T
]
y
CCl
4
(
in
atm
)
. 15. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 7, wherein the treatment time with CCl4 is at least 20 min. 16. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 15, wherein the treatment time with CCl4 is at least 50 min. 17. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot according to claim 15, wherein the treatment with CCl4 is at least 90 min. 18. A method of cleaning silica-based soot or an article made of silica-based soot, said method comprising the following steps:
treating said silica-based soot or said article made of silica-based soot with (i) CCl4 in a carrier gas, such that the concentration of CCl4 is greater than 1%, by volume; and (ii) a mixture of CO and Cl2 such that the total concentration of CO and Cl2 in said mixture is greater than 10%, by volume and the ratio of CO:Cl2 is between 0.25 and 5;
wherein said treatment with CCl4 is performed either before, or after the treatment with the mixture of CO and Cl2. 19. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or the article made of silica-based soot according to claim 18, wherein said treatment with CCl4 is performed at temperatures between 600° C. and 850° C., and said treatment with a mixture of CO and Cl2 is performed at temperatures between 900° C. and 1200° C. 20. The method of cleaning silica-based soot or the article made of silica-based soot according to claim 18, wherein said treatment with CCl4 is performed for at least 2 min, and said treatment with a mixture of CO and Cl2 is performed for at least 5 min. | 1,700 |
2,953 | 14,410,718 | 1,799 | An apparatus ( 1000 ) and kit ( 1000 ) for the detection of ATP in a liquid sample is provided. The apparatus and kit comprise a liquid reagent composition comprising luciferin and a sampling device having ( 100 ) a sampling portion ( 30 ) and a handling portion ( 20 ). The sampling portion ( 30 ) is adapted to acquire and releasably retain a predetermined volume of a liquid sample in one or more cavity ( 32 ) that is not substantially defined by space between a plurality of fibers. The sampling device ( 30 ) comprises a dry coating that includes an effective amount of a pH-adjusting reagent that, when contacted with a liquid reagent composition having a pH of about 6.8 or lower, changes the pH of the liquid reagent composition to 6.9 or higher. A method of use of the apparatus or kit is also provided. | 1. A kit, comprising:
a container with an opening and a cuvette portion that is adapted to be operationally coupled to a luminometer; a liquid reagent composition comprising luciferin, wherein the liquid reagent composition is disposed in a closed compartment, wherein the pH of the liquid reagent composition is about 6.8 or lower; and a sampling device having a sampling portion;
wherein the sampling portion is adapted to acquire and releasably retain a predetermined volume of a liquid sample in one or more cavity that is not substantially defined by space between a plurality of fibers;
wherein the sampling device comprises a dry coating that includes an effective amount of a pH-adjusting reagent that, when contacted with the liquid reagent composition, changes the pH of the liquid reagent composition to 6.9 or higher. 2. An apparatus, comprising:
a container with an opening and a cuvette portion that is adapted to be operationally coupled to a luminometer; a liquid reagent composition comprising luciferin, wherein the liquid reagent composition is disposed in a closed compartment, wherein the pH of the liquid reagent composition is about 6.8 or lower; and a sampling device having a sampling portion;
wherein the sampling portion is adapted to acquire and releasably retain a predetermined volume of a liquid sample in one or more cavity that is not substantially defined by space between a plurality of fibers;
wherein the sampling device comprises a dry coating that includes an effective amount of a pH-adjusting reagent that, when contacted with the liquid reagent composition, changes the pH of the liquid reagent composition to 6.9 or higher. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the dry coating is disposed on the sampling portion of the sampling device. 4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the pH-adjusting reagent comprises a water-soluble reagent. 5. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the sampling portion comprises a calibrated loop. 6. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the closed compartment comprises a frangible wall. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the frangible wall is disposed in the container between the opening and the cuvette portion. 8. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the sampling device comprises the closed compartment, wherein the sampling device further comprises a structure that selectively releases the fluid composition from the container. 9. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the sampling portion comprises a foam material. 10. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the pH-adjusting reagent comprises a buffer component selected from the group consisting of N-[2-hydroxyethyl]piperazine-N′-[2-ethanesulfonic acid], N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]glycine, and combinations thereof. 11. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the pH-adjusting reagent is coated in the one or more cavity. 12. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the coating further comprises an effective amount of a cell extractant. 13. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the luciferase enzyme consists essentially of a recombinant luciferase enzyme having luciferase activity that is less sensitive to variations in temperature, ionic detergents, and reducing agents than a corresponding non-recombinant luciferase enzyme. 14. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the coating does not comprise an effective amount of a phosphate buffer component. 15. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the predetermined volume is about 0.01 milliliters to about 0.25 milliliters. 16. A method, comprising:
using a sampling device to obtain a predetermined volume of a liquid sample;
wherein the sampling device comprises a sampling portion;
wherein the sampling portion is adapted to acquire and releasably retain a predetermined volume of liquid sample in one or more cavity, wherein the one or more cavity is not substantially defined by space between a plurality of fibers;
wherein the sampling device comprises a dry coating that includes an effective amount of a pH-adjusting reagent that, when contacted with a liquid reagent composition having a pH of about 6.8 or lower, changes the pH of the liquid reagent composition to 6.9 or higher;
wherein the liquid reagent composition comprises a luciferin;
contacting the predetermined volume of sample and the pH-adjusting reagent with a liquid reagent composition in a container to form a reaction mixture; and using a luminometer to detect light emitted from the reaction mixture; wherein the container comprises a cuvette portion adapted to be operationally coupled to the luminometer. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising the step of agitating the predetermined volume of the sample and the liquid reagent composition in the container. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the liquid reagent composition further comprises a luciferase enzyme. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the luciferase enzyme activity consists essentially of a recombinant luciferase enzyme having luciferase activity that is less sensitive to variations in temperature, ionic detergents, and reducing agents than a corresponding non-recombinant luciferase enzyme. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein contacting the sampling device comprising the sample with liquid reagent composition comprises contacting the sampling device with the liquid reagent composition at a temperature within a range of 10° C. and 35° C., inclusive. 21. The method of claim 16 wherein, after contacting the sampling device with liquid reagent composition, a substantially steady-state amount of light is emitted from the composition in less than 20 seconds. | An apparatus ( 1000 ) and kit ( 1000 ) for the detection of ATP in a liquid sample is provided. The apparatus and kit comprise a liquid reagent composition comprising luciferin and a sampling device having ( 100 ) a sampling portion ( 30 ) and a handling portion ( 20 ). The sampling portion ( 30 ) is adapted to acquire and releasably retain a predetermined volume of a liquid sample in one or more cavity ( 32 ) that is not substantially defined by space between a plurality of fibers. The sampling device ( 30 ) comprises a dry coating that includes an effective amount of a pH-adjusting reagent that, when contacted with a liquid reagent composition having a pH of about 6.8 or lower, changes the pH of the liquid reagent composition to 6.9 or higher. A method of use of the apparatus or kit is also provided.1. A kit, comprising:
a container with an opening and a cuvette portion that is adapted to be operationally coupled to a luminometer; a liquid reagent composition comprising luciferin, wherein the liquid reagent composition is disposed in a closed compartment, wherein the pH of the liquid reagent composition is about 6.8 or lower; and a sampling device having a sampling portion;
wherein the sampling portion is adapted to acquire and releasably retain a predetermined volume of a liquid sample in one or more cavity that is not substantially defined by space between a plurality of fibers;
wherein the sampling device comprises a dry coating that includes an effective amount of a pH-adjusting reagent that, when contacted with the liquid reagent composition, changes the pH of the liquid reagent composition to 6.9 or higher. 2. An apparatus, comprising:
a container with an opening and a cuvette portion that is adapted to be operationally coupled to a luminometer; a liquid reagent composition comprising luciferin, wherein the liquid reagent composition is disposed in a closed compartment, wherein the pH of the liquid reagent composition is about 6.8 or lower; and a sampling device having a sampling portion;
wherein the sampling portion is adapted to acquire and releasably retain a predetermined volume of a liquid sample in one or more cavity that is not substantially defined by space between a plurality of fibers;
wherein the sampling device comprises a dry coating that includes an effective amount of a pH-adjusting reagent that, when contacted with the liquid reagent composition, changes the pH of the liquid reagent composition to 6.9 or higher. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the dry coating is disposed on the sampling portion of the sampling device. 4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the pH-adjusting reagent comprises a water-soluble reagent. 5. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the sampling portion comprises a calibrated loop. 6. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the closed compartment comprises a frangible wall. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the frangible wall is disposed in the container between the opening and the cuvette portion. 8. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the sampling device comprises the closed compartment, wherein the sampling device further comprises a structure that selectively releases the fluid composition from the container. 9. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the sampling portion comprises a foam material. 10. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the pH-adjusting reagent comprises a buffer component selected from the group consisting of N-[2-hydroxyethyl]piperazine-N′-[2-ethanesulfonic acid], N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]glycine, and combinations thereof. 11. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the pH-adjusting reagent is coated in the one or more cavity. 12. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the coating further comprises an effective amount of a cell extractant. 13. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the luciferase enzyme consists essentially of a recombinant luciferase enzyme having luciferase activity that is less sensitive to variations in temperature, ionic detergents, and reducing agents than a corresponding non-recombinant luciferase enzyme. 14. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the coating does not comprise an effective amount of a phosphate buffer component. 15. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the predetermined volume is about 0.01 milliliters to about 0.25 milliliters. 16. A method, comprising:
using a sampling device to obtain a predetermined volume of a liquid sample;
wherein the sampling device comprises a sampling portion;
wherein the sampling portion is adapted to acquire and releasably retain a predetermined volume of liquid sample in one or more cavity, wherein the one or more cavity is not substantially defined by space between a plurality of fibers;
wherein the sampling device comprises a dry coating that includes an effective amount of a pH-adjusting reagent that, when contacted with a liquid reagent composition having a pH of about 6.8 or lower, changes the pH of the liquid reagent composition to 6.9 or higher;
wherein the liquid reagent composition comprises a luciferin;
contacting the predetermined volume of sample and the pH-adjusting reagent with a liquid reagent composition in a container to form a reaction mixture; and using a luminometer to detect light emitted from the reaction mixture; wherein the container comprises a cuvette portion adapted to be operationally coupled to the luminometer. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising the step of agitating the predetermined volume of the sample and the liquid reagent composition in the container. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the liquid reagent composition further comprises a luciferase enzyme. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the luciferase enzyme activity consists essentially of a recombinant luciferase enzyme having luciferase activity that is less sensitive to variations in temperature, ionic detergents, and reducing agents than a corresponding non-recombinant luciferase enzyme. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein contacting the sampling device comprising the sample with liquid reagent composition comprises contacting the sampling device with the liquid reagent composition at a temperature within a range of 10° C. and 35° C., inclusive. 21. The method of claim 16 wherein, after contacting the sampling device with liquid reagent composition, a substantially steady-state amount of light is emitted from the composition in less than 20 seconds. | 1,700 |
2,954 | 13,624,088 | 1,787 | A laminate body containing at least one resin composition layer and at least one glass substrate layer, wherein the resin composition layer comprises a resin composition containing a thermosetting resin and an inorganic filler. A laminate plate containing at least one cured resin layer and at least one glass substrate layer, wherein the cured resin layer comprises a cured product of a resin composition that contains a thermosetting resin and an inorganic filler. A printed wiring board having the laminate plate and a wiring provided on the surface of the laminate plate. A method for producing a laminate plate containing at least one cured resin layer comprising a cured product of a resin composition containing a thermosetting resin and an inorganic filler, and at least one glass substrate layer, which comprises a cured resin layer forming step of forming a cured resin layer on the surface of a glass substrate. | 1. A laminate body containing at least one resin composition layer and at least one glass substrate layer, wherein the resin composition layer comprises the resin composition containing the thermosetting resin and the inorganic filler. 2. The laminate body according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the glass substrate layer is from 30 μm to 200 μm. 3. The laminate body according to claim 1, wherein the thermosetting resin is one or more selected from an epoxy resin, a phenolic resin, an unsaturated imide resin, a cyanate resin, an isocyanate resin, a benzoxazine resin, an oxetane resin, an amino resin, an unsaturated polyester resin, an allyl resin, a dicyclopentadiene resin, a silicone resin, a triazine resin and a melamine resin. 4. The laminate body according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic filler is one or more selected from silica, alumina, talc, mica, aluminium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, aluminium borate and borosilicate glass. 5. A laminate plate containing at least one cured resin layer and at least one glass substrate layer, wherein the cured resin layer comprises a cured product of a resin composition that contains a thermosetting resin and an inorganic filler. 6. The laminate plate according to claim 5, which has a storage elastic modulus at 40° C. of from 10 GPa to 70 GPa. 7. The laminate plate according to claim 5, which is obtained by heating a laminate body containing at least one resin composition layer and at least one glass substrate layer, wherein the resin composition layer comprises the resin composition containing the thermosetting resin and the inorganic filler. 8. A multilayer laminate plate containing multiple laminate plates, wherein at least one laminate plate is the laminate plate of claim 5. 9. A printed wiring board having the laminate plate of claim 5 and a wiring provided on the surface of the laminate plate. 10. A printed wiring board having the multilayer laminate plate of claim 8 and a wiring provided on the surface of the multilayer laminate plate. 11. A method for producing a laminate plate containing at least one cured resin layer comprising a cured product of a resin composition containing a thermosetting resin and an inorganic filler, and at least one glass substrate layer, which comprises a cured resin layer forming step of forming a cured resin layer on the surface of a glass substrate. 12. The method for producing a laminate plate according to claim 11, wherein the cured resin layer forming step is a step of applying the resin composition onto the glass substrate followed by drying and curing the resin composition. 13. The method for producing a laminate plate according to claim 11, wherein the cured resin layer forming step is a step of laminating a film of the resin composition onto the glass substrate by the use of a vacuum laminator or a roll laminator followed by curing the film. 14. The method for producing a laminate plate according to claim 11, wherein the cured resin layer forming step is a step of arranging a film of the resin composition on the glass substrate followed by pressing and curing the film. | A laminate body containing at least one resin composition layer and at least one glass substrate layer, wherein the resin composition layer comprises a resin composition containing a thermosetting resin and an inorganic filler. A laminate plate containing at least one cured resin layer and at least one glass substrate layer, wherein the cured resin layer comprises a cured product of a resin composition that contains a thermosetting resin and an inorganic filler. A printed wiring board having the laminate plate and a wiring provided on the surface of the laminate plate. A method for producing a laminate plate containing at least one cured resin layer comprising a cured product of a resin composition containing a thermosetting resin and an inorganic filler, and at least one glass substrate layer, which comprises a cured resin layer forming step of forming a cured resin layer on the surface of a glass substrate.1. A laminate body containing at least one resin composition layer and at least one glass substrate layer, wherein the resin composition layer comprises the resin composition containing the thermosetting resin and the inorganic filler. 2. The laminate body according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the glass substrate layer is from 30 μm to 200 μm. 3. The laminate body according to claim 1, wherein the thermosetting resin is one or more selected from an epoxy resin, a phenolic resin, an unsaturated imide resin, a cyanate resin, an isocyanate resin, a benzoxazine resin, an oxetane resin, an amino resin, an unsaturated polyester resin, an allyl resin, a dicyclopentadiene resin, a silicone resin, a triazine resin and a melamine resin. 4. The laminate body according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic filler is one or more selected from silica, alumina, talc, mica, aluminium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, aluminium borate and borosilicate glass. 5. A laminate plate containing at least one cured resin layer and at least one glass substrate layer, wherein the cured resin layer comprises a cured product of a resin composition that contains a thermosetting resin and an inorganic filler. 6. The laminate plate according to claim 5, which has a storage elastic modulus at 40° C. of from 10 GPa to 70 GPa. 7. The laminate plate according to claim 5, which is obtained by heating a laminate body containing at least one resin composition layer and at least one glass substrate layer, wherein the resin composition layer comprises the resin composition containing the thermosetting resin and the inorganic filler. 8. A multilayer laminate plate containing multiple laminate plates, wherein at least one laminate plate is the laminate plate of claim 5. 9. A printed wiring board having the laminate plate of claim 5 and a wiring provided on the surface of the laminate plate. 10. A printed wiring board having the multilayer laminate plate of claim 8 and a wiring provided on the surface of the multilayer laminate plate. 11. A method for producing a laminate plate containing at least one cured resin layer comprising a cured product of a resin composition containing a thermosetting resin and an inorganic filler, and at least one glass substrate layer, which comprises a cured resin layer forming step of forming a cured resin layer on the surface of a glass substrate. 12. The method for producing a laminate plate according to claim 11, wherein the cured resin layer forming step is a step of applying the resin composition onto the glass substrate followed by drying and curing the resin composition. 13. The method for producing a laminate plate according to claim 11, wherein the cured resin layer forming step is a step of laminating a film of the resin composition onto the glass substrate by the use of a vacuum laminator or a roll laminator followed by curing the film. 14. The method for producing a laminate plate according to claim 11, wherein the cured resin layer forming step is a step of arranging a film of the resin composition on the glass substrate followed by pressing and curing the film. | 1,700 |
2,955 | 14,822,044 | 1,733 | A die-cast nickel based superalloy includes 4.5-5.5 wt % Tungsten (W), 1.5-2.5 wt % Columbium (Cb), 4.5-5.5 wt % Tantalum (Ta), 0.5-5.0 wt % Titanium (Ti), and 0.5-3.0 wt % Aluminum (Al), | 1. A nickel based superalloy comprising:
4.5-5.5 wt % Tungsten (W), 1.5-2.5 wt % Columbium (Cb), 4.5-5.5 wt % Tantalum (Ta), 0.5-5.0 wt % Titanium (Ti), and 0.5-3.0 wt % Aluminum (Al). 2. The nickel based superalloy as recited in claim 1, further comprising: 0-0.2 wt % Carbon (C). 3. The nickel based superalloy as recited in claim 1, further comprising: 0-0.35 wt % Manganese (Mn). 4. The nickel based superalloy as recited in claim 1, further comprising: 13-15 wt % Chromium (Cr). 5. The nickel based superalloy as recited in claim 1, further comprising: 3.4-5.5 wt % Molybdenum (Mo). 6. The nickel based superalloy as recited in claim 1, further comprising: 0.005-0.015 wt % Boron (B). 7. The nickel based superalloy as recited in claim 1, further comprising: 0.05-0.12 wt % Zirconium (Zr). 8. The nickel based superalloy as recited in claim 1, further comprising: 0-1.0 wt % Iron (Fe). 9. The nickel based superalloy as recited in claim 1, further comprising: 0-0.2 wt % Carbon (C), 0-0.35 wt % Manganese (Mn), 13-15 wt % Chromium (Cr), 0-1.0 wt % Cobalt (Co), 3.4-5.5 wt % Molybdenum (Mo), 0.005-0.015 wt % Boron (B), 0.05-0.12 wt % Zirconium (Zr), 0-1.0 wt % Iron (Fe), 0-0.5 wt % Copper (Cu), 0-0.00003 wt % Bismuth (Bi), 0-0.0005 wt % Lead (Pb), and the balance Nickel (Ni) plus incidental impurities. 10. A gas turbine engine component comprising a die-cast nickel based superalloy as claimed in claim 1. 11. A gas turbine engine rotor blade comprising a die-cast nickel based superalloy as claimed in claim 1. 12. A gas turbine engine rotor blade comprising a die-cast nickel based superalloy as claimed in claim 1, said die-cast nickel based superalloy die cast at a cooling rate on the order of at least equal 10̂2 degree F. per second. 13. The die-cast nickel based superalloy as recited in claim 12, wherein an average gran size is ASTM 3 or smaller. 14. The die-cast nickel based superalloy as recited in claim 12, wherein a degree of elemental segregation is lower than in investment casting. 15. A nickel based superalloy consisting of:
0-0.2 wt % Carbon (C), 0-0.35 wt % Manganese (Mn), 13-15 wt % Chromium (Cr), 0-1.0 wt % Cobalt (Co), 3.4-5.5 wt % Molybdenum (Mo), 4.5-5.5 wt % Tungsten (W), 1.5-2.5 wt % Columbium (Cb), 4.5-5.5 wt % Tantalum (Ta), 0.5-5.0 wt % Titanium (Ti), 0.5-3.0 wt % Aluminum (Al), 0.005-0.015 wt % Boron (B), 0.05-0.12 wt % Zirconium (Zr), 0-1.0 wt % Iron (Fe), 0-0.5 wt % Copper (Cu), 0-0.00003 wt % Bismuth (Bi), 0-0.0005 wt % Lead (Pb), and the balance Nickel (Ni) plus incidental impurities. 16. A gas turbine engine rotor blade comprising a nickel based superalloy as claimed in claim 15. 17. A gas turbine engine rotor blade comprising a die-cast nickel based superalloy as claimed in claim 15, said die-cast nickel based superalloy die cast at a cooling rate on the order of at least equal 10̂2 degree F. per second. 18. A gas turbine engine rotor blade, comprising:
a die cast nickel based superalloy including a 0-0.2 wt % Carbon (C), 0-0.35 wt % Manganese (Mn), 13-15 wt % Chromium (Cr), 0-1.0 wt % Cobalt (Co), 3.4-5.5 wt % Molybdenum (Mo), 4.5-5.5 wt % Tungsten (W), 1.5-2.5 wt % Columbium (Cb), 4.5-5.5 wt % Tantalum (Ta), 0.5-5.0 wt % Titanium (Ti), 0.5-3.0 wt % Aluminum (Al), 0.005-0.015 wt % Boron (B), 0.05-0.12 wt % Zirconium (Zr), 0-1.0 wt % Iron (Fe), 0-0.5 wt % Copper (Cu), 0-0.00003 wt % Bismuth (Bi), 0-0.0005 wt % Lead (Pb), and the balance Nickel (Ni) plus incidental impurities. 19. A gas turbine engine rotor blade as recited in claim 16, said die-cast nickel based superalloy die cast at a cooling rate on the order of at least equal 10̂2 degree F. per second. 20. The die-cast nickel based superalloy as recited in claim 19, wherein an average gran size is ASTM 3 or smaller. | A die-cast nickel based superalloy includes 4.5-5.5 wt % Tungsten (W), 1.5-2.5 wt % Columbium (Cb), 4.5-5.5 wt % Tantalum (Ta), 0.5-5.0 wt % Titanium (Ti), and 0.5-3.0 wt % Aluminum (Al),1. A nickel based superalloy comprising:
4.5-5.5 wt % Tungsten (W), 1.5-2.5 wt % Columbium (Cb), 4.5-5.5 wt % Tantalum (Ta), 0.5-5.0 wt % Titanium (Ti), and 0.5-3.0 wt % Aluminum (Al). 2. The nickel based superalloy as recited in claim 1, further comprising: 0-0.2 wt % Carbon (C). 3. The nickel based superalloy as recited in claim 1, further comprising: 0-0.35 wt % Manganese (Mn). 4. The nickel based superalloy as recited in claim 1, further comprising: 13-15 wt % Chromium (Cr). 5. The nickel based superalloy as recited in claim 1, further comprising: 3.4-5.5 wt % Molybdenum (Mo). 6. The nickel based superalloy as recited in claim 1, further comprising: 0.005-0.015 wt % Boron (B). 7. The nickel based superalloy as recited in claim 1, further comprising: 0.05-0.12 wt % Zirconium (Zr). 8. The nickel based superalloy as recited in claim 1, further comprising: 0-1.0 wt % Iron (Fe). 9. The nickel based superalloy as recited in claim 1, further comprising: 0-0.2 wt % Carbon (C), 0-0.35 wt % Manganese (Mn), 13-15 wt % Chromium (Cr), 0-1.0 wt % Cobalt (Co), 3.4-5.5 wt % Molybdenum (Mo), 0.005-0.015 wt % Boron (B), 0.05-0.12 wt % Zirconium (Zr), 0-1.0 wt % Iron (Fe), 0-0.5 wt % Copper (Cu), 0-0.00003 wt % Bismuth (Bi), 0-0.0005 wt % Lead (Pb), and the balance Nickel (Ni) plus incidental impurities. 10. A gas turbine engine component comprising a die-cast nickel based superalloy as claimed in claim 1. 11. A gas turbine engine rotor blade comprising a die-cast nickel based superalloy as claimed in claim 1. 12. A gas turbine engine rotor blade comprising a die-cast nickel based superalloy as claimed in claim 1, said die-cast nickel based superalloy die cast at a cooling rate on the order of at least equal 10̂2 degree F. per second. 13. The die-cast nickel based superalloy as recited in claim 12, wherein an average gran size is ASTM 3 or smaller. 14. The die-cast nickel based superalloy as recited in claim 12, wherein a degree of elemental segregation is lower than in investment casting. 15. A nickel based superalloy consisting of:
0-0.2 wt % Carbon (C), 0-0.35 wt % Manganese (Mn), 13-15 wt % Chromium (Cr), 0-1.0 wt % Cobalt (Co), 3.4-5.5 wt % Molybdenum (Mo), 4.5-5.5 wt % Tungsten (W), 1.5-2.5 wt % Columbium (Cb), 4.5-5.5 wt % Tantalum (Ta), 0.5-5.0 wt % Titanium (Ti), 0.5-3.0 wt % Aluminum (Al), 0.005-0.015 wt % Boron (B), 0.05-0.12 wt % Zirconium (Zr), 0-1.0 wt % Iron (Fe), 0-0.5 wt % Copper (Cu), 0-0.00003 wt % Bismuth (Bi), 0-0.0005 wt % Lead (Pb), and the balance Nickel (Ni) plus incidental impurities. 16. A gas turbine engine rotor blade comprising a nickel based superalloy as claimed in claim 15. 17. A gas turbine engine rotor blade comprising a die-cast nickel based superalloy as claimed in claim 15, said die-cast nickel based superalloy die cast at a cooling rate on the order of at least equal 10̂2 degree F. per second. 18. A gas turbine engine rotor blade, comprising:
a die cast nickel based superalloy including a 0-0.2 wt % Carbon (C), 0-0.35 wt % Manganese (Mn), 13-15 wt % Chromium (Cr), 0-1.0 wt % Cobalt (Co), 3.4-5.5 wt % Molybdenum (Mo), 4.5-5.5 wt % Tungsten (W), 1.5-2.5 wt % Columbium (Cb), 4.5-5.5 wt % Tantalum (Ta), 0.5-5.0 wt % Titanium (Ti), 0.5-3.0 wt % Aluminum (Al), 0.005-0.015 wt % Boron (B), 0.05-0.12 wt % Zirconium (Zr), 0-1.0 wt % Iron (Fe), 0-0.5 wt % Copper (Cu), 0-0.00003 wt % Bismuth (Bi), 0-0.0005 wt % Lead (Pb), and the balance Nickel (Ni) plus incidental impurities. 19. A gas turbine engine rotor blade as recited in claim 16, said die-cast nickel based superalloy die cast at a cooling rate on the order of at least equal 10̂2 degree F. per second. 20. The die-cast nickel based superalloy as recited in claim 19, wherein an average gran size is ASTM 3 or smaller. | 1,700 |
2,956 | 13,639,765 | 1,782 | A flexible pipe of multilayer structure with unbonded layers, where the pipe has an interior lining which comprises the following layers:
a) at least one layer of which the material is composed of a moulding composition based on a polymer selected from the group of:
polyarylene ether ketone, polyphenyl sulphone, polyphenylene sulphide, polyarylene ether ketone/polyphenylene sulphide blend and semiaromatic polyamide, where from 5 to 100 mol % of the dicarboxylic acid content thereof derives from an aromatic dicarboxylic acid having from 8 to 22 carbon atoms, and which has a crystallite melting point Tm of at least 260° C.;
b) at least one layer of which the material is composed of a fluoropolymer moulding composition
can be operated at temperatures above 130° C. The pipe has particular suitability for offshore applications in the production of oil or of gas. | 1. Flexible A flexible pipe having a multilayer structure with unbonded layers, where the pipe comprises an interior lining comprising layers (a) and (b):
a) at least one layer comprising a molding composition, wherein the molding composition comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of:
a polyarylene ether ketone,
polyphenyl sulfone,
polyphenylene sulfide,
a blend of a polyarylene ether ketone and polyphenylene sulfide, and
semiaromatic polyamide, where from 5 to 100 mol % of a dicarboxylic acid content thereof derives from an aromatic dicarboxylic acid having from 8 to 22 carbon atoms, and which has a crystallite melting point Tm of at least 260° C., determined according to ISO 11357 in the 2nd heating procedure;
b) at least one layer comprising a fluoropolymer molding composition. 2. The flexible pipe of claim 1, wherein the interior lining is a two-layer lining. 3. The flexible pipe of claim 1, wherein the interior lining is a three-layer lining having a layer sequence a/b/a. 4. The flexible pipe of claim 1, wherein the interior lining is a tube. 5. The flexible pipe of claim 1, further comprising, alongside the interior lining, one or more layers selected from the group consisting of
an internal carcass, one or more external reinforcing layers, and an exterior sheath. 6. The flexible pipe of claim 1, wherein the crystalline melting point Tm is at least 270° C. 7. The flexible pipe of claim 1, wherein the crystalline melting point Tm is at least 280° C. 8. The flexible pipe of claim 3, wherein an exterior layer (a) comprises polyphenylene sulfide. 9. The flexible pipe of claim 3, wherein an interior layer (a) comprises the polyarylene ether ketone, polyphenylene sulfide, or a blend of the polyarylene ether ketone and polyphenylene sulfide. 10. The flexible pipe of claim 3, wherein an exterior layer (a) comprises polyphenylene sulfide, and an interior layer (a) comprises the polyarylene ether ketone, polyphenylene sulfide, or a blend of the polyarylene ether ketone and polyphenylene sulfide. 11. The flexible pipe of claim 1, wherein the molding composition comprises the polyarylene ether ketone. 12. The flexible pipe of claim 11, wherein the polyarylene ether ketone comprises a unit having at least one formula selected from the group consisting of (—Ar—X—) and (—Ar′—Y—),
wherein
Ar and Ar′ are each independently a divalent aromatic moiety selected from the group consisting of 1,4-phenylene, 4,4′-biphenylene, 1,4-naphthylene, 1,5-naphthylene and 2,6-naphthylene;
X is carbonyl or sulfonyl; and
Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, CH2, and isopropylidene. 13. The flexible pipe of claim 12, wherein at least 50% of the groups X are carbonyl groups, and at least 50% of the groups Y are O. 14. The flexible pipe of claim 12, wherein at least 70% of the groups X are carbonyl groups, and at least 70% of the groups Y are O. 15. The flexible pipe of claim 12, wherein at least 80% of the groups X are carbonyl groups, and at least 80% of the groups Y are O. 16. The flexible pipe of claim 11, wherein the polyarylene ether ketone has a formula selected from the group consisting of formulae I-IV: 17. The flexible pipe of claim 1, wherein the interior lining has a total wall thickness of 2 to 50 mm. 18. The flexible pipe of claim 1, wherein the interior lining has a total wall thickness of 5 to 16 mm. 19. The flexible pipe of claim 1, wherein each layer (a) has a thickness of 0.1 to 10 mm. 20. The flexible pipe of claim 1, wherein each layer (a) has a thickness of 0.2 to 8 mm. | A flexible pipe of multilayer structure with unbonded layers, where the pipe has an interior lining which comprises the following layers:
a) at least one layer of which the material is composed of a moulding composition based on a polymer selected from the group of:
polyarylene ether ketone, polyphenyl sulphone, polyphenylene sulphide, polyarylene ether ketone/polyphenylene sulphide blend and semiaromatic polyamide, where from 5 to 100 mol % of the dicarboxylic acid content thereof derives from an aromatic dicarboxylic acid having from 8 to 22 carbon atoms, and which has a crystallite melting point Tm of at least 260° C.;
b) at least one layer of which the material is composed of a fluoropolymer moulding composition
can be operated at temperatures above 130° C. The pipe has particular suitability for offshore applications in the production of oil or of gas.1. Flexible A flexible pipe having a multilayer structure with unbonded layers, where the pipe comprises an interior lining comprising layers (a) and (b):
a) at least one layer comprising a molding composition, wherein the molding composition comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of:
a polyarylene ether ketone,
polyphenyl sulfone,
polyphenylene sulfide,
a blend of a polyarylene ether ketone and polyphenylene sulfide, and
semiaromatic polyamide, where from 5 to 100 mol % of a dicarboxylic acid content thereof derives from an aromatic dicarboxylic acid having from 8 to 22 carbon atoms, and which has a crystallite melting point Tm of at least 260° C., determined according to ISO 11357 in the 2nd heating procedure;
b) at least one layer comprising a fluoropolymer molding composition. 2. The flexible pipe of claim 1, wherein the interior lining is a two-layer lining. 3. The flexible pipe of claim 1, wherein the interior lining is a three-layer lining having a layer sequence a/b/a. 4. The flexible pipe of claim 1, wherein the interior lining is a tube. 5. The flexible pipe of claim 1, further comprising, alongside the interior lining, one or more layers selected from the group consisting of
an internal carcass, one or more external reinforcing layers, and an exterior sheath. 6. The flexible pipe of claim 1, wherein the crystalline melting point Tm is at least 270° C. 7. The flexible pipe of claim 1, wherein the crystalline melting point Tm is at least 280° C. 8. The flexible pipe of claim 3, wherein an exterior layer (a) comprises polyphenylene sulfide. 9. The flexible pipe of claim 3, wherein an interior layer (a) comprises the polyarylene ether ketone, polyphenylene sulfide, or a blend of the polyarylene ether ketone and polyphenylene sulfide. 10. The flexible pipe of claim 3, wherein an exterior layer (a) comprises polyphenylene sulfide, and an interior layer (a) comprises the polyarylene ether ketone, polyphenylene sulfide, or a blend of the polyarylene ether ketone and polyphenylene sulfide. 11. The flexible pipe of claim 1, wherein the molding composition comprises the polyarylene ether ketone. 12. The flexible pipe of claim 11, wherein the polyarylene ether ketone comprises a unit having at least one formula selected from the group consisting of (—Ar—X—) and (—Ar′—Y—),
wherein
Ar and Ar′ are each independently a divalent aromatic moiety selected from the group consisting of 1,4-phenylene, 4,4′-biphenylene, 1,4-naphthylene, 1,5-naphthylene and 2,6-naphthylene;
X is carbonyl or sulfonyl; and
Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, CH2, and isopropylidene. 13. The flexible pipe of claim 12, wherein at least 50% of the groups X are carbonyl groups, and at least 50% of the groups Y are O. 14. The flexible pipe of claim 12, wherein at least 70% of the groups X are carbonyl groups, and at least 70% of the groups Y are O. 15. The flexible pipe of claim 12, wherein at least 80% of the groups X are carbonyl groups, and at least 80% of the groups Y are O. 16. The flexible pipe of claim 11, wherein the polyarylene ether ketone has a formula selected from the group consisting of formulae I-IV: 17. The flexible pipe of claim 1, wherein the interior lining has a total wall thickness of 2 to 50 mm. 18. The flexible pipe of claim 1, wherein the interior lining has a total wall thickness of 5 to 16 mm. 19. The flexible pipe of claim 1, wherein each layer (a) has a thickness of 0.1 to 10 mm. 20. The flexible pipe of claim 1, wherein each layer (a) has a thickness of 0.2 to 8 mm. | 1,700 |
2,957 | 15,082,554 | 1,781 | An assembly comprising a first composite fiber reinforced part that is joined to a second part by a clinch joint. The first part includes a first layer of resin that is reinforced with fibers and a second layer of resin that is devoid of fibers and applied to one side of the first layer of fiber reinforced resin. The second part contacts the first layer of the first part. The first part and second part are joined by a clinch joint including a pressed out portion that is pressed into a clinching portion. The second layer of resin contains the fibers in the first part. | 1. An assembly comprising:
a first part including:
a first layer of resin reinforced with fibers;
a second layer of resin applied to one side of the first layer; and
a second part contacting the first layer of the first part, joined by a clinch joint including a pressed-out portion of the first part pressed into a clinching portion of the second part, wherein the second layer of resin retains the fibers within the first part. 2. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the first part is formed in a compression molding process with the first layer being formed in a first step and the second layer being applied to the first layer after the first layer is formed. 3. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the first part is formed in a compression molding process with the first layer and the second layer being formed in a single step, wherein the second layer is formed against a textured surface of a compression molding die that inhibits the fibers from entering the second layer. 4. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the second layer is provided to a partial area on the one side of the first layer where the clinch joint joins the first part to the second part. 5. The assembly of claim 1 wherein a plurality of clinch joints are formed to join the first part to the second part and the second layer is provided to a plurality of partial areas on the one side of the first layer where the clinch joints join the first part to the second part. 6. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the second layer of resin covers the one side of the first layer. 7. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the fibers are selected from a group consisting essentially of:
carbon fibers;
glass fibers;
talc; and
natural fibers. 8. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the second part is formed of a material selected from a group consisting essentially of:
steel;
aluminum;
magnesium; and
composite resin. 9. A method of forming a clinch joint for joining a plurality of panels comprising:
molding a first part that includes a first layer of resin reinforced with fibers; molding a second layer of resin onto one side of the first layer of resin; assembling a second part to the first layer of the first part; and joining the first part to the second part by pressing a pressed-out portion of the first part into a clinching portion of the second part, wherein the second layer of resin inhibits the fibers in the first layer from protruding from the first part proximate the clinch joint. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the molding steps are performed in a compression molding process wherein the first layer is formed in a first step and the second layer is applied to the first layer in a second step after the first layer is formed. 11. The method of claim 9 wherein the molding steps are performed in a compression molding process wherein the first layer and the second layer are formed in a single step, and wherein the second layer is formed against a textured surface of a compression molding die that inhibits the fibers from entering the second layer. 12. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of molding the second layer further comprises molding the second layer to a partial area on the one side of the first layer where the clinch joint joins the first part to the second part. 13. The method of claim 9 wherein a plurality of clinch joints are formed to join the first part to the second part and wherein the step of molding the second layer further comprises molding the second layer to a plurality of partial areas on the one side of the first layer where the clinch joints join the first part to the second part. 14. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of molding the second layer further comprises molding the second layer covering one side of the first layer. 15. The method of claim 9 wherein the fibers are selected from a group consisting essentially of:
carbon fibers;
glass fibers;
talc; and
natural fibers. 16. An assembly comprising:
a first panel including a composite layer of resin and fibers, and a fiber-free layer of resin applied to the composite layer; and a second panel contacting and joined to the composite layer by a clinch joint, wherein the fiber-free layer prevents the fibers in the composite layer from being exposed due to the clinch joint. 17. The assembly of claim 16 wherein the clinch joint further includes a pressed-out portion of the first panel that is disposed within a clinching portion of the second panel. 18. The assembly of claim 16 wherein the first panel further includes a first flange and the second panel further includes a second flange that is disposed against the first flange, wherein the clinch joint connects the first flange to the second flange. 19. The assembly of claim 18 wherein the clinch joint further includes a pressed-out portion of the first flange that is disposed within a clinching portion of the second flange. 20. The assembly of claim 16 wherein the fiber-free layer and the second panel sandwich the composite layer therebetween. | An assembly comprising a first composite fiber reinforced part that is joined to a second part by a clinch joint. The first part includes a first layer of resin that is reinforced with fibers and a second layer of resin that is devoid of fibers and applied to one side of the first layer of fiber reinforced resin. The second part contacts the first layer of the first part. The first part and second part are joined by a clinch joint including a pressed out portion that is pressed into a clinching portion. The second layer of resin contains the fibers in the first part.1. An assembly comprising:
a first part including:
a first layer of resin reinforced with fibers;
a second layer of resin applied to one side of the first layer; and
a second part contacting the first layer of the first part, joined by a clinch joint including a pressed-out portion of the first part pressed into a clinching portion of the second part, wherein the second layer of resin retains the fibers within the first part. 2. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the first part is formed in a compression molding process with the first layer being formed in a first step and the second layer being applied to the first layer after the first layer is formed. 3. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the first part is formed in a compression molding process with the first layer and the second layer being formed in a single step, wherein the second layer is formed against a textured surface of a compression molding die that inhibits the fibers from entering the second layer. 4. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the second layer is provided to a partial area on the one side of the first layer where the clinch joint joins the first part to the second part. 5. The assembly of claim 1 wherein a plurality of clinch joints are formed to join the first part to the second part and the second layer is provided to a plurality of partial areas on the one side of the first layer where the clinch joints join the first part to the second part. 6. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the second layer of resin covers the one side of the first layer. 7. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the fibers are selected from a group consisting essentially of:
carbon fibers;
glass fibers;
talc; and
natural fibers. 8. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the second part is formed of a material selected from a group consisting essentially of:
steel;
aluminum;
magnesium; and
composite resin. 9. A method of forming a clinch joint for joining a plurality of panels comprising:
molding a first part that includes a first layer of resin reinforced with fibers; molding a second layer of resin onto one side of the first layer of resin; assembling a second part to the first layer of the first part; and joining the first part to the second part by pressing a pressed-out portion of the first part into a clinching portion of the second part, wherein the second layer of resin inhibits the fibers in the first layer from protruding from the first part proximate the clinch joint. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the molding steps are performed in a compression molding process wherein the first layer is formed in a first step and the second layer is applied to the first layer in a second step after the first layer is formed. 11. The method of claim 9 wherein the molding steps are performed in a compression molding process wherein the first layer and the second layer are formed in a single step, and wherein the second layer is formed against a textured surface of a compression molding die that inhibits the fibers from entering the second layer. 12. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of molding the second layer further comprises molding the second layer to a partial area on the one side of the first layer where the clinch joint joins the first part to the second part. 13. The method of claim 9 wherein a plurality of clinch joints are formed to join the first part to the second part and wherein the step of molding the second layer further comprises molding the second layer to a plurality of partial areas on the one side of the first layer where the clinch joints join the first part to the second part. 14. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of molding the second layer further comprises molding the second layer covering one side of the first layer. 15. The method of claim 9 wherein the fibers are selected from a group consisting essentially of:
carbon fibers;
glass fibers;
talc; and
natural fibers. 16. An assembly comprising:
a first panel including a composite layer of resin and fibers, and a fiber-free layer of resin applied to the composite layer; and a second panel contacting and joined to the composite layer by a clinch joint, wherein the fiber-free layer prevents the fibers in the composite layer from being exposed due to the clinch joint. 17. The assembly of claim 16 wherein the clinch joint further includes a pressed-out portion of the first panel that is disposed within a clinching portion of the second panel. 18. The assembly of claim 16 wherein the first panel further includes a first flange and the second panel further includes a second flange that is disposed against the first flange, wherein the clinch joint connects the first flange to the second flange. 19. The assembly of claim 18 wherein the clinch joint further includes a pressed-out portion of the first flange that is disposed within a clinching portion of the second flange. 20. The assembly of claim 16 wherein the fiber-free layer and the second panel sandwich the composite layer therebetween. | 1,700 |
2,958 | 13,985,074 | 1,786 | The present invention relates to a high speed transmission cable ( 100 ) that includes a first inner conductor ( 110 ) and a dielectric film ( 120 ) that is concentrically arranged around at least a portion of the first conductor ( 110 ). The dielectric film ( 120 ) has a base layer ( 122 ) including a plurality of first protrusions ( 124 ) and second protrusions ( 126 ) formed on a first major surface of the base layer ( 122 ), wherein the first protrusions ( 124 ) and the second protrusions ( 126 ) are different from one another. The first protrusions ( 124 ) of the dielectric film ( 120 ) are disposed between the first inner conductor ( 110 ) and the base layer ( 122 ), the first protrusions ( 124 ) forming an insulating envelope around the first inner conductor ( 110 ). | 1. A high speed transmission cable comprising
a first inner conductor and a dielectric film comprising a base layer including a plurality of first protrusions and second protrusions formed on a first major surface of the base layer and a plurality of third protrusions formed on a portion of an opposing second major surface of the base layer, wherein the first protrusions and the second protrusions are different, and wherein at least a portion of the dielectric film is concentric with the inner conductor such that the first protrusions are disposed between the first inner conductor and the base layer, the first protrusions forming an insulating envelope around the first inner conductor, and wherein at least a portion of one of the first and second protrusions interlock with the third protrusions when the dielectric film is wrapped around the first conductor. 2. The transmission cable of claim 1, wherein the dielectric film is longitudinally wrapped around the first inner conductor. 3. The transmission cable of claim 1, wherein the dielectric film is spirally wrapped around the first inner conductor. 4. A high speed transmission cable comprising
a first inner conductor and a dielectric film comprising a base layer including a plurality of first protrusions and second protrusions formed on a first major surface of the base layer, wherein the first protrusions and the second protrusions are different, and wherein at least a portion of the dielectric film is concentric with the inner conductor such that the first protrusions are disposed between the first inner conductor and the base layer, the first protrusions forming an insulating envelope around the first inner conductor, wherein the base layer of the dielectric material includes a thinned portion, and wherein first protrusions are formed on either side of the thinned portion and the second protrusions are formed on the thinned portion. 5. The transmission cable of claim 1, wherein the first protrusions have a first geometry characterized by a first critical dimension and the second protrusions have a second geometry characterized by a second critical dimension. 6. The transmission cable of claim 5, wherein the first critical dimension of the first protrusion is greater than the second critical dimension of the second protrusion 7. The transmission cable of claim 5, wherein the first geometry of the first protrusions is one of a post, a continuous ridge, a discontinuous ridge, a bump, and a pyramid. 8. The transmission cable of claim 5, wherein the second geometry of the second protrusions is one of a post, a continuous ridge, a discontinuous ridge, a bump, and a pyramid. 9. The transmission cable of claim 1, further comprising a second inner conductor disposed adjacent to the first inner conductor and contained within the insulating envelope. 10. The cable of claim 9, wherein the dielectric film is longitudinally wrapped around the first and second inner conductors, wherein a portion of the dielectric is disposed between the first inner conductor and the second inner conductor. | The present invention relates to a high speed transmission cable ( 100 ) that includes a first inner conductor ( 110 ) and a dielectric film ( 120 ) that is concentrically arranged around at least a portion of the first conductor ( 110 ). The dielectric film ( 120 ) has a base layer ( 122 ) including a plurality of first protrusions ( 124 ) and second protrusions ( 126 ) formed on a first major surface of the base layer ( 122 ), wherein the first protrusions ( 124 ) and the second protrusions ( 126 ) are different from one another. The first protrusions ( 124 ) of the dielectric film ( 120 ) are disposed between the first inner conductor ( 110 ) and the base layer ( 122 ), the first protrusions ( 124 ) forming an insulating envelope around the first inner conductor ( 110 ).1. A high speed transmission cable comprising
a first inner conductor and a dielectric film comprising a base layer including a plurality of first protrusions and second protrusions formed on a first major surface of the base layer and a plurality of third protrusions formed on a portion of an opposing second major surface of the base layer, wherein the first protrusions and the second protrusions are different, and wherein at least a portion of the dielectric film is concentric with the inner conductor such that the first protrusions are disposed between the first inner conductor and the base layer, the first protrusions forming an insulating envelope around the first inner conductor, and wherein at least a portion of one of the first and second protrusions interlock with the third protrusions when the dielectric film is wrapped around the first conductor. 2. The transmission cable of claim 1, wherein the dielectric film is longitudinally wrapped around the first inner conductor. 3. The transmission cable of claim 1, wherein the dielectric film is spirally wrapped around the first inner conductor. 4. A high speed transmission cable comprising
a first inner conductor and a dielectric film comprising a base layer including a plurality of first protrusions and second protrusions formed on a first major surface of the base layer, wherein the first protrusions and the second protrusions are different, and wherein at least a portion of the dielectric film is concentric with the inner conductor such that the first protrusions are disposed between the first inner conductor and the base layer, the first protrusions forming an insulating envelope around the first inner conductor, wherein the base layer of the dielectric material includes a thinned portion, and wherein first protrusions are formed on either side of the thinned portion and the second protrusions are formed on the thinned portion. 5. The transmission cable of claim 1, wherein the first protrusions have a first geometry characterized by a first critical dimension and the second protrusions have a second geometry characterized by a second critical dimension. 6. The transmission cable of claim 5, wherein the first critical dimension of the first protrusion is greater than the second critical dimension of the second protrusion 7. The transmission cable of claim 5, wherein the first geometry of the first protrusions is one of a post, a continuous ridge, a discontinuous ridge, a bump, and a pyramid. 8. The transmission cable of claim 5, wherein the second geometry of the second protrusions is one of a post, a continuous ridge, a discontinuous ridge, a bump, and a pyramid. 9. The transmission cable of claim 1, further comprising a second inner conductor disposed adjacent to the first inner conductor and contained within the insulating envelope. 10. The cable of claim 9, wherein the dielectric film is longitudinally wrapped around the first and second inner conductors, wherein a portion of the dielectric is disposed between the first inner conductor and the second inner conductor. | 1,700 |
2,959 | 15,170,520 | 1,783 | The invention includes a method for preparing and top coating an item made of powder coated MDF (or other substrate containing wood) with the end result of improved visual and tactile smoothness; the invention includes the steps of cutting and machining the part, pre-powder preparation and sanding of the part, powder coating the part, post-powder preparation and sanding, and applying the liquid top coat to the part, resulting in a smoother finish than is currently available in any other powder coated MDF finish while requiring less coats than similar liquid paint finishes. | 1. (canceled) 2. A powder coated article having enhanced visual and tactile smoothness, the article comprising:
a substrate containing wood of a desired size having radiused corners that have a minimum radius of one thirty second of an inch (0.8 mm); a cured powder coat surface coating overlying the substrate, the powder coat surface coating being at least 5 mils in thickness and having a PCI smoothness of at least 6; a cured liquid top coat overlying the powder coat surface coating, the cured liquid topcoat having a PCI smoothness of at least 8 and having been applied to a minimum top coat thickness of 2 wet mils; and wherein a resulting finish has improved PCI smoothness and improved visual and tactile smoothness as compared to a similar powder coated part without the cured liquid top coat. 3. The powder coated article as claimed in claim 2, wherein the substrate comprises medium-density fiberboard (MDF). 4. The powder coated article as claimed in claim 2, wherein the substrate comprises high-density fiberboard (HDF). 5. The powder coated article as claimed in claim 2, wherein the powder coat surface coating comprises an ultraviolet cured powder coating material. 6. The powder coated article as claimed in claim 2, wherein the cured liquid top coat comprises a pre-catalyzed lacquer. 7. The powder coated article as claimed in claim 2, wherein the cured liquid top coat comprises a post-catalyzed conversion varnish. 8. The powder coated article as claimed in claim 2, wherein the cured liquid top coat comprises an incorporated color pigment. 9. The powder coated article as claimed in claim 2, wherein at least one surface of the substrate is machined to a tolerance of less than +/−0.030 inches. 10. A powder coated article of manufacture, comprising:
a wood based substrate of a desired size and shape having radiused corners that have a minimum radius of one thirty second of an inch (0.8 mm); an inner coating layer of fused powder coating overlying and bonded to the wood based substrate, the inner coating layer having a thickness of at least 5 mils and a PCI smoothness of at least 6; and an outer coating layer of cured liquid finish overlying and bonded to the layer of powder coating. 11. The powder coated article of manufacture as claimed in claim 10, wherein the wood based substrate has at least one surface that is machined to a tolerance of less than +/−0.030 inches. 12. The powder coated article of manufacture as claimed in claim 10, wherein the outer coating layer has a PCI smoothness of at least 8. 13. The powder coated article of manufacture as claimed in claim 10, wherein the wood based substrate comprises medium-density fiberboard (MDF). 14. The powder coated article of manufacture as claimed in claim 10, wherein the wood based substrate comprises high-density fiberboard (HDF). 15. The powder coated article of manufacture as claimed in claim 10, wherein the inner coating layer comprises an ultraviolet cured powder coating material. 16. The powder coated article of manufacture as claimed in claim 10, wherein outer coating layer comprises a pre-catalyzed lacquer. 17. The powder coated article of manufacture as claimed in claim 10, wherein outer coating layer comprises a post catalyzed conversion varnish. 18. The powder coated article of manufacture as claimed in claim 10, wherein outer coating layer comprises an incorporated color pigment. 19. The powder coated article of manufacture as claimed in claim 10, wherein outer coating layer has PCI smoothness of 10 and a visual depth equivalent to a five coat wet sanded liquid paint finish. 20. The powder coated article of manufacture as claimed in claim 10, wherein the inner coating layer of powder coating has a thickness of 7 to 8 mils. | The invention includes a method for preparing and top coating an item made of powder coated MDF (or other substrate containing wood) with the end result of improved visual and tactile smoothness; the invention includes the steps of cutting and machining the part, pre-powder preparation and sanding of the part, powder coating the part, post-powder preparation and sanding, and applying the liquid top coat to the part, resulting in a smoother finish than is currently available in any other powder coated MDF finish while requiring less coats than similar liquid paint finishes.1. (canceled) 2. A powder coated article having enhanced visual and tactile smoothness, the article comprising:
a substrate containing wood of a desired size having radiused corners that have a minimum radius of one thirty second of an inch (0.8 mm); a cured powder coat surface coating overlying the substrate, the powder coat surface coating being at least 5 mils in thickness and having a PCI smoothness of at least 6; a cured liquid top coat overlying the powder coat surface coating, the cured liquid topcoat having a PCI smoothness of at least 8 and having been applied to a minimum top coat thickness of 2 wet mils; and wherein a resulting finish has improved PCI smoothness and improved visual and tactile smoothness as compared to a similar powder coated part without the cured liquid top coat. 3. The powder coated article as claimed in claim 2, wherein the substrate comprises medium-density fiberboard (MDF). 4. The powder coated article as claimed in claim 2, wherein the substrate comprises high-density fiberboard (HDF). 5. The powder coated article as claimed in claim 2, wherein the powder coat surface coating comprises an ultraviolet cured powder coating material. 6. The powder coated article as claimed in claim 2, wherein the cured liquid top coat comprises a pre-catalyzed lacquer. 7. The powder coated article as claimed in claim 2, wherein the cured liquid top coat comprises a post-catalyzed conversion varnish. 8. The powder coated article as claimed in claim 2, wherein the cured liquid top coat comprises an incorporated color pigment. 9. The powder coated article as claimed in claim 2, wherein at least one surface of the substrate is machined to a tolerance of less than +/−0.030 inches. 10. A powder coated article of manufacture, comprising:
a wood based substrate of a desired size and shape having radiused corners that have a minimum radius of one thirty second of an inch (0.8 mm); an inner coating layer of fused powder coating overlying and bonded to the wood based substrate, the inner coating layer having a thickness of at least 5 mils and a PCI smoothness of at least 6; and an outer coating layer of cured liquid finish overlying and bonded to the layer of powder coating. 11. The powder coated article of manufacture as claimed in claim 10, wherein the wood based substrate has at least one surface that is machined to a tolerance of less than +/−0.030 inches. 12. The powder coated article of manufacture as claimed in claim 10, wherein the outer coating layer has a PCI smoothness of at least 8. 13. The powder coated article of manufacture as claimed in claim 10, wherein the wood based substrate comprises medium-density fiberboard (MDF). 14. The powder coated article of manufacture as claimed in claim 10, wherein the wood based substrate comprises high-density fiberboard (HDF). 15. The powder coated article of manufacture as claimed in claim 10, wherein the inner coating layer comprises an ultraviolet cured powder coating material. 16. The powder coated article of manufacture as claimed in claim 10, wherein outer coating layer comprises a pre-catalyzed lacquer. 17. The powder coated article of manufacture as claimed in claim 10, wherein outer coating layer comprises a post catalyzed conversion varnish. 18. The powder coated article of manufacture as claimed in claim 10, wherein outer coating layer comprises an incorporated color pigment. 19. The powder coated article of manufacture as claimed in claim 10, wherein outer coating layer has PCI smoothness of 10 and a visual depth equivalent to a five coat wet sanded liquid paint finish. 20. The powder coated article of manufacture as claimed in claim 10, wherein the inner coating layer of powder coating has a thickness of 7 to 8 mils. | 1,700 |
2,960 | 13,568,724 | 1,767 | The invention is directed to a high flashpoint alcohol based cleaning, sanitizing and disinfecting composition and its method of use on food contact surfaces. More particularly, the present invention relates to a quick drying and ready to use cleaning and sanitizing formula with an isopropyl alcohol level low enough to permit a reduced flammability rating while maintaining microbiological sanitizing and disinfecting properties. | 1. A ready to use, aqueous cleaning, sanitizing and disinfecting composition for removing oily soils on a food contact surface, the composition comprising of:
(a) an alcohol at a low level to permit reduced flammability, wherein the alcohol functions as a wetting agent, a cleaning solvent and an active disinfecting/sanitizing component; (b) one or more anionic, nonionic, cationic, amphoteric or zwitterionic surfactants or mixtures thereof; (c) a quaternary ammonium alkyl or aryl salt or combinations thereof; and (d) one or more peroxide sources selected from the group comprising of hydrogen peroxide, organic acid peroxides, inorganic acid peroxides, or combinations thereof. 2. The composition of claim 1 further comprising a sequestering or scale removing agent. 3. The composition of claim 1 further comprising a non-aqueous co-solvent. 4. The composition of claim 1 further comprising a peroxide or peroxyacid stabilizing agent. 5. The composition of claim 1 further comprising a pH buffering system. 6. The composition of claim 1 wherein the alcohol is isopropyl alcohol at less than 12.1% weight percent to insure a closed cup flashpoint of greater than 100.0 degrees Fahrenheit. 7. The composition of claim 1 wherein the anionic surfactant is selected from the group comprising of: alkali metal salt, alkanolamine salt of a C6-C24 saturated or unsaturated carboxylic acid, an alkylarylsulfonic acid or an alkyl sulfuric acid, sodium capryl sulfonate, sodium lauryl sulfate, linear alkyl benzene sulphonates/sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, decanoic acid, octanoic acid, n-pelargonic acid or mixtures thereof. 8. The composition of claim 1 wherein the nonionic surfactant is selected from the group comprising of alkyl polyglucosides in which the alkyl group contains 8-18 carbon atoms, a glycerol fatty acid ester, a polyoxyethylene glycerol fatty acid ester, a polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, a polyethyleneglycol fatty acid ester or a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer with terminal hydroxyl groups and combinations thereof. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the amphoteric and zwitterionic surfactants have a cationic amino group and an anionic carboxylate or sulfonate group. 10. The composition of claim 1 wherein the quaternary ammonium alkyl or aryl salt or combinations thereof is selected from the group comprising of a C6-C24 alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, octyl decyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, dioctyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, or mixtures thereof. 11. The composition of claim 1 wherein the peroxide source is between about 0.001 weight percent to about 5 weight percent of the composition. 12. The composition of claim 2 wherein the sequestering or scale removing agent is selected from the group comprising of: gluconic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, EDTA, NTA, HEDTA, acrylic acid polymers, methacrylic acid polymers, acrylic acid-methacrylic acid copolymers, and the water-soluble sodium, potassium or ammonium salts thereof and including sodium, potassium and ammonium phosphates or mixtures thereof. 13. The composition of claim 3 wherein the non-aqueous co-solvent is selected from the group comprising of: polypropylene glycols with a degree of polymerization from 10 to 200, benzyl alcohol, methyl benzyl alcohol, alpha phenyl ethanol, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol phenyl ether, propylene glycol phenyl ether and combinations thereof. 14. The composition of claim 3 wherein the non-aqueous co-solvent is less than 1 weight % of the composition. 15. The composition of claim 4 wherein the peroxide or peroxyacid stabilizing agent is selected from the group comprising of: hydroxyethylidene 1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), dipicolinic acid (DPA), 2-Aminoethylphosphonic acid (AEPn), Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), ATMP: Amino tris(methylene phosphonic acid) (ATMP), EDTMP: Ethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid) (EDTMP), Tetramethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid) (TDTMP), Hexamethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid) (HDTMP), Diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid) (DTPMP), Phosphonobutane-tricarboxylic acid (PBTC), N-(phosphonomethyl)iminodiacetic acid (PMIDA), 2-carboxyethyl phosphonic acid (CEPA), 2-Hydroxyphosphonocarboxylic acid (HPAA), Amino-tris-(methylene-phosphonic acid) (AMP) and mixtures thereof 16. The composition of claim 5 wherein the pH buffering system includes a pH adjusting agent which is selected from the group comprising of: organic acids, mineral acids, alkaline metal and alkaline earth salts, phosphoric acid, metal carbonates, or mixtures thereof. 17. The composition of claim 5 wherein the pH of the composition ranges from about pH 3 to about pH 12. 18. A method of cleaning and sanitizing to remove oily soils on a food contact surface, the method comprising of:
a. applying a ready to use, aqueous cleaning and sanitizing composition onto the food contact surface; and b. wiping the food contact surface with the ready to use, aqueous cleaning and sanitizing composition to remove the oily soil on the food contact surface; wherein the ready to use, aqueous cleaning and sanitizing composition comprising of:
i. an alcohol at a low level to permit reduced flammability, wherein the alcohol functions as a wetting agent, a cleaning solvent and an active disinfecting/sanitizing component;
ii. one or more anionic, nonionic, cationic, amphoteric or zwitterionic surfactants or mixtures thereof;
iii. a quaternary ammonium alkyl or aryl salt or combinations thereof; and
iv. one or more peroxide sources selected from the group comprising of hydrogen peroxide, organic acid peroxides, inorganic acid peroxides, or combinations thereof. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the ready to use aqueous cleaning and sanitizing composition is formed by mixing two or more component systems automatically or manually on the site where the composition is to be used or at an external site and then transporting the composition to the site where the composition is to be used. 20. The method of claim 18 wherein the ready to use, aqueous cleaning and sanitizing composition further comprising a sequestering or scale removing agent. 21. The method of claim 18 wherein the ready to use, aqueous cleaning and sanitizing composition further comprising a non-aqueous co-solvent. 22. The method of claim 18 wherein the ready to use, aqueous cleaning and sanitizing composition further comprising a peroxide or peroxyacid stabilizing agent. 23. The method of claim 18 wherein the ready to use, aqueous cleaning and sanitizing composition further comprising a pH buffering system. 24. The method of claim 18 wherein the alcohol is isopropyl alcohol at less than 12.1% weight percent to insure a closed cup flashpoint of greater than 100.0 degrees Fahrenheit. 25. The method of claim 18 wherein the anionic surfactant is selected from the group comprising of: alkali metal salt, alkanolamine salt of a C6-C24 saturated or unsaturated carboxylic acid, an alkylarylsulfonic acid or an alkyl sulfuric acid, sodium capryl sulfonate, sodium lauryl sulfate, linear alkyl benzene sulphonates/sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, decanoic acid, octanoic acid, n-pelargonic acid or mixtures thereof. 26. The method of claim 18 wherein the nonionic surfactant is selected from the group comprising of: alkyl polyglucosides in which the alkyl group contains 8-18 carbon atoms, a glycerol fatty acid ester, a polyoxyethylene glycerol fatty acid ester, a polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, a polyethyleneglycol fatty acid ester or a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer with terminal hydroxyl groups and combinations thereof. 27. The method of claim 18 wherein the amphoteric and zwitterionic surfactants have a cationic amino group and an anionic carboxylate or sulfonate group. 28. The method of claim 18 wherein the quaternary ammonium alkyl or aryl salt or combinations thereof is selected from the group comprising of: a C6-C24 alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, octyl decyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, dioctyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, or mixtures thereof. 29. The method of claim 18 wherein the peroxide source is between about 0.001 weight percent to about 5 weight percent of the composition. 30. The method of claim 19 wherein the sequestering or scale removing agent is selected from the group comprising of: gluconic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, EDTA, NTA, HEDTA, acrylic acid polymers, methacrylic acid polymers, acrylic acid-methacrylic acid copolymers, and the water-soluble sodium, potassium or ammonium salts thereof and including sodium, potassium and ammonium phosphates or mixtures thereof. 31. The method of claim 20 wherein the non-aqueous co-solvent is selected from the group comprising of: polypropylene glycols with a degree of polymerization from 10 to 200, benzyl alcohol, methyl benzyl alcohol, alpha phenyl ethanol, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol phenyl ether, propylene glycol phenyl ether and combinations thereof. 32. The method of claim 20 wherein the non-aqueous co-solvent is less than 1% of the method. 33. The method of claim 21 wherein the peroxide or peroxyacid stabilizing agent is selected from the group comprising of: hydroxyethylidene 1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), dipicolinic acid (DPA), 2-Aminoethylphosphonic acid (AEPn), Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), ATMP: Amino tris(methylene phosphonic acid) (ATMP), EDTMP: Ethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid) (EDTMP), Tetramethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid) (TDTMP), Hexamethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid) (HDTMP), Diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid) (DTPMP), Phosphonobutane-tricarboxylic acid (PBTC), N-(phosphonomethyl)iminodiacetic acid (PMIDA), 2-carboxyethyl phosphonic acid (CEPA), 2-Hydroxyphosphonocarboxylic acid (HPAA), Amino-tris-(methylene-phosphonic acid) (AMP) and mixtures thereof. 34. The method of claim 22 wherein the pH buffering system includes a pH adjusting agent which is selected from the group comprising of: organic acids, mineral acids, alkaline metal and alkaline earth salts, phosphoric acid, metal carbonates, or mixtures thereof. 35. The method of claim 22 wherein the pH of the composition ranges from about pH 3 to about pH 12. | The invention is directed to a high flashpoint alcohol based cleaning, sanitizing and disinfecting composition and its method of use on food contact surfaces. More particularly, the present invention relates to a quick drying and ready to use cleaning and sanitizing formula with an isopropyl alcohol level low enough to permit a reduced flammability rating while maintaining microbiological sanitizing and disinfecting properties.1. A ready to use, aqueous cleaning, sanitizing and disinfecting composition for removing oily soils on a food contact surface, the composition comprising of:
(a) an alcohol at a low level to permit reduced flammability, wherein the alcohol functions as a wetting agent, a cleaning solvent and an active disinfecting/sanitizing component; (b) one or more anionic, nonionic, cationic, amphoteric or zwitterionic surfactants or mixtures thereof; (c) a quaternary ammonium alkyl or aryl salt or combinations thereof; and (d) one or more peroxide sources selected from the group comprising of hydrogen peroxide, organic acid peroxides, inorganic acid peroxides, or combinations thereof. 2. The composition of claim 1 further comprising a sequestering or scale removing agent. 3. The composition of claim 1 further comprising a non-aqueous co-solvent. 4. The composition of claim 1 further comprising a peroxide or peroxyacid stabilizing agent. 5. The composition of claim 1 further comprising a pH buffering system. 6. The composition of claim 1 wherein the alcohol is isopropyl alcohol at less than 12.1% weight percent to insure a closed cup flashpoint of greater than 100.0 degrees Fahrenheit. 7. The composition of claim 1 wherein the anionic surfactant is selected from the group comprising of: alkali metal salt, alkanolamine salt of a C6-C24 saturated or unsaturated carboxylic acid, an alkylarylsulfonic acid or an alkyl sulfuric acid, sodium capryl sulfonate, sodium lauryl sulfate, linear alkyl benzene sulphonates/sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, decanoic acid, octanoic acid, n-pelargonic acid or mixtures thereof. 8. The composition of claim 1 wherein the nonionic surfactant is selected from the group comprising of alkyl polyglucosides in which the alkyl group contains 8-18 carbon atoms, a glycerol fatty acid ester, a polyoxyethylene glycerol fatty acid ester, a polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, a polyethyleneglycol fatty acid ester or a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer with terminal hydroxyl groups and combinations thereof. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the amphoteric and zwitterionic surfactants have a cationic amino group and an anionic carboxylate or sulfonate group. 10. The composition of claim 1 wherein the quaternary ammonium alkyl or aryl salt or combinations thereof is selected from the group comprising of a C6-C24 alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, octyl decyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, dioctyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, or mixtures thereof. 11. The composition of claim 1 wherein the peroxide source is between about 0.001 weight percent to about 5 weight percent of the composition. 12. The composition of claim 2 wherein the sequestering or scale removing agent is selected from the group comprising of: gluconic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, EDTA, NTA, HEDTA, acrylic acid polymers, methacrylic acid polymers, acrylic acid-methacrylic acid copolymers, and the water-soluble sodium, potassium or ammonium salts thereof and including sodium, potassium and ammonium phosphates or mixtures thereof. 13. The composition of claim 3 wherein the non-aqueous co-solvent is selected from the group comprising of: polypropylene glycols with a degree of polymerization from 10 to 200, benzyl alcohol, methyl benzyl alcohol, alpha phenyl ethanol, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol phenyl ether, propylene glycol phenyl ether and combinations thereof. 14. The composition of claim 3 wherein the non-aqueous co-solvent is less than 1 weight % of the composition. 15. The composition of claim 4 wherein the peroxide or peroxyacid stabilizing agent is selected from the group comprising of: hydroxyethylidene 1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), dipicolinic acid (DPA), 2-Aminoethylphosphonic acid (AEPn), Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), ATMP: Amino tris(methylene phosphonic acid) (ATMP), EDTMP: Ethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid) (EDTMP), Tetramethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid) (TDTMP), Hexamethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid) (HDTMP), Diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid) (DTPMP), Phosphonobutane-tricarboxylic acid (PBTC), N-(phosphonomethyl)iminodiacetic acid (PMIDA), 2-carboxyethyl phosphonic acid (CEPA), 2-Hydroxyphosphonocarboxylic acid (HPAA), Amino-tris-(methylene-phosphonic acid) (AMP) and mixtures thereof 16. The composition of claim 5 wherein the pH buffering system includes a pH adjusting agent which is selected from the group comprising of: organic acids, mineral acids, alkaline metal and alkaline earth salts, phosphoric acid, metal carbonates, or mixtures thereof. 17. The composition of claim 5 wherein the pH of the composition ranges from about pH 3 to about pH 12. 18. A method of cleaning and sanitizing to remove oily soils on a food contact surface, the method comprising of:
a. applying a ready to use, aqueous cleaning and sanitizing composition onto the food contact surface; and b. wiping the food contact surface with the ready to use, aqueous cleaning and sanitizing composition to remove the oily soil on the food contact surface; wherein the ready to use, aqueous cleaning and sanitizing composition comprising of:
i. an alcohol at a low level to permit reduced flammability, wherein the alcohol functions as a wetting agent, a cleaning solvent and an active disinfecting/sanitizing component;
ii. one or more anionic, nonionic, cationic, amphoteric or zwitterionic surfactants or mixtures thereof;
iii. a quaternary ammonium alkyl or aryl salt or combinations thereof; and
iv. one or more peroxide sources selected from the group comprising of hydrogen peroxide, organic acid peroxides, inorganic acid peroxides, or combinations thereof. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the ready to use aqueous cleaning and sanitizing composition is formed by mixing two or more component systems automatically or manually on the site where the composition is to be used or at an external site and then transporting the composition to the site where the composition is to be used. 20. The method of claim 18 wherein the ready to use, aqueous cleaning and sanitizing composition further comprising a sequestering or scale removing agent. 21. The method of claim 18 wherein the ready to use, aqueous cleaning and sanitizing composition further comprising a non-aqueous co-solvent. 22. The method of claim 18 wherein the ready to use, aqueous cleaning and sanitizing composition further comprising a peroxide or peroxyacid stabilizing agent. 23. The method of claim 18 wherein the ready to use, aqueous cleaning and sanitizing composition further comprising a pH buffering system. 24. The method of claim 18 wherein the alcohol is isopropyl alcohol at less than 12.1% weight percent to insure a closed cup flashpoint of greater than 100.0 degrees Fahrenheit. 25. The method of claim 18 wherein the anionic surfactant is selected from the group comprising of: alkali metal salt, alkanolamine salt of a C6-C24 saturated or unsaturated carboxylic acid, an alkylarylsulfonic acid or an alkyl sulfuric acid, sodium capryl sulfonate, sodium lauryl sulfate, linear alkyl benzene sulphonates/sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, decanoic acid, octanoic acid, n-pelargonic acid or mixtures thereof. 26. The method of claim 18 wherein the nonionic surfactant is selected from the group comprising of: alkyl polyglucosides in which the alkyl group contains 8-18 carbon atoms, a glycerol fatty acid ester, a polyoxyethylene glycerol fatty acid ester, a polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, a polyethyleneglycol fatty acid ester or a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer with terminal hydroxyl groups and combinations thereof. 27. The method of claim 18 wherein the amphoteric and zwitterionic surfactants have a cationic amino group and an anionic carboxylate or sulfonate group. 28. The method of claim 18 wherein the quaternary ammonium alkyl or aryl salt or combinations thereof is selected from the group comprising of: a C6-C24 alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, octyl decyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, dioctyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, or mixtures thereof. 29. The method of claim 18 wherein the peroxide source is between about 0.001 weight percent to about 5 weight percent of the composition. 30. The method of claim 19 wherein the sequestering or scale removing agent is selected from the group comprising of: gluconic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, EDTA, NTA, HEDTA, acrylic acid polymers, methacrylic acid polymers, acrylic acid-methacrylic acid copolymers, and the water-soluble sodium, potassium or ammonium salts thereof and including sodium, potassium and ammonium phosphates or mixtures thereof. 31. The method of claim 20 wherein the non-aqueous co-solvent is selected from the group comprising of: polypropylene glycols with a degree of polymerization from 10 to 200, benzyl alcohol, methyl benzyl alcohol, alpha phenyl ethanol, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol phenyl ether, propylene glycol phenyl ether and combinations thereof. 32. The method of claim 20 wherein the non-aqueous co-solvent is less than 1% of the method. 33. The method of claim 21 wherein the peroxide or peroxyacid stabilizing agent is selected from the group comprising of: hydroxyethylidene 1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), dipicolinic acid (DPA), 2-Aminoethylphosphonic acid (AEPn), Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), ATMP: Amino tris(methylene phosphonic acid) (ATMP), EDTMP: Ethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid) (EDTMP), Tetramethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid) (TDTMP), Hexamethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid) (HDTMP), Diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid) (DTPMP), Phosphonobutane-tricarboxylic acid (PBTC), N-(phosphonomethyl)iminodiacetic acid (PMIDA), 2-carboxyethyl phosphonic acid (CEPA), 2-Hydroxyphosphonocarboxylic acid (HPAA), Amino-tris-(methylene-phosphonic acid) (AMP) and mixtures thereof. 34. The method of claim 22 wherein the pH buffering system includes a pH adjusting agent which is selected from the group comprising of: organic acids, mineral acids, alkaline metal and alkaline earth salts, phosphoric acid, metal carbonates, or mixtures thereof. 35. The method of claim 22 wherein the pH of the composition ranges from about pH 3 to about pH 12. | 1,700 |
2,961 | 14,139,098 | 1,732 | A hexaaluminate-containing catalyst containing a hexaaluminate-containing phase which includes cobalt and at least one further element of La, Ba or Sr. The catalyst contains 2 to 15 mol % Co, 70 to 90 mol % Al, and 2 to 25 mol % of the further element of La, Ba or Sr. In addition to the hexaaluminate-containing phase, the catalyst can include 0 to 50% by weight of an oxidic secondary phase. The process of preparing the catalyst includes contacting an aluminum oxide source with cobalt species and at least with an element from the group of La, Ba and Sr. The molded and dried material is preferably calcined at a temperature greater than or equal to 800° C. In the reforming process for reacting hydrocarbons in the presence of CO 2 , the catalyst is used at a process temperature of greater than 700° C., with the process pressure being greater than 5 bar. | 1-10. (canceled) 11. A process for preparing a hexaaluminate-comprising catalyst, the process comprising:
(i) contacting a finely divided aluminum oxide source, with a metal salt which comprises at least soluble or fusible cobalt- and lanthanum-comprising species, (ii) intimately mixing the aluminum oxide source and the metal salt, to obtain a mixture, (iii) drying the mixture, (iv) low-temperature calcination of the mixture, (v) molding or shaping, and (vi) high-temperature calcination. 12. The process of claim 11, wherein the high-temperature calcination is carried out at a temperature of 800-1300° C., for more than 0.5 h, or wherein the low-temperature calcination is carried out at a temperature less than 550° C., for 0.1 to 24 h. 13. The process of claim 11, wherein:
the molding or shaping is carried out before the drying, the drying is carried out together with the low-temperature calcination, or at least one step selected from the group consisting of (i) to (iii) is carried out in the presence of seed crystals and an amount of the seed crystals is in a range from 0.1 to 10% by weight. 14-15. (canceled) 16. The process of claim 11, wherein the finely divided aluminum oxide source is in a form of dispersible primary particles having a primary particle size of less than or equal to 500 nm. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein the dispersible primary particles comprise boehmite. 18. The process of claim 11, wherein the metal salt comprises soluble cobalt- and lanthanum-comprising species. 19. The process of claim 11, wherein the metal salt comprises fusible cobalt- and lanthanum-comprising species. 20. The process of claim 11, wherein the high-temperature calcination is carried out at a temperature of 800-1300° C., for more than 0.5 h. 21. The process of claim 11, wherein the high-temperature calcination is carried out at a temperature of 800-1300° C., for more than 5 h. 22. The process of claim 11, wherein the high-temperature calcination is carried out at a temperature of 800-1300° C., for more than 10 h. 23. The process of claim 11, wherein the high-temperature calcination is carried out at a temperature of 850-1200° C., for more than 0.5 h. 24. The process of claim 11, wherein the high-temperature calcination is carried out at a temperature of 900-1100° C., for more than 0.5 h. 25. The process of claim 11, wherein the low-temperature calcination is carried out at a temperature of less than 550° C., for 0.1 to 24 h. 26. The process of claim 11, wherein the low-temperature calcination is carried out at a temperature of 250° C. to less than 550° C., for 0.1 to 24 h. 27. The process of claim 11, wherein the high-temperature calcination is carried out at a temperature of 800-1300° C., for more than 0.5 h, and the low-temperature calcination is carried out at a temperature of less than 550° C., for 0.1 to 24 h. 28. The process of claim 11, wherein the molding or shaping is carried out before the drying. 29. The process of claim 11, wherein the drying is carried out together with the low-temperature calcination. 30. The process of claim 11, wherein the contacting is carried out in the presence of seed crystals, and an amount of the seed crystals is in a range from 0.1 to 10% by weight. 31. The process of claim 11, wherein the intimate mixing is carried out in the presence of seed crystals, and an amount of the seed crystals is in a range from 0.1 to 10% by weight. 32. The process of claim 11, wherein the drying is carried out in the presence of seed crystals, and an amount of the seed crystals is in a range from 0.1 to 10% by weight. | A hexaaluminate-containing catalyst containing a hexaaluminate-containing phase which includes cobalt and at least one further element of La, Ba or Sr. The catalyst contains 2 to 15 mol % Co, 70 to 90 mol % Al, and 2 to 25 mol % of the further element of La, Ba or Sr. In addition to the hexaaluminate-containing phase, the catalyst can include 0 to 50% by weight of an oxidic secondary phase. The process of preparing the catalyst includes contacting an aluminum oxide source with cobalt species and at least with an element from the group of La, Ba and Sr. The molded and dried material is preferably calcined at a temperature greater than or equal to 800° C. In the reforming process for reacting hydrocarbons in the presence of CO 2 , the catalyst is used at a process temperature of greater than 700° C., with the process pressure being greater than 5 bar.1-10. (canceled) 11. A process for preparing a hexaaluminate-comprising catalyst, the process comprising:
(i) contacting a finely divided aluminum oxide source, with a metal salt which comprises at least soluble or fusible cobalt- and lanthanum-comprising species, (ii) intimately mixing the aluminum oxide source and the metal salt, to obtain a mixture, (iii) drying the mixture, (iv) low-temperature calcination of the mixture, (v) molding or shaping, and (vi) high-temperature calcination. 12. The process of claim 11, wherein the high-temperature calcination is carried out at a temperature of 800-1300° C., for more than 0.5 h, or wherein the low-temperature calcination is carried out at a temperature less than 550° C., for 0.1 to 24 h. 13. The process of claim 11, wherein:
the molding or shaping is carried out before the drying, the drying is carried out together with the low-temperature calcination, or at least one step selected from the group consisting of (i) to (iii) is carried out in the presence of seed crystals and an amount of the seed crystals is in a range from 0.1 to 10% by weight. 14-15. (canceled) 16. The process of claim 11, wherein the finely divided aluminum oxide source is in a form of dispersible primary particles having a primary particle size of less than or equal to 500 nm. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein the dispersible primary particles comprise boehmite. 18. The process of claim 11, wherein the metal salt comprises soluble cobalt- and lanthanum-comprising species. 19. The process of claim 11, wherein the metal salt comprises fusible cobalt- and lanthanum-comprising species. 20. The process of claim 11, wherein the high-temperature calcination is carried out at a temperature of 800-1300° C., for more than 0.5 h. 21. The process of claim 11, wherein the high-temperature calcination is carried out at a temperature of 800-1300° C., for more than 5 h. 22. The process of claim 11, wherein the high-temperature calcination is carried out at a temperature of 800-1300° C., for more than 10 h. 23. The process of claim 11, wherein the high-temperature calcination is carried out at a temperature of 850-1200° C., for more than 0.5 h. 24. The process of claim 11, wherein the high-temperature calcination is carried out at a temperature of 900-1100° C., for more than 0.5 h. 25. The process of claim 11, wherein the low-temperature calcination is carried out at a temperature of less than 550° C., for 0.1 to 24 h. 26. The process of claim 11, wherein the low-temperature calcination is carried out at a temperature of 250° C. to less than 550° C., for 0.1 to 24 h. 27. The process of claim 11, wherein the high-temperature calcination is carried out at a temperature of 800-1300° C., for more than 0.5 h, and the low-temperature calcination is carried out at a temperature of less than 550° C., for 0.1 to 24 h. 28. The process of claim 11, wherein the molding or shaping is carried out before the drying. 29. The process of claim 11, wherein the drying is carried out together with the low-temperature calcination. 30. The process of claim 11, wherein the contacting is carried out in the presence of seed crystals, and an amount of the seed crystals is in a range from 0.1 to 10% by weight. 31. The process of claim 11, wherein the intimate mixing is carried out in the presence of seed crystals, and an amount of the seed crystals is in a range from 0.1 to 10% by weight. 32. The process of claim 11, wherein the drying is carried out in the presence of seed crystals, and an amount of the seed crystals is in a range from 0.1 to 10% by weight. | 1,700 |
2,962 | 14,740,493 | 1,746 | Composite structure fabrication systems and methods. The systems include a plurality of ply carriers, each of which is configured to support at least one ply segment, and an elongate forming mandrel, which defines an elongate ply forming surface that is shaped to define a surface contour of the composite structure. The systems further include a carrier transfer device, which is configured to selectively convey a selected ply carrier from a ply kitting area to an intermediate location, and a forming machine, which is configured to deform the selected ply carrier and a respective ply segment over a selected portion of the elongate ply forming surface. The forming machine further is configured to separate the selected ply carrier from the respective ply segment and return the selected ply carrier to the carrier transfer device. The methods include methods of operating the systems. | 1. A composite structure fabrication system, comprising:
a plurality of ply carriers, wherein each ply carrier of the plurality of ply carriers defines a ply support surface configured to temporarily support at least one ply segment; an elongate forming mandrel that defines an elongate ply forming surface, wherein the elongate ply forming surface is shaped to define a surface contour of a composite structure and is configured to receive a plurality of ply segments to define a plurality of plies of composite material that at least partially defines the composite structure; a carrier transfer device configured to selectively convey a selected ply carrier of the plurality of ply carriers from a ply kitting area to an intermediate location; and a forming machine configured to receive the selected ply carrier at the intermediate location and to deform the selected ply carrier and a respective ply segment over a selected portion of the elongate ply forming surface, separate the selected ply carrier from the respective ply segment such that the respective ply segment is supported by the selected portion of the elongate ply forming surface, and return the selected ply carrier to the carrier transfer device. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the system further includes a plurality of automated ply kitting tools configured to create the plurality of ply segments, wherein each ply kitting tool of the plurality of automated ply kitting tools is configured to create a respective ply segment of the plurality of ply segments and to operate independently from a remainder of the plurality of automated ply kitting tools. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the system further includes an automated ply segment locating device configured to locate the at least one ply segment on each ply carrier of the plurality of ply carriers. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the system further includes a plurality of ply carrier magazines, wherein each ply carrier magazine of the plurality of ply carrier magazines is configured to contain a respective subset of the plurality of ply carriers. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the system further includes an automated magazine transfer device configured to selectively convey the plurality of ply carrier magazines within the ply kitting area and from a kitting tool area to a ply carrier staging area. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the carrier transfer device is an automated carrier transfer device. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the carrier transfer device is configured to remove the selected ply carrier from a respective ply carrier magazine. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the respective ply carrier magazine is located in a ply kitting area and the elongate forming mandrel is located in a ply assembly area, and further wherein the carrier transfer device is configured to convey the selected ply carrier from the ply kitting area to the ply assembly area. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the carrier transfer device includes a pivot structure configured to selectively rotate the selected ply carrier to a horizontal orientation prior to receipt of the selected ply carrier by the forming machine. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the carrier transfer device is configured to selectively and sequentially convey a plurality of selected ply carriers of the plurality of ply carriers to the intermediate location, and further wherein the forming machine is configured to selectively and sequentially receive each of the plurality of selected ply carriers and to deform each of the plurality of selected ply carriers at respective locations along a length of the elongate forming mandrel. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein, subsequent to return of the selected ply carrier from the forming machine to the carrier transfer device, the carrier transfer device is configured to return the selected ply carrier to a ply carrier magazine. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the forming machine is an automated forming machine, and further wherein the forming machine includes a forming machine translation device configured to selectively translate the forming machine along a length of the elongate forming mandrel. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the system further includes a controller programmed to control operation of at least one of:
(i) the carrier transfer device; (ii) the forming machine; (iii) a ply kitting tool; (iv) a ply segment locating device; and (v) a magazine transfer device. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the controller is programmed to select a given ply carrier of the plurality of ply carriers for transfer to the intermediate location based, at least in part, on a structure of the at least one ply segment that is supported by the given ply carrier. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein the system further includes a ply carrier tracking system configured to electronically track a location of each ply carrier of the plurality of ply carriers, wherein the ply carrier tracking system further is configured to electronically track a configuration of the at least one ply segment that is supported by each ply carrier of the plurality of ply carriers. 16. The system of claim 1, wherein the system further includes an uncured composite transfer device configured to selectively remove an uncured composite structure, which includes the plurality of ply segments, from the elongate ply forming surface of the elongate forming mandrel. 17. The system of claim 1, wherein the system further includes a cure mandrel configured to receive an uncured composite structure subsequent to the uncured composite structure being defined on the elongate ply forming surface of the elongate forming mandrel. 18. The system of claim 1, wherein the system further includes a heating device configured to heat an uncured composite structure to cure the uncured composite structure and produce a composite structure. 19. A composite structure fabrication system, comprising:
a plurality of ply carriers, wherein each ply carrier of the plurality of ply carriers defines a ply support surface configured to temporarily support at least one ply segment; an elongate forming mandrel that defines an elongate ply forming surface, wherein the elongate ply forming surface is shaped to define a surface contour of a composite structure and is configured to receive a plurality of ply segments to define a plurality of plies of composite material that at least partially defines the composite structure; a carrier transfer device; a forming machine; and a controller programmed to control operation of the carrier transfer device and the forming machine to: (i) selectively convey, with the carrier transfer device, a selected ply carrier of the plurality of ply carriers from a ply kitting area to an intermediate location; (ii) transfer the selected ply carrier to the forming machine at the intermediate location; (iii) translate the forming machine along a length of the elongate forming mandrel to a selected location along the length of the elongate forming mandrel; (iv) deform, with the forming machine, the selected ply carrier and a respective ply segment, which is supported by the selected ply carrier, over a selected portion of the elongate ply forming surface; (v) release the respective ply segment from the selected ply carrier while retaining the respective ply segment on the selected portion of the elongate ply forming surface; and (vi) return, with the forming machine, the selected ply carrier to the carrier transfer device. 20. A method of fabricating a composite structure, the method comprising:
conveying a selected ply carrier from a ply kitting area to a selected location along a length of an elongate forming mandrel that defines an elongate ply forming surface, wherein the elongate ply forming surface is shaped to define a surface contour of a composite structure and is configured to receive a plurality of ply segments to define a plurality of plies of composite material that at least partially defines the composite structure; translating a forming machine along the length of the elongate forming mandrel to the selected location; receiving the selected ply carrier with the forming machine; deforming, with the forming machine, the selected ply carrier and a respective ply segment, which is supported by the selected ply carrier, over a selected portion of the elongate ply forming surface; releasing the respective ply segment from the selected ply carrier while retaining the respective ply segment on the selected portion of the elongate ply forming surface; returning, with the forming machine, the selected ply carrier to the ply kitting area; and repeating the conveying, the translating, the receiving, the deforming, the releasing, and the returning with a plurality of ply carriers, which each supports a respective ply segment, to locate the plurality of ply segments on the elongate ply forming surface and at least partially define an uncured composite structure. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the method further includes creating the plurality of ply segments, wherein the creating includes independently creating a respective ply segment of the plurality of ply segments with each ply kitting tool of a plurality of automated ply kitting tools. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the creating includes concurrently creating at least two ply segments of the plurality of ply segments with two different ply kitting tools of the plurality of automated ply kitting tools. 23. The method of claim 20, wherein the method further includes storing a respective subset of the plurality of ply carriers within each of a plurality of ply carrier magazines. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the storing includes storing at least 2 ply carriers in each of the plurality of ply carrier magazines. 25. The method of claim 20, wherein the storing includes vertically storing the respective subset of the plurality of ply carriers within each of the plurality of ply carrier magazines. 26. The method of claim 20, wherein the method further includes transferring the uncured composite structure from the elongate ply forming surface of the elongate forming mandrel to a cure mandrel. 27. The method of claim 20, wherein the method further includes heating the uncured composite structure to cure the uncured composite structure and produce a cured composite structure. 28. The method of claim 20, wherein the method further includes cleaning the selected ply carrier. 29. The method of claim 20, wherein the method further includes electronically tracking a location of each ply carrier of the plurality of ply carriers. 30. The method of claim 20, wherein the method further includes electronically tracking a structure of at least one ply segment that is supported by each ply carrier of the plurality of ply carriers. 31. The method of claim 20, wherein the method further includes uniquely identifying each ply carrier of the plurality of ply carriers. 32. The method of claim 20, wherein the method further includes maintaining a database of information regarding each ply carrier of the plurality of ply carriers. 33. The method of claim 20, wherein the method includes locating the respective ply segment between the elongate ply forming surface and the selected ply carrier during the deforming. 34. The method of claim 20, wherein the repeating includes selecting both a location within the uncured composite structure for each ply segment of the plurality of ply segments and a composition of each ply segment of the plurality of ply segments. 35. The method of claim 20, wherein the repeating includes incrementally translating the forming machine along the length of the elongate forming mandrel a first time to locate a first course of composite material on the elongate ply forming surface and subsequently incrementally translating the forming machine along the length of the elongate forming mandrel a second time to locate a second course of composite material on the first course of composite material, wherein the first course of composite material includes a first subset of the plurality of ply segments, and further wherein the second course of composite material includes a second subset of the plurality of ply segments. | Composite structure fabrication systems and methods. The systems include a plurality of ply carriers, each of which is configured to support at least one ply segment, and an elongate forming mandrel, which defines an elongate ply forming surface that is shaped to define a surface contour of the composite structure. The systems further include a carrier transfer device, which is configured to selectively convey a selected ply carrier from a ply kitting area to an intermediate location, and a forming machine, which is configured to deform the selected ply carrier and a respective ply segment over a selected portion of the elongate ply forming surface. The forming machine further is configured to separate the selected ply carrier from the respective ply segment and return the selected ply carrier to the carrier transfer device. The methods include methods of operating the systems.1. A composite structure fabrication system, comprising:
a plurality of ply carriers, wherein each ply carrier of the plurality of ply carriers defines a ply support surface configured to temporarily support at least one ply segment; an elongate forming mandrel that defines an elongate ply forming surface, wherein the elongate ply forming surface is shaped to define a surface contour of a composite structure and is configured to receive a plurality of ply segments to define a plurality of plies of composite material that at least partially defines the composite structure; a carrier transfer device configured to selectively convey a selected ply carrier of the plurality of ply carriers from a ply kitting area to an intermediate location; and a forming machine configured to receive the selected ply carrier at the intermediate location and to deform the selected ply carrier and a respective ply segment over a selected portion of the elongate ply forming surface, separate the selected ply carrier from the respective ply segment such that the respective ply segment is supported by the selected portion of the elongate ply forming surface, and return the selected ply carrier to the carrier transfer device. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the system further includes a plurality of automated ply kitting tools configured to create the plurality of ply segments, wherein each ply kitting tool of the plurality of automated ply kitting tools is configured to create a respective ply segment of the plurality of ply segments and to operate independently from a remainder of the plurality of automated ply kitting tools. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the system further includes an automated ply segment locating device configured to locate the at least one ply segment on each ply carrier of the plurality of ply carriers. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the system further includes a plurality of ply carrier magazines, wherein each ply carrier magazine of the plurality of ply carrier magazines is configured to contain a respective subset of the plurality of ply carriers. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the system further includes an automated magazine transfer device configured to selectively convey the plurality of ply carrier magazines within the ply kitting area and from a kitting tool area to a ply carrier staging area. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the carrier transfer device is an automated carrier transfer device. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the carrier transfer device is configured to remove the selected ply carrier from a respective ply carrier magazine. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the respective ply carrier magazine is located in a ply kitting area and the elongate forming mandrel is located in a ply assembly area, and further wherein the carrier transfer device is configured to convey the selected ply carrier from the ply kitting area to the ply assembly area. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the carrier transfer device includes a pivot structure configured to selectively rotate the selected ply carrier to a horizontal orientation prior to receipt of the selected ply carrier by the forming machine. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the carrier transfer device is configured to selectively and sequentially convey a plurality of selected ply carriers of the plurality of ply carriers to the intermediate location, and further wherein the forming machine is configured to selectively and sequentially receive each of the plurality of selected ply carriers and to deform each of the plurality of selected ply carriers at respective locations along a length of the elongate forming mandrel. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein, subsequent to return of the selected ply carrier from the forming machine to the carrier transfer device, the carrier transfer device is configured to return the selected ply carrier to a ply carrier magazine. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the forming machine is an automated forming machine, and further wherein the forming machine includes a forming machine translation device configured to selectively translate the forming machine along a length of the elongate forming mandrel. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the system further includes a controller programmed to control operation of at least one of:
(i) the carrier transfer device; (ii) the forming machine; (iii) a ply kitting tool; (iv) a ply segment locating device; and (v) a magazine transfer device. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the controller is programmed to select a given ply carrier of the plurality of ply carriers for transfer to the intermediate location based, at least in part, on a structure of the at least one ply segment that is supported by the given ply carrier. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein the system further includes a ply carrier tracking system configured to electronically track a location of each ply carrier of the plurality of ply carriers, wherein the ply carrier tracking system further is configured to electronically track a configuration of the at least one ply segment that is supported by each ply carrier of the plurality of ply carriers. 16. The system of claim 1, wherein the system further includes an uncured composite transfer device configured to selectively remove an uncured composite structure, which includes the plurality of ply segments, from the elongate ply forming surface of the elongate forming mandrel. 17. The system of claim 1, wherein the system further includes a cure mandrel configured to receive an uncured composite structure subsequent to the uncured composite structure being defined on the elongate ply forming surface of the elongate forming mandrel. 18. The system of claim 1, wherein the system further includes a heating device configured to heat an uncured composite structure to cure the uncured composite structure and produce a composite structure. 19. A composite structure fabrication system, comprising:
a plurality of ply carriers, wherein each ply carrier of the plurality of ply carriers defines a ply support surface configured to temporarily support at least one ply segment; an elongate forming mandrel that defines an elongate ply forming surface, wherein the elongate ply forming surface is shaped to define a surface contour of a composite structure and is configured to receive a plurality of ply segments to define a plurality of plies of composite material that at least partially defines the composite structure; a carrier transfer device; a forming machine; and a controller programmed to control operation of the carrier transfer device and the forming machine to: (i) selectively convey, with the carrier transfer device, a selected ply carrier of the plurality of ply carriers from a ply kitting area to an intermediate location; (ii) transfer the selected ply carrier to the forming machine at the intermediate location; (iii) translate the forming machine along a length of the elongate forming mandrel to a selected location along the length of the elongate forming mandrel; (iv) deform, with the forming machine, the selected ply carrier and a respective ply segment, which is supported by the selected ply carrier, over a selected portion of the elongate ply forming surface; (v) release the respective ply segment from the selected ply carrier while retaining the respective ply segment on the selected portion of the elongate ply forming surface; and (vi) return, with the forming machine, the selected ply carrier to the carrier transfer device. 20. A method of fabricating a composite structure, the method comprising:
conveying a selected ply carrier from a ply kitting area to a selected location along a length of an elongate forming mandrel that defines an elongate ply forming surface, wherein the elongate ply forming surface is shaped to define a surface contour of a composite structure and is configured to receive a plurality of ply segments to define a plurality of plies of composite material that at least partially defines the composite structure; translating a forming machine along the length of the elongate forming mandrel to the selected location; receiving the selected ply carrier with the forming machine; deforming, with the forming machine, the selected ply carrier and a respective ply segment, which is supported by the selected ply carrier, over a selected portion of the elongate ply forming surface; releasing the respective ply segment from the selected ply carrier while retaining the respective ply segment on the selected portion of the elongate ply forming surface; returning, with the forming machine, the selected ply carrier to the ply kitting area; and repeating the conveying, the translating, the receiving, the deforming, the releasing, and the returning with a plurality of ply carriers, which each supports a respective ply segment, to locate the plurality of ply segments on the elongate ply forming surface and at least partially define an uncured composite structure. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the method further includes creating the plurality of ply segments, wherein the creating includes independently creating a respective ply segment of the plurality of ply segments with each ply kitting tool of a plurality of automated ply kitting tools. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the creating includes concurrently creating at least two ply segments of the plurality of ply segments with two different ply kitting tools of the plurality of automated ply kitting tools. 23. The method of claim 20, wherein the method further includes storing a respective subset of the plurality of ply carriers within each of a plurality of ply carrier magazines. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the storing includes storing at least 2 ply carriers in each of the plurality of ply carrier magazines. 25. The method of claim 20, wherein the storing includes vertically storing the respective subset of the plurality of ply carriers within each of the plurality of ply carrier magazines. 26. The method of claim 20, wherein the method further includes transferring the uncured composite structure from the elongate ply forming surface of the elongate forming mandrel to a cure mandrel. 27. The method of claim 20, wherein the method further includes heating the uncured composite structure to cure the uncured composite structure and produce a cured composite structure. 28. The method of claim 20, wherein the method further includes cleaning the selected ply carrier. 29. The method of claim 20, wherein the method further includes electronically tracking a location of each ply carrier of the plurality of ply carriers. 30. The method of claim 20, wherein the method further includes electronically tracking a structure of at least one ply segment that is supported by each ply carrier of the plurality of ply carriers. 31. The method of claim 20, wherein the method further includes uniquely identifying each ply carrier of the plurality of ply carriers. 32. The method of claim 20, wherein the method further includes maintaining a database of information regarding each ply carrier of the plurality of ply carriers. 33. The method of claim 20, wherein the method includes locating the respective ply segment between the elongate ply forming surface and the selected ply carrier during the deforming. 34. The method of claim 20, wherein the repeating includes selecting both a location within the uncured composite structure for each ply segment of the plurality of ply segments and a composition of each ply segment of the plurality of ply segments. 35. The method of claim 20, wherein the repeating includes incrementally translating the forming machine along the length of the elongate forming mandrel a first time to locate a first course of composite material on the elongate ply forming surface and subsequently incrementally translating the forming machine along the length of the elongate forming mandrel a second time to locate a second course of composite material on the first course of composite material, wherein the first course of composite material includes a first subset of the plurality of ply segments, and further wherein the second course of composite material includes a second subset of the plurality of ply segments. | 1,700 |
2,963 | 14,347,816 | 1,771 | The present invention relates to a cylinder lubricating oil for crosshead diesel engines. In addition to having conventional characteristics such as heat resistance, cleanliness, wear resistance, and the like, the cylinder lubricating oil can be used with fuel of any sulfur content and suppresses the amount of piston deposit even when the base number is excessive. In greater detail, the present invention relates to a cylinder lubricating oil composition which includes an ashless dispersant (B) and a metallic detergent (C) in a lubricant base oil (A), in which the product of the number average molecular weight, the content, and the effective concentration of the ashless dispersant (B) is at least 9000, and the endothermic peak temperature of the metallic detergent (C) as measured by DSC at a rate of temperature increase of 50° C./min is at most 460° C. | 1. A cylinder lubricating oil composition for a crosshead diesel engine, comprising an ashless dispersant (B) and a metallic detergent (C) in a lubricant base oil (A), wherein
a product of a number average molecular weight, a content, and an effective concentration of the ashless dispersant (B) is at least 9000, and an endothermic peak temperature of the metallic detergent (C) as measured by DSC at a rate of temperature increase of 50° C./min is at most 460° C. 2. The cylinder lubricating oil composition for a crosshead diesel engine according to claim 1, wherein the number average molecular weight of the ashless dispersant (B) is at least 2500. | The present invention relates to a cylinder lubricating oil for crosshead diesel engines. In addition to having conventional characteristics such as heat resistance, cleanliness, wear resistance, and the like, the cylinder lubricating oil can be used with fuel of any sulfur content and suppresses the amount of piston deposit even when the base number is excessive. In greater detail, the present invention relates to a cylinder lubricating oil composition which includes an ashless dispersant (B) and a metallic detergent (C) in a lubricant base oil (A), in which the product of the number average molecular weight, the content, and the effective concentration of the ashless dispersant (B) is at least 9000, and the endothermic peak temperature of the metallic detergent (C) as measured by DSC at a rate of temperature increase of 50° C./min is at most 460° C.1. A cylinder lubricating oil composition for a crosshead diesel engine, comprising an ashless dispersant (B) and a metallic detergent (C) in a lubricant base oil (A), wherein
a product of a number average molecular weight, a content, and an effective concentration of the ashless dispersant (B) is at least 9000, and an endothermic peak temperature of the metallic detergent (C) as measured by DSC at a rate of temperature increase of 50° C./min is at most 460° C. 2. The cylinder lubricating oil composition for a crosshead diesel engine according to claim 1, wherein the number average molecular weight of the ashless dispersant (B) is at least 2500. | 1,700 |
2,964 | 15,103,825 | 1,791 | A tableware vessel is provided that significantly improves the time efficiency of eating cookies and milk when the user desires the cookies to be thoroughly soaked in the milk. The vessel is elongated to permit simultaneous side-by-side soaking of multiple cookies. A uniquely configured sloped floor allows the volume of milk to be limited to the quantity desired by the user. The sloped floor guides the cookies from one end of the vessel to the other as they soak. The user can then remove each thoroughly soaked cookie, in sequence, from the scooping end of the vessel, where the floor is lowest. | 1. An article of tableware comprising:
a level floor which is essentially level and is sized to accommodate a food item of specific size; a sloped floor joining said level floor at one edge of said level floor, sloping upward from said level floor, and having a width which accommodates one sample of said food item; and a wall rising up from said level floor, bordering said level floor except where said level floor joins with said sloped floor, said wall continuing to border on each side of said sloped floor such that said level floor, said sloped floor and said wall form a vessel body; wherein the horizontal run and vertical rise of said sloped floor allow said vessel body to accommodate at least two of said food item and give said vessel body a volume suitable for a desired quantity of fluid plus the accommodated number of said food items. 2. The article of claim (1), further comprising a support structure beneath said sloped floor which stabilizes said vessel body and maintains said level floor and said sloped floor in their level and sloped orientations, respectively. 3. The article of claim (1), further comprising means for stacking said article, one upon another. 4. The article of claim (1), wherein said wall has a rim and said vessel body has an entry end at which said sloped floor is flush with said rim. 5. A tableware item comprising a containment means for soaking a plurality of a food item of specific size in a desired quantity of fluid and a sloping means for introducing said food item and for channeling said food item in sequence, while soaking, to a particular location of said containment means whereat said food item may be conveniently extracted, in sequence, for personal consumption;
wherein said tableware item simultaneously soaks two or more or said food items when containing said desired quantity of fluid and reduces its soaking capacity as the fluid level reduces, such that only said particular location can contain a soaking food item as the last of said fluid is soaked up. 6. A method of soaking in fluid and consuming a plurality of a food item of specific size, comprising:
pouring a desired quantity of fluid into a vessel having a width that accommodates said food item, a length that accommodates two or more said food items, a floor which is essentially level at one end, the soaking end, and slopes from near that end to meet the other end, the entry end, at or near the top of the vessel, the vessel defining a volume to contain the desired quantity of fluid and two of said food items; placing into said fluid one of said food item; placing into said fluid from said entry end another of said food item; placing into said fluid from said entry end, as fluid quantity allows, additional said food items, guiding in sequence with a utensil, as necessary, each soaking food item to said soaking end; and removing with said utensil from said soaking end each food item and eating it. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the food item is a cookie. | A tableware vessel is provided that significantly improves the time efficiency of eating cookies and milk when the user desires the cookies to be thoroughly soaked in the milk. The vessel is elongated to permit simultaneous side-by-side soaking of multiple cookies. A uniquely configured sloped floor allows the volume of milk to be limited to the quantity desired by the user. The sloped floor guides the cookies from one end of the vessel to the other as they soak. The user can then remove each thoroughly soaked cookie, in sequence, from the scooping end of the vessel, where the floor is lowest.1. An article of tableware comprising:
a level floor which is essentially level and is sized to accommodate a food item of specific size; a sloped floor joining said level floor at one edge of said level floor, sloping upward from said level floor, and having a width which accommodates one sample of said food item; and a wall rising up from said level floor, bordering said level floor except where said level floor joins with said sloped floor, said wall continuing to border on each side of said sloped floor such that said level floor, said sloped floor and said wall form a vessel body; wherein the horizontal run and vertical rise of said sloped floor allow said vessel body to accommodate at least two of said food item and give said vessel body a volume suitable for a desired quantity of fluid plus the accommodated number of said food items. 2. The article of claim (1), further comprising a support structure beneath said sloped floor which stabilizes said vessel body and maintains said level floor and said sloped floor in their level and sloped orientations, respectively. 3. The article of claim (1), further comprising means for stacking said article, one upon another. 4. The article of claim (1), wherein said wall has a rim and said vessel body has an entry end at which said sloped floor is flush with said rim. 5. A tableware item comprising a containment means for soaking a plurality of a food item of specific size in a desired quantity of fluid and a sloping means for introducing said food item and for channeling said food item in sequence, while soaking, to a particular location of said containment means whereat said food item may be conveniently extracted, in sequence, for personal consumption;
wherein said tableware item simultaneously soaks two or more or said food items when containing said desired quantity of fluid and reduces its soaking capacity as the fluid level reduces, such that only said particular location can contain a soaking food item as the last of said fluid is soaked up. 6. A method of soaking in fluid and consuming a plurality of a food item of specific size, comprising:
pouring a desired quantity of fluid into a vessel having a width that accommodates said food item, a length that accommodates two or more said food items, a floor which is essentially level at one end, the soaking end, and slopes from near that end to meet the other end, the entry end, at or near the top of the vessel, the vessel defining a volume to contain the desired quantity of fluid and two of said food items; placing into said fluid one of said food item; placing into said fluid from said entry end another of said food item; placing into said fluid from said entry end, as fluid quantity allows, additional said food items, guiding in sequence with a utensil, as necessary, each soaking food item to said soaking end; and removing with said utensil from said soaking end each food item and eating it. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the food item is a cookie. | 1,700 |
2,965 | 14,406,811 | 1,723 | A system for controlling the temperature of a rechargeable electric battery pack for a vehicle. The battery pack comprises a plurality of rechargeable electrochemical storage cells disposed in rows of one or more cells each. The system comprises two heat exchanger plates for each of said rows of one or more cells. Each heat exchanger plate may be structured and arranged to allow heat transfer fluid to flow internally thereof and a first of two heat exchanger plates for one of said rows is configured and arranged to allow heat transfer fluid to flow in a first general direction. A second of the two heat exchanger plates for said row is configured and arranged to allow heat transfer fluid to flow in a second general direction. And the first and second general directions are substantially different to one another. | 1. A system for controlling the temperature of a rechargeable electric battery pack comprising a plurality of rechargeable electrochemical storage cells disposed in rows of one or more cells each, the system comprising two heat exchanger plates for each of said rows of one or more cells, each heat exchanger plate being arranged to allow heat transfer fluid to flow internally thereof;
wherein a first of the two heat exchanger plates for a first ene of said rows is configured and/or arranged to allow heat transfer fluid to flow in a first general direction; wherein a second of the two heat exchanger plates for said first row is configured and/or arranged to allow heat transfer fluid to flow in a second general direction; and wherein the first and second general directions are substantially different to one another. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the first and second general directions are generally diagonal and are generally opposite to one another. 3. The system of according to claim 1, wherein each heat exchanger plate comprises an inlet and an outlet and wherein the inlet is disposed at a higher elevation than the outlet. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the inlet of each heat exchanger plate is disposed on the opposite side of the heat exchanger plate to the outlet. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein each heat exchanger plate comprises two faces and wherein one or more physical formations is formed on one or both of the two faces for providing an internal guide for urging heat transfer fluid when flowing therein to follow a preferred pathway. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the inside surfaces of the heat exchanger plates are configured to cause a tumbling movement of the heat transfer fluid flowing therein which assists in the heat transfer fluid being urged to follow a preferred pathway. 7. The system of claim 5, wherein the one or more physical formations on one or both of the faces comprises one or more indentations and/or one or more fins. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the one or more physical formations on one or both of the faces comprises a series of fins arranged in substantially parallel relationship. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein a the start and termination of each fm of the series of fins is staggered or offset from a start and termination of each other fin in a gradual and linear manner. 10. The system of claim 7, wherein the one or more physical formations on one or both of the faces further comprises two spaced linear series of indentations and wherein each indentation of the two series is substantially spaced from and substantially in horizontal alignment with a start or termination of a fin. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the one or more physical formations is formed on both of the faces and comprises two linear series of eight indentations each and eight fins each having a length of about 160 mm, 320 mm or 480 mm and/or each spaced apart by between about 15 mm and about 20 mm. 12. A system for controlling the temperature of a rechargeable electric battery pack for a vehicle, the battery pack comprising a plurality of rechargeable electrochemical storage cells disposed in rows of one or more cells each, the system comprising at least one pump for pumping heat transfer fluid about each of two temperature control circuits. 13. The system of claim 12, comprising at least two pumps, one for pumping heat transfer fluid about each of two temperature control circuits and the other for pumping heat transfer fluid about a second of two temperature control circuits. 14. The system of laim 13, wherein each pump is independently controllable and wherein each pump is coupled to a control unit. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the control unit is configured to control a flow rate of heat transfer fluid pumped by each of said pumps dependent upon: a measured cell temperature, a measured load on the battery pack, a measured charging rate, a measured heat transfer fluid temperature, and/or a measured ambient temperature. 16. The system of claim 13, comprising two heat exchanger plates for each of said rows of one or more cells, wherein each heat exchanger plate is structured and arranged to allow heat transfer fluid to flow internally thereof, wherein a first of the two heat exchanger plates for a first of said rows is configured and arranged to allow heat transfer fluid to flow in a first general direction, wherein a second of the two heat exchanger plates for said first row is configured and arranged to allow heat transfer fluid to flow in a second general direction and wherein the first and second general directions are substantially different to one another, and the system comprising a heat transfer fluid conditioner, a first temperature control circuit and a second temperature control circuit. 17. The system of to claim 16, wherein the first temperature control circuit is configured such that a first of the at least two pumps is configured to pump heat transfer fluid away from the heat transfer fluid conditioner along an input pathway toward a first inlet manifold of a first heat exchanger plate into and through the heat exchanger plate in the first direction, out of the heat exchanger plate via an outlet manifold, along an outlet pathway and back into thermal contact with the heat transfer fluid conditioner. 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the second temperature control circuit is configured such that a second of the at least two pumps is configured to pump heat transfer fluid away from the heat transfer fluid conditioner along an input pathway toward a second inlet manifold of a second heat exchanger plate disposed on the opposite side of the battery pack to the first inlet manifold, into and through a second heat exchanger plate in the second direction, out of the second heat exchanger plate via an outlet manifold, along an outlet pathway and back into thermal contact with the heat transfer fluid conditioner. 19. A rechargeable electric battery pack for a vehicle comprising a system for controlling a temperature of the rechargeable electric battery pack according to claim 1. 20. A heat exchanger plate for use in a system for controlling a temperature of a rechargeable electric battery pack, the heat exchanger plate comprising two faces and wherein one or more physical formations is formed on one or both of the faces for providing an internal guide for urging heat transfer fluid when flowing therein to follow a preferred pathway. 21. A method of controlling the temperature of a rechargeable electric battery pack comprising a plurality of rechargeable electrochemical storage cells disposed in rows of one or more cells each and two heat exchanger plates for each of said rows of one or more cells, the method comprising:
causing heat transfer fluid to flow internally of a first of said two heat exchanger plates in a first general direction; and (ii) causing heat transfer fluid to flow internally of a second of said two heat exchanger plates in a second general direction, wherein the first and second general directions are substantially different to one another. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the first direction is generally diagonal from proximate a top of the first heat exchanger toward a bottom of the first heat exchanger, the second direction is generally diagonal from proximate a top of the second heat exchanger plate toward a bottom of the second heat exchanger plate, and the first and second generally diagonal directions cross-over substantially centrally of the first and second heat exchanger plates. 23. A method of controlling the temperature of a rechargeable electric battery pack comprising a plurality of rechargeable electrochemical storage cells disposed in rows of one or more cells each and two heat exchanger plates for each of said rows of one or more cells, wherein the battery pack includes first and second temperature control circuits, the method comprising:
pumping heat transfer fluid about the first temperature control circuit; and pumping heat transfer fluid about the second temperature control circuit. 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising:
pumping heat transfer fluid about the first temperature control circuit via a first pump; and pumping heat transfer fluid about the second temperature control circuit via a second pump. 25. The method of claim 24, comprising independently controlling each of said first and second pumps and independently controlling a flow rate of the heat transfer fluid. 26. (canceled) | A system for controlling the temperature of a rechargeable electric battery pack for a vehicle. The battery pack comprises a plurality of rechargeable electrochemical storage cells disposed in rows of one or more cells each. The system comprises two heat exchanger plates for each of said rows of one or more cells. Each heat exchanger plate may be structured and arranged to allow heat transfer fluid to flow internally thereof and a first of two heat exchanger plates for one of said rows is configured and arranged to allow heat transfer fluid to flow in a first general direction. A second of the two heat exchanger plates for said row is configured and arranged to allow heat transfer fluid to flow in a second general direction. And the first and second general directions are substantially different to one another.1. A system for controlling the temperature of a rechargeable electric battery pack comprising a plurality of rechargeable electrochemical storage cells disposed in rows of one or more cells each, the system comprising two heat exchanger plates for each of said rows of one or more cells, each heat exchanger plate being arranged to allow heat transfer fluid to flow internally thereof;
wherein a first of the two heat exchanger plates for a first ene of said rows is configured and/or arranged to allow heat transfer fluid to flow in a first general direction; wherein a second of the two heat exchanger plates for said first row is configured and/or arranged to allow heat transfer fluid to flow in a second general direction; and wherein the first and second general directions are substantially different to one another. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the first and second general directions are generally diagonal and are generally opposite to one another. 3. The system of according to claim 1, wherein each heat exchanger plate comprises an inlet and an outlet and wherein the inlet is disposed at a higher elevation than the outlet. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the inlet of each heat exchanger plate is disposed on the opposite side of the heat exchanger plate to the outlet. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein each heat exchanger plate comprises two faces and wherein one or more physical formations is formed on one or both of the two faces for providing an internal guide for urging heat transfer fluid when flowing therein to follow a preferred pathway. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the inside surfaces of the heat exchanger plates are configured to cause a tumbling movement of the heat transfer fluid flowing therein which assists in the heat transfer fluid being urged to follow a preferred pathway. 7. The system of claim 5, wherein the one or more physical formations on one or both of the faces comprises one or more indentations and/or one or more fins. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the one or more physical formations on one or both of the faces comprises a series of fins arranged in substantially parallel relationship. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein a the start and termination of each fm of the series of fins is staggered or offset from a start and termination of each other fin in a gradual and linear manner. 10. The system of claim 7, wherein the one or more physical formations on one or both of the faces further comprises two spaced linear series of indentations and wherein each indentation of the two series is substantially spaced from and substantially in horizontal alignment with a start or termination of a fin. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the one or more physical formations is formed on both of the faces and comprises two linear series of eight indentations each and eight fins each having a length of about 160 mm, 320 mm or 480 mm and/or each spaced apart by between about 15 mm and about 20 mm. 12. A system for controlling the temperature of a rechargeable electric battery pack for a vehicle, the battery pack comprising a plurality of rechargeable electrochemical storage cells disposed in rows of one or more cells each, the system comprising at least one pump for pumping heat transfer fluid about each of two temperature control circuits. 13. The system of claim 12, comprising at least two pumps, one for pumping heat transfer fluid about each of two temperature control circuits and the other for pumping heat transfer fluid about a second of two temperature control circuits. 14. The system of laim 13, wherein each pump is independently controllable and wherein each pump is coupled to a control unit. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the control unit is configured to control a flow rate of heat transfer fluid pumped by each of said pumps dependent upon: a measured cell temperature, a measured load on the battery pack, a measured charging rate, a measured heat transfer fluid temperature, and/or a measured ambient temperature. 16. The system of claim 13, comprising two heat exchanger plates for each of said rows of one or more cells, wherein each heat exchanger plate is structured and arranged to allow heat transfer fluid to flow internally thereof, wherein a first of the two heat exchanger plates for a first of said rows is configured and arranged to allow heat transfer fluid to flow in a first general direction, wherein a second of the two heat exchanger plates for said first row is configured and arranged to allow heat transfer fluid to flow in a second general direction and wherein the first and second general directions are substantially different to one another, and the system comprising a heat transfer fluid conditioner, a first temperature control circuit and a second temperature control circuit. 17. The system of to claim 16, wherein the first temperature control circuit is configured such that a first of the at least two pumps is configured to pump heat transfer fluid away from the heat transfer fluid conditioner along an input pathway toward a first inlet manifold of a first heat exchanger plate into and through the heat exchanger plate in the first direction, out of the heat exchanger plate via an outlet manifold, along an outlet pathway and back into thermal contact with the heat transfer fluid conditioner. 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the second temperature control circuit is configured such that a second of the at least two pumps is configured to pump heat transfer fluid away from the heat transfer fluid conditioner along an input pathway toward a second inlet manifold of a second heat exchanger plate disposed on the opposite side of the battery pack to the first inlet manifold, into and through a second heat exchanger plate in the second direction, out of the second heat exchanger plate via an outlet manifold, along an outlet pathway and back into thermal contact with the heat transfer fluid conditioner. 19. A rechargeable electric battery pack for a vehicle comprising a system for controlling a temperature of the rechargeable electric battery pack according to claim 1. 20. A heat exchanger plate for use in a system for controlling a temperature of a rechargeable electric battery pack, the heat exchanger plate comprising two faces and wherein one or more physical formations is formed on one or both of the faces for providing an internal guide for urging heat transfer fluid when flowing therein to follow a preferred pathway. 21. A method of controlling the temperature of a rechargeable electric battery pack comprising a plurality of rechargeable electrochemical storage cells disposed in rows of one or more cells each and two heat exchanger plates for each of said rows of one or more cells, the method comprising:
causing heat transfer fluid to flow internally of a first of said two heat exchanger plates in a first general direction; and (ii) causing heat transfer fluid to flow internally of a second of said two heat exchanger plates in a second general direction, wherein the first and second general directions are substantially different to one another. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the first direction is generally diagonal from proximate a top of the first heat exchanger toward a bottom of the first heat exchanger, the second direction is generally diagonal from proximate a top of the second heat exchanger plate toward a bottom of the second heat exchanger plate, and the first and second generally diagonal directions cross-over substantially centrally of the first and second heat exchanger plates. 23. A method of controlling the temperature of a rechargeable electric battery pack comprising a plurality of rechargeable electrochemical storage cells disposed in rows of one or more cells each and two heat exchanger plates for each of said rows of one or more cells, wherein the battery pack includes first and second temperature control circuits, the method comprising:
pumping heat transfer fluid about the first temperature control circuit; and pumping heat transfer fluid about the second temperature control circuit. 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising:
pumping heat transfer fluid about the first temperature control circuit via a first pump; and pumping heat transfer fluid about the second temperature control circuit via a second pump. 25. The method of claim 24, comprising independently controlling each of said first and second pumps and independently controlling a flow rate of the heat transfer fluid. 26. (canceled) | 1,700 |
2,966 | 12,729,213 | 1,718 | A method of forming a coating deposits a material onto a substrate with high velocity thermal spray apparatus. The method comprises the steps of mixing of an oxidizer gas and a gaseous fuel in the mixing unit, igniting and combusting the oxidizer and gaseous fuel mixture in the combustion chamber, feeding products of combustion to the accelerating nozzle, introducing selected spraying material into accelerating nozzle to form a supersonic stream of hot combustion product gases with entrained particles of spray material, and spraying at high velocity onto a surface positioned in the path of the stream at the discharge end of the nozzle; and forming a non-clogging convergent-divergent gas dynamic virtual nozzle (GDVN) in the accelerating nozzle by annularly introducing a coaxial gas flow, through a narrow continuous slot of circumferential ring geometry in the vicinity of the entrance to the diverging outlet bore of the accelerating nozzle. | 1. In a flame spray method comprising the steps of:
a) Continuously combusting, under pressure, a continuous flow of a fuel-oxidizer mixture confined within an essentially closed internal burner combustion chamber, and b) Discharging the hot combustion product gases from the combustion chamber through an accelerating nozzle having an inlet bore portion, which may be converging, straight, diverging, or be of variable geometry, and a diverging outlet bore, and c) Forming a non-clogging convergent-divergent gas dynamic virtual nozzle in the accelerating nozzle by annularly introducing a coaxial gas flow, through a narrow continuous slot of circumferential ring geometry in the vicinity of the entrance to the diverging outlet bore of the accelerating nozzle, thus constricting in diameter the flow of hot combustion product gases and forming a choked flow condition, and then expanding said flow of hot combustion product gases in the diverging outlet bore of the accelerating nozzle, thereby forming a supersonic hot gas stream, and d) Feeding material to said supersonic stream for high temperature heat softening or liquefaction and spraying at high velocity onto a surface positioned in the path of the stream at the discharge end of the nozzle, 2. A flame spray method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said coaxial gas flow is introduced through a circular series of closely spaced nozzle orifices, or a permeable portion of the nozzle wall of circumferential ring geometry, or a circular series of orifices of variable geometry, or a plurality or combination of said elements. 3. A flame spray method as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the annularly introduced coaxial gas flow is at least in part a flow of oxidizer. 4. A flame spray method as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the annularly introduced coaxial gas flow is at least in part a flow of compressed air. 5. A flame spray method as claimed in claim 3 or claim 4, wherein the step of introduction of a coaxial gas flow includes feeding of a secondary low reactive gaseous fuel into said coaxial gas flow. 6. A flame spray method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the step of feeding of a secondary low reactive fuel comprises the feeding of gaseous fuel selected from the group consisting of propane, propylene, methane, ethane, butane to said coaxial gas flow. 7. A flame spray method as claimed in claim 3 or claim 4, wherein the step of introduction of coaxial gas flow includes feeding of a secondary high reactive gaseous fuel into said coaxial gas flow. 8. A flame spray method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the step of feeding of a secondary high reactive gaseous fuel comprises the feeding of gaseous fuel selected from the group consisting of methyl-acetylene and its compounds, and hydrogen to said coaxial gas flow. 9. A flame spray method as claimed in claim 3 or claim 4, wherein the step of introduction of coaxial gas flow includes feeding of a secondary liquid fuel in the form of mist, vapor or liquid to said coaxial gas flow. 10. A flame spray method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the step of feeding of a secondary liquid fuel comprises the feeding of kerosene in the form of mist, vapor or liquid to said coaxial gas flow. 11. A flame spray method as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the annularly introduced coaxial gas flow is at least in part a flow of a mixture of fuels of high and low reactivity. 12. A flame spray method as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the annularly introduced coaxial gas flow is at least in part a flow of a mixture of gaseous and liquid fuels. 13. A supersonic material flame spray apparatus comprising:
a) a spray gun body, b) a high pressure essentially closed combustion chamber within that body, c) means for continuously flowing under high pressure an oxidizer-fuel mixture through this combustion chamber for ignition within said chamber, d) said body further comprising an elongated accelerating nozzle, having combustion products discharging bore, downstream of said combustion chamber, said accelerating nozzle having an inlet bore portion, which may be converging, straight, diverging, or be of variable geometry, and a diverging outlet bore, and, e) said elongated accelerating nozzle having a narrow continuous slot of circumferential ring geometry in the vicinity of the entrance to the diverging outlet bore of the accelerating nozzle, and means for introducing a continuously flowing coaxial gas flow under high pressure through said narrow continuous slot, for forming a virtual supersonic gas-dynamic nozzle with choked flow condition for accelerating hot combustion product gases discharged from the combustion chamber and carrying particles of spray material, said virtual nozzle preventing physical contact and therefore build-up of particle material on the nozzle bore wall while ensuring supersonic particle velocities prior to particle impact on a substrate downstream of the discharge end of the nozzle bore, f) said spray gun body comprising means for introducing material in solid form outside of the combustion chamber axially into the hot combustion gases for subsequent heat softening or liquefaction and acceleration in said virtual gas-dynamic nozzle. 14. A flame spray apparatus as claimed in claim 13, wherein said narrow continuous slot of circumferential ring geometry is substituted with a circular series of closely spaced nozzle orifices, or a permeable portion of the nozzle wall of circumferential ring geometry, or a circular series of orifices of variable geometry, or a plurality or combination of said elements. | A method of forming a coating deposits a material onto a substrate with high velocity thermal spray apparatus. The method comprises the steps of mixing of an oxidizer gas and a gaseous fuel in the mixing unit, igniting and combusting the oxidizer and gaseous fuel mixture in the combustion chamber, feeding products of combustion to the accelerating nozzle, introducing selected spraying material into accelerating nozzle to form a supersonic stream of hot combustion product gases with entrained particles of spray material, and spraying at high velocity onto a surface positioned in the path of the stream at the discharge end of the nozzle; and forming a non-clogging convergent-divergent gas dynamic virtual nozzle (GDVN) in the accelerating nozzle by annularly introducing a coaxial gas flow, through a narrow continuous slot of circumferential ring geometry in the vicinity of the entrance to the diverging outlet bore of the accelerating nozzle.1. In a flame spray method comprising the steps of:
a) Continuously combusting, under pressure, a continuous flow of a fuel-oxidizer mixture confined within an essentially closed internal burner combustion chamber, and b) Discharging the hot combustion product gases from the combustion chamber through an accelerating nozzle having an inlet bore portion, which may be converging, straight, diverging, or be of variable geometry, and a diverging outlet bore, and c) Forming a non-clogging convergent-divergent gas dynamic virtual nozzle in the accelerating nozzle by annularly introducing a coaxial gas flow, through a narrow continuous slot of circumferential ring geometry in the vicinity of the entrance to the diverging outlet bore of the accelerating nozzle, thus constricting in diameter the flow of hot combustion product gases and forming a choked flow condition, and then expanding said flow of hot combustion product gases in the diverging outlet bore of the accelerating nozzle, thereby forming a supersonic hot gas stream, and d) Feeding material to said supersonic stream for high temperature heat softening or liquefaction and spraying at high velocity onto a surface positioned in the path of the stream at the discharge end of the nozzle, 2. A flame spray method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said coaxial gas flow is introduced through a circular series of closely spaced nozzle orifices, or a permeable portion of the nozzle wall of circumferential ring geometry, or a circular series of orifices of variable geometry, or a plurality or combination of said elements. 3. A flame spray method as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the annularly introduced coaxial gas flow is at least in part a flow of oxidizer. 4. A flame spray method as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the annularly introduced coaxial gas flow is at least in part a flow of compressed air. 5. A flame spray method as claimed in claim 3 or claim 4, wherein the step of introduction of a coaxial gas flow includes feeding of a secondary low reactive gaseous fuel into said coaxial gas flow. 6. A flame spray method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the step of feeding of a secondary low reactive fuel comprises the feeding of gaseous fuel selected from the group consisting of propane, propylene, methane, ethane, butane to said coaxial gas flow. 7. A flame spray method as claimed in claim 3 or claim 4, wherein the step of introduction of coaxial gas flow includes feeding of a secondary high reactive gaseous fuel into said coaxial gas flow. 8. A flame spray method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the step of feeding of a secondary high reactive gaseous fuel comprises the feeding of gaseous fuel selected from the group consisting of methyl-acetylene and its compounds, and hydrogen to said coaxial gas flow. 9. A flame spray method as claimed in claim 3 or claim 4, wherein the step of introduction of coaxial gas flow includes feeding of a secondary liquid fuel in the form of mist, vapor or liquid to said coaxial gas flow. 10. A flame spray method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the step of feeding of a secondary liquid fuel comprises the feeding of kerosene in the form of mist, vapor or liquid to said coaxial gas flow. 11. A flame spray method as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the annularly introduced coaxial gas flow is at least in part a flow of a mixture of fuels of high and low reactivity. 12. A flame spray method as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the annularly introduced coaxial gas flow is at least in part a flow of a mixture of gaseous and liquid fuels. 13. A supersonic material flame spray apparatus comprising:
a) a spray gun body, b) a high pressure essentially closed combustion chamber within that body, c) means for continuously flowing under high pressure an oxidizer-fuel mixture through this combustion chamber for ignition within said chamber, d) said body further comprising an elongated accelerating nozzle, having combustion products discharging bore, downstream of said combustion chamber, said accelerating nozzle having an inlet bore portion, which may be converging, straight, diverging, or be of variable geometry, and a diverging outlet bore, and, e) said elongated accelerating nozzle having a narrow continuous slot of circumferential ring geometry in the vicinity of the entrance to the diverging outlet bore of the accelerating nozzle, and means for introducing a continuously flowing coaxial gas flow under high pressure through said narrow continuous slot, for forming a virtual supersonic gas-dynamic nozzle with choked flow condition for accelerating hot combustion product gases discharged from the combustion chamber and carrying particles of spray material, said virtual nozzle preventing physical contact and therefore build-up of particle material on the nozzle bore wall while ensuring supersonic particle velocities prior to particle impact on a substrate downstream of the discharge end of the nozzle bore, f) said spray gun body comprising means for introducing material in solid form outside of the combustion chamber axially into the hot combustion gases for subsequent heat softening or liquefaction and acceleration in said virtual gas-dynamic nozzle. 14. A flame spray apparatus as claimed in claim 13, wherein said narrow continuous slot of circumferential ring geometry is substituted with a circular series of closely spaced nozzle orifices, or a permeable portion of the nozzle wall of circumferential ring geometry, or a circular series of orifices of variable geometry, or a plurality or combination of said elements. | 1,700 |
2,967 | 13,964,713 | 1,717 | A method and apparatus for applying a sealant material. A nozzle system may be positioned relative to a structure using a robotic device. The sealant material may be applied in a number of streams onto a structure using the nozzle system and the robotic device to form a sealant deposit having a desired shape in which the sealant material has a viscosity greater than a selected threshold. | 1. An apparatus comprising:
a robotic attachment element configured for attachment to a robotic device; a source attachment element configured for attachment to a source holding a sealant material having a viscosity greater than a selected threshold; and a nozzle system configured to apply the sealant material onto a structure in a number of streams to form a sealant deposit having a desired shape. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the nozzle system is configured to be held at least 0.5 inches away from the structure during application of the sealant material onto the structure. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the nozzle system is configured to be held at least 1.0 inches away from the structure during application of the sealant material onto the structure. 4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the robotic device is configured to move the nozzle system relative to the structure such that the sealant material is applied with a desired level of consistency and accuracy. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the desired shape of the sealant deposit is a bead having a substantially uniform thickness and width along a length of the bead. 6. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising:
a temperature controlling element associated with the nozzle system and configured to control a temperature of the sealant material flowing through the nozzle system to change the viscosity of the sealant material. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the nozzle system is configured to apply the sealant material onto the structure in one of a monostream mode and a multistream mode using a selected application pattern. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the selected application pattern is a swirl pattern. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the nozzle system is configured to apply the sealant material in the number of streams over a number of features of the structure such that the sealant deposit cures to form a seal over the number of features having the desired shape. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein a feature in the number of features is selected from one of a joint, a fastener element, an end of a fastener element, an interface between one or more components, a groove, and a seam. 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the selected threshold for the viscosity of the sealant material is greater than about 100,000 centipoise. 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the source is a sealant cartridge. 13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the robotic attachment element, the source attachment element, and the nozzle system form a sealant material application system. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the sealant material application system is an end effector for the robotic device. 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the structure is selected from one of a workpiece, an assembly of components, and a sub-assembly. 16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the structure comprises a number of components for an aerospace vehicle. 17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sealant material that is applied onto the structure is cured to form a seal having a rigid surface and the desired shape within selected tolerances. 18. A sealant material application system comprising:
a robotic attachment element configured for use in attaching the sealant material application system to a robotic device; a source holding a sealant material having a viscosity greater than about 100,000 centipoise; a source attachment element configured to attach the sealant material application system to the source; and a nozzle system configured to apply the sealant material over a number of features of a structure in a number of streams with a desired level of consistency and accuracy to form a sealant deposit having a desired shape in which the sealant deposit is cured to form a seal over the number of features. 19. A method for applying a sealant material, the method comprising:
positioning a nozzle system relative to a structure using a robotic device; and applying the sealant material in a number of streams onto the structure using the nozzle system and the robotic device to form a sealant deposit having a desired shape in which the sealant material has a viscosity greater than a selected threshold. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein applying the sealant material onto the structure using the nozzle system and the robotic device comprises:
moving the nozzle system along the structure while dispensing the sealant material from the nozzle system using the robotic device to ensure that the sealant material is applied with a desired level of consistency and accuracy. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein positioning the nozzle system relative to the structure using the robotic device comprises:
positioning the nozzle system relative to the structure using the robotic device such that the nozzle system is held at least about 0.5 inches away from the structure. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein applying the sealant material onto the structure using the nozzle system and the robotic device comprises:
moving the nozzle system along the structure while dispensing the sealant material from the nozzle system using the robotic device; and maintaining a selected distance of at least about 0.5 inches between the structure and an end of the nozzle system while the nozzle system is being moved along the structure using the robotic device. 23. The method of claim 19, wherein applying the sealant material onto the structure comprises:
controlling a number of parameters for the nozzle system during application of the sealant material onto the structure. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein controlling the number of parameters for the nozzle system during application of the sealant material onto the structure comprises:
controlling at least one of a flow rate of the sealant material being dispensed, a temperature of the sealant material, a translational speed of the nozzle system, or a rotational speed of the nozzle system. 25. The method of claim 19, wherein applying the sealant material onto the structure comprises:
changing the viscosity of the sealant material to change a flow rate of the sealant material through the nozzle system; and applying the sealant material onto the structure with the nozzle system in one of a monostream mode and a multistream mode using a selected application pattern. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein applying the sealant material onto the structure with the nozzle system in one of the monostream mode and the multistream mode using the selected application pattern comprises:
applying the sealant material onto the structure with the nozzle system in one of the monostream mode and the multistream mode using a swirl pattern. 27. The method of claim 19, wherein applying the sealant material onto the structure comprises:
applying the sealant material onto the structure such that the desired shape of the sealant deposit is a bead having a substantially uniform thickness and width along a length of the bead. 28. The method of claim 19 further comprising:
curing the sealant deposit to form a seal having a rigid surface and the desired shape within selected tolerances. 29. A method for applying a sealant material onto a structure for an aerospace vehicle, the method comprising:
receiving the sealant material having a viscosity greater than a selected threshold within a nozzle system in a sealant material application system; positioning the nozzle system relative to the structure using a robotic device such that the nozzle system is held at least 0.5 inches away from the structure during application of the sealant material onto the structure; dispensing the sealant material from the nozzle system; changing a viscosity of the sealant material during dispensing of the sealant material to change a flow rate of the sealant material being dispensed; moving the nozzle system along the structure while the sealant material is being dispensed from the nozzle system using the robotic device to ensure that the sealant material is applied onto the structure in a number of streams according to a selected application pattern with a desired level of consistency and accuracy to form a sealant deposit having a desired shape; and curing the sealant deposit to form a seal having a rigid surface and the desired shape within selected tolerances. | A method and apparatus for applying a sealant material. A nozzle system may be positioned relative to a structure using a robotic device. The sealant material may be applied in a number of streams onto a structure using the nozzle system and the robotic device to form a sealant deposit having a desired shape in which the sealant material has a viscosity greater than a selected threshold.1. An apparatus comprising:
a robotic attachment element configured for attachment to a robotic device; a source attachment element configured for attachment to a source holding a sealant material having a viscosity greater than a selected threshold; and a nozzle system configured to apply the sealant material onto a structure in a number of streams to form a sealant deposit having a desired shape. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the nozzle system is configured to be held at least 0.5 inches away from the structure during application of the sealant material onto the structure. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the nozzle system is configured to be held at least 1.0 inches away from the structure during application of the sealant material onto the structure. 4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the robotic device is configured to move the nozzle system relative to the structure such that the sealant material is applied with a desired level of consistency and accuracy. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the desired shape of the sealant deposit is a bead having a substantially uniform thickness and width along a length of the bead. 6. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising:
a temperature controlling element associated with the nozzle system and configured to control a temperature of the sealant material flowing through the nozzle system to change the viscosity of the sealant material. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the nozzle system is configured to apply the sealant material onto the structure in one of a monostream mode and a multistream mode using a selected application pattern. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the selected application pattern is a swirl pattern. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the nozzle system is configured to apply the sealant material in the number of streams over a number of features of the structure such that the sealant deposit cures to form a seal over the number of features having the desired shape. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein a feature in the number of features is selected from one of a joint, a fastener element, an end of a fastener element, an interface between one or more components, a groove, and a seam. 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the selected threshold for the viscosity of the sealant material is greater than about 100,000 centipoise. 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the source is a sealant cartridge. 13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the robotic attachment element, the source attachment element, and the nozzle system form a sealant material application system. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the sealant material application system is an end effector for the robotic device. 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the structure is selected from one of a workpiece, an assembly of components, and a sub-assembly. 16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the structure comprises a number of components for an aerospace vehicle. 17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sealant material that is applied onto the structure is cured to form a seal having a rigid surface and the desired shape within selected tolerances. 18. A sealant material application system comprising:
a robotic attachment element configured for use in attaching the sealant material application system to a robotic device; a source holding a sealant material having a viscosity greater than about 100,000 centipoise; a source attachment element configured to attach the sealant material application system to the source; and a nozzle system configured to apply the sealant material over a number of features of a structure in a number of streams with a desired level of consistency and accuracy to form a sealant deposit having a desired shape in which the sealant deposit is cured to form a seal over the number of features. 19. A method for applying a sealant material, the method comprising:
positioning a nozzle system relative to a structure using a robotic device; and applying the sealant material in a number of streams onto the structure using the nozzle system and the robotic device to form a sealant deposit having a desired shape in which the sealant material has a viscosity greater than a selected threshold. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein applying the sealant material onto the structure using the nozzle system and the robotic device comprises:
moving the nozzle system along the structure while dispensing the sealant material from the nozzle system using the robotic device to ensure that the sealant material is applied with a desired level of consistency and accuracy. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein positioning the nozzle system relative to the structure using the robotic device comprises:
positioning the nozzle system relative to the structure using the robotic device such that the nozzle system is held at least about 0.5 inches away from the structure. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein applying the sealant material onto the structure using the nozzle system and the robotic device comprises:
moving the nozzle system along the structure while dispensing the sealant material from the nozzle system using the robotic device; and maintaining a selected distance of at least about 0.5 inches between the structure and an end of the nozzle system while the nozzle system is being moved along the structure using the robotic device. 23. The method of claim 19, wherein applying the sealant material onto the structure comprises:
controlling a number of parameters for the nozzle system during application of the sealant material onto the structure. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein controlling the number of parameters for the nozzle system during application of the sealant material onto the structure comprises:
controlling at least one of a flow rate of the sealant material being dispensed, a temperature of the sealant material, a translational speed of the nozzle system, or a rotational speed of the nozzle system. 25. The method of claim 19, wherein applying the sealant material onto the structure comprises:
changing the viscosity of the sealant material to change a flow rate of the sealant material through the nozzle system; and applying the sealant material onto the structure with the nozzle system in one of a monostream mode and a multistream mode using a selected application pattern. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein applying the sealant material onto the structure with the nozzle system in one of the monostream mode and the multistream mode using the selected application pattern comprises:
applying the sealant material onto the structure with the nozzle system in one of the monostream mode and the multistream mode using a swirl pattern. 27. The method of claim 19, wherein applying the sealant material onto the structure comprises:
applying the sealant material onto the structure such that the desired shape of the sealant deposit is a bead having a substantially uniform thickness and width along a length of the bead. 28. The method of claim 19 further comprising:
curing the sealant deposit to form a seal having a rigid surface and the desired shape within selected tolerances. 29. A method for applying a sealant material onto a structure for an aerospace vehicle, the method comprising:
receiving the sealant material having a viscosity greater than a selected threshold within a nozzle system in a sealant material application system; positioning the nozzle system relative to the structure using a robotic device such that the nozzle system is held at least 0.5 inches away from the structure during application of the sealant material onto the structure; dispensing the sealant material from the nozzle system; changing a viscosity of the sealant material during dispensing of the sealant material to change a flow rate of the sealant material being dispensed; moving the nozzle system along the structure while the sealant material is being dispensed from the nozzle system using the robotic device to ensure that the sealant material is applied onto the structure in a number of streams according to a selected application pattern with a desired level of consistency and accuracy to form a sealant deposit having a desired shape; and curing the sealant deposit to form a seal having a rigid surface and the desired shape within selected tolerances. | 1,700 |
2,968 | 15,454,868 | 1,798 | The present invention lies in the field of automated analyzers and relates to a method for mixing liquids in liquid containers. The arrangement for automated mixing comprises a shaking device and a gripper which is connected by way of a flexible connecting element to a transfer arm and which serves for receiving a liquid container. The coupling of gripper and shaking device is realized by way of an eccentrically movable coupling pin and a coupling hole provided for this purpose. | 1. A method for mixing a liquid in a liquid container, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) receiving the liquid container by way of a gripper which is fastened by way of a flexible connecting element to an automatically movable transfer arm, wherein the gripper has a coupling hole; then (b) displacing the gripper with the liquid container to a shaking device having a coupling pin which is movable about a vertical axis of rotation; then (c) inserting the coupling pin of the shaking device into the coupling hole of the gripper in a direction coaxial with the vertical axis of rotation of the coupling pin; and then (d) moving the coupling pin; wherein: after insertion of the coupling pin of the shaking device into the coupling hole provided on the gripper in step (c), the gripper or the shaking device is firstly displaced perpendicular to the vertical axis of rotation of the movable coupling pin before the coupling pin is set in motion. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the gripper or the shaking device is displaced perpendicularly to the vertical axis of rotation of the movable coupling pin until an inner wall of the coupling hole exerts a transverse force on the coupling pin, before the coupling pin is set in motion. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the gripper is displaced perpendicularly to the vertical axis of rotation of the movable coupling pin by horizontal displacement of the transfer arm. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the liquid is from a group of bodily fluid and reaction mix. 5. An automated analyzer having:
(i) an apparatus for transferring a liquid container, the apparatus comprising a horizontally and vertically movable transfer arm and a gripper which is connected by way of a flexible connecting element to the transfer arm and which serves for gripping, holding and releasing the liquid container, wherein the gripper has a coupling hole, (ii) multiple first receiving positions each configured to receive one liquid container, (iii) a shaking device having a coupling pin which is movable about a vertical axis of rotation, and (iv) a control apparatus configured to control a method for mixing a liquid in the liquid container, the method comprising the following steps:
(a) receiving the liquid container from one of the multiple first receiving positions by way of the gripper; then
(b) displacing the gripper with the liquid container to the shaking device; then
(c) inserting the coupling pin of the shaking device into the coupling hole of the gripper in a direction coaxial with the vertical axis of rotation of the coupling pin; and then
(d) moving the coupling pin;
wherein: after insertion of the coupling pin of the shaking device into the coupling hole provided on the gripper in step (c), the gripper or the shaking device is firstly displaced perpendicular to the vertical axis of rotation of the movable coupling pin before the coupling pin is set in motion. 6. The automated analyzer as claimed in claim 5, in which the coupling pin of the shaking device is attached to a plate which is movable about the vertical axis of rotation. 7. The automated analyzer as claimed in claim 5, in which the coupling pin of the shaking device has a spherical head end. 8. The automated analyzer as claimed in claim 5, in which the coupling hole provided on the gripper has a hemispherical or circular cylindrical shape. 9. The automated analyzer as claimed in claim 5, in which the apparatus for transferring the liquid container is provided for transferring the liquid container from a group comprising reaction vessel and reagent liquid container. 10. The automated analyzer as claimed in claim 9, additionally having an incubation device that includes the multiple first receiving positions each configured to receive one reaction vessel and having a receiving device which is assigned to a measurement station and which has multiple second receiving positions each configured to receive one reaction vessel, wherein the receiving of the liquid container from one of the first receiving positions by way of the gripper in step (a) is the receiving of a reaction vessel filled with a reaction mix from the one of the multiple first receiving positions of the incubation device, and wherein the control apparatus is furthermore configured such that, after mixing of the reaction mix in the reaction vessel, the reaction vessel is transferred, by the apparatus for transferring a liquid container, into one of the multiple second receiving positions of the receiving device assigned to the measurement station. | The present invention lies in the field of automated analyzers and relates to a method for mixing liquids in liquid containers. The arrangement for automated mixing comprises a shaking device and a gripper which is connected by way of a flexible connecting element to a transfer arm and which serves for receiving a liquid container. The coupling of gripper and shaking device is realized by way of an eccentrically movable coupling pin and a coupling hole provided for this purpose.1. A method for mixing a liquid in a liquid container, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) receiving the liquid container by way of a gripper which is fastened by way of a flexible connecting element to an automatically movable transfer arm, wherein the gripper has a coupling hole; then (b) displacing the gripper with the liquid container to a shaking device having a coupling pin which is movable about a vertical axis of rotation; then (c) inserting the coupling pin of the shaking device into the coupling hole of the gripper in a direction coaxial with the vertical axis of rotation of the coupling pin; and then (d) moving the coupling pin; wherein: after insertion of the coupling pin of the shaking device into the coupling hole provided on the gripper in step (c), the gripper or the shaking device is firstly displaced perpendicular to the vertical axis of rotation of the movable coupling pin before the coupling pin is set in motion. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the gripper or the shaking device is displaced perpendicularly to the vertical axis of rotation of the movable coupling pin until an inner wall of the coupling hole exerts a transverse force on the coupling pin, before the coupling pin is set in motion. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the gripper is displaced perpendicularly to the vertical axis of rotation of the movable coupling pin by horizontal displacement of the transfer arm. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the liquid is from a group of bodily fluid and reaction mix. 5. An automated analyzer having:
(i) an apparatus for transferring a liquid container, the apparatus comprising a horizontally and vertically movable transfer arm and a gripper which is connected by way of a flexible connecting element to the transfer arm and which serves for gripping, holding and releasing the liquid container, wherein the gripper has a coupling hole, (ii) multiple first receiving positions each configured to receive one liquid container, (iii) a shaking device having a coupling pin which is movable about a vertical axis of rotation, and (iv) a control apparatus configured to control a method for mixing a liquid in the liquid container, the method comprising the following steps:
(a) receiving the liquid container from one of the multiple first receiving positions by way of the gripper; then
(b) displacing the gripper with the liquid container to the shaking device; then
(c) inserting the coupling pin of the shaking device into the coupling hole of the gripper in a direction coaxial with the vertical axis of rotation of the coupling pin; and then
(d) moving the coupling pin;
wherein: after insertion of the coupling pin of the shaking device into the coupling hole provided on the gripper in step (c), the gripper or the shaking device is firstly displaced perpendicular to the vertical axis of rotation of the movable coupling pin before the coupling pin is set in motion. 6. The automated analyzer as claimed in claim 5, in which the coupling pin of the shaking device is attached to a plate which is movable about the vertical axis of rotation. 7. The automated analyzer as claimed in claim 5, in which the coupling pin of the shaking device has a spherical head end. 8. The automated analyzer as claimed in claim 5, in which the coupling hole provided on the gripper has a hemispherical or circular cylindrical shape. 9. The automated analyzer as claimed in claim 5, in which the apparatus for transferring the liquid container is provided for transferring the liquid container from a group comprising reaction vessel and reagent liquid container. 10. The automated analyzer as claimed in claim 9, additionally having an incubation device that includes the multiple first receiving positions each configured to receive one reaction vessel and having a receiving device which is assigned to a measurement station and which has multiple second receiving positions each configured to receive one reaction vessel, wherein the receiving of the liquid container from one of the first receiving positions by way of the gripper in step (a) is the receiving of a reaction vessel filled with a reaction mix from the one of the multiple first receiving positions of the incubation device, and wherein the control apparatus is furthermore configured such that, after mixing of the reaction mix in the reaction vessel, the reaction vessel is transferred, by the apparatus for transferring a liquid container, into one of the multiple second receiving positions of the receiving device assigned to the measurement station. | 1,700 |
2,969 | 14,391,764 | 1,791 | A method of making an encapsulated flavour, comprising the steps of
(i) emulsifying the flavour; (ii) spraying the emulsifier flavour on to a dry blend of hydrocolloid and unhydrolysed pea protein under conditions of high shear; and (iii) continuing the shearing until the resulting particles have reached the desired size.
The flavour is free of gelatin and may be used in consumable products in which the presence of gelatin is undesirable. | 1. A method of making an encapsulated flavour, comprising the steps of
(i) emulsifying the flavour; (ii) spraying the emulsifier flavour on to a dry blend of hydrocolloid and unhydrolysed pea protein under conditions of high shear; and (iii) continuing the shearing until the resulting particles have reached the desired size. 2. An encapsulated flavour, comprising flavour, hydrocolloid and unhydrolysed pea protein. 3. An encapsulated flavour, prepared by a method according to claim 1. | A method of making an encapsulated flavour, comprising the steps of
(i) emulsifying the flavour; (ii) spraying the emulsifier flavour on to a dry blend of hydrocolloid and unhydrolysed pea protein under conditions of high shear; and (iii) continuing the shearing until the resulting particles have reached the desired size.
The flavour is free of gelatin and may be used in consumable products in which the presence of gelatin is undesirable.1. A method of making an encapsulated flavour, comprising the steps of
(i) emulsifying the flavour; (ii) spraying the emulsifier flavour on to a dry blend of hydrocolloid and unhydrolysed pea protein under conditions of high shear; and (iii) continuing the shearing until the resulting particles have reached the desired size. 2. An encapsulated flavour, comprising flavour, hydrocolloid and unhydrolysed pea protein. 3. An encapsulated flavour, prepared by a method according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,970 | 14,188,134 | 1,794 | Cylindrical evaporation source which includes, at an outer cylinder wall, target material to be evaporated as well as a first magnetic field source and a second magnetic field source which form at least a part of a magnet system and are arranged in an interior of the cylindrical evaporation source for generating a magnetic field. In this respect, first magnetic field source and second magnetic field source are provided at a carrier system such that a shape and/or a strength of the magnetic field can be set in a predefinable spatial region in accordance with a predefinable scheme. In embodiments, the carrier system is configured for setting the shape and/or strength of the magnetic field of the carrier system such that the first magnetic field source is arranged at a first carrier arm and is pivotable by a predefinable pivot angle (α 1 ) with respect to a first pivot axis. | 1. A cylindrical evaporation source which includes, at an outer cylinder wall a target material to be evaporated as well as a first magnetic field source and a second magnetic field source which form at least a part of a magnet system and which are arranged in an interior of the cylindrical evaporation source for generating a magnetic field, wherein the first magnetic field source and the second magnetic field source are provided at a carrier system such that a shape and/or a strength of the magnetic field can be set in accordance with a predefinable scheme in a predefinable spatial region, characterized in that the carrier system is configured for setting the shape and/or the strength of the magnetic field such that the first magnetic field source is arranged at a first carrier arm and can be pivoted by a predefinable first pivot angle (α1) with respect to a first pivot axis. 2. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 1, wherein the second magnetic field source is arranged at a second carrier arm and can be pivoted by a predefinable second angle (α2) with respect to a second pivot axis. 3. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 1, wherein the magnet system additionally includes a first magnetic element. 4. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 1, wherein the magnet system additionally include a second magnetic element. 5. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 1, wherein the first magnetic field source and/or the second magnetic field source and/or the first magnetic element and/or the second magnetic element and/or the carrier system can be displaced in a linear manner in a predefinable spatial direction. 6. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 1, wherein the first magnetic field source and/or the second magnetic field source and/or the first magnetic element and/or the second magnetic element and/or the carrier system is/are arranged in a linearly displaceable manner in a direction (RS) perpendicular to a longitudinal axis (L) of the carrier system, is/are in particular arranged in a linearly displaceable manner simultaneously perpendicular to the longitudinal axis (L) and in parallel with a bisectrix (WH) of a total pivot angle (α12). 7. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 1, wherein the first magnetic field source and/or the second magnetic field source and/or the first magnetic element and/or the second magnetic element and/or the carrier system is/are arranged in a linearly displaceable manner in a direction (RP) in parallel with the longitudinal axis (L) of the carrier system. 8. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 1, wherein the first magnetic field source and/or the second magnetic field source and/or the first magnetic element and/or the second magnetic element and/or the carrier system is/are arranged rotatable by a predefinable angle of rotation (β) about an axis of rotation (D), with the axis of rotation (D) preferably being in parallel with the longitudinal axis (L) of the carrier system. 9. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 1, wherein the first magnetic field source and/or the second magnetic field source and/or the first magnetic element and/or the second magnetic element and/or the carrier system is/are arranged tiltable about a tilt axis (K). 10. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 3, wherein the first magnetic element and/or the second magnetic element is/are arranged at a predefinable spacing from the longitudinal axis (L) of the carrier system with respect to the bisectrix (WH) of the total pivot angle (α12), preferably at a yoke, specifically at a yoke of a ferrite material. 11. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 3, wherein the first magnetic element and/or the second magnetic element is/are an additional magnet or is/are the yoke. 12. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 1, wherein the first magnetic field source and/or the second magnetic field source and/or the first magnetic element and/or the second magnetic element is/are a permanent magnet and/or a ferrite and/or an electromagnet. 13. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 1, wherein a strength of the magnetic field of the first magnetic field source and/or of the second magnetic field source and/or of the first magnetic element and/or of the second magnetic element can be controlled or regulated. 14. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 1, wherein the magnet system forms a balanced magnetron or an unbalanced magnetron. 15. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 1, wherein the evaporation source is configured as an evaporation cathode or as an evaporation anode such that the evaporation cathode can be used both as an atomization cathode and as an arc evaporation source, in particular as an arc cathode. | Cylindrical evaporation source which includes, at an outer cylinder wall, target material to be evaporated as well as a first magnetic field source and a second magnetic field source which form at least a part of a magnet system and are arranged in an interior of the cylindrical evaporation source for generating a magnetic field. In this respect, first magnetic field source and second magnetic field source are provided at a carrier system such that a shape and/or a strength of the magnetic field can be set in a predefinable spatial region in accordance with a predefinable scheme. In embodiments, the carrier system is configured for setting the shape and/or strength of the magnetic field of the carrier system such that the first magnetic field source is arranged at a first carrier arm and is pivotable by a predefinable pivot angle (α 1 ) with respect to a first pivot axis.1. A cylindrical evaporation source which includes, at an outer cylinder wall a target material to be evaporated as well as a first magnetic field source and a second magnetic field source which form at least a part of a magnet system and which are arranged in an interior of the cylindrical evaporation source for generating a magnetic field, wherein the first magnetic field source and the second magnetic field source are provided at a carrier system such that a shape and/or a strength of the magnetic field can be set in accordance with a predefinable scheme in a predefinable spatial region, characterized in that the carrier system is configured for setting the shape and/or the strength of the magnetic field such that the first magnetic field source is arranged at a first carrier arm and can be pivoted by a predefinable first pivot angle (α1) with respect to a first pivot axis. 2. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 1, wherein the second magnetic field source is arranged at a second carrier arm and can be pivoted by a predefinable second angle (α2) with respect to a second pivot axis. 3. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 1, wherein the magnet system additionally includes a first magnetic element. 4. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 1, wherein the magnet system additionally include a second magnetic element. 5. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 1, wherein the first magnetic field source and/or the second magnetic field source and/or the first magnetic element and/or the second magnetic element and/or the carrier system can be displaced in a linear manner in a predefinable spatial direction. 6. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 1, wherein the first magnetic field source and/or the second magnetic field source and/or the first magnetic element and/or the second magnetic element and/or the carrier system is/are arranged in a linearly displaceable manner in a direction (RS) perpendicular to a longitudinal axis (L) of the carrier system, is/are in particular arranged in a linearly displaceable manner simultaneously perpendicular to the longitudinal axis (L) and in parallel with a bisectrix (WH) of a total pivot angle (α12). 7. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 1, wherein the first magnetic field source and/or the second magnetic field source and/or the first magnetic element and/or the second magnetic element and/or the carrier system is/are arranged in a linearly displaceable manner in a direction (RP) in parallel with the longitudinal axis (L) of the carrier system. 8. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 1, wherein the first magnetic field source and/or the second magnetic field source and/or the first magnetic element and/or the second magnetic element and/or the carrier system is/are arranged rotatable by a predefinable angle of rotation (β) about an axis of rotation (D), with the axis of rotation (D) preferably being in parallel with the longitudinal axis (L) of the carrier system. 9. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 1, wherein the first magnetic field source and/or the second magnetic field source and/or the first magnetic element and/or the second magnetic element and/or the carrier system is/are arranged tiltable about a tilt axis (K). 10. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 3, wherein the first magnetic element and/or the second magnetic element is/are arranged at a predefinable spacing from the longitudinal axis (L) of the carrier system with respect to the bisectrix (WH) of the total pivot angle (α12), preferably at a yoke, specifically at a yoke of a ferrite material. 11. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 3, wherein the first magnetic element and/or the second magnetic element is/are an additional magnet or is/are the yoke. 12. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 1, wherein the first magnetic field source and/or the second magnetic field source and/or the first magnetic element and/or the second magnetic element is/are a permanent magnet and/or a ferrite and/or an electromagnet. 13. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 1, wherein a strength of the magnetic field of the first magnetic field source and/or of the second magnetic field source and/or of the first magnetic element and/or of the second magnetic element can be controlled or regulated. 14. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 1, wherein the magnet system forms a balanced magnetron or an unbalanced magnetron. 15. An evaporation source in accordance with claim 1, wherein the evaporation source is configured as an evaporation cathode or as an evaporation anode such that the evaporation cathode can be used both as an atomization cathode and as an arc evaporation source, in particular as an arc cathode. | 1,700 |
2,971 | 14,615,125 | 1,736 | A lower carbon steel alloy with specific substitutional alloying additions. The alloy is useful in the production of ASTM A516 grade pressure vessel steel plates with excellent HIC resistance. The material has a ferrite-pearlite microstructure, in normalized and stress relieved condition, appropriate for resisting hydrogen induced cracking, with isolated ferrite and pearlite constituents and no continuous pearlite bands. The material exhibits significant low temperature toughness. | 1. A steel alloy composition comprising, in weight percent:
C:0.10-0.135, Mn:0.8-1.2, P:0.012 max, S:0.002 max, Si:0.30-0.40, Cu:0.15-0.35, Ni:0.15-0.25, Al:0.02-0.05, Nb:0.015-0.030, Mo:0.06-0.09, the remainder iron and other unavoidable impurities; said composition has a CE between 0.269-0.393 and a Pcm between 0.167-0.236, wherein CE and Pcm are defined as (all elemental concentrations are in wt %):
CE=C+Mn/6+(Cu+Ni)/15+(Mo+V+Cr)/5
and
Pcm=C+Si/30+(Mn+Cu+Cr)/20+Ni/60+Mo/15+V/10+5B
said alloy having a hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) resistance such that the alloy has a Crack Length Ratio (CLR), of ≦15%, a Crack Sensitivity Ratio (CSR) of ≦5%, and a Crack Thickness Ratio (CTR); of ≦2%; said alloy further having a CVN impact energy of at least 75 ft-lb at −20 F. 2. The steel alloy of claim 1, wherein said CLR is ≦5%, said CSR is ≦2%, and said CTR is ≦1%. 3. The steel alloy of claim 2, wherein said CLR is 0%, said CSR is 0%, and said CTR is 0%. 4. The steel alloy of claim 1, wherein said composition comprises, in weight percent: C:0.11-0.13, Mn:0.8-1.2, P:0.012 max, S:0.002 max, Si:0.30-0.40, Cu:0.25-0.35, Ni:0.15-0.25, Al:0.02-0.04, Nb:0.016-0.020, Mo:0.06-0.08, the remainder iron and other unavoidable impurities. 5. The steel alloy of claim 1, wherein said composition comprises, in weight percent:
C:0.115-0.135, Mn:1.0-1.2, P:0.012 max, S:0.002 max, Si:0.03-0.04, Cu:0.25-0.32, Ni:0.15-0.22, Al:0.025-0.045, Nb:0.015-0.03, Mo:0.06-0.09, the remainder iron and other unavoidable impurities. 6. The steel alloy of claim 1, wherein said composition comprises, in weight percent:
C:0.11-0.13, Mn:1.0-1.20, P:0.01 Max, S:0.001 Max, Si:0.30-0.40, V:0.01 Max, Cu:0.20-0.30, Ni:0.15-0.22; Al:0.020-0.050, Nb:0.012-0.020, Ti:0.020 Max, Ca:0.0015-0.0030; and wherein said composition has a CE between 0.277-0.377 and a Pcm between 0.173-0.209. 7. The steel alloy of claim 6, wherein said composition comprises, in weight percent:
C:0.12, Mn:1.19, P:0.013, S:0.001, Si:0.34, Cu:0.24, Ni:0.15; Nb:0.017, Mo:0.079, Al:0.025, Ca:0.0010; and wherein said composition has a CE of 0.342. 8. The steel alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy further has a CVN impact energy of at least 75 ft-lb at −80 F. 9. The steel alloy of claim 8, wherein said alloy further has a CVN impact energy of at least 200 ft-lb at −20 F. 10. The steel alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy has a homogenous polygonal ferrite-pearlite microstructure throughout. | A lower carbon steel alloy with specific substitutional alloying additions. The alloy is useful in the production of ASTM A516 grade pressure vessel steel plates with excellent HIC resistance. The material has a ferrite-pearlite microstructure, in normalized and stress relieved condition, appropriate for resisting hydrogen induced cracking, with isolated ferrite and pearlite constituents and no continuous pearlite bands. The material exhibits significant low temperature toughness.1. A steel alloy composition comprising, in weight percent:
C:0.10-0.135, Mn:0.8-1.2, P:0.012 max, S:0.002 max, Si:0.30-0.40, Cu:0.15-0.35, Ni:0.15-0.25, Al:0.02-0.05, Nb:0.015-0.030, Mo:0.06-0.09, the remainder iron and other unavoidable impurities; said composition has a CE between 0.269-0.393 and a Pcm between 0.167-0.236, wherein CE and Pcm are defined as (all elemental concentrations are in wt %):
CE=C+Mn/6+(Cu+Ni)/15+(Mo+V+Cr)/5
and
Pcm=C+Si/30+(Mn+Cu+Cr)/20+Ni/60+Mo/15+V/10+5B
said alloy having a hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) resistance such that the alloy has a Crack Length Ratio (CLR), of ≦15%, a Crack Sensitivity Ratio (CSR) of ≦5%, and a Crack Thickness Ratio (CTR); of ≦2%; said alloy further having a CVN impact energy of at least 75 ft-lb at −20 F. 2. The steel alloy of claim 1, wherein said CLR is ≦5%, said CSR is ≦2%, and said CTR is ≦1%. 3. The steel alloy of claim 2, wherein said CLR is 0%, said CSR is 0%, and said CTR is 0%. 4. The steel alloy of claim 1, wherein said composition comprises, in weight percent: C:0.11-0.13, Mn:0.8-1.2, P:0.012 max, S:0.002 max, Si:0.30-0.40, Cu:0.25-0.35, Ni:0.15-0.25, Al:0.02-0.04, Nb:0.016-0.020, Mo:0.06-0.08, the remainder iron and other unavoidable impurities. 5. The steel alloy of claim 1, wherein said composition comprises, in weight percent:
C:0.115-0.135, Mn:1.0-1.2, P:0.012 max, S:0.002 max, Si:0.03-0.04, Cu:0.25-0.32, Ni:0.15-0.22, Al:0.025-0.045, Nb:0.015-0.03, Mo:0.06-0.09, the remainder iron and other unavoidable impurities. 6. The steel alloy of claim 1, wherein said composition comprises, in weight percent:
C:0.11-0.13, Mn:1.0-1.20, P:0.01 Max, S:0.001 Max, Si:0.30-0.40, V:0.01 Max, Cu:0.20-0.30, Ni:0.15-0.22; Al:0.020-0.050, Nb:0.012-0.020, Ti:0.020 Max, Ca:0.0015-0.0030; and wherein said composition has a CE between 0.277-0.377 and a Pcm between 0.173-0.209. 7. The steel alloy of claim 6, wherein said composition comprises, in weight percent:
C:0.12, Mn:1.19, P:0.013, S:0.001, Si:0.34, Cu:0.24, Ni:0.15; Nb:0.017, Mo:0.079, Al:0.025, Ca:0.0010; and wherein said composition has a CE of 0.342. 8. The steel alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy further has a CVN impact energy of at least 75 ft-lb at −80 F. 9. The steel alloy of claim 8, wherein said alloy further has a CVN impact energy of at least 200 ft-lb at −20 F. 10. The steel alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy has a homogenous polygonal ferrite-pearlite microstructure throughout. | 1,700 |
2,972 | 13,103,008 | 1,716 | Embodiments of the present invention relate to apparatuses and methods for fabricating electrochemical cells. One embodiment of the present invention comprises a single chamber configurable to deposit different materials on a substrate spooled between two reels. In one embodiment, the substrate is moved in the same direction around the reels, with conditions within the chamber periodically changed to result in the continuous build-up of deposited material over time. Another embodiment employs alternating a direction of movement of the substrate around the reels, with conditions in the chamber differing with each change in direction to result in the sequential build-up of deposited material over time. The chamber is equipped with different sources of energy and materials to allow the deposition of the different layers of the electrochemical cell. | 1-44. (canceled) 45. A composition comprising:
a substrate material configured to be wound between reels, the substrate material comprising copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), stainless steel, or other suitable conductive alloy in the form of a thin foil and bearing, a first electrode material comprising at least one of lithium metal (Li), lithium titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12), graphite (C), or meso-carbon structures; an electrolyte material overlying the first electrode material and comprising at least one of lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LIPON) or a lithium salt mixed with poly-ethylene oxide (PEO), poly-vinylidene fluoride (PVDF), or a combination of PEO and PVDF; and a second electrode material overlying the electrolyte material and comprising at least one of a layered metal oxide material, a layered spinel material, or a layered olivine material. 46. The composition of claim 45 wherein the meso-carbon structures comprise at least one of microbeads or other microstructures. 47. (canceled) 48. The composition of claim 45 wherein the layered oxide material comprises LiCoO2, the layered spinel material comprises LiMn2O4, or the layered olivine material comprises LiFePO4, Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2, LiNixCoyAl(1-x-y)O2 (NCA), or LiNixMnyCo(1-x-y)O2 (NCM). 49. (canceled) 50. The composition of claim 45 further comprising an electrically conducting lead connecting the plurality of discrete cells. 51. The composition of claim 45 wherein the first electrode material, the electrolyte material, and the second electrode material are formed as part of a vertical stack of a plurality of cells. 52. A solid state battery device comprising a composition, the device comprising:
a roll comprising a substrate collected from a deposition apparatus, the substrate being configured on a non-conductive material; a first current collector formed overlying the substrate; a first electrode layer that is capable of an electrochemical reaction with ions formed overlying current collector; an electrolyte material formed overlying the cathode that is capable of ionic diffusion, the electrolyte material being a solid state material; a second electrode layer formed overlying the electrolyte material; and a second current collector formed overlying the second electrode layer; and wherein the electrolyte material comprising at least one of lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LIPON) or a lithium salt mixed with poly-ethylene oxide (PEO), poly-vinylidene fluoride (PVDF), or a combination of PEO and PVDF and configured as the solid state material. 53. The device of claim 52 wherein the substrate, first current collector, the first electrode, the electrolyte material, and the second electrode layer form a resulting electrochemical cell. 54. The device of claim 53 wherein the first electrode layer comprises at least one of lithium metal (Li), lithium titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12), graphite (C), or meso-carbon structures. 55. The device of claim 52 further comprising an electrically conducting lead connecting the plurality of discrete cells. 56. The device of claim 52 wherein the first electrode material, the electrolyte material, and the second electrode material are formed as part of a vertical stack of a plurality of cells. 57. A solid state battery cell, the composition comprising:
a substrate; a first electrode layer overlying substrate, the first electrode layer comprising at least one of lithium metal (Li), lithium titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12), graphite (C), or meso-carbon structures; a first current collector formed within a vicinity of the first electrode layer; an electrolyte material formed overlying the cathode that is capable of ionic diffusion, the electrolyte material being configured as a solid state material; a second electrode layer formed overlying the electrolyte material; and a second current collector formed within a vicinity of the second electrode layer. 58. The cell of claim 57 wherein the substrate, first electrode layer, the first current collector, the electrolyte material, the second electrode layer, and the second current collector are configured as a roll. 59. The cell of claim 57 wherein the first electrode layer is the lithium titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12) or the meso-carbon structures. 60. The cell of claim 57 wherein the first electrode layer is the lithium metal. 61. The cell of claim 57 wherein the electrolyte material comprising at least one of lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LIPON) or a lithium salt mixed with poly-ethylene oxide (PEO), poly-vinylidene fluoride (PVDF), or a combination of PEO and PVDF and configured as the solid state material. 62. The cell of claim 57 wherein the first electrode layer comprises the lithium metal; and the electrolyte material comprises a lithium phosphorus oxynitride. 63. The cell of claim 57 wherein the substrate is made of a non-conductive material. 64. The cell of claim 57 wherein the substrate is made of a conductive material. 65. The cell of claim 57 wherein the first or second electrode layer comprises at least one of a layered metal oxide material, a layered spinel material, or a layered olivine material. 66. The cell of claim 57 wherein the first electrode layer, the electrolyte material, and the second electrode layer are formed as part of a vertical stack of a plurality of cells. | Embodiments of the present invention relate to apparatuses and methods for fabricating electrochemical cells. One embodiment of the present invention comprises a single chamber configurable to deposit different materials on a substrate spooled between two reels. In one embodiment, the substrate is moved in the same direction around the reels, with conditions within the chamber periodically changed to result in the continuous build-up of deposited material over time. Another embodiment employs alternating a direction of movement of the substrate around the reels, with conditions in the chamber differing with each change in direction to result in the sequential build-up of deposited material over time. The chamber is equipped with different sources of energy and materials to allow the deposition of the different layers of the electrochemical cell.1-44. (canceled) 45. A composition comprising:
a substrate material configured to be wound between reels, the substrate material comprising copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), stainless steel, or other suitable conductive alloy in the form of a thin foil and bearing, a first electrode material comprising at least one of lithium metal (Li), lithium titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12), graphite (C), or meso-carbon structures; an electrolyte material overlying the first electrode material and comprising at least one of lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LIPON) or a lithium salt mixed with poly-ethylene oxide (PEO), poly-vinylidene fluoride (PVDF), or a combination of PEO and PVDF; and a second electrode material overlying the electrolyte material and comprising at least one of a layered metal oxide material, a layered spinel material, or a layered olivine material. 46. The composition of claim 45 wherein the meso-carbon structures comprise at least one of microbeads or other microstructures. 47. (canceled) 48. The composition of claim 45 wherein the layered oxide material comprises LiCoO2, the layered spinel material comprises LiMn2O4, or the layered olivine material comprises LiFePO4, Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2, LiNixCoyAl(1-x-y)O2 (NCA), or LiNixMnyCo(1-x-y)O2 (NCM). 49. (canceled) 50. The composition of claim 45 further comprising an electrically conducting lead connecting the plurality of discrete cells. 51. The composition of claim 45 wherein the first electrode material, the electrolyte material, and the second electrode material are formed as part of a vertical stack of a plurality of cells. 52. A solid state battery device comprising a composition, the device comprising:
a roll comprising a substrate collected from a deposition apparatus, the substrate being configured on a non-conductive material; a first current collector formed overlying the substrate; a first electrode layer that is capable of an electrochemical reaction with ions formed overlying current collector; an electrolyte material formed overlying the cathode that is capable of ionic diffusion, the electrolyte material being a solid state material; a second electrode layer formed overlying the electrolyte material; and a second current collector formed overlying the second electrode layer; and wherein the electrolyte material comprising at least one of lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LIPON) or a lithium salt mixed with poly-ethylene oxide (PEO), poly-vinylidene fluoride (PVDF), or a combination of PEO and PVDF and configured as the solid state material. 53. The device of claim 52 wherein the substrate, first current collector, the first electrode, the electrolyte material, and the second electrode layer form a resulting electrochemical cell. 54. The device of claim 53 wherein the first electrode layer comprises at least one of lithium metal (Li), lithium titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12), graphite (C), or meso-carbon structures. 55. The device of claim 52 further comprising an electrically conducting lead connecting the plurality of discrete cells. 56. The device of claim 52 wherein the first electrode material, the electrolyte material, and the second electrode material are formed as part of a vertical stack of a plurality of cells. 57. A solid state battery cell, the composition comprising:
a substrate; a first electrode layer overlying substrate, the first electrode layer comprising at least one of lithium metal (Li), lithium titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12), graphite (C), or meso-carbon structures; a first current collector formed within a vicinity of the first electrode layer; an electrolyte material formed overlying the cathode that is capable of ionic diffusion, the electrolyte material being configured as a solid state material; a second electrode layer formed overlying the electrolyte material; and a second current collector formed within a vicinity of the second electrode layer. 58. The cell of claim 57 wherein the substrate, first electrode layer, the first current collector, the electrolyte material, the second electrode layer, and the second current collector are configured as a roll. 59. The cell of claim 57 wherein the first electrode layer is the lithium titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12) or the meso-carbon structures. 60. The cell of claim 57 wherein the first electrode layer is the lithium metal. 61. The cell of claim 57 wherein the electrolyte material comprising at least one of lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LIPON) or a lithium salt mixed with poly-ethylene oxide (PEO), poly-vinylidene fluoride (PVDF), or a combination of PEO and PVDF and configured as the solid state material. 62. The cell of claim 57 wherein the first electrode layer comprises the lithium metal; and the electrolyte material comprises a lithium phosphorus oxynitride. 63. The cell of claim 57 wherein the substrate is made of a non-conductive material. 64. The cell of claim 57 wherein the substrate is made of a conductive material. 65. The cell of claim 57 wherein the first or second electrode layer comprises at least one of a layered metal oxide material, a layered spinel material, or a layered olivine material. 66. The cell of claim 57 wherein the first electrode layer, the electrolyte material, and the second electrode layer are formed as part of a vertical stack of a plurality of cells. | 1,700 |
2,973 | 12,515,727 | 1,741 | Provided is a method for producing a synthetic opaque quartz glass where flame processing can be performed in high purity with a simple way and even a large sized one can be produced, and the synthetic opaque quartz glass.
A method for producing a synthetic opaque quartz glass which comprises the step of heating and burning a quartz glass porous body under a pressure of from 0.15 MPa to 1000 MPa at a temperature of from 1200° C. to 2000° C. The quartz glass porous body is prepared by depositing quartz glass particles which are produced by hydrolyzing a silicon compound with an oxyhydrogen flame. | 1. A method for producing a synthetic opaque quartz glass comprises the step of: heating and burning a quartz glass porous body under a pressure of from 0.15 MPa to 1000 MPa at a temperature of from 1200° C. and 2000° C. 2. The method for producing the synthetic opaque quartz glass according to claim 1, wherein an atmosphere during the heating and burning step is an inert gas. 3. The method for producing the synthetic opaque quartz glass according to claim 1, wherein the quartz glass porous body is prepared by depositing quartz glass particles which are produced by hydrolyzing silicon compounds with an oxyhydrogen flame. 4. A synthetic opaque quartz glass, which is produced by the method described in claim 1. 5. A synthetic opaque quartz glass, wherein bubble layers and bubble-free layers are provided alternately, and wherein the density of the synthetic opaque quartz glass is 1.0 to 2.2 g/cm3, the porosity thereof is 1 to 50%, an average diameter of isolated bubbles contained therein is 1 to 50 μm, the number of the isolated bubbles is 1×106 to 1×109/cm3, the content of each metal impurities of Li, Na, K, Mg, Ti, Fe, Cu, Ni, Cr and Al is 0.05 ppm or less. 6. The synthetic opaque quartz glass according to claim 5, wherein the nitrogen content is 50 ppm or less. 7. The synthetic opaque quartz glass according to claim 5, wherein the bubble layers and the bubble-free layers are deposited alternately. 8. The synthetic opaque quartz glass according to claim 5, wherein the thickness of the bubble layer is of from 1 μm to 100 μm, and the thickness of the bubble-free layer is of from 1 μm to 200 μm. 9. The synthetic opaque quartz glass according to claim 5, which is produced by the method described in claim 1. | Provided is a method for producing a synthetic opaque quartz glass where flame processing can be performed in high purity with a simple way and even a large sized one can be produced, and the synthetic opaque quartz glass.
A method for producing a synthetic opaque quartz glass which comprises the step of heating and burning a quartz glass porous body under a pressure of from 0.15 MPa to 1000 MPa at a temperature of from 1200° C. to 2000° C. The quartz glass porous body is prepared by depositing quartz glass particles which are produced by hydrolyzing a silicon compound with an oxyhydrogen flame.1. A method for producing a synthetic opaque quartz glass comprises the step of: heating and burning a quartz glass porous body under a pressure of from 0.15 MPa to 1000 MPa at a temperature of from 1200° C. and 2000° C. 2. The method for producing the synthetic opaque quartz glass according to claim 1, wherein an atmosphere during the heating and burning step is an inert gas. 3. The method for producing the synthetic opaque quartz glass according to claim 1, wherein the quartz glass porous body is prepared by depositing quartz glass particles which are produced by hydrolyzing silicon compounds with an oxyhydrogen flame. 4. A synthetic opaque quartz glass, which is produced by the method described in claim 1. 5. A synthetic opaque quartz glass, wherein bubble layers and bubble-free layers are provided alternately, and wherein the density of the synthetic opaque quartz glass is 1.0 to 2.2 g/cm3, the porosity thereof is 1 to 50%, an average diameter of isolated bubbles contained therein is 1 to 50 μm, the number of the isolated bubbles is 1×106 to 1×109/cm3, the content of each metal impurities of Li, Na, K, Mg, Ti, Fe, Cu, Ni, Cr and Al is 0.05 ppm or less. 6. The synthetic opaque quartz glass according to claim 5, wherein the nitrogen content is 50 ppm or less. 7. The synthetic opaque quartz glass according to claim 5, wherein the bubble layers and the bubble-free layers are deposited alternately. 8. The synthetic opaque quartz glass according to claim 5, wherein the thickness of the bubble layer is of from 1 μm to 100 μm, and the thickness of the bubble-free layer is of from 1 μm to 200 μm. 9. The synthetic opaque quartz glass according to claim 5, which is produced by the method described in claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,974 | 14,075,288 | 1,787 | Coating compositions comprising a film-forming resin and catalyst associated with a carrier, wherein at least some of the catalyst can be released from the carrier upon application of shear force is disclosed. Methods of coating a substrate and substrates coated at least in part with such coatings are also disclosed | 1. A coating composition comprising:
(a) a film-forming resin; and (b) a catalyst associated with a collier, wherein at least some of the catalyst, upon application of shear force, can be released from the carrier, and wherein the carrier is not formed from the film-forming resin (a). 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the film-forming resin comprises a waterborne composition. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the catalyst is contained within or encapsulated by the Carrier. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the carrier comprises:
a crosslinked polymer and/or copolymer. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the carrier comprises:
(a) gelatin, or (b) polyoxymethylene urea formaldehyde. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises catalysts comprising metal salts, or organometallic catalysts. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises dibutyltin dilaurate. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises 40-90 wt % of total solid content of the catalyst and carrier. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the shear force is imparted by an atomizer or a spray gun. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the coating composition further comprises a crosslinker. 11. A substrate coated at least in part with the coating compo on recited in claim 1. 12. The substrate of claim 11, wherein the substrate is part of a vehicle. 13. A method of coating a substrate comprising:
applying the coating composition of claim 1 to at least a portion of the substrate, wherein said applying is conducted to impart shear force to the carrier to release the catalyst from the carrier. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein increasing the shear force applied to the carrier increases the amount of catalyst that is released. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the shear force is induced by an atomizer or spray gun. 16. A method of coating a substrate comprising:
applying shear force to the coating composition of claim 1, and subsequently applying the coating composition to at least a portion of the substrate. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the substrate is part of a vehicle. | Coating compositions comprising a film-forming resin and catalyst associated with a carrier, wherein at least some of the catalyst can be released from the carrier upon application of shear force is disclosed. Methods of coating a substrate and substrates coated at least in part with such coatings are also disclosed1. A coating composition comprising:
(a) a film-forming resin; and (b) a catalyst associated with a collier, wherein at least some of the catalyst, upon application of shear force, can be released from the carrier, and wherein the carrier is not formed from the film-forming resin (a). 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the film-forming resin comprises a waterborne composition. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the catalyst is contained within or encapsulated by the Carrier. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the carrier comprises:
a crosslinked polymer and/or copolymer. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the carrier comprises:
(a) gelatin, or (b) polyoxymethylene urea formaldehyde. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises catalysts comprising metal salts, or organometallic catalysts. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises dibutyltin dilaurate. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises 40-90 wt % of total solid content of the catalyst and carrier. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the shear force is imparted by an atomizer or a spray gun. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the coating composition further comprises a crosslinker. 11. A substrate coated at least in part with the coating compo on recited in claim 1. 12. The substrate of claim 11, wherein the substrate is part of a vehicle. 13. A method of coating a substrate comprising:
applying the coating composition of claim 1 to at least a portion of the substrate, wherein said applying is conducted to impart shear force to the carrier to release the catalyst from the carrier. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein increasing the shear force applied to the carrier increases the amount of catalyst that is released. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the shear force is induced by an atomizer or spray gun. 16. A method of coating a substrate comprising:
applying shear force to the coating composition of claim 1, and subsequently applying the coating composition to at least a portion of the substrate. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the substrate is part of a vehicle. | 1,700 |
2,975 | 12,735,988 | 1,776 | The invention relates to a filter apparatus, especially intended for incorporation into a fluid reservoir tank ( 10 ) with at least one preferably exchangeable filter element ( 18 ) through which fluid can flow from the inside outward and which is surrounded, in each case maintaining a presettable radial distance and with formation of a fluid flow space ( 66 ), by a housing wall ( 44 ) which has a plurality of passage sites of which some are arranged below the particular adjustable fluid level ( 68 ) in the reservoir tank ( 10 ) and the rest are arranged above this fluid level ( 68 ). The invention further relates to a filter element for this kind of apparatus. | 1. A filter apparatus, in particular intended for installation in a fluid reservoir tank (10), with at least one preferably exchangeable filter element (18), which is traversed by a fluid flow from the inside to the outside and which is surrounded, in each case maintaining a presettable radial distance and with formation of a fluid flow space (66), by a housing wall (44), which has a plurality of passage points, of which some are arranged below the variable fluid level (68) in the reservoir tank (10) and the rest of the passage points are arranged above this fluid level (68). 2. The filter apparatus, according to claim 1, characterized in that the passage points have the same clear opening cross section, or that the clear opening cross sections increase at least partially, preferably uniformly, in the direction of the rising fluid flow in the fluid flow space (66). 3. The filter apparatus, according to claim 1, characterized in that the respective passage points are part of at least one screen or lattice structure layer (76) that covers the window-like passage openings (74) arranged in the housing wall (44). 4. The filter apparatus, according to claim 3, characterized in that the respective structure layer (76) is disposed in front of the housing wall in the flow direction of the fluid through the passage openings (74) in the housing wall (44) and arranged preferably in the fluid flow space (66) and envelops with an edge-sided overlap the respectively assignable window-like passage openings (74). 5. The filter apparatus, according to claim 3, characterized in that the passage points that are disposed inside the housing wall (44) and arranged in groups are spaced equidistant apart from each other in the radial and/or in the axial extension direction. 6. The filter apparatus, according to claim 1, characterized in that the cleaned fluid, flowing into the fluid flow space (66) and located in the area of the respective fluid level (68) and above the same, flows away in a laminar manner through the assignable passage points into the reservoir tank (10). 7. The filter apparatus, according to claim 3, characterized in that the cleaned fluid, located in the fluid flow space (66), releases any gas bubbles, like air bubbles, to the respective structure layer (76), which is perforated with the passage points and collects the bubbles for a delivery of the gas close to the fluid level, and said bubbles increase in their volume preferably for the purpose of an easier delivery. 8. The filter apparatus, according to claim 1, characterized in that defined by the upper side of the housing wall (44) and by a lid member (54) of the apparatus, an inflow channel (16) for the fouled fluid is formed, or that the inflow channel (16) is formed by a penetration on the bottom side (46) of the housing wall (44), and that the housing wall (44) connected to the lid member (54) forms a closed circumferential section. 9. The filter apparatus, according to claim 1, characterized in that the housing wall (44) is configured so as to be closed in the direction of its underside (46) and that an additional sleeve (82) is inserted into the fluid flow space (66), with the said sleeve having additional passage points (80) below the expected lowest fluid level (68) and forming up to that point and above this level (68) a closed sleeve surface. 10. A filter element for a filter apparatus, according to claim 1, characterized in that the filter material, preferably in the form of a pleated filter mat (20), is enveloped by a support tube jacket as the sleeve (82), said support tube jacket having at least one additional passage point (80) below the expected minimum fluid level (68) in the reservoir tank (10) and otherwise forming a closed sleeve surface. | The invention relates to a filter apparatus, especially intended for incorporation into a fluid reservoir tank ( 10 ) with at least one preferably exchangeable filter element ( 18 ) through which fluid can flow from the inside outward and which is surrounded, in each case maintaining a presettable radial distance and with formation of a fluid flow space ( 66 ), by a housing wall ( 44 ) which has a plurality of passage sites of which some are arranged below the particular adjustable fluid level ( 68 ) in the reservoir tank ( 10 ) and the rest are arranged above this fluid level ( 68 ). The invention further relates to a filter element for this kind of apparatus.1. A filter apparatus, in particular intended for installation in a fluid reservoir tank (10), with at least one preferably exchangeable filter element (18), which is traversed by a fluid flow from the inside to the outside and which is surrounded, in each case maintaining a presettable radial distance and with formation of a fluid flow space (66), by a housing wall (44), which has a plurality of passage points, of which some are arranged below the variable fluid level (68) in the reservoir tank (10) and the rest of the passage points are arranged above this fluid level (68). 2. The filter apparatus, according to claim 1, characterized in that the passage points have the same clear opening cross section, or that the clear opening cross sections increase at least partially, preferably uniformly, in the direction of the rising fluid flow in the fluid flow space (66). 3. The filter apparatus, according to claim 1, characterized in that the respective passage points are part of at least one screen or lattice structure layer (76) that covers the window-like passage openings (74) arranged in the housing wall (44). 4. The filter apparatus, according to claim 3, characterized in that the respective structure layer (76) is disposed in front of the housing wall in the flow direction of the fluid through the passage openings (74) in the housing wall (44) and arranged preferably in the fluid flow space (66) and envelops with an edge-sided overlap the respectively assignable window-like passage openings (74). 5. The filter apparatus, according to claim 3, characterized in that the passage points that are disposed inside the housing wall (44) and arranged in groups are spaced equidistant apart from each other in the radial and/or in the axial extension direction. 6. The filter apparatus, according to claim 1, characterized in that the cleaned fluid, flowing into the fluid flow space (66) and located in the area of the respective fluid level (68) and above the same, flows away in a laminar manner through the assignable passage points into the reservoir tank (10). 7. The filter apparatus, according to claim 3, characterized in that the cleaned fluid, located in the fluid flow space (66), releases any gas bubbles, like air bubbles, to the respective structure layer (76), which is perforated with the passage points and collects the bubbles for a delivery of the gas close to the fluid level, and said bubbles increase in their volume preferably for the purpose of an easier delivery. 8. The filter apparatus, according to claim 1, characterized in that defined by the upper side of the housing wall (44) and by a lid member (54) of the apparatus, an inflow channel (16) for the fouled fluid is formed, or that the inflow channel (16) is formed by a penetration on the bottom side (46) of the housing wall (44), and that the housing wall (44) connected to the lid member (54) forms a closed circumferential section. 9. The filter apparatus, according to claim 1, characterized in that the housing wall (44) is configured so as to be closed in the direction of its underside (46) and that an additional sleeve (82) is inserted into the fluid flow space (66), with the said sleeve having additional passage points (80) below the expected lowest fluid level (68) and forming up to that point and above this level (68) a closed sleeve surface. 10. A filter element for a filter apparatus, according to claim 1, characterized in that the filter material, preferably in the form of a pleated filter mat (20), is enveloped by a support tube jacket as the sleeve (82), said support tube jacket having at least one additional passage point (80) below the expected minimum fluid level (68) in the reservoir tank (10) and otherwise forming a closed sleeve surface. | 1,700 |
2,976 | 14,240,268 | 1,782 | A multilayer film is provided, including a layer sequence of a layer (a) of at least one low density polyethylene (LDPE) having a density in the range 0.915-0.930 g/cm 3 or a mixture of LDPE with at least one other acyclic C 2 -C 6 olefin polymer or copolymer, a layer (b) of a mixture of at least one low density polyethylene (LDPE) having a density in the range 0.915-0.930 g/cm 3 and at least one cyclic olefin copolymer, and a layer (c) of at least one low density polyethylene having a density in the range 0.915-0.930 g/cm 3 or a mixture of LDPE with at least one other acyclic C 2 -C 6 olefin polymer or copolymer, such that the film's tear propagation force in both the machine direction and transverse to the machine direction is at most 1000 mN, per the Elmendorf test (per DIN EN ISO 6383-2). | 1. A multilayer film comprising a layer sequence of
(a) a layer (a) based on at least one low-density polyethylene (LDPE) with a density in the range from 0.915 to 0.930 g/cm3 or a mixture of (α) at least one low-density polyethylene (LDPE) with a density in the range from 0.915 to 0.930 g/cm3 and of (β) at least one non-cyclic C2-C6 olefin homo- or copolymer which differs from polyethylene component (α), (b) a layer (b) based on a mixture of at least one low-density polyethylene (LDPE) with a density in the range from 0.915 to 0.930 g/cm3 and at least one cycloolefin copolymer, and (c) a layer (c) based on at least one low-density polyethylene (LDPE) with a density in the range from 0.915 to 0.930 g/cm3 or a mixture of (α) at least one low-density polyethylene (LDPE) with a density in the range from 0.915 to 0.930 g/cm3 and of (β) at least one non-cyclic C2-C6 olefin homo- or copolymer which differs from polyethylene component (α), characterized in that the tear propagation force of the multilayer film both in machine direction and perpendicularly to the machine direction is at most 1000 mN, determined by the Elmendorf test in accordance with DIN EN ISO 6383-2. 2. The multilayer film as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the ratio of the tear propagation force in machine direction to the tear propagation force perpendicularly to the machine direction, determined by the Elmendorf test in accordance with DIN EN ISO 6383-2 for the multilayer film, is from 2:1 to 1:2, preferably from 1.5:1 to 1:1.5. 3. The multilayer film as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the tear propagation force for the multilayer film both in machine direction and perpendicularly to the machine direction is at most 800 mN, determined by the Elmendorf test in accordance with DIN EN ISO 6383-2. 4. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-3, characterized in that the puncture resistance of the multilayer film is at least 50 N, determined in accordance with ASTM E154-88 part 10. 5. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-4, characterized in that the density of the polyethylene (LDPE) of each of the layers (a), (b), and (c) is in the range from 0.920 to 0.927 g/cm3. 6. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-4, characterized in that the layer (a) and, respectively, (c) is composed of a mixture of (α) at least one polyethylene with a density of from 0.920 to 0.927 g/cm3 and of (β) at least one polypropylene and/or propylene copolymer. 7. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-6, characterized in that the mixture of (α) and (β) comprises at least 50% by weight, preferably at least 70% by weight, based on the total weight of polymer components (α) and (β), of polyethylene component (α). 8. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-7, characterized in that the glass transition temperature Tg of the cycloolefin copolymer of the layer (b), determined in accordance with ISO 11357-1, -2, -3 (DSC), is at least 60° C., preferably at least 80° C., and very particularly preferably at least 100° C. 9. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-8, characterized in that the cycloolefin copolymer of the layer (b) is a (C6-C12)-cycloolefin-(C2-C4)-olefin copolymer, preferably a norbornene/ethylene copolymer. 10. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-9, characterized in that the proportion of the cycloolefin in the cycloolefin copolymer of the layer (b) is at least 50% by weight, particularly preferably at least 70% by weight, based on the total weight of the cycloolefin copolymer. 11. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-10, characterized in that the proportion of the cycloolefin copolymer component in the layer (b) is at most 50% by weight, preferably at most 40% by weight, and particularly preferably from 20 to 35% by weight, based on the total weight of polymer components of the layer (b). 12. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-11, characterized in that the thickness of the layer (b) is at least 20%, preferably from 25 to 75%, based on the total thickness of the layer sequence (a)-(c). 13. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-12, characterized in that the total thickness of the layer sequence (a)-(c) is at least 30%, preferably from 50% to 100%, based on the total thickness of the multilayer film. 14. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-13, characterized in that the layer sequence (a)-(c) has been produced in the form of a preferably coextruded tubular film. 15. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-14, characterized in that the entire multilayer film has the form of a preferably coextruded tubular film. 16. The multilayer film as claimed in claim 14 or 15, characterized in that the blow-up ratio of the coextruded layer sequence (a)-(c) or multilayer film is at least 1:1, preferably at least 1.5:1, particularly preferably at least 2:1. 17. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-13, characterized in that the multilayer film was produced as a cast film to some extent or entirely and processed. 18. The multilayer film as claimed in claim 17, characterized in that the multilayer film produced as cast film was orientated at least monoaxially with a orientation ratio of at least 1:1.5, preferably at least 1:2, particularly preferably from 1:2 to 1:4. 19. The multilayer film as claimed in claim 17, characterized in that the multilayer film produced as cast film was orientated biaxially with a ratio of longitudinal to transverse orientation of preferably at least 1:1, particularly preferably at least 1.1:1, and very particularly preferably at least 1.2:1. 20. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-14, characterized in that the multilayer film comprises, besides the layer sequence (a)-(c), at least one barrier layer (d), preferably based on at least one ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, on at least one polyvinyl alcohol, on at least one metal, preferably aluminum, or on at least one metal oxide, preferably SiOx or aluminum oxide. 21. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-20, characterized in that the multilayer film comprises, as substrate layer, besides the layer sequence (a)-(c), at least one layer (e) based on at least one thermoplastic polymer, preferably selected from the group comprising polyolefins, polyamides, polyesters, polystyrenes, and copolymers of at least two monomers from the polymers mentioned, particularly preferably olefin homo- or copolymers and/or polyesters. 22. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-21, characterized in that the multilayer film has been printed, and/or colored, and/or embossed. 23. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-22, characterized in that the multilayer film has, on at least one of its surfaces, a release layer, preferably based on at least one hardened polysiloxane. 24. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-23, characterized in that the multilayer film has been equipped, on at least one of its surfaces, at least to some extent, with an adhesive layer. 25. The use of a multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-24 as packaging material. 26. The use of a multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-24 for the production of a packaging element and/or of packaging, preferably of bag packaging, of single-portion packaging, of a sachet, or of a stickpack. 27. The use of a multilayer film as claimed in claim 23 as release film. 28. An easy-to-open packaging or an easy-to-open packaging element, preferably a lid, made of the multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-24. 29. The packaging as claimed in claim 28 in the form of bag packaging, of single-portion packaging, of a sachet, or of a stickpack. | A multilayer film is provided, including a layer sequence of a layer (a) of at least one low density polyethylene (LDPE) having a density in the range 0.915-0.930 g/cm 3 or a mixture of LDPE with at least one other acyclic C 2 -C 6 olefin polymer or copolymer, a layer (b) of a mixture of at least one low density polyethylene (LDPE) having a density in the range 0.915-0.930 g/cm 3 and at least one cyclic olefin copolymer, and a layer (c) of at least one low density polyethylene having a density in the range 0.915-0.930 g/cm 3 or a mixture of LDPE with at least one other acyclic C 2 -C 6 olefin polymer or copolymer, such that the film's tear propagation force in both the machine direction and transverse to the machine direction is at most 1000 mN, per the Elmendorf test (per DIN EN ISO 6383-2).1. A multilayer film comprising a layer sequence of
(a) a layer (a) based on at least one low-density polyethylene (LDPE) with a density in the range from 0.915 to 0.930 g/cm3 or a mixture of (α) at least one low-density polyethylene (LDPE) with a density in the range from 0.915 to 0.930 g/cm3 and of (β) at least one non-cyclic C2-C6 olefin homo- or copolymer which differs from polyethylene component (α), (b) a layer (b) based on a mixture of at least one low-density polyethylene (LDPE) with a density in the range from 0.915 to 0.930 g/cm3 and at least one cycloolefin copolymer, and (c) a layer (c) based on at least one low-density polyethylene (LDPE) with a density in the range from 0.915 to 0.930 g/cm3 or a mixture of (α) at least one low-density polyethylene (LDPE) with a density in the range from 0.915 to 0.930 g/cm3 and of (β) at least one non-cyclic C2-C6 olefin homo- or copolymer which differs from polyethylene component (α), characterized in that the tear propagation force of the multilayer film both in machine direction and perpendicularly to the machine direction is at most 1000 mN, determined by the Elmendorf test in accordance with DIN EN ISO 6383-2. 2. The multilayer film as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the ratio of the tear propagation force in machine direction to the tear propagation force perpendicularly to the machine direction, determined by the Elmendorf test in accordance with DIN EN ISO 6383-2 for the multilayer film, is from 2:1 to 1:2, preferably from 1.5:1 to 1:1.5. 3. The multilayer film as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the tear propagation force for the multilayer film both in machine direction and perpendicularly to the machine direction is at most 800 mN, determined by the Elmendorf test in accordance with DIN EN ISO 6383-2. 4. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-3, characterized in that the puncture resistance of the multilayer film is at least 50 N, determined in accordance with ASTM E154-88 part 10. 5. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-4, characterized in that the density of the polyethylene (LDPE) of each of the layers (a), (b), and (c) is in the range from 0.920 to 0.927 g/cm3. 6. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-4, characterized in that the layer (a) and, respectively, (c) is composed of a mixture of (α) at least one polyethylene with a density of from 0.920 to 0.927 g/cm3 and of (β) at least one polypropylene and/or propylene copolymer. 7. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-6, characterized in that the mixture of (α) and (β) comprises at least 50% by weight, preferably at least 70% by weight, based on the total weight of polymer components (α) and (β), of polyethylene component (α). 8. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-7, characterized in that the glass transition temperature Tg of the cycloolefin copolymer of the layer (b), determined in accordance with ISO 11357-1, -2, -3 (DSC), is at least 60° C., preferably at least 80° C., and very particularly preferably at least 100° C. 9. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-8, characterized in that the cycloolefin copolymer of the layer (b) is a (C6-C12)-cycloolefin-(C2-C4)-olefin copolymer, preferably a norbornene/ethylene copolymer. 10. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-9, characterized in that the proportion of the cycloolefin in the cycloolefin copolymer of the layer (b) is at least 50% by weight, particularly preferably at least 70% by weight, based on the total weight of the cycloolefin copolymer. 11. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-10, characterized in that the proportion of the cycloolefin copolymer component in the layer (b) is at most 50% by weight, preferably at most 40% by weight, and particularly preferably from 20 to 35% by weight, based on the total weight of polymer components of the layer (b). 12. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-11, characterized in that the thickness of the layer (b) is at least 20%, preferably from 25 to 75%, based on the total thickness of the layer sequence (a)-(c). 13. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-12, characterized in that the total thickness of the layer sequence (a)-(c) is at least 30%, preferably from 50% to 100%, based on the total thickness of the multilayer film. 14. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-13, characterized in that the layer sequence (a)-(c) has been produced in the form of a preferably coextruded tubular film. 15. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-14, characterized in that the entire multilayer film has the form of a preferably coextruded tubular film. 16. The multilayer film as claimed in claim 14 or 15, characterized in that the blow-up ratio of the coextruded layer sequence (a)-(c) or multilayer film is at least 1:1, preferably at least 1.5:1, particularly preferably at least 2:1. 17. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-13, characterized in that the multilayer film was produced as a cast film to some extent or entirely and processed. 18. The multilayer film as claimed in claim 17, characterized in that the multilayer film produced as cast film was orientated at least monoaxially with a orientation ratio of at least 1:1.5, preferably at least 1:2, particularly preferably from 1:2 to 1:4. 19. The multilayer film as claimed in claim 17, characterized in that the multilayer film produced as cast film was orientated biaxially with a ratio of longitudinal to transverse orientation of preferably at least 1:1, particularly preferably at least 1.1:1, and very particularly preferably at least 1.2:1. 20. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-14, characterized in that the multilayer film comprises, besides the layer sequence (a)-(c), at least one barrier layer (d), preferably based on at least one ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, on at least one polyvinyl alcohol, on at least one metal, preferably aluminum, or on at least one metal oxide, preferably SiOx or aluminum oxide. 21. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-20, characterized in that the multilayer film comprises, as substrate layer, besides the layer sequence (a)-(c), at least one layer (e) based on at least one thermoplastic polymer, preferably selected from the group comprising polyolefins, polyamides, polyesters, polystyrenes, and copolymers of at least two monomers from the polymers mentioned, particularly preferably olefin homo- or copolymers and/or polyesters. 22. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-21, characterized in that the multilayer film has been printed, and/or colored, and/or embossed. 23. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-22, characterized in that the multilayer film has, on at least one of its surfaces, a release layer, preferably based on at least one hardened polysiloxane. 24. The multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-23, characterized in that the multilayer film has been equipped, on at least one of its surfaces, at least to some extent, with an adhesive layer. 25. The use of a multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-24 as packaging material. 26. The use of a multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-24 for the production of a packaging element and/or of packaging, preferably of bag packaging, of single-portion packaging, of a sachet, or of a stickpack. 27. The use of a multilayer film as claimed in claim 23 as release film. 28. An easy-to-open packaging or an easy-to-open packaging element, preferably a lid, made of the multilayer film as claimed in any of claims 1-24. 29. The packaging as claimed in claim 28 in the form of bag packaging, of single-portion packaging, of a sachet, or of a stickpack. | 1,700 |
2,977 | 14,198,629 | 1,787 | Waterborne primer coating compositions are applied to sheet metal substrates and rapidly cured. The primer coating compositions contain water, a latex resin and corrosion-inhibiting particles. The primer coating compositions may be applied to the metal sheets and rapidly cured at a rolling mill, followed by coiling of the coated sheets. | 1. A rapidly curable waterborne primer coating composition comprising:
water, latex resin; and corrosion-inhibiting particles. 2. The rapidly curable waterborne primer coating composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is capable of being cured in less than 10 seconds at a temperature of less than 350° F. 3. The rapidly curable waterborne primer coating composition of claim 1, wherein the corrosion-inhibiting particles comprise chrome and are present in an amount of at least 3 weight percent based on the total weight of the coating composition. 4. The rapidly curable waterborne primer coating composition of claim 3, wherein the corrosion-inhibiting particles comprise strontium chromate. 5. The rapidly curable waterborne primer coating composition of claim 1, wherein the corrosion-inhibiting particles are substantially free of chrome and are present in an amount of at least 5 weight percent based on the total weight of the coating composition. 6. The rapidly curable waterborne primer coating composition of claim 5, wherein the corrosion-inhibiting particles comprise a silicate, oxide, phosphate, phosphorsilicate or silica. 7. The rapidly curable waterborne primer coating composition of claim 1, wherein the corrosion-inhibiting particles comprise silica and are present in an amount of at least 10 weight percent based on the total weight of the coating composition. 8. The rapidly curable waterborne primer coating composition of claim 1, wherein the latex resin is self-crosslinking and is prepared from at least one vinyl aromatic monomer. 9. The rapidly curable waterborne primer coating composition of claim 1, wherein the primer coating composition has a volatile organic content of less than 1.5 weight percent based on the total weight of the composition. 10. The rapidly curable waterborne primer coating composition of claim 1, further comprising a coalescing agent, wax, viscosity enhancing agent, thickening agent, colored pigment and/or colored tint. 11. A coated metal sheet comprising:
a metal substrate; and a cured primer coating covering at least a portion of the metal substrate, wherein the cured primer coating comprises a latex resin and corrosion-inhibiting particles, and is cured for less than 10 seconds at a temperature of less than 350° F. 12. The coated metal sheet of claim 11, wherein the corrosion-inhibiting particles comprise strontium chromate and/or silica. 13. The coated metal sheet of claim 11, wherein the cured primer coating has a dry film thickness of at least 1 micron. 14. The coated metal sheet of claim 11, wherein the metal is in the form of a coil. 15. A method of coating a sheet metal substrate comprising:
applying a primer coating composition comprising water, latex resin and corrosion-inhibiting particles onto the sheet material; and curing the primer coating composition at a temperature of less than 350° F. for a time of less than 10 seconds. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the primer coating composition is applied at a wet film thickness of at least 1 micron. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the primer coating composition has a volatile organic content of less than 1.5 weight percent. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the primer coating composition is applied by roll coating. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the primer coating composition is applied at a rate of at least 200 ft/min. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the primer is cured by passing the sheet material and applied primer coating composition through an oven at a temperature of less than 250° F. for a time of less than 5 seconds. 21. The method of claim 15, further comprising applying a topcoat over at least a portion of the primer coating. 22. The method of claim 15, further comprising forming the coated metal sheet into a coil. | Waterborne primer coating compositions are applied to sheet metal substrates and rapidly cured. The primer coating compositions contain water, a latex resin and corrosion-inhibiting particles. The primer coating compositions may be applied to the metal sheets and rapidly cured at a rolling mill, followed by coiling of the coated sheets.1. A rapidly curable waterborne primer coating composition comprising:
water, latex resin; and corrosion-inhibiting particles. 2. The rapidly curable waterborne primer coating composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is capable of being cured in less than 10 seconds at a temperature of less than 350° F. 3. The rapidly curable waterborne primer coating composition of claim 1, wherein the corrosion-inhibiting particles comprise chrome and are present in an amount of at least 3 weight percent based on the total weight of the coating composition. 4. The rapidly curable waterborne primer coating composition of claim 3, wherein the corrosion-inhibiting particles comprise strontium chromate. 5. The rapidly curable waterborne primer coating composition of claim 1, wherein the corrosion-inhibiting particles are substantially free of chrome and are present in an amount of at least 5 weight percent based on the total weight of the coating composition. 6. The rapidly curable waterborne primer coating composition of claim 5, wherein the corrosion-inhibiting particles comprise a silicate, oxide, phosphate, phosphorsilicate or silica. 7. The rapidly curable waterborne primer coating composition of claim 1, wherein the corrosion-inhibiting particles comprise silica and are present in an amount of at least 10 weight percent based on the total weight of the coating composition. 8. The rapidly curable waterborne primer coating composition of claim 1, wherein the latex resin is self-crosslinking and is prepared from at least one vinyl aromatic monomer. 9. The rapidly curable waterborne primer coating composition of claim 1, wherein the primer coating composition has a volatile organic content of less than 1.5 weight percent based on the total weight of the composition. 10. The rapidly curable waterborne primer coating composition of claim 1, further comprising a coalescing agent, wax, viscosity enhancing agent, thickening agent, colored pigment and/or colored tint. 11. A coated metal sheet comprising:
a metal substrate; and a cured primer coating covering at least a portion of the metal substrate, wherein the cured primer coating comprises a latex resin and corrosion-inhibiting particles, and is cured for less than 10 seconds at a temperature of less than 350° F. 12. The coated metal sheet of claim 11, wherein the corrosion-inhibiting particles comprise strontium chromate and/or silica. 13. The coated metal sheet of claim 11, wherein the cured primer coating has a dry film thickness of at least 1 micron. 14. The coated metal sheet of claim 11, wherein the metal is in the form of a coil. 15. A method of coating a sheet metal substrate comprising:
applying a primer coating composition comprising water, latex resin and corrosion-inhibiting particles onto the sheet material; and curing the primer coating composition at a temperature of less than 350° F. for a time of less than 10 seconds. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the primer coating composition is applied at a wet film thickness of at least 1 micron. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the primer coating composition has a volatile organic content of less than 1.5 weight percent. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the primer coating composition is applied by roll coating. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the primer coating composition is applied at a rate of at least 200 ft/min. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the primer is cured by passing the sheet material and applied primer coating composition through an oven at a temperature of less than 250° F. for a time of less than 5 seconds. 21. The method of claim 15, further comprising applying a topcoat over at least a portion of the primer coating. 22. The method of claim 15, further comprising forming the coated metal sheet into a coil. | 1,700 |
2,978 | 14,155,345 | 1,741 | Methods of the present disclosure can facilitate creating a piece of furniture entirely made of glass. In some embodiments, the system includes a digital glass printer, a glass tempering machine, and an assembler. The digital glass printer may be configured to print a pattern on a first component of a plurality of components of the piece of furniture. The glass tempering machine may be configured to temper the first component. The assembler may be configured to assemble the components. At least one of the components may serve as a structural element of the piece of furniture. | 1. A method for creating a piece of furniture entirely made of glass, comprising:
printing, by a digital glass printer, a pattern on a first component of a plurality of components of the piece of furniture; tempering, by a glass tempering machine, the first component; and assembling, by an assembler, the components; wherein at least one of the components serves as a structural element of the piece of furniture. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
installing one or more feet on an edge of at least one of the components. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
installing one or more edge strips on an edge of at least one of the components. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
connecting the first component to a second component of the plurality of components, via a connector fastened to the first component and the second component. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising:
leaving an unprinted area in the pattern where the connector is fastened to the first component. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising:
designing the pattern to visually coordinate the unprinted area with the pattern. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
using at least one ceramic ink for the printing. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
cutting, by a glass cutting machine, the first component to visually coordinate a shape of the first component with the pattern. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
printing the pattern with an area larger than the first component; and cleaning, by a cleaner, an excess of ink from an edge of the first component. 10. A method for creating a decorative mirror entirely made of glass, comprising:
printing, by a digital glass printer, a pattern on a glass frame for the decorative mirror; tempering, by a glass tempering machine, the glass frame; and fastening, by a fastener, the frame to the decorative mirror. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
using at least one ceramic ink for the printing. 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
cutting, by a glass cutting machine, the glass frame to visually coordinate a shape of the glass frame with the pattern. 13. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
printing the pattern with an area larger than the glass frame; and cleaning, by a cleaner, an excess of ink from an edge of the glass frame. 14. A method for creating a pattern on a bent glass, comprising:
printing, by a digital glass printer, the pattern on a flat glass; tempering, by a glass tempering machine, the flat glass; and bending, by the glass tempering machine, the flat glass into the bent glass. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
using at least one ceramic ink for the printing. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
cutting, by a glass cutting machine, the flat glass to visually coordinate a shape of the flat glass with the pattern. 17. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
printing the pattern with an area larger than the flat glass; and cleaning, by a cleaner, an excess of ink from an edge of the flat glass. 18. A method for creating a chair, comprising:
tempering, by a glass tempering machine, a flat glass; bending, by the glass tempering machine, the flat glass into a bent glass; and assembling, by an assembler, the bent glass and a supporting structure into the chair; wherein the bent glass is the seat of the chair. 19. A method for creating a chair, comprising:
tempering, by a glass tempering machine, a first flat glass; bending, by the first glass tempering machine, the first flat glass into a first bent glass; bending, by a glass bending machine, a second flat glass into a second bent glass; laminating, by a laminating machine, the first bent glass, an interior plastic layer, and the second bent glass, into a laminated glass; and assembling, by an assembler, the laminated glass and a supporting structure into the chair; wherein the laminated glass is the seat of the chair. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising:
printing, by a digital glass printer, a pattern on the first flat glass. | Methods of the present disclosure can facilitate creating a piece of furniture entirely made of glass. In some embodiments, the system includes a digital glass printer, a glass tempering machine, and an assembler. The digital glass printer may be configured to print a pattern on a first component of a plurality of components of the piece of furniture. The glass tempering machine may be configured to temper the first component. The assembler may be configured to assemble the components. At least one of the components may serve as a structural element of the piece of furniture.1. A method for creating a piece of furniture entirely made of glass, comprising:
printing, by a digital glass printer, a pattern on a first component of a plurality of components of the piece of furniture; tempering, by a glass tempering machine, the first component; and assembling, by an assembler, the components; wherein at least one of the components serves as a structural element of the piece of furniture. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
installing one or more feet on an edge of at least one of the components. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
installing one or more edge strips on an edge of at least one of the components. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
connecting the first component to a second component of the plurality of components, via a connector fastened to the first component and the second component. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising:
leaving an unprinted area in the pattern where the connector is fastened to the first component. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising:
designing the pattern to visually coordinate the unprinted area with the pattern. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
using at least one ceramic ink for the printing. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
cutting, by a glass cutting machine, the first component to visually coordinate a shape of the first component with the pattern. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
printing the pattern with an area larger than the first component; and cleaning, by a cleaner, an excess of ink from an edge of the first component. 10. A method for creating a decorative mirror entirely made of glass, comprising:
printing, by a digital glass printer, a pattern on a glass frame for the decorative mirror; tempering, by a glass tempering machine, the glass frame; and fastening, by a fastener, the frame to the decorative mirror. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
using at least one ceramic ink for the printing. 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
cutting, by a glass cutting machine, the glass frame to visually coordinate a shape of the glass frame with the pattern. 13. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
printing the pattern with an area larger than the glass frame; and cleaning, by a cleaner, an excess of ink from an edge of the glass frame. 14. A method for creating a pattern on a bent glass, comprising:
printing, by a digital glass printer, the pattern on a flat glass; tempering, by a glass tempering machine, the flat glass; and bending, by the glass tempering machine, the flat glass into the bent glass. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
using at least one ceramic ink for the printing. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
cutting, by a glass cutting machine, the flat glass to visually coordinate a shape of the flat glass with the pattern. 17. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
printing the pattern with an area larger than the flat glass; and cleaning, by a cleaner, an excess of ink from an edge of the flat glass. 18. A method for creating a chair, comprising:
tempering, by a glass tempering machine, a flat glass; bending, by the glass tempering machine, the flat glass into a bent glass; and assembling, by an assembler, the bent glass and a supporting structure into the chair; wherein the bent glass is the seat of the chair. 19. A method for creating a chair, comprising:
tempering, by a glass tempering machine, a first flat glass; bending, by the first glass tempering machine, the first flat glass into a first bent glass; bending, by a glass bending machine, a second flat glass into a second bent glass; laminating, by a laminating machine, the first bent glass, an interior plastic layer, and the second bent glass, into a laminated glass; and assembling, by an assembler, the laminated glass and a supporting structure into the chair; wherein the laminated glass is the seat of the chair. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising:
printing, by a digital glass printer, a pattern on the first flat glass. | 1,700 |
2,979 | 15,385,090 | 1,748 | A method of making a printed, elastic laminate has the steps of transversely stretching and then relaxing a longitudinally elongated elastic film then printing a motif on the film. The printed elastic film is cut into longitudinally extending strips that are then bonded transversely next to each other between two surface webs through at least one of which the motif is visible to form a laminate. The laminate is then transversely stretched at least at the strips. | 1. A method of making a printed, elastic laminate, the method comprising the steps of:
transversely stretching a longitudinally elongated elastic film; transversely elastically relaxing the transversely stretched film; printing a motif on the relaxed film; cutting the printed elastic film into longitudinally extending strips; bonding the strips transversely next to each other between two surface webs through at least one of which the motif is visible to form a laminate; and transversely stretching the laminate at least at the strips. 2. The method defined in claim 1, wherein the motif is formed as a pair of parallel longitudinally extending colored stripes. 3. The method defined in claim 1, wherein the printing is done printed by flexography. 4. The method defined in claim 1, wherein the printing is dome by gravure or digital printing. 5. The method defined in claim 1, wherein stretching transversely stretches the elastic film by more than 50% to have a width after elastic relaxation that is larger by 10% to 30% than a width of the elastic film prior to stretching. 7. The method defined in claim 1, wherein the stretching is effected by profile rollers that mesh with each other. 8. The method defined in claim 1, wherein the elastic film is a polyolefin elastomer. 9. The method defined in claim 1, wherein the elastic film has an elastomer core layer made from styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymers, styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene-block copolymers, polyurethanes, ethylene-copolymers or polyether block amides. 10. The method defined in claim 1, further comprising the step before laminating of:
guiding the strips over a deflector and thereafter sandwiching the strips between the surface webs before laminating the surface webs and strips to form the laminate. 11. The method defined in claim 1, wherein the strips are spaced transversely from each other by a longitudinally extending gap when they are laminated between the surface webs, to form longitudinally extending and spaced elastic and inelastic regions in the laminate. | A method of making a printed, elastic laminate has the steps of transversely stretching and then relaxing a longitudinally elongated elastic film then printing a motif on the film. The printed elastic film is cut into longitudinally extending strips that are then bonded transversely next to each other between two surface webs through at least one of which the motif is visible to form a laminate. The laminate is then transversely stretched at least at the strips.1. A method of making a printed, elastic laminate, the method comprising the steps of:
transversely stretching a longitudinally elongated elastic film; transversely elastically relaxing the transversely stretched film; printing a motif on the relaxed film; cutting the printed elastic film into longitudinally extending strips; bonding the strips transversely next to each other between two surface webs through at least one of which the motif is visible to form a laminate; and transversely stretching the laminate at least at the strips. 2. The method defined in claim 1, wherein the motif is formed as a pair of parallel longitudinally extending colored stripes. 3. The method defined in claim 1, wherein the printing is done printed by flexography. 4. The method defined in claim 1, wherein the printing is dome by gravure or digital printing. 5. The method defined in claim 1, wherein stretching transversely stretches the elastic film by more than 50% to have a width after elastic relaxation that is larger by 10% to 30% than a width of the elastic film prior to stretching. 7. The method defined in claim 1, wherein the stretching is effected by profile rollers that mesh with each other. 8. The method defined in claim 1, wherein the elastic film is a polyolefin elastomer. 9. The method defined in claim 1, wherein the elastic film has an elastomer core layer made from styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymers, styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene-block copolymers, polyurethanes, ethylene-copolymers or polyether block amides. 10. The method defined in claim 1, further comprising the step before laminating of:
guiding the strips over a deflector and thereafter sandwiching the strips between the surface webs before laminating the surface webs and strips to form the laminate. 11. The method defined in claim 1, wherein the strips are spaced transversely from each other by a longitudinally extending gap when they are laminated between the surface webs, to form longitudinally extending and spaced elastic and inelastic regions in the laminate. | 1,700 |
2,980 | 13,510,386 | 1,714 | This invention aims at providing a silicon electromagnetic casting apparatus for accurate and easy manufacturing of high quality silicon ingots. This apparatus uses a furnace vessel 100, a conductive crucible 200 installed in the internal part of the furnace vessel 100 and an induction coil 300 installed on the outer circumference of the crucible 200. Constant pressure is maintained in the internal part of the furnace vessel 100 using a prescribed gas and the silicon inside the above mentioned crucible 200 is solidified after melting it by induction heating by applying voltage on the induction coil 300. The induction coil 300 is made by placing 2 induction coils 310 and 320 having different induction frequencies one above the other. | 1. A silicon electromagnetic casting apparatus comprising a furnace vessel, a conductive crucible installed within the furnace vessel and an induction coil element installed around the outer circumference of the conductive crucible, wherein a constant pressure is maintained within the furnace vessel using a prescribed gas and a silicon in the conductive crucible is moved downwards along the center line of the furnace vessel, and melted by induction heating by applying a terminal voltage to the induction coil element to form a molten silicon, and thereafter the molten silicon is solidified;
characterized in that the induction coil element comprises a plurality of induction coils of different induction frequencies arranged one above another in which the silicon in the crucible is melted by induction heating, wherein among the plurality of induction coils of different induction frequencies, the lowest-disposed induction coil is operating at a high induction frequency, with which the high induction frequency the stirring effect on the molten silicon is low and a static state of the molten silicon is maintained. 2. (canceled) 3. The silicon electromagnetic casting apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the high induction frequency of the lowest-disposed induction coil is 25 kHz or more. 4. The silicon electromagnetic casting apparatus according to claim 1 wherein a magnetic shield is installed in between the plurality of induction coils of different induction frequencies. 5. The silicon electromagnetic casting apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the terminal voltage applied on each of the plurality of induction coils is 900 volts or less. 6. The silicon electromagnetic casting apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the terminal voltage applied on each of the plurality of induction coils is 600 volts or less. 7. The silicon electromagnetic casting apparatus according to claim 1 wherein a plasma torch is installed above the conductive crucible and plasma jet heating is carried out on the molten silicon in the conductive crucible with the help of the plasma torch. 8. The silicon electromagnetic casting apparatus according to claim 2 further comprising a magnetic shield located between the plurality of induction coils of different induction frequencies with the terminal voltage applied to each of the plurality of induction coils being 900 volts or less. 9. The silicon electromagnetic casting apparatus according to claim 8 wherein a plasma torch is installed above the conductive crucible and plasma jet heating is carried out on the molten silicon in the conductive crucible with the help of the plasma torch. 10. The silicon electromagnetic casting apparatus according to claim 2 further comprising a magnetic shield located between the plurality of induction coils of different induction frequencies with the terminal voltage applied to each of the plurality of induction coils being 600 volts or less. 11. The silicon electromagnetic casting apparatus according to claim 10 wherein a plasma torch is installed above the conductive crucible and plasma jet heating is carried out on the molten silicon in the conductive crucible with the help of the plasma torch. 12. A silicon electromagnetic casting process comprising the steps of supplying a silicon into a conductive crucible disposed within a furnace vessel, the conductive crucible having a plurality of induction coils surrounding the outer circumference of the conductive crucible; circulating a coolant through a plurality of electrically insulated segments of the conductive crucible; supplying a prescribed gas to the interior of the furnace vessel to maintain a constant pressure within the furnace vessel; and applying a terminal voltage to the plurality of induction coils to melt the silicon by induction heating and form a molten silicon;
characterized by the steps of supplying a different induction frequency to each of the plurality of induction coils; supplying a high induction frequency to the lowest-disposed one of the plurality of induction coils with the high induction frequency suppressing stirring of the molten silicon and maintaining a static state of the molten silicon; and solidifying the molten silicon. 13. The process of claim 12 wherein the step of supplying the high induction frequency to the lowest-disposed one of the plurality of induction coils is supplied at a frequency of 25 kHz or greater. 14. The process of claim 12 further comprising the step of placing a magnetic shield between the plurality of induction coils. 15. The process of claim 12 wherein the step of applying a terminal voltage to the plurality of induction coils is applied at a terminal voltage of 900 volts or less. 16. The process of claim 12 wherein the step of applying a terminal voltage to the plurality of induction coils is applied at a terminal voltage of 600 volts or less. 17. The process of claim 12 further comprising the step of plasma jet heating the molten silicon. 18. A silicon ingot formed by an electromagnetic casting process comprising the steps of supplying a silicon into a conductive crucible disposed within a furnace vessel, the conductive crucible having a plurality of induction coils surrounding the outer circumference of the conductive crucible; circulating a coolant through a plurality of electrically insulated segments of the conductive crucible; supplying a prescribed gas to the interior of the furnace vessel to maintain a constant pressure within the furnace vessel; and applying a terminal voltage to the plurality of induction coils to melt the silicon by induction heating and form a molten silicon;
characterized by the steps of supplying a different induction frequency to each of the plurality of induction coils; supplying a high induction frequency to the lowest-disposed one of the plurality of induction coils with the high induction frequency suppressing stirring of the molten silicon and maintaining a static state of the molten silicon; and
forming the silicon ingot from solidification of the molten silicon within the conductive crucible. | This invention aims at providing a silicon electromagnetic casting apparatus for accurate and easy manufacturing of high quality silicon ingots. This apparatus uses a furnace vessel 100, a conductive crucible 200 installed in the internal part of the furnace vessel 100 and an induction coil 300 installed on the outer circumference of the crucible 200. Constant pressure is maintained in the internal part of the furnace vessel 100 using a prescribed gas and the silicon inside the above mentioned crucible 200 is solidified after melting it by induction heating by applying voltage on the induction coil 300. The induction coil 300 is made by placing 2 induction coils 310 and 320 having different induction frequencies one above the other.1. A silicon electromagnetic casting apparatus comprising a furnace vessel, a conductive crucible installed within the furnace vessel and an induction coil element installed around the outer circumference of the conductive crucible, wherein a constant pressure is maintained within the furnace vessel using a prescribed gas and a silicon in the conductive crucible is moved downwards along the center line of the furnace vessel, and melted by induction heating by applying a terminal voltage to the induction coil element to form a molten silicon, and thereafter the molten silicon is solidified;
characterized in that the induction coil element comprises a plurality of induction coils of different induction frequencies arranged one above another in which the silicon in the crucible is melted by induction heating, wherein among the plurality of induction coils of different induction frequencies, the lowest-disposed induction coil is operating at a high induction frequency, with which the high induction frequency the stirring effect on the molten silicon is low and a static state of the molten silicon is maintained. 2. (canceled) 3. The silicon electromagnetic casting apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the high induction frequency of the lowest-disposed induction coil is 25 kHz or more. 4. The silicon electromagnetic casting apparatus according to claim 1 wherein a magnetic shield is installed in between the plurality of induction coils of different induction frequencies. 5. The silicon electromagnetic casting apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the terminal voltage applied on each of the plurality of induction coils is 900 volts or less. 6. The silicon electromagnetic casting apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the terminal voltage applied on each of the plurality of induction coils is 600 volts or less. 7. The silicon electromagnetic casting apparatus according to claim 1 wherein a plasma torch is installed above the conductive crucible and plasma jet heating is carried out on the molten silicon in the conductive crucible with the help of the plasma torch. 8. The silicon electromagnetic casting apparatus according to claim 2 further comprising a magnetic shield located between the plurality of induction coils of different induction frequencies with the terminal voltage applied to each of the plurality of induction coils being 900 volts or less. 9. The silicon electromagnetic casting apparatus according to claim 8 wherein a plasma torch is installed above the conductive crucible and plasma jet heating is carried out on the molten silicon in the conductive crucible with the help of the plasma torch. 10. The silicon electromagnetic casting apparatus according to claim 2 further comprising a magnetic shield located between the plurality of induction coils of different induction frequencies with the terminal voltage applied to each of the plurality of induction coils being 600 volts or less. 11. The silicon electromagnetic casting apparatus according to claim 10 wherein a plasma torch is installed above the conductive crucible and plasma jet heating is carried out on the molten silicon in the conductive crucible with the help of the plasma torch. 12. A silicon electromagnetic casting process comprising the steps of supplying a silicon into a conductive crucible disposed within a furnace vessel, the conductive crucible having a plurality of induction coils surrounding the outer circumference of the conductive crucible; circulating a coolant through a plurality of electrically insulated segments of the conductive crucible; supplying a prescribed gas to the interior of the furnace vessel to maintain a constant pressure within the furnace vessel; and applying a terminal voltage to the plurality of induction coils to melt the silicon by induction heating and form a molten silicon;
characterized by the steps of supplying a different induction frequency to each of the plurality of induction coils; supplying a high induction frequency to the lowest-disposed one of the plurality of induction coils with the high induction frequency suppressing stirring of the molten silicon and maintaining a static state of the molten silicon; and solidifying the molten silicon. 13. The process of claim 12 wherein the step of supplying the high induction frequency to the lowest-disposed one of the plurality of induction coils is supplied at a frequency of 25 kHz or greater. 14. The process of claim 12 further comprising the step of placing a magnetic shield between the plurality of induction coils. 15. The process of claim 12 wherein the step of applying a terminal voltage to the plurality of induction coils is applied at a terminal voltage of 900 volts or less. 16. The process of claim 12 wherein the step of applying a terminal voltage to the plurality of induction coils is applied at a terminal voltage of 600 volts or less. 17. The process of claim 12 further comprising the step of plasma jet heating the molten silicon. 18. A silicon ingot formed by an electromagnetic casting process comprising the steps of supplying a silicon into a conductive crucible disposed within a furnace vessel, the conductive crucible having a plurality of induction coils surrounding the outer circumference of the conductive crucible; circulating a coolant through a plurality of electrically insulated segments of the conductive crucible; supplying a prescribed gas to the interior of the furnace vessel to maintain a constant pressure within the furnace vessel; and applying a terminal voltage to the plurality of induction coils to melt the silicon by induction heating and form a molten silicon;
characterized by the steps of supplying a different induction frequency to each of the plurality of induction coils; supplying a high induction frequency to the lowest-disposed one of the plurality of induction coils with the high induction frequency suppressing stirring of the molten silicon and maintaining a static state of the molten silicon; and
forming the silicon ingot from solidification of the molten silicon within the conductive crucible. | 1,700 |
2,981 | 15,677,673 | 1,735 | A method to manufacture reticulated metal foam via a dual investment solid mold includes pouring molten metal material into a mold while the mold is located on a chill plate. A method to manufacture reticulated metal foam includes pouring molten metal material into a mold while the mold is located on a chill plate, the chill plate configured to apply an externally driven temperature gradient in the mold so that solidification progresses from the chilled end to the non-chilled end | 1. A method to manufacture reticulated metal foam, comprising:
pre-investing a precursor with a pre-investment ceramic plaster to encapsulate the precursor; investing the encapsulated precursor with a ceramic plaster to form a mold; and pouring molten metal material into the mold while the mold is located on a chill plate. 2. (canceled) 3. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the precursor is a reticulated foam structure. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the precursor is a polyurethane reticulated foam structure. 5. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the precursor is completely encapsulated with the pre-investment ceramic plaster. 6. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising, coating the precursor in a molten wax to increase ligament thickness. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising, coating the precursor in a molten wax to increase ligament thickness to provide an about 90% air to 10% precursor ratio. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the ceramic plaster is more rigid than the pre-investment ceramic plaster. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the diluted pre-investment ceramic plaster is about 55:100 water to powder ratio. 10. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the ceramic plaster is about 28:100 water to powder ratio. 11. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the chill plate operates at about room temperature. 12. The method as recited in claim 11, wherein the molten metal material is at a temperature of about 1350° F. (732° C.). 13. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the chill plate applies an externally driven temperature gradient in the mold so that solidification progresses from the chilled end to the non-chilled end. 14. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the reticulated metal foam is manufactured of aluminum. 15. A method to manufacture reticulated metal foam via a dual investment solid mold, comprising:
investing an encapsulated precursor with a ceramic plaster to form a mold; and pouring molten metal material into the mold while the mold is located on a chill plate. 16. The method as recited in claim 15, wherein the precursor is a reticulated foam structure. 17. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein the chill plate applies an externally driven temperature gradient in the mold so that solidification progresses from the chilled end to the non-chilled end. 18. The method as recited in claim 17, wherein the extent of chilling is such that a casting formed by the mold remains equiaxial in nature with crystallization nucleating from all surfaces. 19. A method to manufacture reticulated metal foam, comprising:
locating a mold on a chill plate, the mold including a reticulated foam precursor that is pre-invested to form an encapsulated precursor, the encapsulated precursor invested with a ceramic plaster to form the mold. 20. The method as recited in claim 19, wherein the extent of chilling is such that a casting formed by the molten metal material remains equiaxial with crystallization nucleating from all surfaces. | A method to manufacture reticulated metal foam via a dual investment solid mold includes pouring molten metal material into a mold while the mold is located on a chill plate. A method to manufacture reticulated metal foam includes pouring molten metal material into a mold while the mold is located on a chill plate, the chill plate configured to apply an externally driven temperature gradient in the mold so that solidification progresses from the chilled end to the non-chilled end1. A method to manufacture reticulated metal foam, comprising:
pre-investing a precursor with a pre-investment ceramic plaster to encapsulate the precursor; investing the encapsulated precursor with a ceramic plaster to form a mold; and pouring molten metal material into the mold while the mold is located on a chill plate. 2. (canceled) 3. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the precursor is a reticulated foam structure. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the precursor is a polyurethane reticulated foam structure. 5. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the precursor is completely encapsulated with the pre-investment ceramic plaster. 6. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising, coating the precursor in a molten wax to increase ligament thickness. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising, coating the precursor in a molten wax to increase ligament thickness to provide an about 90% air to 10% precursor ratio. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the ceramic plaster is more rigid than the pre-investment ceramic plaster. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the diluted pre-investment ceramic plaster is about 55:100 water to powder ratio. 10. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the ceramic plaster is about 28:100 water to powder ratio. 11. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the chill plate operates at about room temperature. 12. The method as recited in claim 11, wherein the molten metal material is at a temperature of about 1350° F. (732° C.). 13. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the chill plate applies an externally driven temperature gradient in the mold so that solidification progresses from the chilled end to the non-chilled end. 14. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the reticulated metal foam is manufactured of aluminum. 15. A method to manufacture reticulated metal foam via a dual investment solid mold, comprising:
investing an encapsulated precursor with a ceramic plaster to form a mold; and pouring molten metal material into the mold while the mold is located on a chill plate. 16. The method as recited in claim 15, wherein the precursor is a reticulated foam structure. 17. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein the chill plate applies an externally driven temperature gradient in the mold so that solidification progresses from the chilled end to the non-chilled end. 18. The method as recited in claim 17, wherein the extent of chilling is such that a casting formed by the mold remains equiaxial in nature with crystallization nucleating from all surfaces. 19. A method to manufacture reticulated metal foam, comprising:
locating a mold on a chill plate, the mold including a reticulated foam precursor that is pre-invested to form an encapsulated precursor, the encapsulated precursor invested with a ceramic plaster to form the mold. 20. The method as recited in claim 19, wherein the extent of chilling is such that a casting formed by the molten metal material remains equiaxial with crystallization nucleating from all surfaces. | 1,700 |
2,982 | 13,739,070 | 1,786 | A woven fiber reinforcement material and method of making includes a plurality of fiber bundles extending generally parallel to one another in a longitudinal direction and spaced laterally from one another by at least 1/32 of an inch. The fiber bundles are selected from non-elastic fibers. A first transverse thread extends in a continuous serpentine pattern on a first side of the plurality of fiber bundles. A second transverse thread extends in a continuous serpentine pattern on a second side of the plurality of fiber bundles and a pair of connecting threads diagonally cross the first and second transverse threads and secure the first and second transverse threads to the fiber bundles at a plurality of longitudinally spaced locations. | 1. A method of making a rigidified fiber reinforcement material, comprising the steps of:
providing a plurality of fiber bundles extending generally parallel to one another in a longitudinal direction and spaced laterally from one another by at least 1/32 of an inch, said fiber bundles being selected from the group consisting of carbon fibers, Kevlar, poly-parapheneylene tetraphthalamide, para-aramid nylon, aromatic polyamide and combinations thereof; knitting a transverse fiber bundle extending in a continuous serpentine pattern across each of said plurality of fiber bundles to a first side of said plurality of fiber bundles with at least one connecting thread corresponding to each one of said plurality of fiber bundles, each of said at least one connecting threads diagonally crossing the transverse fiber bundle and securing said transverse fiber bundle to a respective one of said plurality of fiber bundles at a plurality of longitudinally spaced locations to form a knitted material; coating said knitted material in epoxy; and curing the epoxy to rigidify the knitted material to form the rigidified fiber reinforcement material. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said at least one connecting thread includes first and second connecting threads that are wrapped around each said one of said plurality of fiber bundles in substantially helical patterns. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein said first and second connecting threads are interlaced with each other at alternating sides of said one of said plurality of fiber bundles. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein said transverse fiber bundle is selected from the group consisting of nylon, nylon blend, polyester, polypropylene, nomex, cotton, carbon fibers, poly parapheneylene tetraphthalamide, para-aramid nylon, aramid fiber, aromatic polyamide, and combinations thereof. | A woven fiber reinforcement material and method of making includes a plurality of fiber bundles extending generally parallel to one another in a longitudinal direction and spaced laterally from one another by at least 1/32 of an inch. The fiber bundles are selected from non-elastic fibers. A first transverse thread extends in a continuous serpentine pattern on a first side of the plurality of fiber bundles. A second transverse thread extends in a continuous serpentine pattern on a second side of the plurality of fiber bundles and a pair of connecting threads diagonally cross the first and second transverse threads and secure the first and second transverse threads to the fiber bundles at a plurality of longitudinally spaced locations.1. A method of making a rigidified fiber reinforcement material, comprising the steps of:
providing a plurality of fiber bundles extending generally parallel to one another in a longitudinal direction and spaced laterally from one another by at least 1/32 of an inch, said fiber bundles being selected from the group consisting of carbon fibers, Kevlar, poly-parapheneylene tetraphthalamide, para-aramid nylon, aromatic polyamide and combinations thereof; knitting a transverse fiber bundle extending in a continuous serpentine pattern across each of said plurality of fiber bundles to a first side of said plurality of fiber bundles with at least one connecting thread corresponding to each one of said plurality of fiber bundles, each of said at least one connecting threads diagonally crossing the transverse fiber bundle and securing said transverse fiber bundle to a respective one of said plurality of fiber bundles at a plurality of longitudinally spaced locations to form a knitted material; coating said knitted material in epoxy; and curing the epoxy to rigidify the knitted material to form the rigidified fiber reinforcement material. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said at least one connecting thread includes first and second connecting threads that are wrapped around each said one of said plurality of fiber bundles in substantially helical patterns. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein said first and second connecting threads are interlaced with each other at alternating sides of said one of said plurality of fiber bundles. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein said transverse fiber bundle is selected from the group consisting of nylon, nylon blend, polyester, polypropylene, nomex, cotton, carbon fibers, poly parapheneylene tetraphthalamide, para-aramid nylon, aramid fiber, aromatic polyamide, and combinations thereof. | 1,700 |
2,983 | 13,586,099 | 1,783 | A component according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, a substrate, a thermal barrier coating deposited on at least a portion of the substrate, and an outer layer deposited on at least a portion of the thermal barrier coating. The outer layer includes a material that absorbs energy in response to an impact event along at least a portion of the outer layer. | 1. A component, comprising:
a substrate; a thermal barrier coating deposited on at least a portion of said substrate; and an outer layer deposited on at least a portion of said thermal barrier coating, wherein said outer layer includes a material that absorbs energy in response to an impact event along at least a portion of said outer layer. 2. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein said thermal barrier coating includes a first porosity and said outer layer includes a second porosity that is greater than said first porosity. 3. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein said thermal barrier coating includes a first modulus of elasticity and said outer layer includes a second modulus of elasticity that is a reduced modulus of elasticity as compared to said first modulus of elasticity. 4. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein said material includes a high toughness composition. 5. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein said material includes hafnia. 6. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein said material includes a zirconia based ceramic material. 7. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein said outer layer is a suspension plasma sprayed (SPS) outer layer. 8. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein at least a portion of said outer layer is deformed in response to said impact event. 9. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein at least a portion of said outer layer is crushed in response to said impact event. 10. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein at least a portion of said outer layer is liberated in response to said impact event. 11. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein said outer layer includes a varied composition and structure throughout its thickness. 12. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein said outer layer is deposited at least on one of a leading edge and a trailing edge of said substrate. 13. A method of coating a component, comprising:
applying an outer layer onto at least a portion of a thermal barrier coating of the component using a suspension plasma spray (SPS) technique, wherein the outer layer includes a material that absorbs energy in response to an impact event along a portion of the outer layer. 14. The method as recited in claim 13, comprising the step of:
deforming at least a portion of the outer layer in response to the impact event. 15. The method as recited in claim 13, comprising the step of:
crushing at least a portion of the outer layer in response to the impact event. 16. The method as recited in claim 13, comprising the step of:
liberating at least a portion of the outer layer in response to the impact event. 17. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the suspension plasma spray technique includes applying the outer layer in a plurality of individual coating passes, wherein a first coating pass of the plurality of individual coating passes includes a first material process parameter and composition and a second coating pass of the plurality of individual coating passes includes a second material process parameter and composition that is different from the first material process parameter and composition. 18. A component, comprising:
a substrate; a thermal barrier coating deposited on at least a portion of said substrate; and an outer layer deposited on at least a portion of said thermal barrier coating, wherein said outer layer includes a material that resists energy in response to an impact event along at least a portion of said outer layer. 19. The component as recited in claim 18, wherein particulate matter ricochets off of said outer layer in response to said impact event. 20. The component as recited in claim 18, wherein said impact even is a low energy impact event. | A component according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, a substrate, a thermal barrier coating deposited on at least a portion of the substrate, and an outer layer deposited on at least a portion of the thermal barrier coating. The outer layer includes a material that absorbs energy in response to an impact event along at least a portion of the outer layer.1. A component, comprising:
a substrate; a thermal barrier coating deposited on at least a portion of said substrate; and an outer layer deposited on at least a portion of said thermal barrier coating, wherein said outer layer includes a material that absorbs energy in response to an impact event along at least a portion of said outer layer. 2. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein said thermal barrier coating includes a first porosity and said outer layer includes a second porosity that is greater than said first porosity. 3. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein said thermal barrier coating includes a first modulus of elasticity and said outer layer includes a second modulus of elasticity that is a reduced modulus of elasticity as compared to said first modulus of elasticity. 4. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein said material includes a high toughness composition. 5. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein said material includes hafnia. 6. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein said material includes a zirconia based ceramic material. 7. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein said outer layer is a suspension plasma sprayed (SPS) outer layer. 8. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein at least a portion of said outer layer is deformed in response to said impact event. 9. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein at least a portion of said outer layer is crushed in response to said impact event. 10. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein at least a portion of said outer layer is liberated in response to said impact event. 11. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein said outer layer includes a varied composition and structure throughout its thickness. 12. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein said outer layer is deposited at least on one of a leading edge and a trailing edge of said substrate. 13. A method of coating a component, comprising:
applying an outer layer onto at least a portion of a thermal barrier coating of the component using a suspension plasma spray (SPS) technique, wherein the outer layer includes a material that absorbs energy in response to an impact event along a portion of the outer layer. 14. The method as recited in claim 13, comprising the step of:
deforming at least a portion of the outer layer in response to the impact event. 15. The method as recited in claim 13, comprising the step of:
crushing at least a portion of the outer layer in response to the impact event. 16. The method as recited in claim 13, comprising the step of:
liberating at least a portion of the outer layer in response to the impact event. 17. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the suspension plasma spray technique includes applying the outer layer in a plurality of individual coating passes, wherein a first coating pass of the plurality of individual coating passes includes a first material process parameter and composition and a second coating pass of the plurality of individual coating passes includes a second material process parameter and composition that is different from the first material process parameter and composition. 18. A component, comprising:
a substrate; a thermal barrier coating deposited on at least a portion of said substrate; and an outer layer deposited on at least a portion of said thermal barrier coating, wherein said outer layer includes a material that resists energy in response to an impact event along at least a portion of said outer layer. 19. The component as recited in claim 18, wherein particulate matter ricochets off of said outer layer in response to said impact event. 20. The component as recited in claim 18, wherein said impact even is a low energy impact event. | 1,700 |
2,984 | 12,746,126 | 1,787 | A vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding of the present invention includes: 100 parts by mass of vinyl chloride resin particles made of vinyl chloride resin whose average degree of polymerization is 1500 or more, the vinyl chloride resin particles having an average particle size ranging from 50 to 500 μm; and 110 to 150 parts by mass of a particular trimellitate plasticizer. The vinyl chloride resin composition has excellent powder flowability and results in a molded object having excellent heat aging resistance and low-temperature resistance. | 1. A vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding, comprising:
100 parts by mass of vinyl chloride resin particles made of vinyl chloride resin whose average degree of polymerization is 1500 or more, the vinyl chloride resin particles having an average particle size ranging from 50 to 500 μm; and 110 to 150 parts by mass of a trimellitate plasticizer represented by general formula (1)
wherein R1 to R3 represent an alkyl group and may be identical with each other or different from each other, a linear chain ratio of R1 to R3 is 95 mol % or more, a ratio of an alkyl group having 7 carbons or less to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3 ranges from 0 to 10 mol %, a ratio of an alkyl group having 8 or 9 carbons to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3 ranges from 0 to 85 mol %, a ratio of an alkyl group having 10 carbons to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3 ranges from 15 to 100 mol %, a ratio of an alkyl group having 11 or more carbons to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3 ranges from 0 to 10 mol %, and the linear chain ratio is a ratio of a linear chain alkyl group to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3. 2. The vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding as set forth in claim 1, comprising:
100 parts by mass of vinyl chloride resin particles made of vinyl chloride resin whose average degree of polymerization is 1500 or more, the vinyl chloride resin particles having an average particle size ranging from 50 to 500 μm; and 110 to 150 parts by mass of a trimellitate plasticizer represented by general formula (1) wherein R1 to R3 represent an alkyl group and may be identical with each other or different from
each other, a linear chain ratio of R1 to R3 is 95 mol % or more, a ratio of an alkyl group having 7 carbons or less to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3 ranges from 0 to 10 mol %, a ratio of an alkyl group having 8 or 9 carbons to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3 ranges from 0 to 75 mol %, a ratio of an alkyl group having 10 carbons to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3 ranges from 25 to 100 mol %, a ratio of an alkyl group having 11 or more carbons to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3 ranges from 0 to 10 mol %, and the linear chain ratio is a ratio of a linear chain alkyl group to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3. 3. The vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding as set forth in claim 1, wherein the average degree of polymerization of the vinyl chloride resin constituting the vinyl chloride resin particles ranges from 1500 to 3000. 4. The vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding as set forth in claim 1, wherein the average particle size of the vinyl chloride resin particles ranges from 50 to 250 μm. 5. The vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding as set forth in claim 1, wherein the average particle size of the vinyl chloride resin particles ranges from 100 to 200 μm. 6. The vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding as set forth in claim 1, further comprising 1 to 30 parts by mass of a dusting agent with respect to 100 parts by mass of the vinyl chloride resin particles, the dusting agent being made of vinyl chloride resin fine particles of 0.1 to 10 in average particle size. 7. The vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding as set forth in claim 6, wherein an average degree of polymerization of vinyl chloride resin constituting the vinyl chloride resin fine particles ranges from 500 to 2000. 8. The vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding as set forth in claim 6, wherein an average degree of polymerization of vinyl chloride resin constituting the vinyl chloride resin particles ranges from 800 to 1500. 9. The vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding as set forth in claim 6, wherein the dusting agent made of the vinyl chloride resin fine particles is in a range of 10 to 25 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the vinyl chloride resin particles. 10. A vinyl chloride resin molded object, obtained by powder molding the vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding as set forth in claim 1. 11. A laminate, including a surface of the vinyl chloride resin molded object as set forth in claim 10 and polyurethane foam. 12. A vehicle interior material, having a surface made of the vinyl chloride resin molded object as set forth in claim 10. 13. A method for producing the vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding as set forth in claim 1, comprising the step of mixing (i) 100 parts by mass of vinyl chloride resin particles made of vinyl chloride resin whose average degree of polymerization is 1500 or more, the vinyl chloride resin particles having an average particle size ranging from 50 to 500 μm, with (ii) 110 to 150 parts by mass of a trimellitate plasticizer represented by general formula (1)
wherein R1 to R3 represent an alkyl group and may be identical with each other or different from each other, a linear chain ratio of R1 to R3 is 95 mol % or more, a ratio of an alkyl group having 7 carbons or less to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3 ranges from 0 to 10 mol %, a ratio of an alkyl group having 8 or 9 carbons to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3 ranges from 0 to 85 mol %, a ratio of an alkyl group having 10 carbons to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3 ranges from 15 to 100 mol %, a ratio of an alkyl group having 11 or more carbons to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3 ranges from 0 to 10 mol %, and the linear chain ratio is a ratio of a linear chain alkyl group to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3. 14. The method for producing the vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding as set forth in claim 13, wherein a dusting agent made of vinyl chloride resin fine particles of 0.1 to 10 μm in average particle size is mixed in such a manner that the dusting agent is in a range of 1 to 30 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the vinyl chloride resin particles. 15. The method for producing the vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding as set forth in claim 13, wherein mixing is performed by dry blending. | A vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding of the present invention includes: 100 parts by mass of vinyl chloride resin particles made of vinyl chloride resin whose average degree of polymerization is 1500 or more, the vinyl chloride resin particles having an average particle size ranging from 50 to 500 μm; and 110 to 150 parts by mass of a particular trimellitate plasticizer. The vinyl chloride resin composition has excellent powder flowability and results in a molded object having excellent heat aging resistance and low-temperature resistance.1. A vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding, comprising:
100 parts by mass of vinyl chloride resin particles made of vinyl chloride resin whose average degree of polymerization is 1500 or more, the vinyl chloride resin particles having an average particle size ranging from 50 to 500 μm; and 110 to 150 parts by mass of a trimellitate plasticizer represented by general formula (1)
wherein R1 to R3 represent an alkyl group and may be identical with each other or different from each other, a linear chain ratio of R1 to R3 is 95 mol % or more, a ratio of an alkyl group having 7 carbons or less to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3 ranges from 0 to 10 mol %, a ratio of an alkyl group having 8 or 9 carbons to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3 ranges from 0 to 85 mol %, a ratio of an alkyl group having 10 carbons to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3 ranges from 15 to 100 mol %, a ratio of an alkyl group having 11 or more carbons to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3 ranges from 0 to 10 mol %, and the linear chain ratio is a ratio of a linear chain alkyl group to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3. 2. The vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding as set forth in claim 1, comprising:
100 parts by mass of vinyl chloride resin particles made of vinyl chloride resin whose average degree of polymerization is 1500 or more, the vinyl chloride resin particles having an average particle size ranging from 50 to 500 μm; and 110 to 150 parts by mass of a trimellitate plasticizer represented by general formula (1) wherein R1 to R3 represent an alkyl group and may be identical with each other or different from
each other, a linear chain ratio of R1 to R3 is 95 mol % or more, a ratio of an alkyl group having 7 carbons or less to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3 ranges from 0 to 10 mol %, a ratio of an alkyl group having 8 or 9 carbons to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3 ranges from 0 to 75 mol %, a ratio of an alkyl group having 10 carbons to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3 ranges from 25 to 100 mol %, a ratio of an alkyl group having 11 or more carbons to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3 ranges from 0 to 10 mol %, and the linear chain ratio is a ratio of a linear chain alkyl group to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3. 3. The vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding as set forth in claim 1, wherein the average degree of polymerization of the vinyl chloride resin constituting the vinyl chloride resin particles ranges from 1500 to 3000. 4. The vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding as set forth in claim 1, wherein the average particle size of the vinyl chloride resin particles ranges from 50 to 250 μm. 5. The vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding as set forth in claim 1, wherein the average particle size of the vinyl chloride resin particles ranges from 100 to 200 μm. 6. The vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding as set forth in claim 1, further comprising 1 to 30 parts by mass of a dusting agent with respect to 100 parts by mass of the vinyl chloride resin particles, the dusting agent being made of vinyl chloride resin fine particles of 0.1 to 10 in average particle size. 7. The vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding as set forth in claim 6, wherein an average degree of polymerization of vinyl chloride resin constituting the vinyl chloride resin fine particles ranges from 500 to 2000. 8. The vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding as set forth in claim 6, wherein an average degree of polymerization of vinyl chloride resin constituting the vinyl chloride resin particles ranges from 800 to 1500. 9. The vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding as set forth in claim 6, wherein the dusting agent made of the vinyl chloride resin fine particles is in a range of 10 to 25 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the vinyl chloride resin particles. 10. A vinyl chloride resin molded object, obtained by powder molding the vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding as set forth in claim 1. 11. A laminate, including a surface of the vinyl chloride resin molded object as set forth in claim 10 and polyurethane foam. 12. A vehicle interior material, having a surface made of the vinyl chloride resin molded object as set forth in claim 10. 13. A method for producing the vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding as set forth in claim 1, comprising the step of mixing (i) 100 parts by mass of vinyl chloride resin particles made of vinyl chloride resin whose average degree of polymerization is 1500 or more, the vinyl chloride resin particles having an average particle size ranging from 50 to 500 μm, with (ii) 110 to 150 parts by mass of a trimellitate plasticizer represented by general formula (1)
wherein R1 to R3 represent an alkyl group and may be identical with each other or different from each other, a linear chain ratio of R1 to R3 is 95 mol % or more, a ratio of an alkyl group having 7 carbons or less to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3 ranges from 0 to 10 mol %, a ratio of an alkyl group having 8 or 9 carbons to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3 ranges from 0 to 85 mol %, a ratio of an alkyl group having 10 carbons to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3 ranges from 15 to 100 mol %, a ratio of an alkyl group having 11 or more carbons to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3 ranges from 0 to 10 mol %, and the linear chain ratio is a ratio of a linear chain alkyl group to whole alkyl groups of R1 to R3. 14. The method for producing the vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding as set forth in claim 13, wherein a dusting agent made of vinyl chloride resin fine particles of 0.1 to 10 μm in average particle size is mixed in such a manner that the dusting agent is in a range of 1 to 30 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the vinyl chloride resin particles. 15. The method for producing the vinyl chloride resin composition for powder molding as set forth in claim 13, wherein mixing is performed by dry blending. | 1,700 |
2,985 | 13,500,947 | 1,717 | The drum coater comprises a substantially cylindrical drum ( 11 ) with a peripheral wall and a substantially horizontal axis of rotation. The method comprises providing a coating zone within the drum, feeding tablets into the drum, spinning the drum containing the tablets at a rotational speed such that a substantially annular bed of tablets is created, providing means for creating a cascade ( 19 ) of tablets at least in a part of the coating zone and spraying the tablets in the coating zone. | 1.-22. (canceled) 23. A method for coating small items, such as tablets, comprising the steps of:
providing a substantially cylindrical drum (11) having a peripheral drum wall (12) and a predefined diameter, said drum having a substantially horizontal axis of rotation (17), a top section (20) and a bottom section (21) being defined above and below, respectively, the axis of rotation, providing a coating zone within said drum, feeding the tablets into said drum (11), spinning the drum containing the tablets, providing means for creating a cascade (19) of tablets at least in a part of said coating zone, spraying the tablets in said coating zone, and discharging the tablets from said drum (11), whereby the drum (11) is set to spin at a rotational speed such that the tablets are pressed towards the periphery of the drum (11) by the centrifugal force and the tablets are held against the peripheral drum wall (12) producing a substantially annular bed of tablets extending around the axis of rotation (17), and whereby said coating zone is provided in or near the top section (20). 24. The method according to claim 23, whereby the means for creating a cascade (19) of tablets is provided by loosening means. 25. The method according to claim 24, whereby said loosening means is provided by at least one deflecting nozzle (13) directed towards the tablets in said top section (20), thereby forcing the tablets away from the peripheral drum wall (12). 26. The method according to claim 25, whereby said at least one deflecting nozzle (13) is directed substantially in the radial direction of the drum. 27. The method according to claim 24, whereby the loosening means is provided by mechanical deflection elements. 28. The method according to claim 23, comprising the further step of spraying the tablets in said coating zone at a maximum speed chosen such that the tablets are retained in said cascade (19). 29. The method according to claim 23, comprising the further step of spraying the tablets with a suspension or a solution by means of a set of spraying nozzles (26). 30. The method according to claim 23, comprising the further steps of providing the drum with perforations, and providing a flow of drying air or gas (14, 15) into the bottom section (21) and out of the top section (20), preferably by a specific flow rate of said drying flow of air or gas which is relatively high and has a maximum corresponding to the combined force of gravity and centrifugal force acting on the tablets at the bottom section. 31. The method according to claim 23, comprising the further steps of:
providing the drum (11) with a cut in the peripheral drum wall creating facing first and second end edge sections (24, 25), deflecting at least one of said first and second end edge sections to create an interspace (23). 32. The method according to claim 31, comprising the further step of loading and unloading the tablets through said interspace (23). 33. The method according to 23, whereby a drum having a diameter of below 1 m rotates at a speed of at least 4 rad/s, and a drum having a diameter above 1 m rotates at a speed of at least 3 rad/s. 34. A drum coater comprising:
a substantially cylindrical drum (11) having a peripheral drum wall (12) and a predefined diameter, said drum having a substantially horizontal axis of rotation (17), a top section (20) and a bottom section (21) being defined above and below, respectively, the axis of rotation, said drum (11) being adapted to contain tablets, a coating zone, one or more spray nozzles (26) directed towards the coating zone, and driving means, wherein the driving means is adapted to set the drum (11) to spin at a rotational speed such that the tablets are pressed towards the periphery of the drum (11) by the centrifugal force and the tablets are held against the peripheral drum wall (12) producing a substantially annular bed, and that cascade creating means are provided by loosening means, such that a cascade of tablets is created in or partly in the top section (20) of the drum. 35. A drum coater according to claim 34, wherein the loosening means comprises one or more deflecting nozzles (13) provided at the top section (20) to provide a jet or jets of air or gas. 36. A drum coater according to claim 34, wherein said loosening means comprises mechanical deflection means. 37. A drum coater according to claim 34, wherein the drum is provided with perforations. 38. A drum coater according to claim 34, wherein the drum is provided with a cut in the peripheral drum wall, creating facing first and second end edge sections (24, 25), at least one of said first and second end edge sections being deflected to create an interspace (23). 39. A drum coater according to claim 38, wherein the drum coater is provided with a mechanical blower directed towards the bottom section (21). 40. A drum coater according to claim 34, wherein the diameter of the drum lies in the interval 0.2 to 2 m and the width of the drum lies in the interval 0.04 to 1 m. 41. A coating system comprising a number of drum coaters according to claim 34. | The drum coater comprises a substantially cylindrical drum ( 11 ) with a peripheral wall and a substantially horizontal axis of rotation. The method comprises providing a coating zone within the drum, feeding tablets into the drum, spinning the drum containing the tablets at a rotational speed such that a substantially annular bed of tablets is created, providing means for creating a cascade ( 19 ) of tablets at least in a part of the coating zone and spraying the tablets in the coating zone.1.-22. (canceled) 23. A method for coating small items, such as tablets, comprising the steps of:
providing a substantially cylindrical drum (11) having a peripheral drum wall (12) and a predefined diameter, said drum having a substantially horizontal axis of rotation (17), a top section (20) and a bottom section (21) being defined above and below, respectively, the axis of rotation, providing a coating zone within said drum, feeding the tablets into said drum (11), spinning the drum containing the tablets, providing means for creating a cascade (19) of tablets at least in a part of said coating zone, spraying the tablets in said coating zone, and discharging the tablets from said drum (11), whereby the drum (11) is set to spin at a rotational speed such that the tablets are pressed towards the periphery of the drum (11) by the centrifugal force and the tablets are held against the peripheral drum wall (12) producing a substantially annular bed of tablets extending around the axis of rotation (17), and whereby said coating zone is provided in or near the top section (20). 24. The method according to claim 23, whereby the means for creating a cascade (19) of tablets is provided by loosening means. 25. The method according to claim 24, whereby said loosening means is provided by at least one deflecting nozzle (13) directed towards the tablets in said top section (20), thereby forcing the tablets away from the peripheral drum wall (12). 26. The method according to claim 25, whereby said at least one deflecting nozzle (13) is directed substantially in the radial direction of the drum. 27. The method according to claim 24, whereby the loosening means is provided by mechanical deflection elements. 28. The method according to claim 23, comprising the further step of spraying the tablets in said coating zone at a maximum speed chosen such that the tablets are retained in said cascade (19). 29. The method according to claim 23, comprising the further step of spraying the tablets with a suspension or a solution by means of a set of spraying nozzles (26). 30. The method according to claim 23, comprising the further steps of providing the drum with perforations, and providing a flow of drying air or gas (14, 15) into the bottom section (21) and out of the top section (20), preferably by a specific flow rate of said drying flow of air or gas which is relatively high and has a maximum corresponding to the combined force of gravity and centrifugal force acting on the tablets at the bottom section. 31. The method according to claim 23, comprising the further steps of:
providing the drum (11) with a cut in the peripheral drum wall creating facing first and second end edge sections (24, 25), deflecting at least one of said first and second end edge sections to create an interspace (23). 32. The method according to claim 31, comprising the further step of loading and unloading the tablets through said interspace (23). 33. The method according to 23, whereby a drum having a diameter of below 1 m rotates at a speed of at least 4 rad/s, and a drum having a diameter above 1 m rotates at a speed of at least 3 rad/s. 34. A drum coater comprising:
a substantially cylindrical drum (11) having a peripheral drum wall (12) and a predefined diameter, said drum having a substantially horizontal axis of rotation (17), a top section (20) and a bottom section (21) being defined above and below, respectively, the axis of rotation, said drum (11) being adapted to contain tablets, a coating zone, one or more spray nozzles (26) directed towards the coating zone, and driving means, wherein the driving means is adapted to set the drum (11) to spin at a rotational speed such that the tablets are pressed towards the periphery of the drum (11) by the centrifugal force and the tablets are held against the peripheral drum wall (12) producing a substantially annular bed, and that cascade creating means are provided by loosening means, such that a cascade of tablets is created in or partly in the top section (20) of the drum. 35. A drum coater according to claim 34, wherein the loosening means comprises one or more deflecting nozzles (13) provided at the top section (20) to provide a jet or jets of air or gas. 36. A drum coater according to claim 34, wherein said loosening means comprises mechanical deflection means. 37. A drum coater according to claim 34, wherein the drum is provided with perforations. 38. A drum coater according to claim 34, wherein the drum is provided with a cut in the peripheral drum wall, creating facing first and second end edge sections (24, 25), at least one of said first and second end edge sections being deflected to create an interspace (23). 39. A drum coater according to claim 38, wherein the drum coater is provided with a mechanical blower directed towards the bottom section (21). 40. A drum coater according to claim 34, wherein the diameter of the drum lies in the interval 0.2 to 2 m and the width of the drum lies in the interval 0.04 to 1 m. 41. A coating system comprising a number of drum coaters according to claim 34. | 1,700 |
2,986 | 15,161,025 | 1,787 | It is desired to find a new class of adhesion promoters to adhere the granules to the asphalt. Generally, the application is directed to an article comprising a substrate and a coating on the substrate, wherein the coating comprises a polyolefin. The substrate may be a roofing granule. In certain embodiments, the polyolefin is a chemically modified polyolefin. In some embodiments, the coating comprises a photocatalytic material. | 1. An coated roofing granule, comprising
a porous or non-porous weather-resistant rock or mineral material, in natural form or optionally colored by a ceramic coating; and a continuous or discontinuous adhesion promoter coating comprising an oil and a chemically modified or functionalized polyolefin which is soluble in the oil. 2. The coated roofing granule of claim 1 wherein the polyolefin is modified with a chemically reactive group comprising amines, epoxides, anhydrides, hydroxyls, thiols, isocyanates, acids, halides, or esters. 3. The coated roofing granule of claim 1 wherein the coating comprises a mixture of polyolefins. 4. The coated roofing granule of claim 1 wherein the polyolefin is a chemically modified polyolefin and the chemically modified polyolefin is modified with maleic anhydride. 5. The coated roofing granule of claim 1 wherein the polyolefin is polypropylene. 6. The coated roofing granule of claim 1 wherein the roofing granule comprises a photocatalytic material. 7. The coated roofing granule of claim 6 wherein the photocatalytic material comprises TiO2, ZnO, WO3, SnO2, CaTiO3, Fe2O3, MoO3, Nb2O5, TixZr(1-x)O2, SiC, SrTiO3, CdS, GaP, InP, GaAs, BaTiO3, KNbO3, Ta2O5, Bi2O3, NiO, Cu2O, SiO2, MoS2, InPb, RuO2, CeO2, Ti(OH)4, or combinations thereof. 8. The coated roofing granule of claim 6 wherein the photocatalytic material comprises crystalline anatase TiO2, crystalline rutile TiO2, crystalline ZnO or combinations thereof. 9. The coated roofing granule of claim 6 wherein the photocatalytic material is doped with a dopant. 10. The coated roofing granule of claim 9 wherein the dopant is C, N, S, F, Pt, Pd, Au, Ag, Os, Rh, RuO2, Nb, Cu, Sn, Ni, Fe, or combinations thereof. 11. The coated roofing granule of claim 1 wherein the article has a reflectivity of at least about 20% at substantially all points in the wavelength range between 770 and 2500 nm. 12. An article comprising
a plurality of coating roofing granules as in claim 1; and a substrate comprising an asphalt layer having a surface; wherein the plurality of coated roofing granules have been applied to the surface of the asphalt and embedded in the asphalt so as to form pockets having the coated roofing granules retained therein; and wherein the adhesion promoter coating improves the adhesion of the coated roofing granules to the asphalt. 13. The article of claim 12 wherein the plurality of coated roofing granules comprises a photocatalytic material. 14. The article of claim 13 wherein the photocatalytic material comprises TiO2, ZnO, WO3, SnO2, CaTiO3, Fe2O3, MoO3, Nb2O5, TixZr(1-x)O2, SiC, SrTiO3, CdS, GaP, InP, GaAs, BaTiO3, KNbO3, Ta2O5, Bi2O3, NiO, Cu2O, SiO2, MoS2, InPb, RuO2, CeO2, Ti(OH)4, or combinations thereof. 15. The article of claim 13 wherein the photocatalytic material comprises crystalline anatase TiO2, crystalline rutile TiO2, crystalline ZnO or combinations thereof. 16. The article of claim 13 wherein the photocatalytic material is doped with a dopant. 17. The article of claim 16 wherein the dopant is C, N, S, F, Pt, Pd, Au, Ag, Os, Rh, RuO2, Nb, Cu, Sn, Ni, Fe, or combinations thereof. 18. The article of claim 12 wherein the article has a reflectivity of at least about 20% at substantially all points in the wavelength range between 770 and 2500 nm. | It is desired to find a new class of adhesion promoters to adhere the granules to the asphalt. Generally, the application is directed to an article comprising a substrate and a coating on the substrate, wherein the coating comprises a polyolefin. The substrate may be a roofing granule. In certain embodiments, the polyolefin is a chemically modified polyolefin. In some embodiments, the coating comprises a photocatalytic material.1. An coated roofing granule, comprising
a porous or non-porous weather-resistant rock or mineral material, in natural form or optionally colored by a ceramic coating; and a continuous or discontinuous adhesion promoter coating comprising an oil and a chemically modified or functionalized polyolefin which is soluble in the oil. 2. The coated roofing granule of claim 1 wherein the polyolefin is modified with a chemically reactive group comprising amines, epoxides, anhydrides, hydroxyls, thiols, isocyanates, acids, halides, or esters. 3. The coated roofing granule of claim 1 wherein the coating comprises a mixture of polyolefins. 4. The coated roofing granule of claim 1 wherein the polyolefin is a chemically modified polyolefin and the chemically modified polyolefin is modified with maleic anhydride. 5. The coated roofing granule of claim 1 wherein the polyolefin is polypropylene. 6. The coated roofing granule of claim 1 wherein the roofing granule comprises a photocatalytic material. 7. The coated roofing granule of claim 6 wherein the photocatalytic material comprises TiO2, ZnO, WO3, SnO2, CaTiO3, Fe2O3, MoO3, Nb2O5, TixZr(1-x)O2, SiC, SrTiO3, CdS, GaP, InP, GaAs, BaTiO3, KNbO3, Ta2O5, Bi2O3, NiO, Cu2O, SiO2, MoS2, InPb, RuO2, CeO2, Ti(OH)4, or combinations thereof. 8. The coated roofing granule of claim 6 wherein the photocatalytic material comprises crystalline anatase TiO2, crystalline rutile TiO2, crystalline ZnO or combinations thereof. 9. The coated roofing granule of claim 6 wherein the photocatalytic material is doped with a dopant. 10. The coated roofing granule of claim 9 wherein the dopant is C, N, S, F, Pt, Pd, Au, Ag, Os, Rh, RuO2, Nb, Cu, Sn, Ni, Fe, or combinations thereof. 11. The coated roofing granule of claim 1 wherein the article has a reflectivity of at least about 20% at substantially all points in the wavelength range between 770 and 2500 nm. 12. An article comprising
a plurality of coating roofing granules as in claim 1; and a substrate comprising an asphalt layer having a surface; wherein the plurality of coated roofing granules have been applied to the surface of the asphalt and embedded in the asphalt so as to form pockets having the coated roofing granules retained therein; and wherein the adhesion promoter coating improves the adhesion of the coated roofing granules to the asphalt. 13. The article of claim 12 wherein the plurality of coated roofing granules comprises a photocatalytic material. 14. The article of claim 13 wherein the photocatalytic material comprises TiO2, ZnO, WO3, SnO2, CaTiO3, Fe2O3, MoO3, Nb2O5, TixZr(1-x)O2, SiC, SrTiO3, CdS, GaP, InP, GaAs, BaTiO3, KNbO3, Ta2O5, Bi2O3, NiO, Cu2O, SiO2, MoS2, InPb, RuO2, CeO2, Ti(OH)4, or combinations thereof. 15. The article of claim 13 wherein the photocatalytic material comprises crystalline anatase TiO2, crystalline rutile TiO2, crystalline ZnO or combinations thereof. 16. The article of claim 13 wherein the photocatalytic material is doped with a dopant. 17. The article of claim 16 wherein the dopant is C, N, S, F, Pt, Pd, Au, Ag, Os, Rh, RuO2, Nb, Cu, Sn, Ni, Fe, or combinations thereof. 18. The article of claim 12 wherein the article has a reflectivity of at least about 20% at substantially all points in the wavelength range between 770 and 2500 nm. | 1,700 |
2,987 | 14,128,939 | 1,787 | A casting component and method for the application of an anticorrosive layer to a substrate, such as the casting component, are provided. The casting component for a device for casting a metal melt includes a metallic basic body and a melt contact surface region which is exposed to the metal melt during casting operation. In the casting component, the metallic basic body is provided in the melt contact surface region with an anticorrosive layer which is resistant to the metal melt and which is formed, using microparticles and/or nanoparticles of one or more substances from a substance group which includes borides, nitrides and carbides of the transition metals and their alloys and also of boron and silicon and Al 2 O 3 . | 1-14. (canceled) 15. A casting component for a device for casting or handling a metal melt, the component comprising a metallic basic body and a melt contact surface region which is exposed to the metal melt during casting operation, wherein the metallic basic body is provided in the melt contact surface region with an anticorrosive layer which is resistant to the metal melt and which is formed, using at least one of microparticles or nanoparticles of one or more substances from a substance group which comprises borides, nitrides and carbides of the transition metals and their alloys and also boron and silicon and Al2O3. 16. The casting component according to claim 15, wherein the microparticles or nanoparticles have an average particle size of between 50 nm and 50 μm. 17. The casting component according to claim 16, wherein the microparticles or nanoparticles have an average particular size of between 100 nm and 30 μm. 18. The casting component according to claim 15, wherein the anticorrosive layer is formed, using microparticles or nanoparticles composed of TiB2. 19. The casting component according to claim 15, wherein the anticorrosive layer is a sol/gel layer with the microparticles or nanoparticles as a filler. 20. The casting component according to claim 19, wherein the sol/gel layer has a zirconium-based or silicon-based gel former. 21. The casting component according to claim 19, wherein the sol/gel layer has an additionally administered alkali or alkaline earth metal salt or an additionally administered viscosity-setting polymer. 22. The casting component according to claim 19, wherein the sol/gel layer is formed by a plurality of gel layer plies, at least two of which have microparticles or nanoparticles of identical or different substances, or at least one layer ply is formed without microparticles or nanoparticles. 23. The casting component according to claim 15, wherein the basic body is formed from a steel material. 24. The casting component according to claim 15, wherein the casting component is configured for use in a device for casting an aluminum melt. 25. The casting component according to claim 15, wherein the casting component is configured for use in a metal diecasting machine. 26. The casting component according to claim 15, wherein the casting component is configured for use as a casting fitting, a casting vessel, a melt furnace constituent, a melt conveying constituent, a casting mold constituent or a part of one of these diecasting machine constituents. 27. A method for applying an anticorrosive layer to a substrate, the method comprising the steps of:
performing a sol/gel process; and in performing the sol/gel process, using at least one of microparticles or nanoparticles with an average particle size of between 100 nm and 30 μm as a filler. 28. The method according to claim 27, wherein the substrate is a casting component for a device for casting or handling a metal melt, the component comprising a metallic basic body and a melt contact surface region which is exposed to the metal melt during casting operation, wherein the metallic basic body is provided in the melt contact surface region with an anticorrosive layer which is resistant to the metal melt and which is formed, using at least one of microparticles or nanoparticles of one or more substances from a substance group which comprises borides, nitrides and carbides of the transition metals and their alloys and also boron and silicon and Al2O3. 29. The method according to claim 27, wherein, in the sol/gel process, a plurality of gel layer plies are formed, at least two of which are loaded with the microparticles or nanoparticles of identical or different substances as a filler. 30. The method according to claim 27, wherein, in the sol/gel process, a plurality of gel layer plies are formed, at least a last of which is applied, filler-free, without the microparticles or nanoparticles. 31. The method according to claim 27, wherein, after the formation of one or more gel layer plies, a vitrifying baking step is carried out at a temperature of between 500° C. and 650° C. | A casting component and method for the application of an anticorrosive layer to a substrate, such as the casting component, are provided. The casting component for a device for casting a metal melt includes a metallic basic body and a melt contact surface region which is exposed to the metal melt during casting operation. In the casting component, the metallic basic body is provided in the melt contact surface region with an anticorrosive layer which is resistant to the metal melt and which is formed, using microparticles and/or nanoparticles of one or more substances from a substance group which includes borides, nitrides and carbides of the transition metals and their alloys and also of boron and silicon and Al 2 O 3 .1-14. (canceled) 15. A casting component for a device for casting or handling a metal melt, the component comprising a metallic basic body and a melt contact surface region which is exposed to the metal melt during casting operation, wherein the metallic basic body is provided in the melt contact surface region with an anticorrosive layer which is resistant to the metal melt and which is formed, using at least one of microparticles or nanoparticles of one or more substances from a substance group which comprises borides, nitrides and carbides of the transition metals and their alloys and also boron and silicon and Al2O3. 16. The casting component according to claim 15, wherein the microparticles or nanoparticles have an average particle size of between 50 nm and 50 μm. 17. The casting component according to claim 16, wherein the microparticles or nanoparticles have an average particular size of between 100 nm and 30 μm. 18. The casting component according to claim 15, wherein the anticorrosive layer is formed, using microparticles or nanoparticles composed of TiB2. 19. The casting component according to claim 15, wherein the anticorrosive layer is a sol/gel layer with the microparticles or nanoparticles as a filler. 20. The casting component according to claim 19, wherein the sol/gel layer has a zirconium-based or silicon-based gel former. 21. The casting component according to claim 19, wherein the sol/gel layer has an additionally administered alkali or alkaline earth metal salt or an additionally administered viscosity-setting polymer. 22. The casting component according to claim 19, wherein the sol/gel layer is formed by a plurality of gel layer plies, at least two of which have microparticles or nanoparticles of identical or different substances, or at least one layer ply is formed without microparticles or nanoparticles. 23. The casting component according to claim 15, wherein the basic body is formed from a steel material. 24. The casting component according to claim 15, wherein the casting component is configured for use in a device for casting an aluminum melt. 25. The casting component according to claim 15, wherein the casting component is configured for use in a metal diecasting machine. 26. The casting component according to claim 15, wherein the casting component is configured for use as a casting fitting, a casting vessel, a melt furnace constituent, a melt conveying constituent, a casting mold constituent or a part of one of these diecasting machine constituents. 27. A method for applying an anticorrosive layer to a substrate, the method comprising the steps of:
performing a sol/gel process; and in performing the sol/gel process, using at least one of microparticles or nanoparticles with an average particle size of between 100 nm and 30 μm as a filler. 28. The method according to claim 27, wherein the substrate is a casting component for a device for casting or handling a metal melt, the component comprising a metallic basic body and a melt contact surface region which is exposed to the metal melt during casting operation, wherein the metallic basic body is provided in the melt contact surface region with an anticorrosive layer which is resistant to the metal melt and which is formed, using at least one of microparticles or nanoparticles of one or more substances from a substance group which comprises borides, nitrides and carbides of the transition metals and their alloys and also boron and silicon and Al2O3. 29. The method according to claim 27, wherein, in the sol/gel process, a plurality of gel layer plies are formed, at least two of which are loaded with the microparticles or nanoparticles of identical or different substances as a filler. 30. The method according to claim 27, wherein, in the sol/gel process, a plurality of gel layer plies are formed, at least a last of which is applied, filler-free, without the microparticles or nanoparticles. 31. The method according to claim 27, wherein, after the formation of one or more gel layer plies, a vitrifying baking step is carried out at a temperature of between 500° C. and 650° C. | 1,700 |
2,988 | 14,368,984 | 1,741 | A fabrication process of mineral fibers, including: introduction of raw materials into a circular furnace with electrodes; then fusion of the raw materials in the furnace to form a molten vitrifiable material; then outflow of the molten vitrifiable material from the furnace via a lateral outlet to supply a distribution channel; then outflow of the molten vitrifiable material via an orifice in the furnace bottom of the distribution channel to supply a fiber forming device; then transformation into fibers of the molten vitrifiable material by the fiber forming device, flow of molten vitrifiable material between the furnace and the distribution channel passing under a metal dam adjustable in height including an envelope cooled by cooling fluid current. Adjustment of the dam height allows temperature of the glass to be formed into fibers to be varied to bring the glass into a desired viscosity range for the fiber forming process. | 1-16. (canceled) 17. A process of fabrication of mineral fibers, comprising:
introduction of raw materials into a circular furnace with electrodes; then fusion of the raw materials in the furnace to form a molten vitrifiable material; then outflow of the molten vitrifiable material in the furnace via a lateral outlet from the furnace to supply a distribution channel; then outflow of the molten vitrifiable material via an orifice on the furnace bottom of the distribution channel to supply a fiber forming device; then transformation into fibers of the molten vitrifiable material by the fiber forming device; wherein the flow of molten vitrifiable material between the furnace and the distribution channel passes under a metal dam that is adjustable in height including an envelope cooled by a flow of cooling fluid. 18. The process as claimed in claim 17, wherein the molten vitrifiable material comprises more than 2% by weight of iron oxide. 19. The process as claimed in claim 18, wherein the molten vitrifiable materials comprise more than 3% or more than 4% by weight of iron oxide. 20. The process as claimed in claim 17, wherein the molten vitrifiable material comprises less than 20% by weight of iron oxide. 21. The process as claimed in claim 17, wherein the molten vitrifiable material passing under the dam has a temperature greater than its devitrification temperature. 22. The process as claimed in claim 17, wherein the molten vitrifiable material passing under the dam has a temperature in a range between 850° C. and 1700° C. 23. The process as claimed in claim 17, wherein the molten vitrifiable material comprises 1% to 30% of alumina. 24. The process as claimed in claim 23, wherein the molten vitrifiable material comprises 15% to 30% of alumina. 25. The process as claimed in claim 24, wherein the molten vitrifiable material passing under the dam has a temperature in a range between 1200° C. and 1700° C. 26. The process as claimed in claim 17, wherein the dam has a width in a range between 20 and 60 cm. 27. The process as claimed in claim 17, wherein the bottom of the furnace has a surface area in a range between 1 and 25 m2. 28. The process as claimed in claim 17, wherein output of the furnace is in a range between 5 and 100 tons per day. 29. The process as claimed in claim 17, wherein the height of the dam is adjusted such that viscosity of the molten vitrifiable material is in a range between 25 Pa·s and 120 Pa·s in the fiber forming device. 30. The process as claimed in claim 17, wherein the electrodes are submerged from above in the vitrifiable materials. 31. The process as claimed in claim 17, wherein a part of the electrodes in contact with the vitrifiable materials is made of molybdenum. 32. The process as claimed in claim 17, wherein the transformation into fibers determines an output. | A fabrication process of mineral fibers, including: introduction of raw materials into a circular furnace with electrodes; then fusion of the raw materials in the furnace to form a molten vitrifiable material; then outflow of the molten vitrifiable material from the furnace via a lateral outlet to supply a distribution channel; then outflow of the molten vitrifiable material via an orifice in the furnace bottom of the distribution channel to supply a fiber forming device; then transformation into fibers of the molten vitrifiable material by the fiber forming device, flow of molten vitrifiable material between the furnace and the distribution channel passing under a metal dam adjustable in height including an envelope cooled by cooling fluid current. Adjustment of the dam height allows temperature of the glass to be formed into fibers to be varied to bring the glass into a desired viscosity range for the fiber forming process.1-16. (canceled) 17. A process of fabrication of mineral fibers, comprising:
introduction of raw materials into a circular furnace with electrodes; then fusion of the raw materials in the furnace to form a molten vitrifiable material; then outflow of the molten vitrifiable material in the furnace via a lateral outlet from the furnace to supply a distribution channel; then outflow of the molten vitrifiable material via an orifice on the furnace bottom of the distribution channel to supply a fiber forming device; then transformation into fibers of the molten vitrifiable material by the fiber forming device; wherein the flow of molten vitrifiable material between the furnace and the distribution channel passes under a metal dam that is adjustable in height including an envelope cooled by a flow of cooling fluid. 18. The process as claimed in claim 17, wherein the molten vitrifiable material comprises more than 2% by weight of iron oxide. 19. The process as claimed in claim 18, wherein the molten vitrifiable materials comprise more than 3% or more than 4% by weight of iron oxide. 20. The process as claimed in claim 17, wherein the molten vitrifiable material comprises less than 20% by weight of iron oxide. 21. The process as claimed in claim 17, wherein the molten vitrifiable material passing under the dam has a temperature greater than its devitrification temperature. 22. The process as claimed in claim 17, wherein the molten vitrifiable material passing under the dam has a temperature in a range between 850° C. and 1700° C. 23. The process as claimed in claim 17, wherein the molten vitrifiable material comprises 1% to 30% of alumina. 24. The process as claimed in claim 23, wherein the molten vitrifiable material comprises 15% to 30% of alumina. 25. The process as claimed in claim 24, wherein the molten vitrifiable material passing under the dam has a temperature in a range between 1200° C. and 1700° C. 26. The process as claimed in claim 17, wherein the dam has a width in a range between 20 and 60 cm. 27. The process as claimed in claim 17, wherein the bottom of the furnace has a surface area in a range between 1 and 25 m2. 28. The process as claimed in claim 17, wherein output of the furnace is in a range between 5 and 100 tons per day. 29. The process as claimed in claim 17, wherein the height of the dam is adjusted such that viscosity of the molten vitrifiable material is in a range between 25 Pa·s and 120 Pa·s in the fiber forming device. 30. The process as claimed in claim 17, wherein the electrodes are submerged from above in the vitrifiable materials. 31. The process as claimed in claim 17, wherein a part of the electrodes in contact with the vitrifiable materials is made of molybdenum. 32. The process as claimed in claim 17, wherein the transformation into fibers determines an output. | 1,700 |
2,989 | 14,537,652 | 1,711 | Systems and methods for cleaning a substrate include a combined treatment of hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Specific embodiments include the direct irradiation with 185/254 nm UV of a spinning substrate immersed under a liquid film of dilute hydrogen peroxide solution. Such a cleaning treatment can result in about a 100% improvement of TiN strip rate compared to processing with the same hydrogen peroxide solution without UV exposure. Such method can also be executed at room temperature and still provide improved cleaning efficiency. | 1. A method for cleaning a substrate, the method comprising:
receiving a substrate in a cleaning system, the cleaning system including a wet clean system, a processing chamber, and a fluid delivery sub system, the substrate including a hardmask layer deposited on an underlying layer; spinning the substrate on a substrate holder in the processing chamber; depositing a hydrogen peroxide solution on a top surface of the substrate; irradiating the hydrogen peroxide solution on the substrate with ultraviolet (UV) electromagnetic radiation while the substrate is spinning, the UV electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between approximately 185-400 nanometers, the hardmask being dissolved by irradiated hydrogen peroxide and being removed from the substrate by action of hydrogen peroxide flow and by action of spinning the substrate. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein irradiating the hydrogen peroxide solution includes irradiating with UV electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between approximately 185-254 nanometers. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein irradiating the hydrogen peroxide solution includes providing a UV electromagnetic radiation intensity greater than approximately 4 milliwatts per centimeter squared. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein irradiating the hydrogen peroxide solution includes providing a UV electromagnetic radiation intensity greater than approximately 800 milliwatts per centimeter squared. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein irradiating the hydrogen peroxide solution includes irradiating the UV electromagnetic radiation with an intensity per unit area sufficient to increase a hardmask strip rate by more than approximately 25% as compared to a strip rate of the hardmask without irradiation. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein irradiating the hydrogen peroxide solution includes irradiating a central portion of the substrate at a first intensity and irradiating an edge portion of the substrate at a second intensity, wherein the first intensity is greater than the second intensity. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising, maintain a process temperature within the processing chamber that is less than approximately 50 degrees Celsius. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein maintaining the process temperature within the processing chamber includes maintaining a temperature that is less than 30 degrees Celsius. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising, prior to depositing the hydrogen peroxide solution, depositing a polymer cleaning solution that removes a polymer layer from the substrate. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein spinning the substrate includes spinning the substrate at a rotational velocity sufficient to cause the deposited hydrogen peroxide solution to have a film thickness of less than approximately 2000 microns. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein spinning the substrate includes spinning the substrate at a rotational velocity sufficient to cause the deposited hydrogen peroxide solution to have a film thickness of less than approximately 200 microns. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein spinning the substrate includes spinning the substrate at a rotational velocity sufficient to cause the deposited hydrogen peroxide solution to have a film thickness of less than approximately 20 microns. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrogen peroxide solution has less than approximately 35% hydrogen peroxide by weight. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the hydrogen peroxide has between approximately 15% to 25% hydrogen peroxide by weight. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein depositing the hydrogen peroxide solution includes, mixing a corrosion-prevention mixture with the hydrogen peroxide solution. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein depositing the corrosion prevention mixture includes a mixture including a first agent that prevents corrosion of copper, a second agent that maintains metal species dissolved, a third agent that dissolves polymers, a chelating agent, and a pH buffer. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein depositing the hydrogen peroxide solution includes dispensing liquid in pulses with sufficient hydrogen peroxide solution being dispensed such that the substrate is continuously covered with the hydrogen peroxide solution. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the hardmask layer is selected from a material having a density greater than a density of the underlying layer. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the hardmask layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of Ti, W, Ta, Ge, and C. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the hardmask layer is a metal hardmask layer selected from the group consisting of titanium nitride (TiN), tantalum nitride (TaN), silicon carbide (SiC), and amorphous carbon. | Systems and methods for cleaning a substrate include a combined treatment of hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Specific embodiments include the direct irradiation with 185/254 nm UV of a spinning substrate immersed under a liquid film of dilute hydrogen peroxide solution. Such a cleaning treatment can result in about a 100% improvement of TiN strip rate compared to processing with the same hydrogen peroxide solution without UV exposure. Such method can also be executed at room temperature and still provide improved cleaning efficiency.1. A method for cleaning a substrate, the method comprising:
receiving a substrate in a cleaning system, the cleaning system including a wet clean system, a processing chamber, and a fluid delivery sub system, the substrate including a hardmask layer deposited on an underlying layer; spinning the substrate on a substrate holder in the processing chamber; depositing a hydrogen peroxide solution on a top surface of the substrate; irradiating the hydrogen peroxide solution on the substrate with ultraviolet (UV) electromagnetic radiation while the substrate is spinning, the UV electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between approximately 185-400 nanometers, the hardmask being dissolved by irradiated hydrogen peroxide and being removed from the substrate by action of hydrogen peroxide flow and by action of spinning the substrate. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein irradiating the hydrogen peroxide solution includes irradiating with UV electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between approximately 185-254 nanometers. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein irradiating the hydrogen peroxide solution includes providing a UV electromagnetic radiation intensity greater than approximately 4 milliwatts per centimeter squared. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein irradiating the hydrogen peroxide solution includes providing a UV electromagnetic radiation intensity greater than approximately 800 milliwatts per centimeter squared. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein irradiating the hydrogen peroxide solution includes irradiating the UV electromagnetic radiation with an intensity per unit area sufficient to increase a hardmask strip rate by more than approximately 25% as compared to a strip rate of the hardmask without irradiation. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein irradiating the hydrogen peroxide solution includes irradiating a central portion of the substrate at a first intensity and irradiating an edge portion of the substrate at a second intensity, wherein the first intensity is greater than the second intensity. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising, maintain a process temperature within the processing chamber that is less than approximately 50 degrees Celsius. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein maintaining the process temperature within the processing chamber includes maintaining a temperature that is less than 30 degrees Celsius. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising, prior to depositing the hydrogen peroxide solution, depositing a polymer cleaning solution that removes a polymer layer from the substrate. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein spinning the substrate includes spinning the substrate at a rotational velocity sufficient to cause the deposited hydrogen peroxide solution to have a film thickness of less than approximately 2000 microns. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein spinning the substrate includes spinning the substrate at a rotational velocity sufficient to cause the deposited hydrogen peroxide solution to have a film thickness of less than approximately 200 microns. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein spinning the substrate includes spinning the substrate at a rotational velocity sufficient to cause the deposited hydrogen peroxide solution to have a film thickness of less than approximately 20 microns. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrogen peroxide solution has less than approximately 35% hydrogen peroxide by weight. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the hydrogen peroxide has between approximately 15% to 25% hydrogen peroxide by weight. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein depositing the hydrogen peroxide solution includes, mixing a corrosion-prevention mixture with the hydrogen peroxide solution. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein depositing the corrosion prevention mixture includes a mixture including a first agent that prevents corrosion of copper, a second agent that maintains metal species dissolved, a third agent that dissolves polymers, a chelating agent, and a pH buffer. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein depositing the hydrogen peroxide solution includes dispensing liquid in pulses with sufficient hydrogen peroxide solution being dispensed such that the substrate is continuously covered with the hydrogen peroxide solution. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the hardmask layer is selected from a material having a density greater than a density of the underlying layer. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the hardmask layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of Ti, W, Ta, Ge, and C. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the hardmask layer is a metal hardmask layer selected from the group consisting of titanium nitride (TiN), tantalum nitride (TaN), silicon carbide (SiC), and amorphous carbon. | 1,700 |
2,990 | 14,013,194 | 1,717 | Thermal spray coating methods and thermal spray coated articles are disclosed. The thermal spray coating method includes positioning a covering on a cooling channel of a component, and thermal spraying a feedstock onto the covering. The covering prohibits the feedstock from entering the cooling channel in the component and is not removed from the component. In another embodiment, the thermal spray coating method includes providing a component comprising a substrate material, providing a cooling channel on a surface of the component, positioning a covering on the cooling channel, and thermal spraying a feedstock onto the component and the covering, the feedstock comprising a bond coat material. The covering prohibits the bond coat material from entering the cooling channel. The thermal spray coated article includes a component, a cooling channel, a covering on the cooling channel, and a thermally sprayed coating on the component and the covering. | 1. A thermal spray coating method, comprising:
positioning a covering on a cooling channel of a component; and thermal spraying a feedstock onto the covering; wherein the covering prohibits the feedstock from entering the cooling channel in the component and is not removed from the component. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying a coating over the cooling channel, the covering, and a substrate of the component. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising transporting a cooling medium through the cooling channel. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the transporting is devoid of leakage through the coating. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising securing the covering to the component. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising tack welding the covering to the component. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming the covering prior to the positioning of the covering. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming the covering subsequent to the positioning of the covering. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming the covering from electrical discharge machining 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming the covering from metal injection molding. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising melting the covering by the thermal spraying. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the covering is a mesh. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the covering is a foil. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the component is selected from the group consisting of an airfoil, a cooling fin, a finger, a combustion liner, an end cap, a fuel nozzle assembly, a crossfire tube, a transition piece, a turbine nozzle, a turbine stationary shroud, a turbine bucket, or a combination thereof 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermal spraying of the feedstock applies the feedstock to a portion of the component. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermal spraying of the feedstock applies the feedstock only to the covering. 17. A thermal spray coating method, comprising:
providing a component comprising a substrate material; providing a cooling channel on a surface of the component; positioning a covering on the cooling channel; and thermal spraying a feedstock onto the component and the covering, the feedstock comprising a bond coat material; wherein the covering prohibits the feedstock from entering the cooling channel. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the covering includes the substrate material. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the covering includes the bond coat material. 20. A thermal spray coated article, comprising:
a component; a cooling channel on a surface of the component; a covering on the cooling channel; and a thermally sprayed coating on the component and the covering. | Thermal spray coating methods and thermal spray coated articles are disclosed. The thermal spray coating method includes positioning a covering on a cooling channel of a component, and thermal spraying a feedstock onto the covering. The covering prohibits the feedstock from entering the cooling channel in the component and is not removed from the component. In another embodiment, the thermal spray coating method includes providing a component comprising a substrate material, providing a cooling channel on a surface of the component, positioning a covering on the cooling channel, and thermal spraying a feedstock onto the component and the covering, the feedstock comprising a bond coat material. The covering prohibits the bond coat material from entering the cooling channel. The thermal spray coated article includes a component, a cooling channel, a covering on the cooling channel, and a thermally sprayed coating on the component and the covering.1. A thermal spray coating method, comprising:
positioning a covering on a cooling channel of a component; and thermal spraying a feedstock onto the covering; wherein the covering prohibits the feedstock from entering the cooling channel in the component and is not removed from the component. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying a coating over the cooling channel, the covering, and a substrate of the component. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising transporting a cooling medium through the cooling channel. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the transporting is devoid of leakage through the coating. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising securing the covering to the component. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising tack welding the covering to the component. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming the covering prior to the positioning of the covering. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming the covering subsequent to the positioning of the covering. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming the covering from electrical discharge machining 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming the covering from metal injection molding. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising melting the covering by the thermal spraying. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the covering is a mesh. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the covering is a foil. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the component is selected from the group consisting of an airfoil, a cooling fin, a finger, a combustion liner, an end cap, a fuel nozzle assembly, a crossfire tube, a transition piece, a turbine nozzle, a turbine stationary shroud, a turbine bucket, or a combination thereof 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermal spraying of the feedstock applies the feedstock to a portion of the component. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermal spraying of the feedstock applies the feedstock only to the covering. 17. A thermal spray coating method, comprising:
providing a component comprising a substrate material; providing a cooling channel on a surface of the component; positioning a covering on the cooling channel; and thermal spraying a feedstock onto the component and the covering, the feedstock comprising a bond coat material; wherein the covering prohibits the feedstock from entering the cooling channel. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the covering includes the substrate material. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the covering includes the bond coat material. 20. A thermal spray coated article, comprising:
a component; a cooling channel on a surface of the component; a covering on the cooling channel; and a thermally sprayed coating on the component and the covering. | 1,700 |
2,991 | 14,359,396 | 1,777 | A liquid chromatography system includes a pumping system with a selector valve in fluidic communication with a pump inlet. The selector valve switches between a first position, in which the selector valve fluidically couples a solvent reservoir to the pump inlet, and a second position, in which the selector valve fluidically couples a pressurized source of liquefied carbon dioxide (for example) to the pump inlet. The liquid chromatography system can perform as a HPLC system (or as an UPLC system) when the selector valve is in the first position and as a CO 2 -based chromatography system when the selector valve is in the second position. The selector valve can have a third position in which both the fluidic pathway between the solvent reservoir and the pump inlet and the fluidic pathway between the pressurized source and the pump inlet are blocked. This shut-off position advantageously facilitates system maintenance. | 1. A pump for use in a chromatography system comprising:
an actuator with an inlet; and a selector valve in fluidic communication with the inlet of the actuator, the selector valve being configured to switch between a first position, in which the selector valve provides a fluidic pathway between the inlet of the actuator and a source of fluid maintained at a first pressure, and a second position, in which the selector valve provides a fluidic pathway between the inlet of the actuator and a source of pressurized fluid maintained at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. 2. The pump of claim 1, wherein the pressurized fluid is carbon dioxide. 3. The pump of claim 1, wherein the selector valve has a third position wherein both the fluidic pathway between the source of fluid maintained at the first pressure and the inlet of the actuator and the fluidic pathway between the source of the pressurized fluid and the inlet of the actuator are blocked. 4. The pump of claim 1, wherein the actuator with the inlet is a primary actuator, the pump further comprising an accumulator actuator connected in series with the primary actuator to receive pressurized fluid pumped by the primary actuator. 5. A solvent delivery system for use in a chromatography system, comprising:
a pumping system including an actuator with an inlet; and a selector valve in fluidic communication with the inlet of the actuator, the selector valve being configured to switch between a first position, in which the selector valve provides a fluidic pathway between the inlet of the actuator and a source of fluid maintained at a first pressure, and a second position, in which the selector valve provides a fluidic pathway between the inlet of the actuator and a source of pressurized fluid maintained at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. 6. The solvent delivery system of claim 5, wherein the pressurized fluid is carbon dioxide. 7. The solvent delivery system of claim 5, wherein the selector valve has a third position wherein the fluidic pathway between the inlet of the actuator and the source of fluid maintained at the first pressure and the fluidic pathway between the inlet of the actuator and the source of pressurized fluid are both blocked. 8. The solvent delivery system of claim 5, wherein the pumping system includes two independent serial flow pumps, each serial flow pump including a primary actuator connected in series with an accumulator actuator, and wherein the inlet of the actuator is an inlet to the primary actuator of one of the two serial flow pumps. 9. The solvent delivery system of claim 5, wherein the source of pressurized fluid is maintained a pressure that keeps the pressurized fluid near its supercritical state. 10. A liquid chromatography system, comprising:
a solvent delivery system comprising:
a pumping system including an actuator with an inlet; and
a selector valve in fluidic communication with the inlet of the actuator, the selector valve being configured to switch between a first position, in which the selector valve provides a fluidic pathway between the inlet of the actuator and a source of fluid maintained at a first pressure, and a second position, in which the selector valve provides a fluidic pathway between the inlet of the actuator and a source of pressurized fluid maintained at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. 11. The liquid chromatography system of claim 10, wherein the pressurized fluid is carbon dioxide. 12. The liquid chromatography system of claim 10, wherein the selector valve has a third position wherein both the fluidic pathway between the inlet of the actuator and the source of fluid maintained at the first pressure and the fluidic pathway between the inlet of the actuator and the source of pressurized fluid are blocked. 13. The liquid chromatography system of claim 10, wherein the pumping system includes two independent serial flow pumps, each serial flow pump including a primary actuator connected in series with an accumulator actuator, and wherein the inlet of the actuator is an inlet to the primary actuator of one of the two serial flow pumps. 14. The liquid chromatography system of claim 10, wherein the liquid chromatography system performs as a CO2-based chromatography system when the selector valve is in the second position and as an HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) system when the selector valve is in the first position. 15. The liquid chromatography system of claim 10, wherein the liquid chromatography system performs as a CO2-based chromatography system when the selector valve is in the second position and as a UPLC (Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography) system when the selector valve is in the first position. 16. A method for testing a liquid chromatography system, the method comprising:
switching a selector valve from a first position, in which the selector valve provides a fluidic pathway between an inlet of a pump and a source of pressurized fluid maintained at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure, to a second position, in which the selector valve blocks the fluidic pathway; venting, after blocking the fluidic pathway, pressurized fluid currently remaining in the pump through a vent valve disposed at an outlet of the pump; and switching the selector valve from the second position to a third position in which the selector valve provides a fluidic pathway between the pump inlet and a source of fluid maintained at a second pressure. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising checking the pump for leaks of the fluid in the system. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the pressurized fluid is carbon dioxide. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the second pressure is different than the pressure at which the source of pressurized fluid is maintained. 20. A method for operating a liquid chromatography system, the method comprising:
pumping solvents maintained at a first pressure through a pair of pumps operating in parallel; switching a selector valve from a first position, in which the selector valve provides a fluidic pathway between an inlet of one of the pumps and a source of one of the solvents, to a second position, in which the selector valve provides a fluidic pathway between the inlet of that one pump and a source of pressurized fluid maintained at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the pressurized fluid is carbon dioxide. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the liquid chromatography system performs as an HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) system when the selector valve is in the first position and as a CO2-based chromatography system when the selector valve is in the second position. 23. The method of claim 20, wherein the liquid chromatography system performs as a UPLC (Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography) system when the selector valve is in the first position and as CO2-based chromatography system when the selector valve is in the second position. | A liquid chromatography system includes a pumping system with a selector valve in fluidic communication with a pump inlet. The selector valve switches between a first position, in which the selector valve fluidically couples a solvent reservoir to the pump inlet, and a second position, in which the selector valve fluidically couples a pressurized source of liquefied carbon dioxide (for example) to the pump inlet. The liquid chromatography system can perform as a HPLC system (or as an UPLC system) when the selector valve is in the first position and as a CO 2 -based chromatography system when the selector valve is in the second position. The selector valve can have a third position in which both the fluidic pathway between the solvent reservoir and the pump inlet and the fluidic pathway between the pressurized source and the pump inlet are blocked. This shut-off position advantageously facilitates system maintenance.1. A pump for use in a chromatography system comprising:
an actuator with an inlet; and a selector valve in fluidic communication with the inlet of the actuator, the selector valve being configured to switch between a first position, in which the selector valve provides a fluidic pathway between the inlet of the actuator and a source of fluid maintained at a first pressure, and a second position, in which the selector valve provides a fluidic pathway between the inlet of the actuator and a source of pressurized fluid maintained at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. 2. The pump of claim 1, wherein the pressurized fluid is carbon dioxide. 3. The pump of claim 1, wherein the selector valve has a third position wherein both the fluidic pathway between the source of fluid maintained at the first pressure and the inlet of the actuator and the fluidic pathway between the source of the pressurized fluid and the inlet of the actuator are blocked. 4. The pump of claim 1, wherein the actuator with the inlet is a primary actuator, the pump further comprising an accumulator actuator connected in series with the primary actuator to receive pressurized fluid pumped by the primary actuator. 5. A solvent delivery system for use in a chromatography system, comprising:
a pumping system including an actuator with an inlet; and a selector valve in fluidic communication with the inlet of the actuator, the selector valve being configured to switch between a first position, in which the selector valve provides a fluidic pathway between the inlet of the actuator and a source of fluid maintained at a first pressure, and a second position, in which the selector valve provides a fluidic pathway between the inlet of the actuator and a source of pressurized fluid maintained at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. 6. The solvent delivery system of claim 5, wherein the pressurized fluid is carbon dioxide. 7. The solvent delivery system of claim 5, wherein the selector valve has a third position wherein the fluidic pathway between the inlet of the actuator and the source of fluid maintained at the first pressure and the fluidic pathway between the inlet of the actuator and the source of pressurized fluid are both blocked. 8. The solvent delivery system of claim 5, wherein the pumping system includes two independent serial flow pumps, each serial flow pump including a primary actuator connected in series with an accumulator actuator, and wherein the inlet of the actuator is an inlet to the primary actuator of one of the two serial flow pumps. 9. The solvent delivery system of claim 5, wherein the source of pressurized fluid is maintained a pressure that keeps the pressurized fluid near its supercritical state. 10. A liquid chromatography system, comprising:
a solvent delivery system comprising:
a pumping system including an actuator with an inlet; and
a selector valve in fluidic communication with the inlet of the actuator, the selector valve being configured to switch between a first position, in which the selector valve provides a fluidic pathway between the inlet of the actuator and a source of fluid maintained at a first pressure, and a second position, in which the selector valve provides a fluidic pathway between the inlet of the actuator and a source of pressurized fluid maintained at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. 11. The liquid chromatography system of claim 10, wherein the pressurized fluid is carbon dioxide. 12. The liquid chromatography system of claim 10, wherein the selector valve has a third position wherein both the fluidic pathway between the inlet of the actuator and the source of fluid maintained at the first pressure and the fluidic pathway between the inlet of the actuator and the source of pressurized fluid are blocked. 13. The liquid chromatography system of claim 10, wherein the pumping system includes two independent serial flow pumps, each serial flow pump including a primary actuator connected in series with an accumulator actuator, and wherein the inlet of the actuator is an inlet to the primary actuator of one of the two serial flow pumps. 14. The liquid chromatography system of claim 10, wherein the liquid chromatography system performs as a CO2-based chromatography system when the selector valve is in the second position and as an HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) system when the selector valve is in the first position. 15. The liquid chromatography system of claim 10, wherein the liquid chromatography system performs as a CO2-based chromatography system when the selector valve is in the second position and as a UPLC (Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography) system when the selector valve is in the first position. 16. A method for testing a liquid chromatography system, the method comprising:
switching a selector valve from a first position, in which the selector valve provides a fluidic pathway between an inlet of a pump and a source of pressurized fluid maintained at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure, to a second position, in which the selector valve blocks the fluidic pathway; venting, after blocking the fluidic pathway, pressurized fluid currently remaining in the pump through a vent valve disposed at an outlet of the pump; and switching the selector valve from the second position to a third position in which the selector valve provides a fluidic pathway between the pump inlet and a source of fluid maintained at a second pressure. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising checking the pump for leaks of the fluid in the system. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the pressurized fluid is carbon dioxide. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the second pressure is different than the pressure at which the source of pressurized fluid is maintained. 20. A method for operating a liquid chromatography system, the method comprising:
pumping solvents maintained at a first pressure through a pair of pumps operating in parallel; switching a selector valve from a first position, in which the selector valve provides a fluidic pathway between an inlet of one of the pumps and a source of one of the solvents, to a second position, in which the selector valve provides a fluidic pathway between the inlet of that one pump and a source of pressurized fluid maintained at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the pressurized fluid is carbon dioxide. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the liquid chromatography system performs as an HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) system when the selector valve is in the first position and as a CO2-based chromatography system when the selector valve is in the second position. 23. The method of claim 20, wherein the liquid chromatography system performs as a UPLC (Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography) system when the selector valve is in the first position and as CO2-based chromatography system when the selector valve is in the second position. | 1,700 |
2,992 | 14,765,629 | 1,777 | A chemical reactor is described comprising a substrate with a fluid channel and a set of organized pillar structures positioned in the channel. The individual pillar structures have a length in the longitudinal direction of the channel and a width in the width direction of the channel whereby their width-to-length aspect ratio is at least 7. | 1-21. (canceled) 22. A chemical reactor device based on a fluid flow, the chemical reactor device comprising
a substrate with a fluid channel defined by a channel wall, whereby the channel has an inlet and an outlet and whereby the channel has a longitudinal axis in accordance with the average fluid flow direction of a liquid in the channel from inlet to outlet, an ordered set of pillar structures positioned in the channel, whereby the individual pillar structures have a length in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the channel and a width in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis,
wherein the individual pillar structures have a width-to-length ratio of at least 7. 23. A chemical reactor device according to claim 22, where the individual pillar structures have a width-to-length ratio of at least 10. 24. A chemical reactor device according to claim 22, wherein the smallest distance (W) between the channel wall and a wall of a neighboring, non-touching, pillar structure is greater than 0.9 times the smallest distance (B) between two neighboring pillar structures. 25. A chemical reactor device according to claim 22, wherein the smallest distance (W) between the channel wall and a wall of a neighboring, non-touching, pillar structure is greater than the smallest distance (B) between two neighboring pillar structures. 26. A chemical reactor device according to claim 24, wherein the smallest distance (W) between the channel wall and a wall of a neighboring, non-touching pillar structure, and the smallest distance (B) between two neighboring pillar structures, are measured in the width direction of the channel, perpendicular on the longitudinal axis. 27. A chemical reactor device according to claim 22, wherein the pillar structures are positioned such that they determine a set of linked longitudinal and transversal micro-channels, wherein a first subset of longitudinal micro-channels extends in the direction of the longitudinal axis and is defined by the wall of two pillar structures and a second subset of the longitudinal micro-channels extends in the direction of the longitudinal axis and is defined by the channel wall and a wall of a pillar structure, and wherein the smallest width (B) of the first subset is smaller than or equal to the smallest width (W) of the second subset. 28. A chemical reactor device according to claim 22, wherein the pillar structures are micro-fabricated pillar structures. 29. A chemical reactor device according to claim 22, wherein the pillar structures have a width-to-length ratio of at least 12. 30. A chemical reactor device according to claim 22, wherein the smallest distance (B) between two neighboring pillar structures is between 0.5 times and 0.8 times (W) the smallest distance (W) between the channel wall and a wall of a neighboring, non-touching, pillar structure. 31. A chemical reactor device according to claim 22, wherein the individual pillar structures have a polygonal cross-section. 32. A chemical reactor device according to claim 31, wherein the individual pillar structures have a hexagonal cross-section. 33. A chemical reactor device according to claim 31, wherein the individual pillar structures are bounded in the width direction by sidewalls situated in accordance with the longitudinal axis of the channel and wherein the length of the sidewalls are at least 0.02 times the length of the pillar structures. 34. A chemical reactor device according to claim 22, wherein the channel and the micro-channels formed by the pillar structures are furthermore limited on two sides by substrates. 35. A chemical reactor device according to claim 22, wherein the chemical reactor is a liquid chromatography separation device. 36. A chemical reactor device according to claim 22, wherein the channel wall is formed by a membrane. 37. A chemical reactor device according to claim 22, wherein the channel wall is at least over a portion flat in the longitudinal direction of the channel. 38. A mask for the lithographic application of a structure in a substrate for the manufacture of a chemical reactor device, the mask comprising
design elements for defining an ordered set of pillar structures positioned in a channel of the chemical reactor device, whereby the individual pillar structures have a length in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the channel and have a width in a direction perpendicular on the longitudinal axis, whereby the design elements are provided in the mask in such a way that the resulting individual pillar structures have a width-to-length ratio of at least 7. 39. A mask according to claim 38, wherein the design elements are defined such that the resulting pillar structures are positioned in the channel in such a way that the smallest distance (W) between the channel wall defining the channel and a wall of an adjoining, non-touching, pillar structure is greater than 0.9 times the smallest distance (B) between two neighboring pillar structures or wherein the design elements are adjusted so that the resulting pillar structures are bounded in the width direction by sidewalls situated according to the longitudinal axis of the channel and wherein the length of the sidewalls is at least 0.02 times the length is of the pillar structures. 40. A mask according to claim 39, wherein the design elements are defined such that the resulting pillar structures are positioned in such a way in the channel that the smallest distance (W) between the channel wall defining the channel and a wall of a neighboring, non-touching, pillar structure is greater than the smallest distance (B) between two neighboring pillar structures. 41. A method of manufacturing a chemical reactor device, wherein the method comprises the lithographic implementation of a channel with pillar structures using a mask according to claim 38. | A chemical reactor is described comprising a substrate with a fluid channel and a set of organized pillar structures positioned in the channel. The individual pillar structures have a length in the longitudinal direction of the channel and a width in the width direction of the channel whereby their width-to-length aspect ratio is at least 7.1-21. (canceled) 22. A chemical reactor device based on a fluid flow, the chemical reactor device comprising
a substrate with a fluid channel defined by a channel wall, whereby the channel has an inlet and an outlet and whereby the channel has a longitudinal axis in accordance with the average fluid flow direction of a liquid in the channel from inlet to outlet, an ordered set of pillar structures positioned in the channel, whereby the individual pillar structures have a length in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the channel and a width in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis,
wherein the individual pillar structures have a width-to-length ratio of at least 7. 23. A chemical reactor device according to claim 22, where the individual pillar structures have a width-to-length ratio of at least 10. 24. A chemical reactor device according to claim 22, wherein the smallest distance (W) between the channel wall and a wall of a neighboring, non-touching, pillar structure is greater than 0.9 times the smallest distance (B) between two neighboring pillar structures. 25. A chemical reactor device according to claim 22, wherein the smallest distance (W) between the channel wall and a wall of a neighboring, non-touching, pillar structure is greater than the smallest distance (B) between two neighboring pillar structures. 26. A chemical reactor device according to claim 24, wherein the smallest distance (W) between the channel wall and a wall of a neighboring, non-touching pillar structure, and the smallest distance (B) between two neighboring pillar structures, are measured in the width direction of the channel, perpendicular on the longitudinal axis. 27. A chemical reactor device according to claim 22, wherein the pillar structures are positioned such that they determine a set of linked longitudinal and transversal micro-channels, wherein a first subset of longitudinal micro-channels extends in the direction of the longitudinal axis and is defined by the wall of two pillar structures and a second subset of the longitudinal micro-channels extends in the direction of the longitudinal axis and is defined by the channel wall and a wall of a pillar structure, and wherein the smallest width (B) of the first subset is smaller than or equal to the smallest width (W) of the second subset. 28. A chemical reactor device according to claim 22, wherein the pillar structures are micro-fabricated pillar structures. 29. A chemical reactor device according to claim 22, wherein the pillar structures have a width-to-length ratio of at least 12. 30. A chemical reactor device according to claim 22, wherein the smallest distance (B) between two neighboring pillar structures is between 0.5 times and 0.8 times (W) the smallest distance (W) between the channel wall and a wall of a neighboring, non-touching, pillar structure. 31. A chemical reactor device according to claim 22, wherein the individual pillar structures have a polygonal cross-section. 32. A chemical reactor device according to claim 31, wherein the individual pillar structures have a hexagonal cross-section. 33. A chemical reactor device according to claim 31, wherein the individual pillar structures are bounded in the width direction by sidewalls situated in accordance with the longitudinal axis of the channel and wherein the length of the sidewalls are at least 0.02 times the length of the pillar structures. 34. A chemical reactor device according to claim 22, wherein the channel and the micro-channels formed by the pillar structures are furthermore limited on two sides by substrates. 35. A chemical reactor device according to claim 22, wherein the chemical reactor is a liquid chromatography separation device. 36. A chemical reactor device according to claim 22, wherein the channel wall is formed by a membrane. 37. A chemical reactor device according to claim 22, wherein the channel wall is at least over a portion flat in the longitudinal direction of the channel. 38. A mask for the lithographic application of a structure in a substrate for the manufacture of a chemical reactor device, the mask comprising
design elements for defining an ordered set of pillar structures positioned in a channel of the chemical reactor device, whereby the individual pillar structures have a length in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the channel and have a width in a direction perpendicular on the longitudinal axis, whereby the design elements are provided in the mask in such a way that the resulting individual pillar structures have a width-to-length ratio of at least 7. 39. A mask according to claim 38, wherein the design elements are defined such that the resulting pillar structures are positioned in the channel in such a way that the smallest distance (W) between the channel wall defining the channel and a wall of an adjoining, non-touching, pillar structure is greater than 0.9 times the smallest distance (B) between two neighboring pillar structures or wherein the design elements are adjusted so that the resulting pillar structures are bounded in the width direction by sidewalls situated according to the longitudinal axis of the channel and wherein the length of the sidewalls is at least 0.02 times the length is of the pillar structures. 40. A mask according to claim 39, wherein the design elements are defined such that the resulting pillar structures are positioned in such a way in the channel that the smallest distance (W) between the channel wall defining the channel and a wall of a neighboring, non-touching, pillar structure is greater than the smallest distance (B) between two neighboring pillar structures. 41. A method of manufacturing a chemical reactor device, wherein the method comprises the lithographic implementation of a channel with pillar structures using a mask according to claim 38. | 1,700 |
2,993 | 14,929,744 | 1,772 | Alkylation systems and processes are described herein. The alkylation system generally includes a preliminary alkylation system containing a preliminary alkylation catalyst therein and adapted to contact an aromatic compound and an alkylating agent with the preliminary alkylation catalyst so as to alkylate the aromatic compound and form a preliminary output stream, wherein the preliminary alkylation system includes a first preliminary alkylation reactor and a second preliminary alkylation reactor connected in parallel to the first preliminary alkylation reactor and a primary alkylation system adapted to receive the preliminary output stream and contact the preliminary output stream and the alkylating agent with a primary alkylation catalyst disposed therein so as to form a primary output stream. | 1-7. (canceled) 8. An alkylation process comprising:
providing an aromatic compound and an alkylating agent; contacting the aromatic compound and the alkylating agent with a preliminary alkylation catalyst within a preliminary alkylation system so as to alkylate the aromatic compound and form a preliminary output stream, wherein the preliminary alkylation system comprises a first preliminary alkylation reactor and a second preliminary alkylation reactor connected in parallel to the first preliminary alkylation reactor, and wherein the preliminary alkylation system is operated at a temperature of from about 160° C. to about 270 ° C.; passing the preliminary output stream to a primary alkylation system; and contacting the preliminary output stream and the alkylating agent with a primary alkylation catalyst disposed therein so as to form a primary output stream. 9. The process of claim 8, wherein the preliminary alkylation catalyst comprises a cerium promoted zeolite beta. 10. The process of claim 8, wherein flow of the aromatic compound and the alkylating agent is terminated to one of the preliminary alkylation reactors for maintenance thereof, while flow of the aromatic compound and the alkylating agent continues in the other preliminary alkylation reactor. 11. The process of claim 10, wherein the maintenance includes catalyst regeneration. 12. The process of claim 8, wherein the preliminary alkylation catalyst has a catalyst life of at least 3 weeks prior to regeneration. 13. The process of claim 8, wherein the preliminary alkylation output comprises less than 100 ppb alkylation catalyst poisons. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the process is absent a guard bed prior to the preliminary alkylation system. 15. The process of claim 10, wherein the regeneration occurs within the preliminary alkylation system. 16. The process of claim 8, wherein the preliminary alkylation catalyst in the preliminary alkylation system has a silica to alumina molar ratio ranging from 10 to 200. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein the silica to alumina molar ratio of the preliminary alkylation catalyst is less than 100. 18. The process of claim 8, wherein the preliminary alkylation system is operated at a pressure of from about 97 psi to about 1200 psi. 19. The process of claim 8, wherein the preliminary alkylation catalyst comprises a cerium promoted zeolite Y catalyst. 20. The process of claim 8, wherein the preliminary alkylation catalyst comprises a zeolite beta catalyst. 21. The process of claim 8, wherein the primary alkylation catalyst has a silica to alumina molar ratio ranging from 10 to 200. 22. An alkylation process comprising:
contacting an aromatic compound and an alkylating agent with a preliminary alkylation catalyst within a preliminary alkylation system under liquid phase conditions at a temperature ranging from about 160° C. to about 270 ° C. and a pressure ranging from about 97 psi to about 1200 psi so as to alkylate the aromatic compound and form a preliminary output stream comprising less than 100 ppb alkylation catalyst poisons, wherein the preliminary alkylation system comprises a first preliminary alkylation reactor and a second preliminary alkylation reactor connected in parallel to the first preliminary alkylation reactor, wherein each of the first preliminary alkylation reactor and the second preliminary alkylation reactor contain the preliminary alkylation catalyst, wherein the preliminary alkylation catalyst has an silica to alumina molar ratio ranging from 10 to 200, and wherein the process is absent a guard bed prior to the preliminary alkylation system; passing the preliminary output stream to a primary alkylation system; and contacting the preliminary output stream and the alkylating agent with a primary alkylation catalyst disposed therein so as to form a primary output stream, wherein the primary alkylation catalyst has a silica to alumina molar ratio ranging from 10 to 200. 23. The process of claim 22, wherein the preliminary alkylation output comprises less than 30 ppb alkylation catalyst poisons. 24. The process of claim 22, wherein contacting the aromatic compound and the alkylating agent with the preliminary alkylation catalyst within the preliminary alkylation system reduces the level of poisons present in the alkylating agent by at least 10%. 25. The process of claim 22, wherein the aromatic compound comprises at least 95 weight percent benzene. 26. The process of claim 22, wherein the preliminary alkylation catalyst has an silica to alumina molar ratio ranging from 20 to 50, | Alkylation systems and processes are described herein. The alkylation system generally includes a preliminary alkylation system containing a preliminary alkylation catalyst therein and adapted to contact an aromatic compound and an alkylating agent with the preliminary alkylation catalyst so as to alkylate the aromatic compound and form a preliminary output stream, wherein the preliminary alkylation system includes a first preliminary alkylation reactor and a second preliminary alkylation reactor connected in parallel to the first preliminary alkylation reactor and a primary alkylation system adapted to receive the preliminary output stream and contact the preliminary output stream and the alkylating agent with a primary alkylation catalyst disposed therein so as to form a primary output stream.1-7. (canceled) 8. An alkylation process comprising:
providing an aromatic compound and an alkylating agent; contacting the aromatic compound and the alkylating agent with a preliminary alkylation catalyst within a preliminary alkylation system so as to alkylate the aromatic compound and form a preliminary output stream, wherein the preliminary alkylation system comprises a first preliminary alkylation reactor and a second preliminary alkylation reactor connected in parallel to the first preliminary alkylation reactor, and wherein the preliminary alkylation system is operated at a temperature of from about 160° C. to about 270 ° C.; passing the preliminary output stream to a primary alkylation system; and contacting the preliminary output stream and the alkylating agent with a primary alkylation catalyst disposed therein so as to form a primary output stream. 9. The process of claim 8, wherein the preliminary alkylation catalyst comprises a cerium promoted zeolite beta. 10. The process of claim 8, wherein flow of the aromatic compound and the alkylating agent is terminated to one of the preliminary alkylation reactors for maintenance thereof, while flow of the aromatic compound and the alkylating agent continues in the other preliminary alkylation reactor. 11. The process of claim 10, wherein the maintenance includes catalyst regeneration. 12. The process of claim 8, wherein the preliminary alkylation catalyst has a catalyst life of at least 3 weeks prior to regeneration. 13. The process of claim 8, wherein the preliminary alkylation output comprises less than 100 ppb alkylation catalyst poisons. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the process is absent a guard bed prior to the preliminary alkylation system. 15. The process of claim 10, wherein the regeneration occurs within the preliminary alkylation system. 16. The process of claim 8, wherein the preliminary alkylation catalyst in the preliminary alkylation system has a silica to alumina molar ratio ranging from 10 to 200. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein the silica to alumina molar ratio of the preliminary alkylation catalyst is less than 100. 18. The process of claim 8, wherein the preliminary alkylation system is operated at a pressure of from about 97 psi to about 1200 psi. 19. The process of claim 8, wherein the preliminary alkylation catalyst comprises a cerium promoted zeolite Y catalyst. 20. The process of claim 8, wherein the preliminary alkylation catalyst comprises a zeolite beta catalyst. 21. The process of claim 8, wherein the primary alkylation catalyst has a silica to alumina molar ratio ranging from 10 to 200. 22. An alkylation process comprising:
contacting an aromatic compound and an alkylating agent with a preliminary alkylation catalyst within a preliminary alkylation system under liquid phase conditions at a temperature ranging from about 160° C. to about 270 ° C. and a pressure ranging from about 97 psi to about 1200 psi so as to alkylate the aromatic compound and form a preliminary output stream comprising less than 100 ppb alkylation catalyst poisons, wherein the preliminary alkylation system comprises a first preliminary alkylation reactor and a second preliminary alkylation reactor connected in parallel to the first preliminary alkylation reactor, wherein each of the first preliminary alkylation reactor and the second preliminary alkylation reactor contain the preliminary alkylation catalyst, wherein the preliminary alkylation catalyst has an silica to alumina molar ratio ranging from 10 to 200, and wherein the process is absent a guard bed prior to the preliminary alkylation system; passing the preliminary output stream to a primary alkylation system; and contacting the preliminary output stream and the alkylating agent with a primary alkylation catalyst disposed therein so as to form a primary output stream, wherein the primary alkylation catalyst has a silica to alumina molar ratio ranging from 10 to 200. 23. The process of claim 22, wherein the preliminary alkylation output comprises less than 30 ppb alkylation catalyst poisons. 24. The process of claim 22, wherein contacting the aromatic compound and the alkylating agent with the preliminary alkylation catalyst within the preliminary alkylation system reduces the level of poisons present in the alkylating agent by at least 10%. 25. The process of claim 22, wherein the aromatic compound comprises at least 95 weight percent benzene. 26. The process of claim 22, wherein the preliminary alkylation catalyst has an silica to alumina molar ratio ranging from 20 to 50, | 1,700 |
2,994 | 15,111,234 | 1,787 | In an embodiment, a multilayer sheet, comprises: a substrate comprising a cap layer comprising a polymeric material and a core layer, wherein when joined, the cap layer forms a first surface of the substrate and the core layer forms a second surface of the substrate; a first coating layer disposed on the first surface of the substrate, wherein the first coating is a hard coating; and a second coating layer disposed on the second surface of the substrate, wherein the second coating is a flexible coating; wherein the multilayer sheet passes a ball drop test from a distance of greater than or equal to 50 centimeters. | 1. A multilayer sheet, comprising:
a substrate comprising
a cap layer comprising a polymeric material; and
a core layer, wherein when joined, the cap layer is a first surface of the substrate and the core layer is a second surface of the substrate;
a first coating layer disposed on the first surface of the substrate, wherein the first coating layer comprises a urethane acrylate oligomer having an acrylate functionality of 2 to 15, and an acrylate monomer having a functionality of 1 to 5; and a second coating layer disposed on the second surface of the substrate, wherein the second coating layer comprises a urethane acrylate. 2. A multilayer sheet, comprising:
a substrate comprising
a cap layer comprising a polymeric material; and
a core layer, wherein when joined, the cap layer forms a first surface of the substrate and the core layer forms a second surface of the substrate;
a first coating layer disposed on the first surface of the substrate, wherein the first coating is a hard coating; and a second coating layer disposed on the second surface of the substrate, wherein the second coating is a flexible coating; wherein the multilayer sheet passes a ball drop test from a distance of greater than or equal to 50 centimeters. 3. The multilayer sheet of claim 2, wherein the distance is greater than or equal to 70 centimeters. 4. The multilayer sheet claim 1, wherein the core layer comprises dimethyl bisphenol cyclohexane polycarbonate. 5. A multilayer sheet, comprising:
a substrate comprising a material selected from the group consisting of polymethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing, wherein the substrate has a first surface and a second surface; a first coating layer disposed on the first surface; and a second coating layer disposed on the second surface; wherein the multilayer sheet passes a ball drop test from a distance of greater than or equal to 70 centimeters and wherein the first coating layer has a pencil hardness as measured according to ASTM D3363-05 of greater than or equal to 4H. 6. The multilayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the cap layer comprises at least one of polycarbonate, and polymethyl methacrylate. 7. The multilayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the first coating layer has a Taber Abrasion as measured according to ASTM D1044-05 of less than or equal to 5%. 8. The multilayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the second coating layer has a Taber Abrasion as measured according to ASTM D1044-05 of greater than or equal to 7%. 9. The multilayer sheet of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first coating layer and the second coating layer comprises an acrylate oligomer and a photoinitiator. 10. (canceled) 11. The multilayer sheet of claim 10, wherein the first coating layer further comprises a photoinitiator, and wherein the photoinitiator comprises is selected from hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone; hydroxymethylphenylpropanone; dimethoxyphenylacetophenone; 2-methyl-1[-4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropanone-1; 1-(4-i sopropylphenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-1 -one; 1-(4-dodecylphenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-1-one; 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy) phenyl-(2-hydroxy-2-propyl) ketone;
diethoxyacetophenone; 2,2-di-sec-butoxyacetophenone; diethoxy-phenyl acetophenone; bis (2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2,4-, 4-trimethylpentylphosphine oxide; 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide; 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylethoxyphenylphosphine oxide; and combinations comprising at least of the foregoing. 12. The multilayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the first coating layer comprises 30 to 90 weight percent of the urethane acrylate oligomer; 5 to 50 weight percent of the acrylate monomer; and 0 to 10 weight percent of an optional photoinitiator, wherein weight percent is based upon the total weight of the coating composition. 13. The multilayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the urethane acrylate oligomer comprises an aliphatic urethane acrylate oligomer and wherein the acrylate monomer comprises a methacrylate monomer. 14. The multilayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the urethane acrylate of the second coating layer comprises an aliphatic urethane tetraacrylate. 15. An article comprising the multilayer sheet of claim 1. 16. A method of making the multilayer sheet of claim 1, comprising:
forming a substrate comprising a cap layer, wherein the substrate has a first surface and a second surface; applying a first coating layer on the first surface; and applying a second coating layer on the second surface. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the polycarbonate comprises bisphenol-A polycarbonate, dimethyl bisphenol cyclohexane polycarbonate, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising co-extruding a core layer with the cap layer, wherein the core layer forms the second surface of the substrate, and wherein the second coating layer is applied to the second surface. 19. An article made by the method of claim 17. 20. The multilayer sheet of claim 2,
wherein at least one of the first coating layer and the second coating layer comprises an acrylate oligomer and a photoinitiator; wherein the photoinitiator comprises at least one of hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone; hydroxymethylphenylpropanone; dimethoxyphenylacetophenone; 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropanone-1; 1-(4-isopropylphenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-1-one; 1-(4-dodecylphenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-1-one; 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy) phenyl-(2-hydroxy-2-propyl) ketone; diethoxyacetophenone; 2,2-di-sec-butoxyacetophenone; diethoxy-phenyl acetophenone; bis (2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2,4-,4-trimethylpentylphosphine oxide; 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide; 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylethoxyphenylphosphine oxide; and combinations comprising at least of the foregoing; and wherein the urethane acrylate of the second coating layer comprises an aliphatic urethane tetraacrylate. 21. The multilayer sheet of claim 5,
wherein at least one of the first coating layer and the second coating layer comprises an acrylate oligomer and a photoinitiator; wherein the photoinitiator comprises at least one of hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone; hydroxymethylphenylpropanone; dimethoxyphenylacetophenone; 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropanone-1; 1-(4-isopropylphenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-1-one; 1-(4-dodecylphenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-1-one; 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy) phenyl-(2-hydroxy-2-propyl) ketone; diethoxyacetophenone; 2,2-di-sec-butoxyacetophenone; diethoxy-phenyl acetophenone; bis (2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2,4-,4-trimethylpentylphosphine oxide; 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide; 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylethoxyphenylphosphine oxide; and combinations comprising at least of the foregoing; and wherein the urethane acrylate of the second coating layer comprises an aliphatic urethane tetraacrylate. | In an embodiment, a multilayer sheet, comprises: a substrate comprising a cap layer comprising a polymeric material and a core layer, wherein when joined, the cap layer forms a first surface of the substrate and the core layer forms a second surface of the substrate; a first coating layer disposed on the first surface of the substrate, wherein the first coating is a hard coating; and a second coating layer disposed on the second surface of the substrate, wherein the second coating is a flexible coating; wherein the multilayer sheet passes a ball drop test from a distance of greater than or equal to 50 centimeters.1. A multilayer sheet, comprising:
a substrate comprising
a cap layer comprising a polymeric material; and
a core layer, wherein when joined, the cap layer is a first surface of the substrate and the core layer is a second surface of the substrate;
a first coating layer disposed on the first surface of the substrate, wherein the first coating layer comprises a urethane acrylate oligomer having an acrylate functionality of 2 to 15, and an acrylate monomer having a functionality of 1 to 5; and a second coating layer disposed on the second surface of the substrate, wherein the second coating layer comprises a urethane acrylate. 2. A multilayer sheet, comprising:
a substrate comprising
a cap layer comprising a polymeric material; and
a core layer, wherein when joined, the cap layer forms a first surface of the substrate and the core layer forms a second surface of the substrate;
a first coating layer disposed on the first surface of the substrate, wherein the first coating is a hard coating; and a second coating layer disposed on the second surface of the substrate, wherein the second coating is a flexible coating; wherein the multilayer sheet passes a ball drop test from a distance of greater than or equal to 50 centimeters. 3. The multilayer sheet of claim 2, wherein the distance is greater than or equal to 70 centimeters. 4. The multilayer sheet claim 1, wherein the core layer comprises dimethyl bisphenol cyclohexane polycarbonate. 5. A multilayer sheet, comprising:
a substrate comprising a material selected from the group consisting of polymethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing, wherein the substrate has a first surface and a second surface; a first coating layer disposed on the first surface; and a second coating layer disposed on the second surface; wherein the multilayer sheet passes a ball drop test from a distance of greater than or equal to 70 centimeters and wherein the first coating layer has a pencil hardness as measured according to ASTM D3363-05 of greater than or equal to 4H. 6. The multilayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the cap layer comprises at least one of polycarbonate, and polymethyl methacrylate. 7. The multilayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the first coating layer has a Taber Abrasion as measured according to ASTM D1044-05 of less than or equal to 5%. 8. The multilayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the second coating layer has a Taber Abrasion as measured according to ASTM D1044-05 of greater than or equal to 7%. 9. The multilayer sheet of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first coating layer and the second coating layer comprises an acrylate oligomer and a photoinitiator. 10. (canceled) 11. The multilayer sheet of claim 10, wherein the first coating layer further comprises a photoinitiator, and wherein the photoinitiator comprises is selected from hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone; hydroxymethylphenylpropanone; dimethoxyphenylacetophenone; 2-methyl-1[-4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropanone-1; 1-(4-i sopropylphenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-1 -one; 1-(4-dodecylphenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-1-one; 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy) phenyl-(2-hydroxy-2-propyl) ketone;
diethoxyacetophenone; 2,2-di-sec-butoxyacetophenone; diethoxy-phenyl acetophenone; bis (2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2,4-, 4-trimethylpentylphosphine oxide; 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide; 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylethoxyphenylphosphine oxide; and combinations comprising at least of the foregoing. 12. The multilayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the first coating layer comprises 30 to 90 weight percent of the urethane acrylate oligomer; 5 to 50 weight percent of the acrylate monomer; and 0 to 10 weight percent of an optional photoinitiator, wherein weight percent is based upon the total weight of the coating composition. 13. The multilayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the urethane acrylate oligomer comprises an aliphatic urethane acrylate oligomer and wherein the acrylate monomer comprises a methacrylate monomer. 14. The multilayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the urethane acrylate of the second coating layer comprises an aliphatic urethane tetraacrylate. 15. An article comprising the multilayer sheet of claim 1. 16. A method of making the multilayer sheet of claim 1, comprising:
forming a substrate comprising a cap layer, wherein the substrate has a first surface and a second surface; applying a first coating layer on the first surface; and applying a second coating layer on the second surface. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the polycarbonate comprises bisphenol-A polycarbonate, dimethyl bisphenol cyclohexane polycarbonate, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising co-extruding a core layer with the cap layer, wherein the core layer forms the second surface of the substrate, and wherein the second coating layer is applied to the second surface. 19. An article made by the method of claim 17. 20. The multilayer sheet of claim 2,
wherein at least one of the first coating layer and the second coating layer comprises an acrylate oligomer and a photoinitiator; wherein the photoinitiator comprises at least one of hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone; hydroxymethylphenylpropanone; dimethoxyphenylacetophenone; 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropanone-1; 1-(4-isopropylphenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-1-one; 1-(4-dodecylphenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-1-one; 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy) phenyl-(2-hydroxy-2-propyl) ketone; diethoxyacetophenone; 2,2-di-sec-butoxyacetophenone; diethoxy-phenyl acetophenone; bis (2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2,4-,4-trimethylpentylphosphine oxide; 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide; 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylethoxyphenylphosphine oxide; and combinations comprising at least of the foregoing; and wherein the urethane acrylate of the second coating layer comprises an aliphatic urethane tetraacrylate. 21. The multilayer sheet of claim 5,
wherein at least one of the first coating layer and the second coating layer comprises an acrylate oligomer and a photoinitiator; wherein the photoinitiator comprises at least one of hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone; hydroxymethylphenylpropanone; dimethoxyphenylacetophenone; 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropanone-1; 1-(4-isopropylphenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-1-one; 1-(4-dodecylphenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-1-one; 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy) phenyl-(2-hydroxy-2-propyl) ketone; diethoxyacetophenone; 2,2-di-sec-butoxyacetophenone; diethoxy-phenyl acetophenone; bis (2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2,4-,4-trimethylpentylphosphine oxide; 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide; 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylethoxyphenylphosphine oxide; and combinations comprising at least of the foregoing; and wherein the urethane acrylate of the second coating layer comprises an aliphatic urethane tetraacrylate. | 1,700 |
2,995 | 14,908,285 | 1,782 | A thermoplastic resin composition including a matrix phase and a dispersion phase, the thermoplastic resin composition characterized in that the matrix phase includes (A1) at least one type of polyamide resin having a melting point of 170-210° C., (A2) at least one type of polyamide, resin having a melting point of 210-265° C., and (B) at least one type of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, the dispersion phase includes (C) at least one type of acid-modified elastomer, the amount of the acid-modified elastomer (C) is 100-240 parts by mass with respect to a total of 100 parts by mass of the polyamide resins (A1) and (A2) and the ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (B), the amount of the polyamide resin (A2) is 20-40 mass % based on the total mass of the polyamide resin (A1), the polyamide resin (A2), and the ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (B), and the total amount of the polyamide-resin (A1) and the polyamide resin (A2) is 35-70 mass % based on the total mass of the polyamide resin (A1), the polyamide resin (A2), and the ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (B). | 1. A thermoplastic resin composition comprising a matrix phase and a dispersed phase, wherein
the matrix phase comprises: (A1) at least one polyamide resin having a melting point of from 170 to 210° C., (A2) at least one polyamide resin having a melting point of from 210 to 265° C., and (B) at least one ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, the dispersed phase comprises (C) at least one acid-modified elastomer, the amount of acid-modified elastomer (C) is from 100 to 240 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the total amount of polyamide resins (A1) and (A2) and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (B), the amount of polyamide resin (A2) is from 20 to 40 wt % based on the total weight of polyamide resin (A1), polyamide resin (A2) and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (B), and the total amount of polyamide resin (A1) and polyamide resin (A2) is from 35 to 70 wt % based on the total weight of polyamide resins (A1), polyamide resin (A2) and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (B). 2. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (B) has a melting point of 190° C. or less. 3. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the total of polyamide resin (A1) and polyamide resin (A2) to ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (B) is from 40:60 to 70:30. 4. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein polyamide resin (A1) is at least one selected from the group consisting of Nylon 11, Nylon 12, Nylon 6/66, and Nylon 6/12. 5. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein polyamide resin (A2) is at least one selected from the group consisting of Nylon 6, Nylon 6/10, Nylon 66, and Nylon MXD6. 6. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein acid-modified elastomer (C) is at least one selected from the group consisting of acid-modified ethylene-α-olefin copolymers and derivatives thereof, and ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymers and derivatives thereof. 7. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (B) has an ethylene content of from 25 to 50 mol % and a saponification degree of 90% or higher. 8. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (B) has a melt viscosity of 500 Pa·s or less at a temperature of 250° C. and a shear rate of 243 s−1 as measured by capillary rheometer method. 9. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein acid-modified elastomer (C) is dynamically crosslinked with a crosslinking agent (D). 10. A pneumatic tire using a film made of the thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1 as an inner liner. 11. A hose using a film made of the thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1 as a gas barrier layer. 12. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 2, wherein polyamide resin (A1) is at least one selected from the group consisting of Nylon 11, Nylon 12, Nylon 6/66, and Nylon 6/12. 13. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 3, wherein polyamide resin (A1) is at least one selected from the group consisting of Nylon 11, Nylon 12, Nylon 6/66, and Nylon 6/12. 14. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 2, wherein polyamide resin (A2) is at least one selected from the group consisting of Nylon 6, Nylon 6/10, Nylon 66, and Nylon MXD6. 15. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 3, wherein polyamide resin (A2) is at least one selected from the group consisting of Nylon 6, Nylon 6/10, Nylon 66, and Nylon MXD6. 16. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 4, wherein polyamide resin (A2) is at least one selected from the group consisting of Nylon 6, Nylon 6/10, Nylon 66, and Nylon MXD6. 17. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 2, wherein acid-modified elastomer (C) is at least one selected from the group consisting of acid-modified ethylene-α-olefin copolymers and derivatives thereof, and ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymers and derivatives thereof. 18. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 3, wherein acid-modified elastomer (C) is at least one selected from the group consisting of acid-modified ethylene-α-olefin copolymers and derivatives thereof, and ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymers and derivatives thereof. 19. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 4, wherein acid-modified elastomer (C) is at least one selected from the group consisting of acid-modified ethylene-α-olefin copolymers and derivatives thereof, and ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymers and derivatives thereof. 20. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 5, wherein acid-modified elastomer (C) is at least one selected from the group consisting of acid-modified ethylene-α-olefin copolymers and derivatives thereof, and ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymers and derivatives thereof. | A thermoplastic resin composition including a matrix phase and a dispersion phase, the thermoplastic resin composition characterized in that the matrix phase includes (A1) at least one type of polyamide resin having a melting point of 170-210° C., (A2) at least one type of polyamide, resin having a melting point of 210-265° C., and (B) at least one type of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, the dispersion phase includes (C) at least one type of acid-modified elastomer, the amount of the acid-modified elastomer (C) is 100-240 parts by mass with respect to a total of 100 parts by mass of the polyamide resins (A1) and (A2) and the ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (B), the amount of the polyamide resin (A2) is 20-40 mass % based on the total mass of the polyamide resin (A1), the polyamide resin (A2), and the ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (B), and the total amount of the polyamide-resin (A1) and the polyamide resin (A2) is 35-70 mass % based on the total mass of the polyamide resin (A1), the polyamide resin (A2), and the ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (B).1. A thermoplastic resin composition comprising a matrix phase and a dispersed phase, wherein
the matrix phase comprises: (A1) at least one polyamide resin having a melting point of from 170 to 210° C., (A2) at least one polyamide resin having a melting point of from 210 to 265° C., and (B) at least one ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, the dispersed phase comprises (C) at least one acid-modified elastomer, the amount of acid-modified elastomer (C) is from 100 to 240 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the total amount of polyamide resins (A1) and (A2) and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (B), the amount of polyamide resin (A2) is from 20 to 40 wt % based on the total weight of polyamide resin (A1), polyamide resin (A2) and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (B), and the total amount of polyamide resin (A1) and polyamide resin (A2) is from 35 to 70 wt % based on the total weight of polyamide resins (A1), polyamide resin (A2) and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (B). 2. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (B) has a melting point of 190° C. or less. 3. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the total of polyamide resin (A1) and polyamide resin (A2) to ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (B) is from 40:60 to 70:30. 4. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein polyamide resin (A1) is at least one selected from the group consisting of Nylon 11, Nylon 12, Nylon 6/66, and Nylon 6/12. 5. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein polyamide resin (A2) is at least one selected from the group consisting of Nylon 6, Nylon 6/10, Nylon 66, and Nylon MXD6. 6. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein acid-modified elastomer (C) is at least one selected from the group consisting of acid-modified ethylene-α-olefin copolymers and derivatives thereof, and ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymers and derivatives thereof. 7. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (B) has an ethylene content of from 25 to 50 mol % and a saponification degree of 90% or higher. 8. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (B) has a melt viscosity of 500 Pa·s or less at a temperature of 250° C. and a shear rate of 243 s−1 as measured by capillary rheometer method. 9. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein acid-modified elastomer (C) is dynamically crosslinked with a crosslinking agent (D). 10. A pneumatic tire using a film made of the thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1 as an inner liner. 11. A hose using a film made of the thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1 as a gas barrier layer. 12. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 2, wherein polyamide resin (A1) is at least one selected from the group consisting of Nylon 11, Nylon 12, Nylon 6/66, and Nylon 6/12. 13. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 3, wherein polyamide resin (A1) is at least one selected from the group consisting of Nylon 11, Nylon 12, Nylon 6/66, and Nylon 6/12. 14. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 2, wherein polyamide resin (A2) is at least one selected from the group consisting of Nylon 6, Nylon 6/10, Nylon 66, and Nylon MXD6. 15. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 3, wherein polyamide resin (A2) is at least one selected from the group consisting of Nylon 6, Nylon 6/10, Nylon 66, and Nylon MXD6. 16. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 4, wherein polyamide resin (A2) is at least one selected from the group consisting of Nylon 6, Nylon 6/10, Nylon 66, and Nylon MXD6. 17. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 2, wherein acid-modified elastomer (C) is at least one selected from the group consisting of acid-modified ethylene-α-olefin copolymers and derivatives thereof, and ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymers and derivatives thereof. 18. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 3, wherein acid-modified elastomer (C) is at least one selected from the group consisting of acid-modified ethylene-α-olefin copolymers and derivatives thereof, and ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymers and derivatives thereof. 19. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 4, wherein acid-modified elastomer (C) is at least one selected from the group consisting of acid-modified ethylene-α-olefin copolymers and derivatives thereof, and ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymers and derivatives thereof. 20. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 5, wherein acid-modified elastomer (C) is at least one selected from the group consisting of acid-modified ethylene-α-olefin copolymers and derivatives thereof, and ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymers and derivatives thereof. | 1,700 |
2,996 | 13,328,895 | 1,764 | A polymer and methods of producing the polymer for use, for instance, in mineral processing, including kaolin and calcium carbonate beneficiation are discussed. The method of producing the polymer can include polymerizing at least one monomer in the presence of a polymerization initiator, a chain transfer agent, and a polymerization stabilizer to produce a polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid, wherein the at least one monomer includes an unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer, and wherein the polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid is stable and has a molecular weight of about 1000 g/mol to about 10,000 g/mol. | 1. A polymer comprising:
a polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid, wherein the polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid is represented by a formula of:
wherein “n” is from about 13 to about 140; or
wherein “m” is from about 13 to about 140; or
wherein the polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid contains segments of
wherein “o” is from about 8 to about 132, and “p” is from about 1 to about 34, wherein a ratio of segments of formula III to segments of formula IV has a range of from 8:34 to 132:1, wherein R1 and R2 each independently represent a hydroxyl group or R1 and R2 are bound together to form an ether linkage of an anhydride group; and
wherein the polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid is stable and has a molecular weight of about 1000 g/mol to about 10,000 g/mol. 2. A composition comprising the polymer of claim 1 in the presence of at least one polymer stabilizer. 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the polymer stabilizer is a thiazine compound, a phenolthiazine compound, or a mixture thereof. 4. A method of producing a polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid comprising:
polymerizing at least one monomer in the presence of a polymerization initiator, a chain transfer agent, and, optionally, a polymerization stabilizer to produce a polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid, wherein the at least one monomer comprises an unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer and, optionally, an unsaturated monomer, wherein the polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid is stable and has a molecular weight of about 1000 g/mol to about 10,000 g/mol. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, meth acrylic acid, and combinations thereof. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the unsaturated monomer is selected from the group consisting of maleic acid, fumaric acid, maleic anhydride, and combinations thereof. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein the unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer is acrylic acid and the polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid has a general formula of (C3H4O2)x, wherein “x” is from about 13 to about 140; or
wherein the unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer is meth acrylic acid and the polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid has a general formula of (C4H6O2)x, wherein “x” is from about 13 to about 140; or
wherein the unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer is acrylic acid and the polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid has a general formula of (C3H4O2)x:(C4H4O4)y, and wherein “x” is from about 8 to about 132, and “y” is from about 1 to about 34. 8. The method of claim 4, wherein the polymerization initiator is selected from the group consisting of sodium persulfate, potassium persulfate, ammonium persulfate, hydrogen peroxide, and combinations thereof. 9. The method of claim 4, wherein the chain transfer agent is selected from the group consisting of a phosphorous compound, an alcohol, a mercaptan, and combinations thereof. 10. The method of claim 4, wherein the polymerization stabilizer is a thiazine. 11. The method of claim 4, wherein after the polymerizing step, at least one redox reagent and at least one neutralization agent are added to the polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid. 12. A polymer prepared according to the method of claim 4. 13. A composition comprising the polymer of claim 1 and a filler. 14. A method of mineral processing comprising:
adding a polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid to an aqueous solution containing a filler to form an aqueous slurry, wherein the polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid is represented by a formula of:
wherein “n” is from about 13 to about 140; or
wherein “m” is from about 13 to about 140; or
wherein the polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid contains segments of
wherein “o” is from about 8 to about 132, and “p” is from about 1 to about 34, and wherein a ratio of segments of formula III to segments of formula IV has a range of from 8:34 to 132:1, wherein R1 and R2 are each independently represent a hydroxyl group or R1 and R2 are bound together to form an ether linkage of an anhydride group and
wherein the polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid is stable and has a molecular weight of about 1000 g/mol to about 10,000 g/mol. 15. The method of mineral processing according to claim 14, wherein the filler is kaolin, talc, clay, white carbon, aluminum hydroxide, titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate, calcite, marble, or a mixture thereof. 16. A method of manufacturing paper comprising:
providing a composition comprising the polymer of claim 1 and a filler, wherein the filler is kaolin, calcium carbonate, or marble. 17. A method of manufacturing ceramics comprising:
providing a composition comprising the polymer of claim 1 and a filler, wherein the filler is clay. 18. A method of manufacturing paints comprising:
providing a composition comprising the polymer of claim 1 and a filler, wherein the filler is calcium carbonate. | A polymer and methods of producing the polymer for use, for instance, in mineral processing, including kaolin and calcium carbonate beneficiation are discussed. The method of producing the polymer can include polymerizing at least one monomer in the presence of a polymerization initiator, a chain transfer agent, and a polymerization stabilizer to produce a polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid, wherein the at least one monomer includes an unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer, and wherein the polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid is stable and has a molecular weight of about 1000 g/mol to about 10,000 g/mol.1. A polymer comprising:
a polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid, wherein the polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid is represented by a formula of:
wherein “n” is from about 13 to about 140; or
wherein “m” is from about 13 to about 140; or
wherein the polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid contains segments of
wherein “o” is from about 8 to about 132, and “p” is from about 1 to about 34, wherein a ratio of segments of formula III to segments of formula IV has a range of from 8:34 to 132:1, wherein R1 and R2 each independently represent a hydroxyl group or R1 and R2 are bound together to form an ether linkage of an anhydride group; and
wherein the polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid is stable and has a molecular weight of about 1000 g/mol to about 10,000 g/mol. 2. A composition comprising the polymer of claim 1 in the presence of at least one polymer stabilizer. 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the polymer stabilizer is a thiazine compound, a phenolthiazine compound, or a mixture thereof. 4. A method of producing a polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid comprising:
polymerizing at least one monomer in the presence of a polymerization initiator, a chain transfer agent, and, optionally, a polymerization stabilizer to produce a polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid, wherein the at least one monomer comprises an unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer and, optionally, an unsaturated monomer, wherein the polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid is stable and has a molecular weight of about 1000 g/mol to about 10,000 g/mol. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, meth acrylic acid, and combinations thereof. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the unsaturated monomer is selected from the group consisting of maleic acid, fumaric acid, maleic anhydride, and combinations thereof. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein the unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer is acrylic acid and the polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid has a general formula of (C3H4O2)x, wherein “x” is from about 13 to about 140; or
wherein the unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer is meth acrylic acid and the polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid has a general formula of (C4H6O2)x, wherein “x” is from about 13 to about 140; or
wherein the unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer is acrylic acid and the polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid has a general formula of (C3H4O2)x:(C4H4O4)y, and wherein “x” is from about 8 to about 132, and “y” is from about 1 to about 34. 8. The method of claim 4, wherein the polymerization initiator is selected from the group consisting of sodium persulfate, potassium persulfate, ammonium persulfate, hydrogen peroxide, and combinations thereof. 9. The method of claim 4, wherein the chain transfer agent is selected from the group consisting of a phosphorous compound, an alcohol, a mercaptan, and combinations thereof. 10. The method of claim 4, wherein the polymerization stabilizer is a thiazine. 11. The method of claim 4, wherein after the polymerizing step, at least one redox reagent and at least one neutralization agent are added to the polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid. 12. A polymer prepared according to the method of claim 4. 13. A composition comprising the polymer of claim 1 and a filler. 14. A method of mineral processing comprising:
adding a polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid to an aqueous solution containing a filler to form an aqueous slurry, wherein the polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid is represented by a formula of:
wherein “n” is from about 13 to about 140; or
wherein “m” is from about 13 to about 140; or
wherein the polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid contains segments of
wherein “o” is from about 8 to about 132, and “p” is from about 1 to about 34, and wherein a ratio of segments of formula III to segments of formula IV has a range of from 8:34 to 132:1, wherein R1 and R2 are each independently represent a hydroxyl group or R1 and R2 are bound together to form an ether linkage of an anhydride group and
wherein the polymer containing at least one carboxylic acid is stable and has a molecular weight of about 1000 g/mol to about 10,000 g/mol. 15. The method of mineral processing according to claim 14, wherein the filler is kaolin, talc, clay, white carbon, aluminum hydroxide, titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate, calcite, marble, or a mixture thereof. 16. A method of manufacturing paper comprising:
providing a composition comprising the polymer of claim 1 and a filler, wherein the filler is kaolin, calcium carbonate, or marble. 17. A method of manufacturing ceramics comprising:
providing a composition comprising the polymer of claim 1 and a filler, wherein the filler is clay. 18. A method of manufacturing paints comprising:
providing a composition comprising the polymer of claim 1 and a filler, wherein the filler is calcium carbonate. | 1,700 |
2,997 | 14,795,720 | 1,793 | Described herein are methods for the production of oligosaccharides, including functionalized oligosaccharides, from one or more sugars, such as one or more monosaccharides, using polymeric and solid-supported catalysts containing acidic and ionic groups. Also provided are the oligosaccharide compositions, including functionalized oligosaccharide compositions, obtained using the methods. | 1. A method for producing an oligosaccharide composition, comprising:
a) combining one or more sugars with a catalyst to produce a first product mixture,
wherein the first product mixture comprises a first oligosaccharide composition and residual catalyst;
b) isolating at least a portion of the residual catalyst from the product mixture; and c) combining one or more additional sugars with the isolated residual catalyst to produce an additional product mixture,
wherein the additional product mixture comprises an additional oligosaccharide composition; and
wherein the catalytic activity of the isolated residual catalyst in the production of the additional oligosaccharide composition is at least 30% of the catalytic activity of the catalyst in the production of the first oligosaccharide composition. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the molar selectivity for the first oligosaccharide composition is at least 85%. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the catalyst comprises acidic monomers and ionic monomers connected to form a polymeric backbone, or the catalyst comprises a solid support, acidic moieties attached to the solid support, and ionic moieties attached to the solid support. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least a portion of the catalyst is isolated from the first product mixture by filtration or phase separation, or a combination thereof. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the selectivity for the additional oligosaccharide composition is at least 85%. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein at least 10% of the first oligosaccharide composition has a degree of polymerization from 3 to 25. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein at least 10% of the additional oligosaccharide composition has a degree of polymerization from 3 to 25. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein at least 10% of the first oligosaccharide composition has a number average molecular weight between 230 to 10,000 g/mol. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein at least 10% of the additional oligosaccharide composition has a number average molecular weight between 230 to 10,000 g/mol. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more sugars are independently selected from the group consisting of glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, fructose, mannose, lactose, maltose, ribose, allose, fucose, glyceraldehyde and rhamnose. 11. A method for producing an oligosaccharide composition, comprising:
combining one or more sugars with a catalyst to produce the oligosaccharide composition,
wherein the molar selectivity for the oligosaccharide composition is at least 85%; and
wherein:
the catalyst comprises acidic monomers and ionic monomers connected to form a polymeric backbone, or
the catalyst comprises a solid support, acidic moieties attached to the solid support, and ionic moieties attached to the solid support. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising combining the oligosaccharide composition with one or more functionalizing compounds to produce a functionalized oligosaccharide composition,
wherein the one or more functionalizing compounds is independently selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids, sugar alcohols, amino acids, amino sugars, alcohols, sulfates and phosphates. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein at least 10% of the oligosaccharide composition has a degree of polymerization from 3 to 25. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein at least 10% of the oligosaccharide composition has a number average molecular weight between 230 to 10,000 g/mol. 15. A method of producing a functionalized oligosaccharide composition, comprising:
combining one or more sugars with a catalyst and one or more functionalizing compounds to produce the functionalized oligosaccharide composition;
wherein the one or more functionalizing compounds is independently selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids, sugar alcohols, amino acids, amino sugars, alcohols, sulfates and phosphates. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the molar selectivity for the functionalized oligosaccharide composition is at least 85%. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the one or more functionalizing compounds are independently selected from the group consisting of glucosamine, galactosamine, lactic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, pyruvic acid, succinic acid, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glucuronic acid, butyric acid, itaconic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, propionic acid, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, adipic acid, isobutyric acid, formic acid, levulinic acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, sorbitol, xylitol, arabitol, glycerol, erythritol, mannitol, galacitol, fucitol, iditol, inositol, volemitol, lacitol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, propanediol, butanediol, pentanediol, sulfate and phosphate. 18. An oligosaccharide composition, comprising:
monosaccharide monomers connected by glycosidic bonds;
wherein:
the monosaccharide monomers are independently selected from the group consisting of C5 monosaccharides and C6 monosaccharides; and
each glycosidic bond is independently selected from the group consisting of α-1,4 bonds, α-1,2 bonds, β-1,2 bonds, α-1,3 bonds, β-1,3 bonds, β-1,4 bonds, α-1,6 bonds and α-1,6 bonds;
at least 10% of the oligosaccharide composition has a degree of polymerization of at least three; and
at least a portion of the oligosaccharide composition comprises at least two different glycosidic bonds. 19. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 18, wherein the monosaccharide monomers are independently selected from the group consisting of glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, fructose, mannose, ribose, allose, fucose, glyceraldehyde and rhamnose. 20. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 18, wherein the monosaccharide monomers connected by glycosidic bonds form oligomer backbones, and wherein the oligomer backbones are optionally substituted with one or more pendant functional groups independently selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids, sugar alcohols, amino acids, amino sugars, alcohols, sulfate and phosphate. 21. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 18, wherein the monosaccharide monomers connected by glycosidic bonds form oligomer backbones, and wherein at least a portion of the oligosaccharide composition further comprises one or more bridging functional groups, wherein:
each bridging functional group independently connects one of the oligomer backbones to an additional monosaccharide monomer, a disaccharide, or an additional oligomer backbone; and the one or more bridging functional groups are independently selected from the group consisting of polyols, polycarboxylic acids and amino acids. 22. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 21, wherein each additional oligomer backbone is independently optionally substituted with one or more pendant functional groups independently selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids, sugar alcohols, amino acids, amino sugars, alcohols, sulfate and phosphate. 23. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 20, wherein the one or more pendant functional groups are independently selected from the group consisting of glucosamine, galactosamine, citric acid, succinic acid, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glucuronic acid, butyric acid, itaconic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, propionic acid, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, adipic acid, isobutyric acid, formic acid, levulinic acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, sorbitol, xylitol, arabitol, glycerol, erythritol, mannitol, galacitol, fucitol, iditol, inositol, volemitol, lacitol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, propanediol, butanediol, pentanediol, sulfate and phosphate. 24. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 21, wherein the one or more bridging functional groups are independently selected from the group consisting of glucosamine, galactosamine, lactic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, pyruvic acid, succinic acid, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glucuronic acid, itaconic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, adipic acid, sorbitol, xylitol, arabitol, glycerol, erythritol, mannitol, galacitol, fucitol, iditol, inositol, volemitol, lacitol, propanediol, butanediol, pentanediol, sulfate and phosphate. 25. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 18, wherein at least 10% of the oligosaccharide composition has a number average molecular weight between 230 to 10,000 g/mol. 26. A method of converting an α-1,4 polysaccharide to a polysaccharide having a mixture of linkages, comprising:
contacting an α-1,4 polysaccharide with a catalyst,
wherein the catalyst comprises acidic monomers and ionic monomers connected to form a polymeric backbone, or wherein the catalyst comprises a solid support, acidic moieties attached to the solid support, and ionic moieties attached to the solid support; and
converting at least a portion of the α-1,4 bonds in the α-1,4 polysaccharide to one or more non-α-1,4 bonds selected from the group consisting of α-1,2 bonds, β-1,2 bonds, α-1,3 bonds, β-1,3 bonds, β-1,4 bonds, α-1,6 bonds, and β-1,6 bonds to produce a polysaccharide with a mixture of linkages. | Described herein are methods for the production of oligosaccharides, including functionalized oligosaccharides, from one or more sugars, such as one or more monosaccharides, using polymeric and solid-supported catalysts containing acidic and ionic groups. Also provided are the oligosaccharide compositions, including functionalized oligosaccharide compositions, obtained using the methods.1. A method for producing an oligosaccharide composition, comprising:
a) combining one or more sugars with a catalyst to produce a first product mixture,
wherein the first product mixture comprises a first oligosaccharide composition and residual catalyst;
b) isolating at least a portion of the residual catalyst from the product mixture; and c) combining one or more additional sugars with the isolated residual catalyst to produce an additional product mixture,
wherein the additional product mixture comprises an additional oligosaccharide composition; and
wherein the catalytic activity of the isolated residual catalyst in the production of the additional oligosaccharide composition is at least 30% of the catalytic activity of the catalyst in the production of the first oligosaccharide composition. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the molar selectivity for the first oligosaccharide composition is at least 85%. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the catalyst comprises acidic monomers and ionic monomers connected to form a polymeric backbone, or the catalyst comprises a solid support, acidic moieties attached to the solid support, and ionic moieties attached to the solid support. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least a portion of the catalyst is isolated from the first product mixture by filtration or phase separation, or a combination thereof. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the selectivity for the additional oligosaccharide composition is at least 85%. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein at least 10% of the first oligosaccharide composition has a degree of polymerization from 3 to 25. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein at least 10% of the additional oligosaccharide composition has a degree of polymerization from 3 to 25. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein at least 10% of the first oligosaccharide composition has a number average molecular weight between 230 to 10,000 g/mol. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein at least 10% of the additional oligosaccharide composition has a number average molecular weight between 230 to 10,000 g/mol. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more sugars are independently selected from the group consisting of glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, fructose, mannose, lactose, maltose, ribose, allose, fucose, glyceraldehyde and rhamnose. 11. A method for producing an oligosaccharide composition, comprising:
combining one or more sugars with a catalyst to produce the oligosaccharide composition,
wherein the molar selectivity for the oligosaccharide composition is at least 85%; and
wherein:
the catalyst comprises acidic monomers and ionic monomers connected to form a polymeric backbone, or
the catalyst comprises a solid support, acidic moieties attached to the solid support, and ionic moieties attached to the solid support. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising combining the oligosaccharide composition with one or more functionalizing compounds to produce a functionalized oligosaccharide composition,
wherein the one or more functionalizing compounds is independently selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids, sugar alcohols, amino acids, amino sugars, alcohols, sulfates and phosphates. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein at least 10% of the oligosaccharide composition has a degree of polymerization from 3 to 25. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein at least 10% of the oligosaccharide composition has a number average molecular weight between 230 to 10,000 g/mol. 15. A method of producing a functionalized oligosaccharide composition, comprising:
combining one or more sugars with a catalyst and one or more functionalizing compounds to produce the functionalized oligosaccharide composition;
wherein the one or more functionalizing compounds is independently selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids, sugar alcohols, amino acids, amino sugars, alcohols, sulfates and phosphates. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the molar selectivity for the functionalized oligosaccharide composition is at least 85%. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the one or more functionalizing compounds are independently selected from the group consisting of glucosamine, galactosamine, lactic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, pyruvic acid, succinic acid, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glucuronic acid, butyric acid, itaconic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, propionic acid, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, adipic acid, isobutyric acid, formic acid, levulinic acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, sorbitol, xylitol, arabitol, glycerol, erythritol, mannitol, galacitol, fucitol, iditol, inositol, volemitol, lacitol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, propanediol, butanediol, pentanediol, sulfate and phosphate. 18. An oligosaccharide composition, comprising:
monosaccharide monomers connected by glycosidic bonds;
wherein:
the monosaccharide monomers are independently selected from the group consisting of C5 monosaccharides and C6 monosaccharides; and
each glycosidic bond is independently selected from the group consisting of α-1,4 bonds, α-1,2 bonds, β-1,2 bonds, α-1,3 bonds, β-1,3 bonds, β-1,4 bonds, α-1,6 bonds and α-1,6 bonds;
at least 10% of the oligosaccharide composition has a degree of polymerization of at least three; and
at least a portion of the oligosaccharide composition comprises at least two different glycosidic bonds. 19. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 18, wherein the monosaccharide monomers are independently selected from the group consisting of glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, fructose, mannose, ribose, allose, fucose, glyceraldehyde and rhamnose. 20. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 18, wherein the monosaccharide monomers connected by glycosidic bonds form oligomer backbones, and wherein the oligomer backbones are optionally substituted with one or more pendant functional groups independently selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids, sugar alcohols, amino acids, amino sugars, alcohols, sulfate and phosphate. 21. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 18, wherein the monosaccharide monomers connected by glycosidic bonds form oligomer backbones, and wherein at least a portion of the oligosaccharide composition further comprises one or more bridging functional groups, wherein:
each bridging functional group independently connects one of the oligomer backbones to an additional monosaccharide monomer, a disaccharide, or an additional oligomer backbone; and the one or more bridging functional groups are independently selected from the group consisting of polyols, polycarboxylic acids and amino acids. 22. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 21, wherein each additional oligomer backbone is independently optionally substituted with one or more pendant functional groups independently selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids, sugar alcohols, amino acids, amino sugars, alcohols, sulfate and phosphate. 23. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 20, wherein the one or more pendant functional groups are independently selected from the group consisting of glucosamine, galactosamine, citric acid, succinic acid, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glucuronic acid, butyric acid, itaconic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, propionic acid, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, adipic acid, isobutyric acid, formic acid, levulinic acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, sorbitol, xylitol, arabitol, glycerol, erythritol, mannitol, galacitol, fucitol, iditol, inositol, volemitol, lacitol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, propanediol, butanediol, pentanediol, sulfate and phosphate. 24. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 21, wherein the one or more bridging functional groups are independently selected from the group consisting of glucosamine, galactosamine, lactic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, pyruvic acid, succinic acid, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glucuronic acid, itaconic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, adipic acid, sorbitol, xylitol, arabitol, glycerol, erythritol, mannitol, galacitol, fucitol, iditol, inositol, volemitol, lacitol, propanediol, butanediol, pentanediol, sulfate and phosphate. 25. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 18, wherein at least 10% of the oligosaccharide composition has a number average molecular weight between 230 to 10,000 g/mol. 26. A method of converting an α-1,4 polysaccharide to a polysaccharide having a mixture of linkages, comprising:
contacting an α-1,4 polysaccharide with a catalyst,
wherein the catalyst comprises acidic monomers and ionic monomers connected to form a polymeric backbone, or wherein the catalyst comprises a solid support, acidic moieties attached to the solid support, and ionic moieties attached to the solid support; and
converting at least a portion of the α-1,4 bonds in the α-1,4 polysaccharide to one or more non-α-1,4 bonds selected from the group consisting of α-1,2 bonds, β-1,2 bonds, α-1,3 bonds, β-1,3 bonds, β-1,4 bonds, α-1,6 bonds, and β-1,6 bonds to produce a polysaccharide with a mixture of linkages. | 1,700 |
2,998 | 15,054,610 | 1,796 | An electrochemical reduction device includes: an electrolyte membrane; a reduction electrode including a reduction electrode catalyst layer, a diffusion layer, and a dense layer provided between the diffusion layer and the reduction electrode catalyst layer; an oxygen generating electrode; a raw material supplier that supplies the aromatic compound in a liquid state to the reduction electrode; a moisture supplier that supplies water or humidified gas to the oxygen generating electrode; and a power controller that externally applies an electric field such that the reduction electrode has an electronegative potential and the oxygen generating electrode has an electropositive potential. | 1. An electrochemical reduction device comprising:
an electrolyte membrane having proton conductivity; a reduction electrode including a reduction electrode catalyst layer that is provided in contact with one major surface of the electrolyte membrane and has an electron conductive material and a metal containing one or both of Pt and Pd supported by the electron conductive material, a diffusion layer that is provided near to the other major surface of the reduction electrode catalyst layer, the other major surface being opposite to the electrolyte membrane, and that causes a liquid aromatic compound and a hydride of the aromatic compound to pass through, and a dense layer provided between the diffusion layer and the reduction electrode catalyst layer; an oxygen generating electrode provided in contact with the other major surface of the electrolyte membrane; a raw material supplier that supplies the aromatic compound in a liquid state to the reduction electrode; a moisture supplier that supplies water or humidified gas to the oxygen generating electrode; and a power controller that externally applies an electric field such that the reduction electrode has an electronegative potential and the oxygen generating electrode has an electropositive potential. 2. The electrochemical reduction device according to claim 1, wherein
a mean flow pore diameter of the dense layer is 20 μm or less. 3. The electrochemical reduction device according to claim 1, wherein
a thickness of the dense layer (t) is 1 μm≦t≦50 μm. 4. The electrochemical reduction device according to claim 1, wherein
the dense layer contains a mixture of an electron conductive powder and a water repellent. 5. The electrochemical reduction device according to claim 4, wherein
amass ratio of the electron conductive powder to the water repellent in the mixture is 4 or more. 6. The electrochemical reduction device according to claim 1, wherein
the diffusion layer has a fiber-like shape or a shape in which many particles are solidified. 7. The electrochemical reduction device according to claim 1, wherein
the diffusion layer contains a carbon fiber. 8. The electrochemical reduction device according to claim 1, wherein
the diffusion layer contains a material having an electron conductivity of 1.0×10−2 S/cm or more. | An electrochemical reduction device includes: an electrolyte membrane; a reduction electrode including a reduction electrode catalyst layer, a diffusion layer, and a dense layer provided between the diffusion layer and the reduction electrode catalyst layer; an oxygen generating electrode; a raw material supplier that supplies the aromatic compound in a liquid state to the reduction electrode; a moisture supplier that supplies water or humidified gas to the oxygen generating electrode; and a power controller that externally applies an electric field such that the reduction electrode has an electronegative potential and the oxygen generating electrode has an electropositive potential.1. An electrochemical reduction device comprising:
an electrolyte membrane having proton conductivity; a reduction electrode including a reduction electrode catalyst layer that is provided in contact with one major surface of the electrolyte membrane and has an electron conductive material and a metal containing one or both of Pt and Pd supported by the electron conductive material, a diffusion layer that is provided near to the other major surface of the reduction electrode catalyst layer, the other major surface being opposite to the electrolyte membrane, and that causes a liquid aromatic compound and a hydride of the aromatic compound to pass through, and a dense layer provided between the diffusion layer and the reduction electrode catalyst layer; an oxygen generating electrode provided in contact with the other major surface of the electrolyte membrane; a raw material supplier that supplies the aromatic compound in a liquid state to the reduction electrode; a moisture supplier that supplies water or humidified gas to the oxygen generating electrode; and a power controller that externally applies an electric field such that the reduction electrode has an electronegative potential and the oxygen generating electrode has an electropositive potential. 2. The electrochemical reduction device according to claim 1, wherein
a mean flow pore diameter of the dense layer is 20 μm or less. 3. The electrochemical reduction device according to claim 1, wherein
a thickness of the dense layer (t) is 1 μm≦t≦50 μm. 4. The electrochemical reduction device according to claim 1, wherein
the dense layer contains a mixture of an electron conductive powder and a water repellent. 5. The electrochemical reduction device according to claim 4, wherein
amass ratio of the electron conductive powder to the water repellent in the mixture is 4 or more. 6. The electrochemical reduction device according to claim 1, wherein
the diffusion layer has a fiber-like shape or a shape in which many particles are solidified. 7. The electrochemical reduction device according to claim 1, wherein
the diffusion layer contains a carbon fiber. 8. The electrochemical reduction device according to claim 1, wherein
the diffusion layer contains a material having an electron conductivity of 1.0×10−2 S/cm or more. | 1,700 |
2,999 | 13,378,008 | 1,799 | A method and a device for maintaining, in a filling machine, a gas flow barrier between two volumes of a channel, wherein the channel is used for transportation of packages in a length direction thereof, and the volumes comprise a first volume having a first degree of sterilization and a second volume having a second degree of sterilization, and wherein the first volume comprises a gas injection mechanism, the second volume comprises a gas evacuation mechanism, and the first and the second volume meet in an interface area extending in a length direction of the channel. The method comprises arranging, divergent jets flowing from the gas injection mechanism such that the divergent jets of gas cooperate in the interface region for the generation of a unidirectional flow in the direction from the first volume towards the second volume in the interface area, and thus forming a gas flow barrier. | 1. A method for maintaining, in a filling machine, a gas flow barrier between two volumes of a channel, said channel being used for transportation of packages in a length direction thereof, and said volumes comprising a first volume having a first degree of sterilization, and a second volume having a second degree of sterilization, wherein
the first volume comprises gas injection means, the second volume comprises gas evacuation means, the first and the second volume meet in an interface area extending in a length direction of the channel, the method comprising: arranging a diverging jet flow from the gas injection means, wherein the divergent jet flows cooperate in the interface area and generates a unidirectional flow in the direction from the first volume towards the second volume in the interface area, and thus forming a gas flow barrier preventing a flow in the reverse direction from the second volume towards the first volume. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the open end of the package may occupy the first volume and the opposite end is carried by carrier means arranged in the second volume. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein a flow restrictor defining and decreasing the interface area is arranged between the first volume and the second volume. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the gas injection means comprise circular openings in the uppermost portion of the channel. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the gas injection means are arranged at a fixed relationship along two lines extending symmetrically along a central axis of the length direction of the channel. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the gas injection means have the form of longitudinal slits in the transportation direction, such that a two slits may be used for the maintenance of the gas flow barrier. 7. A device for maintenance of a gas flow barrier between two volumes of a channel in a filling machine, said channel being adapted for transportation of packages in a length direction thereof, and said volumes comprising a first volume with a first degree of sterilization, and a second volume with a second, lower, degree of sterilization, wherein
the first volume comprises gas injection means in an upper portion of the first volume, the second volume comprises gas evacuation means, the first and the second volume meet in an interface area extending in a length direction of the channel, wherein the gas injection means injects turbulent, divergent, jets of gas directed towards the interface area, such that the divergent jets of gas meet in the interface area for the generation of a unidirectional flow in the direction from the first volume towards the second volume in the interface area, and thus forming a gas flow barrier preventing a flow in the reverse direction from the second volume towards the first volume. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein the two volumes meet in a portion of the channel having a reduced cross section in a direction perpendicular to the package transportation direction. 9. The device of claim 7, wherein the second volume comprises carriers for conveying packages by their closed end. 10. The device of claim 7, wherein the gas injection means comprises nozzles in an uppermost portion of the first volume, remote to the interface region. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein the nozzles comprise circular openings in the uppermost portion of the channel. 12. The device of claim 10, wherein the nozzles are arranged at a fixed relationship along two lines extending symmetrically along a central axis of the length direction of the channel. | A method and a device for maintaining, in a filling machine, a gas flow barrier between two volumes of a channel, wherein the channel is used for transportation of packages in a length direction thereof, and the volumes comprise a first volume having a first degree of sterilization and a second volume having a second degree of sterilization, and wherein the first volume comprises a gas injection mechanism, the second volume comprises a gas evacuation mechanism, and the first and the second volume meet in an interface area extending in a length direction of the channel. The method comprises arranging, divergent jets flowing from the gas injection mechanism such that the divergent jets of gas cooperate in the interface region for the generation of a unidirectional flow in the direction from the first volume towards the second volume in the interface area, and thus forming a gas flow barrier.1. A method for maintaining, in a filling machine, a gas flow barrier between two volumes of a channel, said channel being used for transportation of packages in a length direction thereof, and said volumes comprising a first volume having a first degree of sterilization, and a second volume having a second degree of sterilization, wherein
the first volume comprises gas injection means, the second volume comprises gas evacuation means, the first and the second volume meet in an interface area extending in a length direction of the channel, the method comprising: arranging a diverging jet flow from the gas injection means, wherein the divergent jet flows cooperate in the interface area and generates a unidirectional flow in the direction from the first volume towards the second volume in the interface area, and thus forming a gas flow barrier preventing a flow in the reverse direction from the second volume towards the first volume. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the open end of the package may occupy the first volume and the opposite end is carried by carrier means arranged in the second volume. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein a flow restrictor defining and decreasing the interface area is arranged between the first volume and the second volume. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the gas injection means comprise circular openings in the uppermost portion of the channel. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the gas injection means are arranged at a fixed relationship along two lines extending symmetrically along a central axis of the length direction of the channel. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the gas injection means have the form of longitudinal slits in the transportation direction, such that a two slits may be used for the maintenance of the gas flow barrier. 7. A device for maintenance of a gas flow barrier between two volumes of a channel in a filling machine, said channel being adapted for transportation of packages in a length direction thereof, and said volumes comprising a first volume with a first degree of sterilization, and a second volume with a second, lower, degree of sterilization, wherein
the first volume comprises gas injection means in an upper portion of the first volume, the second volume comprises gas evacuation means, the first and the second volume meet in an interface area extending in a length direction of the channel, wherein the gas injection means injects turbulent, divergent, jets of gas directed towards the interface area, such that the divergent jets of gas meet in the interface area for the generation of a unidirectional flow in the direction from the first volume towards the second volume in the interface area, and thus forming a gas flow barrier preventing a flow in the reverse direction from the second volume towards the first volume. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein the two volumes meet in a portion of the channel having a reduced cross section in a direction perpendicular to the package transportation direction. 9. The device of claim 7, wherein the second volume comprises carriers for conveying packages by their closed end. 10. The device of claim 7, wherein the gas injection means comprises nozzles in an uppermost portion of the first volume, remote to the interface region. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein the nozzles comprise circular openings in the uppermost portion of the channel. 12. The device of claim 10, wherein the nozzles are arranged at a fixed relationship along two lines extending symmetrically along a central axis of the length direction of the channel. | 1,700 |
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